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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darland%27s_Lake_Nature_Reserve	Darland's Lake Nature Reserve	["1 See also","2 Footnotes","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°37′31″N 0°12′17″W / 51.6254°N 0.2047°W / 51.6254; -0.2047 Darland's Lake Darland's Lake Nature Reserve is a nature reserve south of Totteridge Village in Barnet, England. It is owned by the London Borough of Barnet and was managed from 1971 by the Hertfordshire and Middlesex Wildlife Trust, and more recently by the borough council. In 2007 the council spent £215,000 on repairing the dam and other works, and then proposed leasing the reserve to the Wildlife Trust. The transfer did not take place and in September 2017 a trust was set up by the London Wildlife Trust and local residents associations which took over the management of Darland's Lake. In 2020 Darlands Conservation Trust launched an appeal to raise £450,000 for excavation to prevent the lake drying up. Darland's Lake dam and footbridge Folly Brook in Darland's Lake Nature Reserve The site was once part of Copped Hall, an estate dating from the sixteenth century. From 1780 it was occupied by William Manning MP, and his son Cardinal Manning was born there. Darland's Lake was created as an ornamental lake by damming Folly Brook, probably planned by William Manning's wife, Mary, with advice from Humphry Repton. The lake is very shallow, with extensive reed beds, and the reserve also includes woodland. It has a diverse range of breeding birds and eighteen species of mammal have been recorded, including stoat and weasel. It is also of value for grass snakes, amphibians, fungi and invertebrates. Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve are together designated a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade 1. Darland's Lake was formerly a Site of Special Scientific Interest, but the designation was withdrawn when it was discovered that the rarest plants had been introduced. According to the London Ecology Unit's Nature Conservation in Barnet, published in 1997, Darland's Lake was one of seven sites identified by Barnet Council as meeting the criteria for designation as a Local Nature Reserve, and it is the only one of the seven which the Council has not designated. There is access by a path from The Close, Totteridge Village, and by a footpath from Southover which follows Folly Brook to the lake, as well as by footpaths opposite St.Andrew’s church and from Mill Hill. See also Barnet parks and open spaces Nature reserves in Barnet Footnotes ^ Totteridge Residents Association, The Future of Darlands, 2008 Yearbook. Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ A noticeboard formerly on the reserve stated that it has been managed by the Trust since 1971, and its 2009-09 Annual Review lists among its objectives to "secure tenure of Darlands". Herts & Middlesex Wildlife Trust Annual Review 2008-09 In 2012 Darland's Lake was not listed on the Trust's web site as one of its reserves. ^ "Darlands Nature Reserve". Woodside Park Garden Suburb Residents’ Association. Retrieved 14 November 2017. ^ "The Darlands Conservation Trust". Charity Commission. Retrieved 6 May 2019. ^ "Help save Darlands". Darlands Conservation Trust. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ a b c "Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online". Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010. ^ Henry Edward Manning, Catholic Encyclopedia ^ a b "Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012. ^ "iGiGL – helping you find London's parks and wildlife sites". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. ^ Hewlett, Janet (1997). Nature Conservation in Barnet. London Ecology Unit. p. 23. ISBN 1-871045-27-4. External links Darlands Lake Nature Reserve, Parks & Gardens Darlands Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online Darlands Conservation Trust vteNature reserves in the London Borough of Barnet Arkley Lane and Pastures Arkley South Fields Arrandene Open Space and Featherstone Hill Ashley Lane Avenue House Grounds Barfield Allotments Nature Park Barnet Countryside Centre Barnet Gate Wood Bell's Hill Burial Ground Belmont Open Space Big Wood and Little Wood Brent Park Brent Reservoir (Welsh Harp) Bruno's Field Burnt Oak Brook Burtonhole Lane and Pasture Cherry Tree Wood Clarefield Park Clay Lane Clitterhouse Recreation Ground College Farm Coppett's Wood and Scrublands Copthall Railway Walk and Copthall Old Common Copthall South Fields Darland's Lake Deans Brook Dollis Brook Drivers Hill East Finchley Cemetery Edgware Way Rough Edgwarebury Brook Edgwarebury Park Folly Brook Friary Park Glebe Lane Pastures Glebelands Local Nature Reserve Golders Hill Park Greenhill Gardens Hadley Green Hampstead Heath Extension Hendon Churchyard Hendon Park and Northern Line Railway Cutting King George's Fields Lakeside Nature Reserve Mill Hill Golf Course Mill Hill Old Railway Nature Reserve Mill Hill Substation Pastures Moat Mount Monken Hadley Common Mutton Brook New Southgate Cemetery North Middlesex Golf Course Ponds Northern Line Embankment, High Barnet Oak Hill Wood Oakleigh Park Rail Cutting Princes Park Pymme's Brook River Brent Rowley Green Common Rowley Lodge Field Scratchwood Silk Stream St Pancras and Islington Cemetery Stoneyfields Park Sulloniacis Pastures Sunny Hill Park The Mill Field Totteridge Common Totteridge Croft Field Totteridge Fields Totteridge Green Turner's Wood Woodridge Nature Reserve vteHerts and Middlesex Wildlife TrustDacorum Aldbury Nowers Alpine Meadow Long Deans Tring Reservoirs East Hertfordshire Amwell Quarry Balls Wood Danemead Hertford Heath Hunsdon and Eastwick Meads King's Meads Patmore Heath Rye Meads Tewin Orchard and Hopkyns Wood Tewinbury Thorley Wash Waterford Heath Willowmead Hertsmere Hilfield Park Reservoir North Hertfordshire Ashwell Quarry and Quarry Springs Blagrove Common Fox Covert Hawkins Wood Hexton Chalk Pit Oughtonhead Purwell Ninesprings Stevenage Ridlins Mire Three Rivers Frogmore Meadows Longspring Wood Stocker's Lake Watford Cassiobury Park Welwyn Hatfield Fir and Pond Woods Gobions Wood Lemsford Springs Stanborough Reedmarsh Stocking Springs Wood Hillingdon Broadwater Lake Old Park Wood Uxbridge Alderglade Former reserves Barkway Chalk Pit Darland's Lake Nature Reserve Hill End Pit Marshalls Heath Pryor's Wood Rowley Green Common Sawbridgeworth Marsh Telegraph Hill 51°37′31″N 0°12′17″W / 51.6254°N 0.2047°W / 51.6254; -0.2047	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darlands_Lake_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Totteridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totteridge"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire and Middlesex Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire_and_Middlesex_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darland%27s_Lake_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folly_Brook_in_Darland%27s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Copped Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Copped_Hall"},{"link_name":"William Manning MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Manning_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gardensonline-6"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Folly Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly_Brook"},{"link_name":"Humphry Repton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Repton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gardensonline-6"},{"link_name":"stoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel"},{"link_name":"grass snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_snakes"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibians"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIGL-8"},{"link_name":"Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Nature_Conservation_Interest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIGL-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-9"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gardensonline-6"},{"link_name":"London Ecology Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Ecology_Unit"},{"link_name":"Local Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Darland's LakeDarland's Lake Nature Reserve is a nature reserve south of Totteridge Village in Barnet, England. It is owned by the London Borough of Barnet and was managed from 1971 by the Hertfordshire and Middlesex Wildlife Trust, and more recently by the borough council. In 2007 the council spent £215,000 on repairing the dam and other works, and then proposed leasing the reserve to the Wildlife Trust.[1][2] The transfer did not take place and in September 2017 a trust was set up by the London Wildlife Trust and local residents associations which took over the management of Darland's Lake.[3][4] In 2020 Darlands Conservation Trust launched an appeal to raise £450,000 for excavation to prevent the lake drying up.[5]Darland's Lake dam and footbridgeFolly Brook in Darland's Lake Nature ReserveThe site was once part of Copped Hall, an estate dating from the sixteenth century. From 1780 it was occupied by William Manning MP,[6] and his son Cardinal Manning was born there.[7] Darland's Lake was created as an ornamental lake by damming Folly Brook, probably planned by William Manning's wife, Mary, with advice from Humphry Repton.[6]The lake is very shallow, with extensive reed beds, and the reserve also includes woodland. It has a diverse range of breeding birds and eighteen species of mammal have been recorded, including stoat and weasel. It is also of value for grass snakes, amphibians, fungi and invertebrates.[8]Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve are together designated a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade 1.[8][9] Darland's Lake was formerly a Site of Special Scientific Interest, but the designation was withdrawn when it was discovered that the rarest plants had been introduced.[6] According to the London Ecology Unit's Nature Conservation in Barnet, published in 1997, Darland's Lake was one of seven sites identified by Barnet Council as meeting the criteria for designation as a Local Nature Reserve,[10] and it is the only one of the seven which the Council has not designated.There is access by a path from The Close, Totteridge Village, and by a footpath from Southover which follows Folly Brook to the lake, as well as by footpaths opposite St.Andrew’s church and from Mill Hill.","title":"Darland's Lake Nature Reserve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Totteridge Residents Association, The Future of Darlands, 2008 Yearbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.totteridgeresidents.org/yearbook2008_8.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090105164128/http://www.totteridgeresidents.org/yearbook2008_8.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Herts & Middlesex Wildlife Trust Annual Review 2008-09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110723234210/http://www.hertswildlifetrust.org.uk/OneStopCMS/Core/CrawlerResourceServer.aspx?resource=996DEB50-D892-4D29-9F66-DAA52C69530C&mode=link&guid=40bc30e52a6748d992f22768b3bedd6d"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Darlands Nature Reserve\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//woodside-park.com/darlands-nature-reserve/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Darlands Conservation Trust\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details?regid=1176457&subid=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Help save Darlands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//darlandsconservationtrust.org.uk/support_us.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gardensonline_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gardensonline_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gardensonline_6-2"},{"link_name":"\"Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100214141404/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=BAR019"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=BAR019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Henry Edward Manning, Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/09604b.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GIGL_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GIGL_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121224011814/http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=BaBI02&sType=sinc"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=BaBI02&sType=sinc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-map_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"iGiGL – helping you find London's parks and wildlife sites\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121015142729/http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/map.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/map.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-871045-27-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871045-27-4"}],"text":"^ Totteridge Residents Association, The Future of Darlands, 2008 Yearbook. Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ A noticeboard formerly on the reserve stated that it has been managed by the Trust since 1971, and its 2009-09 Annual Review lists among its objectives to \"secure tenure of Darlands\". Herts & Middlesex Wildlife Trust Annual Review 2008-09 In 2012 Darland's Lake was not listed on the Trust's web site as one of its reserves.\n\n^ \"Darlands Nature Reserve\". Woodside Park Garden Suburb Residents’ Association. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n\n^ \"The Darlands Conservation Trust\". Charity Commission. Retrieved 6 May 2019.\n\n^ \"Help save Darlands\". Darlands Conservation Trust. Retrieved 18 December 2020.\n\n^ a b c \"Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online\". Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.\n\n^ Henry Edward Manning, Catholic Encyclopedia\n\n^ a b \"Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve\". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.\n\n^ \"iGiGL – helping you find London's parks and wildlife sites\". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012.\n\n^ Hewlett, Janet (1997). Nature Conservation in Barnet. London Ecology Unit. p. 23. ISBN 1-871045-27-4.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Darland's Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Darlands_Lake_2.JPG/220px-Darlands_Lake_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Darland's Lake dam and footbridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Darland%27s_Lake_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG/220px-Darland%27s_Lake_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG"},{"image_text":"Folly Brook in Darland's Lake Nature Reserve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Folly_Brook_in_Darland%27s.JPG/220px-Folly_Brook_in_Darland%27s.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Barnet parks and open spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_parks_and_open_spaces"},{"title":"Nature reserves in Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserves_in_Barnet"}]	[{"reference":"\"Darlands Nature Reserve\". Woodside Park Garden Suburb Residents’ Association. Retrieved 14 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://woodside-park.com/darlands-nature-reserve/","url_text":"\"Darlands Nature Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Darlands Conservation Trust\". Charity Commission. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details?regid=1176457&subid=0","url_text":"\"The Darlands Conservation Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Help save Darlands\". Darlands Conservation Trust. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://darlandsconservationtrust.org.uk/support_us.html","url_text":"\"Help save Darlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online\". Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100214141404/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=BAR019","url_text":"\"Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online\""},{"url":"http://londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=BAR019","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve\". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121224011814/http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=BaBI02&sType=sinc","url_text":"\"Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve\""},{"url":"http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=BaBI02&sType=sinc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"iGiGL – helping you find London's parks and wildlife sites\". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015142729/http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/map.aspx","url_text":"\"iGiGL – helping you find London's parks and wildlife sites\""},{"url":"http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/map.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hewlett, Janet (1997). Nature Conservation in Barnet. London Ecology Unit. p. 23. ISBN 1-871045-27-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871045-27-4","url_text":"1-871045-27-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darland%27s_Lake_Nature_Reserve&params=51.6254_N_0.2047_W_type:landmark_region:GB-BNE","external_links_name":"51°37′31″N 0°12′17″W / 51.6254°N 0.2047°W / 51.6254; -0.2047"},{"Link":"http://www.totteridgeresidents.org/yearbook2008_8.htm","external_links_name":"Totteridge Residents Association, The Future of Darlands, 2008 Yearbook"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105164128/http://www.totteridgeresidents.org/yearbook2008_8.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723234210/http://www.hertswildlifetrust.org.uk/OneStopCMS/Core/CrawlerResourceServer.aspx?resource=996DEB50-D892-4D29-9F66-DAA52C69530C&mode=link&guid=40bc30e52a6748d992f22768b3bedd6d","external_links_name":"Herts & Middlesex Wildlife Trust Annual Review 2008-09"},{"Link":"http://woodside-park.com/darlands-nature-reserve/","external_links_name":"\"Darlands Nature Reserve\""},{"Link":"https://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details?regid=1176457&subid=0","external_links_name":"\"The Darlands Conservation Trust\""},{"Link":"https://darlandsconservationtrust.org.uk/support_us.html","external_links_name":"\"Help save Darlands\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100214141404/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=BAR019","external_links_name":"\"Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online\""},{"Link":"http://londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=BAR019","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09604b.htm","external_links_name":"Henry Edward Manning, Catholic Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121224011814/http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=BaBI02&sType=sinc","external_links_name":"\"Folly Brook and Darland's Lake Nature Reserve\""},{"Link":"http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=BaBI02&sType=sinc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015142729/http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/map.aspx","external_links_name":"\"iGiGL – helping you find London's parks and wildlife sites\""},{"Link":"http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/map.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/darlands-lake-nature-reserve","external_links_name":"Darlands Lake Nature Reserve, Parks & Gardens"},{"Link":"http://londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=BAR019","external_links_name":"Darlands Lake Nature Reserve, London Gardens Online"},{"Link":"https://darlandsconservationtrust.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Darlands Conservation Trust"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darland%27s_Lake_Nature_Reserve&params=51.6254_N_0.2047_W_type:landmark_region:GB-BNE","external_links_name":"51°37′31″N 0°12′17″W / 51.6254°N 0.2047°W / 51.6254; -0.2047"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(catamaran)	Viper (catamaran)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2020) ViperDevelopmentDesignerGreg GoodallYear2007NameViperBoatCrew1-2Draft0.5 m (1 ft 8 in)Trapeze2HullConstructionGlass/Epoxy foam sandwich by AHPCHull weight129 kg (284 lb)LOH5.0 m (16.4 ft)Beam2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)SailsMainsail area15 m2 (160 sq ft)Jib/genoa area3.7 m2 (40 sq ft)Spinnaker area17.5 m2 (188 sq ft) The Viper is a performance catamaran used for racing; it is a one design within the Formula 16 class. It is recognised as a class by the International Sailing Federation. In early 2012 International Sailing Federation evaluated vessels for the mixed multihull class at the 2016 Olympic Sailing Regatta. The Viper came second out of seven boats evaluated, losing to the Nacra 17. Technical data Designer Greg Goodall Length 5.0 m / 16.4 ft Beam 2.5 m / 8.2 ft Weight 129 Kg / 284 lb Mast Height 8.5 m / 28 ft Main Sail 15 m2 / 162 ft2 Jib 3.7 m2 / 40 ft2 Spinnaker 17.5 m2 / 188 ft2 Builder AHPC See also List of multihulls References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "ISAF: Viper". 2012. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. ^ "Viper ready to strike at evaluation trials". Viper International Class Association. 2012. ^ "2012 ISAF Mid-Year Meeting". Archived from the original on 2011-12-20. ^ "GOODALL Viperrr \| prosailasia". www.prosailasia.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. External links ISAF Microsite Builders Website vteClasses of World SailingCurrent Olympic classes 470 49er 49er FX Finn IQFoil Laser Standard Laser Radial Nacra 17 World Sailing centreboard classes 29er 420 505 B14 Byte Cadet Contender Enterprise Europe Fireball Flying Dutchman GP14 International 14 International FJ Laser 4.7 Lightning Mirror Moth Musto Skiff O'PEN Skiff OK Dinghy Optimist RS Feva RS Tera RS100 RS500 Snipe Splash Sunfish Tasar Topper Vaurien Zoom 8 World Sailing keelboat classes 2.4 mR 5.5 m 6 mR 8 mR 12 mR Dragon Etchells FarEast 28 Flying Fifteen Hansa 2.3 Hansa 303 Hansa Liberty H-boat International One Design J/22 J/24 J/70 J/80 Melges 20 Melges 24 Melges 32 Micro Platu 25 RC44 SB20 Shark 24 Soling Sonar Star Tempest Viper 640 Yngling World Sailing yacht classes Class40 ClubSwan 50 Farr 40 IMOCA 60 J/111 Maxi Soto 40 Swan 45 TP 52 X-35 X-41 World Sailing multihull classes A-Class Dart 18 Formula 16 Formula 18 Hobie 14 Hobie 16 Hobie 17 Hobie Dragoon Hobie Tiger Hobie Wildcat Nacra 15 Nacra 17 Nacra F18 Infusion Nacra 20 Carbon M32 SL 16 Topcat K1 Tornado Viper F16 World Sailing windsurfer classes Formula Experience Formula Windsurfing Funboard Kona Mistral Raceboard RS:One Speed Windsurfing Techno 293 IQFoil World Sailing kiteboarding classes IKA Open Formula Kite IKA Twin Top Racing IKA Twin Top Freestyle IKA Twin Top Kitefoil IRSA remote-control classes 10 rater A Class Marblehead One Metre Former World Sailing classes 11:Metre One Design 29erXX Aloha Buzz C-Class Division I Division II Division III Elliott 6m Farr 30 (Mumm 30) Farr 45 Farr Maxi One Design Hobie 17 Hobie 18 IOD ISO Laser 2 Laser Vago Lechner A-390 Mistral Junior Mumm 36 Nacra F18 Open 50 ORMA 60 Sydney 40 Ultimate 20 Windglider X-99 vteSailing dinghiesDinghies under 10 ft Cape Cod Frosty Flipper (US) Frog El Toro Fatty Knees Fly Holdfast Trainer Manly Junior Minto Montgomery 7-11 Naples Sabot O'PEN Skiff Optimist P Class Pelican Sabot Shrimp Starling Tadpole Topaz Taz US Sabot Zoom 8 Dinghies under 15 ft0–K 10ft Skiff 12 foot dinghy 125 145 12ft Skiff 29er 29erXX skiff 2000 3000 420 470 American 14.6 ASC B14 Banshee Beetle Cat Beneteau First 14 Beneteau Wizz Bermuda Fitted Dinghy Beverly Dinghy Barnett 1400 Blaze Blue Crab 11 Blue Jay Bombardier 3.8 Bombardier Invitation Bosun British Moth Bullet 14 Buzz Byte Cadet Capri Cyclone Cherub C-Lark Comet (UK) Coypu Dabchick Dart Designers Choice Dolphin 15 Senior Echo 12 Enterprise Europe Envy Farr 3.7 Finn Firefly Flying Ant Flying Eleven Force 5 GP14 Graduate Griffon Gull Howmar 12 Heron Houdini Idle-along Impulse Interclub Dinghy International 14 International FJ Javelin (NZ) Javelin (US) Jet 14 Jollyboat (NZ) Kite L–Z Lark Laser Standard Laser 2 Laser 3000 Laser 4.7 Laser 5000 Laser Pico Laser Radial Laser Vago Laser Vortex Lehman 12 Lehman Interclub Lido 14 Mark Marlin Melges 14 Merlin Rocket Metaf Metcalf MG14 Minisail Miracle Mirror Montgomery 7-11 Montgomery 12 Moth Musto Skiff National 12 NS14 OK 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guard_(2011_film)	The Guard (2011 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Filming","4 Reception","4.1 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"]	2011 Irish film by John Michael McDonagh The GuardTheatrical release posterDirected byJohn Michael McDonaghWritten byJohn Michael McDonaghProduced byChris ClarkFlora Fernandez-MarengoEd GuineyAndrew LoweStarring Brendan Gleeson Don Cheadle Mark Strong Liam Cunningham Fionnula Flanagan CinematographyLarry SmithEdited byChris GillMusic byCalexicoProductioncompaniesIrish Film BoardReprisal FilmsElement PicturesCrescendo ProductionsAegis Film FundPrescienceRTÉUK Film CouncilDistributed byElement Pictures (Ireland)Optimum Releasing (United Kingdom)Release dates 20 January 2011 (2011-01-20) (Sundance Film Festival) 7 July 2011 (2011-07-07) (Ireland) Running time93 minutesCountriesIrelandUnited KingdomLanguagesEnglishIrishBudget$6 millionBox office$21.2 million The Guard is a 2011 Irish buddy cop comedy film written and directed by John Michael McDonagh, starring Brendan Gleeson, Don Cheadle, Mark Strong and Liam Cunningham. The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success. Both Gleeson and Cheadle received acclaim for their performances, with Gleeson receiving a Golden Globe Award nomination. McDonagh was in turn nominated for a BAFTA Award for his writing achievement. It is the most successful independent Irish film of all time in terms of Irish box-office receipts, overtaking The Wind that Shakes the Barley (2006). Plot Sergeant Gerry Boyle is an officer of the Garda Síochána (police) in the Connemara district in the west of Ireland. He is crass and confrontational, regularly indulging in drugs and alcohol even while on duty. He is also shown to have a softer side, showing concern for his ailing mother, Eileen. Boyle and his new subordinate, Aidan McBride, investigate a murder, with evidence apparently pointing to an occult serial killer. Shortly after, Boyle attends a briefing by an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent Wendell Everett, sent to liaise with the Garda in hunting four Irish drug traffickers led by Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, who is believed to be awaiting a massive seaborne delivery of cocaine from Jamaica. Boyle recognises one of the men in Everett's presentation as the victim of the murder he and McBride had been investigating. McBride pulls over a car driven by Sheehy and his lieutenants Clive Cornell and Liam O'Leary and is shot dead. McBride's wife, Gabriela, reports McBride's disappearance to Boyle, who promises to look into it. The strait-laced Everett suggests that he and the unorthodox Boyle team up to track down Sheehy and his men. Everett makes the rounds, encountering Irish-speaking residents who pretend not to understand English rather than deal with an outsider. Boyle has a sexual encounter with a pair of sex workers at a hotel in town. On his way back from the hotel, Boyle spots McBride's Garda car at a "suicide hotspot" along the coast but does not believe that McBride killed himself. McBride's wife, Gabriela, an immigrant from Croatia, reports him missing and tells Boyle that McBride is gay and that she married him to obtain an Irish visa as well as to make McBride "look respectable". Meeting Everett at a local pub, Boyle notices a closed-circuit television camera and remembers that the original suspect in the murder case claimed to be frequenting it at the time of the killing. Looking over the footage from the time of the murder, they see that the suspect's alibi is valid – and Everett also spots Sheehy and Cornell at the pub. Cornell delivers a payoff to the Garda inspectors to keep them off the case but Sheehy believes that Boyle will not be so easily swayed, after he meets with Boyle to half-heartedly attempt blackmail and then to offer a bribe, which is refused. Tipped off by a young boy named Eugene, Boyle discovers a cache of weapons hidden in the bog by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and says he will arrange its return. (It is later revealed that Boyle kept a few of the guns.) Shortly after having her last wish to hear a live pub band fulfilled, Boyle's mother kills herself by overdosing on pills. Meeting at the bar again, Everett tells Boyle that Garda sources indicate Sheehy's shipment will be coming into County Cork and that he is leaving to investigate. Returning home, Boyle is confronted in his living room by O'Leary. Boyle pulls a Derringer (from the IRA cache) and kills O'Leary, then calls Everett to tell him that the Cork lead is a decoy arranged by corrupt officers. Boyle drives to the local dock where Sheehy's vessel is berthed and Sheehy's men are unloading the cocaine. Everett arrives and Boyle hands him an automatic rifle and persuades him to provide covering fire as he moves to arrest Sheehy and Cornell. Boyle kills Cornell before leaping onto the boat to deal with Sheehy. Everett's gunfire sets the boat alight. Boyle shoots Sheehy and leaves him for dead in the main cabin as the boat explodes. The next day, Everett looks out on the water where the boat sank, believing Boyle to be dead. Eugene, standing nearby, mentions that Boyle was a good swimmer, having placed fourth at the 1988 Summer Olympics, a claim that Everett had dismissed. A young photographer comments that it would be easy enough to look it up to check whether or not it was true. Everett remembers Boyle's remark that Sheehy's backers would not forget Boyle's actions and that Boyle would have to disappear were he to continue living, and smiles. Cast Brendan Gleeson as Sergeant Gerry Boyle Don Cheadle as FBI Agent Wendell Everett Mark Strong as Clive Cornell Liam Cunningham as Francis Sheehy-Skeffington Fionnula Flanagan as Eileen Boyle Mícheál Óg Lane as Eugene Moloney David Wilmot as Liam O'Leary Sarah Greene as Sinéad Mulligan Darren Healy as Jimmy Moody Rory Keenan as Garda Aidan McBride Dominique McElligott as Aoife O'Carroll Katarina Čas as Gabriela McBride Dermot Healy as old farmer Pat Shortt as Colum Hennessy Laurence Kinlan as young photographer Wale Ojo as Doctor Oleyuwo Production Development Film producers include Chris Clark, Flora Fernandez-Marengo, Ed Guiney and Andrew Lowe, with executive producers Paul Brett, Don Cheadle, Martin McDonagh (brother of John Michael), David Nash, Ralph Kamp, Lenore Zerman and associate producer Elizabeth Eves. Director John Michael McDonagh is known for his screenplay for the 2003 film Ned Kelly and as writer/director of the 2000 film The Second Death. Cinematographer Larry Smith is known for his work on Eyes Wide Shut and production designer John-Paul Kelly for his work on Venus. Filming Principal filming began on 29 October 2009, in Lettermore County Galway. Filming took place over a six-week period in Connemara, Lettermore, Lettermullan, Spiddal, and Barna with some scenes for filming in Wicklow and Dublin. Companies involved were Reprisal Films and Element Pictures in association with Prescience, Aegis Film Fund, UK Film Council and Crescendo Productions, with the participation of the Irish Film Board. International sales were handled by Metropolis Films and the film was released by Element Pictures Distribution in Ireland, Optimum Releasing in the United Kingdom, Sony Pictures Classics in the United States and Alliance Films in Canada. Reception The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.65/10 based on 134 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "A violent, crackerjack comedy with a strong Irish flavor and an eminently likable Brendan Gleeson in the main role." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 78 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In The Hollywood Reporter, Todd McCarthy wrote: "Scabrous, profane, violent, verbally adroit and very often hilarious, this twisted and exceptionally accomplished variation on the buddy-cop format is capped by a protean performance by Brendan Gleeson a defiantly iconoclastic West of Ireland policeman." Vanity Fair's John Lopez wrote: "So far, The Guard has been the most thoroughly enjoyable film experience at Sundance, a nice change of pace from the anomie, alienated angst and melancholy of other films." In Screen International, David D'Arcy wrote: "As a director, McDonagh avoids the grand gesture and focuses on his web of odd characters that call to mind the comedies of Preston Sturges." Justin Chang of Variety wrote: "The film making crackles with energy, from Chris Gill's crisp editing and Calexico's ever-inventive score to d.p. Larry Smith's dynamic camerawork, alternating between bright, almost candy-coloured interiors and shots of Galway's grey, rugged landscape." In The Times, Wendy Ide wrote: "Without doubt the strongest debut film of the year so far, this sly, witty and provocative Irish black comedy is an exceptionally funny crowd-pleaser and a playful cine-literate exercise, laced with arcane movie references... Gleeson must be thanking whatever guardian angel oversees his career for the brothers McDonagh giving him two of his meatiest roles yet." Georgie Hobbs of Little White Lies wrote: "Unexpectedly hilarious, The Guard is the triumphant directorial debut of Ned Kelly screenwriter (and brother of In Bruges director Martin), John Michael McDonagh... This confident film knows full well how funny it is, daring to provoke with unfettered 'unPCness' a-plenty." Accolades Accolades Award / Film Festival Year Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. Golden Globe Award 2012 Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Brendan Gleeson Nominated BAFTA Award 2012 Best Original Screenplay John Michael McDonagh Nominated Australian Film Critics Association Award 2012 Best Overseas Film (English-Language) The Guard Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 2011 Best Debut Film - Honorable Mention The Guard Won BET Award 2012 Best Actor Don Cheadle Nominated British Independent Film Award 2011 Best Actor in a British Independent Film Brendan Gleeson Nominated Best Screenplay John Michael McDonagh Nominated Douglas Hickox Award Nominated Black Reel Award 2012 Best Supporting Actor Don Cheadle Won Casting Society of America 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Feature - Studio or Independent Comedy Jina Jay Nominated Chlotrudis Award 2012 Best Original Screenplay John Michael McDonagh Nominated Crime Thriller Award 2012 The Film Dagger The Guard Nominated Dinard British Film Festival 2011 Audience Award John Michael McDonagh Reprisal Films Won Coup de Coeur Won Kodak Award for Best Cinematography Larry SmithReprisal Films Won Silver Hitchcock The Guard Won Evening Standard British Film Award 2011 Peter Sellers Award for Comedy The Guard Won Best Actor Brendan Gleeson Won Best Screenplay John Michael McDonagh Won NAACP Image Award 2012 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Don Cheadle Nominated Irish Film and Television Award 2012 Best Film Chris Clark, Flora Fernandez Marengo, Ed Guiney and Andrew Lowe Won Best Director - Film John Michael McDonagh Won Best Script - Film John Michael McDonagh Won Best Supporting Actress - Film Fionnula Flanagan Won Best Actor - Film Brendan Gleeson Won Best Supporting Actor - Film Liam Cunningham Nominated Best International Actor Don Cheadle Nominated Best Production Design (Film/TV Drama) John Paul Kelly Nominated Best Sound (Film/TV Drama) Robert Flanagan, Michelle Cunniffe and Niall Brady Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award 2011 British Film of the Year The Guard Nominated Breakthrough British Filmmaker John Michael McDonagh Nominated British Actor of the Year Brendan Gleeson Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Award 2011 Best Actor Brendan Gleeson Nominated Sarajevo Film Festival 2011 Audience Award for Best Feature Film The Guard Won Satellite Award 2011 Best Director John Michael McDonagh Nominated Best Actor - Motion Picture Brendan Gleeson Nominated Best Original Screenplay John Michael McDonagh Nominated Best Editing Chris Gill Won Sundance Film Festival 2011 World Cinema Grand Jury Prize: Dramatic The Guard Nominated Valladolid International Film Festival 2011 Best Actor Brendan Gleeson Won References ^ "THE GUARD (2011) (15)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ "The Guard (2011)". Box Office Mojo. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011. ^ "The Guard (2011) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 25 December 2019. ^ a b c d e f g "Cheadle & Gleeson Join Forces For 'The Guard'". IFTN. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009. ^ Jaafar, Ali (4 November 2009). "Gleeson, Cheadle join 'Guard'". Variety. Retrieved 18 November 2009. ^ "'The Guard' Topples 'Barley' to Become No. 1 Indie Irish Film". IFTN. Retrieved 9 September 2011. ^ Engelen, Leen; Heuckelom, Kris Van (21 November 2013). European Cinema after the Wall: Screening East-West Mobility. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4422-2960-0. ^ "The Guard (2011) - IMDb". IMDb. Retrieved 22 March 2021. ^ a b Cooper, Sarah (2 November 2009). "Brendan Gleeson joins Irish comedy thriller The Guard". Screen International. Retrieved 18 November 2009. ^ a b Hayden, Esther (4 November 2009). "Gleeson and Cheadle line up for new movie". Bray People. Retrieved 18 November 2009. ^ "The Guard (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 25 December 2019. ^ "The Guard". Metacritic. Retrieved 6 February 2014. ^ McCarthy, Todd (21 January 2011). "The Guard: Sundance Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ Lopes, John (23 January 2011). "Sundance 2011: Park City Thrills to The Guard and Like Crazy". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ D'Arcy, David (21 January 2011). "The Guard". Screen. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ Chang, Justin (21 January 2011). "The Guard". Variety. ^ Ide, Wendy (16 June 2011). "The Guard at the Edinburgh Film Festival". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ Hobbs, Georgie (28 February 2011). "Berlin International Film Festival 2011 – Round Up: Part II". Littlewhitelies.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. ^ Clarke, Donald (16 December 2011). "Fassbender and Gleeson nominated for Golden Globes". Irish Times. ^ "Fassbender, McDonagh in BAFTA Race". IFTN. 17 January 2012. ^ "AFCA 2012 Writing & Film Award Winners". AFCA Ward. ^ 61st Berlin International Film Festival February 10 - 20, 2011 V, accessed 1 November 2019 ^ "BET Awards 2012 Nominees Announced". The Hollywood Reporter. 22 May 2012. ^ "2012 British Independent Film Awards Winners". Hitfix. 9 December 2012. ^ "2012 Black Reel Awards". Black Reel Awards. 10 February 2012. ^ "2012 CSA Artios Awards Winners - October 29, 2012". Casting Society of America. 30 October 2012. ^ "2012, 18th Annual Awards". Chlotrudis Society for Independent Films. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ Jarossi, Robin (19 October 2012). "Specsavers Crime Thriller Awards 2012 Winners". Crime Time Preview. Retrieved 7 September 2013. ^ Festival du Film - Dinardwww.festivaldufilm-dinard.com Retrieved 7 September 2013 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ "PHOTOS: British Film's Big Winners". HuffPost UK. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ Allin, Olivia (18 February 2012). "". ABC News. Retrieved 7 September 2013. Archived 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Winners of the Irish Film & Television Awards IFTAs \| Irish Film & Television Academy \| Irish Film & Television Awards". www.ifta.ie. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ Mueller, Matt (20 January 2012). "London Critics Circle Give 'The Artist' and 'A Separation' Three Film Awards Each UPDATED". IndieWire. ^ Stone, Sasha (14 December 2011). "San Diego Film Critics Award The Artist Best Picture, Refn Best Director". Awardsdaily. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ "17th Sarajevo Film Festival Awards". Sarajevo Film Festival. Retrieved 1 January 2016. ^ "2011 awards". International Press Academy. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ Jay A. Fernandez; Daniel Miller (29 January 2011). "SUNDANCE: 2011 Festival Award Winners". The Hollywood Reporter blog Risky Business. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011. ^ "'Hasta la vista' logra la Espiga de Oro de la Seminci 2011". 29 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. External links Official Website The Guard at Box Office Mojo The Guard at IMDb The Guard at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by John Michael McDonagh The Second Death (2000, short) The Guard (2011) Calvary (2014) War on Everyone (2016) The Forgiven (2021) vteDublin Film Critics Circle Award for Best Irish Film The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006) Garage (2007) Hunger (2008) Waveriders (2009) His & Hers (2010) The Guard (2011) What Richard Did (2012) Good Vibrations (2013) Frank (2014) Brooklyn / The Queen of Ireland (2015) A Date for Mad Mary (2016) Sanctuary (2017) The Lonely Battle of Thomas Reid (2018) Extra Ordinary (2019) Wolfwalkers (2020) Arracht (2021) The Quiet Girl (2022)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buddy cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_cop"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"John Michael McDonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_McDonagh"},{"link_name":"Brendan Gleeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Gleeson"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Mark Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Strong"},{"link_name":"Liam Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V1-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_-_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"The Wind that Shakes the Barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wind_That_Shakes_the_Barley_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheGuard-6"}],"text":"The Guard is a 2011 Irish buddy cop comedy film written and directed by John Michael McDonagh, starring Brendan Gleeson, Don Cheadle, Mark Strong and Liam Cunningham.[4][5]The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success. Both Gleeson and Cheadle received acclaim for their performances, with Gleeson receiving a Golden Globe Award nomination. McDonagh was in turn nominated for a BAFTA Award for his writing achievement. It is the most successful independent Irish film of all time in terms of Irish box-office receipts, overtaking The Wind that Shakes the Barley (2006).[6]","title":"The Guard (2011 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"Connemara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connemara"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Irish-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-language"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub"},{"link_name":"closed-circuit television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Sergeant Gerry Boyle is an officer of the Garda Síochána (police) in the Connemara district in the west of Ireland. He is crass and confrontational, regularly indulging in drugs and alcohol even while on duty. He is also shown to have a softer side, showing concern for his ailing mother, Eileen.Boyle and his new subordinate, Aidan McBride, investigate a murder, with evidence apparently pointing to an occult serial killer. Shortly after, Boyle attends a briefing by an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent Wendell Everett, sent to liaise with the Garda in hunting four Irish drug traffickers led by Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, who is believed to be awaiting a massive seaborne delivery of cocaine from Jamaica. Boyle recognises one of the men in Everett's presentation as the victim of the murder he and McBride had been investigating. McBride pulls over a car driven by Sheehy and his lieutenants Clive Cornell and Liam O'Leary and is shot dead. McBride's wife, Gabriela, reports McBride's disappearance to Boyle, who promises to look into it.The strait-laced Everett suggests that he and the unorthodox Boyle team up to track down Sheehy and his men. Everett makes the rounds, encountering Irish-speaking residents who pretend not to understand English rather than deal with an outsider. Boyle has a sexual encounter with a pair of sex workers at a hotel in town. On his way back from the hotel, Boyle spots McBride's Garda car at a \"suicide hotspot\" along the coast but does not believe that McBride killed himself. McBride's wife, Gabriela, an immigrant from Croatia, reports him missing and tells Boyle that McBride is gay and that she married him to obtain an Irish visa as well as to make McBride \"look respectable\".[7]Meeting Everett at a local pub, Boyle notices a closed-circuit television camera and remembers that the original suspect in the murder case claimed to be frequenting it at the time of the killing. Looking over the footage from the time of the murder, they see that the suspect's alibi is valid – and Everett also spots Sheehy and Cornell at the pub. Cornell delivers a payoff to the Garda inspectors to keep them off the case but Sheehy believes that Boyle will not be so easily swayed, after he meets with Boyle to half-heartedly attempt blackmail and then to offer a bribe, which is refused. Tipped off by a young boy named Eugene, Boyle discovers a cache of weapons hidden in the bog by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and says he will arrange its return. (It is later revealed that Boyle kept a few of the guns.) Shortly after having her last wish to hear a live pub band fulfilled, Boyle's mother kills herself by overdosing on pills.Meeting at the bar again, Everett tells Boyle that Garda sources indicate Sheehy's shipment will be coming into County Cork and that he is leaving to investigate. Returning home, Boyle is confronted in his living room by O'Leary. Boyle pulls a Derringer (from the IRA cache) and kills O'Leary, then calls Everett to tell him that the Cork lead is a decoy arranged by corrupt officers. Boyle drives to the local dock where Sheehy's vessel is berthed and Sheehy's men are unloading the cocaine. Everett arrives and Boyle hands him an automatic rifle and persuades him to provide covering fire as he moves to arrest Sheehy and Cornell. Boyle kills Cornell before leaping onto the boat to deal with Sheehy. Everett's gunfire sets the boat alight. Boyle shoots Sheehy and leaves him for dead in the main cabin as the boat explodes.The next day, Everett looks out on the water where the boat sank, believing Boyle to be dead. Eugene, standing nearby, mentions that Boyle was a good swimmer, having placed fourth at the 1988 Summer Olympics, a claim that Everett had dismissed. A young photographer comments that it would be easy enough to look it up to check whether or not it was true. Everett remembers Boyle's remark that Sheehy's backers would not forget Boyle's actions and that Boyle would have to disappear were he to continue living, and smiles.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brendan Gleeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Gleeson"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Mark Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Strong"},{"link_name":"Liam Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Fionnula Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionnula_Flanagan"},{"link_name":"David Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilmot_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Greene_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Rory Keenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Keenan"},{"link_name":"Dominique McElligott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_McElligott"},{"link_name":"Katarina Čas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_%C4%8Cas"},{"link_name":"Dermot Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Healy"},{"link_name":"Pat Shortt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Shortt"},{"link_name":"Laurence Kinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Kinlan"},{"link_name":"Wale Ojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wale_Ojo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Brendan Gleeson as Sergeant Gerry Boyle\nDon Cheadle as FBI Agent Wendell Everett\nMark Strong as Clive Cornell\nLiam Cunningham as Francis Sheehy-Skeffington\nFionnula Flanagan as Eileen Boyle\nMícheál Óg Lane as Eugene Moloney\nDavid Wilmot as Liam O'Leary\nSarah Greene as Sinéad Mulligan\nDarren Healy as Jimmy Moody\nRory Keenan as Garda Aidan McBride\nDominique McElligott as Aoife O'Carroll\nKatarina Čas as Gabriela McBride\nDermot Healy as old farmer\nPat Shortt as Colum Hennessy\nLaurence Kinlan as young photographer\nWale Ojo as Doctor Oleyuwo[8]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Guiney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Guiney"},{"link_name":"executive producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producers"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Martin McDonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McDonagh"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Eves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Eves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN1-4"},{"link_name":"Ned Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN1-4"},{"link_name":"Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"Larry Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Smith_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Eyes Wide Shut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes_Wide_Shut"},{"link_name":"production designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_designer"},{"link_name":"John-Paul Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John-Paul_Kelly_(production_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN1-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP1-10"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Film producers include Chris Clark, Flora Fernandez-Marengo, Ed Guiney and Andrew Lowe, with executive producers Paul Brett, Don Cheadle, Martin McDonagh (brother of John Michael), David Nash, Ralph Kamp, Lenore Zerman and associate producer Elizabeth Eves.[4] Director John Michael McDonagh is known for his screenplay for the 2003 film Ned Kelly and as writer/director of the 2000 film The Second Death.[4] Cinematographer Larry Smith is known for his work on Eyes Wide Shut and production designer John-Paul Kelly for his work on Venus.[4][9][10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lettermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettermore"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Connemara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connemara"},{"link_name":"Lettermullan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettermullan"},{"link_name":"Spiddal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiddal"},{"link_name":"Barna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna"},{"link_name":"Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicklow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN1-4"},{"link_name":"UK Film Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Film_Council"},{"link_name":"Irish Film Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann/Screen_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN1-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP1-10"},{"link_name":"Optimum Releasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimum_Releasing"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics"},{"link_name":"Alliance Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Films"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal filming began on 29 October 2009, in Lettermore County Galway. Filming took place over a six-week period in Connemara, Lettermore, Lettermullan, Spiddal, and Barna with some scenes for filming in Wicklow and Dublin.[4] Companies involved were Reprisal Films and Element Pictures in association with Prescience, Aegis Film Fund, UK Film Council and Crescendo Productions, with the participation of the Irish Film Board.[4]International sales were handled by Metropolis Films and the film was released by Element Pictures Distribution in Ireland,[4][9][10] Optimum Releasing in the United Kingdom, Sony Pictures Classics in the United States and Alliance Films in Canada.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"West of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Region,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Screen International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International"},{"link_name":"Preston Sturges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Sturges"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Little White Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_White_Lies_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Ned Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"In Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Bruges"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McDonagh"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.65/10 based on 134 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"A violent, crackerjack comedy with a strong Irish flavor and an eminently likable Brendan Gleeson in the main role.\"[11] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 78 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[12]In The Hollywood Reporter, Todd McCarthy wrote: \"Scabrous, profane, violent, verbally adroit and very often hilarious, this twisted and exceptionally accomplished variation on the buddy-cop format is capped by a protean performance by Brendan Gleeson a defiantly iconoclastic West of Ireland policeman.\"[13] Vanity Fair's John Lopez wrote: \"So far, The Guard has been the most thoroughly enjoyable film experience at Sundance, a nice change of pace from the anomie, alienated angst and melancholy of other films.\"[14] In Screen International, David D'Arcy wrote: \"As a director, McDonagh avoids the grand gesture and focuses on his web of odd characters that call to mind the comedies of Preston Sturges.\"[15] Justin Chang of Variety wrote: \"The film making crackles with energy, from Chris Gill's crisp editing and Calexico's ever-inventive score to d.p. Larry Smith's dynamic camerawork, alternating between bright, almost candy-coloured interiors and shots of Galway's grey, rugged landscape.\"[16]In The Times, Wendy Ide wrote: \"Without doubt the strongest debut film of the year so far, this sly, witty and provocative Irish black comedy is an exceptionally funny crowd-pleaser and a playful cine-literate exercise, laced with arcane movie references... Gleeson must be thanking whatever guardian angel oversees his career for the brothers McDonagh giving him two of his meatiest roles yet.\"[17] Georgie Hobbs of Little White Lies wrote: \"Unexpectedly hilarious, The Guard is the triumphant directorial debut of Ned Kelly screenwriter (and brother of In Bruges director Martin), John Michael McDonagh... This confident film knows full well how funny it is, daring to provoke with unfettered 'unPCness' a-plenty.\"[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"THE GUARD (2011) (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/guard-2011","url_text":"\"THE GUARD (2011) (15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"The Guard (2011)\". Box Office Mojo. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=guard.htm","url_text":"\"The Guard (2011)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"The Guard (2011) - Financial Information\". The Numbers. Retrieved 25 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Guard-The#tab=summary","url_text":"\"The Guard (2011) - Financial Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"\"Cheadle & Gleeson Join Forces For 'The Guard'\". IFTN. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/filmNews/idUSTRE59T0KU20091030","url_text":"\"Cheadle & Gleeson Join Forces For 'The Guard'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Film_and_Television_Network","url_text":"IFTN"}]},{"reference":"Jaafar, Ali (4 November 2009). \"Gleeson, Cheadle join 'Guard'\". Variety. Retrieved 18 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118010851.html?categoryId=19&cs=1&cache=false","url_text":"\"Gleeson, Cheadle join 'Guard'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Guard' Topples 'Barley' to Become No. 1 Indie Irish Film\". IFTN. Retrieved 9 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4284243&tpl=archnews&force=1","url_text":"\"'The Guard' Topples 'Barley' to Become No. 1 Indie Irish Film\""}]},{"reference":"Engelen, Leen; Heuckelom, Kris Van (21 November 2013). European Cinema after the Wall: Screening East-West Mobility. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4422-2960-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-nBBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24","url_text":"European Cinema after the Wall: Screening East-West Mobility"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2960-0","url_text":"978-1-4422-2960-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The Guard (2011) - IMDb\". IMDb. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1540133/fullcredits","url_text":"\"The Guard (2011) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Sarah (2 November 2009). \"Brendan Gleeson joins Irish comedy thriller The Guard\". Screen International. 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Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110130234239/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/risky-business/sundance-2011-festival-award-winners-94340","url_text":"\"SUNDANCE: 2011 Festival Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/risky-business/sundance-2011-festival-award-winners-94340","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Hasta la vista' logra la Espiga de Oro de la Seminci 2011\". 29 October 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp_airstrikes	Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp	["1 17 October 2023 attack","2 5 November 2023 attack","3 6 December 2023 attack","4 24 and 25 December 2023 strike","5 2024 attacks","6 Other","7 See also","8 Reference"]	Coordinates: 31°25′16.89″N 34°23′7.35″E / 31.4213583°N 34.3853750°E / 31.4213583; 34.38537502023 airstrikes in the Gaza Strip Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee campPart of the Israel–Hamas warAl-MaghaziLocation within the Gaza StripLocationMaghazi camp, central Gaza StripCoordinates31°25′16.89″N 34°23′7.35″E / 31.4213583°N 34.3853750°E / 31.4213583; 34.3853750Date5 November, 24 December 2023TargetMaghazi refugee campAttack typeAirstrikeDeaths190+ civiliansPerpetrators Israel Defense Forces vteIsrael–Hamas war Timeline Outline Engagements Hamas-led attack on Israel Israeli female tank crew fight Re'im Sderot Sufa Israel–Hezbollah conflict Timeline Israeli invasion of Gaza Beit Hanoun Gaza City Jabalia Khan Yunis Al-Qarara Shuja'iyya Shuja'iyya ambush Insurgency in the North Gaza Strip Hamad Rafah offensive Israeli incursions in the West Bank Hamas-led attack on Israel Re'im music festival Killing of Shani Louk Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nahal Oz Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nirim Zikim Israeli invasion of Gaza Bombing of the Gaza Strip Refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Fakhoora school Al-Shati Al-Maghazi Schools Al-Falah Palestinians evacuating Gaza Health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital Al-Shifa Hospital Ambulance Nasser Hospital Church of Saint Porphyrius Rafah strikes Flour massacre Attack on journalists in Lebanon Friendly fire IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya Tel al-Sultan Al-Mawasi refugee camp Al-Sardi school Nuseirat Other minor theaters Red Sea crisis Operation Prosperity Guardian Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Operation Poseidon Archer Marlin Luanda missile strike Operation Aspides Sinking of the MV Rubymar Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria Tower 22 drone attack Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri See also Gaza humanitarian crisis Healthcare collapse Children Premature babies Famine Hostage crisis Prisoner exchange Israeli blockade of Gaza War crimes Israeli Torture Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Wider regional conflict 2023 ceasefire Calls for a ceasefire 2024 Pro-Palestinian campus protests 2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation Three-phase proposal Antisemitism Anti-Palestinianism Mass detentions Misinformation Protests South Africa v. Israel Qatar and the Israel–Hamas war AI-assisted targeting Gaza Strip mass graves All Eyes on Rafah Since the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war on 7 October 2023, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has conducted numerous airstrikes in densely populated Palestinian refugee camps in both the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Al-Maghazi refugee camp was struck several times. 17 October 2023 attack Main article: Al-Maghazi UNRWA school airstrike Israeli forces conducted an airstrike on a school run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six people and injuring dozens, including UNRWA staff. The school building sustained a severe structural damage. 5 November 2023 attack The Israel Defense Forces conducted an airstrike in the al-Maghazi refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip. According to the Gaza Health Ministry, at least 45 people were killed, mostly women and children. The IDF did not confirm that the camp had been hit with an Israeli airstrike and said its airstrikes were "specific intelligence-based strikes, specifically against terrorist elements." The airstrike caused severe damage to neighboring homes and infrastructure. The Gaza Health Ministry stated that more than 30 bodies were brought to Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital in Deir Al-Balah following the airstrike. 6 December 2023 attack On 6 December 2023 at about 21:00, Israeli forces bombed a residential building in Barkat Al-Waz area, killing 18 Palestinians, mostly children, and injuring 20 others. 24 and 25 December 2023 strike On 24 and 25 December 2023, Israeli forces bombed the camp, killing more than 100 people. Gaza Health Ministry spokesperson Ashraf al-Qudra described the attack as a "massacre being committed on crowded residential square". The Associated Press reported on 25 December they had seen records from the nearby Al-Aqsa Hospital which indicated that at least 106 people had been killed in the attack. An IDF spokesperson stated that the strike "apparently resulted in harm to those not involved" and that "the IDF regrets the harm to those not involved." An IDF official said that the extensive death toll was due to incorrect munitions being used in the attack. 2024 attacks Fifteen people were killed in an airstrike on a home in Al-Maghazi on 1 January. On 16 January, sixteen bodies were recovered from under rubble following multiple days of airstrikes. Multiple people were reportedly killed and injured on 29 March. At least three people were reportedly killed by an Israeli bombing on 31 March. On 16 April, health officials reported that an Israeli airstrike killed 13 people, including seven children; one witness stated that, "You are killing children. You are not killing an army or fighters; you are killing children who were peacefully playing in the street.", and another, speaking of "kids dead on the ground", said "They were just playing foosball, and they were martyred." Other On 5 January 2024, it was reported that Israel has increased violence towards camp residents. People were being shot at and crushed by tanks. Al Jazeera reported that an Israeli sniper shot dead a mother and her infant, "piercing the baby’s skull with a bullet". See also Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza Airstrikes on Jabalia Refugee Camp (2023-2024) Reference ^ "Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People \| UN Press". press.un.org. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ K, S. "Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ Jobain, Najib; Shura, Wafaa; Chehayeb, Kareem (5 November 2023). "Warplanes strike Gaza refugee camp as Israel rejects US push for a pause in fighting". AP News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Sawafta, Ali; Lewis, Simon; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (5 November 2023). "Palestinian president presses US to secure Gaza ceasefire as refugee camp struck". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ "Israel bombs al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing dozens, Gaza officials say". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ Abualouf, Rushdi; Armstrong, Kathryn (5 November 2023). "At least 45 killed at Al-Maghazi refugee camp". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023. ^ "Over 30 killed in Israeli bombing on Al-Maghazi camp in Gaza — health ministry". Arab News Pakistan. 5 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ "Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 62". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel \| Flash Update #62 - occupied Palestinian territory \| ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ a b "Israeli airstrikes on Christmas Day kill at least 100 people as Netanyahu vows to expand campaign". The Independent. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ "Gaza Medics Say Death Toll in Maghazi Refugee Camp Strike Rises to 106; IDF Refuses to Comment". Haaretz. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "'Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "Egypt floats plan to end Israel-Hamas war. The proposal gets a cool reception". AP News. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "IDF admits Christmas Eve Gaza airstrike killed dozens of innocents". The Jerusalem Post. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "Improper munition said cause of high death toll in strike on Gaza's Maghazi". The Times of Israel. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Death toll climbs to 15 in Israeli bombing of home in Maghazi". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ "Civil defence recovers 13 bodies in Maghazi camp". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ "Death toll rises from Israeli attack on Maghazi refugee camp". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ "Israeli attack on Maghazi camp kills three Palestinians". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ Al-Sawalhi, Mohammad; Khadder, Kareem; Salman, Abeer; Saifi, Zeena (17 April 2024). "At least 13 killed, including 7 children, after strike on Gaza's Al-Maghazi refugee camp". CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2024. ^ CNN, Israeli precision-guided munition likely killed group of children playing foosball in Gaza, weapons experts say ^ "Maghazi refugee camp resident says Israeli tanks crushed people". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 January 2024. vteIsrael–Hamas war Timeline Outline Engage-mentsHamas-ledattack on IsraelAttacks on civilians Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Psyduck music festival Battles Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Israeli female tank crew fight General topics Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Denial Sexual and gender-based violence Screams Before Silence Israeli invasionof Gaza Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Rafah Background Attacks on refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Shati Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan massacre Al-Mawasi Nuseirat refugee camp massacre Attacks on schools Al-Fakhoora Al-Falah Shadia Abu Ghazala School Al-Sardi Attacks on health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use ambulance airstrike Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital siege Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves Other attacks Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Church of Saint Porphyrius Engineer's Building airstrike Super Bowl massacre Flour massacre Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack General topics AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Destruction of cultural heritage during the 2023 Israeli invasion of Gaza Environmental damage caused by the Israel–Hamas war Gaza genocide allegations Torture Other theaters Israel–Lebanon border clashes Attacks on journalists Israeli incursions in the West Bank Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages Givat Shaul shooting Tower 22 drone attack Iran–Israel conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus Iranian strikes in Israel Israeli strikes on Iran Red Sea crisis Operation Prosperity Guardian Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 missile strikes in Yemen Marlin Luanda missile strike Hostagecrisis 2023 hostage–prisoner exchange Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square Hostages Bibas family Alex Dancyg Oded Lifshitz Hersh Goldberg-Polin Naama Levy Rescued hostages Operation Golden Hand Ori Megidish Nuseirat operation Noa Argamani Released hostages Rachel Edry Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Deceased hostages Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Generaltopics 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip Ceasefire COGAT Effect on children in Gaza Humanitarian aid International recognition of the State of Palestine Israeli interrogations Women Wikipedia Historical context Arab–Israeli conflict Blockade of the Gaza Strip Palestinian freedom of movement Israel and apartheid Children Gaza–Israel conflict Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Human shields Israeli settlement Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from Gaza Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian tunnel warfare anti-tunnel barrier Women Effects Calls for the destruction of Israel Israeli government response Israeli war cabinet Mass detentions Economic impact Environment impact in Gaza Evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Humanitarian crisis Gaza floating pier Healthcare collapse Premature baby crisis Famine Media coverage Violence against journalists Misinformation Pallywood Palestinian genocide accusation Accusations of United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war Sexual violence against Palestinians War crimes Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Reactions International reactions Calls for a ceasefire Three-phase proposal Diplomatic impact University donors European Union US support for Israel UK support for Israel Islamic Summit Conference Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip Discrimination Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents 2023 Nicosia Israeli embassy bombing Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Zürich stabbing attack University of Texas at Austin stabbing Protests University campuses Columbia Sciences Po UCLA France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes Israel United Kingdom United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan D-Chowk Dharna UN resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 S/RES/2735 UN inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory Global courts South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) Nicaragua v. Germany Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices Arrest warrants Courts Defense for Children International-Palestine v. Biden CasualtiesIsraelSecurityforces Alim Abdallah Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Jayar Davidov Eli Ginsberg Salman Habaka Asaf Hamami Yitzhar Hofman Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Civilians Lior Asulin Yuval Castleman Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Shani Louk Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner PalestineHamas Saleh al-Arouri Abdul Fatah Dukhan Mohammed Dababish Wissam Farhat Ahmed Ghandour Marwan Issa Fursan Khalifa Osama Mazini Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Ali Al Qadi Alaa Shreiteh Faiq Al-Mabhouh Othermilitants Fouad Abu Butihan Jihad Shehadeh Civilians Tawfic Abdel Jabbar Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Nahida and Samar Anton Yazan al-Kafarneh Ibrahim al-Astal Ahmad Bahar Mohammed Barakat Rashid Dabour Mohamed al-Dalou Awni El-Dous Omar Ferwana Hiba Abu Nada Ibrahim Qusaya Hind Rajab Mohammed Shabir Omar Abu Shawish Sufian Tayeh Wael Al Zard Sidra Hassouna Spillover Saleh al-Arouri Ali Hussein Barji Razi Mousavi Wissam al-Tawil Sadegh Omidzadeh Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Mohammad Reza Zahedi Journalists Issam Abdallah Samer Abu Daqqa Roee Edan Belal Jadallah General topics Friendly fire RelatedpeopleIsraelis Nimrod Aloni Rachel Goldberg-Polin Eitan Okun Yagel Oshri Inbal Rabin-Lieberman Amir Tibon Palestinians Wael Al-Dahdouh Plestia Alaqad Motaz Azaiza Bisan Owda Mustafa Moien Ayyash Othertopics Al-Saqqa House Al Qarara Cultural Museum Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war Central Archives of Gaza City Bearing Witness From the river to the sea Gaza Daily "Harbu Darbu" "Hind's Hall" Israeli demolition of Palestinian property "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population" Project Nimbus "Rajieen" Blockout 2024 Ahmed Abdel Khalek All Eyes on Rafah 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Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"Re'im music festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre"},{"link_name":"Killing of Shani Louk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Shani_Louk"},{"link_name":"Netiv HaAsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre"},{"link_name":"Alumim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumim_massacre"},{"link_name":"Be'eri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre"},{"link_name":"Holit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holit_attack"},{"link_name":"Kfar Aza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kissufim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissufim_massacre"},{"link_name":"Nahal Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_Oz_attack"},{"link_name":"Nir Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_Oz_massacre"},{"link_name":"Nir Yitzhak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_Yitzhak_attack"},{"link_name":"Nirim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirim_attack"},{"link_name":"Zikim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikim_attack"},{"link_name":"Israeli invasion of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Bombing of the Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Refugee camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_camp_airstrikes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Jabalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrikes_(2023%E2%80%932024)"},{"link_name":"31 October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_October_2023_Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrike"},{"link_name":"Al-Fakhoora school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fakhoora_school_airstrikes"},{"link_name":"Al-Shati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shati_refugee_camp_airstrikes"},{"link_name":"Al-Maghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp_airstrikes"},{"link_name":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_schools_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Al-Falah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Falah_School_airstrike"},{"link_name":"Palestinians evacuating Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_Palestinians_evacuating_Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Health facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Al-Ahli Arab Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahli_Arab_Hospital_explosion"},{"link_name":"Al-Shifa Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital_siege"},{"link_name":"Ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shifa_ambulance_airstrike"},{"link_name":"Nasser Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_siege"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Porphyrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Porphyrius_airstrike"},{"link_name":"Rafah strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_February_2024_Rafah_strikes"},{"link_name":"Flour massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_massacre"},{"link_name":"Attack on journalists in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_journalists_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alon_Shamriz,_Yotam_Haim,_and_Samer_Talalka"},{"link_name":"Tel al-Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Sultan_massacre"},{"link_name":"Al-Mawasi refugee camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack"},{"link_name":"Al-Sardi school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sardi_school_attack"},{"link_name":"Nuseirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuseirat_refugee_camp_massacre"},{"link_name":"Other minor theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Red Sea crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis"},{"link_name":"Operation Prosperity Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_the_MV_Maersk_Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"Operation Poseidon Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Marlin Luanda missile strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_Luanda_missile_strike"},{"link_name":"Operation Aspides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aspides"},{"link_name":"Sinking of the MV Rubymar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Rubymar"},{"link_name":"Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tower 22 drone attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Saleh_al-Arouri"},{"link_name":"Gaza humanitarian crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Healthcare collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse"},{"link_name":"Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_on_children_in_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Premature babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Gaza_Strip_preterm_births"},{"link_name":"Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip_famine"},{"link_name":"Hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Prisoner exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_prisoner_exchange"},{"link_name":"Israeli blockade of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"War crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2023"},{"link_name":"Wider regional conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict"},{"link_name":"2023 ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"Calls for a ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calls_for_a_ceasefire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"2024 Pro-Palestinian campus protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses"},{"link_name":"2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation"},{"link_name":"Three-phase proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_ceasefire_proposal"},{"link_name":"Antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Anti-Palestinianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Mass detentions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_detentions_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests"},{"link_name":"South Africa v. Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel"},{"link_name":"Qatar and the Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_and_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"AI-assisted targeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-assisted_targeting_in_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip mass graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip_mass_graves"},{"link_name":"All Eyes on Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Eyes_on_Rafah"},{"link_name":"Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Palestinian refugee camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Al-Maghazi refugee camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghazi_(camp)"}],"text":"2023 airstrikes in the Gaza StripvteIsrael–Hamas war\nTimeline\nOutline\nEngagements\n\nHamas-led attack on Israel\nIsraeli female tank crew fight\nRe'im\nSderot\nSufa\nIsrael–Hezbollah conflict\nTimeline\nIsraeli invasion of Gaza\nBeit Hanoun\nGaza City\nJabalia\nKhan Yunis\nAl-Qarara\nShuja'iyya\nShuja'iyya ambush\nInsurgency in the North Gaza Strip\nHamad\nRafah offensive\nIsraeli incursions in the West Bank\nHamas-led attack on Israel\n\nRe'im music festival\nKilling of Shani Louk\nNetiv HaAsara\nAlumim\nBe'eri\nHolit\nKfar Aza\nKissufim\nNahal Oz\nNir Oz\nNir Yitzhak\nNirim\nZikim\nIsraeli invasion of Gaza\n\nBombing of the Gaza Strip\nRefugee camps\nJabalia\n31 October\nAl-Fakhoora school\nAl-Shati\nAl-Maghazi\nSchools\nAl-Falah\nPalestinians evacuating Gaza\nHealth facilities\nAl-Ahli Arab Hospital\nAl-Shifa Hospital\nAmbulance\nNasser Hospital\nChurch of Saint Porphyrius\nRafah strikes\nFlour massacre\nAttack on journalists in Lebanon\nFriendly fire\nIDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya\nTel al-Sultan\nAl-Mawasi refugee camp\nAl-Sardi school\nNuseirat\nOther minor theaters\n\nRed Sea crisis\nOperation Prosperity Guardian\nAttacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou\nOperation Poseidon Archer\nMarlin Luanda missile strike\nOperation Aspides\nSinking of the MV Rubymar\nAttacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan\nIranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria\nTower 22 drone attack\nAssassination of Saleh al-Arouri\nSee also\n\nGaza humanitarian crisis\nHealthcare collapse\nChildren\nPremature babies\nFamine\nHostage crisis\nPrisoner exchange\nIsraeli blockade of Gaza\nWar crimes\nIsraeli\nTorture\nPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel\nWider regional conflict\n2023 ceasefire\nCalls for a ceasefire\n2024 Pro-Palestinian campus protests\n2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation\nThree-phase proposal\nAntisemitism\nAnti-Palestinianism\nMass detentions\nMisinformation\nProtests\nSouth Africa v. Israel\nQatar and the Israel–Hamas war\nAI-assisted targeting\nGaza Strip mass graves\nAll Eyes on RafahSince the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war on 7 October 2023, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has conducted numerous airstrikes in densely populated Palestinian refugee camps in both the Gaza Strip and West Bank.[1] Al-Maghazi refugee camp was struck several times.","title":"Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNRWA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Israeli forces conducted an airstrike on a school run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six people and injuring dozens, including UNRWA staff. The school building sustained a severe structural damage.[2]","title":"17 October 2023 attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaza Health Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Health_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-6"},{"link_name":"Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Deir Al-Balah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_al-Balah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Israel Defense Forces conducted an airstrike in the al-Maghazi refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip. According to the Gaza Health Ministry, at least 45 people were killed, mostly women and children. The IDF did not confirm that the camp had been hit with an Israeli airstrike and said its airstrikes were \"specific intelligence-based strikes, specifically against terrorist elements.\"[3][4][5][6] The airstrike caused severe damage to neighboring homes and infrastructure. The Gaza Health Ministry stated that more than 30 bodies were brought to Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital in Deir Al-Balah following the airstrike.[7]","title":"5 November 2023 attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 6 December 2023 at about 21:00, Israeli forces bombed a residential building in Barkat Al-Waz area, killing 18 Palestinians, mostly children, and injuring 20 others.[8][9]","title":"6 December 2023 attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On 24 and 25 December 2023, Israeli forces bombed the camp, killing more than 100 people.[10][11] Gaza Health Ministry spokesperson Ashraf al-Qudra described the attack as a \"massacre being committed on crowded residential square\".[12][10] The Associated Press reported on 25 December they had seen records from the nearby Al-Aqsa Hospital which indicated that at least 106 people had been killed in the attack.[13]An IDF spokesperson stated that the strike \"apparently resulted in harm to those not involved\" and that \"the IDF regrets the harm to those not involved.\"[14] An IDF official said that the extensive death toll was due to incorrect munitions being used in the attack.[15]","title":"24 and 25 December 2023 strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Fifteen people were killed in an airstrike on a home in Al-Maghazi on 1 January.[16] On 16 January, sixteen bodies were recovered from under rubble following multiple days of airstrikes.[17] Multiple people were reportedly killed and injured on 29 March.[18] At least three people were reportedly killed by an Israeli bombing on 31 March.[19]On 16 April, health officials reported that an Israeli airstrike killed 13 people, including seven children; one witness stated that, \"You are killing children. You are not killing an army or fighters; you are killing children who were peacefully playing in the street.\", and another, speaking of \"kids dead on the ground\", said \"They were just playing foosball, and they were martyred.\"[20][21]","title":"2024 attacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"On 5 January 2024, it was reported that Israel has increased violence towards camp residents. People were being shot at and crushed by tanks. Al Jazeera reported that an Israeli sniper shot dead a mother and her infant, \"piercing the baby’s skull with a bullet\".[22]","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People \| UN Press\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.un.org/unispal/document/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-is-hit/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Warplanes strike Gaza refugee camp as Israel rejects US push for a pause in fighting\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-05-2023-eb1dfa6afe40ba267024c7d819e17194"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231105065453/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-05-2023-eb1dfa6afe40ba267024c7d819e17194"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Palestinian president presses US to secure Gaza ceasefire as refugee camp struck\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231105135247/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Israel bombs al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing dozens, Gaza officials say\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/israel-bombs-al-maghazi-refugee-camp-killing-dozens-gaza-officials-say"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231105174012/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/israel-bombs-al-maghazi-refugee-camp-killing-dozens-gaza-officials-say"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bbc_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"At least 45 killed at Al-Maghazi refugee camp\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67326895"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231109102327/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67326895"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Over 30 killed in Israeli bombing on Al-Maghazi camp in Gaza — health ministry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.arabnews.pk/node/2403471/middle-east"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231105174200/https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2403471/middle-east"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 62\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel \| Flash Update #62 [EN/AR/HE] - occupied Palestinian territory \| ReliefWeb\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62-enarhe"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"Israeli airstrikes on Christmas Day kill at least 100 people as Netanyahu vows to expand campaign\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-airstrike-gaza-refugee-camp-b2469220.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Gaza Medics Say Death Toll in Maghazi Refugee Camp Strike Rises to 106; IDF Refuses to Comment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-25/ty-article/.premium/hamas-reports-70-killed-in-airstrike-on-gaza-refugee-camp-idf-incident-under-review/0000018c-a005-d1f1-adbf-bedfd84e0000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"'Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/25/israeli-forces-massacre-at-least-70-people-in-gazas-maghazi-refugee-camp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Egypt floats plan to end Israel-Hamas war. 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al-Astal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Astal"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Bahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Bahar_(Palestinian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Barakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Barakat_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rashid Dabour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Dabour"},{"link_name":"Mohamed al-Dalou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_al-Dalou"},{"link_name":"Awni El-Dous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awni_El-Dous"},{"link_name":"Omar Ferwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Ferwana"},{"link_name":"Hiba Abu Nada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiba_Abu_Nada"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Qusaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Qusaya"},{"link_name":"Hind Rajab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Hind_Rajab"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shabir"},{"link_name":"Omar Abu Shawish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Abu_Shawish"},{"link_name":"Sufian Tayeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufian_Tayeh"},{"link_name":"Wael Al Zard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wael_Al_Zard"},{"link_name":"Sidra Hassouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Sidra_Hassouna"},{"link_name":"Saleh al-Arouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_al-Arouri"},{"link_name":"Ali Hussein Barji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hussein_Barji"},{"link_name":"Razi Mousavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Mousavi"},{"link_name":"Wissam al-Tawil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissam_al-Tawil"},{"link_name":"Sadegh Omidzadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadegh_Omidzadeh"},{"link_name":"Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushtaq_Talib_Al-Saeedi"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza Zahedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Zahedi"},{"link_name":"Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Issam Abdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issam_Abdallah"},{"link_name":"Samer Abu Daqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samer_Abu_Daqqa"},{"link_name":"Roee Edan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roee_Edan"},{"link_name":"Belal Jadallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belal_Jadallah"},{"link_name":"Friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Nimrod Aloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Aloni"},{"link_name":"Rachel Goldberg-Polin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Goldberg-Polin"},{"link_name":"Eitan Okun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitan_Okun"},{"link_name":"Yagel Oshri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagel_Oshri"},{"link_name":"Inbal Rabin-Lieberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbal_Rabin-Lieberman"},{"link_name":"Amir Tibon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Tibon"},{"link_name":"Wael Al-Dahdouh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wael_Al-Dahdouh"},{"link_name":"Plestia Alaqad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plestia_Alaqad"},{"link_name":"Motaz Azaiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motaz_Azaiza"},{"link_name":"Bisan Owda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisan_Owda"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Moien Ayyash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Moien_Ayyash"},{"link_name":"Al-Saqqa House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saqqa_House"},{"link_name":"Al Qarara Cultural Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qarara_Cultural_Museum"},{"link_name":"Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Central Archives of Gaza City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Archives_of_Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Bearing Witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_Witness_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"From the river to the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea"},{"link_name":"Gaza Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Daily"},{"link_name":"Harbu Darbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbu_Darbu"},{"link_name":"Hind's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%27s_Hall"},{"link_name":"Israeli demolition of Palestinian property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_demolition_of_Palestinian_property"},{"link_name":"Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_paper:_Options_for_a_policy_regarding_Gaza%27s_civilian_population"},{"link_name":"Project Nimbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nimbus"},{"link_name":"Rajieen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajieen_(song)"},{"link_name":"Blockout 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockout_2024"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Abdel Khalek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Abdel_Khalek"},{"link_name":"All Eyes on Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Eyes_on_Rafah"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"}],"text":"^ \"Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People \| UN Press\". press.un.org. Retrieved 25 December 2023.\n\n^ K, S. \"Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit\". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 25 December 2023.\n\n^ Jobain, Najib; Shura, Wafaa; Chehayeb, Kareem (5 November 2023). \"Warplanes strike Gaza refugee camp as Israel rejects US push for a pause in fighting\". AP News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.\n\n^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Sawafta, Ali; Lewis, Simon; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (5 November 2023). \"Palestinian president presses US to secure Gaza ceasefire as refugee camp struck\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.\n\n^ \"Israel bombs al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing dozens, Gaza officials say\". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.\n\n^ Abualouf, Rushdi; Armstrong, Kathryn (5 November 2023). \"At least 45 killed at Al-Maghazi refugee camp\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.\n\n^ \"Over 30 killed in Israeli bombing on Al-Maghazi camp in Gaza — health ministry\". Arab News Pakistan. 5 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.\n\n^ \"Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 62\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 December 2023.\n\n^ \"Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel \| Flash Update #62 [EN/AR/HE] - occupied Palestinian territory \| ReliefWeb\". reliefweb.int. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Israeli airstrikes on Christmas Day kill at least 100 people as Netanyahu vows to expand campaign\". The Independent. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.\n\n^ \"Gaza Medics Say Death Toll in Maghazi Refugee Camp Strike Rises to 106; IDF Refuses to Comment\". Haaretz. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.\n\n^ \"'Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 December 2023.\n\n^ \"Egypt floats plan to end Israel-Hamas war. The proposal gets a cool reception\". AP News. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.\n\n^ \"IDF admits Christmas Eve Gaza airstrike killed dozens of innocents\". The Jerusalem Post. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.\n\n^ \"Improper munition said cause of high death toll in strike on Gaza's Maghazi\". The Times of Israel. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.\n\n^ \"Death toll climbs to 15 in Israeli bombing of home in Maghazi\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 January 2024.\n\n^ \"Civil defence recovers 13 bodies in Maghazi camp\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 January 2024.\n\n^ \"Death toll rises from Israeli attack on Maghazi refugee camp\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 April 2024.\n\n^ \"Israeli attack on Maghazi camp kills three Palestinians\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 April 2024.\n\n^ Al-Sawalhi, Mohammad; Khadder, Kareem; Salman, Abeer; Saifi, Zeena (17 April 2024). \"At least 13 killed, including 7 children, after strike on Gaza's Al-Maghazi refugee camp\". CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2024.\n\n^ CNN, Israeli precision-guided munition likely killed group of children playing foosball in Gaza, weapons experts say [1]\n\n^ \"Maghazi refugee camp resident says Israeli tanks crushed people\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 January 2024.vteIsrael–Hamas war\nTimeline\nOutline\nEngage-mentsHamas-ledattack on IsraelAttacks on civilians\nNetiv HaAsara\nAlumim\nBe'eri\nElhanan Team\nHolit\nKfar Aza\nKissufim\nNir Oz\nNir Yitzhak\nNahal Oz\nNirim\nNova music festival\nPsyduck music festival\nBattles\nRe'im\nSderot\nSufa\nZikim\nIsraeli female tank crew fight\nGeneral topics\nAllegations of genocide\nAllegations of involvement of UNRWA employees\nDenial\nSexual and gender-based violence\nScreams Before Silence\nIsraeli invasionof Gaza\nBeit Hanoun\nGaza City\nKhan Yunis\nRafah\nBackground\n Attacks on refugee camps\nJabalia\n31 October\nAl-Shati\nAl-Maghazi\nTel al-Sultan massacre\nAl-Mawasi\nNuseirat refugee camp massacre\nAttacks on schools\nAl-Fakhoora\nAl-Falah\nShadia Abu Ghazala School\nAl-Sardi\nAttacks on health facilities\nAl-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion\nAl-Shifa Hospital siege\nalleged military use\nambulance airstrike\nGaza Strip mass graves\nKamal Adwan Hospital siege\nKilling of health workers\nNasser Hospital siege\nNasser Hospital mass graves\nOther attacks\nAirstrikes on municipal services in Gaza\nChurch of Saint Porphyrius\nEngineer's Building airstrike\nSuper Bowl massacre\nFlour massacre\nPalestinians evacuating Gaza City\nWorld Central Kitchen aid convoy attack\nGeneral topics\nAI-assisted targeting\nBombing of the Gaza Strip\nDestruction of cultural heritage during the 2023 Israeli invasion of Gaza\nEnvironmental damage caused by the Israel–Hamas war\nGaza genocide allegations\nTorture\n\nOther theaters\nIsrael–Lebanon border clashes\nAttacks on journalists\nIsraeli incursions in the West Bank\nKilling of Benjamin Achimeir\nApril 2024 Israeli settler rampages\nGivat Shaul shooting\nTower 22 drone attack\n Iran–Israel conflict\nIsraeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus\nIranian strikes in Israel\nIsraeli strikes on Iran\nRed Sea crisis\nOperation Prosperity Guardian\nAttacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou\n2024 missile strikes in Yemen\nMarlin Luanda missile strike\n\nHostagecrisis\n2023 hostage–prisoner exchange\nKidnapped from Israel\nHostages and Missing Families Forum\nHostages Square\nHostages\nBibas family\nAlex Dancyg\nOded Lifshitz\nHersh Goldberg-Polin\nNaama Levy\nRescued hostages\nOperation Golden Hand\n Ori Megidish\nNuseirat operation\nNoa Argamani\nReleased hostages\nRachel Edry\nYarden Roman-Gat\nMia Schem\nDeceased hostages\nAlon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka\n\nGeneraltopics\n2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip\nCeasefire\nCOGAT\nEffect on children in Gaza\nHumanitarian aid\nInternational recognition of the State of Palestine\nIsraeli interrogations\nWomen\nWikipedia\nHistorical context\nArab–Israeli conflict\nBlockade of the Gaza Strip\nPalestinian freedom of movement\nIsrael and apartheid\nChildren\nGaza–Israel conflict\nCasualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip\nHuman shields\nIsraeli settlement\nIsraeli outpost\nIsraeli settler violence\nIsraeli disengagement from Gaza\nPalestinian rocket attacks\nPalestinian tunnel warfare\nanti-tunnel barrier\nWomen\n\nEffects\nCalls for the destruction of Israel\nIsraeli government response\nIsraeli war cabinet\nMass detentions\nEconomic impact\nEnvironment impact in Gaza\nEvacuations\nGaza Strip evacuations\nHumanitarian crisis\nGaza floating pier\nHealthcare collapse\nPremature baby crisis\nFamine\nMedia coverage\nViolence against journalists\nMisinformation\nPallywood\nPalestinian genocide accusation\nAccusations of United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war\nSexual violence against Palestinians\nWar crimes\nHamas\nIsraeli\nCemetery destruction and necroviolence\nIsraeli torture in the occupied territories\nProposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza\n Reactions\nInternational reactions\nCalls for a ceasefire\nThree-phase proposal\nDiplomatic impact\nUniversity donors\nEuropean Union\nUS support for Israel\nUK support for Israel\nIslamic Summit Conference\nArab–Islamic extraordinary summit\nHurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference\nCancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA\nProposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip\n Discrimination\nAntisemitism\nRiots in the North Caucasus\nAnti-Palestinianism\nIslamophobia\nViolent incidents\n2023 Nicosia Israeli embassy bombing\nKilling of Wadea al-Fayoume\nDeath of Paul Kessler\nVermont student shooting\nZürich stabbing attack\nUniversity of Texas at Austin stabbing\nProtests\nUniversity campuses\nColumbia\nSciences Po\nUCLA\nFrance\nMarch for the Republic and Against Antisemitism\nIndonesia\n2023 Bitung clashes\nIsrael\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nArtists4Ceasefire\nDNC protests\nMarch on Washington for Gaza\nMarch for Israel\nNational March on Washington: Free Palestine\nProtest votes\nSelf-immolation of Aaron Bushnell\nPakistan\nD-Chowk Dharna\nUN resolutions\nA/RES/ES-10/21\nS/RES/2712\nA/RES/ES-10/22\nS/RES/2720\nS/RES/2728\nS/RES/2735\nUN inquiry\nIndependent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory\nGlobal courts\nSouth Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)\nNicaragua v. Germany\nLegal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices\nArrest warrants\nCourts\nDefense for Children International-Palestine v. Biden\n\n\nCasualtiesIsraelSecurityforces\nAlim Abdallah\nYitzhak Ben-Bashat\nJayar Davidov\nEli Ginsberg\nSalman Habaka\nAsaf Hamami\nYitzhar Hofman\nRoi Levy\nIzhar Peled\nYonatan Steinberg\nCivilians\nLior Asulin\nYuval Castleman\nHayim Katsman\nOfir Libstein\nShani Louk\nAner Shapira\nVivian Silver\nYahav Winner\nPalestineHamas\nSaleh al-Arouri\nAbdul Fatah Dukhan\nMohammed Dababish\nWissam Farhat\nAhmed Ghandour\nMarwan Issa\nFursan Khalifa\nOsama Mazini\nAyman Nofal\nJamila al-Shanti\nAli Al Qadi\nAlaa Shreiteh [ar]\nFaiq Al-Mabhouh\nOthermilitants\nFouad Abu Butihan\nJihad Shehadeh\nCivilians\nTawfic Abdel Jabbar\nRefaat Alareer\nHammam Alloh\nNahida and Samar Anton\nYazan al-Kafarneh\nIbrahim al-Astal\nAhmad Bahar\nMohammed Barakat\nRashid Dabour\nMohamed al-Dalou\nAwni El-Dous\nOmar Ferwana\nHiba Abu Nada\nIbrahim Qusaya\nHind Rajab\nMohammed Shabir\nOmar Abu Shawish\nSufian Tayeh\nWael Al Zard\nSidra Hassouna\nSpillover\nSaleh al-Arouri\nAli Hussein Barji\nRazi Mousavi\nWissam al-Tawil\nSadegh Omidzadeh\nMushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi\nMohammad Reza Zahedi\nJournalists\nIssam Abdallah\nSamer Abu Daqqa\nRoee Edan\nBelal Jadallah\nGeneral topics\nFriendly fire\nRelatedpeopleIsraelis\nNimrod Aloni\nRachel Goldberg-Polin\nEitan Okun\nYagel Oshri\nInbal Rabin-Lieberman\nAmir Tibon\nPalestinians\nWael Al-Dahdouh\nPlestia Alaqad\nMotaz Azaiza\nBisan Owda\nMustafa Moien Ayyash\nOthertopics\nAl-Saqqa House\nAl Qarara Cultural Museum\nAttacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war\nCentral Archives of Gaza City\nBearing Witness\nFrom the river to the sea\nGaza Daily\n\"Harbu Darbu\"\n\"Hind's Hall\"\nIsraeli demolition of Palestinian property\n\"Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population\"\nProject Nimbus\n\"Rajieen\"\nBlockout 2024\nAhmed Abdel Khalek\nAll Eyes on Rafah\n\n Category","title":"Reference"}]	[]	[{"title":"Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_camp_airstrikes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"title":"Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_schools_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza"},{"title":"Airstrikes on Jabalia Refugee Camp (2023-2024)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrikes_(2023%E2%80%932024)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People \| UN Press\". press.un.org. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm","url_text":"\"Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People \| UN Press\""}]},{"reference":"K, S. \"Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit\". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/unispal/document/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-is-hit/","url_text":"\"Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit\""}]},{"reference":"Jobain, Najib; Shura, Wafaa; Chehayeb, Kareem (5 November 2023). \"Warplanes strike Gaza refugee camp as Israel rejects US push for a pause in fighting\". AP News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-05-2023-eb1dfa6afe40ba267024c7d819e17194","url_text":"\"Warplanes strike Gaza refugee camp as Israel rejects US push for a pause in fighting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105065453/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-05-2023-eb1dfa6afe40ba267024c7d819e17194","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Sawafta, Ali; Lewis, Simon; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (5 November 2023). \"Palestinian president presses US to secure Gaza ceasefire as refugee camp struck\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/","url_text":"\"Palestinian president presses US to secure Gaza ceasefire as refugee camp struck\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105135247/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Israel bombs al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing dozens, Gaza officials say\". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/israel-bombs-al-maghazi-refugee-camp-killing-dozens-gaza-officials-say","url_text":"\"Israel bombs al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing dozens, Gaza officials say\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105174012/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/israel-bombs-al-maghazi-refugee-camp-killing-dozens-gaza-officials-say","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abualouf, Rushdi; Armstrong, Kathryn (5 November 2023). \"At least 45 killed at Al-Maghazi refugee camp\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67326895","url_text":"\"At least 45 killed at Al-Maghazi refugee camp\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231109102327/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67326895","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Over 30 killed in Israeli bombing on Al-Maghazi camp in Gaza — health ministry\". Arab News Pakistan. 5 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2403471/middle-east","url_text":"\"Over 30 killed in Israeli bombing on Al-Maghazi camp in Gaza — health ministry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105174200/https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2403471/middle-east","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 62\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-62","url_text":"\"Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 62\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel \| Flash Update #62 [EN/AR/HE] - occupied Palestinian territory \| ReliefWeb\". reliefweb.int. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62-enarhe","url_text":"\"Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel \| Flash Update #62 [EN/AR/HE] - occupied Palestinian territory \| ReliefWeb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli airstrikes on Christmas Day kill at least 100 people as Netanyahu vows to expand campaign\". The Independent. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-airstrike-gaza-refugee-camp-b2469220.html","url_text":"\"Israeli airstrikes on Christmas Day kill at least 100 people as Netanyahu vows to expand campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaza Medics Say Death Toll in Maghazi Refugee Camp Strike Rises to 106; IDF Refuses to Comment\". Haaretz. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-25/ty-article/.premium/hamas-reports-70-killed-in-airstrike-on-gaza-refugee-camp-idf-incident-under-review/0000018c-a005-d1f1-adbf-bedfd84e0000","url_text":"\"Gaza Medics Say Death Toll in Maghazi Refugee Camp Strike Rises to 106; IDF Refuses to Comment\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/25/israeli-forces-massacre-at-least-70-people-in-gazas-maghazi-refugee-camp","url_text":"\"'Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt floats plan to end Israel-Hamas war. The proposal gets a cool reception\". AP News. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-25-2023-151faf920facb9910a254c2987e00d5f","url_text":"\"Egypt floats plan to end Israel-Hamas war. The proposal gets a cool reception\""}]},{"reference":"\"IDF admits Christmas Eve Gaza airstrike killed dozens of innocents\". The Jerusalem Post. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-779836","url_text":"\"IDF admits Christmas Eve Gaza airstrike killed dozens of innocents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improper munition said cause of high death toll in strike on Gaza's Maghazi\". The Times of Israel. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/improper-munition-said-cause-of-high-death-toll-in-strike-on-gazas-maghazi/","url_text":"\"Improper munition said cause of high death toll in strike on Gaza's Maghazi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death toll climbs to 15 in Israeli bombing of home in Maghazi\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/1/israel-hamas-war-live-new-year-in-gaza-under-non-stop-israeli-bombardment?update=2591013","url_text":"\"Death toll climbs to 15 in Israeli bombing of home in Maghazi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civil defence recovers 13 bodies in Maghazi camp\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-at-least-132-killed-in-gaza-in-last-24-hours?update=2624718","url_text":"\"Civil defence recovers 13 bodies in Maghazi camp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death toll rises from Israeli attack on Maghazi refugee camp\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-says-army-preparing-to-enter-rafah?update=2805120","url_text":"\"Death toll rises from Israeli attack on Maghazi refugee camp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli attack on Maghazi camp kills three Palestinians\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-hundreds-killed-in-al-shifa-hospital-siege?update=2808684","url_text":"\"Israeli attack on Maghazi camp kills three Palestinians\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Sawalhi, Mohammad; Khadder, Kareem; Salman, Abeer; Saifi, Zeena (17 April 2024). \"At least 13 killed, including 7 children, after strike on Gaza's Al-Maghazi refugee camp\". CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/16/middleeast/maghazi-refugee-camp-strike-gaza-intl-latam/index.html","url_text":"\"At least 13 killed, including 7 children, after strike on Gaza's Al-Maghazi refugee camp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maghazi refugee camp resident says Israeli tanks crushed people\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/5/israel-war-on-gaza-live-israel-attacks-bombard-khan-younis-rafah?update=2599164","url_text":"\"Maghazi refugee camp resident says Israeli tanks crushed people\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Israeli_attacks_on_Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp&params=31_25_16.89_N_34_23_7.35_E_region:PS-GZA","external_links_name":"31°25′16.89″N 34°23′7.35″E / 31.4213583°N 34.3853750°E / 31.4213583; 34.3853750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Israeli_attacks_on_Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp&params=31_25_16.89_N_34_23_7.35_E_region:PS-GZA","external_links_name":"31°25′16.89″N 34°23′7.35″E / 31.4213583°N 34.3853750°E / 31.4213583; 34.3853750"},{"Link":"https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm","external_links_name":"\"Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People \| UN Press\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/unispal/document/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-is-hit/","external_links_name":"\"Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-05-2023-eb1dfa6afe40ba267024c7d819e17194","external_links_name":"\"Warplanes strike Gaza refugee camp as Israel rejects US push for a pause in fighting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105065453/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-05-2023-eb1dfa6afe40ba267024c7d819e17194","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/","external_links_name":"\"Palestinian president presses US to secure Gaza ceasefire as refugee camp struck\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105135247/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/israel-bombs-al-maghazi-refugee-camp-killing-dozens-gaza-officials-say","external_links_name":"\"Israel bombs al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing dozens, Gaza officials say\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105174012/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/israel-bombs-al-maghazi-refugee-camp-killing-dozens-gaza-officials-say","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67326895","external_links_name":"\"At least 45 killed at Al-Maghazi refugee camp\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231109102327/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67326895","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2403471/middle-east","external_links_name":"\"Over 30 killed in Israeli bombing on Al-Maghazi camp in Gaza — health ministry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231105174200/https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2403471/middle-east","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-62","external_links_name":"\"Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 62\""},{"Link":"https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62-enarhe","external_links_name":"\"Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel \| Flash Update #62 [EN/AR/HE] - occupied Palestinian territory \| ReliefWeb\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-airstrike-gaza-refugee-camp-b2469220.html","external_links_name":"\"Israeli airstrikes on Christmas Day kill at least 100 people as Netanyahu vows to expand campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-25/ty-article/.premium/hamas-reports-70-killed-in-airstrike-on-gaza-refugee-camp-idf-incident-under-review/0000018c-a005-d1f1-adbf-bedfd84e0000","external_links_name":"\"Gaza Medics Say Death Toll in Maghazi Refugee Camp Strike Rises to 106; IDF Refuses to Comment\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/25/israeli-forces-massacre-at-least-70-people-in-gazas-maghazi-refugee-camp","external_links_name":"\"'Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-25-2023-151faf920facb9910a254c2987e00d5f","external_links_name":"\"Egypt floats plan to end Israel-Hamas war. The proposal gets a cool reception\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-779836","external_links_name":"\"IDF admits Christmas Eve Gaza airstrike killed dozens of innocents\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/improper-munition-said-cause-of-high-death-toll-in-strike-on-gazas-maghazi/","external_links_name":"\"Improper munition said cause of high death toll in strike on Gaza's Maghazi\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/1/israel-hamas-war-live-new-year-in-gaza-under-non-stop-israeli-bombardment?update=2591013","external_links_name":"\"Death toll climbs to 15 in Israeli bombing of home in Maghazi\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-at-least-132-killed-in-gaza-in-last-24-hours?update=2624718","external_links_name":"\"Civil defence recovers 13 bodies in Maghazi camp\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-says-army-preparing-to-enter-rafah?update=2805120","external_links_name":"\"Death toll rises from Israeli attack on Maghazi refugee camp\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-hundreds-killed-in-al-shifa-hospital-siege?update=2808684","external_links_name":"\"Israeli attack on Maghazi camp kills three Palestinians\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/16/middleeast/maghazi-refugee-camp-strike-gaza-intl-latam/index.html","external_links_name":"\"At least 13 killed, including 7 children, after strike on Gaza's Al-Maghazi refugee camp\""},{"Link":"https://cnn.com/cnn/2024/05/02/middleeast/israeli-precision-guided-munition-maghazi-deaths-intl","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/5/israel-war-on-gaza-live-israel-attacks-bombard-khan-younis-rafah?update=2599164","external_links_name":"\"Maghazi refugee camp resident says Israeli tanks crushed people\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_trailer	Pitch trailer	["1 Examples","2 See also","3 References"]	Movie trailer to show the concept of a film In the filmmaking industry, a pitch trailer, also known as a concept trailer or proof of concept trailer, is a movie trailer produced independently by the filmmaker for the sole purpose of illustrating the concept, style and theme of a feature film. Pitch trailers can be used by film directors, producers or executive producers during the film's planning, crowdfunding or fundraising phase. They are often self-financed and are structured and edited to appear like an ordinary feature film trailer. Pitch trailers are most commonly presented to financiers as a part of the film's pitch. Sometimes, these trailers are used for casting purposes and marketing purposes as well. Examples Well known examples of feature films produced following a successful concept trailer pitch were The Lord of the Rings film series, Looper The Hunger Games, Machete, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, the Super Troopers films, Iron Sky, Pickings, Miles Ahead, Hardcore Henry, Lazer Team, The Peanut Butter Falcon and others. Pitch trailers became popular among indie filmmakers who use websites like indiegogo and kickstarter to fund their movies. See also Golden Trailer Awards Movie trailer Pitch Re-cut trailer Snipe (theatrical) Stinger (post-credits scene) Teaser trailer Trailer music References ^ Paul, Jonathan "8 Great ‘Proof of Concept’ Films That Got Picked Up by Hollywood" Premium Beat June 11, 2015. Accessed January 29, 2016 ^ Sullivan, Kevin P. '"Watch An Early ‘Looper’ Proof Of Concept Trailer Made From Other Movies" mtv.com October 15, 2012 ^ Sciretta, Peter ""Kevin Tancharoen’s ‘The Hunger Games’ Pitch Trailer: This Is How Filmmakers Pitch Movies To Studios" Sept 6, 2012, Accessed January 29, 2016 This article related to film or motion picture terminology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"link_name":"movie trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_trailer"},{"link_name":"feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In the filmmaking industry, a pitch trailer, also known as a concept trailer or proof of concept trailer, is a movie trailer produced independently by the filmmaker for the sole purpose of illustrating the concept, style and theme of a feature film. Pitch trailers can be used by film directors, producers or executive producers during the film's planning, crowdfunding or fundraising phase. They are often self-financed and are structured and edited to appear like an ordinary feature film trailer. Pitch trailers are most commonly presented to financiers as a part of the film's pitch. Sometimes, these trailers are used for casting purposes and marketing purposes as well.[1]","title":"Pitch trailer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Looper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looper_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Captain_and_the_World_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Super Troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Troopers"},{"link_name":"Iron Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Sky"},{"link_name":"Pickings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickings_(film)"},{"link_name":"Miles Ahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Ahead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hardcore Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_Henry"},{"link_name":"Lazer Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazer_Team"},{"link_name":"The Peanut Butter Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peanut_Butter_Falcon"},{"link_name":"indiegogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiegogo"},{"link_name":"kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"}],"text":"Well known examples of feature films produced following a successful concept trailer pitch were The Lord of the Rings film series, Looper[2] The Hunger Games,[3] Machete, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, the Super Troopers films, Iron Sky, Pickings, Miles Ahead, Hardcore Henry, Lazer Team, The Peanut Butter Falcon and others. Pitch trailers became popular among indie filmmakers who use websites like indiegogo and kickstarter to fund their movies.","title":"Examples"}]	[]	[{"title":"Golden Trailer Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Trailer_Awards"},{"title":"Movie trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_trailer"},{"title":"Pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)"},{"title":"Re-cut trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-cut_trailer"},{"title":"Snipe (theatrical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snipe_(theatrical)"},{"title":"Stinger (post-credits scene)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-credits_scene"},{"title":"Teaser trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaser_campaign"},{"title":"Trailer music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_music"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/8-great-proof-of-concept-films-that-got-picked-up-by-hollywood/","external_links_name":"\"8 Great ‘Proof of Concept’ Films That Got Picked Up by Hollywood\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2442392/looper-proof-of-concept-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"Watch An Early ‘Looper’ Proof Of Concept Trailer Made From Other Movies\""},{"Link":"http://www.slashfilm.com/kevin-tancharoens-the-hunger-games-pitch-trailer-this-is-how-filmmakers-pitch-movies-to-studios-film-exclusive/","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Tancharoen’s ‘The Hunger Games’ Pitch Trailer: This Is How Filmmakers Pitch Movies To Studios"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_trailer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarran_Act	McCarran Internal Security Act	["1 Provisions","2 Legislative history","2.1 Passage","2.2 Amended","2.3 Abolition","3 Constitutionality","4 Use by U.S. military","5 Fictional reimagining","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	1950 statute against communist subversive activities McCarran Internal Security ActOther short titlesMcCarran ActSubversive Activities Control Act of 1950Long titleAn Act to protect the United States against certain un-American and subversive activities by requiring registration of Communist organizations, and for other purposes.NicknamesInternal Security Act of 1950, Concentration Camp LawEnacted bythe 81st United States CongressEffectiveSeptember 23, 1950CitationsPublic lawPub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 81–831Statutes at Large64 Stat. 987CodificationTitles amended50 U.S.C.: War and National DefenseU.S.C. sections created50 U.S.C. ch. 23, subch. I § 781 et seq.Legislative historyIntroduced in the Senate as S. 4037 by Pat McCarran (D-NV) on August 10, 1950Committee consideration by Judiciary CommitteePassed the Senate on September 12, 1950 (70–7)Passed the House on August 29, 1950 (354–20)Reported by the joint conference committee on September 20, 1950; agreed to by the House on September 20, 1950 (313–20) and by the Senate on September 20, 1950 (51–7)Vetoed by President Harry S. Truman on September 22, 1950Overridden by the House on September 22, 1950 (286–48)Overridden by the Senate and became law on September 22, 1950 (57–10)United States Supreme Court casesCarlson v. Landon, 342 U.S. 524 (1952)United States v. Spector, 343 U.S. 169 (1952)Heikkila v. Barber, 345 U.S. 229 (1953)Galvan v. Press, 347 U.S. 522 (1954)Communist Party of United States v. Subversive Activities Control Bd., 351 U.S. 115 (1956)United States v. Witkovich, 353 U.S. 194 (1957)Rowoldt v. Perfetto, 355 U.S. 115 (1957)Bonetti v. Rogers, 356 U.S. 691 (1958)Kent v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116 (1958) The Internal Security Act of 1950, 64 Stat. 987 (Public Law 81-831), also known as the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, the McCarran Act after its principal sponsor Sen. Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), or the Concentration Camp Law, is a United States federal law. Congress enacted it over President Harry Truman's veto. It required Communist organizations to register with the federal government. The 1965 U.S Supreme Court ruling in Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board saw much of the act's Communist registration requirement abolished. The emergency detention provision was repealed when the Non-Detention Act of 1971 was signed into law by President Richard Nixon. The act's Subversive Activities Control Board, which enforced the law's provision calling for investigations of persons engaging in "subversive activities," would also be abolished in 1972. Provisions Its titles were I: Subversive Activities Control (Subversive Activities Control Act) and II: Emergency Detention (Emergency Detention Act of 1950). The Act required Communist organizations to register with the United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship", either fascist or communist. Members of these groups could not become citizens and in some cases were barred from entering or leaving the country. Immigrants found in violation of the act within five years of being naturalized could have their citizenship revoked. United States Attorney General J. Howard McGrath asked that the CPUSA provide a list of all its members in the United States, as well as 'reveal its financial details.' Furthermore, members of 'Communist-Action Organizations' including those of the Communist Party of the United States of America were required (prior to a 1965 Supreme Court case mentioned below) to register with the U.S. Attorney General their name and address and be subject to the statutes applicable to such registrants (e.g. being barred from federal employment, among others). In addition, once registered, members were liable for prosecution solely based on membership under the Smith Act due to the expressed and alleged intent of the organization. The Act also contained an emergency detention statute, giving the President the authority to apprehend and detain "each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of espionage or sabotage." It tightened alien exclusion and deportation laws and allowed for the detention of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency". The act had implications for thousands of people displaced because of the Second World War. In March 1951, chairman of the United States Displaced Persons Commission was quoted as saying that 100,000 people would be barred from entering the United States that otherwise would have been accepted. By March 1, 1951, the act had excluded 54,000 people of German ethnic origin and 12,000 displaced Russian persons from entering the United States. Notable persons barred from the United States include Ernst Chain, who was declined a visa on two occasions in 1951. The Act made picketing a Federal courthouse a felony if intended to obstruct the court system or influence jurors or other trial participants. Legislative history Passage Several key sections of the Act were taken from the earlier Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill, which Congress had failed to pass. It included language that Sen. Mundt had introduced several times before without success aimed at punishing a federal employee from passing information "classified by the President (or by the head of any such department, agency, or corporation with the approval of the President) as affecting the security of the United States" to "any representative of a foreign government or to any officer or member of a Communist organization". He told a Senate hearing that it was a response to what the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) had learned when investigating "the so-called pumpkin papers case, the espionage activities in the Chambers-Hiss case, the Bentley case, and others." President Harry Truman vetoed it on September 22, 1950, and sent Congress a lengthy veto message in which he criticized specific provisions as "the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press, and assembly since the Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798," a "mockery of the Bill of Rights" and a "long step toward totalitarianism". The House overrode the veto without debate by a vote of 286–48 the same day. The Senate overrode his veto the next day after "a twenty-two hour continuous battle" by a vote of 57–10. Thirty-one Republicans and 26 Democrats voted in favor, while five members of each party opposed it. Democratic Senator Hubert Humphrey led the outnumbered opposition in the Senate despite having voted in favor of the law the first time. Amended Part of the Act was repealed by the Non-Detention Act of 1971 after facing public opposition, notably from Japanese Americans. President Richard Nixon, while signing the repeal bill, referred to the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II for historical context as to why the bill needed to be repealed. For example, violation of 50 U.S.C. § 797 (Section 21 of "the Internal Security Act of 1950"), which concerns security of military bases and other sensitive installations, may be punishable by a prison term of up to one year. The part of the act codified as 50 U.S.C. § 798 has been repealed in its entirety for violating the First Amendment. Abolition The Subversive Activities Control Board was abolished by Congress in 1972. Constitutionality Civil libertarians and radical political activists considered the McCarran Act to be a dangerous and unconstitutional infringement of political liberty, as exemplified in this 1961 poster. The Supreme Court of the United States was initially deferential towards the Internal Security Act. For example, in Galvan v. Press, the Court upheld the deportation of a Mexican alien on the basis that he had briefly been a member of the Communist Party from 1944 to 1946, even though such membership had been lawful at that time (and had been declared retroactively illegal by the Act). As McCarthyism faded into history, the Court adopted a more skeptical approach towards the Act. The 1964 decision in Aptheker v. Secretary of State ruled unconstitutional Section 6, which prevented any member of a communist party from using or obtaining a passport. In 1965, the Court voted 8–0 in Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board to invalidate the Act's requirement that members of the Communist Party were to register with the government. It held that the information which party members were required to submit could form the basis of their prosecution for being party members, which was then a crime, and therefore deprived them of their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. In 1967, the act's provision prohibiting communists from working for the federal government or at defense facility was also struck down by the Supreme Court as a violation of the First Amendment's right to freedom of association in United States v. Robel. Use by U.S. military A no trespassing sign at Langley Air Force Base, citing section 21 of Internal Security Act of 1950/50 U.S.C. § 797. The U.S. military continues to use 50 U.S.C. § 797, citing it in U.S. Army regulation AR 190–11 in support of allowing installation commanders to regulate privately owned weapons on army installations. An Army message known as an ALARACT states "senior commanders have specific authority to regulate privately owned weapons, explosives, and ammunition on army installations." The ALARACT refers to AR 190-11 and public law (section 1062 of Public Law 111–383, also known as the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011); AR 190–11 in turn cites the McCarran Internal Security Act (codified as 50 USC 797). The ALARACT reference is a truncated version of the public law. Fictional reimagining The 1971 pseudo-documentary film Punishment Park speculated what might have happened if Richard Nixon had enforced the McCarran Act against members of the anti-war movement, black power movement, the feminist movement, and others. See also Alien Registration Act Espionage Act of 1917 Hatch Act of 1939 Mundt–Nixon Bill of 1948 Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill of 1950 National Committee to Defeat the Mundt Bill (1948–1950) McCarran–Walter Act McCarthyism References ^ Internal Security Act ^ Izumi, Masum (May 2005). "Prohibiting "American Concentration Camps"". Pacific Historical Review. 74 (2): 165–166. doi:10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165. ^ The Full Text of the McCarran Internal Security Act Archived 2022-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 25, 2012 ^ Wood, Lewis (1950). "Russia Dominates US Reds, McGrath Formally Charges". The New York Times. ProQuest 111584130. ^ Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board ^ Title I, Section 5-7 ^ Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders ^ Scales v. United States ^ Title II, Section 103 ^ "Gibson Holds Law Bars 100,000 D.P.'s". The New York Times. March 10, 1951. ProQuest 111830215. ^ "No Admission". The New York Times. December 9, 1951. ProQuest 111905452. ^ New York Times: "M'Grath to Press New Curbs on Reds," September 25, 1950, accessed June 25, 2012 ^ Title I, Section 31 ^ Everything2: The Nixon-Mundt Bill Retrieved 2012-04-10 ^ Justia: Scarbeck v. U.S. paragraphs 20-1, accessed June 25, 2012 ^ Harry S. Truman, Veto of the Internal Security Bill Archived 2007-03-01 at the Wayback Machine, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. ^ "Text of President's Veto Message Vetoing the Communist-Control Bill" (PDF). New York Times. September 23, 1950. Retrieved April 23, 2013. ^ Trussel, C.P. (September 24, 1950). "Red Bill Veto Beaten, 57-10, By Senators" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2013. ^ Izumi, Masumi (May 2005). "Prohibiting "American Concentration Camps"". Pacific Historical Review. 74 (2): 166. doi:10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165. ^ United States Department of Defense DoD Directive 5200.8, "Security of DoD Installations and Resources", 25 April 1991, retrieved August 26, 2005. ^ "50 USC 798". Findlaw. ^ Schipper, Martin Paul (1988). Records of the Subversive Activities Control Board, 1950-1972. University Publications of America. ISBN 978-1-55655-050-8. OCLC 698017558. ^ Galvan v. Press, 347 U.S. 522 (1954), ^ Belknap, Michael R. (2004). The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 9781576072011. ^ Belknap, Michael R. (2005). The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969. University of South Carolina. p. 79. ISBN 9781570035630. ^ ALARACT 333/2011 DTG R 311939Z AUG 11 ^ Public Law. "111-383" (PDF). section 1062. 111th Congress. Further reading Izumi, Masumi. "Prohibiting 'American Concentration Camps'," Pacific Historical Review 74.2 (2005): 165-194 online. Keohane, Jennifer. "How Would They Ever Learn Better--The Sedition Act, the McCarran Internal Security Act, and Congressional Failure." Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review 1 (2008): 217+ online. Lee, R. Alton. "'New Dealers, Fair Dealers, Misdealers, and Hiss Dealers': Karl Mundt and the Internal Security Act of 1950." South Dakota History 10 (1980): 277-90 online Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine. McCarran, Patrick A. "The Internal Security Act of 1950." University of Pittsburgh Law Review 12 (1950): 481+. online Ybarra, Michael J. Washington Gone Crazy: Senator Pat McCarran and the Great American Communist Hunt (Steerforth Publishing, 2004) online pp 509–534. External links Internal Security Act of 1950 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection Department of Defense Instruction, December 2005 (from Defense Technical Information Center)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-64-987"},{"link_name":"Pat McCarran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McCarran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Izumi_2005-2"},{"link_name":"United States federal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_law"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board"},{"link_name":"Non-Detention Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Detention_Act"},{"link_name":"Subversive Activities Control Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversive_Activities_Control_Board"}],"text":"The Internal Security Act of 1950, 64 Stat. 987 (Public Law 81-831), also known as the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, the McCarran Act after its principal sponsor Sen. Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), or the Concentration Camp Law,[2] is a United States federal law. Congress enacted it over President Harry Truman's veto. It required Communist organizations to register with the federal government. The 1965 U.S Supreme Court ruling in Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board saw much of the act's Communist registration requirement abolished. The emergency detention provision was repealed when the Non-Detention Act of 1971 was signed into law by President Richard Nixon. The act's Subversive Activities Control Board, which enforced the law's provision calling for investigations of persons engaging in \"subversive activities,\" would also be abolished in 1972.","title":"McCarran Internal Security Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Communist organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_registration"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Subversive Activities Control Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversive_Activities_Control_Board"},{"link_name":"J. Howard McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Smith Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Act"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"subversive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(political)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ernst Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Chain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Its titles were I: Subversive Activities Control (Subversive Activities Control Act) and II: Emergency Detention (Emergency Detention Act of 1950).[3]The Act required Communist organizations to register with the United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a \"totalitarian dictatorship\", either fascist or communist. Members of these groups could not become citizens and in some cases were barred from entering or leaving the country. Immigrants found in violation of the act within five years of being naturalized could have their citizenship revoked.United States Attorney General J. Howard McGrath asked that the CPUSA provide a list of all its members in the United States, as well as 'reveal its financial details.'[4] Furthermore, members of 'Communist-Action Organizations' including those of the Communist Party of the United States of America were required (prior to a 1965 Supreme Court case mentioned below)[5] to register with the U.S. Attorney General their name and address and be subject to the statutes applicable to such registrants (e.g. being barred from federal employment, among others).[6] In addition, once registered, members were liable for prosecution solely based on membership under the Smith Act due to the expressed and alleged intent of the organization.[7][8]The Act also contained an emergency detention statute, giving the President the authority to apprehend and detain \"each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of espionage or sabotage.\"[9]It tightened alien exclusion and deportation laws and allowed for the detention of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or \"internal security emergency\". The act had implications for thousands of people displaced because of the Second World War. In March 1951, chairman of the United States Displaced Persons Commission was quoted as saying that 100,000 people would be barred from entering the United States that otherwise would have been accepted. By March 1, 1951, the act had excluded 54,000 people of German ethnic origin and 12,000 displaced Russian persons from entering the United States.[10] Notable persons barred from the United States include Ernst Chain, who was declined a visa on two occasions in 1951.[11]The Act made picketing a Federal courthouse a felony[12] if intended to obstruct the court system or influence jurors or other trial participants.[13]","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legislative history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundt%E2%80%93Ferguson_Communist_Registration_Bill"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Earl_Mundt"},{"link_name":"House Un-American Activities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee"},{"link_name":"pumpkin papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_Papers"},{"link_name":"Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Hiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger_Hiss"},{"link_name":"Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"vetoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes"},{"link_name":"Alien and Sedition Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trumanveto-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hubert Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Passage","text":"Several key sections of the Act were taken from the earlier Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill, which Congress had failed to pass.[14]It included language that Sen. Mundt had introduced several times before without success aimed at punishing a federal employee from passing information \"classified by the President (or by the head of any such department, agency, or corporation with the approval of the President) as affecting the security of the United States\" to \"any representative of a foreign government or to any officer or member of a Communist organization\". He told a Senate hearing that it was a response to what the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) had learned when investigating \"the so-called pumpkin papers case, the espionage activities in the Chambers-Hiss case, the Bentley case, and others.\"[15]President Harry Truman vetoed it on September 22, 1950, and sent Congress a lengthy veto message in which he criticized specific provisions as \"the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press, and assembly since the Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798,\" a \"mockery of the Bill of Rights\" and a \"long step toward totalitarianism\".[16][17]The House overrode the veto without debate by a vote of 286–48 the same day. The Senate overrode his veto the next day after \"a twenty-two hour continuous battle\" by a vote of 57–10. Thirty-one Republicans and 26 Democrats voted in favor, while five members of each party opposed it. Democratic Senator Hubert Humphrey led the outnumbered opposition in the Senate despite having voted in favor of the law the first time.[18]","title":"Legislative history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-Detention Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Detention_Act"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"50 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/797"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"50 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/798"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USC798-21"}],"sub_title":"Amended","text":"Part of the Act was repealed by the Non-Detention Act of 1971 after facing public opposition, notably from Japanese Americans. President Richard Nixon, while signing the repeal bill, referred to the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II for historical context as to why the bill needed to be repealed.[19]For example, violation of 50 U.S.C. § 797 (Section 21 of \"the Internal Security Act of 1950\"), which concerns security of military bases and other sensitive installations, may be punishable by a prison term of up to one year.[20]The part of the act codified as 50 U.S.C. § 798 has been repealed in its entirety for violating the First Amendment.[21]","title":"Legislative history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Abolition","text":"The Subversive Activities Control Board was abolished by Congress in 1972.[22]","title":"Legislative history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:61-mccarranact-poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Aptheker v. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptheker_v._Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board"},{"link_name":"Fifth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"United States v. Robel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Robel"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Civil libertarians and radical political activists considered the McCarran Act to be a dangerous and unconstitutional infringement of political liberty, as exemplified in this 1961 poster.The Supreme Court of the United States was initially deferential towards the Internal Security Act. For example, in Galvan v. Press,[23] the Court upheld the deportation of a Mexican alien on the basis that he had briefly been a member of the Communist Party from 1944 to 1946, even though such membership had been lawful at that time (and had been declared retroactively illegal by the Act).As McCarthyism faded into history, the Court adopted a more skeptical approach towards the Act. The 1964 decision in Aptheker v. Secretary of State ruled unconstitutional Section 6, which prevented any member of a communist party from using or obtaining a passport. In 1965, the Court voted 8–0 in Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board to invalidate the Act's requirement that members of the Communist Party were to register with the government. It held that the information which party members were required to submit could form the basis of their prosecution for being party members, which was then a crime, and therefore deprived them of their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.[24] In 1967, the act's provision prohibiting communists from working for the federal government or at defense facility was also struck down by the Supreme Court as a violation of the First Amendment's right to freedom of association in United States v. Robel.[25]","title":"Constitutionality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Use_of_Deadly_Force_Authorized_(5730792058).jpg"},{"link_name":"Langley Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"50 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/797"},{"link_name":"50 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/797"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"A no trespassing sign at Langley Air Force Base, citing section 21 of Internal Security Act of 1950/50 U.S.C. § 797.The U.S. military continues to use 50 U.S.C. § 797, citing it in U.S. Army regulation AR 190–11 in support of allowing installation commanders to regulate privately owned weapons on army installations. An Army message known as an ALARACT[26] states \"senior commanders have specific authority to regulate privately owned weapons, explosives, and ammunition on army installations.\" The ALARACT refers to AR 190-11 and public law (section 1062 of Public Law 111–383, also known as the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011); AR 190–11 in turn cites the McCarran Internal Security Act (codified as 50 USC 797). The ALARACT reference is a truncated version of the public law.[27]","title":"Use by U.S. military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudo-documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-documentary"},{"link_name":"Punishment Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment_Park"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"anti-war movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war_movement"},{"link_name":"black power movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_power_movement"},{"link_name":"feminist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_movement"}],"text":"The 1971 pseudo-documentary film Punishment Park speculated what might have happened if Richard Nixon had enforced the McCarran Act against members of the anti-war movement, black power movement, the feminist movement, and others.","title":"Fictional reimagining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/download/35912874/PHR.pdf"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mdsoar.org/bitstream/handle/11603/7346/Jennifer%20Keohane%20Sedition%20Act.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sdshspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-10-4/new-dealers-fair-dealers-misdealers-and-hiss-dealers-karl-mundt-and-the-internal-security-act-of-1950/vol-10-no-4-new-dealers-fair-dealers-misdealers-and-hiss-dealers-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210227031704/https://www.sdshspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-10-4/new-dealers-fair-dealers-misdealers-and-hiss-dealers-karl-mundt-and-the-internal-security-act-of-1950/vol-10-no-4-new-dealers-fair-dealers-misdealers-and-hiss-dealers-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/upitt12&div=41&id=&page="},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/washingtongonecr0000ybar"}],"text":"Izumi, Masumi. \"Prohibiting 'American Concentration Camps',\" Pacific Historical Review 74.2 (2005): 165-194 online[dead link].Keohane, Jennifer. \"How Would They Ever Learn Better--The Sedition Act, the McCarran Internal Security Act, and Congressional Failure.\" Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review 1 (2008): 217+ online.Lee, R. Alton. \"'New Dealers, Fair Dealers, Misdealers, and Hiss Dealers': Karl Mundt and the Internal Security Act of 1950.\" South Dakota History 10 (1980): 277-90 online Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine.McCarran, Patrick A. \"The Internal Security Act of 1950.\" University of Pittsburgh Law Review 12 (1950): 481+. online\nYbarra, Michael J. Washington Gone Crazy: Senator Pat McCarran and the Great American Communist Hunt (Steerforth Publishing, 2004) online pp 509–534.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Civil libertarians and radical political activists considered the McCarran Act to be a dangerous and unconstitutional infringement of political liberty, as exemplified in this 1961 poster.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/61-mccarranact-poster.jpg/250px-61-mccarranact-poster.jpg"},{"image_text":"A no trespassing sign at Langley Air Force Base, citing section 21 of Internal Security Act of 1950/50 U.S.C. § 797.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Use_of_Deadly_Force_Authorized_%285730792058%29.jpg/220px-Use_of_Deadly_Force_Authorized_%285730792058%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Alien Registration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Act"},{"title":"Espionage Act of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917"},{"title":"Hatch Act of 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939"},{"title":"Mundt–Nixon Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundt%E2%80%93Nixon_Bill"},{"title":"Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundt%E2%80%93Ferguson_Communist_Registration_Bill"},{"title":"National Committee to Defeat the Mundt Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_to_Defeat_the_Mundt_Bill"},{"title":"McCarran–Walter Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952"},{"title":"McCarthyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"}]	[{"reference":"Izumi, Masum (May 2005). \"Prohibiting \"American Concentration Camps\"\". Pacific Historical Review. 74 (2): 165–166. doi:10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2005.74.2.165","url_text":"10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165","url_text":"10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Lewis (1950). \"Russia Dominates US Reds, McGrath Formally Charges\". The New York Times. ProQuest 111584130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/111584130","url_text":"111584130"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibson Holds Law Bars 100,000 D.P.'s\". The New York Times. March 10, 1951. ProQuest 111830215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/111830215","url_text":"111830215"}]},{"reference":"\"No Admission\". The New York Times. December 9, 1951. ProQuest 111905452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/111905452","url_text":"111905452"}]},{"reference":"\"Text of President's Veto Message Vetoing the Communist-Control Bill\" (PDF). New York Times. September 23, 1950. Retrieved April 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/09/23/113171737.pdf","url_text":"\"Text of President's Veto Message Vetoing the Communist-Control Bill\""}]},{"reference":"Trussel, C.P. (September 24, 1950). \"Red Bill Veto Beaten, 57-10, By Senators\" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/09/24/306329152.pdf","url_text":"\"Red Bill Veto Beaten, 57-10, By Senators\""}]},{"reference":"Izumi, Masumi (May 2005). \"Prohibiting \"American Concentration Camps\"\". Pacific Historical Review. 74 (2): 166. doi:10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2005.74.2.165","url_text":"10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165","url_text":"10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165"}]},{"reference":"\"50 USC 798\". Findlaw.","urls":[{"url":"http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/50/23/I/798","url_text":"\"50 USC 798\""}]},{"reference":"Schipper, Martin Paul (1988). Records of the Subversive Activities Control Board, 1950-1972. University Publications of America. ISBN 978-1-55655-050-8. OCLC 698017558.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-050-8","url_text":"978-1-55655-050-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/698017558","url_text":"698017558"}]},{"reference":"Belknap, Michael R. (2004). The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 9781576072011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oeFRJj8dVAUC&pg=PA171","url_text":"The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072011","url_text":"9781576072011"}]},{"reference":"Belknap, Michael R. (2005). The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969. University of South Carolina. p. 79. ISBN 9781570035630.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7zNAzo_xJEMC&pg=PA79","url_text":"The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570035630","url_text":"9781570035630"}]},{"reference":"Public Law. \"111-383\" (PDF). section 1062. 111th Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ383/pdf/PLAW-111publ383.pdf","url_text":"\"111-383\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/81/831","external_links_name":"81–831"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-64-987","external_links_name":"987"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/chapter-23/subchapter-I","external_links_name":"ch. 23, subch. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodikuthimala	Kodikuthimala	["1 References","2 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kodikuthimala" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mountain in Kerala KodikuthimalaHighest pointElevation540 m (1,770 ft)GeographyLocationPerinthalmanna taluk, Malappuram district, Kerala, IndiaParent rangeAmminikkadan mountainGeologyMountain typeFree-standing mountainClimbingEasiest routeFrom Perinthalmanna, via Amminikkad Kodikuthimala, also known as the Ooty of Malappuram, is a hill station in Vettathur and Thazhekode villages, in Kerala, India. At a height of 540 metres (1,770 ft) above sea level, it is the highest peak in Amminikkadan hills. The British hoisted their flag on this hilltop during a survey, thus getting the name Kodikuthimala. Around 70 acres of land in this area is earmarked by the Tourism Department for various projects. Kodikuthimala, at an altitude of 1,713-ft above sea level, has a watch tower that is visited by tourists because of the vantage point it offers. It is located 9 km from Perintalmanna, 32 km from Malappuram, 66 km from Palakkad and 82 km from Calicut. References ^ a b "The Ooty Of Malappuram-Kodikuthimala". Deccan Chronicle. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Kodikuthimala \| Ooty of Malappuram \| Tourist Places in Malappuram". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 31 May 2022. External links India portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kodikuthimala. This article related to a location in Malappuram district, Kerala, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ooty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC1-1"},{"link_name":"hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"},{"link_name":"Vettathur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettathur"},{"link_name":"Thazhekode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thazhekkod,_Malappuram_district"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Perintalmanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perintalmanna"},{"link_name":"Malappuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram"},{"link_name":"Palakkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakkad"},{"link_name":"Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calicut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC1-1"}],"text":"Mountain in KeralaKodikuthimala, also known as the Ooty of Malappuram,[1] is a hill station in Vettathur and Thazhekode villages, in Kerala, India. At a height of 540 metres (1,770 ft) above sea level, it is the highest peak in Amminikkadan hills.[2]The British hoisted their flag on this hilltop during a survey, thus getting the name Kodikuthimala. Around 70 acres of land in this area is earmarked by the Tourism Department for various projects. Kodikuthimala, at an altitude of 1,713-ft above sea level, has a watch tower that is visited by tourists because of the vantage point it offers.\nIt is located 9 km from Perintalmanna, 32 km from Malappuram, 66 km from Palakkad and 82 km from Calicut.[1]","title":"Kodikuthimala"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Ooty Of Malappuram-Kodikuthimala\". Deccan Chronicle. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140417/lifestyle-travel/article/ooty-malappuram-kodikuthimala","url_text":"\"The Ooty Of Malappuram-Kodikuthimala\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kodikuthimala \| Ooty of Malappuram \| Tourist Places in Malappuram\". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2022/kodikuthimala-malappuram/1160","url_text":"\"Kodikuthimala \| Ooty of Malappuram \| Tourist Places in Malappuram\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kodikuthimala%22","external_links_name":"\"Kodikuthimala\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kodikuthimala%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kodikuthimala%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kodikuthimala%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kodikuthimala%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kodikuthimala%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140417/lifestyle-travel/article/ooty-malappuram-kodikuthimala","external_links_name":"\"The Ooty Of Malappuram-Kodikuthimala\""},{"Link":"https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2022/kodikuthimala-malappuram/1160","external_links_name":"\"Kodikuthimala \| Ooty of Malappuram \| Tourist Places in Malappuram\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodikuthimala&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrabIt	GrabIt	["1 History","2 Features","3 See also","4 External links"]	Freeware Usenet newsreader For the cookware, see Grab-it. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "GrabIt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "GrabIt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GrabItGrabIt 1.62 running on Windows XPDeveloper(s)Ilan ShemesPreview release1.7.5b3 / May 2020 Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsTypeNews clientLicenceClosed sourceWebsitewww.shemes.com GrabIt is a freeware Usenet newsreader for Windows developed by Ilan Shemes. History Ilan Shemes has been making GrabIt changes since the program has been introduced. SSL support was introduced in version 1.7.2 Beta. Features The GrabIt program is solely used to read and download binaries from usenet news server. GrabIt has Yenc and NZB support and can have up to 50 simultaneous connections. GrabIt is one of the few newsreaders to include a search function. This search function searches all of the newsgroups on the Shemes news service. This is beneficial for the user wanting to find a certain binary or article. The downside to the search is that a user can only do a fixed number of searches without being subscribed to Shemes news service. Also the queries returned will be those listed in the Shemes service and not necessarily of the user's service. As of GrabIt Beta 1.7.2 Beta 3 SSL encryption is now supported. See also List of Usenet newsreaders Comparison of Usenet newsreaders External links Official Site vteUsenetHistory Great Renaming (1987) Eternal September (1993) Meow Wars (1996–1998) Terminology Backbone cabal Breidbart Index Cancelbot Cleanfeed Crossposting Flaming Godwin's law Kibology Kill file Otherkin Sock puppet account Sporgery Troll Usenet Death Penalty Warnock's dilemma Web-based Usenet Hierarchies alt.* Big 8 comp.* sci.* News server Astraweb Easynews Giganews Newsgroups (List) news.admin.net-abuse.email rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated talk.origins alt.* atheism binaries.slack religion.scientology sex sex.stories suicide.holiday tv.simpsons By topic Cryptography newsgroups Clients Google Groups Newsreaders (List, Comparison) GrabIt NewsBin Pro rn tin This list is incomplete. ^ "GrabIt :: Download". Archived from the original on 27 May 2022.	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SSL support was introduced in version 1.7.2 Beta.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"news server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_server"},{"link_name":"Yenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenc"},{"link_name":"NZB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZB"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The GrabIt program is solely used to read and download binaries from usenet news server. GrabIt has Yenc and NZB support and can have up to 50 simultaneous connections.[citation needed]GrabIt is one of the few newsreaders to include a search function. This search function searches all of the newsgroups on the Shemes news service. This is beneficial for the user wanting to find a certain binary or article. The downside to the search is that a user can only do a fixed number of searches without being subscribed to Shemes news service. Also the queries returned will be those listed in the Shemes service and not necessarily of the user's service. As of GrabIt Beta 1.7.2 Beta 3 SSL encryption is now supported.","title":"Features"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Usenet newsreaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Usenet_newsreaders"},{"title":"Comparison of Usenet newsreaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders"}]	[{"reference":"\"GrabIt :: Download\". Archived from the original on 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220527003014/https://www.shemes.com/index.php?p=download","url_text":"\"GrabIt :: Download\""},{"url":"https://www.shemes.com/index.php?p=download","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GrabIt%22","external_links_name":"\"GrabIt\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GrabIt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GrabIt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GrabIt%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GrabIt%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GrabIt%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GrabIt%22","external_links_name":"\"GrabIt\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GrabIt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GrabIt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GrabIt%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GrabIt%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GrabIt%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.shemes.com/","external_links_name":"www.shemes.com"},{"Link":"http://www.shemes.com/","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220527003014/https://www.shemes.com/index.php?p=download","external_links_name":"\"GrabIt :: Download\""},{"Link":"https://www.shemes.com/index.php?p=download","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Kyrgyzstan	List of ambassadors of the United States to Kyrgyzstan	["1 Ambassadors","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Ambassador of the United States to KyrgyzstanSeal of the United States Department of StateIncumbentLesslie Vigueriesince December 29, 2022NominatorThe President of the United StatesAppointerThe Presidentwith Senate advice and consentInaugural holderEdward Hurwitzas Ambassador Extraordinary and PlenipotentiaryFormationAugust 11, 1992WebsiteU.S. Embassy - Bishkek This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to Kyrgyzstan. Until 1991 the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic had been a constituent SSR of the Soviet Union. Upon the breakup of the USSR, the Supreme Soviet of Kyrgyzstan declared itself independent of the Soviet Union on August 31, 1991, and renamed itself the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The United States recognized Kyrgyzstan on December 26, 1991. An embassy was established in the capital, Bishkek, on February 1, 1992, with Edmund McWilliams as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. Relations between the United States and Kyrgyzstan have been continuous since that time. The U.S. Embassy in Kyrgyzstan is located in Bishkek. Ambassadors U.S. diplomatic terms Career FSO After 1915, The United States Department of State began classifying ambassadors as career Foreign Service Officers (FSOs) for those who have served in the Foreign Service for a specified amount of time.Political appointee A person who is not a career foreign service officer, but is appointed by the president (often as a reward to political friends).Appointed The date that the ambassador took the oath of office; also known as "commissioning". It follows confirmation of a presidential appointment by the Senate, or a Congressional recess appointment by the president. In the case of a recess appointment, the ambassador requires subsequent confirmation by the Senate to remain in office.Presented credentials The date that the ambassador presented his letter of credence to the head of state or appropriate authority of the receiving nation. At this time the ambassador officially becomes the representative of his country. This would normally occur a short time after the ambassador's arrival on station. The host nation may reject the ambassador by not receiving the ambassador's letter, but this occurs only rarely.Terminated mission Usually the date that the ambassador left the country. In some cases a letter of recall is presented, ending the ambassador's commission, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and replaced by another envoy.Chargé d'affaires The person in charge of the business of the embassy when there is no ambassador commissioned to the host country.Ad interim Latin phrase meaning "for the time being", "in the meantime". Name Title Appointed Presented credentials Terminated mission Notes Edward Hurwitz – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary August 11, 1992 September 17, 1992 October 11, 1994 Eileen A. Malloy – Career FSO August 26, 1994 October 25, 1994 July 7, 1997 Anne M. Sigmund – Career FSO August 1, 1997 September 30, 1997 August 10, 2000 John Martin O'Keefe – Career FSO June 14, 2000 September 23, 2000 July 6, 2003 Stephen M. Young – Career FSO April 16, 2003 August 26, 2003 August 17, 2005 Marie Yovanovitch – Career FSO November 20, 2004 February 4, 2005 February 4, 2008 Tatiana C. Gfoeller – Career FSO October 22, 2008 October 14, 2008 March 8, 2011 Pamela L. Spratlen – Career FSO April 15, 2011 May 24, 2011 December 12, 2014 Richard Miles – Career FSO Chargé d'Affaires, ad interim February 13, 2015 N/A October 14, 2015 Sheila Gwaltney – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary August 6, 2015 October 14, 2015 August 2, 2017 John Bernlohr Chargé d'Affaires, ad interim August 2, 2017 N/A September 18, 2018 Donald Lu – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary September 18, 2018 October 12, 2018 September 14, 2021 Sonata Coulter – Career FSO Chargé d'Affaires, ad interim September 14, 2021 N/A November 2022 Lesslie Viguerie Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary September 29, 2022 December 29, 2022 Incumbent See also Kyrgyzstan – United States relations Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan Ambassadors of the United States References ^ "Stephen M. Young. LinkedIn Profile". linkedin.com. ^ "Pamela Leora Spratlen (1954–)". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. January 27, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015. United States Department of State: Background notes on Kyrgyzstan This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State. External links United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission for Kyrgyzstan United States Department of State: Kyrgyzstan United States Embassy in Bishkek vte Ambassadors of the United StatesCurrent countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros DR Congo Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Suspended relations Iran Defunct countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Hawaii North Yemen Ottoman Empire Prussia South Vietnam South Yemen Soviet Union Tanganyika Two Sicilies United Arab Republic Texas Yugoslavia Other places Curaçao Hong Kong and Macau Jerusalem Taiwan International organizations AU APEC ASEAN SAARC CD EU ICAO NATO OAS OECD OIC OPCW OSCE UN UNESCO UNEP UN Food and Agriculture UNVIE UN in Geneva UN Human Rights WTO Ambassadors-at-large Arctic Counterterrorism Global Women's Issues International Religious Freedom Global Criminal Justice Trafficking in Persons AIDS Antisemitism Ambassadors by President Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Women LGBT	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ambassadors of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"recognized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition"},{"link_name":"embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"Edmund McWilliams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_McWilliams"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"}],"text":"This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to Kyrgyzstan.Until 1991 the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic had been a constituent SSR of the Soviet Union. Upon the breakup of the USSR, the Supreme Soviet of Kyrgyzstan declared itself independent of the Soviet Union on August 31, 1991, and renamed itself the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The United States recognized Kyrgyzstan on December 26, 1991. An embassy was established in the capital, Bishkek, on February 1, 1992, with Edmund McWilliams as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. Relations between the United States and Kyrgyzstan have been continuous since that time.The U.S. Embassy in Kyrgyzstan is located in Bishkek.","title":"List of ambassadors of the United States to Kyrgyzstan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ambassadors"}]	[]	[{"title":"Kyrgyzstan – United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kyrgyzstan"},{"title":"Ambassadors of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Stephen M. Young. LinkedIn Profile\". linkedin.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephen-young-6a088479","url_text":"\"Stephen M. Young. LinkedIn Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pamela Leora Spratlen (1954–)\". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. January 27, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/spratlen-pamela-l","url_text":"\"Pamela Leora Spratlen (1954–)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian","url_text":"Office of the Historian"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/","url_text":"U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://kg.usembassy.gov/","external_links_name":"U.S. Embassy - Bishkek"},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephen-young-6a088479","external_links_name":"\"Stephen M. Young. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifamycins	Rifamycin	["1 Bacterium","2 First drugs","3 Clinical trials","4 Mechanism of action","5 Biosynthesis","6 Derivatives","7 Available rifamycins","8 References","9 Further reading"]	Group of antibiotics RifamycinClinical dataTrade namesAemcoloAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa619010License data US DailyMed: Rifamycin Routes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codeA07AA13 (WHO) S01AA16 (WHO) S02AA12 (WHO) J04AB03 (WHO) D06AX15 (WHO)Legal statusLegal status US: ℞-only IdentifiersCAS Number6998-60-3PubChem CID6324616DrugBankDB11753ChemSpider16735998UNIIDU69T8ZZPAKEGGD02549as salt: D08480ChEBICHEBI:29673ChEMBLChEMBL437765Chemical and physical dataFormulaC37H47NO12Molar mass697.778 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CC1C=CC=C(C(=O)NC2=CC(=C3C(=C2O)C(=C(C4=C3C(=O)C(O4)(OC=CC(C(C(C(C(C(C1O)C)O)C)OC(=O)C)C)OC)C)C)O)O)C InChI InChI=1S/C37H47NO12/c1-16-11-10-12-17(2)36(46)38-23-15-24(40)26-27(32(23)44)31(43)21(6)34-28(26)35(45)37(8,50-34)48-14-13-25(47-9)18(3)33(49-22(7)39)20(5)30(42)19(4)29(16)41/h10-16,18-20,25,29-30,33,40-44H,1-9H3,(H,38,46)/b11-10+,14-13+,17-12-/t16-,18+,19+,20+,25-,29-,30+,33+,37-/m0/s1Key:HJYYPODYNSCCOU-ODRIEIDWSA-N The rifamycins are a group of antibiotics that are synthesized either naturally by the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica or artificially. They are a subclass of the larger family of ansamycins. Rifamycins are particularly effective against mycobacteria, and are therefore used to treat tuberculosis, leprosy, and mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. The rifamycin group includes the "classic" rifamycin drugs as well as the rifamycin derivatives rifampicin (or rifampin), rifabutin, rifapentine, rifalazil and rifaximin. Rifamycin, sold under the trade name Aemcolo, is approved in the United States for treatment of travelers' diarrhea in some circumstances. The name "rifamycin" (originally "rifomycin") was derived from the 1955 French film Rififi.: S402 Bacterium Streptomyces mediterranei was first isolated in 1957 from a soil sample collected near the beach-side town of St Raphael in southern France. The name was originally given by two microbiologists working with the Italian drug company Group Lepetit SpA in Milan, the Italian Grazia Beretta, and Pinhas Margalith of Israel. In 1969, the bacterium was renamed Nocardia mediterranei when another scientist named Thiemann found that it has a cell wall typical of the Nocardia species. Then, in 1986, the bacterium was renamed again Amycolatopsis mediterranei, as the first species of a new genus, because a scientist named Lechevalier discovered that the cell wall lacks mycolic acid and is not able to be infected by the Nocardia and Rhodococcus phages. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, Bala et al. renamed the species in 2004 Amycolatopsis rifamycinica. First drugs Rifamycins were first isolated in 1957 from a fermentation culture of Streptomyces mediterranei at the laboratory of Gruppo Lepetit SpA in Milan by two scientist named Piero Sensi and Maria Teresa Timbal, working with the Israeli scientist Pinhas Margalith. Initially, a family of closely related antibiotics was discovered referred to as Rifamycin A, B, C, D, E. The only component of this mixture sufficiently stable to isolate in a pure form was Rifamycin B, which unfortunately was poorly active. However, further studies showed that while Rifamycin B was essentially inactive, it was spontaneously oxidized and hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions to yield the highly active Rifamycin S. Simple reduction of Rifamycin S yielded the hydroquinone form called Rifamycin SV, which became the first member of this class to enter clinical use as an intravenous antibiotic. Further chemical modification of Rifamycin SV yielded an improved analog Rifamide, which was also introduced into clinical practice, but was similarly limited to intravenous use. After an extensive modification program, Rifampin was eventually produced, which is orally available and has become a mainstay of Tuberculosis therapy Lepetit filed for patent protection of Rifamycin B in the UK in August 1958, and in the US in March 1959. The British patent GB921045 was granted in March 1963, and U.S. Patent 3,150,046 was granted in September 1964. The drug is widely regarded as having helped conquer the issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the 1960s. Clinical trials Rifamycins have been used for the treatment of many diseases, the most important one being HIV-related tuberculosis. A systematic review of clinical trials on alternative regimens for prevention of active tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals with latent TB found that a weekly, directly observed regimen of rifapentine with isoniazid for three months was as effective as a daily, self-administered regimen of isoniazid for nine months. But the rifapentine-isoniazid regimen had higher rates of treatment completion and lower rates of hepatotoxicity. However, the rate of treatment-limiting adverse events was higher in the rifapentine-isoniazid regimen. The rifamycins have a unique mechanism of action, selectively inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and show no cross-resistance with other antibiotics in clinical use. However, despite their activity against bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, the rifamycins themselves suffer from a rather high frequency of resistance. Because of this, Rifampin and other rifamycins are typically used in combination with other antibacterial drugs. This is routinely practiced in TB therapy and serves to prevent the formation of mutants that are resistant to any of the drugs in the combination. Rifampin rapidly kills fast-dividing bacilli strains as well as "persisters" cells, which remain biologically inactive for long periods of time that allow them to evade antibiotic activity. In addition, rifabutin and rifapentine have both been used against tuberculosis acquired in HIV-positive patients. Although Tuberculosis therapy remains the most important use of Rifampin, an increasing problem with serious Multiple Drug Resistant bacterial infections has led to some use of antibiotic combinations containing Rifampin to treat them. Mechanism of action The antibacterial activity of rifamycins relies on the inhibition of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. This is due to the high affinity of rifamycins for the prokaryotic RNA polymerase. The selectivity of the rifamycins depends on the fact that they have a very poor affinity for the analogous mammalian enzyme. Crystal structure data of the antibiotic bound to RNA polymerase indicates that rifamycin blocks synthesis by causing strong steric clashes with the growing oligonucleotide ("steric-occlusion" mechanism). If rifamycin binds the polymerase after the chain extension process has started, no inhibition is observed on the biosynthesis, consistent with a steric-occlusion mechanism. Single step high level resistance to the rifamycins occurs as the result of a single amino acid change in the bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase. Biosynthesis The first information on the biosynthesis of the rifamycins came from studies using the stable isotope Carbon-13 and NMR spectroscopy to establish the origin of the carbon skeleton. These studies showed that the ansa chain was derived from acetate and propionate, in common with other polyketide antibiotics. The naphthalenic chromophore was shown to derive from a propionate unit coupled with a seven carbon amino moiety of unknown origin. The general scheme of biosynthesis starts with the uncommon starting unit, 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), via type I polyketide pathway (PKS I) in which chain extension is performed using 2 acetate and 8 propionate units. AHBA is believed to have originated from the Shikimate pathway, however this was not incorporated into the biosynthetic mechanism. This is due to the observation that 3 amino-acid analogues converted into AHBA in cell-free extracts of A. mediterranei. The rif cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of rifamycins. It contains genes rifG through rifN, which were shown to biosynthesize AHBA. RifK, rifL, rifM, and rifN are believed to act as transaminases in order to form the AHBA precursor kanosamine. "RifH" encodes aminoDAHP synthase that catalyzes the condensation between 1-deoxy-1-imino-d-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. RifA through rifE encode a type I polyketide synthase module, with the loading module being a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. In all, rifA-E assemble a linear undecaketide and are followed by rifF, which encodes an amide synthase and causes the undecaketide to release and form a macrolactam structure. Moreover, the rif cluster contains various regulatory proteins and glycosylating genes that appear to be silent. Other types of genes seem to perform post-synthase modifications of the original polyketide. Derivatives Lepetit introduced Rifampicin, an orally active rifamycin, in 1966. Rifabutin, a derivative of rifamycin S, was invented by Italian drug manufacturer Achifar in 1975 and came onto the US market in 1992. Hoechst Marion Roussel (now part of Aventis) introduced rifapentine to the US market in 1998, with Achifar having synthesized it in 1965. Use of rifapentine remains uncommon as a treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis, and treatment with rifapentine is given on the basis of careful selection of patients. Rifaximin is an oral rifamycin marketed in the US by Salix Pharmaceuticals that is poorly absorbed from the intestine. It has been used to treat hepatic encephalopathy and traveler's diarrhea. Available rifamycins This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rifampicin or Rifampin Rifabutin Rifapentine Rifaximin Aemcolo References ^ Lin SW, Lin CJ, Yang JC (August 2017). "Rifamycin SV MMX for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 18 (12): 1269–1277. doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1353079. PMID 28697313. S2CID 8853242. ^ "FDA approves new drug to treat travelers' diarrhea". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 16 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018. ^ "Drug Approval Package: Aemcolo (rifamycin)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ a b Sensi, P. (1983). "History of the Development of Rifampin". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 5 (Suppl 3): S402–S406. doi:10.1093/clinids/5.Supplement_3.S402. PMID 6635432. ^ Margalith P, Beretta G (1960). "Rifomycin. XI. taxonomic study on streptomyces mediterranei nov. sp". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 13 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1007/BF02089930. ISSN 0301-486X. S2CID 23241543. ^ Sharma SK, Sharma A, Kadhiravan T, Tharyan P (July 2013). "Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in HIV-negative people at risk of active TB". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (7): CD007545. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007545.pub2. PMC 6532682. PMID 23828580. ^ Pozniak AL, Miller R, Ormerod LP (March 1999). "The treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons". AIDS. 13 (4): 435–445. doi:10.1097/00002030-199907300-00035. PMID 10197371. ^ Calvori C, Frontali L, Leoni L, Tecce G (July 1965). "Effect of rifamycin on protein synthesis". Nature. 207 (995): 417–418. Bibcode:1965Natur.207..417C. doi:10.1038/207417a0. PMID 4957347. S2CID 4144738. ^ Campbell EA, Korzheva N, Mustaev A, Murakami K, Nair S, Goldfarb A, Darst SA (March 2001). "Structural mechanism for rifampicin inhibition of bacterial rna polymerase". Cell. 104 (6): 901–912. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00286-0. PMID 11290327. S2CID 8229399. ^ Feklistov A, Mekler V, Jiang Q, Westblade LF, Irschik H, Jansen R, et al. (September 2008). "Rifamycins do not function by allosteric modulation of binding of Mg2+ to the RNA polymerase active center". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (39): 14820–14825. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10514820F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802822105. PMC 2567451. PMID 18787125. ^ Lancini G, Cavalleri B (1997). "Vancomycin and other glycopeptides". In Strohl GR (ed.). Biotechnology of Antibiotics. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker. p. 521. ^ Floss HG, Yu TW (February 2005). "Rifamycin-mode of action, resistance, and biosynthesis". Chemical Reviews. 105 (2): 621–632. doi:10.1021/cr030112j. PMID 15700959. ^ Guo J, Frost JW (September 2002). "Kanosamine biosynthesis: a likely source of the aminoshikimate pathway's nitrogen atom". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (36): 10642–10643. doi:10.1021/ja026628m. PMID 12207504. ^ Arakawa K, Müller R, Mahmud T, Yu TW, Floss HG (September 2002). "Characterization of the early stage aminoshikimate pathway in the formation of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid: the RifN protein specifically converts kanosamine into kanosamine 6-phosphate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (36): 10644–10645. doi:10.1021/ja0206339. PMID 12207505. ^ Guo J, Frost JW (January 2002). "Biosynthesis of 1-deoxy-1-imino-D-erythrose 4-phosphate: a defining metabolite in the aminoshikimate pathway". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (4): 528–529. doi:10.1021/ja016963v. PMID 11804477. ^ a b Reddy DS, Sinha A, Kumar A, Saini VK (November 2022). "Drug re-engineering and repurposing: A significant and rapid approach to tuberculosis drug discovery". Archiv der Pharmazie. 355 (11): e2200214. doi:10.1002/ardp.202200214. PMID 35841594. S2CID 250582950. ^ Guglielmetti L, Günther G, Leu C, Cirillo D, Duarte R, Garcia-Basteiro AL, et al. (May 2022). "Rifapentine access in Europe: growing concerns over key tuberculosis treatment component". The European Respiratory Journal. 59 (5). doi:10.1183/13993003.00388-2022. PMC 9186306. PMID 35589114. ^ Munsiff SS, Kambili C, Ahuja SD (December 2006). "Rifapentine for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (11): 1468–1475. doi:10.1086/508278. PMID 17083024. ^ Ojetti V, Lauritano EC, Barbaro F, Migneco A, Ainora ME, Fontana L, et al. (June 2009). "Rifaximin pharmacology and clinical implications". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 5 (6): 675–682. doi:10.1517/17425250902973695. PMID 19442033. S2CID 41970585. ^ "AEMCOLO (rifamycin) delayed-release tablets, for oral use" (PDF). Aries Pharmaceuticals, Inc. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2018. ^ "Aemcolo Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing". WebMD. Further reading Sensi P, Margalith P, Timbal MT (1959). "Rifomycin, a new antibiotic; preliminary report". Il Farmaco; Edizione Scientifica. 14 (2): 146–147. PMID 13639988. - the paper announcing the discovery of the rifamycins. Thiemann JE, Zucco G, Pelizza G (1969). "A proposal for the transfer of Streptomyces mediterranei Margalith and Beretta 1960 to the genus Nocardia as Nocardia mediterranea (Margalith and Beretta) comb. nov". Archiv Fur Mikrobiologie. 67 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1007/BF00409680. PMID 5386179. S2CID 19596120. - the paper which renamed Streptomyces mediterranei as Nocardia mediterranei. Lechevalier MP, Prauser H, Labeda DP, Ruan JS (January 1986). "Two new genera of nocardioform actinomycetes: Amycolata gen. nov. and Amycolatopsis gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 36 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1099/00207713-36-1-29. - the paper which renamed Nocardia mediterranei as Amycolatopsis mediterranei. Bala S, Khanna R, Dadhwal M, Prabagaran SR, Shivaji S, Cullum J, Lal R (July 2004). "Reclassification of Amycolatopsis mediterranei DSM 46095 as Amycolatopsis rifamycinica sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 4): 1145–1149. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02901-0. PMID 15280283. - the paper with the latest name change vteAntimycobacterials, including tuberculosis treatment and leprostatic agents (J04)Nucleic acid inhibitorRifamycins/RNA polymerase inhibitor Rifampicin# Rifabutin Rifapentine Rifalazil§ Antifolates/DSI Dapsone# Acedapsone Diucifon Promin Solasulfone Sulfoxone ASA 4-Aminosalicylic acid# (Calcium aminosalicylate Sodium aminosalicylate) Topoisomerase inhibitors/quinolones Gatifloxacin Moxifloxacin Protein synthesis inhibitorAminoglycosides Amikacin# Kanamycin Streptomycin# Oxazolidone Linezolid Sutezolid Polypeptide antibiotics Capreomycin Cell envelope antibioticPeptidoglycan layer Alanine analogue: Cycloserine# Arabinogalactan layer Ethylenediamine/arabinosyltransferase inhibitor: Ethambutol# SQ109† Mycolic acid layer Hydrazides/mycolic acid synth. inhibition: Isoniazid# Methaniazide Thiocarbamides: Ethionamide# Prothionamide Thiocarlide Others/unsorted: Thioacetazone (amithiozone) Other/unknown Phenazine (Clofazimine)# Pyrazine (Pyrazinamide#, Morinamide) Isoxazole (Terizidone) Bedaquiline Nitroimidazole (Delamanid, Pretomanid) Combinations Ethambutol/isoniazid Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin# Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin# Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim# Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteDrugs used for diseases of the ear (S02)Infection Acetic acid Aluminium acetotartrate Aluminium triacetate (Burow's solution) Boric acid Chloramphenicol Chlorhexidine Ciprofloxacin Clioquinol Gentamicin Hydrogen peroxide Miconazole Neomycin Nitrofurazone Ofloxacin Polymyxin B Rifamycin Tetracycline Corticosteroids Betamethasone Dexamethasone Fluocinolone acetonide Hydrocortisone Prednisolone Analgesics and anesthetics Lidocaine Cocaine Phenazone vteAntibacterials that inhibit nucleic acid (J01E, J01M)Antifolates(inhibit bacterialpurine metabolism,thereby inhibitingDNA and RNAsynthesis)DHFR inhibitor 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine Brodimoprim Iclaprim† Ormetoprim Pyrimethamine# Tetroxoprim Trimethoprim# Sulfonamides(DHPS inhibitor)Short-acting Sulfaisodimidine Sulfamethizole Sulfadimidine Sulfapyridine (Sulfasalazine) Sulfafurazole (Acetyl sulfisoxazole) Sulfanilamide Prontosil Sulfathiazole (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Succinylsulfathiazole) Sulfathiourea Intermediate-acting Sulfamethoxazole Sulfadiazine# Sulfamoxole Long-acting Sulfadimethoxine Sulfadoxine Sulfalene Sulfametomidine Sulfametoxydiazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfaperin Sulfamerazine Sulfaphenazole Sulfamazone Other/ungrouped Mafenide Sulfacetamide Sulfaclozine Sulfadicramide Sulfaguanidine Sulfametrole Sulfanitran Combinations Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole# Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine Pyrimethamine/dapsone Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine Other DHPS inhibitors Acediasulfone Dapsone Solasulfone Sulfoxone Quinolones(inhibit bacterialtopoisomeraseand/or DNA gyrase,thereby inhibitingDNA replication)1st generation Cinoxacin‡ Flumequine‡ Nalidixic acid‡ Oxolinic acid‡ Pipemidic acid‡ Piromidic acid‡ Rosoxacin‡ Fluoroquinolones2nd generation Ciprofloxacin# Ofloxacin Enoxacin‡ Fleroxacin‡ Lomefloxacin‡ Nadifloxacin‡/Levonadifloxacin/Alalevonadifloxacin Norfloxacin‡ Pefloxacin‡ Rufloxacin‡ 3rd generation Levofloxacin# Balofloxacin‡ Grepafloxacin‡ Pazufloxacin‡ Sparfloxacin‡ Temafloxacin‡ Tosufloxacin‡ 4th generation Besifloxacin Delafloxacin Gatifloxacin Finafloxacin Gemifloxacin Moxifloxacin# Clinafloxacin† Garenoxacin‡ Prulifloxacin‡ Sitafloxacin‡ Trovafloxacin‡/Alatrofloxacin‡ Veterinary Danofloxacin Difloxacin Enrofloxacin Ibafloxacin Marbofloxacin Orbifloxacin Pradofloxacin Sarafloxacin‡ Newer non-fluorinated Nemonoxacin Ozenoxacin Related (DG) Aminocoumarins: Novobiocin Anaerobic DNAinhibitorsNitroimidazole derivatives Metronidazole# Ornidazole Secnidazole Tinidazole Nitrofuran derivatives Furazolidone‡ Nifuroxazide Nifurtoinol Nifurzide Nitrofurantoin# Nitrofurazone RNA synthesisRifamycins/RNA polymerase Rifampicin# Rifabutin# Rifapentine# Rifaximin Rifalazil§ Lipiarmycins Fidaxomicin #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Portal: Medicine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"Amycolatopsis rifamycinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amycolatopsis_rifamycinica"},{"link_name":"ansamycins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansamycin"},{"link_name":"mycobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteria"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"leprosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"link_name":"mycobacterium avium complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium_complex"},{"link_name":"rifampicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin"},{"link_name":"rifabutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifabutin"},{"link_name":"rifapentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifapentine"},{"link_name":"rifalazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifalazil"},{"link_name":"rifaximin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaximin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rififi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rififi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6635432-4"}],"text":"The rifamycins are a group of antibiotics that are synthesized either naturally by the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica or artificially. They are a subclass of the larger family of ansamycins. Rifamycins are particularly effective against mycobacteria, and are therefore used to treat tuberculosis, leprosy, and mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections.The rifamycin group includes the \"classic\" rifamycin drugs as well as the rifamycin derivatives rifampicin (or rifampin), rifabutin, rifapentine, rifalazil and rifaximin. Rifamycin, sold under the trade name Aemcolo, is approved in the United States for treatment of travelers' diarrhea in some circumstances.[1][2][3]The name \"rifamycin\" (originally \"rifomycin\") was derived from the 1955 French film Rififi.[4]: S402","title":"Rifamycin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Streptomyces mediterranei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amycolatopsis_rifamycinica"},{"link_name":"St Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl,_Var"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MargalithBeretta1960-5"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"mycolic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycolic_acid"},{"link_name":"16S ribosomal RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"Amycolatopsis rifamycinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amycolatopsis_rifamycinica"}],"text":"Streptomyces mediterranei was first isolated in 1957 from a soil sample collected near the beach-side town of St Raphael in southern France. The name was originally given by two microbiologists working with the Italian drug company Group Lepetit SpA in Milan, the Italian Grazia Beretta, and Pinhas Margalith of Israel.[5]In 1969, the bacterium was renamed Nocardia mediterranei when another scientist named Thiemann found that it has a cell wall typical of the Nocardia species. Then, in 1986, the bacterium was renamed again Amycolatopsis mediterranei, as the first species of a new genus, because a scientist named Lechevalier discovered that the cell wall lacks mycolic acid and is not able to be infected by the Nocardia and Rhodococcus phages.\nBased on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, Bala et al. renamed the species in 2004 Amycolatopsis rifamycinica.","title":"Bacterium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6635432-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rifamycin_B_and_SV.png"}],"text":"Rifamycins were first isolated in 1957 from a fermentation culture of Streptomyces mediterranei at the laboratory of Gruppo Lepetit SpA in Milan by two scientist named Piero Sensi and Maria Teresa Timbal, working with the Israeli scientist Pinhas Margalith. Initially, a family of closely related antibiotics was discovered referred to as Rifamycin A, B, C, D, E. The only component of this mixture sufficiently stable to isolate in a pure form was Rifamycin B, which unfortunately was poorly active. However, further studies showed that while Rifamycin B was essentially inactive, it was spontaneously oxidized and hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions to yield the highly active Rifamycin S. Simple reduction of Rifamycin S yielded the hydroquinone form called Rifamycin SV, which became the first member of this class to enter clinical use as an intravenous antibiotic. Further chemical modification of Rifamycin SV yielded an improved analog Rifamide, which was also introduced into clinical practice, but was similarly limited to intravenous use. After an extensive modification program, Rifampin was eventually produced, which is orally available and has become a mainstay of Tuberculosis therapy[4]Lepetit filed for patent protection of Rifamycin B in the UK in August 1958, and in the US in March 1959. The British patent GB921045 was granted in March 1963, and U.S. Patent 3,150,046 was granted in September 1964. The drug is widely regarded as having helped conquer the issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the 1960s.","title":"First drugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rifapentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifapentine"},{"link_name":"isoniazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid"},{"link_name":"hepatotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"selectively inhibiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"resistant to other antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rifamycins have been used for the treatment of many diseases, the most important one being HIV-related tuberculosis. A systematic review of clinical trials on alternative regimens for prevention of active tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals with latent TB found that a weekly, directly observed regimen of rifapentine with isoniazid for three months was as effective as a daily, self-administered regimen of isoniazid for nine months. But the rifapentine-isoniazid regimen had higher rates of treatment completion and lower rates of hepatotoxicity. However, the rate of treatment-limiting adverse events was higher in the rifapentine-isoniazid regimen.[6]The rifamycins have a unique mechanism of action, selectively inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and show no cross-resistance with other antibiotics in clinical use. However, despite their activity against bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, the rifamycins themselves suffer from a rather high frequency of resistance. Because of this, Rifampin and other rifamycins are typically used in combination with other antibacterial drugs. This is routinely practiced in TB therapy and serves to prevent the formation of mutants that are resistant to any of the drugs in the combination. Rifampin rapidly kills fast-dividing bacilli strains as well as \"persisters\" cells, which remain biologically inactive for long periods of time that allow them to evade antibiotic activity.[7] In addition, rifabutin and rifapentine have both been used against tuberculosis acquired in HIV-positive patients. Although Tuberculosis therapy remains the most important use of Rifampin, an increasing problem with serious Multiple Drug Resistant bacterial infections has led to some use of antibiotic combinations containing Rifampin to treat them.","title":"Clinical trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feklistov-10"}],"text":"The antibacterial activity of rifamycins relies on the inhibition of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.[8] This is due to the high affinity of rifamycins for the prokaryotic RNA polymerase. The selectivity of the rifamycins depends on the fact that they have a very poor affinity for the analogous mammalian enzyme. Crystal structure data of the antibiotic bound to RNA polymerase indicates that rifamycin blocks synthesis by causing strong steric clashes with the growing oligonucleotide (\"steric-occlusion\" mechanism).[9][10] If rifamycin binds the polymerase after the chain extension process has started, no inhibition is observed on the biosynthesis, consistent with a steric-occlusion mechanism. Single step high level resistance to the rifamycins occurs as the result of a single amino acid change in the bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase.","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"NMR spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate"},{"link_name":"propionate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionate"},{"link_name":"polyketide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketide"},{"link_name":"naphthalenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Shikimate pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikimate_pathway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Floss2005-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AHBA_biosyn1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rifamycin_biosynthesis.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rifamycin_biosynthesis2.gif"},{"link_name":"transaminases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaminase"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"phosphoenolpyruvate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"non-ribosomal peptide synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonribosomal_peptide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biosyn_genes1.png"}],"text":"The first information on the biosynthesis of the rifamycins came from studies using the stable isotope Carbon-13 and NMR spectroscopy to establish the origin of the carbon skeleton. These studies showed that the ansa chain was derived from acetate and propionate, in common with other polyketide antibiotics. The naphthalenic chromophore was shown to derive from a propionate unit coupled with a seven carbon amino moiety of unknown origin. The general scheme of biosynthesis starts with the uncommon starting unit, 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), via type I polyketide pathway (PKS I) in which chain extension is performed using 2 acetate and 8 propionate units.[11] AHBA is believed to have originated from the Shikimate pathway, however this was not incorporated into the biosynthetic mechanism. This is due to the observation that 3 amino-acid analogues converted into AHBA in cell-free extracts of A. mediterranei.[12]The rif cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of rifamycins. It contains genes rifG through rifN, which were shown to biosynthesize AHBA.[10] RifK, rifL, rifM, and rifN are believed to act as transaminases in order to form the AHBA precursor kanosamine.[13][14] \"RifH\" encodes aminoDAHP synthase that catalyzes the condensation between 1-deoxy-1-imino-d-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate.[15] RifA through rifE encode a type I polyketide synthase module, with the loading module being a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. In all, rifA-E assemble a linear undecaketide and are followed by rifF, which encodes an amide synthase and causes the undecaketide to release and form a macrolactam structure. Moreover, the rif cluster contains various regulatory proteins and glycosylating genes that appear to be silent. Other types of genes seem to perform post-synthase modifications of the original polyketide.","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reddy-16"},{"link_name":"Rifabutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifabutin"},{"link_name":"Achifar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achifar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reddy-16"},{"link_name":"Aventis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventis"},{"link_name":"rifapentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifapentine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"pulmonary tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rifaximin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaximin"},{"link_name":"Salix Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"hepatic encephalopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy"},{"link_name":"traveler's diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler%27s_diarrhea"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Lepetit introduced Rifampicin, an orally active rifamycin, in 1966.[16] Rifabutin, a derivative of rifamycin S, was invented by Italian drug manufacturer Achifar in 1975 and came onto the US market in 1992.[16] Hoechst Marion Roussel (now part of Aventis) introduced rifapentine to the US market in 1998, with Achifar having synthesized it in 1965.[17] Use of rifapentine remains uncommon as a treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis, and treatment with rifapentine is given on the basis of careful selection of patients.[18]Rifaximin is an oral rifamycin marketed in the US by Salix Pharmaceuticals that is poorly absorbed from the intestine. It has been used to treat hepatic encephalopathy and traveler's diarrhea.[19]","title":"Derivatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rifampicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin"},{"link_name":"Rifabutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifabutin"},{"link_name":"Rifapentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifapentine"},{"link_name":"Rifaximin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaximin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Rifampicin or Rifampin\nRifabutin\nRifapentine\nRifaximin\nAemcolo [20][21]","title":"Available rifamycins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13639988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13639988"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00409680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00409680"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5386179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5386179"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19596120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19596120"},{"link_name":"\"Two new genera of nocardioform actinomycetes: Amycolata gen. nov. and Amycolatopsis gen. nov\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-36-1-29"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1099/00207713-36-1-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-36-1-29"},{"link_name":"\"Reclassification of Amycolatopsis mediterranei DSM 46095 as Amycolatopsis rifamycinica sp. nov\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.02901-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1099/ijs.0.02901-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.02901-0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15280283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15280283"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antimycobacterials"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Antimycobacterials"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antimycobacterials"},{"link_name":"Antimycobacterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimycobacterial"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis_treatment"},{"link_name":"leprostatic agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprostatic_agent"},{"link_name":"J04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_J04"},{"link_name":"Nucleic acid inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Rifamycins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"Rifampicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin"},{"link_name":"Rifabutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifabutin"},{"link_name":"Rifapentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifapentine"},{"link_name":"Rifalazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifalazil"},{"link_name":"Antifolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifolate"},{"link_name":"DSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropteroate_synthetase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Dapsone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapsone"},{"link_name":"Acedapsone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acedapsone"},{"link_name":"Diucifon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diucifon"},{"link_name":"Promin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promin"},{"link_name":"Solasulfone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solasulfone"},{"link_name":"Sulfoxone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfoxone"},{"link_name":"4-Aminosalicylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminosalicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"Calcium aminosalicylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_aminosalicylate"},{"link_name":"Sodium aminosalicylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_aminosalicylate"},{"link_name":"Topoisomerase inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"quinolones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic"},{"link_name":"Gatifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Moxifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Protein synthesis inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Aminoglycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycoside"},{"link_name":"Amikacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikacin"},{"link_name":"Kanamycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamycin"},{"link_name":"Streptomycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycin"},{"link_name":"Oxazolidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Oxazolidone"},{"link_name":"Linezolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linezolid"},{"link_name":"Sutezolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutezolid"},{"link_name":"Polypeptide antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide_antibiotic"},{"link_name":"Capreomycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capreomycin"},{"link_name":"Cell envelope antibiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_envelope_antibiotic"},{"link_name":"Peptidoglycan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan"},{"link_name":"Alanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine"},{"link_name":"Cycloserine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloserine"},{"link_name":"Arabinogalactan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan"},{"link_name":"Ethylenediamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine"},{"link_name":"arabinosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Ethambutol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol"},{"link_name":"SQ109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ109"},{"link_name":"Mycolic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycolic_acid"},{"link_name":"Hydrazides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazide"},{"link_name":"mycolic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycolic_acid"},{"link_name":"Isoniazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid"},{"link_name":"Methaniazide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaniazide"},{"link_name":"Thiocarbamides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocarbamide"},{"link_name":"Ethionamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethionamide"},{"link_name":"Prothionamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothionamide"},{"link_name":"Thiocarlide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocarlide"},{"link_name":"Thioacetazone (amithiozone)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioacetazone"},{"link_name":"Phenazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenazine"},{"link_name":"Clofazimine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofazimine"},{"link_name":"Pyrazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazine"},{"link_name":"Pyrazinamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazinamide"},{"link_name":"Morinamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinamide"},{"link_name":"Isoxazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoxazole"},{"link_name":"Terizidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terizidone"},{"link_name":"Bedaquiline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedaquiline"},{"link_name":"Nitroimidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole"},{"link_name":"Delamanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamanid"},{"link_name":"Pretomanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretomanid"},{"link_name":"Ethambutol/isoniazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol/isoniazid"},{"link_name":"Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin"},{"link_name":"Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin"},{"link_name":"Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim"},{"link_name":"Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide"},{"link_name":"WHO-EM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines"},{"link_name":"Withdrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs"},{"link_name":"Clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"Phase III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Otologicals"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Otologicals"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Otologicals"},{"link_name":"ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ear"},{"link_name":"S02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_S02"},{"link_name":"Infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"Acetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid"},{"link_name":"Aluminium acetotartrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_acetotartrate"},{"link_name":"Aluminium triacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_triacetate"},{"link_name":"Burow's solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burow%27s_solution"},{"link_name":"Boric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid"},{"link_name":"Chloramphenicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol"},{"link_name":"Chlorhexidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine"},{"link_name":"Ciprofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Clioquinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clioquinol"},{"link_name":"Gentamicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicin"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"Miconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miconazole"},{"link_name":"Neomycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomycin"},{"link_name":"Nitrofurazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofurazone"},{"link_name":"Ofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Polymyxin B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymyxin_B"},{"link_name":"Rifamycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tetracycline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline"},{"link_name":"Corticosteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"Betamethasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamethasone"},{"link_name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone"},{"link_name":"Fluocinolone acetonide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluocinolone_acetonide"},{"link_name":"Hydrocortisone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocortisone"},{"link_name":"Prednisolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone"},{"link_name":"Analgesics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"anesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic"},{"link_name":"Lidocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine"},{"link_name":"Cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"Phenazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenazone"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nucleic_acid_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleic_acid_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleic_acid_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"Antibacterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics"},{"link_name":"inhibit nucleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"J01E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_J01#J01E"},{"link_name":"J01M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_J01#J01M"},{"link_name":"Antifolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifolate"},{"link_name":"purine metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_metabolism"},{"link_name":"DHFR inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"2,4-Diaminopyrimidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Diaminopyrimidine"},{"link_name":"Brodimoprim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodimoprim"},{"link_name":"Iclaprim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iclaprim"},{"link_name":"Ormetoprim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormetoprim"},{"link_name":"Pyrimethamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimethamine"},{"link_name":"Tetroxoprim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetroxoprim"},{"link_name":"Trimethoprim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoprim"},{"link_name":"Sulfonamides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"DHPS inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropteroate_synthetase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Short-acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Short-acting"},{"link_name":"Sulfaisodimidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfisomidine"},{"link_name":"Sulfamethizole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamethizole"},{"link_name":"Sulfadimidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadimidine"},{"link_name":"Sulfapyridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfapyridine"},{"link_name":"Sulfasalazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfasalazine"},{"link_name":"Sulfafurazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfafurazole"},{"link_name":"Acetyl sulfisoxazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetyl_sulfisoxazole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sulfanilamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfanilamide"},{"link_name":"Prontosil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prontosil"},{"link_name":"Sulfathiazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfathiazole"},{"link_name":"Phthalylsulfathiazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalylsulfathiazole"},{"link_name":"Succinylsulfathiazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinylsulfathiazole"},{"link_name":"Sulfathiourea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfathiourea"},{"link_name":"Intermediate-acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Intermediate-acting"},{"link_name":"Sulfamethoxazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamethoxazole"},{"link_name":"Sulfadiazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadiazine"},{"link_name":"Sulfamoxole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamoxole"},{"link_name":"Long-acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Long-acting"},{"link_name":"Sulfadimethoxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadimethoxine"},{"link_name":"Sulfadoxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadoxine"},{"link_name":"Sulfalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfalene"},{"link_name":"Sulfametomidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfametomidine"},{"link_name":"Sulfametoxydiazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfametoxydiazine"},{"link_name":"Sulfamethoxypyridazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamethoxypyridazine"},{"link_name":"Sulfaperin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfaperin"},{"link_name":"Sulfamerazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamerazine"},{"link_name":"Sulfaphenazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfaphenazole"},{"link_name":"Sulfamazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamazone"},{"link_name":"Mafenide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafenide"},{"link_name":"Sulfacetamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfacetamide"},{"link_name":"Sulfaclozine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfaclozine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sulfadicramide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadicramide"},{"link_name":"Sulfaguanidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfaguanidine"},{"link_name":"Sulfametrole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfametrole"},{"link_name":"Sulfanitran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfanitran"},{"link_name":"Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole"},{"link_name":"Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadimethoxine#with_ormetoprim"},{"link_name":"Pyrimethamine/dapsone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrimethamine/dapsone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acediasulfone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acediasulfone"},{"link_name":"Dapsone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapsone"},{"link_name":"Solasulfone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solasulfone"},{"link_name":"Sulfoxone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfoxone"},{"link_name":"Quinolones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic"},{"link_name":"topoisomerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"DNA gyrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_gyrase"},{"link_name":"DNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"},{"link_name":"1st generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#First_generation"},{"link_name":"Cinoxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinoxacin"},{"link_name":"Flumequine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumequine"},{"link_name":"Nalidixic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalidixic_acid"},{"link_name":"Oxolinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxolinic_acid"},{"link_name":"Pipemidic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipemidic_acid"},{"link_name":"Piromidic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piromidic_acid"},{"link_name":"Rosoxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosoxacin"},{"link_name":"Fluoroquinolones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic"},{"link_name":"2nd generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#Second_generation"},{"link_name":"Ciprofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Ofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Enoxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoxacin"},{"link_name":"Fleroxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleroxacin"},{"link_name":"Lomefloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomefloxacin"},{"link_name":"Nadifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Levonadifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonadifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Alalevonadifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alalevonadifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Norfloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfloxacin"},{"link_name":"Pefloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pefloxacin"},{"link_name":"Rufloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufloxacin"},{"link_name":"3rd generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#Third_generation"},{"link_name":"Levofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Balofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Grepafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grepafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Pazufloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazufloxacin"},{"link_name":"Sparfloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparfloxacin"},{"link_name":"Temafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Tosufloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosufloxacin"},{"link_name":"4th generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#Fourth_generation"},{"link_name":"Besifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Delafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Gatifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Finafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Gemifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Moxifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Clinafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Garenoxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garenoxacin"},{"link_name":"Prulifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prulifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Sitafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Trovafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trovafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Alatrofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatrofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Veterinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#Veterinary_use"},{"link_name":"Danofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Difloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difloxacin"},{"link_name":"Enrofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Ibafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Marbofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Orbifloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifloxacin"},{"link_name":"Pradofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradofloxacin"},{"link_name":"Sarafloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarafloxacin"},{"link_name":"Nemonoxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonoxacin"},{"link_name":"Ozenoxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozenoxacin"},{"link_name":"DG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_gyrase"},{"link_name":"Aminocoumarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminocoumarin"},{"link_name":"Novobiocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novobiocin"},{"link_name":"Anaerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism"},{"link_name":"inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_inhibitor#DNA_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"Nitroimidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole"},{"link_name":"Metronidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole"},{"link_name":"Ornidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornidazole"},{"link_name":"Secnidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secnidazole"},{"link_name":"Tinidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinidazole"},{"link_name":"Nitrofuran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofuran"},{"link_name":"Furazolidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furazolidone"},{"link_name":"Nifuroxazide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifuroxazide"},{"link_name":"Nifurtoinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifurtoinol"},{"link_name":"Nifurzide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifurzide"},{"link_name":"Nitrofurantoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofurantoin"},{"link_name":"Nitrofurazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofurazone"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"Rifamycins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"Rifampicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin"},{"link_name":"Rifabutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifabutin"},{"link_name":"Rifapentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifapentine"},{"link_name":"Rifaximin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaximin"},{"link_name":"Rifalazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifalazil"},{"link_name":"Lipiarmycins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipiarmycin"},{"link_name":"Fidaxomicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidaxomicin"},{"link_name":"WHO-EM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines"},{"link_name":"Withdrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs"},{"link_name":"Clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"Phase III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"}],"text":"Sensi P, Margalith P, Timbal MT (1959). \"Rifomycin, a new antibiotic; preliminary report\". Il Farmaco; Edizione Scientifica. 14 (2): 146–147. PMID 13639988. - the paper announcing the discovery of the rifamycins.\nThiemann JE, Zucco G, Pelizza G (1969). \"A proposal for the transfer of Streptomyces mediterranei Margalith and Beretta 1960 to the genus Nocardia as Nocardia mediterranea (Margalith and Beretta) comb. nov\". Archiv Fur Mikrobiologie. 67 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1007/BF00409680. PMID 5386179. S2CID 19596120. - the paper which renamed Streptomyces mediterranei as Nocardia mediterranei.\nLechevalier MP, Prauser H, Labeda DP, Ruan JS (January 1986). \"Two new genera of nocardioform actinomycetes: Amycolata gen. nov. and Amycolatopsis gen. nov\". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 36 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1099/00207713-36-1-29. - the paper which renamed Nocardia mediterranei as Amycolatopsis mediterranei.\nBala S, Khanna R, Dadhwal M, Prabagaran SR, Shivaji S, Cullum J, Lal R (July 2004). \"Reclassification of Amycolatopsis mediterranei DSM 46095 as Amycolatopsis rifamycinica sp. nov\". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 4): 1145–1149. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02901-0. PMID 15280283. - the paper with the latest name changevteAntimycobacterials, including tuberculosis treatment and leprostatic agents (J04)Nucleic acid inhibitorRifamycins/RNA polymerase inhibitor\nRifampicin#\nRifabutin\nRifapentine\nRifalazil§\nAntifolates/DSI\nDapsone#\nAcedapsone\nDiucifon\nPromin\nSolasulfone\nSulfoxone\nASA\n4-Aminosalicylic acid# (Calcium aminosalicylate\nSodium aminosalicylate)\nTopoisomerase inhibitors/quinolones\nGatifloxacin\nMoxifloxacin\nProtein synthesis inhibitorAminoglycosides\nAmikacin#\nKanamycin\nStreptomycin#\nOxazolidone\nLinezolid\nSutezolid\nPolypeptide antibiotics\nCapreomycin\nCell envelope antibioticPeptidoglycan layer\nAlanine analogue: Cycloserine#\nArabinogalactan layer\nEthylenediamine/arabinosyltransferase inhibitor: Ethambutol#\nSQ109†\nMycolic acid layer\nHydrazides/mycolic acid synth. inhibition: Isoniazid#\nMethaniazide\nThiocarbamides: Ethionamide#\nProthionamide\nThiocarlide\nOthers/unsorted: Thioacetazone (amithiozone)\nOther/unknown\nPhenazine (Clofazimine)#\nPyrazine (Pyrazinamide#, Morinamide)\nIsoxazole (Terizidone)\nBedaquiline\nNitroimidazole (Delamanid, Pretomanid)\nCombinations\nEthambutol/isoniazid\nEthambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin#\nEthambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin#\nIsoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim#\nRifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide\n\n#WHO-EM\n‡Withdrawn from market\nClinical trials:\n†Phase III\n§Never to phase IIIvteDrugs used for diseases of the ear (S02)Infection\nAcetic acid\nAluminium acetotartrate\nAluminium triacetate (Burow's solution)\nBoric acid\nChloramphenicol\nChlorhexidine\nCiprofloxacin\nClioquinol\nGentamicin\nHydrogen peroxide\nMiconazole\nNeomycin\nNitrofurazone\nOfloxacin\nPolymyxin B\nRifamycin\nTetracycline\nCorticosteroids\nBetamethasone\nDexamethasone\nFluocinolone acetonide\nHydrocortisone\nPrednisolone\nAnalgesics and anesthetics\nLidocaine\nCocaine\nPhenazonevteAntibacterials that inhibit nucleic acid (J01E, J01M)Antifolates(inhibit bacterialpurine metabolism,thereby inhibitingDNA and RNAsynthesis)DHFR inhibitor\n2,4-Diaminopyrimidine\nBrodimoprim\nIclaprim†\nOrmetoprim\nPyrimethamine#\nTetroxoprim\nTrimethoprim#\nSulfonamides(DHPS inhibitor)Short-acting\nSulfaisodimidine\nSulfamethizole\nSulfadimidine\nSulfapyridine (Sulfasalazine)\nSulfafurazole (Acetyl sulfisoxazole)\nSulfanilamide\nProntosil\nSulfathiazole (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Succinylsulfathiazole)\nSulfathiourea\nIntermediate-acting\nSulfamethoxazole\nSulfadiazine#\nSulfamoxole\nLong-acting\nSulfadimethoxine\nSulfadoxine\nSulfalene\nSulfametomidine\nSulfametoxydiazine\nSulfamethoxypyridazine\nSulfaperin\nSulfamerazine\nSulfaphenazole\nSulfamazone\nOther/ungrouped\nMafenide\nSulfacetamide\nSulfaclozine\nSulfadicramide\nSulfaguanidine\nSulfametrole\nSulfanitran\nCombinations\nTrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole#\nOrmetoprim/sulfadimethoxine\nPyrimethamine/dapsone\nPyrimethamine/sulfadoxine\nOther DHPS inhibitors\nAcediasulfone\nDapsone\nSolasulfone\nSulfoxone\nQuinolones(inhibit bacterialtopoisomeraseand/or DNA gyrase,thereby inhibitingDNA replication)1st generation\nCinoxacin‡\nFlumequine‡\nNalidixic acid‡\nOxolinic acid‡\nPipemidic acid‡\nPiromidic acid‡\nRosoxacin‡\nFluoroquinolones2nd generation\nCiprofloxacin#\nOfloxacin\nEnoxacin‡\nFleroxacin‡\nLomefloxacin‡\nNadifloxacin‡/Levonadifloxacin/Alalevonadifloxacin\nNorfloxacin‡\nPefloxacin‡\nRufloxacin‡\n3rd generation\nLevofloxacin#\nBalofloxacin‡\nGrepafloxacin‡\nPazufloxacin‡\nSparfloxacin‡\nTemafloxacin‡\nTosufloxacin‡\n4th generation\nBesifloxacin\nDelafloxacin\nGatifloxacin\nFinafloxacin\nGemifloxacin\nMoxifloxacin#\nClinafloxacin†\nGarenoxacin‡\nPrulifloxacin‡\nSitafloxacin‡\nTrovafloxacin‡/Alatrofloxacin‡\nVeterinary\nDanofloxacin\nDifloxacin\nEnrofloxacin\nIbafloxacin\nMarbofloxacin\nOrbifloxacin\nPradofloxacin\nSarafloxacin‡\nNewer non-fluorinated\nNemonoxacin\nOzenoxacin\nRelated (DG)\nAminocoumarins: Novobiocin\nAnaerobic DNAinhibitorsNitroimidazole derivatives\nMetronidazole#\nOrnidazole\nSecnidazole\nTinidazole\nNitrofuran derivatives\nFurazolidone‡\nNifuroxazide\nNifurtoinol\nNifurzide\nNitrofurantoin#\nNitrofurazone\nRNA synthesisRifamycins/RNA polymerase\nRifampicin#\nRifabutin#\nRifapentine#\nRifaximin\nRifalazil§\nLipiarmycins\nFidaxomicin\n\n#WHO-EM\n‡Withdrawn from market\nClinical trials:\n†Phase III\n§Never to phase IIIPortal: Medicine","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rifamycin_B_and_SV.png/550px-Rifamycin_B_and_SV.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/AHBA_biosyn1.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Rifamycin_biosynthesis.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Rifamycin_biosynthesis2.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Biosyn_genes1.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lin SW, Lin CJ, Yang JC (August 2017). \"Rifamycin SV MMX for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea\". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 18 (12): 1269–1277. doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1353079. PMID 28697313. S2CID 8853242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14656566.2017.1353079","url_text":"10.1080/14656566.2017.1353079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28697313","url_text":"28697313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8853242","url_text":"8853242"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves new drug to treat travelers' diarrhea\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 16 November 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_provisioning	Provisioning (technology)	["1 Network provisioning","2 Server provisioning","3 User provisioning","4 Self-service provisioning for cloud computing services","5 Mobile subscriber provisioning","6 Mobile content provisioning","7 Mobile device provisioning","8 Internet access provisioning","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	In telecommunication, provisioning involves the process of preparing and equipping a network to allow it to provide new services to its users. In National Security/Emergency Preparedness telecommunications services, "provisioning" equates to "initiation" and includes altering the state of an existing priority service or capability. The concept of network provisioning or service mediation, mostly used in the telecommunication industry, refers to the provisioning of the customer's services to the network elements, which are various equipment connected in that network communication system. Generally in telephony provisioning this is accomplished with network management database table mappings. It requires the existence of networking equipment and depends on network planning and design. In a modern signal infrastructure employing information technology (IT) at all levels, there is no possible distinction between telecommunications services and "higher level" infrastructure. Accordingly, provisioning configures any required systems, provides users with access to data and technology resources, and refers to all enterprise-level information-resource management involved. Organizationally, a CIO typically manages provisioning, necessarily involving human resources and IT departments cooperating to: Give users access to data repositories or grant authorization to systems, network applications and databases based on a unique user identity. Appropriate for their use hardware resources, such as computers, mobile phones and pagers. As its core, the provisioning process monitors access rights and privileges to ensure the security of an enterprise's resources and user privacy. As a secondary responsibility, it ensures compliance and minimizes the vulnerability of systems to penetration and abuse. As a tertiary responsibility, it tries to reduce the amount of custom configuration using boot image control and other methods that radically reduce the number of different configurations involved. Discussion of provisioning often appears in the context of virtualization, orchestration, utility computing, cloud computing, and open-configuration concepts and projects. For instance, the OASIS Provisioning Services Technical Committee (PSTC) defines an XML-based framework for exchanging user, resource, and service-provisioning information - SPML (Service Provisioning Markup Language) for "managing the provisioning and allocation of identity information and system resources within and between organizations". Once provisioning has taken place, the process of SysOpping ensures the maintenance of services to the expected standards. Provisioning thus refers only to the setup or startup part of the service operation, and SysOpping to the ongoing support. Network provisioning One type of provisioning. The services which are assigned to the customer in the customer relationship management (CRM) have to be provisioned on the network element which is enabling the service and allows the customer to actually use the service. The relation between a service configured in the CRM and a service on the network elements is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship; for example, services like Microsoft Media Server (mms://) can be enabled by more than one network element. During the provisioning, the service mediation device translates the service and the corresponding parameters of the service to one or more services/parameters on the network elements involved. The algorithm used to translate a system service into network services is called provisioning logic. Electronic invoice feeds from your carriers can be automatically downloaded directly into the core of the telecom expense management (TEM) software and it will immediately conduct an audit of each single line item charge all the way down to the User Support and Operations Center (USOC) level. The provisioning software will capture each circuit number provided by all of your carriers and if billing occurs outside of the contracted rate an exception rule will trigger a red flag and notify the pre-established staff member to review the billing error. Server provisioning Server provisioning is a set of actions to prepare a server with appropriate systems, data and software, and make it ready for network operation. Typical tasks when provisioning a server are: select a server from a pool of available servers, load the appropriate software (operating system, device drivers, middleware, and applications), appropriately customize and configure the system and the software to create or change a boot image for this server, and then change its parameters, such as IP address, IP Gateway to find associated network and storage resources (sometimes separated as resource provisioning) to audit the system. By auditing the system, you ensure OVAL compliance with limit vulnerability, ensure compliance, or install patches. After these actions, you restart the system and load the new software. This makes the system ready for operation. Typically an internet service provider (ISP) or network operations center will perform these tasks to a well-defined set of parameters, for example, a boot image that the organization has approved and which uses software it has license to. Many instances of such a boot image create a virtual dedicated host. There are many software products available to automate the provisioning of servers, services and end-user devices. Examples: BMC Bladelogic Server Automation, HP Server Automation, IBM Tivoli Provisioning Manager, Redhat Kickstart, xCAT, HP Insight CMU, etc. Middleware and applications can be installed either when the operating system is installed or afterwards by using an Application Service Automation tool. Further questions are addressed in academia such as when provisioning should be issued and how many servers are needed in multi-tier, or multi-service applications. In cloud computing, servers may be provisioned via a web user interface or an application programming interface (API). One of the unique things about cloud computing is how rapidly and easily this can be done. Monitoring software can be used to trigger automatic provisioning when existing resources become too heavily stressed. In short, server provisioning configures servers based on resource requirements. The use of a hardware or software component (e.g. single/dual processor, RAM, HDD, RAID Controller, a number of LAN cards, applications, OS, etc.) depends on the functionality of the server, such as ISP, virtualization, NOS, or voice processing. Server redundancy depends on the availability of servers in the organization. Critical applications have less downtime when using cluster servers, RAID, or a mirroring system. Service used by most larger-scale centers in part to avoid this. Additional resource provisioning may be done per service. There are several software on the market for server provisioning such as Cobbler or HP Intelligent Provisioning. User provisioning Further information: User provisioning software User provisioning refers to the creation, maintenance and deactivation of user objects and user attributes, as they exist in one or more systems, directories or applications, in response to automated or interactive business processes. User provisioning software may include one or more of the following processes: change propagation, self-service workflow, consolidated user administration, delegated user administration, and federated change control. User objects may represent employees, contractors, vendors, partners, customers or other recipients of a service. Services may include electronic mail, inclusion in a published user directory, access to a database, access to a network or mainframe, etc. User provisioning is a type of identity management software, particularly useful within organizations, where users may be represented by multiple objects on multiple systems and multiple instances. Self-service provisioning for cloud computing services On-demand self-service is described by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as an essential characteristic of cloud computing. The self-service nature of cloud computing lets end users obtain and remove cloud services―including applications, the infrastructure supporting the applications, and configuration― themselves without requiring the assistance of an IT staff member. The automatic self-servicing may target different application goals and constraints (e.g. deadlines and cost), as well as handling different application architectures (e.g., bags-of-tasks and workflows). Cloud users can obtain cloud services through a cloud service catalog or a self-service portal. Because business users can obtain and configure cloud services themselves, this means IT staff can be more productive and gives them more time to manage cloud infrastructures. One downside of cloud service provisioning is that it is not instantaneous. A cloud virtual machine (VM) can be acquired at any time by the user, but it may take up to several minutes for the acquired VM to be ready to use. The VM startup time is dependent on factors, such as image size, VM type, data center location, and number of VMs. Cloud providers have different VM startup performance. Mobile subscriber provisioning Mobile subscriber provisioning refers to the setting up of new services, such as GPRS, MMS and Instant Messaging for an existing subscriber of a mobile phone network, and any gateways to standard Internet chat or mail services. The network operator typically sends these settings to the subscriber's handset using SMS text services or HTML, and less commonly WAP, depending on what the mobile operating systems can accept. A general example of provisioning is with data services. A mobile user who is using his or her device for voice calling may wish to switch to data services in order to read emails or browse the Internet. The mobile device's services are "provisioned" and thus the user is able to stay connected through push emails and other features of smartphone services. Device management systems can benefit end-users by incorporating plug-and-play data services, supporting whatever device the end-user is using.. Such a platform can automatically detect devices in the network, sending them settings for immediate and continued usability. The process is fully automated, keeping the history of used devices and sending settings only to subscriber devices which were not previously set. One method of managing mobile updates is to filter IMEI/IMSI pairs. Some operators report activity of 50 over-the-air settings update files per second. Mobile content provisioning This refers to delivering mobile content, such as mobile internet to a mobile phone, agnostic of the features of said device. These may include operating system type and versions, Java version, browser version, screen form factors, audio capabilities, language settings and many other characteristics. As of April 2006, an estimated 5,000 permutations were relevant. Mobile content provisioning facilitates a common user experience, though delivered on widely different handsets. Mobile device provisioning Provisioning devices involves delivering configuration data and policy settings to the mobile devices from a central point – Mobile device management system tools. Internet access provisioning When getting a customer online, the client system must be configured. Depending on the connection technology (e.g., DSL, Cable, Fibre), the client system configuration may include: Modem configuration Network authentication Installing drivers Setting up Wireless LAN Securing operating system (primarily for Windows) Configuring browser provider-specifics E-mail provisioning (create mailboxes and aliases) E-mail configuration in client systems Installing additional support software or add-on packages There are four approaches to provisioning internet access: Hand out manuals: Manuals are a great help for experienced users, but inexperienced users will need to call the support hotline several times until all internet services are accessible. Every unintended change in the configuration, by user mistake or due to a software error, results in additional calls. On-site setup by a technician: Sending a technician on-site is the most reliable approach from the provider's point of view, as the person ensures that the internet access is working, before leaving the customer's premises. This advantage comes at high costs – either for the provider or the customer, depending on the business model. Furthermore, it is inconvenient for customers, as they have to wait until they get an installation appointment and because they need to take a day off from work. For repairing an internet connection on-site or phone support will be needed again. Server-side remote setup: Server-side modem configuration uses a protocol called TR-069. It is widely established and reliable. At the current stage it can only be used for modem configuration. Protocol extensions are discussed, but not yet practically implemented, particularly because most client devices and applications do not support them yet. All other steps of the provisioning process are left to the user, typically causing many rather long calls to the support hotline. Installation CD: Also called a "client-side self-service installation" CD, it can cover the entire process from modem configuration to setting up client applications, including home networking devices. The software typically acts autonomously, i.e., it doesn't need an online connection and an expensive backend infrastructure. During such an installation process the software usually also install diagnosis and self-repair applications that support customers in case of problems, avoiding costly hotline calls. Such client-side applications also open completely new possibilities for marketing, cross- and upselling. Such solutions come from highly specialised companies or directly from the provider's development department. See also Dynamic provisioning environment References ^ This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. ^ Urgaonkar, Bhuvan; Shenoy, Prashant; Chandra, Abhishek; Goyal, Pawan; Wood, Timothy (2008). "Agile dynamic provisioning of multi-tier Internet applications". ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems. 3: 1–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.294.6606. doi:10.1145/1342171.1342172. S2CID 10041862. ^ Jiang Dejun, Guillaume Pierre and Chi-Hung Chi. Autonomous Resource Provisioning for Multi-Service Web Applications. In Proceedings of the 19th International World-Wide Web conference, April 2010. ^ Amies A, Sanchez J, Vernier D, and Zheng X D, 2011. "Monitor services in the cloud", IBM developerWorks, February 15. ^ He, Sijin; L. Guo; Y. Guo; M. Ghanem (2012). "Improving Resource Utilisation in the Cloud Environment Using Multivariate Probabilistic Models". 2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing. 2012 2012 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). pp. 574–581. doi:10.1109/CLOUD.2012.66. ISBN 978-1-4673-2892-0. S2CID 15374752. ^ Mell, Peter; Grance, Timothy. "The NIST definition of cloud computing", Special Publication 800-145, National Institute of Standards and Technology ^ He, Sijin; L. Guo; Y. Guo; C. Wu; M. Ghanem; R. Han (2012). "Elastic Application Container: A Lightweight Approach for Cloud Resource Provisioning". 2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications. 2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA). pp. 15–22. doi:10.1109/AINA.2012.74. ISBN 978-1-4673-0714-7. S2CID 4863927. ^ Perera, David. "The real obstacle to federal cloud computing" Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, Fierce Government IT, July 12, 2012 ^ MSV, Janakiram. "Top 10 reasons why startups should consider cloud" Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Cloud Story, July 20, 2012 ^ Mao, Ming; M. Humphrey (2011). "Auto-scaling to minimize cost and meet application deadlines in cloud workflows". Proceedings of 2011 International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/2063384.2063449. ISBN 978-1-4503-0771-0. S2CID 11960822.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Mao, Ming; M. Humphrey (2013). "Scaling and Scheduling to Maximize Application Performance within Budget Constraints in Cloud Workflows". 2013 IEEE 27th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing. pp. 67–78. doi:10.1109/IPDPS.2013.61. ISBN 978-0-7695-4971-2. S2CID 5226147. ^ Mao, Ming; J. Li; M. Humphrey (2010). 2010 11th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid2010). pp. 41–48. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.467.5771. doi:10.1109/GRID.2010.5697966. ISBN 978-1-4244-9347-0. S2CID 9744596. ^ Onisick, Joe. "Five steps to building a private cloud", Network Computing, July 23, 2012 ^ Cowie, Jason. "How to make private cloud initiatives matter to your CEO", The Data Center Journal, July 17, 2012 ^ Mao, Ming; M. Humphrey (2012). "A Performance Study on the VM Startup Time in the Cloud". 2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing. p. 423. doi:10.1109/CLOUD.2012.103. ISBN 978-1-4673-2892-0. S2CID 1285357. External links Customer provisioning at Curlie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunication industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_industry"},{"link_name":"network planning and design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_planning_and_design"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Information_Officer"},{"link_name":"human resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources"},{"link_name":"boot image control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_image_control"},{"link_name":"virtualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_virtualization"},{"link_name":"orchestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestration_(computers)"},{"link_name":"utility computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computing"},{"link_name":"cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"link_name":"OASIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OASIS_(organization)"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"SPML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPML"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SysOpping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SysOp"}],"text":"The concept of network provisioning or service mediation, mostly used in the telecommunication industry, refers to the provisioning of the customer's services to the network elements, which are various equipment connected in that network communication system. Generally in telephony provisioning this is accomplished with network management database table mappings. It requires the existence of networking equipment and depends on network planning and design.In a modern signal infrastructure employing information technology (IT) at all levels, there is no possible distinction between telecommunications services and \"higher level\" infrastructure.[citation needed] Accordingly, provisioning configures any required systems, provides users with access to data and technology resources, and refers to all enterprise-level information-resource management involved.Organizationally, a CIO typically manages provisioning, necessarily involving human resources and IT departments cooperating to:Give users access to data repositories or grant authorization to systems, network applications and databases based on a unique user identity.\nAppropriate for their use hardware resources, such as computers, mobile phones and pagers.As its core, the provisioning process monitors access rights and privileges to ensure the security of an enterprise's resources and user privacy. As a secondary responsibility, it ensures compliance and minimizes the vulnerability of systems to penetration and abuse. As a tertiary responsibility, it tries to reduce the amount of custom configuration using boot image control and other methods that radically reduce the number of different configurations involved.Discussion of provisioning often appears in the context of virtualization, orchestration, utility computing, cloud computing, and open-configuration concepts and projects. For instance, the OASIS Provisioning Services Technical Committee (PSTC) defines an XML-based framework for exchanging user, resource, and service-provisioning information - SPML (Service Provisioning Markup Language) for \"managing the provisioning and allocation of identity information and system resources within and between organizations\".[citation needed]Once provisioning has taken place, the process of SysOpping ensures the maintenance of services to the expected standards. Provisioning thus refers only to the setup or startup part of the service operation, and SysOpping to the ongoing support.","title":"Provisioning (technology)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"customer relationship management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management"},{"link_name":"network element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_element"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Media Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Media_Server"},{"link_name":"telecom expense management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_expense_management"}],"text":"One type of provisioning.\nThe services which are assigned to the customer in the customer relationship management (CRM) have to be provisioned on the network element which is enabling the service and allows the customer to actually use the service. The relation between a service configured in the CRM and a service on the network elements is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship; for example, services like Microsoft Media Server (mms://) can be enabled by more than one network element.During the provisioning, the service mediation device translates the service and the corresponding parameters of the service to one or more services/parameters on the network elements involved. The algorithm used to translate a system service into network services is called provisioning logic.Electronic invoice feeds from your carriers can be automatically downloaded directly into the core of the telecom expense management (TEM) software and it will immediately conduct an audit of each single line item charge all the way down to the User Support and Operations Center (USOC) level. The provisioning software will capture each circuit number provided by all of your carriers and if billing occurs outside of the contracted rate an exception rule will trigger a red flag and notify the pre-established staff member to review the billing error.","title":"Network provisioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"device drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver"},{"link_name":"middleware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware"},{"link_name":"applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"boot image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_image"},{"link_name":"IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"IP Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"OVAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Vulnerability_and_Assessment_Language"},{"link_name":"internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"network operations center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"virtual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_host"},{"link_name":"dedicated host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"IBM Tivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_Tivoli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Redhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhat"},{"link_name":"Application Service Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_Service_Automation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"link_name":"application programming interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"RAID Controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID_Controller"},{"link_name":"LAN cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_card"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cobbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbler_(software)"}],"text":"Server provisioning is a set of actions to prepare a server with appropriate systems, data and software, and make it ready for network operation. Typical tasks when provisioning a server are: select a server from a pool of available servers, load the appropriate software (operating system, device drivers, middleware, and applications), appropriately customize and configure the system and the software to create or change a boot image for this server, and then change its parameters, such as IP address, IP Gateway to find associated network and storage resources (sometimes separated as resource provisioning) to audit the system. By auditing the system, you[clarification needed who?] ensure OVAL compliance with limit vulnerability, ensure compliance, or install patches. After these actions, you restart the system and load the new software. This makes the system ready for operation. Typically an internet service provider (ISP) or network operations center will perform these tasks to a well-defined set of parameters, for example, a boot image that the organization has approved and which uses software it has license to. Many instances of such a boot image create a virtual dedicated host.There are many software products available to automate the provisioning of servers, services and end-user devices. Examples: BMC Bladelogic Server Automation, HP Server Automation, IBM Tivoli Provisioning Manager, Redhat Kickstart, xCAT, HP Insight CMU, etc. Middleware and applications can be installed either when the operating system is installed or afterwards by using an Application Service Automation tool. Further questions are addressed in academia such as when provisioning should be issued and how many servers are needed in multi-tier,[2] or multi-service applications.[3]In cloud computing, servers may be provisioned via a web user interface or an application programming interface (API). One of the unique things about cloud computing is how rapidly and easily this can be done. Monitoring software can be used to trigger automatic provisioning when existing resources become too heavily stressed.[4]In short, server provisioning configures servers based on resource requirements. The use of a hardware or software component (e.g. single/dual processor, RAM, HDD, RAID Controller, a number of LAN cards, applications, OS, etc.) depends on the functionality of the server, such as ISP, virtualization, NOS, or voice processing. Server redundancy depends on the availability of servers in the organization. Critical applications have less downtime when using cluster servers, RAID, or a mirroring system.Service used by most larger-scale centers in part to avoid this. Additional resource provisioning may be done per service.[5]There are several software on the market for server provisioning such as Cobbler or HP Intelligent Provisioning.","title":"Server provisioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"User provisioning software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_provisioning_software"},{"link_name":"workflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflow"},{"link_name":"electronic mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mail"},{"link_name":"user directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_service"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"identity management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_management"}],"text":"Further information: User provisioning softwareUser provisioning refers to the creation, maintenance and deactivation of user objects and user attributes, as they exist in one or more systems, directories or applications, in response to automated or interactive business processes. User provisioning software may include one or more of the following processes: change propagation, self-service workflow, consolidated user administration, delegated user administration, and federated change control. User objects may represent employees, contractors, vendors, partners, customers or other recipients of a service. Services may include electronic mail, inclusion in a published user directory, access to a database, access to a network or mainframe, etc. User provisioning is a type of identity management software, particularly useful within organizations, where users may be represented by multiple objects on multiple systems and multiple instances.","title":"User provisioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2011workflow-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2013scaling-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grid2010-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"virtual machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"data center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vmstartuptime2012-15"}],"text":"On-demand self-service is described by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as an essential characteristic of cloud computing.[6] The self-service nature of cloud computing lets end users obtain and remove cloud services―including applications, the infrastructure supporting the applications,[7] and configuration―[8] themselves without requiring the assistance of an IT staff member.[9] The automatic self-servicing may target different application goals and constraints (e.g. deadlines and cost),[10][11] as well as handling different application architectures (e.g., bags-of-tasks and workflows).[12] Cloud users can obtain cloud services through a cloud service catalog or a self-service portal.[13] Because business users can obtain and configure cloud services themselves, this means IT staff can be more productive and gives them more time to manage cloud infrastructures.[14]One downside of cloud service provisioning is that it is not instantaneous. A cloud virtual machine (VM) can be acquired at any time by the user, but it may take up to several minutes for the acquired VM to be ready to use. The VM startup time is dependent on factors, such as image size, VM type, data center location, and number of VMs.[15] Cloud providers have different VM startup performance.","title":"Self-service provisioning for cloud computing services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GPRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service"},{"link_name":"MMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service"},{"link_name":"Instant Messaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_Messaging"},{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chat"},{"link_name":"mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_service"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"},{"link_name":"WAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol"},{"link_name":"mobile operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system"},{"link_name":"plug-and-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_and_play"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"IMEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMEI"},{"link_name":"IMSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mobile subscriber provisioning refers to the setting up of new services, such as GPRS, MMS and Instant Messaging for an existing subscriber of a mobile phone network, and any gateways to standard Internet chat or mail services. The network operator typically sends these settings to the subscriber's handset using SMS text services or HTML, and less commonly WAP, depending on what the mobile operating systems can accept.A general example of provisioning is with data services. A mobile user who is using his or her device for voice calling may wish to switch to data services in order to read emails or browse the Internet. The mobile device's services are \"provisioned\" and thus the user is able to stay connected through push emails and other features of smartphone services.Device management systems can benefit end-users by incorporating plug-and-play data services, supporting whatever device the end-user is using.[citation needed]. Such a platform can automatically detect devices in the network, sending them settings for immediate and continued usability.[citation needed] The process is fully automated, keeping the history of used devices and sending settings only to subscriber devices which were not previously set. One method of managing mobile updates is to filter IMEI/IMSI pairs.[citation needed] Some operators report activity of 50 over-the-air settings update files per second.[citation needed]","title":"Mobile subscriber provisioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_content"},{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"}],"text":"This refers to delivering mobile content, such as mobile internet to a mobile phone, agnostic of the features of said device. These may include operating system type and versions, Java version, browser version, screen form factors, audio capabilities, language settings and many other characteristics. As of April 2006, an estimated 5,000 permutations were relevant. Mobile content provisioning facilitates a common user experience, though delivered on widely different handsets.","title":"Mobile content provisioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile device management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device_management"}],"text":"Provisioning devices involves delivering configuration data and policy settings to the mobile devices from a central point – Mobile device management system tools.","title":"Mobile device provisioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL"},{"link_name":"Modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver"},{"link_name":"Wireless LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"TR-069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-069"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"cross-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-selling"},{"link_name":"upselling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upselling"}],"text":"When getting a customer online, the client system must be configured. Depending on the connection technology (e.g., DSL, Cable, Fibre), the client system configuration may include:Modem configuration\nNetwork authentication\nInstalling drivers\nSetting up Wireless LAN\nSecuring operating system (primarily for Windows)\nConfiguring browser provider-specifics\nE-mail provisioning (create mailboxes and aliases)\nE-mail configuration in client systems\nInstalling additional support software or add-on packagesThere are four approaches to provisioning internet access:Hand out manuals: Manuals are a great help for experienced users, but inexperienced users will need to call the support hotline several times until all internet services are accessible. Every unintended change in the configuration, by user mistake or due to a software error, results in additional calls.\nOn-site setup by a technician: Sending a technician on-site is the most reliable approach from the provider's point of view, as the person ensures that the internet access is working, before leaving the customer's premises. This advantage comes at high costs – either for the provider or the customer, depending on the business model. Furthermore, it is inconvenient for customers, as they have to wait until they get an installation appointment and because they need to take a day off from work. For repairing an internet connection on-site or phone support will be needed again.\nServer-side remote setup: Server-side modem configuration uses a protocol called TR-069. It is widely established and reliable. At the current stage it can only be used for modem configuration. Protocol extensions are discussed, but not yet practically implemented, particularly because most client devices and applications do not support them yet. All other steps of the provisioning process are left to the user, typically causing many rather long calls to the support hotline.\nInstallation CD: Also called a \"client-side self-service installation\" CD, it can cover the entire process from modem configuration to setting up client applications, including home networking devices. The software typically acts autonomously, i.e., it doesn't need an online connection and an expensive backend infrastructure. During such an installation process the software usually also install diagnosis and self-repair applications that support customers in case of problems, avoiding costly hotline calls. Such client-side applications also open completely new possibilities for marketing, cross- and upselling. Such solutions come from highly specialised companies or directly from the provider's development department.","title":"Internet access provisioning"}]	[]	[{"title":"Dynamic provisioning environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_provisioning_environment"}]	[{"reference":"Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm","url_text":"Federal Standard 1037C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration","url_text":"General Services Administration"},{"url":"https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Urgaonkar, Bhuvan; Shenoy, Prashant; Chandra, Abhishek; Goyal, Pawan; Wood, Timothy (2008). \"Agile dynamic provisioning of multi-tier Internet applications\". ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems. 3: 1–39. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-3	BMP-3	["1 Production history","2 Design","2.1 Weaponry and optics","2.2 Mobility","2.3 Countermeasures","3 Operational history","3.1 First Chechen War","3.2 Kosovo","3.3 Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen","3.4 Russo-Ukrainian War","4 Variants","4.1 Russia","5 Operators","5.1 Current operators","5.2 Failed bids","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	"BMP3" redirects here. For the protein, see Bone morphogenetic protein 3. Infantry fighting vehicle BMP-3 BMP-3TypeInfantry fighting vehiclePlace of originSoviet UnionRussiaService historyIn service1987–presentUsed bySee OperatorsWarsFirst Chechen WarSecond Chechen WarYemeni Civil War (2015–present)Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflictRusso-Ukrainian War Russian invasion of Ukraine Production historyDesigned1975–1987ManufacturerKurganmashzavodNo. built2,000+SpecificationsMass18.7 tonnes (18.4 long tons; 20.6 short tons)Length7.14 m (23 ft 5 in)Width3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)Height2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)Crew3 (commander, gunner, driver) 7 troopers (+ 2 additional seats)ArmorAluminium alloy and steel, 35 mm frontallyMainarmament 2K23/Bakhcha-U/Berezhok turret with 100 mm 2A70 cannon 30 mm 2A72 autocannon AGS-30 grenade launcher and Kornet-EM (Berezhok turret only) AU-220M Baikal remote weapon station turret with 57 mm BM-57 autocannon Secondaryarmament3 × 7.62 mm PKT machine gunsEngineUTD-29M diesel500 hp (375 kW)Power/weight27 hp/tonneSuspensiontorsion barOperationalrange600 km (370 mi)Maximum speed 72 km/h (45 mph) (road)45 km/h (28 mph) (off-road)10 km/h (6.2 mph) (water) The BMP-3 is a Soviet and Russian infantry fighting vehicle, successor to the BMP-1 and BMP-2. The abbreviation BMP stands for Boevaya Mashina Pekhoty (Боевая Машина Пехоты, literally "infantry combat vehicle"). Production history Main article: BMP development The design of the BMP-3 (Obyekt 688M) can be traced back to the Obyekt 685 light tank prototype with an 2A48-1 100 mm gun from 1975. The prototype did not enter series production, but the chassis, with a new engine, was used for the next-generation infantry combat vehicle Obyekt 688 from A. Blagonravov's design bureau. The Ob. 688's original weapon configuration consisting of an externally mounted Shipunov 2A42 30 mm autocannon, a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun and twin 9M113 Konkurs ATGM launcher was rejected; instead, the new 2K23 armament system was selected. The resulting BMP-3 was developed in the early 1980s and entered service with the Soviet Army officially in 1987. It was shown for the first time in public during the 1990 Victory Day parade and was given the NATO code IFV M1990/1. The BMP-3 is designed and produced by the Kurganmashzavod ("Kurgan Machine Building Plant") some variants however are built by the Rubtsovsk Machine Building Plant (RMZ), for example the BRM-3K. In May 2015, the Russian Defense Ministry signed a three-year contract to receive "hundreds" of BMP-3 vehicles to maintain its armored vehicle force until its replacement, the Kurganets-25, completes research and development. In the process of the BMP's serial production, the vehicle's design underwent 1,500 amendments. The contract was fully executed in 2017. 200 more received in 2018-2019 and 168 more in production to be delivered in 2020–2021 with additional protection. In the Army-2017 show, the Russian Defence Ministry signed a contract covering the first deliveries of an unspecified number of BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) fitted with the Bumerang-BM turret, also known as the B-19 variant. The BMP-3 B-19 took part in the large-scale Russian-Belarusian exercise Zapad in September 2021. In 2022, Russia started to promote to the international market a BMP-3 with a remotely controlled combat module. The batches of vehicles delivered to the Russian troops since 2023 are equipped with the Sodema main sight and extra protection as well as the ability to install ERA. Kurganmashzavod reported in May 2023 that during the first quarter of the year it supplied the same amount of vehicles it did in the whole of 2019. In July 2023, Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu stated that the supplies and repair of BMP-3 by Kurganmashzavod had surged 2.1 times since early 2022. Kurganmashzavod reported in early September 2023 that the supply of BMP-3 increased by 3 times at comparison with peacetime. Design Weaponry and optics The BMP-3 is one of the most heavily armed infantry combat vehicles in service. The original version has a turret fitted with a low-velocity 2A70 100 mm rifled gun which can fire conventional shells or 9M117 Bastion Anti Tank Guided Missiles (AT-10 Stabber). It carries 40 100 mm rounds and 8 ATGMs. A 2A72 30 mm dual feed autocannon with 500 (300 HEI and 200 AP-T) rounds and a rate of fire of 350 to 400 rounds per minute and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 2,000 rounds are mounted coaxially in the turret. The main gun elevates from −5° to +60°. There are also two 7.62 mm PKT bow machine guns, again with 2,000 rounds each. The BMP-3 is capable of engaging targets out to 5,000–6,000 metres with its ATGM weapon system 9K116-3 "Basnya". With conventional ammunition, such as the HE-Frag shell 3OF32, the 2A70 gun has a range of 4,000 metres. A BMP-3 of the UAE with a "Namut" thermal sight According to the manufacturer's website, all weapons can be fired while still, on the move, and afloat with the same effectiveness. The ability to hit targets on the move with missiles was successfully demonstrated during competitive evaluations in the UAE in 1991. External videos Autoloader animation on YouTube ATGM loading on YouTube The turret is fitted with the 2K23 system, which consists of an autoloader with 22 rounds (the remaining 18 rounds are stored in the hull), a 1V539 ballistic computer, a crosswind sensor, a 2E52-2 stabilising system, a 1D16-3 laser rangefinder, a 1K13-2 gunner's sight/guidance device, a PPB-1 gunner's sight and an OU-5-1 IR searchlight. Optional autoloader for ATGM missiles is also available. The commander has a combined optical sight 1PZ-10, a day/night vision device TKN-3MB and an IR searchlight OU-3GA2. Rear view of a BMP-3, showing how troops are expected to exit the vehicle Since 2005, the BMP-3 can be fitted with a new fire control system from the "Peleng" Joint Stock Company from Belarus. This consists of a SOZH-M gunner's main sight with an integrated laser rangefinder and missile guidance channel, a Vesna-K targeting system with thermal imaging camera and automatic target tracker AST-B, an armament stabilisation system, a ballistic computer with data input sensors and a PL-1 IR laser projector. Since 2017, the BMP-3 is fitted with a new fire control system from the "Vologda Optical-Mechanical Plant" from Russia. This consists of a Sodema two-plane stabilized gunner's main sight with an integrated laser rangefinder and missile guidance channel plus a SOZH-M thermal imaging camera. Standard equipment includes five firing ports with associated vision blocks, an R-173 transceiver, an R-173P receiver, a GO-27 radiation and chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V "Tucha-2" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers. BMP-3M is equipped with Bakhcha-U turret, which has similar weapons to the original BMP-3 turret but with a new dual-channel FLIR gunner's sight, commander's panoramic thermal imaging device, vertical-storage conveyor, new autoloader, and a new sighting system. It also has a stronger armor on the turret, and two-axis stabilisation. The turret of the BMP-3 has been fitted to the Patria Armoured Modular Vehicle and on the Turkish-UAE RABDAN 8x8 IFV. In August 2017, a BMP-3M was presented with a new ATGM remote weapon station fitted on the standard turret carrying two 9M120 Ataka (AT-9 Spiral-2) missiles. In June 2018, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that BMP-3s would be fitted with the AU-220M combat module equipped with a 57 mm cannon. The module can carry 80 rounds and fire 80 rounds per minute including air burst, high-explosive, fragmentation, armor-piercing and guided munitions with a maximum range of 14.5 km (9.0 mi), and can even punch through side armor of main battle tanks. Mobility The vehicle has an unconventional layout. The engine is in the back of the vehicle to the right (unlike most other IFVs, which have the engine located forward in the hull). As a result, the driver is seated forward in the hull (in the center) together with two infantrymen (one on each side of the driver). The vehicle has a double bottom, and the engine is located under the floor of the vehicle (troops enter/leave the vehicle over the engine). The remaining five infantrymen are seated aft of the two-man turret. Early models were powered by a 450 hp engine UTD-29, but most BMP-3s are now equipped with the 500 hp UTD-29M version. The engine was developed at the Transmash Diesel Engine Plant in Barnaul. The BMP-3 has a range of 600 km, an altitude of operation of up to 3,000 m and it is transportable by train, truck, sea, and air. The BMP-3 engine is a diesel four-stroke, liquid-cooled design. The transmission is a four-speed hydromechanical power unit, with power takeoff to its water jets. The suspension is independent, with a torsion bar and six hydraulic shock absorbers. Steering is by gear differential with hydrostatic drive. The track adjusting mechanism is remotely controlled from the driver's station, with tension force indication. The water-jet propulsion unit is single-stage, axial, auger-type. Countermeasures The hull and turret are made of a high-strength aluminum alloy, with the front of the hull being provided with an extra steel plate welded over it plus spaced armor from the trim vane. The turret is also provided with a thick steel spaced armour shield over its frontal arc. Over the frontal arc, the vehicle is protected against 30 mm gun rounds at a range of 200 m. In addition to "hard" protection, the BMP-3's self-sealing fuel tank is located in front of the driver, directly behind the front armour plating. It is specially constructed to act as armour, effective against shaped charge warheads as well as any autocannon shells that managed to go through the front armour. The BMP-3 can create a smoke screen by injecting fuel into the exhaust manifolds. A chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V "Tucha-2" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers are standard. At least two distinct sets of explosive reactive armour kit are currently available, giving the BMP-3 protection from less advanced rocket propelled grenades. One of them is the Kaktus ERA kit, which has a unique design that creates minimal acoustic and kinetic backlash to the armour behind it upon detonation, thus ensuring that the occupants will not be harmed by shockwaves from the ERA block. The ERA blocks will completely disintegrate after detonation. According to Kurganmashzavod, the BMP-3 may also be fitted with additional side armor tiles, which can resist .50 caliber armour-piercing ammunition perpendicularly at close ranges. They give the BMP-3 added side protection from autocannon fire as well. BMP-3s serial production with ERA started as of November 2022. The BMP-3 also has the ability to carry a Shtora-1 electro-optical jammer that disrupts semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) antitank guided missiles, laser rangefinders and target designators. Shtora is a soft-kill, or passive-countermeasure system. BMP-3s serial production with the Nakidka camouflage system started as of May 2024. The standard weight of the vehicle is 18.7 tonnes. If additional armour overlay (metal sheet of armour and Kaktus ERA) is installed, the weight will reach to 22.2 tonnes. The body covered from the sides and the top. In such kit, it is protected against 12.7 mm machine gun rounds in the range of 100–200 m. Rostec reported in September 2023 that the production of additional protection kits for the BMP-3 increased 30 times in comparison with 2022. BMP-3 is manufactured with the use of a synthetic fire-resistant material which makes difficult the detection by observation systems, including thermal imagers, since June 2024. Operational history First Chechen War The BMP-3 saw action with the Russian forces during the First Chechen War. Kosovo In 2000, the United Arab Emirates deployed some BMP-3s in peacekeeping operations during the Kosovo War. Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen The BMP-3 also saw military use with Emirati forces during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, where it is currently deployed. Russo-Ukrainian War An abandoned Russian BMP-3 during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine The BMP-3 has been used during the post-2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by Russian forces. An unknown number have been put into service by the Armed Forces of Ukraine after being captured. Ukrainian anti-tank missiles and attack drones have been able to overcome protection systems on the BMP-3 such as reactive and slat armor, so by 2024 they were increasingly being used for indirect fire support. Variants Russia BMP-3 – Basic version, as described. BMP-3M – KBP and Kurganmashzavod have upgraded the vehicle with a new engine and turret with a new ATGM system 9K116-3 Basnya. The upgraded vehicle is called the BMP-3M and the new Bakhcha-U turret includes a new automatic fire control system with ballistic computer, new Sodema gunner's sight with laser rangefinder and an ATGM guidance channel, thermal imager, TKN-AI commander's vision device with laser illuminator and new ammunition loading system for ATGM. The BMP-3M is also able to fire various ammunition types, including new 100 mm laser-guided projectiles, new 100 mm HE-FRAG (high explosive fragmentation) rounds and new 30 mm APDS (armour piercing discarding sabot) rounds. Its additional auxiliary armour shields are effective against 12.7 mm armour-piercing rounds from a range of 50 m. Since November 2022 all upgraded vehicles have Kaktus ERA. The new uprated engine is the UTD-32, which is rated at 660 hp. There are actually several different M models, some fitted with additional armour, "Arena-E" or "Shtora-1" active protection systems, air conditioner etc. BMP-3M Ataka – BMP-3M version with a two men turret armed with the 30 mm 2A72 autocannon, and the 9M120-1 Ataka ATGM. A BMP-3 fitted with the BMP-2 Berezhok turret BMP-3 fitted with the Bumerang-BM turret BMMP (bojevaya mashina morskoj pekhoti) – Version for naval infantry, fitted with the turret of the BMP-2. BMP-3K (komandnyi) – Tactical command variant, includes additional radio R-173, an intercom for seven users, an AB-R28 independent portable power unit, a navigation device TNA-4-6 and the "Ainet" air burst round detonation system. The BMP-3K lacks the bow machine guns and has its whip antennas mounted on the rear hull. Crew: 3+3. BMP-3F – Armed with the standard 2K23 turret. Specially designed for operations at sea, with improved seaworthiness and buoyancy, capability to move afloat at sea state 3 and fire with the required accuracy at sea state 2. Compared to the basic model, the vehicle design features changes increasing flotation and vehicle stability: the self-entrenching equipment is omitted, a lightweight anti-surge vane and an air intake tube are introduced; the BMP-3F turret is also protected by anti-surge vanes. Water jet propellers develop a speed of 10 km/h when afloat. The BMP-3F design allows the vehicle to come ashore under rough sea conditions and to tow the same-type vehicle. A new main sight, the SOZH, which has an integrated laser rangefinder and an ATGM guidance channel, is installed. This version can endure continuous amphibious operation for seven hours with the running engine. BT-3F – Amphibious version based on BMP-3F with the original turret replaced by a smaller remote weapon station with either 7.62, 12.7 or 14.5 mm machine gun. It can accommodate a crew commander, driver, gunner, and 14 troops, and can use optional ERA armor. BRM-3K "Rys" (Ob.501) (boyevaya razvedivatel'naya mashina) – Surveillance and reconnaissance variant with 1PN71 thermal sight (3.7x/11x, 3 km range), 1PN61 active-pulse night vision device ( 3 km range), 1RL-133-1 ("TALL MIKE") I-band surveillance radar (3 km man, 12 km vehicle), 1V520 computer and a TNA-4-6 navigation system. The armament consists of the stabilized 30 mm autocannon 2A72 (600 rounds) and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun (2,000 rounds) or AU-220M Baikal remote weapon station with 57 mm BM-57 autocannon and 7.62 mm PKMT machine gun. Combat weight: 19 t, crew: 6. In 1993, Russia started quantity production of BRM-3K vehicles. BMP-3 Dragoon – New IFV version with an unmanned turret which can be armed with a variety of combat modules, including standard BMP-3's Bakhcha-U turret with a 2A70 100 mm cannon, a 2A72 30 mm autocannon and a PKTM 7.62 mm machine gun, the AU-220M Baikal remote weapon station module with a 57 mm BM-57 gun and a module with a 125 mm 2A82-1M tank gun, the new 816 hp turbocharged UTD-32T engine and powerplant moved to the front, and a hydraulic ramp fitted to the rear. It is reported that its trials were finished in October 2017. BREM-L "Beglianka" of the Russian army BREM-L "Beglianka" (Ob.691) (bronirovannaya remontno-evakuatsionnaya mashina) – Armoured recovery vehicle with five-tonne crane and 20/40 tonne capacity winch. 9P157-2 "Khrizantema-S BMP-3 "Khrizantema-S" (9P157-2) – Self-propelled anti-tank version with 9M123 Khrizantema (AT-15) ATGM system with radar and laser guidance. The 9P157-2 carries two 9M123 missiles on launch rails, which are extended from a stowed position; the radar is also stowed during transit. The missiles are reloaded automatically from an internal magazine with 15 rounds (missiles are stored and transported in sealed canisters) and can also accept munitions manually loaded from outside the vehicle. The manufacturer claims that three 9P157-2 tank destroyers are able to engage 14 attacking tanks and destroy at least sixty percent of the attacking force. The dual guidance system ensures protection against electronic countermeasures and operation in all climatic conditions, day or night. NBC protection is provided for the crew (gunner and driver) of each 9P157-2 in addition to full armour protection equivalent to the standard BMP-3 chassis and entrenching equipment. The 9M123 missile itself is supersonic, flying at an average speed of 400 m/s (Mach 1.2) and a range of between 400 and 6,000 meters. Entered service in 2005. More than 10 sets of new anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) complexes "Khrizantema-S" on the crawler, which replaced the complexes "Shturm", entered the artillery units of the Southern Military District, based in Ingushetia, in November 2012. Khrizantema vehicles are fielded with artillery units. 9P163M-1 "Kornet-T" – Anti-tank version with Kornet (AT-14) missile system. Some sources call it the 9P162. The Kornet is similar in function to the Khrizantema missile system. The 9P163M-1 carries two 9M133 missiles on launch rails, which are extended from a stowed position during transit. Missiles are reloaded automatically by the tank destroyer from an internal magazine with 16 rounds (missiles are stored and transported in sealed canisters). Nuclear, biological and chemical protection is provided for the two crew members (gunner and driver) in addition to full armour protection equivalent to the standard BMP-3 chassis. The guidance system of the 9P163M-1 allows two missiles to be fired at once, the missiles operating on different guidance (laser) channels. The first Kornet-T missile carriers were delivered in 2003 to replace the Shturm-S, and the first batch of 20 vehicles entered service in 2012. The Kornet-T is used by motorized units. 2S18 "Pat-S" (Ob.697) – Self-propelled version of the 152 mm howitzer 2A61 "Pat-B". This was only a prototype, further development led to the 2S31 Vena. DZM "Vostorg-2" (dorozhno-zemlerojnaya mashina) – Combat engineer vehicle with a dozerblade and excavating bucket. Prototype. UR-07 (ustanovka razminirovaniya) – Mine clearing system. The UR-07 might replace the UR-77 "Meteorit". It has the same chassis as the BMP-3 but a bigger steel hull with two launch ramps in the rear. The ramps are used to fire rockets towing hose-type mine-clearing line charges to clear mine fields. UNSh (Ob.699) (unifitsirovannyj shassi) – Basic chassis for specialised variants. KhTM (khodovoj trenazhor) – Driver trainer. Hermes or TKB-841 – Air-defence vehicle with high-velocity missiles and radar system. Prototype. 2S31 Vena – Self-propelled mortar carrier equipped with a 120 mm mortar based on BMP-3 chassis. It entered production in 1996 and service in 2010. 2S38 BMP-3 Derivatsiya-PVO 2S38 ZAK-57 Derivatsiya-PVO – Self-propelled air defense vehicle based on BMP-3 chassis fitted with a 57 mm autocannon and passive reconnaissance and target tracking equipment. It is designed to shoot down unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, aircraft, helicopters, and MLRS rockets. 2S38 is equipped with a TV/thermal-imaging system with automatic target lock-on and tracking capabilities, a laser rangefinder and a laser guidance system. The optical and electronic target acquisition system can spot an aircraft at 6.4 km (4.0 mi) and using sectoral observation can detect aircraft over 12 km (7.5 mi) out. The cannon is fast enough to destroy targets traveling 500 m/s (1,100 mph; 1,800 km/h; Mach 1.5). Laser-guided, air burst and specialized anti-drone munitions for ZAK-57 are in development. Its guided projectiles have four wings folded in the casing and controlled by the actuator in the projectile's nose section, using the energy of the airflow to steer themselves to the target. Planned to complete state trials in 2022. UDAR UGV – Unmanned ground vehicle based on the tracked chassis of the BMP-3 with the center hull raised to fit the DUBM-30 Epoch armed with 2A42 autocannon, 7.62 mm PKMT machine gun, and Kornet-M ATGM. Vikhr UGV – Unmanned ground vehicle based on BMD-3 equipped with a smaller turret armed with 2A72 autocannon, 7.62 mm PKMT coaxial machine gun and six anti-tank guided missiles 9M133M Kornet-M, three on each side of the turret. It can carry separate aerial and ground drones. Prokhod-1 – Unmanned mine-clearing vehicle based on the BMP-3 chassis. It is equipped with the anti-mine TMT-C trawl, and a remote weapon station turret with a 12.7 mm machine gun. BMP B-19 – BMP-3 hull with the turret replaced with the Epoch Remote Control Turret armed with one 57 mm cannon, four Kornet-EM anti-tank missiles and a Bulat guided missile system. Operators Map with BMP-3 operators in blue Current operators Azerbaijan – 88 BMP-3M. Cyprus – 43 delivered in 1995–1996. Indonesia – 54 BMP-3F & 1 BREM-L currently in service along with 21 BT-3Fs. (17 BMP-3F arrived in 2010 and another 37 BMP-3F & 1 BREM-L were received in 2014.) Iraq – 300 BMP-3M IFVs ordered in 2015 delivered in 2018-2019. Kuwait – Currently 122 BMP-3 and 103 BMP-3M in service. 118 delivered in 1995–1996. A new contract was signed in 2013. Contract was executed on September 30, 2015. Russia – 760. Additional vehicles were reportedly delivered in 2022, in 2023 and 2024. South Korea – Currently 40 in service. 33 delivered in 1996–1997 to pay off Russian debt, and another 37 in 2005. Moscow was seeking the possibility of their return. Turkmenistan – 4 Ukraine – 4 inherited from the USSR in service; plus at least 60 vehicles captured during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine United Arab Emirates – 390 BMP-3 delivered in 1992–1997. Venezuela – 123 BMP-3M and BREM-L, first deliveries in 2011, completed in 2012. Failed bids Saudi Arabia – Application for 950. Greece – The Hellenic Army ordered 450 BMP-3 from Russia as part of a €1.7 billion deal but cancelled the order in 2011. India – In 2012 Russia offered a transfer of the BMP-3 technology to the Indian Army if it would cancel its homegrown $10 billion Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) program, but in November 2013 India rejected the offer. Philippines – The Philippine Marine Corps was also interested in the BMP-3F. 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Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. ^ Russia is developing new 2S38 anti-aircraft system on BMP-3 chassis Archived 2018-02-03 at the Wayback Machine – Armyrecognition.com, 31 January 2018 ^ "Army 2018: tests began in Russia of guided ammunition for 2S38 Derivatsiya air defense system \| Army-2018 News Russia Online Show Daily \| defense security exhibition 2018 pictures gallery". 27 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-10-18. ^ "Russia to develop anti-drone shrapnel ammunition". TASS. Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. ^ "Russia has developed low cost programmable air explosive ammunition that can be detonated by laser remote control. \| jqknews". Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. ^ Russia plans to complete state trials of Derivatsiya-PVO self-propelled anti-aircraft gun in 2022. Army Recognition. 25 August 2020. ^ "Russian Udar UCGV Unmanned Combat Ground Vehicle will be a fully autonomous robotic system TASS 12707161 \| weapons defence industry military technology UK \| analysis focus army defence military industry army". 27 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. ^ Russia defense industry unveils the UDAR first unmanned BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle Archived 2015-10-09 at the Wayback Machine – Armyrecognition.com, 6 October 2015 ^ "Russian army will use Vikhr UGV unmanned ground vehicle BMP-3 IFV robotic military system 12603174 \| weapons defence industry military technology UK \| analysis focus army defence military industry army". 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. ^ "Russia has serious ambitions for military robotics – Business Insider". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Vikhr: Reborn as Robot. Russian UGV equipped with drones and a precision battle module" – via YouTube. ^ "Prokhod Armour-plated Minesweeping Robot \| MilitaryLeak". 19 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. ^ Russian army tests its new BMP B-19 armed with 57mm cannon and Kornet-EM missiles. Army Recognition. 1 January 2022. ^ The Military Balance, 2022, p.183 ^ "US asks Cyprus to transfer T-80U tanks BMP-3 IFVs S-300 and Tor-M1 air defense missiles to Ukraine \| Defense News April 2022 Global Security army industry \| Defense Security global news industry army year 2022 \| Archive News year". Armyrecognition.com. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-11. ^ "Indonesia buys BT-3F and BMP-3F armored vehicles from Russia \| April 2019 Global Defense Security army news industry \| Defense Security global news industry army 2019 \| Archive News year". 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-04-25. ^ Kementerian Pertahanan Ri. "Tank BMP-3F Resmi Perkuat TNI AL" (in Indonesian). Dephan.go.id. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-11-12. ^ JPNN. "37 Unit Tank Amfibi BMP-3F Lengkapi Koleksi Korps Marinir". Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014. ^ "Penyerahan 37 Tank BMP-3F dan 1 Unit Brem-L". www.kemhan.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-06-28. ^ "Analysis: Iraqi army BMP-3 Russian-made IFV Infantry Fighting Vehicle tracked armored \| weapons defence industry military technology UK \| analysis focus army defence military industry army". www.armyrecognition.com. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 2023-08-12. ^ The Military Balance, 2022, p.352 ^ a b c Jane's Armour and Artillery 2003-2004 ^ Pike, John. "Kuwait – Army Equipment". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2014-12-28. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Россия завершает выполнение последнего контракта на поставку Кувейту БМП-3". www.armstrade.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-11. ^ "Russia completes BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles delivery to Kuwait — manufacturer". Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-09-30. ^ The Military Balance, 2022, p.194, 199 ^ "Russian tech firm fulfils 2022 defense procurement plan for armor delivery to troops". Moscow: TASS. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "ЦАМТО / / «Ростех»: Минобороны получило очередную партию новых БМП-3 с «Курганмашзавода»". ^ "ЦАМТО / / Минобороны передана очередная партия БМП-3". ^ "ЦАМТО / / «Курганмашзавод» в конце октября поставил Минобороны новую партию БМП-3". ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием (in Russian). 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-11-01. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Гвардейская часть ЦВО получила на вооружение современные боевые машины пехоты БМП-3". armstrade.org (in Russian). 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-10. ^ "Ростех поставил Минобороны РФ очередную партию БМП-3". Ростех (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-04-06. ^ России, Официальный источник Минобороны (2024-04-15). "Батальонный комплект новых БМП-3 поступил на вооружение ЦВО". ФИА ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-04-16. ^ The Military Balance, 2022, p.284 ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Russia to buy back T-80 tanks and BMP-3 IFVs from South Korea \| Echelon-Defense". Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-16. ^ Jane's Sentinel: Turkmenistan (2011) ^ "Ground Forces Equipment - Ukraine". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ "Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022. ^ The Military Balance, 2022, p.374 ^ Alexándrova, María (2019-02-11). "El carro de combate ruso BMP-3, vehículo principal de la infantería de Venezuela". Russia Beyond ES (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-03-29. ^ The Military Balance, 2022, p.434 ^ Completed vehicle deliveries Archived 2013-02-14 at the Wayback Machine – Ruaviation.com, July 20, 2012 ^ "Venezuela; Army incepts new batch of BMP-3". dmilt.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2014. ^ Iraq and Saudi Arabia plan to acquire BMP-3 armoured infantry fighting vehicles from Russia Archived 2015-10-03 at the Wayback Machine – Armyrecognition.com, 30 September 2015 ^ "EU-Russia Watch 2012" (PDF). University of Tartu Press. April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015. ^ "Russia offers to India to transfer technology of BMP-3 AIFV armoured infantry fighting vehicle". 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015. ^ "India Rejects BMP-3 Offer, Will Maintain FICV Program". Springfield, Virginia: Defense News. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2015. ^ "Филиппины проявляют интерес к российской БМП-3Ф". 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-16. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMP-3. Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMP-3. External videoson Zvezda_live13.0 Official YouTube Channel(in Russian) Military acceptance. Engines for infantry fighting vehicles on YouTube BMP-3F Amphibious infantry fighting armoured vehicle Technical Data Sheet and pictures BMP-3 from ArmyRecognition.com (French) Kurganmashzavod manufacturer's site. BMP-3 at fas.org Video presentation of BMP-3 BMP on Armour.ws BMP-3 at GlobalSecurity.org vteSoviet and Russian armoured fighting vehicles after World War IITanks T-10 PT-76 T-54/T-55 T-62 T-64 T-72 T-80 T-90 T-14 Armata Armoured personnel carriersTracked BTR-50 MT-LB BTR-D GT-MU PTS Kurganets-25 Wheeled BTR-40 BTR-60 BTR-70 BTR-80 BTR-90 BPM-97 BTR-152 BTR Bumerang BTR Krymsk SBA-60K2 Bulat Infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1 BMP-2 BMP-3 BMD-1 BMD-2 BMD-3 BMD-4 BTR-T BMPT T-15 Armata Kurganets-25 Armored cars BRDM-1 BRDM-2 GAZ-46 GAZ Tigr GAZ Vodnik VPK-3927 Volk T-98 Kombat Typhoon Armoured trains Yenisei Volga Amur Baikal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bone morphogenetic protein 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"infantry fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"BMP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-1"},{"link_name":"BMP-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBMP-3_IFV_armored_infantry_fighting_vehicle_technical_data_\|_Russia_Russian_army_light_armoured_vehicle_UK_\|_Russia_Russian_army_military_equipment_vehicles_UK-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IncreaseFirepower-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"BMP3\" redirects here. For the protein, see Bone morphogenetic protein 3.Infantry fighting vehicleThe BMP-3 is a Soviet and Russian infantry fighting vehicle, successor to the BMP-1 and BMP-2. The abbreviation BMP stands for Boevaya Mashina Pekhoty (Боевая Машина Пехоты, literally \"infantry combat vehicle\").[3][4][5]","title":"BMP-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obyekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Agency_of_Automobiles_and_Tanks_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_of_the_Soviet_Union#Object_numbers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga,_Steven_J._1999-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"A. Blagonravov's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Aleksandrovich_Blagonravov"},{"link_name":"autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"9M113 Konkurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M113_Konkurs"},{"link_name":"ATGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATGM"},{"link_name":"Victory Day parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kurganmashzavod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganmashzavod"},{"link_name":"Rubtsovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubtsovsk"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kurganets-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganets-25"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Russian Defence Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Defence_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Bumerang-BM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumerang-BM"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Zapad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapad_2021"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sergey Shoigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The design of the BMP-3 (Obyekt 688M) can be traced back to the Obyekt 685 light tank prototype with an 2A48-1 100 mm gun from 1975.[6] The prototype did not enter series production, but the chassis, with a new engine, was used for the next-generation infantry combat vehicle Obyekt 688[7] from A. Blagonravov's design bureau. The Ob. 688's original weapon configuration consisting of an externally mounted Shipunov 2A42 30 mm autocannon, a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun and twin 9M113 Konkurs ATGM launcher was rejected; instead, the new 2K23 armament system was selected. The resulting BMP-3 was developed in the early 1980s and entered service with the Soviet Army officially in 1987. It was shown for the first time in public during the 1990 Victory Day parade and was given the NATO code IFV M1990/1.[citation needed]The BMP-3 is designed and produced by the Kurganmashzavod (\"Kurgan Machine Building Plant\") some variants however are built by the Rubtsovsk Machine Building Plant (RMZ), for example the BRM-3K.[8]In May 2015, the Russian Defense Ministry signed a three-year contract to receive \"hundreds\" of BMP-3 vehicles to maintain its armored vehicle force until its replacement, the Kurganets-25, completes research and development. In the process of the BMP's serial production, the vehicle's design underwent 1,500 amendments.[9] The contract was fully executed in 2017.[10][11] 200 more received in 2018-2019 and 168 more in production to be delivered in 2020–2021 with additional protection.[12][13]In the Army-2017 show, the Russian Defence Ministry signed a contract covering the first deliveries of an unspecified number of BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) fitted with the Bumerang-BM turret, also known as the B-19 variant.[14] The BMP-3 B-19 took part in the large-scale Russian-Belarusian exercise Zapad in September 2021.[15]In 2022, Russia started to promote to the international market a BMP-3 with a remotely controlled combat module.[16] The batches of vehicles delivered to the Russian troops since 2023 are equipped with the Sodema main sight and extra protection as well as the ability to install ERA.[17][18][19]Kurganmashzavod reported in May 2023 that during the first quarter of the year it supplied the same amount of vehicles it did in the whole of 2019.[20] In July 2023, Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu stated that the supplies and repair of BMP-3 by Kurganmashzavod had surged 2.1 times since early 2022.[21] Kurganmashzavod reported in early September 2023 that the supply of BMP-3 increased by 3 times at comparison with peacetime.[22]","title":"Production history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9M117 Bastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M117_Bastion"},{"link_name":"HEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary"},{"link_name":"AP-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_ammunition"},{"link_name":"PKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKT_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"HE-Frag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030223-N-1050K-001_UAE_offloads_a_BMP3_Tank_at_a_Kuwaiti_port_facility_from_its_Elbahia_L62_landing_craft.jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"autoloader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoloader"},{"link_name":"searchlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga,_Steven_J._1999-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMP-3_(6).jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"FLIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLIR"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IncreaseFirepower-4"},{"link_name":"Patria Armoured Modular Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patria_AMV"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"remote weapon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_weapon_station"},{"link_name":"9M120 Ataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M120_Ataka"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armyreco25aug17-32"},{"link_name":"main battle tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlNew_BMP-3_IFV_fitted_with_a_gun_mount_system_AU-220m_armed_with_a_57_mm_automatic_cannon_10909152_\|_RAE_2015_News_Official_Online_Show_Daily_Coverage_\|_Defence_security_military_exhibition_2015-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRussian_BTR-82_armoured_personnel_carrier_could_be_upgraded_with_AU-220M_turret_57_mm_cannon_TASS_10810161_\|_weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_UK_\|_analysis_focus_army_defence_military_industry_army-35"}],"sub_title":"Weaponry and optics","text":"The BMP-3 is one of the most heavily armed infantry combat vehicles in service. The original version has a turret fitted with a low-velocity 2A70 100 mm rifled gun which can fire conventional shells or 9M117 Bastion Anti Tank Guided Missiles (AT-10 Stabber). It carries 40 100 mm rounds and 8 ATGMs. A 2A72 30 mm dual feed autocannon with 500 (300 HEI and 200 AP-T) rounds and a rate of fire of 350 to 400 rounds per minute and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 2,000 rounds are mounted coaxially in the turret. The main gun elevates from −5° to +60°.[23] There are also two 7.62 mm PKT bow machine guns, again with 2,000 rounds each. The BMP-3 is capable of engaging targets out to 5,000–6,000 metres with its ATGM weapon system 9K116-3 \"Basnya\". With conventional ammunition, such as the HE-Frag shell 3OF32, the 2A70 gun has a range of 4,000 metres.A BMP-3 of the UAE with a \"Namut\" thermal sightAccording to the manufacturer's website, all weapons can be fired while still, on the move, and afloat with the same effectiveness. The ability to hit targets on the move with missiles was successfully demonstrated during competitive evaluations in the UAE in 1991.[24]The turret is fitted with the 2K23 system, which consists of an autoloader with 22 rounds (the remaining 18 rounds are stored in the hull), a 1V539 ballistic computer, a crosswind sensor, a 2E52-2 stabilising system, a 1D16-3 laser rangefinder, a 1K13-2 gunner's sight/guidance device, a PPB-1 gunner's sight and an OU-5-1 IR searchlight. Optional autoloader for ATGM missiles is also available. The commander has a combined optical sight 1PZ-10, a day/night vision device TKN-3MB and an IR searchlight OU-3GA2.[6]Rear view of a BMP-3, showing how troops are expected to exit the vehicleSince 2005, the BMP-3 can be fitted with a new fire control system from the \"Peleng\" Joint Stock Company from Belarus. This consists of a SOZH-M gunner's main sight with an integrated laser rangefinder and missile guidance channel, a Vesna-K targeting system with thermal imaging camera and automatic target tracker AST-B, an armament stabilisation system, a ballistic computer with data input sensors and a PL-1 IR laser projector.[25][26][27] Since 2017, the BMP-3 is fitted with a new fire control system from the \"Vologda Optical-Mechanical Plant\" from Russia. This consists of a Sodema two-plane stabilized gunner's main sight with an integrated laser rangefinder and missile guidance channel plus a SOZH-M thermal imaging camera.[28]Standard equipment includes five firing ports with associated vision blocks, an R-173 transceiver, an R-173P receiver, a GO-27 radiation and chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V \"Tucha-2\" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers.BMP-3M is equipped with Bakhcha-U turret, which has similar weapons to the original BMP-3 turret but with a new dual-channel FLIR gunner's sight, commander's panoramic thermal imaging device, vertical-storage conveyor, new autoloader, and a new sighting system. It also has a stronger armor on the turret, and two-axis stabilisation.[4]The turret of the BMP-3 has been fitted to the Patria Armoured Modular Vehicle and on the Turkish-UAE RABDAN 8x8 IFV.[29][30][31]In August 2017, a BMP-3M was presented with a new ATGM remote weapon station fitted on the standard turret carrying two 9M120 Ataka (AT-9 Spiral-2) missiles.[32]In June 2018, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that BMP-3s would be fitted with the AU-220M combat module equipped with a 57 mm cannon. The module can carry 80 rounds and fire 80 rounds per minute including air burst, high-explosive, fragmentation, armor-piercing and guided munitions with a maximum range of 14.5 km (9.0 mi), and can even punch through side armor of main battle tanks.[33][34][35]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga,_Steven_J._1999-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga,_Steven_J._1999-6"},{"link_name":"auger-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_conveyor"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Mobility","text":"The vehicle has an unconventional layout. The engine is in the back of the vehicle to the right (unlike most other IFVs, which have the engine located forward in the hull). As a result, the driver is seated forward in the hull (in the center) together with two infantrymen (one on each side of the driver). The vehicle has a double bottom, and the engine is located under the floor of the vehicle (troops enter/leave the vehicle over the engine).[36] The remaining five infantrymen are seated aft of the two-man turret.[6]Early models were powered by a 450 hp engine UTD-29, but most BMP-3s are now equipped with the 500 hp UTD-29M version. The engine was developed at the Transmash Diesel Engine Plant in Barnaul.[6] The BMP-3 has a range of 600 km, an altitude of operation of up to 3,000 m and it is transportable by train, truck, sea, and air. The BMP-3 engine is a diesel four-stroke, liquid-cooled design. The transmission is a four-speed hydromechanical power unit, with power takeoff to its water jets. The suspension is independent, with a torsion bar and six hydraulic shock absorbers. Steering is by gear differential with hydrostatic drive. The track adjusting mechanism is remotely controlled from the driver's station, with tension force indication. The water-jet propulsion unit is single-stage, axial, auger-type.[37]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-znamia.ru-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"reactive armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_armour"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Shtora-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtora-1"},{"link_name":"Nakidka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakidka"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-znamia.ru-38"},{"link_name":"Rostec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostec"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Countermeasures","text":"The hull and turret are made of a high-strength aluminum alloy, with the front of the hull being provided with an extra steel plate welded over it plus spaced armor from the trim vane. The turret is also provided with a thick steel spaced armour shield over its frontal arc. Over the frontal arc, the vehicle is protected against 30 mm gun rounds at a range of 200 m.[38] In addition to \"hard\" protection, the BMP-3's self-sealing fuel tank is located in front of the driver, directly behind the front armour plating. It is specially constructed to act as armour, effective against shaped charge warheads as well as any autocannon shells that managed to go through the front armour.The BMP-3 can create a smoke screen by injecting fuel into the exhaust manifolds.[39][40] A chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V \"Tucha-2\" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers are standard.At least two distinct sets of explosive reactive armour kit are currently available, giving the BMP-3 protection from less advanced rocket propelled grenades. One of them is the Kaktus ERA kit, which has a unique design that creates minimal acoustic and kinetic backlash to the armour behind it upon detonation, thus ensuring that the occupants will not be harmed by shockwaves from the ERA block. The ERA blocks will completely disintegrate after detonation. According to Kurganmashzavod, the BMP-3 may also be fitted with additional side armor tiles, which can resist .50 caliber armour-piercing ammunition perpendicularly at close ranges. They give the BMP-3 added side protection from autocannon fire as well. BMP-3s serial production with ERA started as of November 2022.[41]The BMP-3 also has the ability to carry a Shtora-1 electro-optical jammer that disrupts semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) antitank guided missiles, laser rangefinders and target designators. Shtora is a soft-kill, or passive-countermeasure system. BMP-3s serial production with the Nakidka camouflage system started as of May 2024.[42]The standard weight of the vehicle is 18.7 tonnes. If additional armour overlay (metal sheet of armour and Kaktus ERA) is installed, the weight will reach to 22.2 tonnes. The body covered from the sides and the top. In such kit, it is protected against 12.7 mm machine gun rounds in the range of 100–200 m.[38] Rostec reported in September 2023 that the production of additional protection kits for the BMP-3 increased 30 times in comparison with 2022.[43] BMP-3 is manufactured with the use of a synthetic fire-resistant material which makes difficult the detection by observation systems, including thermal imagers, since June 2024.[44]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"First Chechen War","text":"The BMP-3 saw action with the Russian forces during the First Chechen War.[45]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Kosovo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Kosovo","text":"In 2000, the United Arab Emirates deployed some BMP-3s in peacekeeping operations during the Kosovo War.[46]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen","text":"The BMP-3 also saw military use with Emirati forces during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, where it is currently deployed.[47]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"attack drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loitering_munition"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Russo-Ukrainian War","text":"An abandoned Russian BMP-3 during the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineThe BMP-3 has been used during the post-2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by Russian forces. An unknown number have been put into service by the Armed Forces of Ukraine after being captured.[48] Ukrainian anti-tank missiles and attack drones have been able to overcome protection systems on the BMP-3 such as reactive and slat armor, so by 2024 they were increasingly being used for indirect fire support.[49]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBMP-3_Infantry_Combat_Vehicle_%E2%80%93_Army_Technology-50"},{"link_name":"rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBMP-3M_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicle_(IFV)_%E2%80%93_Army_Technology-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Shtora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtora"},{"link_name":"active protection systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_protection_system"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBMP-3M_IFV_Armoured_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicle_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_video_12803164_\|_Russia_Russian_army_light_armoured_vehicle_UK_\|_Russia_Russian_army_military_equipment_vehicles_UK-54"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armyreco25aug17-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMP-3_with_B05Ya01_Berezhok_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berezhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-2020-178.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bumerang-BM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumerang-BM"},{"link_name":"BMP-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-2"},{"link_name":"intercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercom"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"seaworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaworthiness"},{"link_name":"sea state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_state"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBMP-3F_IFV_amphibious_tracked_armored_infantry_fighting_vehicle_\|_Russia_Russian_army_light_armoured_vehicle_UK_\|_Russia_Russian_army_military_equipment_vehicles_UK-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBMP-3F_Marines_Fighting_Vehicle_(MFV)_-_Naval_Technology-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBT-3F_Amphibious_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_\|_Military-Today.com-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlArmor:_BMP-3_Forced_To_Improve_Or_Die-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBRM-3K_Reconnaissance_Vehicle_\|_MilitaryLeak-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.janes.com-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BREM-L_-_TankBiathlon14part2-15.jpg"},{"link_name":"tonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khrizantema_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"9M123 Khrizantema (AT-15)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M123_Khrizantema"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlBMP-3_Khrizantema_Khrizantema-S_9P157_technical_data_sheet_specifications_description_pictures-70"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRN_defense"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBM-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Shturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K114_Shturm"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Kornet (AT-14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M133_Kornet"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Nuclear, biological and chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear,_Biological,_Chemical"},{"link_name":"Shturm-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K114_Shturm"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"2S31 Vena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2S31_Vena"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"UR-77 \"Meteorit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-77_Meteorit"},{"link_name":"mine-clearing line charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine-clearing_line_charge"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"2S31 Vena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2S31_Vena"},{"link_name":"mortar carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_carrier"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-url2S31_Vena_Self-Propelled,_Tracked_Mortar_Carrier_Combat_Vehicle_%E2%80%93_Russia-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-url2S31_Vena_self-propelled_mortar_carrier_data_sheet_specifications_information_intelligence_pictures_\|_Russia_Russian_army_vehicles_system_artillery_UK_\|_Russia_Russian_army_military_equipment_vehicles_UK-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2S38_BMP-3_PVO.jpg"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlNew_Russian-made_Derivatsiya-PVO_57_mm_anti-aircraft_artillery_system_ready_for_tests_in_2017_\|_Thai_Military_and_Asian_Region-85"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"cruise missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRussia_Derivatsiya-PVO_anti-aircraft_artillery_system_to_undergo_state_trials_in_2019_\|_March_2019_Global_Defense_Security_army_news_industry_\|_Defense_Security_global_news_industry_army_2019_\|_Archive_News_year-86"},{"link_name":"Laser-guided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-guided"},{"link_name":"air burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_burst"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlArmy_2018:_tests_began_in_Russia_of_guided_ammunition_for_2S38_Derivatsiya_air_defense_system_\|_Army-2018_News_Russia_Online_Show_Daily_\|_defense_security_exhibition_2018_pictures_gallery-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlTASS:_Military_&_Defense_%E2%80%93_Russia_to_develop_anti-drone_shrapnel_ammunition-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRussia_has_developed_low_cost_programmable_air_explosive_ammunition_that_can_be_detonated_by_laser_remote_control._\|_jqknews-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"UDAR UGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UDAR_UGV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Unmanned ground vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle"},{"link_name":"DUBM-30 Epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_Remote_Control_Turret"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRussian_Udar_UCGV_Unmanned_Combat_Ground_Vehicle_will_be_a_fully_autonomous_robotic_system_TASS_12707161_\|_weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_UK_\|_analysis_focus_army_defence_military_industry_army-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Vikhr UGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikhr_UGV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Unmanned ground vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle"},{"link_name":"BMD-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMD-3"},{"link_name":"9M133M Kornet-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M133M_Kornet-M"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRussian_army_will_use_Vikhr_UGV_unmanned_ground_vehicle_BMP-3_IFV_robotic_military_system_12603174_\|_weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_UK_\|_analysis_focus_army_defence_military_industry_army-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRussia_has_serious_ambitions_for_military_robotics_%E2%80%93_Business_Insider-95"},{"link_name":"drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlVikhr:_Reborn_as_Robot._Russian_UGV_equipped_with_drones_and_a_precision_battle_module_%E2%80%93_YouTube-96"},{"link_name":"mine-clearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine-clearing"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlProkhod_Armour-plated_Minesweeping_Robot_\|_MilitaryLeak-97"},{"link_name":"Epoch Remote Control Turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_Remote_Control_Turret"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"BMP-3 – Basic version, as described.[50]\nBMP-3M – KBP and Kurganmashzavod have upgraded the vehicle with a new engine and turret with a new ATGM system 9K116-3 Basnya. The upgraded vehicle is called the BMP-3M and the new Bakhcha-U turret includes a new automatic fire control system with ballistic computer, new Sodema gunner's sight with laser rangefinder and an ATGM guidance channel, thermal imager, TKN-AI commander's vision device with laser illuminator and new ammunition loading system for ATGM.[51][52] The BMP-3M is also able to fire various ammunition types, including new 100 mm laser-guided projectiles, new 100 mm HE-FRAG (high explosive fragmentation) rounds and new 30 mm APDS (armour piercing discarding sabot) rounds. Its additional auxiliary armour shields are effective against 12.7 mm armour-piercing rounds from a range of 50 m. Since November 2022 all upgraded vehicles have Kaktus ERA. The new uprated engine is the UTD-32, which is rated at 660 hp.[53] There are actually several different M models, some fitted with additional armour, \"Arena-E\" or \"Shtora-1\" active protection systems, air conditioner etc.[54]\nBMP-3M Ataka – BMP-3M version with a two men turret armed with the 30 mm 2A72 autocannon, and the 9M120-1 Ataka ATGM.[32]A BMP-3 fitted with the BMP-2 Berezhok turretBMP-3 fitted with the Bumerang-BM turretBMMP (bojevaya mashina morskoj pekhoti) – Version for naval infantry, fitted with the turret of the BMP-2.\nBMP-3K (komandnyi) – Tactical command variant, includes additional radio R-173, an intercom for seven users, an AB-R28 independent portable power unit, a navigation device TNA-4-6 and the \"Ainet\" air burst round detonation system. The BMP-3K lacks the bow machine guns and has its whip antennas mounted on the rear hull. Crew: 3+3.[55]\nBMP-3F – Armed with the standard 2K23 turret. Specially designed for operations at sea, with improved seaworthiness and buoyancy, capability to move afloat at sea state 3 and fire with the required accuracy at sea state 2. Compared to the basic model, the vehicle design features changes increasing flotation and vehicle stability: the self-entrenching equipment is omitted, a lightweight anti-surge vane and an air intake tube are introduced; the BMP-3F turret is also protected by anti-surge vanes. Water jet propellers develop a speed of 10 km/h when afloat. The BMP-3F design allows the vehicle to come ashore under rough sea conditions and to tow the same-type vehicle. A new main sight, the SOZH, which has an integrated laser rangefinder and an ATGM guidance channel, is installed. This version can endure continuous amphibious operation for seven hours with the running engine.[56][57][58]\nBT-3F – Amphibious version based on BMP-3F with the original turret replaced by a smaller remote weapon station with either 7.62, 12.7 or 14.5 mm machine gun. It can accommodate a crew commander, driver, gunner, and 14 troops, and can use optional ERA armor.[59][60]\nBRM-3K \"Rys\" (Ob.501) (boyevaya razvedivatel'naya mashina) – Surveillance and reconnaissance variant with 1PN71 thermal sight (3.7x/11x, 3 km range), 1PN61 active-pulse night vision device ( 3 km range), 1RL-133-1 (\"TALL MIKE\") I-band surveillance radar (3 km man, 12 km vehicle), 1V520 computer and a TNA-4-6 navigation system. The armament consists of the stabilized 30 mm autocannon 2A72 (600 rounds) and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun (2,000 rounds) or AU-220M Baikal remote weapon station with 57 mm BM-57 autocannon and 7.62 mm PKMT machine gun.[61] Combat weight: 19 t, crew: 6.[62] In 1993, Russia started quantity production of BRM-3K vehicles.[63][64]\nBMP-3 Dragoon – New IFV version with an unmanned turret which can be armed with a variety of combat modules, including standard BMP-3's Bakhcha-U turret with a 2A70 100 mm cannon, a 2A72 30 mm autocannon and a PKTM 7.62 mm machine gun, the AU-220M Baikal remote weapon station module with a 57 mm BM-57 gun and a module with a 125 mm 2A82-1M tank gun, the new 816 hp turbocharged UTD-32T engine and powerplant moved to the front, and a hydraulic ramp fitted to the rear. It is reported that its trials were finished in October 2017.[65][66]BREM-L \"Beglianka\" of the Russian armyBREM-L \"Beglianka\" (Ob.691) (bronirovannaya remontno-evakuatsionnaya mashina) – Armoured recovery vehicle with five-tonne crane and 20/40 tonne capacity winch.[67][68][69]9P157-2 \"Khrizantema-SBMP-3 \"Khrizantema-S\" (9P157-2) – Self-propelled anti-tank version with 9M123 Khrizantema (AT-15) ATGM system with radar and laser guidance.[70] The 9P157-2 carries two 9M123 missiles on launch rails, which are extended from a stowed position; the radar is also stowed during transit. The missiles are reloaded automatically from an internal magazine with 15 rounds (missiles are stored and transported in sealed canisters) and can also accept munitions manually loaded from outside the vehicle. The manufacturer claims that three 9P157-2 tank destroyers are able to engage 14 attacking tanks and destroy at least sixty percent of the attacking force. The dual guidance system ensures protection against electronic countermeasures and operation in all climatic conditions, day or night. NBC protection is provided for the crew (gunner and driver) of each 9P157-2 in addition to full armour protection equivalent to the standard BMP-3 chassis and entrenching equipment.[71] The 9M123 missile itself is supersonic, flying at an average speed of 400 m/s (Mach 1.2) and a range of between 400 and 6,000 meters.[72] Entered service in 2005.[73] More than 10 sets of new anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) complexes \"Khrizantema-S\" on the crawler, which replaced the complexes \"Shturm\", entered the artillery units of the Southern Military District, based in Ingushetia, in November 2012.[74] Khrizantema vehicles are fielded with artillery units.[75]\n9P163M-1 \"Kornet-T\" – Anti-tank version with Kornet (AT-14) missile system. Some sources call it the 9P162. The Kornet is similar in function to the Khrizantema missile system. The 9P163M-1 carries two 9M133 missiles on launch rails, which are extended from a stowed position during transit. Missiles are reloaded automatically by the tank destroyer from an internal magazine with 16 rounds (missiles are stored and transported in sealed canisters).[76] Nuclear, biological and chemical protection is provided for the two crew members (gunner and driver) in addition to full armour protection equivalent to the standard BMP-3 chassis. The guidance system of the 9P163M-1 allows two missiles to be fired at once, the missiles operating on different guidance (laser) channels. The first Kornet-T missile carriers were delivered in 2003 to replace the Shturm-S, and the first batch of 20 vehicles entered service in 2012. The Kornet-T is used by motorized units.[77]\n2S18 \"Pat-S\" (Ob.697) – Self-propelled version of the 152 mm howitzer 2A61 \"Pat-B\". This was only a prototype, further development led to the 2S31 Vena.[78]\nDZM \"Vostorg-2\" (dorozhno-zemlerojnaya mashina) – Combat engineer vehicle with a dozerblade and excavating bucket. Prototype.\nUR-07 (ustanovka razminirovaniya) – Mine clearing system. The UR-07 might replace the UR-77 \"Meteorit\". It has the same chassis as the BMP-3 but a bigger steel hull with two launch ramps in the rear. The ramps are used to fire rockets towing hose-type mine-clearing line charges to clear mine fields.[79]\nUNSh (Ob.699) (unifitsirovannyj shassi) – Basic chassis for specialised variants.[80]\nKhTM (khodovoj trenazhor) – Driver trainer.\nHermes or TKB-841 – Air-defence vehicle with high-velocity missiles and radar system. Prototype.[81]\n2S31 Vena – Self-propelled mortar carrier equipped with a 120 mm mortar based on BMP-3 chassis. It entered production in 1996 and service in 2010.[82][83][84]2S38 BMP-3 Derivatsiya-PVO2S38 ZAK-57 Derivatsiya-PVO – Self-propelled air defense vehicle based on BMP-3 chassis fitted with a 57 mm autocannon and passive reconnaissance and target tracking equipment.[85] It is designed to shoot down unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, aircraft, helicopters, and MLRS rockets.[86] 2S38 is equipped with a TV/thermal-imaging system with automatic target lock-on and tracking capabilities, a laser rangefinder and a laser guidance system. The optical and electronic target acquisition system can spot an aircraft at 6.4 km (4.0 mi) and using sectoral observation can detect aircraft over 12 km (7.5 mi) out. The cannon is fast enough to destroy targets traveling 500 m/s (1,100 mph; 1,800 km/h; Mach 1.5). Laser-guided, air burst and specialized anti-drone munitions for ZAK-57 are in development. Its guided projectiles have four wings folded in the casing and controlled by the actuator in the projectile's nose section, using the energy of the airflow to steer themselves to the target.[87][88][89][90] Planned to complete state trials in 2022.[91]\nUDAR UGV – Unmanned ground vehicle based on the tracked chassis of the BMP-3 with the center hull raised to fit the DUBM-30 Epoch armed with 2A42 autocannon, 7.62 mm PKMT machine gun, and Kornet-M ATGM.[92][93]\nVikhr UGV – Unmanned ground vehicle based on BMD-3 equipped with a smaller turret armed with 2A72 autocannon, 7.62 mm PKMT coaxial machine gun and six anti-tank guided missiles 9M133M Kornet-M, three on each side of the turret.[94][95] It can carry separate aerial and ground drones.[96]\nProkhod-1 – Unmanned mine-clearing vehicle based on the BMP-3 chassis. It is equipped with the anti-mine TMT-C trawl, and a remote weapon station turret with a 12.7 mm machine gun.[97]\nBMP B-19 – BMP-3 hull with the turret replaced with the Epoch Remote Control Turret armed with one 57 mm cannon, four Kornet-EM anti-tank missiles and a Bulat guided missile system.[98]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMP-3_Users.png"}],"text":"Map with BMP-3 operators in blue","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-107"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armstrade.sipri.org-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oryx-124"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-107"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armstrade.sipri.org-120"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"Azerbaijan – 88 BMP-3M.[99]\n Cyprus – 43 delivered in 1995–1996. [100]\n Indonesia – 54 BMP-3F & 1 BREM-L currently in service along with 21 BT-3Fs.[101] (17 BMP-3F arrived in 2010[102] and another 37 BMP-3F & 1 BREM-L were received in 2014.)[103][104]\n Iraq – 300 BMP-3M IFVs ordered in 2015 delivered in 2018-2019.[105]\n Kuwait – Currently 122 BMP-3 and 103 BMP-3M in service.[106] 118 delivered in 1995–1996.[107][108] A new contract was signed in 2013.[109] Contract was executed on September 30, 2015.[110]\n Russia – 760.[111] Additional vehicles were reportedly delivered in 2022,[112] in 2023 and 2024.[113][114][115][116][117][118]\n South Korea – Currently 40 in service.[119] 33 delivered in 1996–1997[107] to pay off Russian debt, and another 37 in 2005.[120] Moscow was seeking the possibility of their return.[121]\n Turkmenistan – 4[122]\n Ukraine – 4 inherited from the USSR[123] in service; plus at least 60 vehicles captured during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[124]\n United Arab Emirates – 390 BMP-3[125] delivered in 1992–1997.[107]\n Venezuela – 123 BMP-3M[126] and BREM-L,[127] first deliveries in 2011,[120] completed in 2012.[128][129]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armyreco30sept15-130"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Army"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"Failed bids","text":"Saudi Arabia – Application for 950.[130]Greece – The Hellenic Army ordered 450 BMP-3 from Russia as part of a €1.7 billion deal but cancelled the order in 2011.[131]\n India – In 2012 Russia offered a transfer of the BMP-3 technology to the Indian Army if it would cancel its homegrown $10 billion Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) program, but in November 2013 India rejected the offer.[132][133]\n Philippines – The Philippine Marine Corps was also interested in the BMP-3F.[134]","title":"Operators"}]	[{"image_text":"A BMP-3 of the UAE with a \"Namut\" thermal sight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_Navy_030223-N-1050K-001_UAE_offloads_a_BMP3_Tank_at_a_Kuwaiti_port_facility_from_its_Elbahia_L62_landing_craft.jpg/220px-US_Navy_030223-N-1050K-001_UAE_offloads_a_BMP3_Tank_at_a_Kuwaiti_port_facility_from_its_Elbahia_L62_landing_craft.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear view of a BMP-3, showing how troops are expected to exit the vehicle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BMP-3_%286%29.jpg/220px-BMP-3_%286%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An abandoned Russian BMP-3 during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg/220px-Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A BMP-3 fitted with the BMP-2 Berezhok turret","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BMP-3_with_B05Ya01_Berezhok_05.jpg/220px-BMP-3_with_B05Ya01_Berezhok_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"BMP-3 fitted with the Bumerang-BM turret","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Army-2020-178.JPG/220px-Army-2020-178.JPG"},{"image_text":"BREM-L \"Beglianka\" of the Russian army","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/BREM-L_-_TankBiathlon14part2-15.jpg/220px-BREM-L_-_TankBiathlon14part2-15.jpg"},{"image_text":"9P157-2 \"Khrizantema-S","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khrizantema_1.jpg/220px-Khrizantema_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"2S38 BMP-3 Derivatsiya-PVO","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2S38_BMP-3_PVO.jpg/220px-2S38_BMP-3_PVO.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map with BMP-3 operators in blue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/BMP-3_Users.png/295px-BMP-3_Users.png"}]	[{"title":"List of modern armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles"},{"title":"Mechanized infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry"},{"title":"BMD-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMD-4"},{"title":"BTR-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-T"},{"title":"Combat Vehicle 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90"},{"title":"Makran IFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran_IFV"},{"title":"M2 Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Bradley"},{"title":"Assault Amphibious Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle"},{"title":"Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_Fighting_Vehicle"},{"title":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(German_IFV)"},{"title":"Tulpar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulpar_(IFV)"},{"title":"T-15 Armata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-15_Armata"},{"title":"VPK-7829 Bumerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPK-7829_Bumerang"},{"title":"ZBD-04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZBD-04"},{"title":"ZBD-05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZBD-05"}]	[{"reference":"\"BMD-3 with Berezhok weapon system – Russia \| Thai Military and Asian Region\". 20 January 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ma_Creek	Ma Ma Creek, Queensland	["1 Geography","2 Road infrastructure","3 History","4 Demographics","5 Heritage listings","6 Education","7 Amenities","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 27°37′46″S 152°11′21″E / 27.6295°S 152.1891°E / -27.6295; 152.1891 (Ma Ma Creek (town centre)) Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Town in Queensland, AustraliaMa Ma CreekQueenslandMa Ma Creek Community Centre, 2014Ma Ma CreekCoordinates27°37′46″S 152°11′21″E / 27.6295°S 152.1891°E / -27.6295; 152.1891 (Ma Ma Creek (town centre))Population155 (2021 census) • Density6.60/km2 (17.08/sq mi)Postcode(s)4347Area23.5 km2 (9.1 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location 14.1 km (9 mi) SW of Gatton 39.2 km (24 mi) ESE of Toowoomba 68.2 km (42 mi) W of Ipswich 103 km (64 mi) WSW of Brisbane LGA(s)Lockyer Valley RegionState electorate(s)LockyerFederal division(s)Wright Localities around Ma Ma Creek: Lilydale VeradillaWinwill Lower Tenthill Flagstone Creek Ma Ma Creek Upper Tenthill Flagstone Creek Mount Whitestone Upper Tenthill Ma Ma Creek is a rural town and locality in the Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek had a population of 155 people. Geography Although there are some houses within the town, most of the population is living in rural residential blocks along the Gatton Clifton Road. Irrigated cropping also occurs along the road route with the remainder of the locality being used for grazing on natural vegetation. Ma Ma Creek (the watercourse) flows through from south to north. Road infrastructure The Gatton–Clifton Road (State Route 80) runs through from north-east to south. History Ma Ma Creek War Memorial, 2006 The town takes its name from the creek, which is a tributary of the Lockyer Creek and ultimately contributes into the Brisbane River which flows into Moreton Bay. The name Ma Ma is allegedly derived from the Aboriginal mia mia meaning bark huts. However, mia mia is an Aboriginal term from Western Australia, suggesting that Ma Ma was named by European settlers. Ma Ma Creek Post Office opened on 1 May 1884 (a receiving office had been open from 1881). The Ma Ma Creek War Memorial commemorates three brothers: James, George and Bertie Andrews who were all killed in action in World War I. The memorial was erected in 1920 by their mother Fleurine Elsie Andrews. Although a private monument, it is used by the wider community for ANZAC Day ceremonies. Ma Ma Creek Provisional School opened on 27 October 1880. On 21 January 1889 it became Ma Ma State School. Demographics In the 2011 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek and surrounding districts had a population of 403 people. In the 2016 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek had a population of 149 people. In the 2021 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek had a population of 155 people. Heritage listings Ma Ma Creek has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Gatton-Clifton Road: Ma Ma Creek War Memorial Education Ma Ma Creek State School, 2023 Ma Ma Creek State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 803 Gatton-Clifton Road (27°37′44″S 152°11′24″E / 27.6288°S 152.1900°E / -27.6288; 152.1900 (Ma Ma Creek State School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 16 students with 3 teachers (2 full-time equivalent) and 4 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent). There is no secondary school in Ma Ma Creek. The nearest secondary school is the Lockyer District State High School in Gatton. Amenities St Stephen's Anglican church and cemetery, 2006 The town has a community centre and general store. There are two churches, St Stephens Anglican church and a Church of Christ. St Stephens Anglican church has an associated cemetery. See also List of reduplicated Australian place names References ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Ma Ma Creek (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023. ^ a b "Ma Ma Creek – town in Lockyer Valley Region (entry 20329)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ "Ma Ma Creek – locality in Lockyer Valley Region (entry 44977)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ a b c "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ Google (15 September 2021). "Ma Ma Creek, Queensland" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 15 September 2021. ^ Premier Postal History. "Post Office List". Premier Postal Auctions. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014. ^ "Ma Ma Creek War Memorial". Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014. ^ Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0 ^ "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ "MA MA CREEK". Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 30 October 1880. p. 3. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Ma Ma Creek (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 9 August 2014. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Ma Ma Creek (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018. ^ "Ma Ma Creek War Memorial (entry 600514)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "Ma Ma Creek State School". Ma Ma Creek State School. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ "ACARA School Profile 2017". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ^ Google (11 October 2019). "Ma Ma Creek" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 11 October 2019. ^ "St Stephens at Ma Ma Creek". Anglican Parish of Gatton. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019. Further reading Neumann, Don; Ma Ma Creek State School (1980), Ma Ma Creek School Centenary, 1880-1980, School Centenary Committee, retrieved 11 October 2019 External links Media related to Ma Ma Creek, Queensland at Wikimedia Commons vteTowns and localities in the Lockyer Valley Region, South East Queensland Adare Ballard Black Duck Creek Blanchview Blenheim Brightview Buaraba South Caffey Carpendale Churchable College View Crowley Vale Derrymore East Haldon Egypt Fifteen Mile Flagstone Creek Fordsdale Forest Hill Gatton Glen Cairn Glenore Grove Grantham Hatton Vale Helidon Helidon Spa Ingoldsby Iredale Junction View Kensington Grove Kentville Laidley Laidley Creek West Laidley Heights Laidley North Laidley South Lake Clarendon Lawes Lefthand Branch Lilydale Lockrose Lockyer Lockyer Waters Lower Tenthill Lynford Ma Ma Creek Morton Vale Mount Berryman Mount Sylvia Mount Whitestone Mulgowie Murphys Creek Placid Hills Plainland Postmans Ridge Preston Regency Downs Ringwood Rockmount Rockside Ropeley Seventeen Mile Silver Ridge Spring Creek Stockyard Summerholm Thornton Townson Upper Flagstone Upper Lockyer Upper Tenthill Veradilla Vinegar Hill West Haldon White Mountain Winwill Withcott Woodbine Woodlands Main article: Local government areas of Queensland vteSouth East Queensland, QueenslandLocal government areas Brisbane Gold Coast Ipswich Logan Moreton Bay Noosa Redland Sunshine Coast Major urban centres Brisbane Gold Coast Sunshine Coast Towns Beenleigh Caboolture Caloundra Ipswich Nambour Springfield Nationalparks Bellthorpe Bribie Island Burleigh Head Conondale D'Aguilar Deer Reserve Dularcha Esk Eudlo Creek Ferntree Creek Fort Lytton Freshwater Gatton Glass House Mountains Kondalilla Lamington Lockyer Main Range Mapleton Falls Mooloolah River Moogerah Peaks Gheebulum Kunungai (Moreton Island) Mount Barney Mount Chinghee Mount Coolum Mount Pinbarren Naree Budjong Djara Nicoll Scrub Noosa Nerang Ravensbourne Sarabah Southern Moreton Bay Islands St Helena Island Springbrook Tamborine Teerk Roo Ra Tewantin Triunia Tuchekoi Venman Bushland West Cooroy Wickham Moreton Bay Marine Park Placesof interest Blackall Range Bribie Island Conondale Range Cunninghams Gap D'Aguilar Range Flinders Peak Group Glass House Mountains Moreton Bay Moreton Island Scenic Rim South Stradbroke Island Tamborine Mountain Wivenhoe Dam	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Ma_Ma_Creek%2C_Queensland"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Lockyer Valley Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockyer_Valley_Region"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnt-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-3"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-1"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Town in Queensland, AustraliaMa Ma Creek is a rural town and locality in the Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia.[2][3] In the 2021 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek had a population of 155 people.[1]","title":"Ma Ma Creek, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irrigated cropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-4"}],"text":"Although there are some houses within the town, most of the population is living in rural residential blocks along the Gatton Clifton Road. Irrigated cropping also occurs along the road route with the remainder of the locality being used for grazing on natural vegetation.[4] Ma Ma Creek (the watercourse) flows through from south to north.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gatton–Clifton Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatton%E2%80%93Clifton_Road"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Gatton–Clifton Road (State Route 80) runs through from north-east to south.[5]","title":"Road infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma_Ma_Creek_War_Memorial,_2006.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lockyer Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockyer_Creek"},{"link_name":"Brisbane River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_River"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-4"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnt-2"},{"link_name":"receiving office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiving_office"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_Office-6"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"ANZAC Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC_Day"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Ma Ma Creek War Memorial, 2006The town takes its name from the creek, which is a tributary of the Lockyer Creek and ultimately contributes into the Brisbane River which flows into Moreton Bay.[4] The name Ma Ma is allegedly derived from the Aboriginal mia mia meaning bark huts. However, mia mia is an Aboriginal term from Western Australia, suggesting that Ma Ma was named by European settlers.[2]Ma Ma Creek Post Office opened on 1 May 1884 (a receiving office had been open from 1881).[6]The Ma Ma Creek War Memorial commemorates three brothers: James, George and Bertie Andrews who were all killed in action in World War I. The memorial was erected in 1920 by their mother Fleurine Elsie Andrews. Although a private monument, it is used by the wider community for ANZAC Day ceremonies.[7]Ma Ma Creek Provisional School opened on 27 October 1880. On 21 January 1889 it became Ma Ma State School.[8][9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-11"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-12"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-1"}],"text":"In the 2011 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek and surrounding districts had a population of 403 people.[11]In the 2016 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek had a population of 149 people.[12]In the 2021 census, the locality of Ma Ma Creek had a population of 155 people.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heritage-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage-listed"},{"link_name":"Ma Ma Creek War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ma_Creek_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Ma Ma Creek has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:Gatton-Clifton Road: Ma Ma Creek War Memorial[13]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma_Ma_Creek_State_School,_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"27°37′44″S 152°11′24″E / 27.6288°S 152.1900°E / -27.6288; 152.1900 (Ma Ma Creek State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland&params=27.6288_S_152.19_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Ma+Ma+Creek+State+School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-16"},{"link_name":"Gatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-4"}],"text":"Ma Ma Creek State School, 2023Ma Ma Creek State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 803 Gatton-Clifton Road (27°37′44″S 152°11′24″E / 27.6288°S 152.1900°E / -27.6288; 152.1900 (Ma Ma Creek State School)).[14][15] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 16 students with 3 teachers (2 full-time equivalent) and 4 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).[16]There is no secondary school in Ma Ma Creek. The nearest secondary school is the Lockyer District State High School in Gatton.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma_Ma_Creek_Church,_entrance_view,_2006.JPG"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"St Stephen's Anglican church and cemetery, 2006The town has a community centre and general store. There are two churches, St Stephens Anglican church and a Church of Christ. St Stephens Anglican church has an associated cemetery.[17][18]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ma Ma Creek School Centenary, 1880-1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/work/8495521"}],"text":"Neumann, Don; Ma Ma Creek State School (1980), Ma Ma Creek School Centenary, 1880-1980, School Centenary Committee, retrieved 11 October 2019","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Ma Ma Creek War Memorial, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ma_Ma_Creek_War_Memorial%2C_2006.JPG/220px-Ma_Ma_Creek_War_Memorial%2C_2006.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ma Ma Creek State School, 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ma_Ma_Creek_State_School%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Ma_Ma_Creek_State_School%2C_2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Stephen's Anglican church and cemetery, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ma_Ma_Creek_Church%2C_entrance_view%2C_2006.JPG/220px-Ma_Ma_Creek_Church%2C_entrance_view%2C_2006.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of reduplicated Australian place names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reduplicated_Australian_place_names"}]	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Ma Ma Creek (SAL)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. 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Retrieved 6 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://monumentaustralia.org.au/display/93044-ma-ma-creek-war-memorial","url_text":"\"Ma Ma Creek War Memorial\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142411/http://monumentaustralia.org.au/display/93044-ma-ma-creek-war-memorial","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Family_History_Society","url_text":"Queensland Family History Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921171-26-0","url_text":"978-1-921171-26-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","url_text":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"MA MA CREEK\". Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 30 October 1880. p. 3. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2017 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122926805","url_text":"\"MA MA CREEK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Times,_Ipswich_Herald_And_General_Advertiser","url_text":"Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220623051135/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122926805","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Ma Ma Creek (State Suburb)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 9 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC30981","url_text":"\"Ma Ma Creek (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Ma Ma Creek (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC31728","url_text":"\"Ma Ma Creek (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ma Ma Creek War Memorial (entry 600514)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600514","url_text":"\"Ma Ma Creek War Memorial (entry 600514)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"State and non-state school details\". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"\"State and non-state school details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ma Ma Creek State School\". Ma Ma Creek State School. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mamacreekss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Ma Ma Creek State School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230301112025/https://mamacreekss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Google (11 October 2019). \"Ma Ma Creek\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/PzzSCSKMgv6j2DqX9","url_text":"\"Ma Ma Creek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"St Stephens at Ma Ma Creek\". Anglican Parish of Gatton. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stalbans.net.au/index.php/where-to-find-us/st-stephens-at-ma-ma-creek","url_text":"\"St Stephens at Ma Ma Creek\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191010230456/http://stalbans.net.au/index.php/where-to-find-us/st-stephens-at-ma-ma-creek","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Neumann, Don; Ma Ma Creek State School (1980), Ma Ma Creek School Centenary, 1880-1980, School Centenary Committee, retrieved 11 October 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8495521","url_text":"Ma Ma Creek School Centenary, 1880-1980"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland&params=27.6295_S_152.1891_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Ma+Ma+Creek+%28town+centre%29","external_links_name":"27°37′46″S 152°11′21″E / 27.6295°S 152.1891°E / -27.6295; 152.1891 (Ma Ma Creek (town centre))"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Ma_Ma_Creek%2C_Queensland","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ma_Ma_Creek,_Queensland&params=27.6295_S_152.1891_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Ma+Ma+Creek+%28town+centre%29","external_links_name":"27°37′46″S 152°11′21″E / 27.6295°S 152.1891°E / -27.6295; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojo_Industries	Gojo Industries	["1 History","2 Operations","2.1 Ownership","2.2 Products","2.3 Headquarters","3 References","4 External links"]	Manufacturing company based in Ohio, USA This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Gojo Industries" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gojo Industries, Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryConsumer goodsFounded1946; 78 years ago (1946)FoundersJerry and Goldie LippmanHeadquartersAkron, Ohio, United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey people Marcella Kanfer Rolnick (chairman) Carey Jaros (president and CEO) ProductsCleaning agents, hand sanitizers, Foam soap dispensersNumber of employees2,500Websitewww.gojo.comFootnotes / references Gojo Industries, Inc., is a privately held manufacturer of hand hygiene and skin care products founded in 1946, in Akron, Ohio, where it is again headquartered after a period in Cuyahoga Falls. One of its most well-known products is Purell, a hand sanitizer. It offers an electronic hand hygiene monitoring system for medical institutions. History Gojo was founded in Akron, Ohio, by Jerry and Goldie Lippman. During World War II, Goldie worked at the Miller Tire Co. rubber factory and Jerry at the Goodyear Aircraft plant. Like other employees there, both often came home with sticky, difficult-to-remove graphite, tar, and carbon on their hands and clothes. They disliked the products the cleaners used to clean their clothes, so they set out to find an effective cleaning product that could be used without water. Goldie and Jerry worked with Professor Clarence Cook of Kent State University’s chemistry department to formulate a heavy-duty hand cleaner. They called it Gojo Hand Cleaner and sold it to rubber workers, who had sometimes used benzene and other noxious chemicals to clean their skin. After the war they began marketing to automotive service facilities. They quit their factory jobs and started Gojo. The company's first name and product was GoGo, Goldie's nickname, but another company had already used the name, so the founders came up with Gojo, with the "G" standing for Goldie and the "J" standing for Jerry. In 1950, Gojo invented a liquid soap dispenser after realizing that users were using much more than was needed to clean their hands, causing buyers to think the product was too expensive. Jerry Lipmann filed a patent for this portion-limiting dispenser in 1952. The original product was meant to clean, not sanitize the skin. In 1988, the company developed the Purell product to disinfect hands. In 2004, Gojo sold Pfizer the exclusive rights to distribute Purell in the consumer market, while Gojo Industries retained the rights to existing industrial markets. In 2006, Pfizer sold its Consumer Healthcare division, and hence the rights to Purell, to Johnson & Johnson. In 2010, Gojo bought the brand back from Johnson & Johnson. In February 2014, Gojo Industries acquired privately held Laboratoires Prodene Klint of Croissy-Beaubourg, France. The acquisition allows both companies greater geographic footprint and increased manufacturing operations. Prodene Klint manufactures professional hygiene, cosmetics and disinfectant products. On June 6, 2015, Gojo launched its Gojo Smartlink Observation System, a mobile application that connects to Gojo Smartlink web-based software and allows for the electronic collection and collation of hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance metrics. On 1 January 2020, Carey Jaros became Gojo president and CEO. On April 30, 2024, after 10 years of disastrous management in Europe, Gojo Industries closes its establishments and asks to place Laboratoires Prodene Klint in receivership before imminent liquidation. Operations GOJO headquarters Gojo operates worldwide, with offices in the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Japan, and Brazil. It has factories in Ohio and across North America, as well as in Latin America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Gojo's main manufacturing and distribution facilities are at its Lippman Campus in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Ownership Gojo is a private, family-owned company. In 1946, Gojo was founded by Jerome "Jerry" Lippman and Goldie Lippman. Today, Marcella Kanfer Rolnick Chairs the company of her great uncle and aunt. Carey Jaros has been President and CEO since 2020. Marcella Kanfer Rolnick also runs The Lippman Kanfer Family Foundation focused on Jewish philanthropy and its sister organization Lippman Kanfer Foundation for Living Torah, along with other family members. Products Gojo manufactures and markets skin health and hygiene solutions for away-from-home settings. Its products include hand soaps and sanitizers, moisturizers, shower washes, shampoos, foam hand washes, surgical scrubs, perineal care products, skin conditioners, chemical removing hand cleaners, hand protection products, and dispensers. Gojo's products are usually found in public facilities. For many of these facilities, such as manufacturing and hospitals, Gojo makes placement guides recommending consumers place various Gojo product brands in strategic locations. Gojo's most popular products are its industrial hand soaps and sanitizers, as well as its Provon and Purell brands. Headquarters Gojo's main office is a 213,000 sq ft (19,788 m2) building at One Gojo Plaza on South Main Street in Akron, Ohio. The company bought the property from the City of Akron for $1 in 2000 as part of a deal to bring its headquarters to downtown Akron from Cuyahoga Falls. Originally the headquarters of Goodrich Corporation and then Michelin Americas Small Tires, the building now holds about 600 Gojo employees. References ^ "GOJO names Carey Jaros as president, CEO". 2019-11-06. ^ a b "Company Overview of GOJO Industries, Inc". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ "Our History Founding of GOJO and History of Our Products and Well-Being Solutions". gojo.com. ^ "GOJO Information". GOJO Industries, Inc. Retrieved 28 February 2009. ^ Walker, Jade (2005-03-21). "Jerry Lippman". The Blog of Death. Retrieved 2016-01-21. ^ "GOJO Company History". GOJO Industries. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-01-21. ^ a b Nosowitz, Dan. "The Surprising—And Surprisingly Contentious—History of Purell". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2020-03-29. ^ "Pfizer to Acquire PURELL(R) From GOJO; Alliance With GOJO and QualPak Will Drive Expansion of Brand". PR Newswire. 5 October 2004. ^ Saul, Stephanie (2006-06-27). "Johnson & Johnson Buys Pfizer Unit for $16.6 Billion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-18. ^ Byard, Katie (2010-10-30). "Purell brand handed back to Akron's GOJO". Akron Beacon Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-01-28. Retrieved 2010-10-30. GOJO — the Akron soap maker — purchased the Purell hand-sanitizer brand from Johnson & Johnson Consumer Cos. Inc. Financial terms were not disclosed. ^ Keren, Phil (9 February 2014). "GOJO acquires French company". Cuyahoga Falls News Press. Archived from the original on 2016-02-08. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ "GOJO Launches the GOJO® SMARTLINK™ Observation System". GOJO USA: Newsroom. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ "Akron Based GOJO Announces New CEO". 6 November 2019. ^ https://www.europeancleaningjournal.com/magazine/articles/latest-news/gojo-industries-to-close-european-operation ^ a b Lin-Fisher, Betty (5 December 2011). "GOJO CEO Kanfer takes life lessons from mentor, uncle". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ "Lippman Kanfer Family Philanthropies". Lippman Kanfer Family Philanthropies. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ "GOJO Skin Care Placement Guide" (PDF). GOJO Industries - Skin Care. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ Lin-Fisher, Betty (1 November 2015). "GOJO wants to sell its downtown Akron headquarters and lease it back". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved 21 January 2016. External links Gojo Industries website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hand hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_hygiene"},{"link_name":"Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Purell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purell"},{"link_name":"hand sanitizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOJO_Industries_Company_Information-4"}],"text":"Gojo Industries, Inc., is a privately held manufacturer of hand hygiene and skin care products founded in 1946, in Akron, Ohio, where it is again headquartered after a period in Cuyahoga Falls. One of its most well-known products is Purell, a hand sanitizer.[3] It offers an electronic hand hygiene monitoring system for medical institutions.[4]","title":"Gojo Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"Kent State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jerry_Lippman-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOJO_Company_History-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_Newswire-8"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akron_Beacon_Journal_-_Purell-10"},{"link_name":"Croissy-Beaubourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissy-Beaubourg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuyahoga_Falls_News_Press-11"},{"link_name":"personal protective equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOJO_USA:_Newsroom-12"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Gojo was founded in Akron, Ohio, by Jerry and Goldie Lippman. During World War II, Goldie worked at the Miller Tire Co. rubber factory and Jerry at the Goodyear Aircraft plant. Like other employees there, both often came home with sticky, difficult-to-remove graphite, tar, and carbon on their hands and clothes. They disliked the products the cleaners used to clean their clothes, so they set out to find an effective cleaning product that could be used without water. Goldie and Jerry worked with Professor Clarence Cook of Kent State University’s chemistry department to formulate a heavy-duty hand cleaner. They called it Gojo Hand Cleaner and sold it to rubber workers, who had sometimes used benzene and other noxious chemicals to clean their skin. After the war they began marketing to automotive service facilities. They quit their factory jobs and started Gojo.[5]The company's first name and product was GoGo, Goldie's nickname, but another company had already used the name, so the founders came up with Gojo, with the \"G\" standing for Goldie and the \"J\" standing for Jerry.[6]In 1950, Gojo invented a liquid soap dispenser after realizing that users were using much more than was needed to clean their hands, causing buyers to think the product was too expensive. Jerry Lipmann filed a patent for this portion-limiting dispenser in 1952.[7] The original product was meant to clean, not sanitize the skin. In 1988, the company developed the Purell product to disinfect hands.[7]In 2004, Gojo sold Pfizer the exclusive rights to distribute Purell in the consumer market, while Gojo Industries retained the rights to existing industrial markets.[8] In 2006, Pfizer sold its Consumer Healthcare division, and hence the rights to Purell, to Johnson & Johnson.[9] In 2010, Gojo bought the brand back from Johnson & Johnson.[10]In February 2014, Gojo Industries acquired privately held Laboratoires Prodene Klint of Croissy-Beaubourg, France. The acquisition allows both companies greater geographic footprint and increased manufacturing operations. Prodene Klint manufactures professional hygiene, cosmetics and disinfectant products.[11]On June 6, 2015, Gojo launched its Gojo Smartlink Observation System, a mobile application that connects to Gojo Smartlink web-based software and allows for the electronic collection and collation of hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance metrics.[12] On 1 January 2020, Carey Jaros became Gojo president and CEO.[13]On April 30, 2024, after 10 years of disastrous management in Europe, Gojo Industries closes its establishments and asks to place Laboratoires Prodene Klint in receivership before imminent liquidation.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GOJOAkron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akron_Beacon_Journal_-_GOJO_Family-15"}],"text":"GOJO headquartersGojo operates worldwide, with offices in the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Japan, and Brazil. It has factories in Ohio and across North America, as well as in Latin America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Gojo's main manufacturing and distribution facilities are at its Lippman Campus in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.[15]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akron_Beacon_Journal_-_GOJO_Family-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lippman_Kanfer_Family_Philanthropies-16"}],"sub_title":"Ownership","text":"Gojo is a private, family-owned company. In 1946, Gojo was founded by Jerome \"Jerry\" Lippman and Goldie Lippman. Today, Marcella Kanfer Rolnick Chairs the company of her great uncle and aunt. Carey Jaros has been President and CEO since 2020.[15] Marcella Kanfer Rolnick also runs The Lippman Kanfer Family Foundation focused on Jewish philanthropy and its sister organization Lippman Kanfer Foundation for Living Torah, along with other family members.[16]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_Business-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOJO_Placement_Guide-17"}],"sub_title":"Products","text":"Gojo manufactures and markets skin health and hygiene solutions for away-from-home settings. Its products include hand soaps and sanitizers, moisturizers, shower washes, shampoos, foam hand washes, surgical scrubs, perineal care products, skin conditioners, chemical removing hand cleaners, hand protection products, and dispensers.[2] Gojo's products are usually found in public facilities. For many of these facilities, such as manufacturing and hospitals, Gojo makes placement guides recommending consumers place various Gojo product brands in strategic locations.[17] Gojo's most popular products are its industrial hand soaps and sanitizers, as well as its Provon and Purell brands.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Goodrich Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodrich_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Michelin Americas Small Tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akron_Beacon_Journal_-_GOJO_HQ-18"}],"sub_title":"Headquarters","text":"Gojo's main office is a 213,000 sq ft (19,788 m2) building at One Gojo Plaza on South Main Street in Akron, Ohio. The company bought the property from the City of Akron for $1 in 2000 as part of a deal to bring its headquarters to downtown Akron from Cuyahoga Falls. Originally the headquarters of Goodrich Corporation and then Michelin Americas Small Tires, the building now holds about 600 Gojo employees.[18]","title":"Operations"}]	[{"image_text":"GOJO headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GOJOAkron.jpg/220px-GOJOAkron.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"GOJO names Carey Jaros as president, CEO\". 2019-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crainscleveland.com/manufacturing/gojo-names-carey-jaros-president-ceo","url_text":"\"GOJO names Carey Jaros as president, CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Overview of GOJO Industries, Inc\". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=4280035","url_text":"\"Company Overview of GOJO Industries, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our History Founding of GOJO and History of Our Products and Well-Being Solutions\". gojo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gojo.com/en/About-GOJO/History","url_text":"\"Our History Founding of GOJO and History of Our Products and Well-Being Solutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"GOJO Information\". GOJO Industries, Inc. Retrieved 28 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/company-information.aspx","url_text":"\"GOJO Information\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Jade (2005-03-21). \"Jerry Lippman\". The Blog of Death. Retrieved 2016-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blogofdeath.com/2005/03/21/jerry-lippman/","url_text":"\"Jerry Lippman\""}]},{"reference":"\"GOJO Company History\". GOJO Industries. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160425050514/http://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/company-information/history.aspx","url_text":"\"GOJO Company History\""},{"url":"http://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/company-information/history.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nosowitz, Dan. \"The Surprising—And Surprisingly Contentious—History of Purell\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/03/purell-hand-sanitizer-history","url_text":"\"The Surprising—And Surprisingly Contentious—History of Purell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pfizer to Acquire PURELL(R) From GOJO; Alliance With GOJO and QualPak Will Drive Expansion of Brand\". PR Newswire. 5 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pfizer-to-acquire-purellr-from-gojo-alliance-with-gojo-and-qualpak-will-drive-expansion-of-brand-74108702.html","url_text":"\"Pfizer to Acquire PURELL(R) From GOJO; Alliance With GOJO and QualPak Will Drive Expansion of Brand\""}]},{"reference":"Saul, Stephanie (2006-06-27). \"Johnson & Johnson Buys Pfizer Unit for $16.6 Billion\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/business/27johnson.html","url_text":"\"Johnson & Johnson Buys Pfizer Unit for $16.6 Billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Byard, Katie (2010-10-30). \"Purell brand handed back to Akron's GOJO\". Akron Beacon Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-01-28. Retrieved 2010-10-30. GOJO — the Akron soap maker — purchased the Purell hand-sanitizer brand from Johnson & Johnson Consumer Cos. Inc. Financial terms were not disclosed.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160128154227/http://www.ohio.com/news/top-stories/purell-brand-handed-back-to-akron-s-gojo-1.184374","url_text":"\"Purell brand handed back to Akron's GOJO\""},{"url":"http://www.ohio.com/news/top-stories/purell-brand-handed-back-to-akron-s-gojo-1.184374","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keren, Phil (9 February 2014). \"GOJO acquires French company\". Cuyahoga Falls News Press. Archived from the original on 2016-02-08. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160208025249/http://fallsnewspress.com/business/2014/02/09/gojo-acquires-french-company","url_text":"\"GOJO acquires French company\""},{"url":"http://fallsnewspress.com/business/2014/02/09/gojo-acquires-french-company","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GOJO Launches the GOJO® SMARTLINK™ Observation System\". GOJO USA: Newsroom. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/newsroom/press-releases/2015/gojo-smartlink-observation-system.aspx","url_text":"\"GOJO Launches the GOJO® SMARTLINK™ Observation System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Akron Based GOJO Announces New CEO\". 6 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio.wosu.org/post/akron-based-gojo-announces-new-ceo#stream/0","url_text":"\"Akron Based GOJO Announces New CEO\""}]},{"reference":"Lin-Fisher, Betty (5 December 2011). \"GOJO CEO Kanfer takes life lessons from mentor, uncle\". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohio.com/news/top-stories/gojo-ceo-kanfer-takes-life-lessons-from-mentor-uncle-1.248823","url_text":"\"GOJO CEO Kanfer takes life lessons from mentor, uncle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lippman Kanfer Family Philanthropies\". Lippman Kanfer Family Philanthropies. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lippmankanfer.org/","url_text":"\"Lippman Kanfer Family Philanthropies\""}]},{"reference":"\"GOJO Skin Care Placement Guide\" (PDF). GOJO Industries - Skin Care. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gojo.com/~/media/GOJO/Countries/Canada/Markets/Manufacturing/Files/MFG_ProdPlacement_CAN.pdf","url_text":"\"GOJO Skin Care Placement Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Lin-Fisher, Betty (1 November 2015). \"GOJO wants to sell its downtown Akron headquarters and lease it back\". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohio.com/news/break-news/gojo-wants-to-sell-its-downtown-akron-headquarters-and-lease-it-back-1.637185#","url_text":"\"GOJO wants to sell its downtown Akron headquarters and lease it back\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gojo+Industries%22","external_links_name":"\"Gojo Industries\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gojo+Industries%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gojo+Industries%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gojo+Industries%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gojo+Industries%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gojo+Industries%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.gojo.com/","external_links_name":"www.gojo.com"},{"Link":"https://www.crainscleveland.com/manufacturing/gojo-names-carey-jaros-president-ceo","external_links_name":"\"GOJO names Carey Jaros as president, CEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=4280035","external_links_name":"\"Company Overview of GOJO Industries, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://www.gojo.com/en/About-GOJO/History","external_links_name":"\"Our History Founding of GOJO and History of Our Products and Well-Being Solutions\""},{"Link":"http://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/company-information.aspx","external_links_name":"\"GOJO Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.blogofdeath.com/2005/03/21/jerry-lippman/","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Lippman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160425050514/http://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/company-information/history.aspx","external_links_name":"\"GOJO Company History\""},{"Link":"http://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/company-information/history.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/03/purell-hand-sanitizer-history","external_links_name":"\"The Surprising—And Surprisingly Contentious—History of Purell\""},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pfizer-to-acquire-purellr-from-gojo-alliance-with-gojo-and-qualpak-will-drive-expansion-of-brand-74108702.html","external_links_name":"\"Pfizer to Acquire PURELL(R) From GOJO; Alliance With GOJO and QualPak Will Drive Expansion of Brand\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/business/27johnson.html","external_links_name":"\"Johnson & Johnson Buys Pfizer Unit for $16.6 Billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160128154227/http://www.ohio.com/news/top-stories/purell-brand-handed-back-to-akron-s-gojo-1.184374","external_links_name":"\"Purell brand handed back to Akron's GOJO\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohio.com/news/top-stories/purell-brand-handed-back-to-akron-s-gojo-1.184374","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160208025249/http://fallsnewspress.com/business/2014/02/09/gojo-acquires-french-company","external_links_name":"\"GOJO acquires French company\""},{"Link":"http://fallsnewspress.com/business/2014/02/09/gojo-acquires-french-company","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gojo.com/united-states/about-gojo/newsroom/press-releases/2015/gojo-smartlink-observation-system.aspx","external_links_name":"\"GOJO Launches the GOJO® SMARTLINK™ Observation System\""},{"Link":"https://radio.wosu.org/post/akron-based-gojo-announces-new-ceo#stream/0","external_links_name":"\"Akron Based GOJO Announces New CEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.europeancleaningjournal.com/magazine/articles/latest-news/gojo-industries-to-close-european-operation","external_links_name":"https://www.europeancleaningjournal.com/magazine/articles/latest-news/gojo-industries-to-close-european-operation"},{"Link":"http://www.ohio.com/news/top-stories/gojo-ceo-kanfer-takes-life-lessons-from-mentor-uncle-1.248823","external_links_name":"\"GOJO CEO Kanfer takes life lessons from mentor, uncle\""},{"Link":"http://lippmankanfer.org/","external_links_name":"\"Lippman Kanfer Family Philanthropies\""},{"Link":"https://www.gojo.com/~/media/GOJO/Countries/Canada/Markets/Manufacturing/Files/MFG_ProdPlacement_CAN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GOJO Skin Care Placement Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohio.com/news/break-news/gojo-wants-to-sell-its-downtown-akron-headquarters-and-lease-it-back-1.637185#","external_links_name":"\"GOJO wants to sell its downtown Akron headquarters and lease it back\""},{"Link":"http://www.gojo.com/","external_links_name":"Gojo Industries website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Ryazan	HC Ryazan	["1 History","2 External links"]	Ice hockey team in Ryazan, RussiaHC RyazanCityRyazan, RussiaLeagueVHL 2010-present Vysshaya Liga2007-2010 Pervaya Liga2006-2007 Vtoraya Liga1999-2006 ConferenceWesternFounded1999Home arenaSports Palace "Olimpiyskiy" (2,700 seats)Colours Head coachAnatoli Fedotov (Russia)AffiliatesSibir Novosibirsk (KHL)Molniya Ryazan (MHL-B)Websitehttp://www.хкрязань.рф HC Ryazan is an ice hockey team in Ryazan, Russia. They play in the VHL, the second level of ice hockey in Russia. The club is affiliated with a KHL team Sibir Novosibirsk since 2012. History The team was founded in 1997 as Vyatich Ryazan. It inheriting its name from an older ice hockey team that represented the city of Ryazan in minor Soviet and Russian hockey championships. It was renamed as the Hockey Club Ryazan in 1999. External links Official site vteSupreme Hockey LeagueConference 1Conference 2 Division A Dynamo MO Dinamo Saint Petersburg Humo Tashkent Khimik KRS-BSU ORG Beijing SKA-Neva Tsen Tou Jilin City Zvezda Chekhov Division B Bars Kazan Buran Voronezh Dizel Penza Lada Togliatti HC Rostov Torpedo-Gorky Nizhny Novgorod HC Ryazan HC Tambov CSK VVS Samara Division C Chelmet Chelyabinsk Gornyak Miner Uchaly Izhstal Izhevsk Molot-Prikamye Perm Neftyanik Almetyevsk Toros Neftekamsk Yuzhny Ural Orsk Zauralie Kurgan Division D Metallurg Novokuznetsk Nomad Nur-Sultan Rubin Tyumen Saryarka Karagandy Sokol Krasnoyarsk Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk HC Yugra Yermak Angarsk Former teams Ariada Volzhsk Dynamo Balashikha HC Donbass HC Kuban HC Lipetsk Kristall Saratov Krylya Sovetov Lokomotiv Yaroslavl HC Sarov Sputnik Nizhny Tagil THK Tver Titan Klin Yunost Minsk Zvezda-VDV Dmitrov VL seasons 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 VHL seasons 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Related articles Russian Superleague (top-level, 1996–2008) Kontinental Hockey League (top-level, from 2008) Petrov Cup (trophy for the winner) This European ice hockey team-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryazan"},{"link_name":"VHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"KHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHL"},{"link_name":"Sibir Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Sibir_Novosibirsk"}],"text":"Ice hockey team in Ryazan, RussiaHC Ryazan is an ice hockey team in Ryazan, Russia. They play in the VHL, the second level of ice hockey in Russia. The club is affiliated with a KHL team Sibir Novosibirsk since 2012.","title":"HC Ryazan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryazan"}],"text":"The team was founded in 1997 as Vyatich Ryazan. It inheriting its name from an older ice hockey team that represented the city of Ryazan in minor Soviet and Russian hockey championships. It was renamed as the Hockey Club Ryazan in 1999.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.xn--80aniom2a8cu.xn--p1ai/","external_links_name":"http://www.хкрязань.рф"},{"Link":"http://www.xn--80aniom2a8cu.xn--p1ai/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HC_Ryazan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_McMasters_Stanton	Edwin Stanton	["1 Family and early life","1.1 Ancestry","1.2 Early life and education","1.3 Early career and first marriage","2 Rising attorney (1839–1860)","2.1 Return to Steubenville","2.2 Attorney in Pittsburgh","2.3 McCormick v. Manny","2.4 Second marriage","2.5 Emergence in Washington","2.6 Daniel Sickles trial","3 Early work in politics (1860–1862)","3.1 In Buchanan's cabinet","3.2 Cameron's advisor","4 Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865)","4.1 Early days in office","4.2 General-in-Chief","4.3 War rages on","4.4 End of the war","4.5 Lincoln assassinated","5 Johnson administration (1865–1868)","5.1 Sherman's truce","5.2 Reconstruction","5.3 Impeachment","6 Later years and death","6.1 Campaigning in 1868","6.2 Illness worsens","6.3 Supreme Court nomination","6.4 Death and funeral","7 Stanton on U.S. postage","8 Legacy","9 In popular culture","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]	American lawyer and politician (1814–1869) Edwin StantonPhotograph c. 1866-1869Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States-DesignateIn officeDied before assuming officeNominated byUlysses S. GrantPreceded byRobert Cooper GrierSucceeded byWilliam Strong27th United States Secretary of WarIn officeJanuary 20, 1862 – May 28, 1868PresidentAbraham LincolnAndrew JohnsonPreceded bySimon CameronSucceeded byJohn Schofield25th United States Attorney GeneralIn officeDecember 20, 1860 – March 4, 1861PresidentJames BuchananPreceded byJeremiah BlackSucceeded byEdward Bates Personal detailsBornEdwin McMasters Stanton(1814-12-19)December 19, 1814Steubenville, Ohio, U.S.DiedDecember 24, 1869(1869-12-24) (aged 55)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeOak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyDemocratic (before 1862)Republican (1862–1869)Spouses Mary Lamson (m. 1836⁠–⁠1844) Ellen Hutchison (m. 1856) ParentsDavid Stanton (father)Lucy Norman (mother)EducationKenyon CollegeSignature Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician who served as U.S. Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory. However, he was criticized by many Union generals, who perceived him as overcautious and micromanagerial. He also organized the manhunt for Abraham Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth. After Lincoln's assassination, Stanton remained as the Secretary of War under the new US president, Andrew Johnson, during the first years of Reconstruction. He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to Johnson being impeached by the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives. Stanton returned to law after he retired as Secretary of War. In 1869, he was nominated as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Johnson's successor, Ulysses S. Grant, but Stanton died four days after his nomination was confirmed by the Senate. He remains the only confirmed nominee to accept but die before serving on the Court. Family and early life Ancestry Before the American Revolution, Stanton's paternal ancestors, the Stantons and the Macys, both of whom were Quakers, moved from Massachusetts to North Carolina. In 1774, Stanton's grandfather, Benjamin Stanton, married Abigail Macy. Benjamin died in 1800. That year, Abigail moved to the Northwest Territory, accompanied by much of her family. Soon, Ohio was admitted to the Union, and Macy proved to be one of the early developers of the new state. She bought a tract of land at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, from the government and settled there. One of her sons, David, became a physician in Steubenville, and married Lucy Norman, the daughter of a Virginia planter. Their marriage was met with the ire of Ohio's Quaker community, as Lucy was a Methodist, and not a Quaker. This forced David Stanton to abandon the Quaker sect. Early life and education Stanton's birthplace in Steubenville, Ohio Edwin McMasters was born to David and Lucy Stanton on December 19, 1814, in Steubenville, Ohio, the first of their four children. Edwin's early formal education consisted of a private school and a seminary behind the Stantons' residence, called "Old Academy". When he was ten, he was transferred to a school taught by a Presbyterian minister. It was also at ten that Edwin experienced his first asthma attack, a malady that would haunt him for life, sometimes to the point of convulsion. Because of his asthma he was unable to participate in highly physical activities, so he found interest in books and poetry. Edwin attended Methodist church services and Sunday school regularly. At the age of thirteen, Stanton became a full member of the Methodist church. David Stanton's medical practice afforded him and his family a decent living. When David Stanton suddenly died in December 1827 at his residence, Edwin and family were left destitute. Edwin's mother opened a store in the front room of their residence, selling the medical supplies her husband left her, along with books, stationery and groceries. The youthful Edwin was removed from school, and worked at the store of a local bookseller. Stanton began his college studies at the Episcopal Church-affiliated Kenyon College in 1831. At Kenyon, Stanton was involved in the college's Philomathesian Literary Society. Stanton sat on several of the society's committees and often partook in its exercises and debates. Stanton was forced to leave Kenyon just at the end of his third semester for lack of finances. At Kenyon, his support of President Andrew Jackson's actions during the 1832 Nullification Crisis, a hotly debated topic among the Philomathesians, led him into the Democratic Party. Further, Stanton's conversion to Episcopalianism and his revulsion of the practice of slavery were solidified there. After Kenyon, Stanton worked as a bookseller in Columbus. Stanton had hoped to obtain enough money to complete his final year at Kenyon. However, a small salary at the bookstore dashed the notion. He soon returned to Steubenville to pursue studies in law. Early career and first marriage Stanton studied law under the tutelage of Daniel Collier in preparation for the bar. He was admitted to practice in 1835, and began work at a prominent law firm in Cadiz, Ohio, under Chauncey Dewey, a well-known attorney. The firm's trial work often fell to him. Stanton's home in Cadiz, Ohio At the age of 18, Stanton met Mary Ann Lamson at Trinity Episcopal Church in Columbus, and they soon were engaged. After buying a home in Cadiz, Stanton went to Columbus where his betrothed was. Stanton and Lamson had wished to be married at Trinity Episcopal, but Stanton's illness rendered this idea moot. Instead, the ceremony was performed at the home of Trinity Episcopal's rector on December 31, 1836. Afterwards, Stanton went to Virginia where his mother and sisters were, and escorted the women back to Cadiz, where they would live with him and his wife. After his marriage, Stanton partnered with the lawyer and federal judge Benjamin Tappan. Stanton's sister also married Tappan's son. In Cadiz, Stanton was situated prominently in the local community. He worked with the town's anti-slavery society, and with a local newspaper, the Sentinel, writing and editing articles there. In 1837, Stanton was elected the prosecutor of Harrison County, on the Democratic ticket. Further, Stanton's increasing wealth allowed him to purchase a large tract of land in Washington County, and several tracts in Cadiz. Rising attorney (1839–1860) Return to Steubenville Stanton's home on Third Street in Steubenville Stanton's relationship with Benjamin Tappan expanded when Tappan was elected the United States Senator from Ohio in 1838. Tappan asked Stanton to oversee his law operations, which were based in Steubenville. When his time as county prosecutor was finished, Stanton moved back to the town. Stanton's work in politics also expanded. He served as a delegate at the Democrats' 1840 national convention in Baltimore, and was featured prominently in Martin Van Buren's campaign in the 1840 presidential election, which Van Buren lost. He was a member of Steubenville Lodge No. 45 in Steubenville, Ohio, and when he moved to Pittsburgh became a member of Washington Lodge No. 253 on 25 March 1852 as a charter member. He resigned on 29 Nov. 1859. pp. 189-81.“ (Denslow, William R. 10,000 Famous Freemasons. Independence, Missouri: Missouri Lodge of Research, 1957. ) In Steubenville, the Stantons welcomed two children. Their daughter, Lucy Lamson, was born in March 1840. Within months of her birth, Lucy was stricken with an unknown illness. Stanton put aside his work to spend that summer at baby Lucy's bedside. She died in 1841, shortly after her second birthday. Their son, Edwin Lamson, was born in August 1842. The boy's birth refreshed the spirits in the Stanton household after baby Lucy's death. Unlike Lucy's early years, Edwin was healthy and active. Grief, however, would return once again to the Stanton household in 1844, when Mary Stanton was left bedridden by a bilious fever. Never recovering, she died in March 1844. Stanton's sorrow "verged on insanity", say historians Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman. He had Mary's burial attire redone repeatedly, as he demanded she look just as she had when they were wed seven years prior. In the evenings, Stanton would emerge from his room with his eyes filled with tears and search the house frantically with a lamp, all the while asking, "Where is Mary?" Stanton regrouped and began to focus on his cases by the summer. One such case was defending Caleb J. McNulty, whom Stanton had previously labelled "a glorious fellow". McNulty, a Democrat, was dismissed from his clerkship of the United States House of Representatives by unanimous vote and charged with embezzlement when thousands of the House's money went missing. Democrats, fearing their party's disrepute, made clamorous cries for McNulty to be punished, and his conviction was viewed as a foregone conclusion. Stanton, at Tappan's request, came on as McNulty's defense. Stanton brought a motion to dismiss McNulty's indictment. He employed the use of numerous technicalities and, to the shock and applause of the courtroom, the motion was granted with all charges against McNulty dropped. As every detail of the affair was covered by newspapers around the country, Stanton's name was featured prominently nationwide. After the McNulty scandal, Stanton and Tappan parted ways professionally. Stanton formed a partnership with one of his former students, George Wythe McCook of the "Fighting McCooks". At the beginning of the Mexican–American War, men across the country hastened to enlist in the United States Army, with McCook among them. Stanton might have enlisted as well, if not for his doctor's fears about his asthma. Instead, he focused on law. Stanton's practice was no longer only in Ohio, having expanded to Virginia and Pennsylvania. He concluded that Steubenville would no longer prove adequate as a headquarters, and thought Pittsburgh most appropriate for his new base. He was admitted to the bar there by late 1847. Attorney in Pittsburgh A lithograph of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge In Pittsburgh, Stanton formed a partnership with a prominent retired judge, Charles Shaler, while maintaining his collaboration with McCook, who had remained in Steubenville after returning from service in the Mexican–American War. Stanton argued several high-profile suits. One such proceeding was State of Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company and others in the United States Supreme Court. The case concerned the Wheeling Suspension Bridge, the largest suspension bridge in the world at that time, and an important connector for the National Road. The bridge's center rose some ninety feet (twenty-seven meters) but proved to be a nuisance to passing ships with tall smokestacks. With ships unable to clear the bridge, enormous amounts of traffic, trade and commerce would be redirected to Wheeling, West Virginia, which at the time was still part of Virginia. On August 16, 1849, he urged the Supreme Court to enjoin Wheeling and Belmont, as the bridge was obstructing traffic into Pennsylvania, and hindering trade and commerce. Associate Justice R. C. Grier directed those who were aggrieved by the bridge's operations to go to a lower court, but left an avenue open for Stanton to file for an injunction in the Supreme Court, which he did. Oral arguments for the Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont began on February 25, 1850, which was also when Stanton was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court. Wheeling and Belmont argued that the court lacked jurisdiction over the matters concerning the case; the justices disagreed. The case proceeded, allowing Stanton to exhibit a dramatic stunt, which was widely reported on and demonstrated how the bridge was a hindrance—he had the steamer Hibernia ram its eighty-five-foot (twenty-six-meter) smokestack into the bridge, which destroyed it and a piece of the ship itself. May 1850 saw the case handed over to Reuben H. Walworth, the former Chancellor of New York, who returned a vivid opinion in February 1851 stating that the Wheeling Bridge was "an unwarranted and unlawful obstruction to navigation, and that it must be either removed or raised so as to permit the free and usual passage of boats." The Supreme Court concurred; in May 1852, the court ordered in a 7–2 ruling that the bridge's height be increased to one hundred eleven feet (thirty-four meters). Wheeling and Belmont were unsatisfied with the ruling and asked Congress to act. To Stanton's horror, a bill declaring the Wheeling bridge permissible became law on August 31, effectively overriding the Supreme Court's ruling and authority. Stanton was disgruntled that the purpose of the court—to peacefully decide and remedy disputes between states—had been diminished by Congress. McCormick v. Manny An engraving of Cyrus H. McCormick A by-effect of Stanton's performance in Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont was that he was sought after for other prominent cases, such as the McCormick Reaper patent case of inventor Cyrus McCormick. In 1831, a young McCormick created a machine to harvest crops. The device was particularly useful in the burgeoning wheat fields of the Western United States. Demand for McCormick's invention grew rapidly, attracting fierce competition, especially from fellow inventor and businessman John Henry Manny. In 1854 McCormick and his two prominent lawyers, Reverdy Johnson and Edward M. Dickinson, filed suit against Manny claiming he had infringed on McCormick's patents. McCormick demanded an injunction on Manny's reaper. Manny was also defended by two esteemed lawyers, George Harding and Peter H. Watson. McCormick v. Manny was initially to be tried in Chicago, and the two lawyers wanted another attorney local to the city to join their team; the recommended choice was Abraham Lincoln. When Watson met Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois, he had a dim first impression of him, but after speaking with Lincoln, Watson saw that he might be a good choice. However, when the venue of the proceedings was transferred to Cincinnati rather than Chicago, and the necessity for Lincoln was negated, Harding and Watson went for their first choice, Edwin Stanton. Lincoln was not made aware that he had been replaced, and still appeared at the proceedings in Cincinnati with his arguments prepared. Stanton's apprehension towards Lincoln was immediate and severe, and he did well to indicate to Lincoln that he wanted him to absent himself from the case. The case proceeded with Harding, Watson and Stanton and Manny's true defenders; Lincoln did not actively participate in the planning or arguing of the case, but stayed in Cincinnati as a spectator. Stanton's role in Manny's legal trio was as a researcher. Though he admitted that George Harding, an established patent lawyer, was more adept at the scientific aspects of the case, Stanton worked to summarize the relevant jurisprudence and case law. To win McCormick v. Manny for Manny, Stanton, Harding and Watson had to impress upon the court that McCormick had no claim to exclusivity in his reaper's use of a divider, a mechanism on the outer end of the cutter-bar which separated the grain. A harvesting machine would not have worked properly without a divider, and Manny's defense knew this. However, to assure a win, Watson opted to use duplicity—he employed a model maker named William P. Wood to retrieve an older version of McCormick's reaper and alter it to be presented in court. Wood found a reaper in Virginia which was built in 1844, one year prior to McCormick's patent being granted. He had a blacksmith straighten the curved divider, knowing that the curved divider in Manny's reaper would not conflict with a straight one in McCormick's reaper. After using a salt and vinegar solution to add rust to where the blacksmith had worked to ensure the antiquity of the machine was undeniable, Wood sent the reaper to Cincinnati. Stanton was joyed when he examined the altered reaper, and knew the case was theirs. Arguments for the case began in September 1855. In March 1856, Justices John McLean and Thomas Drummond delivered a ruling in favor of John Manny. McCormick appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, and McCormick v. Manny, was, all of a sudden, a political issue, and the matters concerning the case found their way to the floor of Congress. Stanton would later appoint Wood to be superintendent of the military prisons of the District of Columbia during the Civil War. Second marriage In February 1856 Stanton became engaged to Ellen Hutchinson, sixteen years Stanton's junior. She came from a prominent family in the city; her father was Lewis Hutchinson, a wealthy merchant and warehouseman and a descendant of Merriweather Lewis. They were married on June 25, 1856, at Hutchinson's father's home. Stanton moved to Washington where Stanton expected important work with the Supreme Court. Emergence in Washington Stanton's home in Washington, D.C. In Pennsylvania, Stanton had become intimately acquainted with Jeremiah S. Black, the chief judge in the state's supreme court. This friendship proved profitable for Stanton when in March 1857, the recently inaugurated fifteenth President, James Buchanan, made Black his Attorney General. Black's accession to his new post was soon met with a land claims issue in California. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War and gave California to the United States, the United States agreed to recognize valid land grants by Mexican authorities. This was followed by the California Land Claims Act of 1851, which established a board to review claims to California lands. One such claim was made by Joseph Yves Limantour, a French-born merchant who asserted ownership of an assemblage of lands that included important sections of the state, such as a sizeable part of San Francisco. When his claims were recognized by the land commissioners, the U.S. government appealed. Meanwhile, Black corresponded with a person named Auguste Jouan, who stated that Limantour's claims were invalid, and that he, under Limantour's employ, forged the date listed on one of the approved grants. Black needed an individual loyal to the Democratic Party and to the Buchanan administration, who could faithfully represent the administration's interests in California; he chose Stanton. Ellen Stanton loathed the idea. In California Edwin would be thousands of miles away from her for what was sure to be months, leaving her lonely in Washington, where she had few friends. Moreover, on May 9, 1857, Ellen had a daughter whom the Stantons named Eleanor Adams. After the girl's delivery, Ellen fell ill, which frightened Edwin and delayed his decision to go to California. In October 1857 Stanton finally agreed to represent the Buchanan administration's interests in California. Having agreed to a compensation of $25,000, (~$685,370 in 2023) Stanton set sail from New York on February 19, 1858, aboard the Star of the West, along with his son Eddie, James Buchanan Jr., the President's nephew, and Lieutenant H. N. Harrison, who was assigned to Stanton's detail by the Navy. After a tempestuous voyage, the company docked in Kingston, Jamaica, where slavery was disallowed. On the island, the climate pleased Stanton greatly, and at a church there, Stanton was surprised to see blacks and whites sitting together. Afterwards, Stanton and his entourage landed in Panama, and left there on a ship three times larger than the one on which they came, the Sonora. On March 19 the company finally docked in San Francisco, and bunkered at the International Hotel. Stanton took to his work with haste. In aid of his case Stanton, along with his entire party and two clerks, went about arranging disordered records from California's time under Mexico. The "Jemino Index" that he uncovered gave information on land grants up to 1844, and with the assistance of a Congressional act, Stanton unearthed records from all over the state pertaining to Mexican grants. Stanton and company worked for months sorting the land archives; meanwhile, Stanton's arrival in California produced gossip and scorn from locals, especially from those whose land claims would be in jeopardy should Stanton's work prove victorious. Further, President Buchanan and Senator Douglas were wrestling for control of California, and Stanton was caught in the crosshairs, resulting in a defamatory campaign against Stanton by Douglas' supporters. The campaign disheartened Stanton, but barely distracted him. Limantour had built up a speciously substantial case. He had accrued a preponderance of ostensibly sound evidence, such as witness testimony, grants signed by Manuel Micheltorena, the Mexican governor of California prior to cessation, and paper with a special Mexican government stamp. However, Auguste Jouan's information was instrumental in Stanton's case. According to Jouan, Limantour had received dozens of blank documents signed by Governor Micheltorena, which Limantour could fill in as he willed. Further, Jouan had borne a hole in one of the papers to erase something, a hole that was still present in the document. Stanton also acquired letters that explicitly laid out the fraud, and stamps used by customs officials, one authentic and the other fraudulent. The fraudulent one had been used eleven times, all on Limantour's documents. When Stanton sent to the Minister of the Exterior in Mexico City, they could not locate records corroborating Limantour's grants. In late 1858 Limantour's claims were denied by the land commission, and he was arrested on perjury charges. He posted a $35,000 bail and left the country. As 1858 drew to a close, and Stanton prepared to return home, Eddie became sick. Whenever Stanton made arrangements to leave California, his son's condition grew worse. Edwin had written Ellen as often as he could as her anxiety and loneliness increased in Washington. She criticized him for leaving her in the town alone with young "Ellie". January 3, 1859, saw Stanton and company leave San Francisco. He was home in early February. In the nation's capital Stanton advised President Buchanan on patronage, and helped Attorney General Black extensively, even being mistaken as an Assistant Attorney General. Nonetheless, Stanton's affairs in Washington paled in comparison to the excitement he had experienced on the other side of the country—at least until he found himself defending a man who had become fodder for sensationalists and gossipers around the country. Daniel Sickles trial A Harper's Weekly depiction of Sickles shooting Key Daniel Sickles was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. He was married to Teresa Bagioli Sickles, the daughter of composer Antonio Bagioli. Sickles' wife had begun an affair with Philip Barton Key, the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia and the son of Francis Scott Key, writer of The Star-Spangled Banner. On Sunday, February 27, 1859, Sickles confronted Key in Lafayette Square, declaring, "Key, you scoundrel, you have dishonored my home; you must die", then shot Key to death. Sickles then went to the home of Attorney General Black and admitted his crime. The subsequent Thursday he was charged with murder by a grand jury. The Sickles affair gained nationwide media attention for both its scandalous nature and its proximity to the White House. Soon, the press speculated that Daniel Sickles' political esteem was on the account of an affair between his wife and President Buchanan. Prominent criminal lawyer James T. Brady and his partner, John Graham, came to Sickles' defense, and solicited Stanton to join their team. A depiction of the scene in the courtroom during Daniel Sickles' trial Arguments for the trial began on April 4. The prosecution wanted to advance the theory that Sickles had also committed adultery and did not pay very much mind to his wife or her activities. When the judge disallowed this, the prosecution opted instead to highlight the heinous nature of Sickles' murder, and not address his reasons for doing the crime. Sickles' defense countered that Sickles had suffered from a temporary bout of insanity, the first successful such instance of an insanity plea in American jurisprudence. The events in the courtroom during the trial were nothing if not dramatic. When Stanton delivered closing arguments, stating that marriage is sacred and that a man should have the right to defend his marriage against those who chose to defile the purity of the sacrament, the courtroom erupted in cheers. A law student described Stanton's argument during the trial, "a typical piece of Victorian rhetoric, an ingenious thesaurus of aphorisms on the sanctity of the family." The jury in the case deliberated for just over an hour before declaring Sickles not guilty. The judge ordered that Sickles be released from his arrest. Outside the courthouse, Sickles, Stanton and company met a throng of individuals in adulation of the victory. Early work in politics (1860–1862) During the 1860 United States presidential election Stanton supported Vice President John C. Breckinridge, due to his work with the Buchanan administration and his belief that only a win by Breckinridge would keep the country together. Privately he predicted that Lincoln would win. In Buchanan's cabinet In late 1860, President Buchanan was formulating his yearly State of the Union address to Congress, and asked Attorney General Black to offer insight into the legality and constitutionality of secession. Black then asked Stanton for advice. Stanton approved a strongly worded draft of Black's response to Buchanan, which denounced secession from the Union as illegal. Buchanan gave his address to Congress on December 3. Meanwhile, Buchanan's cabinet were growing more discontent with his handling of secession, and several members deemed him too weak on the issue. On December 5th, his Secretary of the Treasury, Howell Cobb resigned. On December 9th, Secretary of State Lewis Cass, disgruntled over Buchanan's failure to defend the government's interests in the South, tendered his resignation. Black was nominated to replace Cass on December 12. About a week later, Stanton, at the time in Cincinnati, was told to come to Washington at once, for he had been confirmed by the Senate as Buchanan's new Attorney General. He was sworn in on December 20th. Stanton met a cabinet in disarray over the issue of secession. Buchanan did not want to agitate the South any further, and sympathized with the South's cause. On December 9th, Buchanan had agreed with South Carolinian congressmen that the military installations in the state would not be reinforced unless force against them was perpetrated. However, on the day that Stanton assumed his position, Maj. Robert Anderson moved his unit to Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which the Southerners viewed as Buchanan reneging on his promise. South Carolina issued an ordinance of secession soon after, declaring itself independent of the United States. The South Carolinians demanded that federal forces leave Charleston Harbor altogether; they threatened carnage if they did not get compliance. The following day, Buchanan gave his cabinet a draft of his response to the South Carolinians. Secretaries Thompson and Philip Francis Thomas, of the Treasury Department, thought the President's response too pugnacious; Stanton, Black and Postmaster General Joseph Holt thought it too placatory. Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the Navy, was alone in his support of the response. Stanton was unnerved by Buchanan's ambivalence towards the South Carolina secession crisis, and wanted to stiffen him against complying to the South's demands. On December 30th, Black came to Stanton's home, and the two agreed to pen their objections to Buchanan ordering a withdrawal from Fort Sumter. If he did such a thing, the two men, along with Postmaster General Holt, agreed that they would resign, delivering a crippling blow to the administration. Buchanan obliged them. The South Carolinian delegates got their response from President Buchanan on New Year's Eve 1860; the President would not withdraw forces from Charleston Harbor. By February 1st, six Southern states had followed South Carolina's lead and passed ordinances of secession, declaring themselves to no longer be a part of the United States. On February 18th, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as the President of the Confederate States. Meanwhile, Washington was astir with talk of coups and conspiracies. Stanton thought that discord would ravage the capital on February 13, when electoral votes were being counted; nothing happened. Again, Stanton thought, when Lincoln was sworn in on March 4th there would be violence; this did not come to pass. Lincoln's inauguration did give Stanton a flickering of hope that his efforts to keep Fort Sumter defended would not be in vain, and that Southern aggression would be met with force in the North. In his inauguration speech, Lincoln did not say he would outlaw slavery throughout the nation, but he did say that he would not support secession in any form, and that any attempt to leave the Union was not lawful. In Stanton, Lincoln's words were met with cautious optimism. The new president submitted his choices for his cabinet on March 5, and by that day's end, Stanton was no longer the attorney general. He lingered in his office for a while to help settle in and guide his replacement, Edward Bates. Cameron's advisor Simon Cameron, Lincoln's Secretary of War before Stanton On July 21st, the North and the South experienced their first major clash at Manassas Junction in Virginia, the First Battle of Bull Run. Northerners thought the battle would end the war, and defeat the Confederacy decisively; however, the bloody encounter ended with the Union Army retreating to Washington. Lincoln wanted to bolster Northern numbers afterwards, with many in the North believing the war would be more arduous than they initially expected, but when more than 250,000 men signed up, the federal government did not have enough supplies for them. The War Department had states buy the supplies, assuring them that they would be reimbursed. This led to states selling the federal government items that were usually damaged or worthless at very high prices. Nonetheless, the government bought them. Soon, Simon Cameron, Lincoln's Secretary of War, was being accused of incompetently handling his department, and some wanted him to resign. Cameron sought out Stanton to advise him on legal matters concerning the War Department's acquisitions, among other things. Calls for Cameron to resign grew louder when he endorsed a bombastic November 1861 speech given by Col. John Cochrane to his unit. "e should take the slave by the hand, placing a musket in it, and bid him in God's name strike for the liberty of the human race", Cochrane said. Cameron embraced Cochrane's sentiment that slaves should be armed, but it was met with repudiation in Lincoln's cabinet. Caleb B. Smith, the Secretary in the Department of the Interior, scolded Cameron for his support of Cochrane. Cameron inserted a call to arm the slaves in his report to Congress, which would be sent along with Lincoln's address to the legislature. Cameron gave the report to Stanton, who amended it with a passage that went even further in demanding that slaves be armed, stating that those who rebel against the government lose their claims to any type of property, including slaves, and that it was "clearly the right of the Government to arm slaves when it may become necessary as it is to use gunpowder or guns taken from the enemy". Cameron gave the report to Lincoln, and sent several copies to Congress and the press. Lincoln wanted the portions containing calls to arm the slaves removed, and ordered the transmission of Cameron's report be stopped and replaced with an altered version. Congress received the version without the call to arm slaves, while the press received a version with it. When newspapers published the document in its entirety, Lincoln was excoriated by Republicans, who thought him weak on the issue of slavery, and disliked that he wanted the plea to arm slaves removed. The President resolved to dismiss Cameron when abolitionists in the North settled over the controversy. Cameron would not resign until he was sure of his successor, and that he could leave the cabinet without damaging his reputation. When a vacancy in the post of Minister to Russia presented itself, Cameron and Lincoln agreed that he would fill the post when he resigned. As for a successor, Lincoln thought Joseph Holt best for the job, but his Secretary of State, William H. Seward, wanted Stanton to succeed Cameron. Salmon Chase, Stanton's friend and Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, agreed. Stanton had been preparing for a partnership with Samuel L. M. Barlow in New York, but abandoned these plans when he heard of his possible nomination. Lincoln nominated Stanton to the post of Secretary of War on January 13. He was confirmed two days following. Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865) Early days in office Stanton as Secretary of War Under Cameron, the War Department had earned the moniker "the lunatic asylum." The department was barely respected among soldiers or government officials, and its authority was routinely disregarded. The army's generals held the brunt of the operating authority in the military, while the President and the War Department interceded only in exceptional circumstances. The department also had strained relations with Congress, especially Representative John Fox Potter, head of the House's "Committee on Loyalty of Federal employees", which sought to root out Confederate sympathizers in the government. Potter had prodded Cameron to remove about fifty individuals he suspected of Confederate sympathies; Cameron had paid him no mind. Stanton was sworn in on January 20. Immediately, he set about repairing the fractious relationship between Congress and the War Department. Stanton met with Potter on his first day as secretary, and on the same day, dismissed four persons whom Potter deemed unsavory. This was well short of the fifty people Potter wanted gone from the department, but he was nonetheless pleased. Stanton also met with Senator Benjamin Wade and his Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. The committee was a necessary and fruitful ally; it had subpoena power, thus allowing it to acquire information Stanton could not, and could help Stanton remove War Department staffers. Wade and his committee were happy to find an ally in the executive branch, and met with Stanton often thereafter. Stanton made a number of organizational changes within the department as well. He appointed John Tucker, an executive at the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and Peter H. Watson, his partner in the reaper case, to be his assistant secretaries, and had the staff at the department expanded by over sixty employees. Further, Stanton appealed to the Senate to cease appointments of military officials until he could review the more than 1,400 individuals up for promotion. Hitherto, military promotions were a spoils system, where individuals favorable to the administration were given promotions, regardless of merit. This ceased under Stanton. On January 29 Stanton ordered that all contracts to manufacturers of military materials and supplies outside the United States be voided and replaced with contracts within the country, and that no such further contracts be made with foreign companies. The order provoked apprehension in Lincoln's cabinet. The United Kingdom and France were searching for cause to recognize and support the Confederates, and Stanton's order may have given it to them. Secretary of State Seward thought the order would "complicate the foreign situation." Stanton persisted, and his January 29 order stood. Meanwhile, Stanton worked to create an effective transportation and communication network across the North. His efforts focused on the railroad system and the telegraph lines. Stanton worked with Senator Wade to push through Congress a bill that would codify the ability of the President and his administration to forcibly seize railroad and telegraph lines for their purposes. Railroad companies in the North were accommodating to the needs and desires of the federal government for the most part, and the law was rarely used. Stanton also secured the government's use of telegraph. He relocated the military's telegraphing operations from McClellan's army headquarters to his department, a decision the general was none too pleased with. The relocation gave Stanton closer control over the military's communications operations, and he exploited this. Stanton forced all members of the press to work through Assistant Secretary Watson, where unwanted journalists would be disallowed access to official government correspondence. If a member of the press went elsewhere in the department, they would be charged with espionage. Prior to Stanton's incumbency as War Secretary, President Lincoln apportioned responsibility for the security of government against treachery and other unsavory activities to several members of his cabinet, mostly Secretary Seward, as he did not trust Attorney General Bates or Secretary Cameron. Under Secretary Stanton, the War Department would have consolidated responsibility for internal security. A lynchpin of Seward's strategy to maintain internal security was the use of arbitrary arrests and detentions, and Stanton continued this practice. Democrats harshly criticized the use of arbitrary arrests, but Lincoln contended that it was his primary responsibility to maintain the integrity and security of the government, and that waiting until possible betrayers committed guilty acts would hurt the government. At Stanton's behest, Seward continued the detention of only the most risky inmates, and released all others. General-in-Chief Photograph of Edwin Stanton Lincoln eventually grew tired of McClellan's inaction, especially after his January 27, 1862, order to advance against the Confederates in the Eastern Theatre had provoked little military response from McClellan. On March 11, Lincoln relieved McClellan of his position as general-in-chief of the whole Union army—leaving him in charge of only the Army of the Potomac—and replaced him with Stanton. This created a bitter chasm in the relationship between Stanton and McClellan, and led McClellan's supporters to claim that Stanton "usurped" the role of general-in-chief, and that a Secretary of War should be subordinate to military commanders. Lincoln ignored such calls, leaving military power consolidated with himself and Stanton. Meanwhile, McClellan was preparing for the first major military operation in the Eastern Theatre, the Peninsula Campaign. The Army of the Potomac began its movement to the Virginia Peninsula on March 17. The first action of the campaign was at Yorktown. Lincoln wanted McClellan to attack the town outright, but McClellan's inspection of the Confederate defensive works there compelled him to lay siege to the town instead. Washington politicians were angered at McClellan's choice to delay an attack. McClellan, however, requested reinforcements for his siege—the 11,000 men in Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin's division, of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's corps. Stanton wanted Maj. Gen. McDowell's corps to stay together and march on to Richmond, but McClellan persisted, and Stanton eventually capitulated. McClellan's campaign lasted several months. However, after Gen. Robert E. Lee became the commander of local Confederate forces on June 1, he launched a series of offensives against the Army of the Potomac, which, by late June 1862, was just a few miles from the Confederate capital, Richmond. In addition, Stanton ordered McClellan to transfer one of his corps east to defend Washington. McClellan and the Army of the Potomac were pushed back to Harrison's Landing in Virginia, where they were protected by Union gunboats. In Washington, Stanton was blamed for McClellan's defeat by the press and the public. On April 3 Stanton had suspended military recruiting efforts under the mistaken impression that McClellan's Peninsula Campaign would end the war. With McClellan retreating and the casualties from the campaign piling up, the need for more men rose significantly. Stanton restored recruiting operations on July 6, when McClellan's defeat on the Peninsula was firmly established, but the damage was done. The press, angered by Stanton's strict measures regarding journalistic correspondence, unleashed torrents of scorn on him, furthering the narrative that he was the only encumbrance to McClellan's victory. The attacks hurt Stanton, and he considered resigning, but he remained in his position, at Lincoln's request. As defeats piled up, Lincoln sought to give some order to the disparate divisions of Union forces in Virginia. He decided to consolidate the commands of Maj. Gens. McDowell, John C. Frémont, and Nathaniel P. Banks into the Army of Virginia, which was to be commanded by Maj. Gen. John Pope who was brought east after success in the West. Lincoln was also convinced that the North's army needed reformation at the highest ranks; he and Stanton being the de facto commanders of Union forces had proved too much to bear, so Lincoln would need a skilled commander. He chose Gen. Henry W. Halleck. Halleck arrived in Washington on July 22, and was confirmed as the general-in-chief of Union forces the following day. War rages on Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, 1862. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress In the final days of August 1862, Gen. Lee scourged Union forces, routing them at Manassas Junction in the Second Battle of Bull Run, this time, against Maj. Gen. Pope and his Army of Virginia. A number of people, including Maj. Gen. Halleck and Secretary Stanton, thought Lee would turn his attention to Washington. Instead, Lee began the Maryland Campaign. The campaign started with a skirmish at Mile Hill on September 4, followed by a major confrontation at Harpers Ferry. Lincoln, without consulting Stanton, perhaps knowing Stanton would object, merged Pope's Army of Virginia into McClellan's Army of the Potomac. With 90,000 men, McClellan launched his army into the bloody Battle of Antietam, and emerged victorious, pushing the Army of Northern Virginia back into Virginia, and effectively ending Lee's Maryland offensive. McClellan's success at Antietam Creek emboldened him to demand that Lincoln and his government cease obstructing his plans, Halleck and Stanton be removed, and he be made general-in-chief of the Union Army. Meanwhile, he refused to move aggressively against Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia, which was withdrawing towards Richmond. McClellan's unreasonable requests continued, as did his indolence, and Lincoln's patience with him soon grew thin. Lincoln dismissed him from leadership of the Army of the Potomac on November 5. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan days later. Burnside, at Halleck's request, submitted a plan to create a ruse at Culpeper and Gordonsville, while the brunt of his force took Fredericksburg, then moved on to Richmond. Halleck's response was sent on November 14: "The President has just assented to your plan. He thinks that it will succeed, if you move rapidly; otherwise not." The following Battle of Fredericksburg was a disaster, and the Army of the Potomac was handily defeated. Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside on January 26, 1863. Stanton did not much care for Hooker, who had loudly denounced Lincoln's administration, and had been insubordinate while serving under Burnside. He would have preferred for Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans to head the army; Lincoln disregarded Stanton's opinion. As Thomas and Hyman tell it, Lincoln "chose Hooker because that general had a reputation as a fighter and stood higher in popular esteem at that moment than any other eastern general." Hooker spent considerable time strengthening the Army of the Potomac, especially regarding morale. Hooker's only major engagement with Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was the Battle of Chancellorsville in early May 1863. Lee had Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson engage Hooker's rearguard in a precipitous flanking maneuver. Stonewall Jackson's maneuver was skilfully employed, resulting a Confederate victory when the fighting ended on May 6, leaving 17,000 Union casualties. Stanton's attempts to raise Northern spirits after the defeat were hampered by news that, under Hooker, the Army of the Potomac had become grossly undisciplined. Indeed, Hooker's headquarters were described as "combination of barroom and brothel." Stanton petitioned for liquor and women to be forbidden in Hooker's camps. Meanwhile, Lee was again pushing into the North. Lee's movements were wracking nerves in Washington by mid-June, more so when disturbing reports came from Hooker's subordinates, such as that of Brig. Gen. Marsena Patrick: " acts like a man without a plan, & is entirely at a loss what to do, or how to match the enemy, or counteract his movements." Furthermore, like McClellan, Hooker kept overestimating Lee's numbers, and said the Lincoln's administration did not have full confidence in him. Hooker resigned on June 27; Stanton and Lincoln decided that his replacement would be Maj. Gen. George Meade, who was appointed the following day. Lee and Meade first clashed in the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1. News of a victory at Gettysburg, and a great Confederate retreat, came on July 4. Soon after, word came of Maj. Gen. Grant's victory at Vicksburg. Northerners were exultant. Stanton even gave a rare speech to a huge crowd outside of the War Department's headquarters. The administration's celebrations soon ended, however, when Maj. Gen. Meade refused to launch an attack against Lee while the Army of Northern Virginia was stuck on the banks of the Potomac river. When Lee crossed the river untouched on July 14, Lincoln and Stanton were upset. Stanton affirmed in a letter to a friend that Meade would have his support unreservedly, but that "since the world began no man ever missed so great an opportunity of serving his country as was lost by his neglecting to strike his adversary." Stanton knew, though, that Meade's reluctance came at the advice of his corps commanders, who formerly outranked him. While action in the Eastern Theater wound down, action in the West heated up. After the two-day Battle of Chickamauga in late September, Maj. Gen. Rosecrans, the commander of the Army of the Cumberland, was left trapped in Chattanooga, Tennessee and beset on all sides by Gen. Braxton Bragg's forces. Rosecrans telegraphed Washington: "We have met a serious disaster, extent not yet ascertained." The situation in Chattanooga was desperate. The North needed the town in its hands. According to journalist Charles Anderson Dana, who had been Stanton's assistant secretary since March 1863, Rosecrans might only be able to fight for another 15–20 more days and that, without at least 20,000 to 25,000 more men, Chattanooga would be lost. Stanton organized the secret transportation of thousands of Union troops west by rail. Lincoln and Stanton agreed to make Maj. Gen. Grant the commander of almost all forces in the West, giving Grant the option to dismiss Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland and replace him with Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas. This Grant did. In late November, Grant, with good efforts from Thomas and Hooker, broke Gen. Bragg's siege at Chattanooga, while Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman failed to achieve his stated objective. Confederate Lt. Gen. James Longstreet attempted to besiege Maj. Gen. Burnside's army at Knoxville, but Sherman moved east from Chattanooga, causing the Confederates to retreat. End of the war Grant, having been promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and made the general-in-chief of the Union Army, crossed the Rapidan River on May 4, 1864. The following day, his and Lee's armies clashed in the Battle of the Wilderness. The result was inconclusive, but Grant, unlike previous commanders, was loath to stop his onward push; "there will be no turning back," he told Lincoln. Grant again engaged Lee at Spotsylvania Court House, and again Union losses far exceeded those of the Confederates. Several days later, Grant and Lee battled at Cold Harbor, where Grant launched numerous assaults in an open field, incurring heavy losses. Nevertheless, Grant pushed on, secretly moving his army across the James River in a masterful display of engineering, but failed to take Petersburg, the important rail junction south of Richmond. The Union army was forced to forego further attacks and began entrenching; so began the Siege of Petersburg. "Long lines of parallel entrenchments curled south and east of Richmond as both armies dug in," say Thomas and Hyman. "Grant stabbed at Lee's fortifications, always keeping the pressure on, and at the same time probed westward, feeling for the railroads that brought Lee's supplies." In the 1864 presidential election, Lincoln and his new Vice President, Andrew Johnson, emerged victorious against their Democratic opponents, George B. McClellan and George H. Pendleton. Republicans also won major congressional and gubernatorial victories in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and New York. Stanton played no small part in securing the victory. Several days prior to the election, he ordered soldiers from key states such as Illinois, Lincoln's home state, to be returned home to vote. "The men who were doing the fighting had voted for more of it in order to make their efforts worth while," Thomas and Hyman state. Stanton also used his powers at the War Department to ensure that Republican voters were not harassed or threatened at the polls. Thomas and Hyman credit Stanton's troop furlough and other moves for much of the Republican success in the 1864 elections. On March 3, 1865, the day before Lincoln's second inauguration, Grant wired to Washington that Lee had sent representatives to him to sue for peace. Lincoln initially told Grant that he should get peace with the South by any means necessary. Stanton declared, however, that it is the president's duty to sue for peace; otherwise, the president is useless and little more than a figure-head. This engendered an immediate change of tone from the president. Stanton, at Lincoln's urging, told Grant that he was to "have no conference with General Lee unless it be for the capitulation of Gen. Lee's army, or on some minor, and purely, military matter". Further, Grant was not to "decide, discuss, or confer upon any political questions. Such matters the President holds in his own hands; and will submit them to no military conferences or conventions". Grant agreed. Days later, Lincoln visited Grant at his siege headquarters (the Siege of Petersburg was still ongoing). Once Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan had rejoined his army from the Shenandoah Valley, Grant prepared to make his final push into Richmond. On April 1, 1865, Sheridan defeated Lee's army in the Battle of Five Forks, forcing a retreat from Petersburg. Stanton, who had stayed close to his telegraph for days, told his wife the following evening: "Petersburg is evacuated and probably Richmond. Put out your flags." Stanton was worried that President Lincoln, who had stayed around to watch Grant's push into Richmond, was in danger of being captured, and warned him. Lincoln disagreed, but was happy for Stanton's concern. The President wrote Stanton: "It is certain now that Richmond is in our hands, and I think I will go there to-morrow." News of Richmond's fall, which came on April 3, touched off furious excitement throughout the North. "The news spread fast, and people streaming from stores and offices speedily filled the thoroughfares. Cannons began firing, whistles tooted, horns blew, horsecars were forced to a standstill, the crowd yelled and cheered," say Thomas and Hyman. Stanton was overjoyed. At his bidding, candles were put in the windows of each of the Department's properties, while bands played "The Star-Spangled Banner." Furthermore, the department's headquarters were adorned with American flags, along with an image of a bald eagle holding in its talons a scroll with "Richmond" written on it. The night Richmond fell, Stanton tearily gave an impromptu speech to the crowd outside the War Department. Lee and his army had slipped out of Richmond before its fall, though. Grant marched west to stymie Lee's retreat, while Lincoln remained in Richmond. News of Grant's victories over the withdrawing Confederates lit up Washington's telegraphs. The Union Army was pressing on Lee's tail, and capturing thousands of Confederate prisoners of war. On April 9 Lee finally surrendered, ending the war. On April 13, Stanton suspended conscription and recruiting, as well as the army's acquisition efforts. Lincoln assassinated Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln On April 14, Lincoln invited Stanton, Grant and their wives to join him at Ford's Theatre the next evening. Lincoln had invited Stanton to go with him to the theatre several times, invitations Stanton routinely rejected. Further, neither Stanton's nor Grant's wives would go unless the other went. The Grants used a visit to their children in New Jersey as their excuse. Finally, Lincoln decided to go to the theatre with Major Henry Rathbone and his betrothed. Stanton retired home that night after visiting a bedridden Secretary Seward. He went to bed at about 10 pm. Soon after, he heard Ellen yell from downstairs: "Mr. Seward is murdered!" Stanton rushed downstairs. Upon hearing that Lincoln, too, might be dead, Stanton grew intensely animated. He wanted to leave immediately. He was cautioned: "You mustn't go out ... As I came up to the house I saw a man behind the tree-box, but he ran away, and I did not follow him." Stanton paid little mind to the man; he found a taxi and went to Seward's home. At his arrival, Stanton was told that Lincoln had in fact been attacked. Stanton ordered that the homes of all members of the cabinet and the Vice President be put under guard. Stanton pushed through a crowd at the Secretary's home to find an unconscious Seward being attended to by a doctor in a bloody third-floor room. Seward's son, Frederick, was left paralyzed by the attack. Stanton and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, who had come to Seward's home moments before, decided to go to Ford's Theatre to see the President. The two secretaries went by carriage, accompanied by Quartermaster General Meigs and David K. Cartter, a justice of the District Court for the District of Columbia. Abraham Lincoln lay on his deathbed at the Petersen House in Washington, surrounded by family, friends and government officials. Stanton found Lincoln at the Petersen House across from the theatre. Lincoln lay on a bed diagonally, because of his height. When he saw the dying President, several accounts say Stanton began to weep. However, William Marvel states in his book, Lincoln's Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton that "Stanton's emotional detachment and his domineering persona made him valuable that night, as others wallowed in anguish". Thomas and Hyman also state: "Always before, death close at hand had unsettled him close to the point of imbalance. Now he seemed calm, grim, decisive, in complete outward control of himself". Andrew Johnson, about whom Stanton, and the country, knew little, was sworn in as president at 11 am on April 15, in the Kirkwood Hotel. However, Stanton, who had planned to retire at the end of the war, "was indeed in virtual control of the government", say Thomas and Hyman. "He had charge of the Army, Johnson was barely sworn in and vastly unsure of himself, and Congress was not in session." Stanton ordered testimony taken from those who saw the attack. Witnesses blamed actor John Wilkes Booth for the assassination. Stanton put all soldiers in Washington on guard, and ordered a lockdown of the city. Rail traffic to the south was to be halted, and fishing boats on the Potomac were not to come ashore. Stanton also called Grant back to the capital from New Jersey. On April 15, Washington was, as journalist George A. Townsend said, "full of Detective Police". At Stanton's request, the New York Police Department joined the War Department's detectives' tireless search for Booth and any accomplices. Stanton had the lower deck of the monitor USS Montauk, which was placed near the Washington Navy Yard, host several of the conspirators, Lewis Powell, Michael O'Laughlen, Edmund Spangler, and George Atzerodt. The other plotters, except Booth and Mary Surratt, were confined aboard the USS Saugus. The prisoners on both boats were bound by ball and chain, with handcuffs attached to an iron rod. Stanton also ordered a bag placed over the captives' heads, with a hole in it to allow for eating and breathing. Surratt was kept at Old Capitol Prison, where she had been since her arrest. Booth, the remaining culprit, had been shot at a barn in Virginia by Boston Corbett and died soon after. Booth's body was put aboard the Montauk. After an autopsy was performed, and Booth's identity confirmed beyond any doubt, he was buried in a "secret, unmarked, and unhallowed grave", on Stanton's orders. Stanton knew Booth would be lionized in the South, and thought he would not give anyone the opportunity. The conspirators went on to be tried and convicted. All but three were hanged. Johnson administration (1865–1868) Sherman's truce Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman Lt. Gen. Grant, failing to find Stanton at the War Department, sent a note to his home by courier on the evening of April 21. The matter was urgent. Maj. Gen. Sherman, who had established his army headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina, had negotiated a peace deal with Confederate commander Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, with the grace of Confederate States Secretary of War John C. Breckinridge. Sherman had been authorized to negotiate with the Southerners only in matters regarding the military, as Grant had been with Lee. Sherman explicitly acknowledged that his negotiations with Confederate leaders were to stay firmly in the realm of military policy, but flouted the limitations anyway. Sherman's deal contained, as expected, a termination of hostilities with the South, but also specified that Southern governments who had rebelled against the United States were to be recognized by the federal government once they swore allegiance to the United States. Further, the deal's terms provided for federal courts to be reinstated in rebellious states, as well as the restoration of property and voting rights to Southerners, and a blanket pardon for Southerners who had rebelled. The deal went even further, allowing Southern troops to place their weapons in the hands of their states' governments, which would effectively rearm the Southern states. Sherman's truce also allotted power to the Supreme Court to resolve jurisdictional disputes between state and local governments in the South, which was a political issue, and not a legal issue, making that a power the court did not constitutionally have. The courier arrived at Stanton's residence breathless, interrupting his dinner. When he heard the news, Stanton, "in a state of high excitement", rushed to the War Department. He sent for all members of the cabinet in the name of the President. Johnson's cabinet, along with Grant and Preston King, Johnson's advisor, convened at 8 pm that night. Word of Sherman's actions was met with unanimous condemnation by those present. President Johnson instructed Stanton to tell Sherman his deal had been rejected, and that "hostilities should be immediately resumed after giving the Confederates the forty-eight hours' notice required to terminate the truce". Grant would go to Raleigh at once to inform Sherman of Stanton's edict, as well as to assume command of troops in the South. Stanton took the matter to the press. In addition to publicizing the details of Sherman's deal, Stanton said Sherman intentionally flouted direct orders from both Lincoln and Johnson, and listed nine reasons Sherman's deal had been categorically rejected. Further, Stanton accused Sherman of recklessly opening a path by which Jefferson Davis might flee the country with specie Davis purportedly took with him after abandoning Richmond. The latter claim was based in Sherman's removal of Maj. Gen. George Stoneman's forces from the Greensboro railway—Greensboro was the place to which Davis and other Confederate officials fled. Stanton's words were damning. "It amounted to a castigation of Sherman and virtually accused him of disloyalty", say Thomas and Hyman. Moreover, Sherman being among the most respected generals in the country, Stanton's publication endangered his place in the administration. Having not seen Stanton's dispatch to the press, Sherman wrote Stanton a conciliatory letter, calling his agreement "folly" and saying that, though he still felt his deal with Johnston and Breckinridge was solid, it was not his place to contest his superior's decision and that he would follow orders. Meantime, Maj. Gen. Halleck, at Grant's request, communicated to several of Sherman's subordinates that they were to move their forces to North Carolina, regardless of what Sherman said. Halleck sent another dispatch to Sherman's generals telling them not to listen to Sherman's edicts at all. After Halleck's order, and reading Stanton's message to the press in a newspaper, Sherman's fury reached a dizzying, explosive tenor. Sherman thought Stanton had unjustifiably characterized him as a disloyal pariah. "I respect office but I cannot him personally, till he undoes the injustice of the past", Sherman said to Grant. Sherman's brother, Senator John Sherman, wanted the general censured for his actions, but still treated fairly. Sherman himself, and his wife's powerful family, the Ewings, wanted Stanton to publicly take back his statements. Stanton characteristically refused. In late May, there would be a Grand Review of the Armies, where the Union Army would parade through the streets of Washington. Halleck offered the hospitality of his home to Sherman; the general bluntly refused. He informed Grant of his rejection, stating as well that he would only listen to orders from Stanton if they were explicitly sanctioned by the President as well. Sherman further stated that "retraction or pusillanimous excusing" would no longer cut it. The only thing acceptable to Sherman would be for Stanton to declare himself a "common libeller". "I will treat Mr. Stanton with like scorn & contempt, unless you have reasons otherwise, for I regard my military career as ended, save and except so far as necessary to put my army into your hands." Sherman made well on his promise. At the Grand Review, Sherman saluted the President and Grant, but slighted the secretary of war by walking past him without a handshake, in full view of the public. Stanton gave no immediate response. Journalist Noah Brooks wrote "Stanton's face, never very expressive, remained immobile". The affront touched off speculation that Stanton was about to resign. Stanton, too, considered leaving his post, but at the request of the President and numerous others, including people in the military, he kept on. In reparative efforts, Sherman's wife brought the Stantons flowers, and spent time at their home, but Sherman continued to harbor resentment toward Stanton. Reconstruction BEP engraved portrait of Andrew Johnson as President The war was done, and Stanton now bore the substantial task of reshaping the American military establishment such that it would be as capable an apparatus in peacetime as it had proven to be in wartime. To this end, in the North, Stanton reorganized the army into two sections; one to handle "training and ceremonial chores", and another to quell the American Indians in the west, who were agitated and blusterous as a result of the war. In the South, a high priority was mending the power vacuum left in Southern states after the rebellion. Stanton presented his military occupation proposal, which had been endorsed by Lincoln, to the President: two military governments would be established in Virginia and North Carolina, with provost marshals to enforce laws and establish order, tasks the marshals had proven most capable of in the weeks after the end of the war. President Johnson had promised to his Cabinet in their first meeting on April 15 that he would uphold his predecessor's plans for Reconstruction, plans that the deceased President had discussed at length with Stanton. On May 29, 1865, Johnson issued two proclamations; one appointed William Woods Holden as the interim governor of North Carolina, and another pardoned individuals involved in the rebellion, with a few exceptions, if they agreed to loyalty and acceptance of all laws and edicts regarding slavery. Johnson also recognized Francis Harrison Pierpont's government in Virginia, as well as the governments in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee, which were formed under Lincoln's ten percent plan. Further, Johnson offered the ten percent plan to several other Southern states. In his 1865 message to Congress, the Democratic Johnson contended that the only necessary proof of loyalty a state needed to show was ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. Republicans in Congress disagreed; Senator Charles Sumner and Representative Thaddeus Stevens thought black suffrage was vitally necessary to the nation's security and the continuing dominance of the Republican Party. Republicans used parliamentary procedures to ensure none of the Southern delegates, who were mostly former Confederate leaders, took a seat in Congress, and established a predominantly Republican joint committee to decide Reconstruction matters. Concerning Reconstruction, the President and Congress were deeply divided. Johnson, even when his amnesty policy had come under heavy criticism, had obdurately supported and continued it. Republicans in Congress, however, came to prefer Stanton's military occupation proposal. The President's support from moderate Republicans dwindled after the gruesome anti-Negro riots in Memphis and New Orleans. The public seemed to be against Johnson as well. In the 1866 congressional elections, Republicans made sweeping gains on their Democratic rivals. In both the House and Senate elections, Republicans gained a two-thirds plurality of the seats. In the new year, some Republicans sought to use their majority to oust Johnson. They presented the Tenure of Office Bill, written with Stanton in mind. The President had long considered dismissing Stanton and replacing him with Maj. Gen. Sherman; the Tenure of Office Bill would have made this illegal without the advice and consent of Congress, which was unlikely to be given for Stanton, who was firmly supported by and cooperating with Republicans. When the bill reached the President's desk, he vetoed it. His veto was overridden the same day. With the protection offered by the Tenure of Office Act, Stanton's opposition to Johnson became more open. In the following months, Johnson grew increasingly exasperated with his War Secretary. Johnson told Grant he intended to remove Stanton, and give him the War Secretaryship. Grant opposed the idea. He argued for Stanton's retention and stated that the Tenure of Office Act protected Stanton. Further, Grant said, should the tenure law prove impotent, public opinion would turn further against the administration. Seward, who still respected Stanton greatly, also disagreed with his removal. The two men's words made Johnson teeter in uncertainty; however, his will was stiffened with the support from Secretary Welles and Salmon Chase, now the Supreme Court's Chief Justice — the former previously described Stanton as "selfish, insincere, a dissembler, and treacherous", and the latter having dissolved his friendship with Stanton in aid of his political aspirations. On August 12, 1867, Johnson sent a note to Stanton saying that he was suspended from his position as Secretary of War, and was to turn over the department's files and power to Grant. Pursuant to the Tenure of Office Act, he also notified the Senate for its consideration. Stanton grudgingly, but with little resistance, complied. Impeachment Further information: Impeachment of Andrew Johnson and Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson "The Situation", a Harper's Weekly cartoon gives a humorous breakdown of "the situation". Stanton aims a cannon labeled "Congress" on the side at President Andrew Johnson and Lorenzo Thomas to show how he was using Congress to defeat the president and his unsuccessful replacement. He also holds a ramrod marked "Tenure of Office Bill" and cannonballs on the floor are marked "Justice". Ulysses S. Grant and an unidentified man stand to Stanton's left. On January 13, 1868, the Senate voted overwhelmingly to reinstate Stanton as Secretary of War. Grant, fearing the Act's prescribed penalty of $10,000 in fines and five-years of prison, doubly so because of his high likelihood of being the Republican presidential nominee in the upcoming election, turned the office over immediately. Stanton returned to the War Department soon after in "unusually fine spirits and chatting casually", as newspapers reported. His reemergence precipitated a tide of congratulatory writings and gestures, thanking him for his opposition to the greatly disliked Johnson. The President, meanwhile, again began searching for an agreeable person to take the helm at the War Department, but after a few weeks, he seemed to accept Stanton's reinstatement with resignation. He did try to diminish the power of Stanton's office, however, regularly disregarding it. However, with his ability to sign treasury warrants, and his backing by Congress, Stanton still held considerable power. Johnson became singularly focused on enacting Stanton's downfall. "No longer able to bear the congressional insult of an enemy imposed on his Official family," Marvel says, "Johnson began to ponder removing Stanton outright and replacing him with someone palatable enough to win Senate approval." Johnson sought Lorenzo Thomas, the army's adjutant general, to replace Stanton, to which he agreed. On February 21, Johnson notified Congress that he was dismissing Stanton, and appointing Thomas as secretary ad interim. Stanton, urged by Republican senators, refused to concede his post. That night, Republicans in the Senate, over Democratic resistance, pushed through a resolution declaring Stanton's removal illegal. In the House, a motion was presented to impeach Johnson. On February 24 the motion was agreed to, and Johnson impeached, with a party-line 126 yeas and 47 nays. Johnson's trial began in late March. With a predominantly Republican Senate, Johnson's conviction seemed to many a foregone conclusion. However, throughout the process, several senators began showing hesitance to remove the President from office. Stanton, meanwhile, had remained barricaded in the War Department's headquarters for weeks, sneaking off once in a while to visit his home. When it seemed to Stanton that Johnson would not remove him forcefully from office, he began spending more time at home. Stanton watched closely as the trial, which he was convinced would end with Johnson's conviction, continued for several months. When it came time to vote, 35 voted to convict, 19 to acquit, falling one short of the 36-vote supermajority needed for a conviction. The remaining proceedings were delayed for several days for the Republican National Convention. On May 26, after Johnson had been acquitted on all of the ten other charges, Stanton submitted his resignation to the President. Later years and death Campaigning in 1868 After Johnson's acquittal and Stanton's resignation, Johnson's administration seized upon the narrative that those who wanted his impeachment were black-hearted, especially Stanton. However, Stanton left office with strong public and Republican support. In other matters, however, Stanton was in peril. His health was in a dire state, the product of his relentless efforts during and after the war, and his finances were greatly lacking. After his resignation, Stanton possessed only the remnants of his salary, and a $500 loan. Stanton rejected calls from his fellow Republicans that he run for the Senate, choosing instead to resume his law practice. Stanton's law efforts stalled when he was called on in August 1868 by Robert C. Schenck, the Republican candidate for one of Ohio's seats in the House of Representatives. Schenck's rival, Democrat Clement Vallandigham, was well known among Republicans for his Copperhead politics, and disliked by Stanton. Believing that Democratic victory at any level would imperil the results of the war, and nullify Republican efforts during the war, Stanton went on a tour of Ohio to campaign for Schenck, other Ohio Republicans and Grant, the Republican presidential nominee. Meanwhile, Stanton's health continued to deteriorate. His physician warned him against making lengthy speeches as his asthma irritated him severely. Stanton's illness precipitated his return to Washington in early November. His feeble state was replaced by excitement when Republicans were victorious in the Schenck–Vallandingham race, and the presidential election. Illness worsens Afterwards, Stanton took to arguing a case in the Pennsylvania federal court involving disputed West Virginia lands, which were valued in the millions of dollars because of their coal and timber. By this time, Stanton's illness was painfully visible. He grew so sickly that papers related to the case had to be delivered to him at his home. The court ruled against Stanton's client, but Stanton won an appeal at the U.S. Supreme Court to have the case remanded back to the lower court. At Christmas time, Stanton was not able to travel down the stairway of his house, so the family celebrated in his room. Many speculated at the time that Grant, who had largely ignored Stanton for several months, was due to reward him for his campaigning efforts. Stanton stated, however, that should a position in Grant's administration be offered, he would reject it. Ohio congressman Samuel Shellabarger wrote: " says he has not a great while to live & must devote that to his family..." Early in the new year, Stanton was preparing provisions for his death. However, when spring arrived, Stanton's condition improved. When the rejuvenated Stanton appeared at a congressional enquiry, talks of Grant rewarding Stanton resumed. Several thought Stanton a good fit for the esteemed role of ambassador to England; instead, Grant offered Stanton the United States diplomatic mission to Mexico, which he declined. Supreme Court nomination Stanton's health varied for much of 1869. In the later half of the year, after hearing that Congress had created a new associate justice seat on the Supreme Court, Stanton decided that he would lobby Grant to name him to that position. Stanton used Grant's close friend, Bishop Matthew Simpson, as his proxy to convince Grant of his suitability for a place on the Supreme Court. Grant bypassed Stanton, however, and nominated Attorney General Ebenezer R. Hoar for the seat on December 14, 1869. The following day, Associate Justice Robert Cooper Grier announced his resignation, with the effective date of February 1, 1870, thus creating another vacancy for Grant to fill. Petitions in support of naming Stanton to fill the vacancy on the Court were circulated in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. They were delivered to the president on December 18, 1869. Grant and Vice President Colfax went to Stanton's home to personally extend the nomination on December 19, Stanton's 55th birthday. Grant officially submitted the nomination to the Senate on December 20, and Stanton was confirmed that same day by a vote of 46–11. Stanton wrote a letter of acceptance to the confirmation the next day, but died before assuming office as an associate justice. He remains the only confirmed Supreme Court nominee who accepted but died before taking the prescribed oaths. Death and funeral On the night of December 23 Stanton complained of pains in his head, neck and spine. His doctor, Surgeon General Joseph Barnes, was called. As had happened on many nights before, Stanton's asthma had made breathing difficult. Stanton's lungs and heart felt constricted, which kept Stanton's wife and children, as well as Barnes, by his bedside. Stanton's condition began to improve at midnight, but then he began, as Marvin states, " so strenuously for air that someone ran for the pastor of the Church of the Epiphany, and soon after he arrived Stanton lost consciousness." Stanton died at about 3 am on December 24, 1869. Stanton's body was placed in a black, linen-inlaid coffin in his second-story bedroom. President Grant had wanted a state funeral, but Ellen Stanton wanted as simple an affair as could be had. Nonetheless, Grant ordered all public offices closed, and federal buildings draped in "raiments of sorrow". Flags in several major cities were lowered to half-staff, and gun salutes sounded at army installations around the country. On December 27, his body was carried by artillerymen to his home's parlor. President Grant, Vice President Schuyler Colfax, the Cabinet, the entire Supreme Court, senators, representatives, army officers and other important officials all attended Stanton's funeral. After the eulogy, Stanton's casket was placed atop a caisson, and drawn by four horses to Washington D.C.'s Oak Hill Cemetery at the head of a mile-long cavalcade. Stanton was interred beside the grave of his son James Hutchinson Stanton, who had died in infancy several years earlier. An assortment of Cabinet officials, generals, justices and senators carried Stanton's coffin to its final resting place. One of Stanton's professors from Kenyon College performed a service at the graveyard, and a three-volley salute was issued, ending the ceremony. Stanton on U.S. postage The 1st Stanton postage stamp, issue of 1871 Edwin Stanton was the second American other than a U.S. president to appear on a U.S. postage issue, the first being Benjamin Franklin, who appeared on a stamp in 1847. The only Stanton stamp was issued March 6, 1871. This was also the only stamp issued by the post office that year. The Stanton 7-cent stamp paid the single rate postage for letters sent from the U.S. to various countries in Europe. Legacy Stanton depicted on a $1 1891 Treasury Note. A distinctive engraved portrait of Stanton appeared on U.S. paper money in 1890 and 1891. The bills are called "treasury notes" or "coin notes" and are widely collected today. These rare notes are considered by many to be among the finest examples of detailed engraving ever to appear on banknotes. The $1 Stanton "fancyback" note of 1890, with an estimated 900–1,300 in existence relative to the millions printed, ranks as number 83 in the "100 Greatest American Currency Notes" compiled by Bowers and Sundman (2006). Stanton also appears on the fourth issue of Fractional currency, in the amount of 50 cents. Stanton Park, four blocks from the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., is named for him, as is Stanton College Preparatory School in Jacksonville, Florida. A steam engine, built in 1862, was named the "E. M. Stanton" in honor of the new Secretary of War. Stanton County, Nebraska, is named for him. Stanton Middle School in Hammondsville, Ohio, is named after him. A neighborhood in Pittsburgh is named for him (Stanton Heights) as well as its main thoroughfare (Stanton Avenue). Stanton Park and Fort Stanton in Washington, D.C., were named for him, as was Edwin Stanton Elementary School in Philadelphia. Stanton Street in Trenton, New Jersey, was also named in his honor. Edwin L. Stanton Elementary School in Washington, DC was named for his son who served as the Secretary of the District of Columbia. In popular culture Stanton appears in the 1905 Thomas Dixon novel The Clansman. The book depicts Stanton's actions between war's end and Johnson's impeachment, and the role he played in Reconstruction policies. This book was adapted into the film The Birth of a Nation, though Stanton does not feature prominently in the movie. In the 1930s, a book written by Otto Eisenschiml accused Stanton of arranging the assassination of Lincoln. Although these charges remain largely unsubstantiated, Eisenschim's book inspired considerable debate and the 1977 book and movie, The Lincoln Conspiracy. Stanton was also portrayed negatively in the 1971 TV movie/re-enactment, They've Killed President Lincoln!, narrated by Richard Basehart Stanton was portrayed by Oscar Apfel in the 1930 film Abraham Lincoln. Stanton was portrayed by Edwin Maxwell in the 1936 film The Plainsman. Stanton was portrayed by Raymond Brown in the 1939 short Lincoln in the White House. Stanton was portrayed by Richard H. Cutting in the 1955 film The Gun That Won the West. Stanton was portrayed by Roy Gordon in the 1956 film The Great Locomotive Chase. Stanton was portrayed by Harlan Warde in the 1961 Death Valley Days episode "The Stolen City". Stanton was portrayed by Bert Freed in the 1974 TV miniseries Lincoln. Stanton was portrayed by Robert Middleton in the 1977 film The Lincoln Conspiracy. Stanton was portrayed by Richard Dysart in the 1980 TV film The Ordeal of Dr. Mudd. Stanton was portrayed by John Rolloff in the 1982 TV miniseries The Blue and the Gray. Stanton was portrayed by Jon DeVries in the 1988 TV miniseries Lincoln. Stanton was voiced by Fred Gwynne in the 1992 documentary Lincoln. Stanton was portrayed by Eddie Jones in the 1998 TV film The Day Lincoln Was Shot. Stanton was portrayed by Jesse Bennett in the 1998 Touched by an Angel episode, "Beautiful Dreamer". Stanton was portrayed by Kevin Kline in the 2010 film The Conspirator. Stanton was portrayed by Bernie Ask in the 2012 TV film Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies. Stanton was played by Bruce McGill in the 2012 film Lincoln. Stanton was portrayed by Graham Beckel in the 2013 TV film, Killing Lincoln. Stanton was portrayed by Matt Besser in the "Chicago" episode of Drunk History, created by Derek Waters on Comedy Central. Stanton was played by British actor Tobias Menzies in the 2024 Apple TV+ miniseries Manhunt. Stanton appears in Philip K. Dick's We Can Build You in the form of a self-aware, cybernetic automaton. Stanton appears prominently in the alternate history Civil War trilogy by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen. Stanton was portrayed by Jeremy Schwartz in the podcast 1865. See also List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines Notes Explanatory notes ^ From August 12, 1867, until January 14, 1868, Stanton was suspended from office, and Ulysses S. Grant served as Acting Secretary of War. For more on President Johnson's attempts to remove Stanton from office, see impeachment of Andrew Johnson. ^ In his preparations for the case, Stanton was questioning sailors at Pittsburgh's docks when he fell into the hold of the cargo vessel Isaac Newton. The result was a limp in his gait that would keep with him for the rest of his life. ^ In years subsequent, and after a falling out between him and Stanton, Black said that it was he, and he alone, that authored the document and was responsible for Buchanan's decision. Stanton did not deny this, merely saying that he was part of the process. In a letter to a friend, Stanton said that, at that moment, Black was going to the White House to "present the written objections, which just prepared." ^ Stanton even tore up two written requests from First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln to promote an individual favorable to the Lincoln administration, and later lambasted her for making such a request. He also refused to appoint Benjamin Tappan, Jr., his sister Oella's son, until Lincoln intervened. ^ In his 1863 State of the Union Address, Lincoln declared that his Reconstruction plan had two major facets. Firstly, Lincoln would issue an impartial pardon to individuals in offense against the United States, excepting certain persons of high rank, if they agreed to swear acceptance of the government, Constitution, the Emancipation Proclamation, and all of the country's slave laws. Secondly, acceptance of any state back into the Union would hinge on whether ten percent of those who voted in that state in the 1860 elections swore allegiance to the United States. If this condition was met, the state could establish a government, and select delegates to send to a state constitutional convention, and he would recognize and protect the governments. ^ Indeed, the case judge remarked that he had expected "an immense, burly, rough, and resistless man, full of health and power and ready for any emergency. Instead of my ideal, there came in, walking slowly and wearily, a feeble and exhausted invalid, whose death-like pallor shocked all beholders. His argument was delivered in low conversational style, but with wonderful clearness, directness, and completeness." Citations ^ Sears, Steven. Chancellorsville: Chapter 1: Revolt of the General Washington Post. 1996. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ "The Admission of Ohio as a State". House.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ Gorham 1899, p. 6. ^ Edwin M. Stanton at Ohio History Central ^ Gorham 1899, pp. 6–7. ^ Gorham 1899, pp. 7. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 6. ^ Flower 1905, p. 22, 25. ^ a b c Flower 1905, p. 23. ^ Gorham 1899, p. 8. ^ Allison 2009, p. 9. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 12. ^ Gorham 1899, pp. 17–18. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 18. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 14. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 19–20. ^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 21. ^ Flower 1905, p. 33. ^ Gorham 1899, p. 25. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 21–22. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 27–29. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 33–35. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 35. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 37. ^ Flower 1905, p. 44. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 38–45. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 60–61. ^ a b Flower 1905, pp. 56–57. ^ a b Flower 1905, p. 57. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 62. ^ "H.R. 297 (32nd): Declaring the Wheeling bridges lawful structures, and for other purposes". GovTrack. Retrieved July 22, 2015. ^ Flower 1905, pp. 58–59. ^ Goodwin 2006, pp. 173–174; Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 63 ^ Goodwin 2006, p. 174. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 65. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 63–65. ^ Flower 1905, pp. 62–65. ^ "Col. Wm. P. Wood Dead". Washington Evening Star. March 21, 1903. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 69. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 68. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 69–70. ^ Flower 1905, p. 66. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 70–71. ^ Flower 1905, p. 67. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 74. ^ Flower 1905, pp. 67–68. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 75. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 76. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 77. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 77–78. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 78. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 79–80. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 81. ^ a b Flower 1905, p. 73. ^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 83. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 84. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 84–85. ^ Stahr, Walter (August 8, 2017). Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary. Simon & Schuster. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1-4767-3930-4. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 88–89. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 89. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 90–91. ^ Flower 1905, p. 83. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 93. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 94. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 96. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 97–98. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 98. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 100–101. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 102. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 104. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 110. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 113. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 117–118. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 119. ^ Flower 1905, p. 103. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 125–126. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 126. ^ Flower 1905, p. 115. ^ a b Flower 1905, pp. 115–116. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 134. ^ Flower 1905, p. 116. ^ Flower 1905, p. 116; Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 116, 134–135 ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 131. ^ Flower 1905, p. 117. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 152. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 143. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 147; Flower 1905, p. 119 ^ Flower 1905, p. 119. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 148. ^ Flower 1905, pp. 119, 127. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 164–165. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 165. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 166. ^ Flower 1905, p. 127. ^ Flower 1905, pp. 118, 128. ^ Flower 1905, p. 128. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 153. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 154–155. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 157. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 158. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 182–183. ^ Flower 1905, pp. 140–141. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 185. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 187. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 188. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 189. ^ Salmon 2001, pp. 60–67. ^ a b Holzer, Harold (August 4, 2017). "Lincoln's Enforcer". WSJ. ^ Sears 1992, p. 355. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 201–202. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 202. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 204–205. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 214. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 222–223. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 223–224. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 225. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 251. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 253. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 258. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 270. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 271. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 272. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 273. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 274. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 274–275. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 275. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 267. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 285–286. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 291. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 292. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 300. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 301. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 302–303. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 303. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 330–331. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 333–334. ^ Flower 1905, p. 259. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 350. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 351. ^ a b Flower 1905, p. 262. ^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 352. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 353. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 356. ^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 396. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 396–397. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 397. ^ a b Marvel 2015, p. 370. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 401. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 400; Marvel 2015, p. 370 ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 400–401. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 397–398. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 398. ^ Marvel 2015, p. 369. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 400. ^ Steers 2001, p. 209. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 419. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 420. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 420–421. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 425–434. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 405. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 406. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 407. ^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 408. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 410–411. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 411. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 412. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 414–415. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 416. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 416–417. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 436. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 436–437. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 438. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 357–358, 438, 444–445. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 402. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 307. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 446. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 446–447. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 452, 464. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 465–466; Marvel 2015, pp. 416–417 ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 405–406. ^ Marvel 2015, p. 410. ^ Marvel 2015, p. 412. ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 413–418. ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 416–418. ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 418–426. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 548. ^ Marvel 2015, p. 403; Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 548 ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 549–551. ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 433–434. ^ Marvel 2015, p. 435. ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 436–438. ^ Marvel 2015, p. 439. ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 439–442. ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 444–450. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 614–615. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 616–617. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 619. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 621. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 622. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 622–623. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 624. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 627. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 627–628. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 627–632. ^ a b c Satola, James W. (December 2017). "Mr. Justice Stanton" (PDF). The Federal Lawyer. Arlington, Virginia: Federal Bar Association. pp. 5–9, 76–77. Retrieved April 3, 2022. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 634–635. ^ a b c Marvel 2015, p. 462. ^ McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 3, 2022. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 638; Marvel 2015, p. 462 ^ Marvel 2015, pp. 462–463. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 639–640. ^ Marvel 2015, p. 463. ^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 640. ^ "Edwin M. Stanton issue of 1871". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved December 18, 2010. ^ Scott United States Stamp Catalogue ^ "Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey". ^ "Airship \| 1865". Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021. References Allison, Amy (2009). Edwin Stanton. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0270-2. Bowers, Q.D., and Sundman, D.M. 2006, 100 Greatest American Currency Notes, Whitman Pub., Atlanta, GA, 134 p. Carnegie, Andrew (1906). Edwin M. Stanton: An Address. Doubleday, Page. Day, Sandra Hudnall; Hall, Alan (2005). Steubenville. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738533998. Flower, Frank Abial (1905). Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion, Emancipation, and Reconstruction. New York: Western W. Wilson. Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2006). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4983-3. Gorham, George Congdon (1899). Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton. Houghton, Mifflin. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Hanchett, William. The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies (1983); demolishes the allegation that Stanton was the center of the plot to assassinate Lincoln. Hyman, Harold M. "Johnson, Stanton, and Grant: A Reconsideration of the Army's Role in the Events Leading to Impeachment", American Historical Review 66 (October 1960): 85–96 in JSTOR. Hendrick, Burton J. Lincoln's War Cabinet (1946). Kunhardt, Dorothy Meserve, and Kunhardt Jr., Phillip B. Twenty Days. Castle Books, 1965. ISBN 1-55521-975-6 Marvel, William (April 15, 2015). Lincoln's Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-2250-7. Meneely, A. Howard, "Stanton, Edwin McMasters", in Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 9 (1935) Pratt, Fletcher. Stanton: Lincoln's Secretary of War (1953). Salmon, John S. (2001). The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide (illustrated ed.). Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4. Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.; Zuczek, Richard (2001). Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 273. ISBN 1576070301. Edwin M. Stanton asthma. Sears, Stephen W. (1992). To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. New York: Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0-89919-790-6. Simpson, Brooks D. Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (1991) Skelton, William B. "Stanton, Edwin McMasters"; American National Biography Online 2000. Stahr, Walter, Stanton: Lincoln’s War Secretary (2017). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-3930-4. online review Stanton, Edwin (Edited by Ben Ames Williams Jr.) Mr. Secretary (1940), partial autobiography. Steers, Edward (2001). Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2217-1. Thomas, Benjamin P.; Hyman, Harold M. (1962). Stanton: Life And Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3078-2890-3. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Edwin M. Stanton. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edwin McMasters Stanton. Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Edwin M. Stanton. Mary Stanton, Wife Of Secretary Of War Edwin Stanton Biography from "Impeach Andrew Johnson". Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Edwin M. Stanton Biography. Archived February 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Mr. Lincoln's White House: Edwin M. Stanton Biography. Pictures of Fractional Currency featuring Edwin Stanton, provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Pictures of U.S. Treasury Notes featuring Edwin Stanton, provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Archived January 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Spartacus Educational: Edwin M. Stanton. Stanton biography in Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. "Stanton, Edwin McMasters" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900. Legal offices Preceded byJeremiah Black United States Attorney General 1860–1861 Succeeded byEdward Bates Political offices Preceded bySimon Cameron United States Secretary of War 1862–1867 Succeeded byUlysses S. GrantActing Preceded byUlysses S. GrantActing United States Secretary of War 1868 Succeeded byJohn Schofield vteUnited States Attorneys General Randolph Bradford Lee Lincoln Breckinridge Rodney Pinkney Rush Wirt Berrien Taney Butler Grundy Gilpin Crittenden Legaré Nelson Mason Clifford Toucey Johnson Crittenden Cushing Black Stanton Bates Speed Stanbery Evarts Hoar Akerman Williams Pierrepont Taft Devens MacVeagh Brewster A. Garland Miller Olney Harmon McKenna Griggs Knox Moody Bonaparte Wickersham McReynolds Gregory Palmer Daugherty Stone Sargent W. D. Mitchell Cummings Murphy Jackson Biddle T. C. Clark McGrath McGranery Brownell Rogers Kennedy Katzenbach R. Clark J. N. 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FL IL IN KS LA MA ME MI MO NC RI SC VT WV U.S. elections 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 Key eventsPrelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction Ten percent plan National Bank Act Women's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1863 State of the Union Address 1864 Wade–Davis Bill 1864 elections 1864 State of the Union Address 1865 13th Amendment Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Address Black Codes Special Field Orders No. 15 Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis massacre of 1866 New Orleans Massacre of 1866 Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1866 elections 1867 Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction military districts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 1867 State of the Union Address 1868 14th Amendment Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Timeline Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. 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Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1875 State of the Union Address 1876 Hamburg massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Ellenton massacre Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1876 elections 1876 State of the Union Address 1877 Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Aftermath Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Civil Rights Cases (1883) United States v. Harris (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Giles v. Harris (1903) Disenfranchisement AspectsHistoriography Bibliography of the Reconstruction era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State (1874) James Bryce The American Commonwealth (1888) Claude G. Bowers The Tragic Era (1929) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School William Archibald Dunning Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America (1935) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock The American Crisis (1963) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom (1947) After Slavery (1965) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long (1979) Eric Foner Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation Under Our Feet (2003) The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) Thomas Dixon Jr. The Leopard's Spots (1902) The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) D. W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation (1915) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind (1939) David W. Blight Race and Reunion (2001) Legacy Women's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow era Civil rights movement American frontier Other topics African American founding fathers of the United States Forty acres and a mule Habeas corpus History of the United States (1865–1917) Paramilitary Race (human categorization) Reconstruction Treaties Suffrage Technological and industrial history of the United States White supremacy Whitecapping Category vteImpeachment and impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Efforts to impeach Andrew JohnsonTimeline Inquiries First inquiry Second inquiry Impeachment Articles of impeachment Dismissal of Edwin Stanton Tenure of Office Act Lorenzo Thomas Ulysses S. Grant Command of Army Act Swing Around the Circle John Covode Hamilton Ward Sr. Impeachment trialPresiding officer: Salmon P. Chase House managers John Bingham George S. Boutwell Benjamin Butler John A. Logan Thaddeus Stevens Thomas Williams James F. Wilson President's counsel William M. Evarts Benjamin R. Curtis William S. Groesbeck Thomas A. R. Nelson Henry Stanbery Witnesses for the prosecution Foster Blodgett Walter A. Burleigh William E. Chandler James O. Clephane William H. Emory Thomas W. Ferry Burt Van Horn James K. Moorhead Witnesses for the defense William W. Armstrong Walter Smith Cox Richard T. Merrick Alexander Randall Frederick W. Seward William Tecumseh Sherman Lorenzo Thomas Gideon WellesOther Impeachment managers investigation Vinnie Ream Profiles in Courage Tennessee Johnson Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie Other NARA SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Administration"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"John Wilkes Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_assassination"},{"link_name":"US president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_president"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States"},{"link_name":"Johnson being impeached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"}],"text":"Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician who served as U.S. Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory. However, he was criticized by many Union generals, who perceived him as overcautious and micromanagerial.[1] He also organized the manhunt for Abraham Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth.After Lincoln's assassination, Stanton remained as the Secretary of War under the new US president, Andrew Johnson, during the first years of Reconstruction. He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to Johnson being impeached by the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives. Stanton returned to law after he retired as Secretary of War. In 1869, he was nominated as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Johnson's successor, Ulysses S. Grant, but Stanton died four days after his nomination was confirmed by the Senate. He remains the only confirmed nominee to accept but die before serving on the Court.","title":"Edwin Stanton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"admitted to the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ohio-Admission-3"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorham18996-4"},{"link_name":"Steubenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"planter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_(American_South)"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwin_M._Stanton2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorham18996%E2%80%937-6"}],"sub_title":"Ancestry","text":"Before the American Revolution, Stanton's paternal ancestors, the Stantons and the Macys, both of whom were Quakers, moved from Massachusetts to North Carolina. In 1774, Stanton's grandfather, Benjamin Stanton, married Abigail Macy. Benjamin died in 1800. That year, Abigail moved to the Northwest Territory, accompanied by much of her family. Soon, Ohio was admitted to the Union,[2] and Macy proved to be one of the early developers of the new state. She bought a tract of land at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, from the government and settled there.[3] One of her sons, David, became a physician in Steubenville, and married Lucy Norman, the daughter of a Virginia planter. Their marriage was met with the ire of Ohio's Quaker community, as Lucy was a Methodist,[4] and not a Quaker. This forced David Stanton to abandon the Quaker sect.[5]","title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_M._Stanton%27s_birthplace.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorham18997-7"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman19626-8"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190522,_25-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman19626-8"},{"link_name":"asthma attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma_attack"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190523-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190523-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorham18998-11"},{"link_name":"stationery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationery"},{"link_name":"groceries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groceries"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190523-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllison20099-12"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kenyon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyon_College"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Nullification Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196212-13"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorham189917%E2%80%9318-14"}],"sub_title":"Early life and education","text":"Stanton's birthplace in Steubenville, OhioEdwin McMasters was born to David and Lucy Stanton on December 19, 1814, in Steubenville, Ohio, the first of their four children.[6] Edwin's early formal education consisted of a private school and a seminary behind the Stantons' residence, called \"Old Academy\".[7] When he was ten, he was transferred to a school taught by a Presbyterian minister.[8][7] It was also at ten that Edwin experienced his first asthma attack, a malady that would haunt him for life, sometimes to the point of convulsion. Because of his asthma he was unable to participate in highly physical activities, so he found interest in books and poetry. Edwin attended Methodist church services and Sunday school regularly. At the age of thirteen, Stanton became a full member of the Methodist church.[9]David Stanton's medical practice afforded him and his family a decent living. When David Stanton suddenly died in December 1827 at his residence,[9] Edwin and family were left destitute.[10] Edwin's mother opened a store in the front room of their residence, selling the medical supplies her husband left her, along with books, stationery and groceries.[9] The youthful Edwin was removed from school, and worked at the store of a local bookseller.[11]Stanton began his college studies at the Episcopal Church-affiliated Kenyon College in 1831. At Kenyon, Stanton was involved in the college's Philomathesian Literary Society. Stanton sat on several of the society's committees and often partook in its exercises and debates. Stanton was forced to leave Kenyon just at the end of his third semester for lack of finances. At Kenyon, his support of President Andrew Jackson's actions during the 1832 Nullification Crisis, a hotly debated topic among the Philomathesians, led him into the Democratic Party. Further, Stanton's conversion to Episcopalianism and his revulsion of the practice of slavery were solidified there.[12] After Kenyon, Stanton worked as a bookseller in Columbus. Stanton had hoped to obtain enough money to complete his final year at Kenyon. However, a small salary at the bookstore dashed the notion. He soon returned to Steubenville to pursue studies in law.[13]","title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"Cadiz, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196218-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanton%27s_home_in_Cadiz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cadiz, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"engaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196214-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196219%E2%80%9320-17"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Tappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tappan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196221-18"},{"link_name":"prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor"},{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190533-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196221-18"}],"sub_title":"Early career and first marriage","text":"Stanton studied law under the tutelage of Daniel Collier in preparation for the bar. He was admitted to practice in 1835, and began work at a prominent law firm in Cadiz, Ohio, under Chauncey Dewey, a well-known attorney. The firm's trial work often fell to him.[14]Stanton's home in Cadiz, OhioAt the age of 18, Stanton met Mary Ann Lamson at Trinity Episcopal Church in Columbus, and they soon were engaged.[15] After buying a home in Cadiz, Stanton went to Columbus where his betrothed was. Stanton and Lamson had wished to be married at Trinity Episcopal, but Stanton's illness rendered this idea moot. Instead, the ceremony was performed at the home of Trinity Episcopal's rector on December 31, 1836. Afterwards, Stanton went to Virginia where his mother and sisters were, and escorted the women back to Cadiz, where they would live with him and his wife.[16]After his marriage, Stanton partnered with the lawyer and federal judge Benjamin Tappan. Stanton's sister also married Tappan's son. In Cadiz, Stanton was situated prominently in the local community. He worked with the town's anti-slavery society, and with a local newspaper, the Sentinel, writing and editing articles there.[17] In 1837, Stanton was elected the prosecutor of Harrison County, on the Democratic ticket. Further, Stanton's increasing wealth allowed him to purchase a large tract of land in Washington County, and several tracts in Cadiz.[18][17]","title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rising attorney (1839–1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanton%27s_home_in_Steubenville.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator_from_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196221-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorham189925-20"},{"link_name":"1840 national convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"1840 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196221%E2%80%9322-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.latinamericanstudies.org/freemasonry/Famous-Freemasons.pdf"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196227%E2%80%9329-22"},{"link_name":"bilious fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilious_fever"},{"link_name":"Benjamin P. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_P._Thomas"},{"link_name":"Harold M. Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_M._Hyman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196233%E2%80%9335-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196235-24"},{"link_name":"Caleb J. McNulty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_J._McNulty"},{"link_name":"clerkship of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"embezzlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196237-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190544-26"},{"link_name":"George Wythe McCook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wythe_McCook"},{"link_name":"Fighting McCooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_McCooks"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196238%E2%80%9345-27"}],"sub_title":"Return to Steubenville","text":"Stanton's home on Third Street in SteubenvilleStanton's relationship with Benjamin Tappan expanded when Tappan was elected the United States Senator from Ohio in 1838. Tappan asked Stanton to oversee his law operations, which were based in Steubenville. When his time as county prosecutor was finished, Stanton moved back to the town.[17][19] Stanton's work in politics also expanded. He served as a delegate at the Democrats' 1840 national convention in Baltimore, and was featured prominently in Martin Van Buren's campaign in the 1840 presidential election, which Van Buren lost.[20]He was a member of Steubenville Lodge No. 45 in Steubenville, Ohio, and when he moved to Pittsburgh became a member of Washington Lodge No. 253 on 25 March 1852 as a charter member. He resigned on 29 Nov. 1859. pp. 189-81.“ (Denslow, William R. 10,000 Famous Freemasons. Independence, Missouri: Missouri Lodge of Research, 1957. )[1]In Steubenville, the Stantons welcomed two children. Their daughter, Lucy Lamson, was born in March 1840. Within months of her birth, Lucy was stricken with an unknown illness. Stanton put aside his work to spend that summer at baby Lucy's bedside. She died in 1841, shortly after her second birthday. Their son, Edwin Lamson, was born in August 1842. The boy's birth refreshed the spirits in the Stanton household after baby Lucy's death.[21] Unlike Lucy's early years, Edwin was healthy and active. Grief, however, would return once again to the Stanton household in 1844, when Mary Stanton was left bedridden by a bilious fever. Never recovering, she died in March 1844. Stanton's sorrow \"verged on insanity\", say historians Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman.[22] He had Mary's burial attire redone repeatedly, as he demanded she look just as she had when they were wed seven years prior. In the evenings, Stanton would emerge from his room with his eyes filled with tears and search the house frantically with a lamp, all the while asking, \"Where is Mary?\"[23]Stanton regrouped and began to focus on his cases by the summer. One such case was defending Caleb J. McNulty, whom Stanton had previously labelled \"a glorious fellow\". McNulty, a Democrat, was dismissed from his clerkship of the United States House of Representatives by unanimous vote and charged with embezzlement when thousands of the House's money went missing. Democrats, fearing their party's disrepute, made clamorous cries for McNulty to be punished, and his conviction was viewed as a foregone conclusion. Stanton, at Tappan's request, came on as McNulty's defense. Stanton brought a motion to dismiss McNulty's indictment. He employed the use of numerous technicalities and, to the shock and applause of the courtroom, the motion was granted with all charges against McNulty dropped. As every detail of the affair was covered by newspapers around the country, Stanton's name was featured prominently nationwide.[24][25]After the McNulty scandal, Stanton and Tappan parted ways professionally. Stanton formed a partnership with one of his former students, George Wythe McCook of the \"Fighting McCooks\". At the beginning of the Mexican–American War, men across the country hastened to enlist in the United States Army, with McCook among them. Stanton might have enlisted as well, if not for his doctor's fears about his asthma. Instead, he focused on law. Stanton's practice was no longer only in Ohio, having expanded to Virginia and Pennsylvania. He concluded that Steubenville would no longer prove adequate as a headquarters, and thought Pittsburgh most appropriate for his new base. He was admitted to the bar there by late 1847.[26]","title":"Rising attorney (1839–1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheeling_Suspension_Bridge_Lithograph.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wheeling Suspension Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_Suspension_Bridge"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Wheeling Suspension Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_Suspension_Bridge"},{"link_name":"largest suspension bridge in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_suspension_bridges"},{"link_name":"National Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Road"},{"link_name":"Wheeling, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"R. C. Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196260%E2%80%9361-28"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Oral arguments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_argument"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190556%E2%80%9357-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190557-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196262-32"},{"link_name":"Reuben H. Walworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_H._Walworth"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190557-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govtrack-hr297-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190558%E2%80%9359-34"}],"sub_title":"Attorney in Pittsburgh","text":"A lithograph of the Wheeling Suspension BridgeIn Pittsburgh, Stanton formed a partnership with a prominent retired judge, Charles Shaler, while maintaining his collaboration with McCook, who had remained in Steubenville after returning from service in the Mexican–American War. Stanton argued several high-profile suits. One such proceeding was State of Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company and others in the United States Supreme Court. The case concerned the Wheeling Suspension Bridge, the largest suspension bridge in the world at that time, and an important connector for the National Road. The bridge's center rose some ninety feet (twenty-seven meters) but proved to be a nuisance to passing ships with tall smokestacks. With ships unable to clear the bridge, enormous amounts of traffic, trade and commerce would be redirected to Wheeling, West Virginia, which at the time was still part of Virginia. On August 16, 1849, he urged the Supreme Court to enjoin Wheeling and Belmont, as the bridge was obstructing traffic into Pennsylvania, and hindering trade and commerce. Associate Justice R. C. Grier directed those who were aggrieved by the bridge's operations to go to a lower court, but left an avenue open for Stanton to file for an injunction in the Supreme Court, which he did.[27][Note 2]Oral arguments for the Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont began on February 25, 1850, which was also when Stanton was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court.[28] Wheeling and Belmont argued that the court lacked jurisdiction over the matters concerning the case; the justices disagreed.[29] The case proceeded, allowing Stanton to exhibit a dramatic stunt, which was widely reported on and demonstrated how the bridge was a hindrance—he had the steamer Hibernia ram its eighty-five-foot (twenty-six-meter) smokestack into the bridge, which destroyed it and a piece of the ship itself.[30] May 1850 saw the case handed over to Reuben H. Walworth, the former Chancellor of New York, who returned a vivid opinion in February 1851 stating that the Wheeling Bridge was \"an unwarranted and unlawful obstruction to navigation, and that it must be either removed or raised so as to permit the free and usual passage of boats.\" The Supreme Court concurred; in May 1852, the court ordered in a 7–2 ruling that the bridge's height be increased to one hundred eleven feet (thirty-four meters). Wheeling and Belmont were unsatisfied with the ruling and asked Congress to act.[29] To Stanton's horror, a bill declaring the Wheeling bridge permissible became law on August 31, effectively overriding the Supreme Court's ruling and authority. Stanton was disgruntled that the purpose of the court—to peacefully decide and remedy disputes between states—had been diminished by Congress.[31][32]","title":"Rising attorney (1839–1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrus_McCormick_engraving.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyrus H. McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_H._McCormick"},{"link_name":"McCormick Reaper patent case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_Reaper_patent_case"},{"link_name":"Cyrus McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick"},{"link_name":"John Henry Manny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Manny"},{"link_name":"Reverdy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006174-36"},{"link_name":"patent lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_lawyer"},{"link_name":"case law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196265-37"},{"link_name":"model maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_maker"},{"link_name":"William P. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Wood"},{"link_name":"John McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLean"},{"link_name":"Thomas Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Drummond_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196263%E2%80%9365-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190562%E2%80%9365-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"McCormick v. Manny","text":"An engraving of Cyrus H. McCormickA by-effect of Stanton's performance in Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont was that he was sought after for other prominent cases, such as the McCormick Reaper patent case of inventor Cyrus McCormick. In 1831, a young McCormick created a machine to harvest crops. The device was particularly useful in the burgeoning wheat fields of the Western United States. Demand for McCormick's invention grew rapidly, attracting fierce competition, especially from fellow inventor and businessman John Henry Manny. In 1854 McCormick and his two prominent lawyers, Reverdy Johnson and Edward M. Dickinson, filed suit against Manny claiming he had infringed on McCormick's patents. McCormick demanded an injunction on Manny's reaper. Manny was also defended by two esteemed lawyers, George Harding and Peter H. Watson. McCormick v. Manny was initially to be tried in Chicago, and the two lawyers wanted another attorney local to the city to join their team; the recommended choice was Abraham Lincoln. When Watson met Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois, he had a dim first impression of him, but after speaking with Lincoln, Watson saw that he might be a good choice. However, when the venue of the proceedings was transferred to Cincinnati rather than Chicago, and the necessity for Lincoln was negated, Harding and Watson went for their first choice, Edwin Stanton. Lincoln was not made aware that he had been replaced, and still appeared at the proceedings in Cincinnati with his arguments prepared.[33] Stanton's apprehension towards Lincoln was immediate and severe, and he did well to indicate to Lincoln that he wanted him to absent himself from the case. The case proceeded with Harding, Watson and Stanton and Manny's true defenders; Lincoln did not actively participate in the planning or arguing of the case, but stayed in Cincinnati as a spectator.[34]Stanton's role in Manny's legal trio was as a researcher. Though he admitted that George Harding, an established patent lawyer, was more adept at the scientific aspects of the case, Stanton worked to summarize the relevant jurisprudence and case law.[35] To win McCormick v. Manny for Manny, Stanton, Harding and Watson had to impress upon the court that McCormick had no claim to exclusivity in his reaper's use of a divider, a mechanism on the outer end of the cutter-bar which separated the grain. A harvesting machine would not have worked properly without a divider, and Manny's defense knew this. However, to assure a win, Watson opted to use duplicity—he employed a model maker named William P. Wood to retrieve an older version of McCormick's reaper and alter it to be presented in court. Wood found a reaper in Virginia which was built in 1844, one year prior to McCormick's patent being granted. He had a blacksmith straighten the curved divider, knowing that the curved divider in Manny's reaper would not conflict with a straight one in McCormick's reaper. After using a salt and vinegar solution to add rust to where the blacksmith had worked to ensure the antiquity of the machine was undeniable, Wood sent the reaper to Cincinnati. Stanton was joyed when he examined the altered reaper, and knew the case was theirs. Arguments for the case began in September 1855. In March 1856, Justices John McLean and Thomas Drummond delivered a ruling in favor of John Manny. McCormick appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, and McCormick v. Manny, was, all of a sudden, a political issue, and the matters concerning the case found their way to the floor of Congress.[36][37] Stanton would later appoint Wood to be superintendent of the military prisons of the District of Columbia during the Civil War.[38]","title":"Rising attorney (1839–1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196269-41"},{"link_name":"Merriweather Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriweather_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196268-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196269%E2%80%9370-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190566-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196270%E2%80%9371-45"}],"sub_title":"Second marriage","text":"In February 1856 Stanton became engaged to Ellen Hutchinson, sixteen years Stanton's junior.[39] She came from a prominent family in the city; her father was Lewis Hutchinson, a wealthy merchant and warehouseman and a descendant of Merriweather Lewis.[40] They were married on June 25, 1856, at Hutchinson's father's home. [41][42] Stanton moved to Washington where Stanton expected important work with the Supreme Court. [43]","title":"Rising attorney (1839–1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanton%27s_home_in_Washington,_D.C.PNG"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Jeremiah S. Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black"},{"link_name":"supreme court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196270%E2%80%9371-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190567-46"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Joseph Yves Limantour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Yves_Limantour"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196274-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190567%E2%80%9368-48"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Star of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196275-49"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196276-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196277-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196277%E2%80%9378-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196278-53"},{"link_name":"Manuel Micheltorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Micheltorena"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196279%E2%80%9380-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196281-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196278-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190573-56"},{"link_name":"patronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196283-57"}],"sub_title":"Emergence in Washington","text":"Stanton's home in Washington, D.C.In Pennsylvania, Stanton had become intimately acquainted with Jeremiah S. Black, the chief judge in the state's supreme court. This friendship proved profitable for Stanton when in March 1857, the recently inaugurated fifteenth President, James Buchanan, made Black his Attorney General.[43][44] Black's accession to his new post was soon met with a land claims issue in California. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War and gave California to the United States, the United States agreed to recognize valid land grants by Mexican authorities. This was followed by the California Land Claims Act of 1851, which established a board to review claims to California lands. One such claim was made by Joseph Yves Limantour, a French-born merchant who asserted ownership of an assemblage of lands that included important sections of the state, such as a sizeable part of San Francisco. When his claims were recognized by the land commissioners, the U.S. government appealed. Meanwhile, Black corresponded with a person named Auguste Jouan, who stated that Limantour's claims were invalid, and that he, under Limantour's employ, forged the date listed on one of the approved grants. Black needed an individual loyal to the Democratic Party and to the Buchanan administration, who could faithfully represent the administration's interests in California; he chose Stanton.[45][46]Ellen Stanton loathed the idea. In California Edwin would be thousands of miles away from her for what was sure to be months, leaving her lonely in Washington, where she had few friends. Moreover, on May 9, 1857, Ellen had a daughter whom the Stantons named Eleanor Adams. After the girl's delivery, Ellen fell ill, which frightened Edwin and delayed his decision to go to California. In October 1857 Stanton finally agreed to represent the Buchanan administration's interests in California. Having agreed to a compensation of $25,000, (~$685,370 in 2023) Stanton set sail from New York on February 19, 1858, aboard the Star of the West, along with his son Eddie, James Buchanan Jr., the President's nephew, and Lieutenant H. N. Harrison, who was assigned to Stanton's detail by the Navy.[47] After a tempestuous voyage, the company docked in Kingston, Jamaica, where slavery was disallowed. On the island, the climate pleased Stanton greatly, and at a church there, Stanton was surprised to see blacks and whites sitting together. Afterwards, Stanton and his entourage landed in Panama, and left there on a ship three times larger than the one on which they came, the Sonora. On March 19 the company finally docked in San Francisco, and bunkered at the International Hotel.[48]Stanton took to his work with haste. In aid of his case Stanton, along with his entire party and two clerks, went about arranging disordered records from California's time under Mexico. The \"Jemino Index\" that he uncovered gave information on land grants up to 1844, and with the assistance of a Congressional act, Stanton unearthed records from all over the state pertaining to Mexican grants.[49] Stanton and company worked for months sorting the land archives; meanwhile, Stanton's arrival in California produced gossip and scorn from locals, especially from those whose land claims would be in jeopardy should Stanton's work prove victorious.[50] Further, President Buchanan and Senator Douglas were wrestling for control of California, and Stanton was caught in the crosshairs, resulting in a defamatory campaign against Stanton by Douglas' supporters. The campaign disheartened Stanton, but barely distracted him.[51]Limantour had built up a speciously substantial case. He had accrued a preponderance of ostensibly sound evidence, such as witness testimony, grants signed by Manuel Micheltorena, the Mexican governor of California prior to cessation, and paper with a special Mexican government stamp. However, Auguste Jouan's information was instrumental in Stanton's case. According to Jouan, Limantour had received dozens of blank documents signed by Governor Micheltorena, which Limantour could fill in as he willed. Further, Jouan had borne a hole in one of the papers to erase something, a hole that was still present in the document. Stanton also acquired letters that explicitly laid out the fraud, and stamps used by customs officials, one authentic and the other fraudulent. The fraudulent one had been used eleven times, all on Limantour's documents. When Stanton sent to the Minister of the Exterior in Mexico City, they could not locate records corroborating Limantour's grants. In late 1858 Limantour's claims were denied by the land commission, and he was arrested on perjury charges. He posted a $35,000 bail and left the country.[52]As 1858 drew to a close, and Stanton prepared to return home, Eddie became sick. Whenever Stanton made arrangements to leave California, his son's condition grew worse.[53] Edwin had written Ellen as often as he could as her anxiety and loneliness increased in Washington. She criticized him for leaving her in the town alone with young \"Ellie\".[51] January 3, 1859, saw Stanton and company leave San Francisco.[54] He was home in early February. In the nation's capital Stanton advised President Buchanan on patronage, and helped Attorney General Black extensively, even being mistaken as an Assistant Attorney General. Nonetheless, Stanton's affairs in Washington paled in comparison to the excitement he had experienced on the other side of the country—at least until he found himself defending a man who had become fodder for sensationalists and gossipers around the country.[55]","title":"Rising attorney (1839–1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sickles_homicide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sickles"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Teresa Bagioli Sickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Bagioli_Sickles"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bagioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bagioli"},{"link_name":"affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extramarital_affair"},{"link_name":"Philip Barton Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Barton_Key_II"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Francis Scott Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190573-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196283-57"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"James T. Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Brady"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196283-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HarpersMagazineSicklesTrial.jpg"},{"link_name":"insanity plea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_plea"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196284-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196284%E2%80%9385-59"}],"sub_title":"Daniel Sickles trial","text":"A Harper's Weekly depiction of Sickles shooting KeyDaniel Sickles was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. He was married to Teresa Bagioli Sickles, the daughter of composer Antonio Bagioli. Sickles' wife had begun an affair with Philip Barton Key, the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia and the son of Francis Scott Key, writer of The Star-Spangled Banner. On Sunday, February 27, 1859, Sickles confronted Key in Lafayette Square, declaring, \"Key, you scoundrel, you have dishonored my home; you must die\", then shot Key to death.[54] Sickles then went to the home of Attorney General Black and admitted his crime.[55] The subsequent Thursday he was charged with murder by a grand jury. The Sickles affair gained nationwide media attention for both its scandalous nature and its proximity to the White House. Soon, the press speculated that Daniel Sickles' political esteem was on the account of an affair between his wife and President Buchanan. Prominent criminal lawyer James T. Brady and his partner, John Graham, came to Sickles' defense, and solicited Stanton to join their team.[55]A depiction of the scene in the courtroom during Daniel Sickles' trialArguments for the trial began on April 4. The prosecution wanted to advance the theory that Sickles had also committed adultery and did not pay very much mind to his wife or her activities. When the judge disallowed this, the prosecution opted instead to highlight the heinous nature of Sickles' murder, and not address his reasons for doing the crime. Sickles' defense countered that Sickles had suffered from a temporary bout of insanity, the first successful such instance of an insanity plea in American jurisprudence. The events in the courtroom during the trial were nothing if not dramatic. When Stanton delivered closing arguments, stating that marriage is sacred and that a man should have the right to defend his marriage against those who chose to defile the purity of the sacrament, the courtroom erupted in cheers. A law student described Stanton's argument during the trial, \"a typical piece of Victorian rhetoric, an ingenious thesaurus of aphorisms on the sanctity of the family.\"[56] The jury in the case deliberated for just over an hour before declaring Sickles not guilty. The judge ordered that Sickles be released from his arrest. Outside the courthouse, Sickles, Stanton and company met a throng of individuals in adulation of the victory.[57]","title":"Rising attorney (1839–1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1860 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"John C. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"During the 1860 United States presidential election Stanton supported Vice President John C. Breckinridge, due to his work with the Buchanan administration and his belief that only a win by Breckinridge would keep the country together. Privately he predicted that Lincoln would win.[58]","title":"Early work in politics (1860–1862)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State of the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196288%E2%80%9389-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196289-62"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Howell Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196290%E2%80%9391-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196290%E2%80%9391-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower190583-64"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196293-65"},{"link_name":"South Carolinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Maj.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Robert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Fort Sumter, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"ordinance of secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_of_secession"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196294-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196296-67"},{"link_name":"Philip Francis Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General"},{"link_name":"Joseph Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Holt"},{"link_name":"Isaac Toucey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Toucey"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196297%E2%80%9398-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman196298-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962100%E2%80%93101-70"},{"link_name":"[Note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962104-73"},{"link_name":"ordinances of secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962110-74"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"President of the Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962113-75"},{"link_name":"coups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27tat"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962117%E2%80%93118-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962119-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905103-78"},{"link_name":"Edward Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bates"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962119-77"}],"sub_title":"In Buchanan's cabinet","text":"In late 1860, President Buchanan was formulating his yearly State of the Union address to Congress, and asked Attorney General Black to offer insight into the legality and constitutionality of secession. Black then asked Stanton for advice.[59] Stanton approved a strongly worded draft of Black's response to Buchanan, which denounced secession from the Union as illegal. Buchanan gave his address to Congress on December 3.[60] Meanwhile, Buchanan's cabinet were growing more discontent with his handling of secession, and several members deemed him too weak on the issue. On December 5th, his Secretary of the Treasury, Howell Cobb resigned. On December 9th, Secretary of State Lewis Cass, disgruntled over Buchanan's failure to defend the government's interests in the South, tendered his resignation. Black was nominated to replace Cass on December 12.[61] About a week later, Stanton, at the time in Cincinnati, was told to come to Washington at once, for he had been confirmed by the Senate as Buchanan's new Attorney General. He was sworn in on December 20th.[61][62]Stanton met a cabinet in disarray over the issue of secession. Buchanan did not want to agitate the South any further, and sympathized with the South's cause.[63] On December 9th, Buchanan had agreed with South Carolinian congressmen that the military installations in the state would not be reinforced unless force against them was perpetrated. However, on the day that Stanton assumed his position, Maj. Robert Anderson moved his unit to Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which the Southerners viewed as Buchanan reneging on his promise. South Carolina issued an ordinance of secession soon after, declaring itself independent of the United States.[64] The South Carolinians demanded that federal forces leave Charleston Harbor altogether; they threatened carnage if they did not get compliance.[65] The following day, Buchanan gave his cabinet a draft of his response to the South Carolinians. Secretaries Thompson and Philip Francis Thomas, of the Treasury Department, thought the President's response too pugnacious; Stanton, Black and Postmaster General Joseph Holt thought it too placatory. Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the Navy, was alone in his support of the response.[66]Stanton was unnerved by Buchanan's ambivalence towards the South Carolina secession crisis, and wanted to stiffen him against complying to the South's demands.[67] On December 30th, Black came to Stanton's home, and the two agreed to pen their objections to Buchanan ordering a withdrawal from Fort Sumter. If he did such a thing, the two men, along with Postmaster General Holt, agreed that they would resign, delivering a crippling blow to the administration. Buchanan obliged them.[68][Note 3] The South Carolinian delegates got their response from President Buchanan on New Year's Eve 1860; the President would not withdraw forces from Charleston Harbor.[70]By February 1st, six Southern states had followed South Carolina's lead and passed ordinances of secession, declaring themselves to no longer be a part of the United States.[71] On February 18th, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as the President of the Confederate States.[72] Meanwhile, Washington was astir with talk of coups and conspiracies. Stanton thought that discord would ravage the capital on February 13, when electoral votes were being counted; nothing happened. Again, Stanton thought, when Lincoln was sworn in on March 4th there would be violence; this did not come to pass. Lincoln's inauguration did give Stanton a flickering of hope that his efforts to keep Fort Sumter defended would not be in vain, and that Southern aggression would be met with force in the North. In his inauguration speech, Lincoln did not say he would outlaw slavery throughout the nation, but he did say that he would not support secession in any form, and that any attempt to leave the Union was not lawful. In Stanton, Lincoln's words were met with cautious optimism.[73] The new president submitted his choices for his cabinet on March 5,[74] and by that day's end, Stanton was no longer the attorney general.[75] He lingered in his office for a while to help settle in and guide his replacement, Edward Bates.[74]","title":"Early work in politics (1860–1862)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Simon Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Manassas Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas_Junction"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962125%E2%80%93126-79"},{"link_name":"Simon Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962126-80"},{"link_name":"Col.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cochrane_(general)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905115-81"},{"link_name":"Caleb B. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_B._Smith"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905115%E2%80%93116-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905115%E2%80%93116-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962134-83"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905116-84"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962134-83"},{"link_name":"Minister to Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia"},{"link_name":"William H. Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"},{"link_name":"Treasury Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. M. Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._M._Barlow_I"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962131-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905117-87"}],"sub_title":"Cameron's advisor","text":"Simon Cameron, Lincoln's Secretary of War before StantonOn July 21st, the North and the South experienced their first major clash at Manassas Junction in Virginia, the First Battle of Bull Run. Northerners thought the battle would end the war, and defeat the Confederacy decisively; however, the bloody encounter ended with the Union Army retreating to Washington. Lincoln wanted to bolster Northern numbers afterwards, with many in the North believing the war would be more arduous than they initially expected, but when more than 250,000 men signed up, the federal government did not have enough supplies for them. The War Department had states buy the supplies, assuring them that they would be reimbursed. This led to states selling the federal government items that were usually damaged or worthless at very high prices. Nonetheless, the government bought them.[76]Soon, Simon Cameron, Lincoln's Secretary of War, was being accused of incompetently handling his department, and some wanted him to resign. Cameron sought out Stanton to advise him on legal matters concerning the War Department's acquisitions, among other things.[77] Calls for Cameron to resign grew louder when he endorsed a bombastic November 1861 speech given by Col. John Cochrane to his unit. \"[W]e should take the slave by the hand, placing a musket in it, and bid him in God's name strike for the liberty of the human race\", Cochrane said.[78] Cameron embraced Cochrane's sentiment that slaves should be armed, but it was met with repudiation in Lincoln's cabinet. Caleb B. Smith, the Secretary in the Department of the Interior, scolded Cameron for his support of Cochrane.[79]Cameron inserted a call to arm the slaves in his report to Congress, which would be sent along with Lincoln's address to the legislature.[79] Cameron gave the report to Stanton, who amended it with a passage that went even further in demanding that slaves be armed,[80] stating that those who rebel against the government lose their claims to any type of property, including slaves, and that it was \"clearly the right of the Government to arm slaves when it may become necessary as it is to use gunpowder or guns taken from the enemy\".[81] Cameron gave the report to Lincoln, and sent several copies to Congress and the press. Lincoln wanted the portions containing calls to arm the slaves removed, and ordered the transmission of Cameron's report be stopped and replaced with an altered version. Congress received the version without the call to arm slaves, while the press received a version with it. When newspapers published the document in its entirety, Lincoln was excoriated by Republicans, who thought him weak on the issue of slavery, and disliked that he wanted the plea to arm slaves removed.[80]The President resolved to dismiss Cameron when abolitionists in the North settled over the controversy. Cameron would not resign until he was sure of his successor, and that he could leave the cabinet without damaging his reputation. When a vacancy in the post of Minister to Russia presented itself, Cameron and Lincoln agreed that he would fill the post when he resigned. As for a successor, Lincoln thought Joseph Holt best for the job, but his Secretary of State, William H. Seward, wanted Stanton to succeed Cameron. Salmon Chase, Stanton's friend and Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, agreed.[82] Stanton had been preparing for a partnership with Samuel L. M. Barlow in New York, but abandoned these plans when he heard of his possible nomination.[83] Lincoln nominated Stanton to the post of Secretary of War on January 13. He was confirmed two days following.[84]","title":"Early work in politics (1860–1862)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Edwin_Stanton,_1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962152-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962143-89"},{"link_name":"John Fox Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fox_Potter"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905119-91"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Wade"},{"link_name":"Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War"},{"link_name":"subpoena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena"},{"link_name":"executive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962148-92"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia and Reading Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_%26_Reading_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905119,_127-93"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962152-88"},{"link_name":"spoils system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoils_system"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962164%E2%80%93165-94"},{"link_name":"[Note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905127-98"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905118,_128-99"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905128-100"},{"link_name":"telegraph lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_line"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962153-101"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962154%E2%80%93155-102"},{"link_name":"arbitrary arrests and detentions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962157-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962158-104"}],"sub_title":"Early days in office","text":"Stanton as Secretary of WarUnder Cameron, the War Department had earned the moniker \"the lunatic asylum.\"[85] The department was barely respected among soldiers or government officials, and its authority was routinely disregarded. The army's generals held the brunt of the operating authority in the military, while the President and the War Department interceded only in exceptional circumstances.[86] The department also had strained relations with Congress, especially Representative John Fox Potter, head of the House's \"Committee on Loyalty of Federal employees\", which sought to root out Confederate sympathizers in the government. Potter had prodded Cameron to remove about fifty individuals he suspected of Confederate sympathies; Cameron had paid him no mind.[87]Stanton was sworn in on January 20.[88] Immediately, he set about repairing the fractious relationship between Congress and the War Department. Stanton met with Potter on his first day as secretary, and on the same day, dismissed four persons whom Potter deemed unsavory. This was well short of the fifty people Potter wanted gone from the department, but he was nonetheless pleased. Stanton also met with Senator Benjamin Wade and his Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. The committee was a necessary and fruitful ally; it had subpoena power, thus allowing it to acquire information Stanton could not, and could help Stanton remove War Department staffers. Wade and his committee were happy to find an ally in the executive branch, and met with Stanton often thereafter.[89] Stanton made a number of organizational changes within the department as well. He appointed John Tucker, an executive at the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and Peter H. Watson, his partner in the reaper case, to be his assistant secretaries,[90] and had the staff at the department expanded by over sixty employees.[85] Further, Stanton appealed to the Senate to cease appointments of military officials until he could review the more than 1,400 individuals up for promotion. Hitherto, military promotions were a spoils system, where individuals favorable to the administration were given promotions, regardless of merit. This ceased under Stanton.[91][Note 4]On January 29 Stanton ordered that all contracts to manufacturers of military materials and supplies outside the United States be voided and replaced with contracts within the country, and that no such further contracts be made with foreign companies. The order provoked apprehension in Lincoln's cabinet.[94] The United Kingdom and France were searching for cause to recognize and support the Confederates, and Stanton's order may have given it to them.[95] Secretary of State Seward thought the order would \"complicate the foreign situation.\" Stanton persisted, and his January 29 order stood.[96]Meanwhile, Stanton worked to create an effective transportation and communication network across the North. His efforts focused on the railroad system and the telegraph lines. Stanton worked with Senator Wade to push through Congress a bill that would codify the ability of the President and his administration to forcibly seize railroad and telegraph lines for their purposes. Railroad companies in the North were accommodating to the needs and desires of the federal government for the most part, and the law was rarely used.[97] Stanton also secured the government's use of telegraph. He relocated the military's telegraphing operations from McClellan's army headquarters to his department, a decision the general was none too pleased with. The relocation gave Stanton closer control over the military's communications operations, and he exploited this. Stanton forced all members of the press to work through Assistant Secretary Watson, where unwanted journalists would be disallowed access to official government correspondence. If a member of the press went elsewhere in the department, they would be charged with espionage.[98]Prior to Stanton's incumbency as War Secretary, President Lincoln apportioned responsibility for the security of government against treachery and other unsavory activities to several members of his cabinet, mostly Secretary Seward, as he did not trust Attorney General Bates or Secretary Cameron. Under Secretary Stanton, the War Department would have consolidated responsibility for internal security. A lynchpin of Seward's strategy to maintain internal security was the use of arbitrary arrests and detentions, and Stanton continued this practice. Democrats harshly criticized the use of arbitrary arrests, but Lincoln contended that it was his primary responsibility to maintain the integrity and security of the government, and that waiting until possible betrayers committed guilty acts would hurt the government.[99] At Stanton's behest, Seward continued the detention of only the most risky inmates, and released all others.[100]","title":"Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Stanton,_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eastern Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962182%E2%80%93183-105"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905140%E2%80%93141-106"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962185-107"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962187-108"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"lay siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1862)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962188-109"},{"link_name":"William B. Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Franklin"},{"link_name":"Irvin McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_McDowell"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962189-110"},{"link_name":"Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(CSA)"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon200160%E2%80%9367-111"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enforcer-112"},{"link_name":"Harrison's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Landing"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1992355-113"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962201%E2%80%93202-114"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962202-115"},{"link_name":"John C. Frémont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel P. Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks"},{"link_name":"Army of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"John Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962204%E2%80%93205-116"},{"link_name":"Henry W. Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962214-117"}],"sub_title":"General-in-Chief","text":"Photograph of Edwin StantonLincoln eventually grew tired of McClellan's inaction, especially after his January 27, 1862, order to advance against the Confederates in the Eastern Theatre had provoked little military response from McClellan. On March 11, Lincoln relieved McClellan of his position as general-in-chief of the whole Union army—leaving him in charge of only the Army of the Potomac—and replaced him with Stanton. This created a bitter chasm in the relationship between Stanton and McClellan, and led McClellan's supporters to claim that Stanton \"usurped\" the role of general-in-chief, and that a Secretary of War should be subordinate to military commanders.[101][102] Lincoln ignored such calls, leaving military power consolidated with himself and Stanton.[103]Meanwhile, McClellan was preparing for the first major military operation in the Eastern Theatre, the Peninsula Campaign. The Army of the Potomac began its movement to the Virginia Peninsula on March 17.[104] The first action of the campaign was at Yorktown. Lincoln wanted McClellan to attack the town outright, but McClellan's inspection of the Confederate defensive works there compelled him to lay siege to the town instead.[105] Washington politicians were angered at McClellan's choice to delay an attack. McClellan, however, requested reinforcements for his siege—the 11,000 men in Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin's division, of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's corps. Stanton wanted Maj. Gen. McDowell's corps to stay together and march on to Richmond, but McClellan persisted, and Stanton eventually capitulated.[106]McClellan's campaign lasted several months. However, after Gen. Robert E. Lee became the commander of local Confederate forces on June 1, he launched a series of offensives against the Army of the Potomac, which, by late June 1862, was just a few miles from the Confederate capital, Richmond.[107] In addition, Stanton ordered McClellan to transfer one of his corps east to defend Washington.[108] McClellan and the Army of the Potomac were pushed back to Harrison's Landing in Virginia, where they were protected by Union gunboats.[109] In Washington, Stanton was blamed for McClellan's defeat by the press and the public. On April 3 Stanton had suspended military recruiting efforts under the mistaken impression that McClellan's Peninsula Campaign would end the war. With McClellan retreating and the casualties from the campaign piling up, the need for more men rose significantly. Stanton restored recruiting operations on July 6, when McClellan's defeat on the Peninsula was firmly established, but the damage was done. The press, angered by Stanton's strict measures regarding journalistic correspondence, unleashed torrents of scorn on him, furthering the narrative that he was the only encumbrance to McClellan's victory.[110]The attacks hurt Stanton, and he considered resigning, but he remained in his position, at Lincoln's request.[111] As defeats piled up, Lincoln sought to give some order to the disparate divisions of Union forces in Virginia. He decided to consolidate the commands of Maj. Gens. McDowell, John C. Frémont, and Nathaniel P. Banks into the Army of Virginia, which was to be commanded by Maj. Gen. John Pope who was brought east after success in the West.[112] Lincoln was also convinced that the North's army needed reformation at the highest ranks; he and Stanton being the de facto commanders of Union forces had proved too much to bear, so Lincoln would need a skilled commander. He chose Gen. Henry W. Halleck. Halleck arrived in Washington on July 22, and was confirmed as the general-in-chief of Union forces the following day.[113]","title":"Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_War_Edwin_Stanton_LCCN2017659637.jpg"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Maryland Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"skirmish at Mile Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mile_Hill"},{"link_name":"major confrontation at Harpers Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962222%E2%80%93223-118"},{"link_name":"Antietam Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antietam_Creek"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962223%E2%80%93224-119"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962225-120"},{"link_name":"Culpeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Gordonsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordonsville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962251-121"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962253-122"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooker"},{"link_name":"William Rosecrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rosecrans"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962258-123"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"rearguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearguard"},{"link_name":"flanking maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanking_maneuver"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962270-124"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962271-125"},{"link_name":"Marsena Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsena_Patrick"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962272-126"},{"link_name":"George Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962273-127"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"a great Confederate retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_from_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962274-128"},{"link_name":"Potomac river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_river"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962274%E2%80%93275-129"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962275-130"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chickamauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga"},{"link_name":"Army of the Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Braxton Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg"},{"link_name":"Charles Anderson Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962267-131"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962285%E2%80%93286-132"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enforcer-112"},{"link_name":"George Henry Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962291-133"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"besiege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Knoxville"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962292-134"}],"sub_title":"War rages on","text":"Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, 1862. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of CongressIn the final days of August 1862, Gen. Lee scourged Union forces, routing them at Manassas Junction in the Second Battle of Bull Run, this time, against Maj. Gen. Pope and his Army of Virginia. A number of people, including Maj. Gen. Halleck and Secretary Stanton, thought Lee would turn his attention to Washington. Instead, Lee began the Maryland Campaign. The campaign started with a skirmish at Mile Hill on September 4, followed by a major confrontation at Harpers Ferry. Lincoln, without consulting Stanton, perhaps knowing Stanton would object, merged Pope's Army of Virginia into McClellan's Army of the Potomac. With 90,000 men, McClellan launched his army into the bloody Battle of Antietam, and emerged victorious, pushing the Army of Northern Virginia back into Virginia, and effectively ending Lee's Maryland offensive.[114] McClellan's success at Antietam Creek emboldened him to demand that Lincoln and his government cease obstructing his plans, Halleck and Stanton be removed, and he be made general-in-chief of the Union Army. Meanwhile, he refused to move aggressively against Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia, which was withdrawing towards Richmond. McClellan's unreasonable requests continued, as did his indolence, and Lincoln's patience with him soon grew thin.[115] Lincoln dismissed him from leadership of the Army of the Potomac on November 5. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan days later.[116]Burnside, at Halleck's request, submitted a plan to create a ruse at Culpeper and Gordonsville, while the brunt of his force took Fredericksburg, then moved on to Richmond. Halleck's response was sent on November 14: \"The President has just assented to your plan. He thinks that it will succeed, if you move rapidly; otherwise not.\"[117] The following Battle of Fredericksburg was a disaster, and the Army of the Potomac was handily defeated.[118]Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside on January 26, 1863. Stanton did not much care for Hooker, who had loudly denounced Lincoln's administration, and had been insubordinate while serving under Burnside. He would have preferred for Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans to head the army; Lincoln disregarded Stanton's opinion. As Thomas and Hyman tell it, Lincoln \"chose Hooker because that general had a reputation as a fighter and stood higher in popular esteem at that moment than any other eastern general.\"[119] Hooker spent considerable time strengthening the Army of the Potomac, especially regarding morale. Hooker's only major engagement with Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was the Battle of Chancellorsville in early May 1863. Lee had Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson engage Hooker's rearguard in a precipitous flanking maneuver. Stonewall Jackson's maneuver was skilfully employed, resulting a Confederate victory when the fighting ended on May 6, leaving 17,000 Union casualties.[120]Stanton's attempts to raise Northern spirits after the defeat were hampered by news that, under Hooker, the Army of the Potomac had become grossly undisciplined. Indeed, Hooker's headquarters were described as \"combination of barroom and brothel.\" Stanton petitioned for liquor and women to be forbidden in Hooker's camps.[121] Meanwhile, Lee was again pushing into the North. Lee's movements were wracking nerves in Washington by mid-June, more so when disturbing reports came from Hooker's subordinates, such as that of Brig. Gen. Marsena Patrick: \"[Hooker] acts like a man without a plan, & is entirely at a loss what to do, or how to match the enemy, or counteract his movements.\"[122] Furthermore, like McClellan, Hooker kept overestimating Lee's numbers, and said the Lincoln's administration did not have full confidence in him. Hooker resigned on June 27; Stanton and Lincoln decided that his replacement would be Maj. Gen. George Meade, who was appointed the following day.[123]Lee and Meade first clashed in the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1. News of a victory at Gettysburg, and a great Confederate retreat, came on July 4. Soon after, word came of Maj. Gen. Grant's victory at Vicksburg. Northerners were exultant. Stanton even gave a rare speech to a huge crowd outside of the War Department's headquarters.[124] The administration's celebrations soon ended, however, when Maj. Gen. Meade refused to launch an attack against Lee while the Army of Northern Virginia was stuck on the banks of the Potomac river. When Lee crossed the river untouched on July 14, Lincoln and Stanton were upset.[125] Stanton affirmed in a letter to a friend that Meade would have his support unreservedly, but that \"since the world began no man ever missed so great an opportunity of serving his country as was lost by his neglecting to strike his adversary.\" Stanton knew, though, that Meade's reluctance came at the advice of his corps commanders, who formerly outranked him.[126]While action in the Eastern Theater wound down, action in the West heated up. After the two-day Battle of Chickamauga in late September, Maj. Gen. Rosecrans, the commander of the Army of the Cumberland, was left trapped in Chattanooga, Tennessee and beset on all sides by Gen. Braxton Bragg's forces. Rosecrans telegraphed Washington: \"We have met a serious disaster, extent not yet ascertained.\" The situation in Chattanooga was desperate. The North needed the town in its hands. According to journalist Charles Anderson Dana, who had been Stanton's assistant secretary since March 1863,[127] Rosecrans might only be able to fight for another 15–20 more days and that, without at least 20,000 to 25,000 more men, Chattanooga would be lost.[128] Stanton organized the secret transportation of thousands of Union troops west by rail.[108] Lincoln and Stanton agreed to make Maj. Gen. Grant the commander of almost all forces in the West, giving Grant the option to dismiss Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland and replace him with Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas.[129] This Grant did. In late November, Grant, with good efforts from Thomas and Hooker, broke Gen. Bragg's siege at Chattanooga, while Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman failed to achieve his stated objective. Confederate Lt. Gen. James Longstreet attempted to besiege Maj. Gen. Burnside's army at Knoxville, but Sherman moved east from Chattanooga, causing the Confederates to retreat.[130]","title":"Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rapidan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidan_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962300-135"},{"link_name":"Spotsylvania Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962301-136"},{"link_name":"Cold Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Siege of Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962302%E2%80%93303-137"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962303-138"},{"link_name":"1864 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"George H. Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Pendleton"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962330%E2%80%93331-139"},{"link_name":"furlough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962333%E2%80%93334-140"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's second inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905259-141"},{"link_name":"Philip Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962350-142"},{"link_name":"Battle of Five Forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962351-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962351-143"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905262-144"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962352-145"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"American flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_flag"},{"link_name":"bald eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962352-145"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower1905262-144"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962352-145"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962353-146"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962356-147"}],"sub_title":"End of the war","text":"Grant, having been promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and made the general-in-chief of the Union Army, crossed the Rapidan River on May 4, 1864. The following day, his and Lee's armies clashed in the Battle of the Wilderness. The result was inconclusive, but Grant, unlike previous commanders, was loath to stop his onward push; \"there will be no turning back,\" he told Lincoln.[131] Grant again engaged Lee at Spotsylvania Court House, and again Union losses far exceeded those of the Confederates.[132] Several days later, Grant and Lee battled at Cold Harbor, where Grant launched numerous assaults in an open field, incurring heavy losses. Nevertheless, Grant pushed on, secretly moving his army across the James River in a masterful display of engineering, but failed to take Petersburg, the important rail junction south of Richmond. The Union army was forced to forego further attacks and began entrenching; so began the Siege of Petersburg.[133] \"Long lines of parallel entrenchments curled south and east of Richmond as both armies dug in,\" say Thomas and Hyman. \"Grant stabbed at Lee's fortifications, always keeping the pressure on, and at the same time probed westward, feeling for the railroads that brought Lee's supplies.\"[134]In the 1864 presidential election, Lincoln and his new Vice President, Andrew Johnson, emerged victorious against their Democratic opponents, George B. McClellan and George H. Pendleton. Republicans also won major congressional and gubernatorial victories in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and New York.[135] Stanton played no small part in securing the victory. Several days prior to the election, he ordered soldiers from key states such as Illinois, Lincoln's home state, to be returned home to vote. \"The men who were doing the fighting had voted for more of it in order to make their efforts worth while,\" Thomas and Hyman state. Stanton also used his powers at the War Department to ensure that Republican voters were not harassed or threatened at the polls. Thomas and Hyman credit Stanton's troop furlough and other moves for much of the Republican success in the 1864 elections.[136]On March 3, 1865, the day before Lincoln's second inauguration, Grant wired to Washington that Lee had sent representatives to him to sue for peace. Lincoln initially told Grant that he should get peace with the South by any means necessary. Stanton declared, however, that it is the president's duty to sue for peace; otherwise, the president is useless and little more than a figure-head. This engendered an immediate change of tone from the president. Stanton, at Lincoln's urging, told Grant that he was to \"have no conference with General Lee unless it be for the capitulation of Gen. Lee's army, or on some minor, and purely, military matter\". Further, Grant was not to \"decide, discuss, or confer upon any political questions. Such matters the President holds in his own hands; and will submit them to no military conferences or conventions\". Grant agreed.[137] Days later, Lincoln visited Grant at his siege headquarters (the Siege of Petersburg was still ongoing). Once Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan had rejoined his army from the Shenandoah Valley, Grant prepared to make his final push into Richmond.[138] On April 1, 1865, Sheridan defeated Lee's army in the Battle of Five Forks, forcing a retreat from Petersburg. Stanton, who had stayed close to his telegraph for days, told his wife the following evening: \"Petersburg is evacuated and probably Richmond. Put out your flags.\"[139] Stanton was worried that President Lincoln, who had stayed around to watch Grant's push into Richmond, was in danger of being captured, and warned him. Lincoln disagreed, but was happy for Stanton's concern. The President wrote Stanton: \"It is certain now that Richmond is in our hands, and I think I will go there to-morrow.\"[139]News of Richmond's fall, which came on April 3,[140] touched off furious excitement throughout the North. \"The news spread fast, and people streaming from stores and offices speedily filled the thoroughfares. Cannons began firing, whistles tooted, horns blew, horsecars were forced to a standstill, the crowd yelled and cheered,\" say Thomas and Hyman.[141] Stanton was overjoyed. At his bidding, candles were put in the windows of each of the Department's properties, while bands played \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\" Furthermore, the department's headquarters were adorned with American flags, along with an image of a bald eagle holding in its talons a scroll with \"Richmond\" written on it.[141] The night Richmond fell, Stanton tearily gave an impromptu speech to the crowd outside the War Department.[140]Lee and his army had slipped out of Richmond before its fall, though.[141] Grant marched west to stymie Lee's retreat, while Lincoln remained in Richmond. News of Grant's victories over the withdrawing Confederates lit up Washington's telegraphs. The Union Army was pressing on Lee's tail, and capturing thousands of Confederate prisoners of war. On April 9 Lee finally surrendered, ending the war.[142] On April 13, Stanton suspended conscription and recruiting, as well as the army's acquisition efforts.[143]","title":"Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Henry Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962396-148"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962396-148"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962396-148"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962396%E2%80%93397-149"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gideon Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Welles"},{"link_name":"David K. Cartter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_K._Cartter"},{"link_name":"District Court for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962397-150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lincoln_on_his_deathbed.jpg"},{"link_name":"Petersen House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_House"},{"link_name":"Petersen House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_House"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962397-150"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015370-151"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962401-152"},{"link_name":"Kirkwood Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_Hotel_(Washington_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962400%E2%80%93401-154"},{"link_name":"John Wilkes Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962397%E2%80%93398-155"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962398-156"},{"link_name":"lockdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockdown"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015369-157"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962398-156"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015370-151"},{"link_name":"George A. Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Townsend"},{"link_name":"New York Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962400-158"},{"link_name":"USS Montauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Montauk_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2001209-159"},{"link_name":"Lewis Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Powell_(conspirator)"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Laughlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Laughlen"},{"link_name":"Edmund Spangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spangler"},{"link_name":"George Atzerodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Atzerodt"},{"link_name":"Mary Surratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Surratt"},{"link_name":"USS Saugus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saugus_(1863)"},{"link_name":"ball and chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_and_chain"},{"link_name":"handcuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handcuffs"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962419-160"},{"link_name":"Old Capitol Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Capitol_Prison"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962420-161"},{"link_name":"Boston Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Corbett"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962420%E2%80%93421-162"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962425%E2%80%93434-163"}],"sub_title":"Lincoln assassinated","text":"On April 14, Lincoln invited Stanton, Grant and their wives to join him at Ford's Theatre the next evening. Lincoln had invited Stanton to go with him to the theatre several times, invitations Stanton routinely rejected. Further, neither Stanton's nor Grant's wives would go unless the other went. The Grants used a visit to their children in New Jersey as their excuse. Finally, Lincoln decided to go to the theatre with Major Henry Rathbone and his betrothed. Stanton retired home that night after visiting a bedridden Secretary Seward. He went to bed at about 10 pm. Soon after, he heard Ellen yell from downstairs: \"Mr. Seward is murdered!\"[144] Stanton rushed downstairs. Upon hearing that Lincoln, too, might be dead, Stanton grew intensely animated. He wanted to leave immediately. He was cautioned: \"You mustn't go out ... As I came up to the house I saw a man behind the tree-box, but he ran away, and I did not follow him.\"[144] Stanton paid little mind to the man; he found a taxi and went to Seward's home.[144]At his arrival, Stanton was told that Lincoln had in fact been attacked. Stanton ordered that the homes of all members of the cabinet and the Vice President be put under guard.[145] Stanton pushed through a crowd at the Secretary's home to find an unconscious Seward being attended to by a doctor in a bloody third-floor room. Seward's son, Frederick, was left paralyzed by the attack. Stanton and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, who had come to Seward's home moments before, decided to go to Ford's Theatre to see the President. The two secretaries went by carriage, accompanied by Quartermaster General Meigs and David K. Cartter, a justice of the District Court for the District of Columbia.[146]Abraham Lincoln lay on his deathbed at the Petersen House in Washington, surrounded by family, friends and government officials.Stanton found Lincoln at the Petersen House across from the theatre. Lincoln lay on a bed diagonally, because of his height.[146] When he saw the dying President, several accounts say Stanton began to weep. However, William Marvel states in his book, Lincoln's Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton that \"Stanton's emotional detachment and his domineering persona made him valuable that night, as others wallowed in anguish\".[147] Thomas and Hyman also state: \"Always before, death close at hand had unsettled him close to the point of imbalance. Now he seemed calm, grim, decisive, in complete outward control of himself\".[148] Andrew Johnson, about whom Stanton, and the country, knew little, was sworn in as president at 11 am on April 15, in the Kirkwood Hotel.[149] However, Stanton, who had planned to retire at the end of the war, \"was indeed in virtual control of the government\", say Thomas and Hyman. \"He had charge of the Army, Johnson was barely sworn in and vastly unsure of himself, and Congress was not in session.\"[150]Stanton ordered testimony taken from those who saw the attack. Witnesses blamed actor John Wilkes Booth for the assassination.[151] Stanton put all soldiers in Washington on guard,[152] and ordered a lockdown of the city.[153] Rail traffic to the south was to be halted, and fishing boats on the Potomac were not to come ashore.[152] Stanton also called Grant back to the capital from New Jersey.[147]On April 15, Washington was, as journalist George A. Townsend said, \"full of Detective Police\". At Stanton's request, the New York Police Department joined the War Department's detectives' tireless search for Booth and any accomplices.[154] Stanton had the lower deck of the monitor USS Montauk, which was placed near the Washington Navy Yard,[155] host several of the conspirators, Lewis Powell, Michael O'Laughlen, Edmund Spangler, and George Atzerodt. The other plotters, except Booth and Mary Surratt, were confined aboard the USS Saugus. The prisoners on both boats were bound by ball and chain, with handcuffs attached to an iron rod. Stanton also ordered a bag placed over the captives' heads, with a hole in it to allow for eating and breathing.[156] Surratt was kept at Old Capitol Prison, where she had been since her arrest.[157] Booth, the remaining culprit, had been shot at a barn in Virginia by Boston Corbett and died soon after. Booth's body was put aboard the Montauk. After an autopsy was performed, and Booth's identity confirmed beyond any doubt, he was buried in a \"secret, unmarked, and unhallowed grave\", on Stanton's orders. Stanton knew Booth would be lionized in the South, and thought he would not give anyone the opportunity.[158] The conspirators went on to be tried and convicted. All but three were hanged.[159]","title":"Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862–1865)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Johnson administration (1865–1868)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962405-164"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"John C. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962406-165"},{"link_name":"Preston King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_King_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962407-166"},{"link_name":"specie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion_coin"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962408-167"},{"link_name":"George Stoneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stoneman"},{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962407-166"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962408-167"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962410%E2%80%93411-168"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962411-169"},{"link_name":"John Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman"},{"link_name":"censured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censured"},{"link_name":"his wife's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Ewing_Sherman"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962412-170"},{"link_name":"Grand Review of the Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Review_of_the_Armies"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962414%E2%80%93415-171"},{"link_name":"handshake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handshake"},{"link_name":"Noah Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962416-172"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962416%E2%80%93417-173"}],"sub_title":"Sherman's truce","text":"Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh ShermanLt. Gen. Grant, failing to find Stanton at the War Department, sent a note to his home by courier on the evening of April 21. The matter was urgent.[160] Maj. Gen. Sherman, who had established his army headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina, had negotiated a peace deal with Confederate commander Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, with the grace of Confederate States Secretary of War John C. Breckinridge. Sherman had been authorized to negotiate with the Southerners only in matters regarding the military, as Grant had been with Lee. Sherman explicitly acknowledged that his negotiations with Confederate leaders were to stay firmly in the realm of military policy, but flouted the limitations anyway. Sherman's deal contained, as expected, a termination of hostilities with the South, but also specified that Southern governments who had rebelled against the United States were to be recognized by the federal government once they swore allegiance to the United States. Further, the deal's terms provided for federal courts to be reinstated in rebellious states, as well as the restoration of property and voting rights to Southerners, and a blanket pardon for Southerners who had rebelled. The deal went even further, allowing Southern troops to place their weapons in the hands of their states' governments, which would effectively rearm the Southern states. Sherman's truce also allotted power to the Supreme Court to resolve jurisdictional disputes between state and local governments in the South, which was a political issue, and not a legal issue, making that a power the court did not constitutionally have.[161]The courier arrived at Stanton's residence breathless, interrupting his dinner. When he heard the news, Stanton, \"in a state of high excitement\", rushed to the War Department. He sent for all members of the cabinet in the name of the President. Johnson's cabinet, along with Grant and Preston King, Johnson's advisor, convened at 8 pm that night. Word of Sherman's actions was met with unanimous condemnation by those present. President Johnson instructed Stanton to tell Sherman his deal had been rejected, and that \"hostilities should be immediately resumed after giving the Confederates the forty-eight hours' notice required to terminate the truce\". Grant would go to Raleigh at once to inform Sherman of Stanton's edict, as well as to assume command of troops in the South.[162]Stanton took the matter to the press. In addition to publicizing the details of Sherman's deal, Stanton said Sherman intentionally flouted direct orders from both Lincoln and Johnson, and listed nine reasons Sherman's deal had been categorically rejected. Further, Stanton accused Sherman of recklessly opening a path by which Jefferson Davis might flee the country with specie Davis purportedly took with him after abandoning Richmond.[163] The latter claim was based in Sherman's removal of Maj. Gen. George Stoneman's forces from the Greensboro railway—Greensboro was the place to which Davis and other Confederate officials fled.[162] Stanton's words were damning. \"It amounted to a castigation of Sherman and virtually accused him of disloyalty\", say Thomas and Hyman. Moreover, Sherman being among the most respected generals in the country, Stanton's publication endangered his place in the administration.[163]Having not seen Stanton's dispatch to the press, Sherman wrote Stanton a conciliatory letter, calling his agreement \"folly\" and saying that, though he still felt his deal with Johnston and Breckinridge was solid, it was not his place to contest his superior's decision and that he would follow orders.[164] Meantime, Maj. Gen. Halleck, at Grant's request, communicated to several of Sherman's subordinates that they were to move their forces to North Carolina, regardless of what Sherman said. Halleck sent another dispatch to Sherman's generals telling them not to listen to Sherman's edicts at all. After Halleck's order, and reading Stanton's message to the press in a newspaper, Sherman's fury reached a dizzying, explosive tenor. Sherman thought Stanton had unjustifiably characterized him as a disloyal pariah. \"I respect [Stanton's] office but I cannot him personally, till he undoes the injustice of the past\", Sherman said to Grant.[165] Sherman's brother, Senator John Sherman, wanted the general censured for his actions, but still treated fairly. Sherman himself, and his wife's powerful family, the Ewings, wanted Stanton to publicly take back his statements. Stanton characteristically refused.[166]In late May, there would be a Grand Review of the Armies, where the Union Army would parade through the streets of Washington. Halleck offered the hospitality of his home to Sherman; the general bluntly refused. He informed Grant of his rejection, stating as well that he would only listen to orders from Stanton if they were explicitly sanctioned by the President as well. Sherman further stated that \"retraction or pusillanimous excusing\" would no longer cut it. The only thing acceptable to Sherman would be for Stanton to declare himself a \"common libeller\". \"I will treat Mr. Stanton with like scorn & contempt, unless you have reasons otherwise, for I regard my military career as ended, save and except so far as necessary to put my army into your hands.\"[167]Sherman made well on his promise. At the Grand Review, Sherman saluted the President and Grant, but slighted the secretary of war by walking past him without a handshake, in full view of the public. Stanton gave no immediate response. Journalist Noah Brooks wrote \"Stanton's face, never very expressive, remained immobile\".[168] The affront touched off speculation that Stanton was about to resign. Stanton, too, considered leaving his post, but at the request of the President and numerous others, including people in the military, he kept on. In reparative efforts, Sherman's wife brought the Stantons flowers, and spent time at their home, but Sherman continued to harbor resentment toward Stanton.[169]","title":"Johnson administration (1865–1868)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JOHNSON,_Andrew-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JOHNSON,_Andrew-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"BEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962436-174"},{"link_name":"American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962436%E2%80%93437-175"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962438-176"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962357%E2%80%93358,_438,_444%E2%80%93445-177"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962402-178"},{"link_name":"[Note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"William Woods Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woods_Holden"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962446-181"},{"link_name":"Francis Harrison Pierpont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"ten percent plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_percent_plan"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962446%E2%80%93447-182"},{"link_name":"1865 message to Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Thaddeus Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens"},{"link_name":"black suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962452,_464-183"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"riots in Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_riot"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015405%E2%80%93406-185"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1866"},{"link_name":"Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1866"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015410-186"},{"link_name":"Tenure of Office Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015412-187"},{"link_name":"advice and consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_and_consent"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015413%E2%80%93418-188"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015416%E2%80%93418-189"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015418%E2%80%93426-190"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962548-191"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962549%E2%80%93551-193"}],"sub_title":"Reconstruction","text":"BEP engraved portrait of Andrew Johnson as PresidentThe war was done, and Stanton now bore the substantial task of reshaping the American military establishment such that it would be as capable an apparatus in peacetime as it had proven to be in wartime.[170] To this end, in the North, Stanton reorganized the army into two sections; one to handle \"training and ceremonial chores\", and another to quell the American Indians in the west, who were agitated and blusterous as a result of the war.[171] In the South, a high priority was mending the power vacuum left in Southern states after the rebellion.[172] Stanton presented his military occupation proposal, which had been endorsed by Lincoln, to the President: two military governments would be established in Virginia and North Carolina, with provost marshals to enforce laws and establish order, tasks the marshals had proven most capable of in the weeks after the end of the war.[173]President Johnson had promised to his Cabinet in their first meeting on April 15 that he would uphold his predecessor's plans for Reconstruction, plans that the deceased President had discussed at length with Stanton.[174][Note 5] On May 29, 1865, Johnson issued two proclamations; one appointed William Woods Holden as the interim governor of North Carolina, and another pardoned individuals involved in the rebellion, with a few exceptions, if they agreed to loyalty and acceptance of all laws and edicts regarding slavery.[176] Johnson also recognized Francis Harrison Pierpont's government in Virginia, as well as the governments in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee, which were formed under Lincoln's ten percent plan. Further, Johnson offered the ten percent plan to several other Southern states.[177]In his 1865 message to Congress, the Democratic Johnson contended that the only necessary proof of loyalty a state needed to show was ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. Republicans in Congress disagreed; Senator Charles Sumner and Representative Thaddeus Stevens thought black suffrage was vitally necessary to the nation's security and the continuing dominance of the Republican Party. Republicans used parliamentary procedures to ensure none of the Southern delegates, who were mostly former Confederate leaders, took a seat in Congress, and established a predominantly Republican joint committee to decide Reconstruction matters.[178]Concerning Reconstruction, the President and Congress were deeply divided. Johnson, even when his amnesty policy had come under heavy criticism, had obdurately supported and continued it. Republicans in Congress, however, came to prefer Stanton's military occupation proposal.[179] The President's support from moderate Republicans dwindled after the gruesome anti-Negro riots in Memphis and New Orleans.[180] The public seemed to be against Johnson as well. In the 1866 congressional elections, Republicans made sweeping gains on their Democratic rivals. In both the House and Senate elections, Republicans gained a two-thirds plurality of the seats.[181] In the new year, some Republicans sought to use their majority to oust Johnson. They presented the Tenure of Office Bill, written with Stanton in mind.[182] The President had long considered dismissing Stanton and replacing him with Maj. Gen. Sherman; the Tenure of Office Bill would have made this illegal without the advice and consent of Congress, which was unlikely to be given for Stanton, who was firmly supported by and cooperating with Republicans. When the bill reached the President's desk, he vetoed it. His veto was overridden the same day.[183]With the protection offered by the Tenure of Office Act, Stanton's opposition to Johnson became more open.[184] In the following months, Johnson grew increasingly exasperated with his War Secretary.[185] Johnson told Grant he intended to remove Stanton, and give him the War Secretaryship. Grant opposed the idea. He argued for Stanton's retention and stated that the Tenure of Office Act protected Stanton. Further, Grant said, should the tenure law prove impotent, public opinion would turn further against the administration. Seward, who still respected Stanton greatly, also disagreed with his removal.[186] The two men's words made Johnson teeter in uncertainty; however, his will was stiffened with the support from Secretary Welles and Salmon Chase, now the Supreme Court's Chief Justice — the former previously described Stanton as \"selfish, insincere, a dissembler, and treacherous\", and the latter having dissolved his friendship with Stanton in aid of his political aspirations.[187] On August 12, 1867, Johnson sent a note to Stanton saying that he was suspended from his position as Secretary of War, and was to turn over the department's files and power to Grant. Pursuant to the Tenure of Office Act, he also notified the Senate for its consideration. Stanton grudgingly, but with little resistance, complied.[188]","title":"Johnson administration (1865–1868)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impeachment of Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_situation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015433%E2%80%93434-194"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015435-195"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015436%E2%80%93438-196"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015439-197"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas"},{"link_name":"impeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"party-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-line_vote"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015439%E2%80%93442-198"},{"link_name":"supermajority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajority"},{"link_name":"Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015444%E2%80%93450-199"}],"sub_title":"Impeachment","text":"Further information: Impeachment of Andrew Johnson and Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson\"The Situation\", a Harper's Weekly cartoon gives a humorous breakdown of \"the situation\". Stanton aims a cannon labeled \"Congress\" on the side at President Andrew Johnson and Lorenzo Thomas to show how he was using Congress to defeat the president and his unsuccessful replacement. He also holds a ramrod marked \"Tenure of Office Bill\" and cannonballs on the floor are marked \"Justice\". Ulysses S. Grant and an unidentified man stand to Stanton's left.On January 13, 1868, the Senate voted overwhelmingly to reinstate Stanton as Secretary of War. Grant, fearing the Act's prescribed penalty of $10,000 in fines and five-years of prison, doubly so because of his high likelihood of being the Republican presidential nominee in the upcoming election, turned the office over immediately.[189] Stanton returned to the War Department soon after in \"unusually fine spirits and chatting casually\", as newspapers reported.[190] His reemergence precipitated a tide of congratulatory writings and gestures, thanking him for his opposition to the greatly disliked Johnson. The President, meanwhile, again began searching for an agreeable person to take the helm at the War Department, but after a few weeks, he seemed to accept Stanton's reinstatement with resignation. He did try to diminish the power of Stanton's office, however, regularly disregarding it. However, with his ability to sign treasury warrants, and his backing by Congress, Stanton still held considerable power.[191]Johnson became singularly focused on enacting Stanton's downfall. \"No longer able to bear the congressional insult of an enemy imposed on his Official family,\" Marvel says, \"Johnson began to ponder removing Stanton outright and replacing him with someone palatable enough to win Senate approval.\"[192] Johnson sought Lorenzo Thomas, the army's adjutant general, to replace Stanton, to which he agreed. On February 21, Johnson notified Congress that he was dismissing Stanton, and appointing Thomas as secretary ad interim. Stanton, urged by Republican senators, refused to concede his post. That night, Republicans in the Senate, over Democratic resistance, pushed through a resolution declaring Stanton's removal illegal. In the House, a motion was presented to impeach Johnson. On February 24 the motion was agreed to, and Johnson impeached, with a party-line 126 yeas and 47 nays.[193]Johnson's trial began in late March. With a predominantly Republican Senate, Johnson's conviction seemed to many a foregone conclusion. However, throughout the process, several senators began showing hesitance to remove the President from office. Stanton, meanwhile, had remained barricaded in the War Department's headquarters for weeks, sneaking off once in a while to visit his home. When it seemed to Stanton that Johnson would not remove him forcefully from office, he began spending more time at home. Stanton watched closely as the trial, which he was convinced would end with Johnson's conviction, continued for several months. When it came time to vote, 35 voted to convict, 19 to acquit, falling one short of the 36-vote supermajority needed for a conviction. The remaining proceedings were delayed for several days for the Republican National Convention. On May 26, after Johnson had been acquitted on all of the ten other charges, Stanton submitted his resignation to the President.[194]","title":"Johnson administration (1865–1868)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962614%E2%80%93615-200"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck"},{"link_name":"Clement Vallandigham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Vallandigham"},{"link_name":"Copperhead politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962616%E2%80%93617-201"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962619-202"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962621-203"}],"sub_title":"Campaigning in 1868","text":"After Johnson's acquittal and Stanton's resignation, Johnson's administration seized upon the narrative that those who wanted his impeachment were black-hearted, especially Stanton. However, Stanton left office with strong public and Republican support. In other matters, however, Stanton was in peril. His health was in a dire state, the product of his relentless efforts during and after the war, and his finances were greatly lacking. After his resignation, Stanton possessed only the remnants of his salary, and a $500 loan. Stanton rejected calls from his fellow Republicans that he run for the Senate, choosing instead to resume his law practice.[195]Stanton's law efforts stalled when he was called on in August 1868 by Robert C. Schenck, the Republican candidate for one of Ohio's seats in the House of Representatives. Schenck's rival, Democrat Clement Vallandigham, was well known among Republicans for his Copperhead politics, and disliked by Stanton.[196] Believing that Democratic victory at any level would imperil the results of the war, and nullify Republican efforts during the war, Stanton went on a tour of Ohio to campaign for Schenck, other Ohio Republicans and Grant, the Republican presidential nominee.[197] Meanwhile, Stanton's health continued to deteriorate. His physician warned him against making lengthy speeches as his asthma irritated him severely. Stanton's illness precipitated his return to Washington in early November. His feeble state was replaced by excitement when Republicans were victorious in the Schenck–Vallandingham race, and the presidential election.[198]","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[Note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962622%E2%80%93623-206"},{"link_name":"Samuel Shellabarger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Shellabarger_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962624-207"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962627-208"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962627%E2%80%93628-209"}],"sub_title":"Illness worsens","text":"Afterwards, Stanton took to arguing a case in the Pennsylvania federal court involving disputed West Virginia lands, which were valued in the millions of dollars because of their coal and timber. By this time, Stanton's illness was painfully visible.[Note 6] He grew so sickly that papers related to the case had to be delivered to him at his home. The court ruled against Stanton's client, but Stanton won an appeal at the U.S. Supreme Court to have the case remanded back to the lower court. At Christmas time, Stanton was not able to travel down the stairway of his house, so the family celebrated in his room.[200]Many speculated at the time that Grant, who had largely ignored Stanton for several months, was due to reward him for his campaigning efforts. Stanton stated, however, that should a position in Grant's administration be offered, he would reject it. Ohio congressman Samuel Shellabarger wrote: \"[Stanton] says he has not a great while to live & must devote that to his family...\"[201] Early in the new year, Stanton was preparing provisions for his death. However, when spring arrived, Stanton's condition improved. When the rejuvenated Stanton appeared at a congressional enquiry, talks of Grant rewarding Stanton resumed.[202] Several thought Stanton a good fit for the esteemed role of ambassador to England; instead, Grant offered Stanton the United States diplomatic mission to Mexico, which he declined.[203]","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962627%E2%80%93632-210"},{"link_name":"associate justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Matthew Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FL_2017-211"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962634%E2%80%93635-212"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer R. Hoar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar"},{"link_name":"Robert Cooper Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FL_2017-211"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015462-213"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FL_2017-211"}],"sub_title":"Supreme Court nomination","text":"Stanton's health varied for much of 1869.[204] In the later half of the year, after hearing that Congress had created a new associate justice seat on the Supreme Court, Stanton decided that he would lobby Grant to name him to that position. Stanton used Grant's close friend, Bishop Matthew Simpson, as his proxy to convince Grant of his suitability for a place on the Supreme Court.[205][206] Grant bypassed Stanton, however, and nominated Attorney General Ebenezer R. Hoar for the seat on December 14, 1869. The following day, Associate Justice Robert Cooper Grier announced his resignation, with the effective date of February 1, 1870, thus creating another vacancy for Grant to fill. Petitions in support of naming Stanton to fill the vacancy on the Court were circulated in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. They were delivered to the president on December 18, 1869. Grant and Vice President Colfax went to Stanton's home to personally extend the nomination on December 19, Stanton's 55th birthday.[205][207] Grant officially submitted the nomination to the Senate on December 20, and Stanton was confirmed that same day by a vote of 46–11.[208] Stanton wrote a letter of acceptance to the confirmation the next day, but died before assuming office as an associate justice.[205] He remains the only confirmed Supreme Court nominee who accepted but died before taking the prescribed oaths.","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surgeon General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Joseph Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barnes_(American_physician)"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015462-213"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015462-213"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015462%E2%80%93463-216"},{"link_name":"state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral"},{"link_name":"half-staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-staff"},{"link_name":"gun salutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_salute"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962639%E2%80%93640-217"},{"link_name":"Schuyler Colfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax"},{"link_name":"eulogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy"},{"link_name":"caisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2015463-218"},{"link_name":"three-volley salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-volley_salute"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasHyman1962640-219"}],"sub_title":"Death and funeral","text":"On the night of December 23 Stanton complained of pains in his head, neck and spine. His doctor, Surgeon General Joseph Barnes, was called. As had happened on many nights before, Stanton's asthma had made breathing difficult. Stanton's lungs and heart felt constricted, which kept Stanton's wife and children, as well as Barnes, by his bedside.[209] Stanton's condition began to improve at midnight, but then he began, as Marvin states, \"[gasping] so strenuously for air that someone ran for the pastor of the Church of the Epiphany, and soon after he arrived Stanton lost consciousness.\"[207] Stanton died at about 3 am on December 24, 1869.[207]Stanton's body was placed in a black, linen-inlaid coffin in his second-story bedroom.[210] President Grant had wanted a state funeral, but Ellen Stanton wanted as simple an affair as could be had. Nonetheless, Grant ordered all public offices closed, and federal buildings draped in \"raiments of sorrow\". Flags in several major cities were lowered to half-staff, and gun salutes sounded at army installations around the country.[211] On December 27, his body was carried by artillerymen to his home's parlor. President Grant, Vice President Schuyler Colfax, the Cabinet, the entire Supreme Court, senators, representatives, army officers and other important officials all attended Stanton's funeral. After the eulogy, Stanton's casket was placed atop a caisson, and drawn by four horses to Washington D.C.'s Oak Hill Cemetery at the head of a mile-long cavalcade.[212]Stanton was interred beside the grave of his son James Hutchinson Stanton, who had died in infancy several years earlier. An assortment of Cabinet officials, generals, justices and senators carried Stanton's coffin to its final resting place. One of Stanton's professors from Kenyon College performed a service at the graveyard, and a three-volley salute was issued, ending the ceremony.[213]","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanton_1871-7c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwin_M._Stanton-220"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"}],"text":"The 1st Stanton postage stamp, issue of 1871Edwin Stanton was the second American other than a U.S. president to appear on a U.S. postage issue, the first being Benjamin Franklin, who appeared on a stamp in 1847. The only Stanton stamp was issued March 6, 1871. This was also the only stamp issued by the post office that year. The Stanton 7-cent stamp paid the single rate postage for letters sent from the U.S. to various countries in Europe.[214][215]","title":"Stanton on U.S. postage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-$1-TN-1891-Fr-351.jpg"},{"link_name":"Treasury Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_(Coin)_Note"},{"link_name":"Fractional currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_currency"},{"link_name":"Stanton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Park"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Stanton College Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_College_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Stanton County, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Hammondsville, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammondsville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Stanton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Park"},{"link_name":"Fort Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stanton_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Trenton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"}],"text":"Stanton depicted on a $1 1891 Treasury Note.A distinctive engraved portrait of Stanton appeared on U.S. paper money in 1890 and 1891. The bills are called \"treasury notes\" or \"coin notes\" and are widely collected today. These rare notes are considered by many to be among the finest examples of detailed engraving ever to appear on banknotes. The $1 Stanton \"fancyback\" note of 1890, with an estimated 900–1,300 in existence relative to the millions printed, ranks as number 83 in the \"100 Greatest American Currency Notes\" compiled by Bowers and Sundman (2006). Stanton also appears on the fourth issue of Fractional currency, in the amount of 50 cents. Stanton Park, four blocks from the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., is named for him, as is Stanton College Preparatory School in Jacksonville, Florida.A steam engine, built in 1862, was named the \"E. M. Stanton\" in honor of the new Secretary of War. Stanton County, Nebraska, is named for him. Stanton Middle School in Hammondsville, Ohio, is named after him. A neighborhood in Pittsburgh is named for him (Stanton Heights) as well as its main thoroughfare (Stanton Avenue). Stanton Park and Fort Stanton in Washington, D.C., were named for him, as was Edwin Stanton Elementary School in Philadelphia. Stanton Street in Trenton, New Jersey, was also named in his honor.[216] Edwin L. Stanton Elementary School in Washington, DC was named for his son who served as the Secretary of the District of Columbia.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Clansman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clansman"},{"link_name":"The Birth of a Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation"},{"link_name":"Richard Basehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Basehart"},{"link_name":"Oscar Apfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Apfel"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Edwin Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Maxwell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Plainsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plainsman"},{"link_name":"Lincoln in the White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_in_the_White_House"},{"link_name":"The Gun That Won the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gun_That_Won_the_West"},{"link_name":"The Great Locomotive Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Locomotive_Chase_(film)"},{"link_name":"Harlan Warde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Warde"},{"link_name":"Death Valley Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_Days"},{"link_name":"Bert Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Freed"},{"link_name":"Robert Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Middleton"},{"link_name":"The Lincoln Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lincoln_Conspiracy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Dysart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dysart"},{"link_name":"The Blue and the Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_and_the_Gray_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Fred Gwynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Gwynne"},{"link_name":"Eddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Day Lincoln Was Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_Lincoln_Was_Shot"},{"link_name":"Touched by an Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touched_by_an_Angel"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kline"},{"link_name":"The Conspirator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conspirator"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_vs._Zombies"},{"link_name":"Bruce McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McGill"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(film)"},{"link_name":"Graham Beckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Beckel"},{"link_name":"Killing Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Lincoln_(film)"},{"link_name":"Matt Besser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Besser"},{"link_name":"Tobias Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Menzies"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Manhunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"We Can Build You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Build_You"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"}],"text":"Stanton appears in the 1905 Thomas Dixon novel The Clansman. The book depicts Stanton's actions between war's end and Johnson's impeachment, and the role he played in Reconstruction policies. This book was adapted into the film The Birth of a Nation, though Stanton does not feature prominently in the movie.In the 1930s, a book written by Otto Eisenschiml accused Stanton of arranging the assassination of Lincoln. Although these charges remain largely unsubstantiated, Eisenschim's book inspired considerable debate and the 1977 book and movie, The Lincoln Conspiracy. Stanton was also portrayed negatively in the 1971 TV movie/re-enactment, They've Killed President Lincoln!, narrated by Richard BasehartStanton was portrayed by Oscar Apfel in the 1930 film Abraham Lincoln.Stanton was portrayed by Edwin Maxwell in the 1936 film The Plainsman.Stanton was portrayed by Raymond Brown in the 1939 short Lincoln in the White House.Stanton was portrayed by Richard H. Cutting in the 1955 film The Gun That Won the West.Stanton was portrayed by Roy Gordon in the 1956 film The Great Locomotive Chase.Stanton was portrayed by Harlan Warde in the 1961 Death Valley Days episode \"The Stolen City\".Stanton was portrayed by Bert Freed in the 1974 TV miniseries Lincoln.Stanton was portrayed by Robert Middleton in the 1977 film The Lincoln Conspiracy.Stanton was portrayed by Richard Dysart in the 1980 TV film The Ordeal of Dr. Mudd.Stanton was portrayed by John Rolloff in the 1982 TV miniseries The Blue and the Gray.Stanton was portrayed by Jon DeVries in the 1988 TV miniseries Lincoln.Stanton was voiced by Fred Gwynne in the 1992 documentary Lincoln.Stanton was portrayed by Eddie Jones in the 1998 TV film The Day Lincoln Was Shot.Stanton was portrayed by Jesse Bennett in the 1998 Touched by an Angel episode, \"Beautiful Dreamer\".Stanton was portrayed by Kevin Kline in the 2010 film The Conspirator.Stanton was portrayed by Bernie Ask in the 2012 TV film Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies.Stanton was played by Bruce McGill in the 2012 film Lincoln.Stanton was portrayed by Graham Beckel in the 2013 TV film, Killing Lincoln.Stanton was portrayed by Matt Besser in the \"Chicago\" episode of Drunk History, created by Derek Waters on Comedy Central.Stanton was played by British actor Tobias Menzies in the 2024 Apple TV+ miniseries Manhunt.Stanton appears in Philip K. Dick's We Can Build You in the form of a self-aware, cybernetic automaton.Stanton appears prominently in the alternate history Civil War trilogy by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen.Stanton was portrayed by Jeremy Schwartz in the podcast 1865.[217]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. 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1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomasHyman1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Edwin_M._Stanton_220-0"},{"link_name":"\"Edwin M. Stanton issue of 1871\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2029282"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-221"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-222"},{"link_name":"\"Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.trentonhistory.org/streets.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-223"},{"link_name":"\"Airship \| 1865\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210503015749/https://airship.fm/1865-podcast/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//airship.fm/1865-podcast/"}],"text":"Explanatory notes^ From August 12, 1867, until January 14, 1868, Stanton was suspended from office, and Ulysses S. Grant served as Acting Secretary of War. For more on President Johnson's attempts to remove Stanton from office, see impeachment of Andrew Johnson.\n\n^ In his preparations for the case, Stanton was questioning sailors at Pittsburgh's docks when he fell into the hold of the cargo vessel Isaac Newton. The result was a limp in his gait that would keep with him for the rest of his life.[28]\n\n^ In years subsequent, and after a falling out between him and Stanton, Black said that it was he, and he alone, that authored the document and was responsible for Buchanan's decision. Stanton did not deny this, merely saying that he was part of the process. In a letter to a friend, Stanton said that, at that moment, Black was going to the White House to \"present the written objections, which [Stanton had] just prepared.\"[69]\n\n^ Stanton even tore up two written requests from First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln to promote an individual favorable to the Lincoln administration, and later lambasted her for making such a request.[92] He also refused to appoint Benjamin Tappan, Jr., his sister Oella's son, until Lincoln intervened.[93]\n\n^ In his 1863 State of the Union Address, Lincoln declared that his Reconstruction plan had two major facets. Firstly, Lincoln would issue an impartial pardon to individuals in offense against the United States, excepting certain persons of high rank, if they agreed to swear acceptance of the government, Constitution, the Emancipation Proclamation, and all of the country's slave laws. Secondly, acceptance of any state back into the Union would hinge on whether ten percent of those who voted in that state in the 1860 elections swore allegiance to the United States. If this condition was met, the state could establish a government, and select delegates to send to a state constitutional convention, and he would recognize and protect the governments.[175]\n\n^ Indeed, the case judge remarked that he had expected \"an immense, burly, rough, and resistless man, full of health and power and ready for any emergency. Instead of my ideal, there came in, walking slowly and wearily, a feeble and exhausted invalid, whose death-like pallor shocked all beholders. His argument was delivered in low conversational style, but with wonderful clearness, directness, and completeness.\"[199]Citations^ Sears, Steven. Chancellorsville: Chapter 1: Revolt of the General Washington Post. 1996. Retrieved December 26, 2015.\n\n^ \"The Admission of Ohio as a State\". House.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 15, 2015.\n\n^ Gorham 1899, p. 6.\n\n^ Edwin M. Stanton at Ohio History Central\n\n^ Gorham 1899, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Gorham 1899, pp. 7.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 6.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 22, 25.\n\n^ a b c Flower 1905, p. 23.\n\n^ Gorham 1899, p. 8.\n\n^ Allison 2009, p. 9.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 12.\n\n^ Gorham 1899, pp. 17–18.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 18.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 14.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 19–20.\n\n^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 21.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 33.\n\n^ Gorham 1899, p. 25.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 21–22.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 27–29.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 33–35.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 35.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 37.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 44.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 38–45.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 60–61.\n\n^ a b Flower 1905, pp. 56–57.\n\n^ a b Flower 1905, p. 57.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 62.\n\n^ \"H.R. 297 (32nd): Declaring the Wheeling bridges lawful structures, and for other purposes\". GovTrack. Retrieved July 22, 2015.\n\n^ Flower 1905, pp. 58–59.\n\n^ Goodwin 2006, pp. 173–174; Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 63\n\n^ Goodwin 2006, p. 174.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 65.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 63–65.\n\n^ Flower 1905, pp. 62–65.\n\n^ \"Col. Wm. P. Wood Dead\". Washington Evening Star. March 21, 1903.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 69.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 68.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 66.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 70–71.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 67.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 74.\n\n^ Flower 1905, pp. 67–68.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 75.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 76.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 77.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 77–78.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 78.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 79–80.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 81.\n\n^ a b Flower 1905, p. 73.\n\n^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 83.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 84.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 84–85.\n\n^ Stahr, Walter (August 8, 2017). Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary. Simon & Schuster. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1-4767-3930-4.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 88–89.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 89.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 90–91.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 83.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 93.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 94.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 96.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 97–98.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 98.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 100–101.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 102.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 104.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 110.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 113.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 117–118.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 119.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 103.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 125–126.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 126.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 115.\n\n^ a b Flower 1905, pp. 115–116.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 134.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 116.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 116; Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 116, 134–135\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 131.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 117.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 152.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 143.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 147; Flower 1905, p. 119\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 119.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 148.\n\n^ Flower 1905, pp. 119, 127.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 164–165.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 165.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 166.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 127.\n\n^ Flower 1905, pp. 118, 128.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 128.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 153.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 154–155.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 157.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 158.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 182–183.\n\n^ Flower 1905, pp. 140–141.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 185.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 187.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 188.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 189.\n\n^ Salmon 2001, pp. 60–67.\n\n^ a b Holzer, Harold (August 4, 2017). \"Lincoln's Enforcer\". WSJ.\n\n^ Sears 1992, p. 355.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 201–202.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 202.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 204–205.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 214.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 222–223.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 223–224.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 225.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 251.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 253.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 258.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 270.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 271.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 272.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 273.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 274.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 274–275.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 275.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 267.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 285–286.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 291.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 292.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 300.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 301.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 302–303.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 303.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 330–331.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 333–334.\n\n^ Flower 1905, p. 259.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 350.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 351.\n\n^ a b Flower 1905, p. 262.\n\n^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 352.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 353.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 356.\n\n^ a b c Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 396.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 396–397.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 397.\n\n^ a b Marvel 2015, p. 370.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 401.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 400; Marvel 2015, p. 370\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 400–401.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 397–398.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 398.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, p. 369.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 400.\n\n^ Steers 2001, p. 209.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 419.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 420.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 420–421.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 425–434.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 405.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 406.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 407.\n\n^ a b Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 408.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 410–411.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 411.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 412.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 414–415.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 416.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 416–417.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 436.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 436–437.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 438.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 357–358, 438, 444–445.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 402.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 307.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 446.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 446–447.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 452, 464.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 465–466; Marvel 2015, pp. 416–417\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 405–406.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, p. 410.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, p. 412.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 413–418.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 416–418.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 418–426.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 548.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, p. 403; Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 548\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 549–551.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 433–434.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, p. 435.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 436–438.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, p. 439.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 439–442.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 444–450.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 614–615.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 616–617.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 619.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 621.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 622.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 622–623.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 624.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 627.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 627–628.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 627–632.\n\n^ a b c Satola, James W. (December 2017). \"Mr. Justice Stanton\" (PDF). The Federal Lawyer. Arlington, Virginia: Federal Bar Association. pp. 5–9, 76–77. Retrieved April 3, 2022.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 634–635.\n\n^ a b c Marvel 2015, p. 462.\n\n^ McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 3, 2022.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 638; Marvel 2015, p. 462\n\n^ Marvel 2015, pp. 462–463.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, pp. 639–640.\n\n^ Marvel 2015, p. 463.\n\n^ Thomas & Hyman 1962, p. 640.\n\n^ \"Edwin M. Stanton issue of 1871\". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved December 18, 2010.\n\n^ Scott United States Stamp Catalogue\n\n^ \"Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey\".\n\n^ \"Airship \| 1865\". Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Stanton's birthplace in Steubenville, Ohio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edwin_M._Stanton%27s_birthplace.jpg/220px-Edwin_M._Stanton%27s_birthplace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanton's home in Cadiz, Ohio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stanton%27s_home_in_Cadiz.jpg/220px-Stanton%27s_home_in_Cadiz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanton's home on Third Street in Steubenville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Stanton%27s_home_in_Steubenville.jpg"},{"image_text":"A lithograph of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wheeling_Suspension_Bridge_Lithograph.jpg/330px-Wheeling_Suspension_Bridge_Lithograph.jpg"},{"image_text":"An engraving of Cyrus H. McCormick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cyrus_McCormick_engraving.jpg/200px-Cyrus_McCormick_engraving.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanton's home in Washington, D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stanton%27s_home_in_Washington%2C_D.C.PNG/220px-Stanton%27s_home_in_Washington%2C_D.C.PNG"},{"image_text":"A Harper's Weekly depiction of Sickles shooting Key","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sickles_homicide.jpg/220px-Sickles_homicide.jpg"},{"image_text":"A depiction of the scene in the courtroom during Daniel Sickles' trial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HarpersMagazineSicklesTrial.jpg/250px-HarpersMagazineSicklesTrial.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simon Cameron, Lincoln's Secretary of War before Stanton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg/180px-Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanton as Secretary of War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portrait_of_Edwin_Stanton%2C_1865.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Edwin_Stanton%2C_1865.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photograph of Edwin Stanton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Edwin_Stanton%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg/220px-Edwin_Stanton%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, 1862. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Secretary_of_War_Edwin_Stanton_LCCN2017659637.jpg/220px-Secretary_of_War_Edwin_Stanton_LCCN2017659637.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abraham Lincoln lay on his deathbed at the Petersen House in Washington, surrounded by family, friends and government officials.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lincoln_on_his_deathbed.jpg/220px-Lincoln_on_his_deathbed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg/220px-William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Situation\", a Harper's Weekly cartoon gives a humorous breakdown of \"the situation\". Stanton aims a cannon labeled \"Congress\" on the side at President Andrew Johnson and Lorenzo Thomas to show how he was using Congress to defeat the president and his unsuccessful replacement. He also holds a ramrod marked \"Tenure of Office Bill\" and cannonballs on the floor are marked \"Justice\". Ulysses S. Grant and an unidentified man stand to Stanton's left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_situation.jpg/220px-The_situation.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1st Stanton postage stamp, issue of 1871","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stanton_1871-7c.jpg/170px-Stanton_1871-7c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanton depicted on a $1 1891 Treasury Note.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/US-%241-TN-1891-Fr-351.jpg/220px-US-%241-TN-1891-Fr-351.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_political_appointments_that_crossed_party_lines"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Admission of Ohio as a State\". House.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/","url_text":"\"The Admission of Ohio as a State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"United States House of Representatives"}]},{"reference":"\"H.R. 297 (32nd): Declaring the Wheeling bridges lawful structures, and for other purposes\". GovTrack. Retrieved July 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/32/hr102970","url_text":"\"H.R. 297 (32nd): Declaring the Wheeling bridges lawful structures, and for other purposes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovTrack","url_text":"GovTrack"}]},{"reference":"\"Col. Wm. P. Wood Dead\". Washington Evening Star. March 21, 1903.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stahr, Walter (August 8, 2017). Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary. Simon & Schuster. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1-4767-3930-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Stahr&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Stahr, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3930-4","url_text":"978-1-4767-3930-4"}]},{"reference":"Holzer, Harold (August 4, 2017). \"Lincoln's Enforcer\". WSJ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/lincolns-enforcer-1501877374","url_text":"\"Lincoln's Enforcer\""}]},{"reference":"Satola, James W. (December 2017). \"Mr. Justice Stanton\" (PDF). The Federal Lawyer. Arlington, Virginia: Federal Bar Association. pp. 5–9, 76–77. Retrieved April 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/At-Sidebar-pdf-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Mr. Justice Stanton\""}]},{"reference":"McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf","url_text":"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President"}]},{"reference":"\"Edwin M. Stanton issue of 1871\". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved December 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2029282","url_text":"\"Edwin M. Stanton issue of 1871\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trentonhistory.org/streets.html","url_text":"\"Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airship \| 1865\". Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210503015749/https://airship.fm/1865-podcast/","url_text":"\"Airship \| 1865\""},{"url":"https://airship.fm/1865-podcast/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allison, Amy (2009). Edwin Stanton. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0270-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G64tFhqSOywC","url_text":"Edwin Stanton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0270-2","url_text":"978-1-4381-0270-2"}]},{"reference":"Carnegie, Andrew (1906). Edwin M. Stanton: An Address. Doubleday, Page.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie","url_text":"Carnegie, Andrew"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edwinmstantonadd00carn","url_text":"Edwin M. Stanton: An Address"}]},{"reference":"Day, Sandra Hudnall; Hall, Alan (2005). Steubenville. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738533998.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jhCIY6H8sv8C","url_text":"Steubenville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738533998","url_text":"0738533998"}]},{"reference":"Flower, Frank Abial (1905). Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion, Emancipation, and Reconstruction. New York: Western W. Wilson.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2006). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4983-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin","url_text":"Goodwin, Doris Kearns"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CqjBCWV6Eu4C","url_text":"Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4983-3","url_text":"978-1-4165-4983-3"}]},{"reference":"Gorham, George Congdon (1899). Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton. Houghton, Mifflin. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624160412/https://www.questia.com/read/14612368/life-and-public-services-of-edwin-m-stanton","url_text":"Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton"},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/read/14612368/life-and-public-services-of-edwin-m-stanton","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marvel, William (April 15, 2015). Lincoln's Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-2250-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UD14BgAAQBAJ&pg=PR4","url_text":"Lincoln's Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2250-7","url_text":"978-1-4696-2250-7"}]},{"reference":"Salmon, John S. (2001). The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide (illustrated ed.). Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4","url_text":"0-8117-2868-4"}]},{"reference":"Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.; Zuczek, Richard (2001). Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 273. ISBN 1576070301. Edwin M. Stanton asthma.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnsonbio0000schr","url_text":"Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnsonbio0000schr/page/273","url_text":"273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576070301","url_text":"1576070301"}]},{"reference":"Sears, Stephen W. (1992). To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. New York: Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0-89919-790-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears","url_text":"Sears, Stephen W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/togatesofrichmon00sear","url_text":"To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-790-6","url_text":"0-89919-790-6"}]},{"reference":"Steers, Edward (2001). Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2217-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jjf2aYmvK5UC&pg=PT309","url_text":"Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2217-1","url_text":"0-8131-2217-1"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Benjamin P.; Hyman, Harold M. (1962). Stanton: Life And Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3078-2890-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_P._Thomas","url_text":"Thomas, Benjamin P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hyman","url_text":"Hyman, Harold M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stantonlifetim00thom","url_text":"Stanton: Life And Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-2890-3","url_text":"978-0-3078-2890-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanton, Edwin McMasters\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Stanton,_Edwin_McMasters","url_text":"\"Stanton, Edwin McMasters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freemasonry/Famous-Freemasons.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/chancellorsville.htm","external_links_name":"Chancellorsville: Chapter 1: Revolt of the General"},{"Link":"http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/","external_links_name":"\"The Admission of Ohio as a State\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=356","external_links_name":"Edwin M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly_Selective_Campus	Manly Selective Campus	["1 Overview","2 History","3 Principals","4 Students and staff","5 The Turtalian","6 Grounds","7 Extra-curricular activities","7.1 Band program","8 Notable alumni","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°45′46″S 151°16′54″E / 33.762858°S 151.281628°E / -33.762858; 151.281628 School in AustraliaManly Selective Campus(part of the Northern Beaches Secondary College)Location138 Abbott Road, North Curl Curl, New South WalesAustraliaCoordinates33°45′46″S 151°16′54″E / 33.762858°S 151.281628°E / -33.762858; 151.281628InformationFormer namesManly Public SchoolManly Intermediate High SchoolManly Boys High SchoolManly High SchoolTypeGovernment-funded co-educational academically selective secondary day schoolMottoLatin: Capimus Sed Tradimus(What We Receive, We Pass On)Established1859; 165 years ago (1859)(as Manly Public School)School districtThe Beaches; Metropolitan NorthEducational authorityNew South Wales Department of EducationPrincipalKathryn O'SullivanTeaching staff54Years7–12Enrolment789 (2017)Student to teacher ratio14:1HousesBligh, Hunter, Macquarie, PhillipColour(s)Navy blue, white and Sky blue YearbookThe PinesWebsitenbscmanlys-h.schools.nsw.gov.au The Manly Selective Campus of the Northern Beaches Secondary College is a government-funded co-educational academically selective secondary day school, located in North Curl Curl, a suburb on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1859 as Manly Public School, the campus caters for students from Year 7 to Year 12; and admission to the campus is based entirely on academic excellence through the Selective High Schools Test. Students seeking enrolment into Years 8 to 11 will be coordinated through the school, and must also sit for the Australian Council of Educational Research (ACER) Higher Ability Selection Test. The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education; the principal is Kathryn O'Sullivan. Overview Manly Campus tops the Northern Beaches on Merit List Rankings in the NSW Higher School Certificate (HSC), and came eighth in the state in 2014. It was placed seventh in the 2010, 2012 and 2021 HSC rankings, a leap from 15th in 2008 and 2009, and 20th in 2007. The graduating class of 2021 is currently the highest achieving cohort on record, achieving a ranking of seventh overall as compared with other NSW state and non-government schools. This peer group is the fifth ever to place Manly in the top ten. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Manly Selective Campus has a long history after being founded in 1859 as Manly Public School, on the corner of Belgrave and Carlton Streets in Manly. In 1882, it was moved to a site in Darley Road, where it operated until 1945, and is the site of the current Manly Village Public School. In 1925, school become an Intermediate High School, and became solely a boys school from 1926. The school expanded rapidly and became Manly Junior High in 1944. In 1945, the school moved to the site of the current Balgowlah Boys Campus, and in 1949 had expanded to include senior years. In 1954, student numbers reached 1200, and the bulk of these students moved to the current site on Abbott Road in North Curl Curl as Manly Boys High School. The school became co-educational in 1983 and was renamed Manly High School, at the same time as the nearby Manly Girls High also became co-educational and was renamed Freshwater High. Manly High was granted selective status in 1990 and was incorporated into the Northern Beaches Secondary College at its founding and given its current name in 2002. Principals The following individuals have served as Principal of the Manly Selective Campus of Northern Beaches Secondary College: Ordinal Officeholder Qualifications Term start Term end Time in office Notes Manly Boys' Junior High School 1 A. D. Fraser BA 1945 1948 2–3 years Manly Boys' High School - A. D. Fraser BA 1949 1949 0 years 3 W. Furnass MA, DipEd 1956 1965 8–9 years 4 Tom English BA 1965 1965 0 years 5 S. S. Crumlin BA 1966 1970 3–4 years 6 R. Hunter ASTC 1971 1972 0–1 years 7 A. M. Tully BA, DipEd 1973 1973 0 years 8 R. Outterside BA, MEd 1974 1976 1–2 years 9 R. S. Munro ASTC 1977 1982 4–5 years Manly High School - R. S. Munro ASTC 1983 1987 3–4 years 10 A. M. Bible ASTC 1987 1991 3–4 years 11 T. P. Buggy BA, DipEd, MA, MEdAdim 1991 2000 8–9 years 12 M. Ash MA Ed, BMusEd, DipMusEd 2000 2002 1–2 years Manly Selective Campus - M. Ash MA Ed, BMusEd, DipMusEd 2003 2005 1–2 years 13 D. Tomlin MEd 2006 2012 5–6 years 14 Tony Rudd BEd (Ind. Arts), GradCertEdStudies (D&T) 2013 2016 2–3 years 15 Cath Whalan BA, DipEd, MEd 2017 2020 2–3 years 16 Kathryn O'Sullivan 2020 incumbent 3–4 years Students and staff As of 2021 Manly Selective Campus had a student population of 789 students. There were an average of around 130 students in each grade from 7 to 12, although with some variation between grades, with approximately 60 staff members. There was a large degree of ethnic diversity amongst the student population, with 50% of students coming from a home where English is not the primary language. The Turtalian The Turtalian is a former completely student run weekly magazine which contained articles submitted by students, often focused on intellectual discussion. Around 200 copies were distributed each week on Friday, with special editions providing guides for events such as Pinestock, the school's annual music festival, and sporting events such as cross country, athletics and swimming carnivals. The Turtalian Committee handled the editing, design, and printing of the magazine. The concept is currently used as a project-based lesson guided by a teacher. Grounds This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Manly Selective Campus' oval and remnant bushland area. One of the prominent images associated with Manly Selective Campus are the stands of Radiata Pines planted around the school, giving the name to the school's yearbook, The Pines and the newsletter, The Weekly Pines. Some of these pines have created a problem in a 7,010 m2 area of remnant bushland that lies on the school's property on a steep hill behind the school oval. Seedlings of the original pines grew up in the bushland after more of the radiata pines were planted in close proximity to the bushland in 1954. This bushland is some of the last remaining native Sandstone Heath east of Pittwater Road in Warringah, however sections of it are highly degraded by weeds such as lantana and asparagus fern. In recent years there has been an increasing effort to rehabilitate the heath back to pre-European quality, and in late 2006 many of the pine trees which had seeded in the bushland were removed. Extra-curricular activities Students are given the chance to participate in various extracurricular activities, only some of which are listed below: Student Representative Council (SRC) Manly School SRC Middle Harbour/Peninsula Inter School Group SRC Northern Sydney Regional SRC NSW State SRC/NSW SRC State Conference Action Team Drama Ensemble Junior Drama Ensemble Senior Drama Ensemble Dance Ensemble, various groups Coding Club Vocal Ensemble School Musical Chess Team Debating Robotics Club Poetry Club Maths Club Paleontology Club Self-Improvement Club Art Club Students of Manly also have participated with others from the NBSC in the College Rock Eisteddfod Challenge, until its cancellation due to a lack of funds. Band program The band program at Manly has three streams and ten ensembles of various levels including the Concert Stream (comprising the Concert Band, Wind Ensemble, and Symphonic Wind Orchestra), the Stage Band Stream (comprising the Swing Band, Stage Band, Big Band, Jazz Orchestra, and Bennett Frerck's Ensemble of Jazz), and the Strings Stream (comprising the String Ensemble and Chamber Orchestra). Previously, the Band Program also incorporated a Jazz Improvisation stream, which as of 2012 was changed to the "OffBeat" bands spanning all campuses across the Northern Beaches Secondary College. However, the school has been represented on numerous occasions over countless years of the Schools' Spectacular that showcases the student talent of State School students annually. On 10 August 2017, the Bands of Manly Selective Campus were cited in the NSW Parliament by James Griffen. Notable alumni This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (May 2019) Neville Chynoweth – seventh Bishop of Gippsland (1980–1987) Lisa Darmanin – Olympic silver medallist in sailing Midget Farrelly – world's first surfboard champion – attended approximately 1958 Mark Gable – lead singer and songwriter with The Choirboys whose name was Mark Kitchen while attending the school Brad Hazzard – Member of Parliament of NSW (1991–2023) and NSW government minister (2011–2023) Reece Hodge – rugby union player for Australia and Super 15 side, Melbourne Rebels Max Illingworth – 2014 Australian Chess Champion and Grand Master Rex Mossop – rugby union and rugby league international and television sports commentator Doug Mulray – radio and TV host Glenn Murcutt – architect and winner of the Pritzker Prize in 2002 Cadeyrn Neville – rugby union player for the ACT Brumbies and Wallabies Chris Puplick – Senator for New South Wales (1979–1981, 1984–1990) Justine Damond – murdered by a Minneapolis Police Department officer See also New South Wales portalSchools portal List of government schools in New South Wales List of selective high schools in New South Wales Education in Australia References ^ "School Profile". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ "School Profile". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ Enrolment - NBSC Manly Campus ^ "HSC School Ranking". Better Education Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2015. ^ "2009 HSC School Ranking". Better Education Australia. Retrieved 31 August 2010. ^ a b "School Profile". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ "School Profile". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ "Students plead to save Rock Eisteddfod". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. ^ "Loss of Rock Eisteddfod a 'disgrace'". ABC News. Australia. 9 February 2010. ^ "2324 - BANDS OF MANLY SELECTIVE CAMPUS". www.parliament.nsw.gov.au. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017. ^ "Northern beaches cousins and sailors Jason Waterhouse and Lisa Darmanin win silver in Rio". Manly Daily. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016. ^ "Mark Gable". www.facebook.com. ^ "About Brad". Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ "NRC PROFILE: NORTH HARBOUR RAYS FULLBACK REECE HODGE". Australian Rugby. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ "More art than science". Honi Soit. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ "The Weekly Pines" (PDF). Northern Beaches Secondary College Manly Campus. ^ https://ourhometown.com.au/obituaries/douglas-john-mulray-1-december-1951-30-march-2023/#:~:text=Nicknamed%20Uncle%20Doug%20he%20grew,died%20after%20a%20long%20illness. ^ Benny-Morrison, Ava; Browne, Rachel (17 July 2017). "'She was just infectious': friends mourn Sydney woman killed in US police shooting". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 July 2019. External links Official website Manly Alumni website vteNorthern Beaches Secondary College Balgowlah Boys Campus Cromer Campus Freshwater Senior Campus Mackellar Girls Campus Manly Selective Campus vteSelective and specialist high schools of New South Wales, AustraliaFully selective high schools Baulkham Hills Caringbah Fort Street Girraween Gosford Hornsby Girls' James Ruse Agricultural Merewether Normanhurst Boys' North Sydney Boys' North Sydney Girls' Northern Beaches: Manly Campus Penrith Selective Smith's Hill St George Girls' Sydney Boys' Sydney Girls' Sydney Tech Partially selective high schools Alexandria Park Blacktown Boys' Blacktown Girls' Chatswood Elizabeth Macarthur Grafton Gorokan Karabar Kooringal Macquarie Fields Moorebank Parramatta Peel Prairiewood Rose Bay Secondary Ryde Secondary Sefton St Marys Senior Sydney Secondary Tempe Selective agricultural high schools Farrer Memorial Hurlstone James Ruse Yanco Selective creative and performing artsprimary and high schools Australian Performing Arts Grammar School Brent Street Academy Campbelltown Performing Arts High School Conservatorium High School Granville South High School Hunter School of the Performing Arts Northmead Creative and Performing Arts High School Ku-ring-gai High School The McDonald College Nepean Creative and Performing Arts High School Newtown High School of the Performing Arts Village Nation College Wollongong High School of the Performing Arts Specialist sports high schools Endeavour Sports Hills Sports Hunter Sports Illawarra Sports Matraville Sports Narrabeen Sports Westfields Sports List of selective high schools in New South Wales Selective schools of New South Wales Schools portal New South Wales portal ^a : Year 3 to Year 12 vtePublic high schools in the northern region of Sydney, New South WalesHigh schools Asquith Boys Asquith Girls Barrenjoey Bradfield College Cammeraygal Carlingford Castle Hill Chatswood Cheltenham Girls Cherrybrook Technology Davidson Epping Boys Galston Hornsby Girls Hunters Hill Killara Killarney Heights Ku-ring-gai Marsden Mosman Muirfield Narrabeen Sports Normanhurst Boys North Sydney Boys North Sydney Girls Northern Beaches Secondary College Balgowlah Boys Cromer Freshwater Senior Mackellar Girls Manly Selective Pennant Hills Pittwater Riverside Girls Ryde SC St Ives The Forest Turramurra Willoughby Girls Closed / defunct Beacon Hill Cremorne Girls Crows Nest Boys Freshwater Macquarie Boys Technology Malvina Manly Girls Narrabeen Boys Narrabeen Girls North Ryde Peter Board Ryde vtePublic high schools in the Sydney regionMetropolitan NorthBungarribee Blacktown Boys Blacktown Girls Evans Hills Sports Mitchell Cambridge Park Cambridge Park Cranebrook St Marys Senior Carlingford Carlingford Cumberland James Ruse Agricultural Muirfield Eastern Creek Colyton Erskine Park Plumpton Rooty Hill St Clair Girraween Girraween Greystanes Holroyd Northmead Creative and Performing Arts Pendle Hill Gordon Aurora College Chatswood Epping Boys Saturday School of Community Languages Turramurra Hornsby Asquith Boys Asquith Girls Cheltenham Girls Hornsby Girls Normanhurst Boys Pennant Hills Mount Druitt Chifley College Bidwill Dunheved Mount Druitt Chifley Senior Shalvey North Sydney Cammeraygal Mosman North Sydney Boys North Sydney Girls Willoughby Girls Penrith Glenmore Park Jamison Kingswood Nepean Creative and Performing Arts Penrith Pittwater Barrenjoey Ku-ring-gai Narrabeen Sports Pittwater Quakers Hills Doonside Glenwood Quakers Hill Riverstone Wyndham College Ryde Hunters Hill Marsden Riverside Girls Ryde SC The Beaches Northern Beaches SC Balgowlah Boys Cromer Freshwater Senior Mackellar Girls Manly Selective The Forest Davidson Killara Killarney Heights St Ives The Forest The Hills Baulkham Hills Castle Hill Cherrybrook Technology Crestwood Model Farms The Ponds Kellyville Rouse Hill The Ponds Metropolitan South and WestAuburn Auburn Girls Chester Hill Granville South Creative and Performing Arts Bankstown Bankstown Girls Bankstown Senior College Condell Park Picnic Point Sir Joseph Banks Beverly Hills Beverly Hills Girls Kingsgrove Kingsgrove North Wiley Park Girls Bondi Randwick Boys Randwick Girls Rose Bay SC Botany Bay J J Cahill Matraville Sports South Sydney Canterbury Ashfield Boys Belmore Boys Canterbury Boys' Canterbury Girls Dulwich Hill Visual Arts and Design Chipping Norton Bass East Hills Boys East Hills Girls Technology Holsworthy Moorebank Chullora Birrong Boys Birrong Girls Punchbowl Boys Sefton Georges River Georges River College Hurstville Boys Oatley Senior Peakhurst Penshurst Girls Sydney Technical Iron Cove Sydney Secondary College Balmain Campus Blackwattle Bay Campus Leichhardt Campus Kogarah Blakehurst James Cook Boys Kogarah Moorefield Girls St George Girls Marrickville Fort Street Marrickville Newtown Performing Arts Tempe Parramatta Arthur Phillip Granville Boys Macarthur Girls Merrylands Parramatta Port Hacking Caringbah Cronulla Endeavour Sports Port Hacking Woolooware Port Jackson Alexandria Park Cleveland Street Intensive English Conservatorium Inner Sydney Sydney Boys Sydney Girls Strathfield Burwood Girls Concord Homebush Boys Strathfield Girls Strathfield South Sutherland Endeavour Sports Gymea Technology Kirrawee Sylvania The Jannali Woronora River Engadine Heathcote Jannali Lucas Heights Menai Closed / defunct Beacon Hill Cremorne Girls Dover Heights Drummoyne Boys Enmore Macquarie Boys Technology Narwee Peter Board Petersham Girls Randwick North Ryde Vaucluse Public high schools in New South Wales Selective schools in New South Wales List of government schools in New South Wales Schools portal New South Wales portal Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Beaches Secondary 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Students seeking enrolment into Years 8 to 11 will be coordinated through the school, and must also sit for the Australian Council of Educational Research (ACER) Higher Ability Selection Test.[3] The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education; the principal is Kathryn O'Sullivan.","title":"Manly Selective Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NSW Higher School Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Manly Campus tops the Northern Beaches on Merit List Rankings in the NSW Higher School Certificate (HSC), and came eighth in the state in 2014.[4] It was placed seventh in the 2010, 2012 and 2021 HSC rankings, a leap from 15th in 2008 and 2009, and 20th in 2007.[5] The graduating class of 2021 is currently the highest achieving cohort on record, achieving a ranking of seventh overall as compared with other NSW state and non-government schools. This peer group is the fifth ever to place Manly in the top ten.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balgowlah Boys Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgowlah_Boys_Campus"},{"link_name":"Freshwater High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_Senior_Campus"}],"text":"Manly Selective Campus has a long history after being founded in 1859 as Manly Public School, on the corner of Belgrave and Carlton Streets in Manly. In 1882, it was moved to a site in Darley Road, where it operated until 1945, and is the site of the current Manly Village Public School.In 1925, school become an Intermediate High School, and became solely a boys school from 1926. The school expanded rapidly and became Manly Junior High in 1944. In 1945, the school moved to the site of the current Balgowlah Boys Campus, and in 1949 had expanded to include senior years.In 1954, student numbers reached 1200, and the bulk of these students moved to the current site on Abbott Road in North Curl Curl as Manly Boys High School. The school became co-educational in 1983 and was renamed Manly High School, at the same time as the nearby Manly Girls High also became co-educational and was renamed Freshwater High. 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Around 200 copies were distributed each week on Friday, with special editions providing guides for events such as Pinestock, the school's annual music festival, and sporting events such as cross country, athletics and swimming carnivals. The Turtalian Committee handled the editing, design, and printing of the magazine.The concept is currently used as a project-based lesson guided by a teacher.","title":"The Turtalian"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oval_and_remnant_bushland_area_(Manly_Selective_Campus).jpg"},{"link_name":"Radiata Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Pine"},{"link_name":"yearbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearbook"},{"link_name":"newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Pittwater Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittwater_Road"},{"link_name":"Warringah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warringah_Council"},{"link_name":"lantana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana"},{"link_name":"asparagus fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus_fern"}],"text":"Manly Selective Campus' oval and remnant bushland area.One of the prominent images associated with Manly Selective Campus are the stands of Radiata Pines planted around the school, giving the name to the school's yearbook, The Pines and the newsletter, The Weekly Pines. Some of these pines have created a problem in a 7,010 m2 area of remnant bushland that lies on the school's property on a steep hill behind the school oval. Seedlings of the original pines grew up in the bushland after more of the radiata pines were planted in close proximity to the bushland in 1954. This bushland is some of the last remaining native Sandstone Heath east of Pittwater Road in Warringah, however sections of it are highly degraded by weeds such as lantana and asparagus fern. In recent years there has been an increasing effort to rehabilitate the heath back to pre-European quality, and in late 2006 many of the pine trees which had seeded in the bushland were removed.","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Student Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_representative_council"},{"link_name":"Coding Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ints.dev/"},{"link_name":"Rock Eisteddfod Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Eisteddfod_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Students are given the chance to participate in various extracurricular activities, only some of which are listed below:Student Representative Council (SRC)\nManly School SRC\nMiddle Harbour/Peninsula Inter School Group SRC\nNorthern Sydney Regional SRC\nNSW State SRC/NSW SRC State Conference Action Team\nDrama Ensemble\nJunior Drama Ensemble\nSenior Drama Ensemble\nDance Ensemble, various groups\nCoding Club\nVocal Ensemble\nSchool Musical\nChess Team\nDebating\nRobotics Club\nPoetry Club\nMaths Club\nPaleontology Club\nSelf-Improvement Club\nArt ClubStudents of Manly also have participated with others from the NBSC in the College Rock Eisteddfod Challenge, until its cancellation due to a lack of funds.[8][9]","title":"Extra-curricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schools' Spectacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_Spectacular"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Band program","text":"The band program at Manly has three streams and ten ensembles of various levels including the Concert Stream (comprising the Concert Band, Wind Ensemble, and Symphonic Wind Orchestra), the Stage Band Stream (comprising the Swing Band, Stage Band, Big Band, Jazz Orchestra, and Bennett Frerck's Ensemble of Jazz), and the Strings Stream (comprising the String Ensemble and Chamber Orchestra).Previously, the Band Program also incorporated a Jazz Improvisation stream, which as of 2012 was changed to the \"OffBeat\" bands spanning all campuses across the Northern Beaches Secondary College. However, the school has been represented on numerous occasions over countless years of the Schools' Spectacular that showcases the student talent of State School students annually.On 10 August 2017, the Bands of Manly Selective Campus were cited in the NSW Parliament by James Griffen.[10]","title":"Extra-curricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neville Chynoweth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chynoweth"},{"link_name":"Lisa Darmanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Darmanin_(sailor)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Midget Farrelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_Farrelly"},{"link_name":"Mark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gable"},{"link_name":"The Choirboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choirboys_(band)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brad Hazzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Hazzard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Reece Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rebels"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Max Illingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Illingworth"},{"link_name":"Australian Chess Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rex Mossop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Mossop"},{"link_name":"Doug Mulray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Mulray"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Glenn Murcutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Murcutt"},{"link_name":"Pritzker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Prize"},{"link_name":"Cadeyrn Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeyrn_Neville"},{"link_name":"ACT Brumbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumbies"},{"link_name":"Wallabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Chris Puplick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Puplick"},{"link_name":"Justine Damond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Justine_Damond"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Neville Chynoweth – seventh Bishop of Gippsland (1980–1987)\nLisa Darmanin – Olympic silver medallist in sailing[11]\nMidget Farrelly – world's first surfboard champion – attended approximately 1958\nMark Gable – lead singer and songwriter with The Choirboys whose name was Mark Kitchen while attending the school[12]\nBrad Hazzard – Member of Parliament of NSW (1991–2023) and NSW government minister (2011–2023)[13]\nReece Hodge – rugby union player for Australia and Super 15 side, Melbourne Rebels[14]\nMax Illingworth – 2014 Australian Chess Champion and Grand Master[15]\nRex Mossop – rugby union and rugby league international and television sports commentator\nDoug Mulray – radio and TV host[16][17]\nGlenn Murcutt – architect and winner of the Pritzker Prize in 2002\nCadeyrn Neville – rugby union player for the ACT Brumbies and Wallabies\nChris Puplick – Senator for New South Wales (1979–1981, 1984–1990)\nJustine Damond – murdered by a Minneapolis Police Department officer[18]","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"Manly Selective Campus' oval and remnant bushland area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Oval_and_remnant_bushland_area_%28Manly_Selective_Campus%29.jpg/220px-Oval_and_remnant_bushland_area_%28Manly_Selective_Campus%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"New South Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales"},{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"List of government schools in New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_government_schools_in_New_South_Wales"},{"title":"List of selective high schools in New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_selective_high_schools_in_New_South_Wales"},{"title":"Education in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"\"School Profile\". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/41349/profile/2017","url_text":"\"School Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"School Profile\". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/41349/profile/2017","url_text":"\"School Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"HSC School Ranking\". Better Education Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bettereducation.com.au/Results/Hsc.aspx","url_text":"\"HSC School Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 HSC School Ranking\". Better Education Australia. Retrieved 31 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://bettereducation.com.au/Results/Hsc.aspx","url_text":"\"2009 HSC School Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"School Profile\". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/41349/profile/2017","url_text":"\"School Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"School Profile\". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/SchoolProfile/Index/82743/NorthernBeachesSecondaryCollegeManlyCampus/41349/2014","url_text":"\"School Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Students plead to save Rock Eisteddfod\". The Daily Telegraph. Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://manly-daily.whereilive.com.au/news/story/students-plead-to-save-rock-eisteddfod/","url_text":"\"Students plead to save Rock Eisteddfod\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loss of Rock Eisteddfod a 'disgrace'\". ABC News. Australia. 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/02/09/2813927.htm","url_text":"\"Loss of Rock Eisteddfod a 'disgrace'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"2324 - BANDS OF MANLY SELECTIVE CAMPUS\". www.parliament.nsw.gov.au. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/la/papers/Pages/noticeprofiles/bands-of-manly-selective-campus.aspx","url_text":"\"2324 - BANDS OF MANLY SELECTIVE CAMPUS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern beaches cousins and sailors Jason Waterhouse and Lisa Darmanin win silver in Rio\". Manly Daily. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/manly-daily/northern-beaches-cousins-and-sailors-jason-waterhouse-and-lisa-darmanin-win-silver-in-rio/news-story/53e177c899fe572860cf74920cb52135","url_text":"\"Northern beaches cousins and sailors Jason Waterhouse and Lisa Darmanin win silver in Rio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Gable\". www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/mark.gable","url_text":"\"Mark Gable\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Brad\". Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bradhazzard.com.au/about-brad/","url_text":"\"About Brad\""}]},{"reference":"\"NRC PROFILE: NORTH HARBOUR RAYS FULLBACK REECE HODGE\". Australian Rugby. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugby.com.au/News/NewsArticle/tabid/1699/ArticleID/16091/NRC-Profile-North-Harbour-Rays-fullback-Reece-Hodge.aspx","url_text":"\"NRC PROFILE: NORTH HARBOUR RAYS FULLBACK REECE HODGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"More art than science\". Honi Soit. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://honisoit.com/2014/08/more-art-than-science/","url_text":"\"More art than science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honi_Soit","url_text":"Honi Soit"}]},{"reference":"\"The Weekly Pines\" (PDF). Northern Beaches Secondary College Manly Campus.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbscmanlys-h.schools.nsw.gov.au/content/dam/doe/sws/schools/n/nbscmanlys-h/newsletter/2017/8/the_weekly_pines_no._21_21_july_2017_1501544836691.pdf","url_text":"\"The Weekly Pines\""}]},{"reference":"Benny-Morrison, Ava; Browne, Rachel (17 July 2017). \"'She was just infectious': friends mourn Sydney woman killed in US police shooting\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/she-was-just-infectious-friends-mourn-sydney-woman-killed-in-us-police-shooting-20170717-gxcth4.html","url_text":"\"'She was just infectious': friends mourn Sydney woman killed in US police shooting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_Selective_Campus&params=33.762858_S_151.281628_E_region:AU-NSW_type:edu","external_links_name":"33°45′46″S 151°16′54″E / 33.762858°S 151.281628°E / -33.762858; 151.281628"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_Selective_Campus&params=33.762858_S_151.281628_E_region:AU-NSW_type:edu","external_links_name":"33°45′46″S 151°16′54″E / 33.762858°S 151.281628°E / -33.762858; 151.281628"},{"Link":"http://nbscmanlys-h.schools.nsw.gov.au/","external_links_name":"nbscmanlys-h.schools.nsw.gov.au"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manly_Selective_Campus&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://ints.dev/","external_links_name":"Coding Club"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manly_Selective_Campus&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/41349/profile/2017","external_links_name":"\"School Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/41349/profile/2017","external_links_name":"\"School Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbscmanlys-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/our-school/enrolment","external_links_name":"Enrolment - NBSC Manly Campus"},{"Link":"http://bettereducation.com.au/Results/Hsc.aspx","external_links_name":"\"HSC School Ranking\""},{"Link":"http://bettereducation.com.au/Results/Hsc.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2009 HSC School Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/41349/profile/2017","external_links_name":"\"School Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/SchoolProfile/Index/82743/NorthernBeachesSecondaryCollegeManlyCampus/41349/2014","external_links_name":"\"School Profile\""},{"Link":"http://manly-daily.whereilive.com.au/news/story/students-plead-to-save-rock-eisteddfod/","external_links_name":"\"Students plead to save Rock Eisteddfod\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/02/09/2813927.htm","external_links_name":"\"Loss of Rock Eisteddfod a 'disgrace'\""},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/la/papers/Pages/noticeprofiles/bands-of-manly-selective-campus.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2324 - BANDS OF MANLY SELECTIVE CAMPUS\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/manly-daily/northern-beaches-cousins-and-sailors-jason-waterhouse-and-lisa-darmanin-win-silver-in-rio/news-story/53e177c899fe572860cf74920cb52135","external_links_name":"\"Northern beaches cousins and sailors Jason Waterhouse and Lisa Darmanin win silver in Rio\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/mark.gable","external_links_name":"\"Mark Gable\""},{"Link":"http://www.bradhazzard.com.au/about-brad/","external_links_name":"\"About Brad\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugby.com.au/News/NewsArticle/tabid/1699/ArticleID/16091/NRC-Profile-North-Harbour-Rays-fullback-Reece-Hodge.aspx","external_links_name":"\"NRC PROFILE: NORTH HARBOUR RAYS FULLBACK REECE HODGE\""},{"Link":"http://honisoit.com/2014/08/more-art-than-science/","external_links_name":"\"More art than science\""},{"Link":"https://nbscmanlys-h.schools.nsw.gov.au/content/dam/doe/sws/schools/n/nbscmanlys-h/newsletter/2017/8/the_weekly_pines_no._21_21_july_2017_1501544836691.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Weekly Pines\""},{"Link":"https://ourhometown.com.au/obituaries/douglas-john-mulray-1-december-1951-30-march-2023/#:~:text=Nicknamed%20Uncle%20Doug%20he%20grew,died%20after%20a%20long%20illness","external_links_name":"https://ourhometown.com.au/obituaries/douglas-john-mulray-1-december-1951-30-march-2023/#:~:text=Nicknamed%20Uncle%20Doug%20he%20grew,died%20after%20a%20long%20illness"},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/she-was-just-infectious-friends-mourn-sydney-woman-killed-in-us-police-shooting-20170717-gxcth4.html","external_links_name":"\"'She was just infectious': friends mourn Sydney woman killed in US police shooting\""},{"Link":"https://nbscmanlys-h.schools.nsw.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://manlyalumni.com/","external_links_name":"Manly Alumni website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151802871","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute_fact	Brute fact	["1 Brute/scientific fact","2 Anscombe","3 Searle","4 Opposition","5 Vintiadis","6 Brute necessities","7 Infinitism","8 Examples","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	Fact which cannot be explained In contemporary philosophy, a brute fact is a fact that cannot be explained in terms of a deeper, more "fundamental" fact. There are two main ways to explain something: say what "brought it about", or describe it at a more "fundamental" level. For example, a cat displayed on a computer screen can be explained, more "fundamentally", in terms of certain voltages in bits of metal in the screen, which in turn can be explained, more "fundamentally", in terms of certain subatomic particles moving in a certain manner. If one were to keep explaining the world in this way and reach a point at which no more "deeper" explanations can be given, then one would have found some facts which are brute or inexplicable, in the sense that we cannot give them an ontological explanation. As it might be put, there may exist some things that just are. To reject the existence of brute facts is to think that everything can be explained ("Everything can be explained" is sometimes called the principle of sufficient reason). Brute/scientific fact Henri Poincaré distinguished between brute facts and their scientific descriptions, pointing to how the conventional nature of the latter always remained constrained by the brute fact in question. Pierre Duhem argued that just as there may be several scientific descriptions of the same brute fact, so too there may be many brute facts with the same scientific description. Anscombe This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) G. E. M. Anscombe wrote about how facts can be brute relative to other facts. Simply put, some facts cannot be reducible to other facts, such that if some set of facts holds true, it does not entail the fact brute relative to it. The example she uses is that of someone owing a grocer money for supplying them with potatoes. In such a case, the set of facts, e.g. that the customer asked for the potatoes, that the grocer supplied them with the potatoes, etc., does not necessarily entail that the customer owes the grocer money. After all, this could all have transpired on the set of a film as a bit of acting, in which case the customer would not actually owe anything. One might argue that if the institutional context is taken into account, putatively brute facts can be reduced to constituent facts. That is, in the context of something like the institution of a market, a customer ordering potatoes, etc. would entail that they owe the grocer compensation equal to the service that was provided. While Anscombe does acknowledge that an institutional context is necessary for a particular description to make sense, it does not necessarily follow that a particular set of facts holding true in an institutional context entails the fact brute relative to it. To wit, if the example is indeed considered in the institutional context necessary for descriptions of 'owing', it could still be the case that the customer does not owe the grocer, per the counterexample of a film production. This fundamental ambiguity is essentially what makes a fact brute relative to other facts. That being said, Anscombe does argue that under normal circumstance, such a fact is actually entailed. That is, if it is true that a customer requested potatoes, etc., then under normal circumstances the customer would indeed owe the grocer money. However, because such entailment is conditional on such a set of facts holding true under a particular set of circumstances, the fact entailed is still fundamentally brute relative to such facts, just that in such a case the leap in inference occurs at the level of the circumstances, not that of the facts themselves. Finally, if a fact brute relative to other facts holds true, it follows that some set of facts it is brute relative to is also true, e.g. if the customer owes the grocer money, then it follows that the grocer supplied them with potatoes. After all, had they not done so, then the customer would not owe them money. As such, given some fact brute relative to other facts, there is a range of facts, such that a set of them will hold if the fact brute relative to them also holds. That being said, Anscombe argues that the full range of facts that some fact can be brute relative to cannot be known exhaustively. The rough range can be sketched out with relevant, paradigmatic examples, but the full range of such facts cannot be known, as one can theoretically always suppose a new special context that changes the range. Searle John Searle developed Anscombe's concept of brute facts into what he called brute physical facts—such as that snow is on Mt. Everest—as opposed to social or institutional facts, dependent for their existence on human agreement. Thus, he considered money to be an institutional fact, which nevertheless rested ultimately on a brute physical fact, whether a piece of paper or only an electronic record. Searle thought that the pervasiveness of social facts could disguise their social construction and ultimate reliance upon the brute fact: thus, we are for example trained from infancy (in his words) to see "cellulose fibres with green and gray stains, or enamel-covered iron concavities containing water... dollar bills, and full bathtubs". Opposition The principle of sufficient reason is sometimes understood to entail that there are no brute facts. Vintiadis In 2018 Elly Vintiadis edited a collection of papers on brute facts that is the first systematic exploration of bruteness and which includes original papers by a number of philosophers and scientists. The collection focuses on physical, emergent and modal brute facts rather than social facts. Vintiadis argues that a properly understood naturalistic attitude requires that we accept the existence of ontological brute facts and also, possibly, emergent brute facts. Beyond the initial definition given above of brute facts as facts that do not have explanations, there is a distinction drawn by Eric Barnes (1994) between epistemically brute facts and ontologically brute facts. The former are for which we do not have an explanation, they are brute for us (e.g., Vintiadis cites the fact that gases behave in a manner described by the Boyle-Charles law was an epistemologically brute fact until its explanation in terms of the kinetic theory of gases). The latter, ontologically brute facts are facts for which there is no explanation in virtue of the way the world is (e.g., the fundamental laws of physics). Which facts we accept as ontologically brute though depends on what kind of theory of explanation we accept (e.g. the properties of fundamental particles will be brute facts under a mereological view of explanation, but a fundamental law will be brute under a covering law model of explanation). Brute necessities This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John Heil has argued that brute facts can only be contingent facts, since otherwise asking for an explanation for something that couldn't be otherwise doesn't make sense. Joseph Levine agrees with this since for him explanation means removing different possibilities. But not all agree, because some philosophers argue that it is a natural question to ask why some things are necessary. For instance philosopher James Van Cleve believes that brute necessities cannot be excluded. Infinitism According to explanatory infinitism, the chain of explanations goes on infinitely and there is no fundamental explanation. This, then, is another way of objecting to the existence of explanatory brute facts, but also metaphysical brute facts, if bruteness is understood in terms of ontological independence. On the question of why there is anything at all, some have suggested the possibility of an infinite regress, where, if an entity can't come from nothing and this concept is mutually exclusive from something, there must have always been something that caused the previous effect, with this causal chain (either deterministic or probabilistic) extending infinitely back in time. Examples Bertrand Russell took a brute fact position when he said, "I should say that the universe is just there, and that's all." Sean Carroll similarly concluded that "any attempt to account for the existence of something rather than nothing must ultimately bottom out in a set of brute facts; the universe simply is, without ultimate cause or explanation." See also First principle Four causes Is and ought problem – the distinction between factual claims and value or normative claims Matter of fact and matter of law Münchhausen trilemma References ^ Ludwig Fahrbach. "Understanding brute facts," Synthese 145 (3):449 - 466 (2005). ^ "Facts". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. ^ Gary Gutting, French Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (2001) p. 32 ^ Gutting, p. 34 ^ Anscombe, G.E.M. (1981). The Collected Philosophical Papers of G. E. M. Anscombe. Vol. III: Ethics, Religion and Politics. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0-631-12942-1. ^ Searle, p. 121 and p. 1-2 ^ Searle, p. 56 and p. 4 ^ Vintiadis, Elly; Mekios, Constantinos (2018). Brute facts (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191818523. OCLC 1034594829. ^ Brown, Patterson (1969), Kenny, Anthony (ed.), "Infinite Causal Regression", Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays, Modern Studies in Philosophy, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 214–236, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-15356-5_9, ISBN 978-1-349-15356-5, retrieved 2023-10-22 ^ Cameron, Ross (2022), "Infinite Regress Arguments", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-10-22 ^ Brown, Patterson (1966). "Infinite Causal Regression". The Philosophical Review. 75 (4): 510–525. doi:10.2307/2183226. ISSN 0031-8108. JSTOR 2183226. ^ "5 Reasons Why the Universe Can't Be Merely a Brute Fact : Strange Notions". 12 July 2016. ^ "Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate". Philosophy of Religion. ^ Carroll, Sean M. (2018-02-06). "Why Is There Something, Rather Than Nothing?". arXiv:1802.02231v2 . ^ Holt, Jim (2012). Why Does The World Exist. New York: Liveright. ISBN 978-0-87140-409-1. Further reading "Brute Fact". Oxford Companion to Philosophy. 2005. Anscombe, G. E. M. (1958). "On Brute facts". Analysis. 18 (3): 69–72. doi:10.1093/analys/18.3.69. JSTOR 3326788. Nicholas, Bunnin; Yu, Jiyuan (eds.). "Brute fact". The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Rosen, Gideon (2010). "Metaphysical Dependence: Grounding and Reduction". In Hale, Bob; Hoffmann, Aviv (eds.). Modality. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199565818. Melamed, Yitzhak; Lin, Martin (2011). "Principle of Sufficient Reason". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 ed.). External links Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyian, eds. (2004). Brute fact. Blackwell Reference. ISBN 9781405106795. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ontological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology"},{"link_name":"the principle of sufficient reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_principle_of_sufficient_reason"}],"text":"In contemporary philosophy, a brute fact is a fact that cannot be explained in terms of a deeper, more \"fundamental\" fact.[1][2] There are two main ways to explain something: say what \"brought it about\", or describe it at a more \"fundamental\" level.[citation needed] For example, a cat displayed on a computer screen can be explained, more \"fundamentally\", in terms of certain voltages in bits of metal in the screen, which in turn can be explained, more \"fundamentally\", in terms of certain subatomic particles moving in a certain manner. If one were to keep explaining the world in this way and reach a point at which no more \"deeper\" explanations can be given, then one would have found some facts which are brute or inexplicable, in the sense that we cannot give them an ontological explanation. As it might be put, there may exist some things that just are.To reject the existence of brute facts is to think that everything can be explained (\"Everything can be explained\" is sometimes called the principle of sufficient reason).","title":"Brute fact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pierre Duhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Duhem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Henri Poincaré distinguished between brute facts and their scientific descriptions, pointing to how the conventional nature of the latter always remained constrained by the brute fact in question.[3]Pierre Duhem argued that just as there may be several scientific descriptions of the same brute fact, so too there may be many brute facts with the same scientific description.[4]","title":"Brute/scientific fact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. E. M. Anscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"G. E. M. Anscombe wrote about how facts can be brute relative to other facts. Simply put, some facts cannot be reducible to other facts, such that if some set of facts holds true, it does not entail the fact brute relative to it. The example she uses is that of someone owing a grocer money for supplying them with potatoes. In such a case, the set of facts, e.g. that the customer asked for the potatoes, that the grocer supplied them with the potatoes, etc., does not necessarily entail that the customer owes the grocer money. After all, this could all have transpired on the set of a film as a bit of acting, in which case the customer would not actually owe anything. One might argue that if the institutional context is taken into account, putatively brute facts can be reduced to constituent facts. That is, in the context of something like the institution of a market, a customer ordering potatoes, etc. would entail that they owe the grocer compensation equal to the service that was provided. While Anscombe does acknowledge that an institutional context is necessary for a particular description to make sense, it does not necessarily follow that a particular set of facts holding true in an institutional context entails the fact brute relative to it. To wit, if the example is indeed considered in the institutional context necessary for descriptions of 'owing', it could still be the case that the customer does not owe the grocer, per the counterexample of a film production. This fundamental ambiguity is essentially what makes a fact brute relative to other facts. That being said, Anscombe does argue that under normal circumstance, such a fact is actually entailed. That is, if it is true that a customer requested potatoes, etc., then under normal circumstances the customer would indeed owe the grocer money. However, because such entailment is conditional on such a set of facts holding true under a particular set of circumstances, the fact entailed is still fundamentally brute relative to such facts, just that in such a case the leap in inference occurs at the level of the circumstances, not that of the facts themselves. Finally, if a fact brute relative to other facts holds true, it follows that some set of facts it is brute relative to is also true, e.g. if the customer owes the grocer money, then it follows that the grocer supplied them with potatoes. After all, had they not done so, then the customer would not owe them money. As such, given some fact brute relative to other facts, there is a range of facts, such that a set of them will hold if the fact brute relative to them also holds. That being said, Anscombe argues that the full range of facts that some fact can be brute relative to cannot be known exhaustively. The rough range can be sketched out with relevant, paradigmatic examples, but the full range of such facts cannot be known, as one can theoretically always suppose a new special context that changes the range.[5]","title":"Anscombe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"social construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructivism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"John Searle developed Anscombe's concept of brute facts into what he called brute physical facts—such as that snow is on Mt. Everest—as opposed to social or institutional facts, dependent for their existence on human agreement.[6] Thus, he considered money to be an institutional fact, which nevertheless rested ultimately on a brute physical fact, whether a piece of paper or only an electronic record.Searle thought that the pervasiveness of social facts could disguise their social construction and ultimate reliance upon the brute fact: thus, we are for example trained from infancy (in his words) to see \"cellulose fibres with green and gray stains, or enamel-covered iron concavities containing water...[as] dollar bills, and full bathtubs\".[7]","title":"Searle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principle of sufficient reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason"}],"text":"The principle of sufficient reason is sometimes understood to entail that there are no brute facts.","title":"Opposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2018 Elly Vintiadis edited a collection of papers on brute facts that is the first systematic exploration of bruteness and which includes original papers by a number of philosophers and scientists. The collection focuses on physical, emergent and modal brute facts rather than social facts.[8] Vintiadis argues that a properly understood naturalistic attitude requires that we accept the existence of ontological brute facts and also, possibly, emergent brute facts.Beyond the initial definition given above of brute facts as facts that do not have explanations, there is a distinction drawn by Eric Barnes (1994) between epistemically brute facts and ontologically brute facts. The former are for which we do not have an explanation, they are brute for us (e.g., Vintiadis cites the fact that gases behave in a manner described by the Boyle-Charles law was an epistemologically brute fact until its explanation in terms of the kinetic theory of gases). The latter, ontologically brute facts are facts for which there is no explanation in virtue of the way the world is (e.g., the fundamental laws of physics). Which facts we accept as ontologically brute though depends on what kind of theory of explanation we accept (e.g. the properties of fundamental particles will be brute facts under a mereological view of explanation, but a fundamental law will be brute under a covering law model of explanation).","title":"Vintiadis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"John Heil has argued that brute facts can only be contingent facts, since otherwise asking for an explanation for something that couldn't be otherwise doesn't make sense. Joseph Levine agrees with this since for him explanation means removing different possibilities. But not all agree, because some philosophers argue that it is a natural question to ask why some things are necessary.[who?] For instance philosopher James Van Cleve believes that brute necessities cannot be excluded.","title":"Brute necessities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infinitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism"},{"link_name":"why there is anything at all","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_there_is_anything_at_all"},{"link_name":"infinite regress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regress"},{"link_name":"nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing"},{"link_name":"mutually exclusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_exclusivity"},{"link_name":"deterministic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"link_name":"probabilistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_causation"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"According to explanatory infinitism, the chain of explanations goes on infinitely and there is no fundamental explanation. This, then, is another way of objecting to the existence of explanatory brute facts, but also metaphysical brute facts, if bruteness is understood in terms of ontological independence.On the question of why there is anything at all, some have suggested the possibility of an infinite regress, where, if an entity can't come from nothing and this concept is mutually exclusive from something, there must have always been something that caused the previous effect, with this causal chain (either deterministic or probabilistic) extending infinitely back in time.[9][10][11]","title":"Infinitism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Bertrand Russell took a brute fact position when he said, \"I should say that the universe is just there, and that's all.\"[12][13] Sean Carroll similarly concluded that \"any attempt to account for the existence of something rather than nothing must ultimately bottom out in a set of brute facts; the universe simply is, without ultimate cause or explanation.\"[14][15]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford Companion to Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/analys/18.3.69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2F18.3.69"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3326788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3326788"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199565818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199565818"},{"link_name":"\"Principle of Sufficient Reason\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/sufficient-reason/"}],"text":"\"Brute Fact\". Oxford Companion to Philosophy. 2005.\nAnscombe, G. E. M. (1958). \"On Brute facts\". Analysis. 18 (3): 69–72. doi:10.1093/analys/18.3.69. JSTOR 3326788.\nNicholas, Bunnin; Yu, Jiyuan (eds.). \"Brute fact\". The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy.\nRosen, Gideon (2010). \"Metaphysical Dependence: Grounding and Reduction\". In Hale, Bob; Hoffmann, Aviv (eds.). Modality. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199565818.\nMelamed, Yitzhak; Lin, Martin (2011). \"Principle of Sufficient Reason\". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 ed.).","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"First principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_principle"},{"title":"Four causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes"},{"title":"Is and ought problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem"},{"title":"factual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact"},{"title":"value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_theory"},{"title":"normative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)"},{"title":"Matter of fact and matter of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_of_fact"},{"title":"Münchhausen trilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_trilemma"}]	[{"reference":"\"Facts\". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/facts/#BrutFact","url_text":"\"Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Anscombe, G.E.M. (1981). The Collected Philosophical Papers of G. E. M. Anscombe. Vol. III: Ethics, Religion and Politics. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0-631-12942-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Brute_Facts&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Anscombe, G.E.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-12942-1","url_text":"0-631-12942-1"}]},{"reference":"Vintiadis, Elly; Mekios, Constantinos (2018). Brute facts (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191818523. OCLC 1034594829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191818523","url_text":"9780191818523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1034594829","url_text":"1034594829"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Patterson (1969), Kenny, Anthony (ed.), \"Infinite Causal Regression\", Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays, Modern Studies in Philosophy, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 214–236, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-15356-5_9, ISBN 978-1-349-15356-5, retrieved 2023-10-22","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15356-5_9","url_text":"\"Infinite Causal Regression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-15356-5_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-349-15356-5_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-15356-5","url_text":"978-1-349-15356-5"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Ross (2022), \"Infinite Regress Arguments\", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-10-22","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/infinite-regress/","url_text":"\"Infinite Regress Arguments\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Patterson (1966). \"Infinite Causal Regression\". The Philosophical Review. 75 (4): 510–525. doi:10.2307/2183226. ISSN 0031-8108. JSTOR 2183226.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183226","url_text":"\"Infinite Causal Regression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2183226","url_text":"10.2307/2183226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8108","url_text":"0031-8108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183226","url_text":"2183226"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Reasons Why the Universe Can't Be Merely a Brute Fact : Strange Notions\". 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://strangenotions.com/5-reasons-why-the-universe-cant-be-merely-a-brute-fact/","url_text":"\"5 Reasons Why the Universe Can't Be Merely a Brute Fact : Strange Notions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate\". Philosophy of Religion.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm","url_text":"\"Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Sean M. (2018-02-06). \"Why Is There Something, Rather Than Nothing?\". arXiv:1802.02231v2 [physics.hist-ph].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02231v2","url_text":"1802.02231v2"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.hist-ph","url_text":"physics.hist-ph"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Jim (2012). Why Does The World Exist. New York: Liveright. ISBN 978-0-87140-409-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Holt_(philosopher)","url_text":"Holt, Jim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-409-1","url_text":"978-0-87140-409-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Brute Fact\". Oxford Companion to Philosophy. 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Philosophy","url_text":"Oxford Companion to Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"Anscombe, G. E. M. (1958). \"On Brute facts\". Analysis. 18 (3): 69–72. doi:10.1093/analys/18.3.69. JSTOR 3326788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_(journal)","url_text":"Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2F18.3.69","url_text":"10.1093/analys/18.3.69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3326788","url_text":"3326788"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas, Bunnin; Yu, Jiyuan (eds.). \"Brute fact\". The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rosen, Gideon (2010). \"Metaphysical Dependence: Grounding and Reduction\". In Hale, Bob; Hoffmann, Aviv (eds.). Modality. New York: Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy_Turbin	Cassidy Turbin	["1 References"]	Cassidy TurbinBornLos Angeles, CaliforniaOccupation(s)Audio Engineer, Producer, MusicianWebsitehttps://www.cassidyturbin.com Cassidy Turbin is an American 5-time Grammy Award-winning record producer, engineer and musician based in Los Angeles, California. He has worked extensively with numerous singers, songwriters and multi-instrumentalists. Turbin has worked with various artists, such as Beck, Childish Gambino, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Bat for Lashes, Keyon Harrold, MC Lyte, Michelle Branch, Jon Brion, Dwight Yoakam, Cadence Kid, The Chemical Brothers and Thurston Moore. References ^ "Here Are Your 2019 Grammy Award Winners". Vulture. 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ "2019 Grammy Awards: The Full List Of Winners". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ Aridi, Compiled by Sara; Messman, Lauren (2019-02-10). "2019 Grammy Winners: The Complete List". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ "Grammy Awards 2015: The Complete Winners List". Rolling Stone. 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ "Cassidy Turbin". GRAMMY.com. 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ "Artist Cassidy Turbin". Warm Audio. Retrieved 2020-07-06. ^ "The Artist Explains: Cadence Kid - 'Hold On Me' (Video)". When The Horn Blows. Retrieved 2020-07-06. ^ "Cassidy Turbin". Musicians Institute Hollywood. Retrieved 2020-07-06.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"Childish Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glover"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Gainsbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Gainsbourg"},{"link_name":"Bat for Lashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_for_Lashes"},{"link_name":"Keyon Harrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyon_Harrold"},{"link_name":"MC Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte"},{"link_name":"Michelle Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Branch"},{"link_name":"Jon Brion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Brion"},{"link_name":"Dwight Yoakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Chemical Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Thurston Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Moore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Cassidy Turbin is an American 5-time Grammy Award-winning[1][2][3][4][5] record producer, engineer and musician based in Los Angeles, California. He has worked extensively with numerous singers, songwriters and multi-instrumentalists.[6]Turbin has worked with various artists, such as Beck, Childish Gambino, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Bat for Lashes, Keyon Harrold, MC Lyte, Michelle Branch, Jon Brion, Dwight Yoakam, Cadence Kid,[7] The Chemical Brothers and Thurston Moore.[8]","title":"Cassidy Turbin"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Here Are Your 2019 Grammy Award Winners\". Vulture. 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/grammys-2019-winners-the-complete-list-by-category.html","url_text":"\"Here Are Your 2019 Grammy Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Grammy Awards: The Full List Of Winners\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/10/693166443/2019-grammy-awards-the-full-list-of-winners","url_text":"\"2019 Grammy Awards: The Full List Of Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Aridi, Compiled by Sara; Messman, Lauren (2019-02-10). \"2019 Grammy Winners: The Complete List\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/10/arts/music/2019-grammys-winners-full-list.html","url_text":"\"2019 Grammy Winners: The Complete List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Awards 2015: The Complete Winners List\". Rolling Stone. 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/grammy-awards-2015-the-complete-winners-list-241155/","url_text":"\"Grammy Awards 2015: The Complete Winners List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cassidy Turbin\". GRAMMY.com. 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/cassidy-turbin","url_text":"\"Cassidy Turbin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Cassidy Turbin\". Warm Audio. Retrieved 2020-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://warmaudio.com/artist-cassidy-turbin/","url_text":"\"Artist Cassidy Turbin\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Artist Explains: Cadence Kid - 'Hold On Me' (Video)\". When The Horn Blows. Retrieved 2020-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://whenthehornblows.com/content//2016/07/the-artist-explains-cadence-kid-hold-on-me.html","url_text":"\"The Artist Explains: Cadence Kid - 'Hold On Me' (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cassidy Turbin\". Musicians Institute Hollywood. Retrieved 2020-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mi.edu/artist-career-services/success-stories/cassidy-turbin/","url_text":"\"Cassidy Turbin\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cassidyturbin.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.cassidyturbin.com"},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/grammys-2019-winners-the-complete-list-by-category.html","external_links_name":"\"Here Are Your 2019 Grammy Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/10/693166443/2019-grammy-awards-the-full-list-of-winners","external_links_name":"\"2019 Grammy Awards: The Full List Of Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/10/arts/music/2019-grammys-winners-full-list.html","external_links_name":"\"2019 Grammy Winners: The Complete List\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/grammy-awards-2015-the-complete-winners-list-241155/","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Awards 2015: The Complete Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/cassidy-turbin","external_links_name":"\"Cassidy Turbin\""},{"Link":"https://warmaudio.com/artist-cassidy-turbin/","external_links_name":"\"Artist Cassidy Turbin\""},{"Link":"https://whenthehornblows.com/content//2016/07/the-artist-explains-cadence-kid-hold-on-me.html","external_links_name":"\"The Artist Explains: Cadence Kid - 'Hold On Me' (Video)\""},{"Link":"https://www.mi.edu/artist-career-services/success-stories/cassidy-turbin/","external_links_name":"\"Cassidy Turbin\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Kondo	Aki Kondo	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 External links"]	Japanese illustrator and character designer Aki KondoBornAkiya Kondawana (1977-02-22) February 22, 1977 (age 47)Matsuyama, Ehime, JapanNationalityJapaneseEducationJoshibi University of Art and Design (AFA)Occupation(s)Illustrator, designer Aki Kondo (born February 22, 1977) is a Japanese illustrator and character designer, and former staff of San-X. Biography After graduating from the Junior College of Art and Design at Joshibi University of Art and Design, Kondo was hired to work in the Design studio of San-X in 1997. Kondo created and produced "Amaguri Chan" (September 2002), "Mikan Bouya" (December 2002) and Rilakkuma (September 2003) while she was at San-X. Kondo left San-X in 2003, and became a freelance illustrator and designer. In 2005, Kondo has released the first Manga Comic "Okutan & Danna chan". Kondo is married to illustrator Tarouichi Aizawa and they have two daughters. Kondo is a part-time lecturer in Art and Design for Healing at Joshibi University of Art and Design. Works Amaguri Chan Mikan Bouya Okutan & Danna chan Usagi no Mofy moguppy Chopin & Pansy Wonderful Family PLATINUM BOYS NyaOssan External links Aki Kondo Official Website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Japan Korea Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrator"},{"link_name":"character designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_designer"},{"link_name":"San-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San-X"}],"text":"Aki Kondo (born February 22, 1977) is a Japanese illustrator and character designer, and former staff of San-X.","title":"Aki Kondo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joshibi University of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshibi_University_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Rilakkuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilakkuma"},{"link_name":"Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"}],"text":"After graduating from the Junior College of Art and Design at Joshibi University of Art and Design, Kondo was hired to work in the Design studio of San-X in 1997.Kondo created and produced \"Amaguri Chan\" (September 2002), \"Mikan Bouya\" (December 2002) and Rilakkuma (September 2003) while she was at San-X. Kondo left San-X in 2003, and became a freelance illustrator and designer. In 2005, Kondo has released the first Manga Comic \"Okutan & Danna chan\".Kondo is married to illustrator Tarouichi Aizawa and they have two daughters. Kondo is a part-time lecturer in Art and Design for Healing at Joshibi University of Art and Design.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Amaguri Chan\nMikan Bouya\nOkutan & Danna chan\nUsagi no Mofy\nmoguppy\nChopin & Pansy\nWonderful Family\nPLATINUM BOYS\nNyaOssan","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.akibako.jp/","external_links_name":"Aki Kondo Official Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000381266021","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/260595673","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1026948541","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00871147","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200806742","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16080803?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/261268023","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLC_programming	Programmable logic controller	["1 Invention and early development","1.1 Modicon","1.2 Allen-Bradley","1.3 Early methods of programming","2 Architecture","2.1 Mechanical design","2.2 Discrete and analog signals","2.3 Redundancy","3 Programming","3.1 Programming device","3.2 Simulation","4 Functionality","4.1 Basic functions","4.2 Communication","4.3 User interface","5 Process of a scan cycle","6 Security","7 Safety PLCs","8 PLC compared with other control systems","8.1 PLC chip / embedded controller","8.2 Microcontrollers","8.3 Single-board computers","8.4 Programmable logic relays (PLR)","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Bibliography","11 Further reading"]	Programmable digital computer used to control machinery PLCs for a monitoring system in the pharmaceutical industry Part of a series of articles onMachine industry Manufacturing methods Batch production Job production Flow production Lean manufacturing Agile manufacturing Industrial technologies PLM RCM TPM VDM QRM TOC Six Sigma TQM ZD Information and communication ISA-88 ISA-95 ERP IEC 62264 B2MML Process control PLC DCS SCADA vte A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, machines, robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of programming, and process fault diagnosis. PLCs can range from small modular devices with tens of inputs and outputs (I/O), in a housing integral with the processor, to large rack-mounted modular devices with thousands of I/O, and which are often networked to other PLC and SCADA systems. They can be designed for many arrangements of digital and analog I/O, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. PLCs were first developed in the automobile manufacturing industry to provide flexible, rugged and easily programmable controllers to replace hard-wired relay logic systems. Dick Morley, who invented the first PLC, the Modicon 084, for General Motors in 1968, is considered the father of PLC. A PLC is an example of a hard real-time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation may result. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory. Invention and early development The PLC originated in the late 1960s in the automotive industry in the US and was designed to replace relay logic systems. Before, control logic for manufacturing was mainly composed of relays, cam timers, drum sequencers, and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The hard-wired nature of these components made it difficult for design engineers to alter the automation process. Changes would require rewiring and careful updating of the documentation and troubleshooting was a tedious process. When general-purpose computers became available, they were soon applied to control logic in industrial processes. These early computers were unreliable and required specialist programmers and strict control of working conditions, such as temperature, cleanliness, and power quality. The PLC provided several advantages over earlier automation systems. It tolerated the industrial environment better than the former systems and was more reliable, compact, and required less maintenance than relay systems. It was easily extensible with additional I/O modules. While relay systems required complicated hardware changes in case of reconfiguration, a PLC can be reconfigured by loading new software. This allowed for easier iteration over manufacturing process design. With a simple programming language focused on logic and switching operations, it was more user-friendly than computers using general-purpose programming languages. Early PLCs were programmed in ladder logic, which strongly resembled a schematic diagram of relay logic. It also permitted its operation to be monitored. Modicon In 1968, GM Hydramatic, the automatic transmission division of General Motors, issued a request for proposals for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems based on a white paper written by engineer Edward R. Clark. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates from Bedford, Massachusetts. The result, built in 1969, was the first PLC and designated the 084, because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project. Bedford Associates started a company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product, which they named Modicon (standing for modular digital controller). One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the father of the PLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics and later to Schneider Electric, its current owner. About this same time, Modicon created Modbus, a data communications protocol used with its PLCs. Modbus has since become a standard open protocol commonly used to connect many industrial electrical devices. One of the first 084 models built is now on display at Schneider Electric's facility in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84 moniker at the end of its product range until after the 984 made its appearance. Allen-Bradley In a parallel development, Odo Josef Struger is sometimes known as the "father of the programmable logic controller" as well. He was involved in the invention of the Allen-Bradley programmable logic controller and is credited with inventing the PLC initialism. Allen-Bradley (now a brand owned by Rockwell Automation) became a major PLC manufacturer in the United States during his tenure. Struger played a leadership role in developing IEC 61131-3 PLC programming language standards. Early methods of programming Many early PLCs were not capable of graphical representation of the logic, and so it was instead represented as a series of logic expressions in some kind of Boolean format, similar to Boolean algebra. As programming terminals evolved, it became more common for ladder logic to be used, because it was a familiar format used for electro-mechanical control panels. Newer formats, such as state logic and Function Block (which is similar to the way logic is depicted when using digital integrated logic circuits) exist, but they are still not as popular as ladder logic. A primary reason for this is that PLCs solve the logic in a predictable and repeating sequence, and ladder logic allows the person writing the logic to see any issues with the timing of the logic sequence more easily than would be possible in other formats. Up to the mid-1990s, PLCs were programmed using proprietary programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing the various logical elements of PLC programs. Some proprietary programming terminals displayed the elements of PLC programs as graphic symbols, but plain ASCII character representations of contacts, coils, and wires were common. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing and documentation were minimal due to a lack of memory capacity. The oldest PLCs used non-volatile magnetic-core memory. Architecture A PLC is an industrial microprocessor-based controller with programmable memory used to store program instructions and various functions. It consists of: A processor unit (CPU) which interprets inputs, executes the control program stored in memory and sends output signals, A power supply unit which converts AC voltage to DC, A memory unit storing data from inputs and program to be executed by the processor, An input and output interface, where the controller receives and sends data from/to external devices, A communications interface to receive and transmit data on communication networks from/to remote PLCs. PLCs require programming device which is used to develop and later download the created program into the memory of the controller. Modern PLCs generally contain a real-time operating system, such as OS-9 or VxWorks. Mechanical design Compact PLC with 8 inputs and 4 outputs Modular PLC with EtherNet/IP module, discrete and analog I/O, with some slots being empty There are two types of mechanical design for PLC systems. A single box, or a brick is a small programmable controller that fits all units and interfaces into one compact casing, although, typically, additional expansion modules for inputs and outputs are available. Second design type – a modular PLC – has a chassis (also called a rack) that provides space for modules with different functions, such as power supply, processor, selection of I/O modules and communication interfaces – which all can be customized for the particular application. Several racks can be administered by a single processor and may have thousands of inputs and outputs. Either a special high-speed serial I/O link or comparable communication method is used so that racks can be distributed away from the processor, reducing the wiring costs for large plants. Options are also available to mount I/O points directly to the machine and utilize quick disconnecting cables to sensors and valves, saving time for wiring and replacing components. Discrete and analog signals Discrete (digital) signals can only take on or off value (1 or 0, true or false). Examples of devices providing a discrete signal include limit switches, photoelectric sensors and encoders. Analog signals can use voltage or current that is proportional to the size of the monitored variable and can take any value within their scale. Pressure, temperature, flow, and weight are often represented by analog signals. These are typically interpreted as integer values with various ranges of accuracy depending on the device and the number of bits available to store the data. For example, an analog 0 to 10 V or 4-20 mA current loop input would be converted into an integer value of 0 to 32,767. The PLC will take this value and transpose it into the desired units of the process so the operator or program can read it. Proper integration will also include filter times to reduce noise as well as high and low limits to report faults. Current inputs are less sensitive to electrical noise (e.g. from welders or electric motor starts) than voltage inputs. Distance from the device and the controller is also a concern as the maximum traveling distance of a good quality 0-10 V signal is very short compared to the 4-20 mA signal. The 4-20 mA signal can also report if the wire is disconnected along the path as a <4 mA signal would indicate an error. Redundancy Some special processes need to work permanently with minimum unwanted downtime. Therefore, it is necessary to design a system that is fault-tolerant and capable of handling the process with faulty modules. In such cases to increase the system availability in the event of hardware component failure, redundant CPU or I/O modules with the same functionality can be added to hardware configuration for preventing total or partial process shutdown due to hardware failure. Other redundancy scenarios could be related to safety-critical processes, for example, large hydraulic presses could require that both PLCs turn on output before the press can come down in case one output does not turn off properly. Programming Example of a ladder diagram logic Programmable logic controllers are intended to be used by engineers without a programming background. For this reason, a graphical programming language called Ladder Diagram (LD, LAD) was first developed. It resembles the schematic diagram of a system built with electromechanical relays and was adopted by many manufacturers and later standardized in the IEC 61131-3 control systems programming standard. As of 2015, it is still widely used, thanks to its simplicity. As of 2015, the majority of PLC systems adhere to the IEC 61131-3 standard that defines 2 textual programming languages: Structured Text (ST; similar to Pascal) and Instruction List (IL); as well as 3 graphical languages: Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram (FBD) and Sequential Function Chart (SFC). Instruction List (IL) was deprecated in the third edition of the standard. Modern PLCs can be programmed in a variety of ways, from the relay-derived ladder logic to programming languages such as specially adapted dialects of BASIC and C. While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers, differences in I/O addressing, memory organization, and instruction sets mean that PLC programs are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same product line of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible. Programming device PLC programs are typically written in a programming device, which can take the form of a desktop console, special software on a personal computer, or a handheld programming device. Then, the program is downloaded to the PLC directly or over a network. It is stored either in non-volatile flash memory or battery-backed-up RAM. In some programmable controllers, the program is transferred from a personal computer to the PLC through a programming board that writes the program into a removable chip, such as EPROM. Manufacturers develop programming software for their controllers. In addition to being able to program PLCs in multiple languages, they provide common features like hardware diagnostics and maintenance, software debugging, and offline simulation. Simulation PLC simulation is a feature often found in PLC programming software. It allows for testing and debugging early in a project's development. Incorrectly programmed PLC can result in lost productivity and dangerous conditions. Testing the project in simulation improves its quality, increases the level of safety associated with equipment and can save costly downtime during the installation and commissioning of automated control applications since many scenarios can be tried and tested before the system is activated. Functionality PLC system in a rack, left-to-right: power supply unit (PSU), CPU, interface module (IM) and communication processor (CP) Control panel with PLC (gray elements in the center). The unit consists of separate elements, from left to right: power supply, controller, relay units for input and output. The main difference from most other computing devices is that PLCs are intended for and therefore tolerant of more severe conditions (such as dust, moisture, heat, cold), while offering extensive input/output (I/O) to connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLC input can include simple digital elements such as limit switches, analog variables from process sensors (such as temperature and pressure), and more complex data such as that from positioning or machine vision systems. PLC output can include elements such as indicator lamps, sirens, electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays, solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a fieldbus or computer network that plugs into the PLC. The functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control systems, and networking. The data handling, storage, processing power, and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remote I/O hardware, allows a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLCs in certain applications. Desktop computer controllers have not been generally accepted in heavy industry because desktop computers run on less stable operating systems than PLCs, and because the desktop computer hardware is typically not designed to the same levels of tolerance to temperature, humidity, vibration, and longevity as the processors used in PLCs. Operating systems such as Windows do not lend themselves to deterministic logic execution, with the result that the controller may not always respond to changes of input status with the consistency in timing expected from PLCs. Desktop logic applications find use in less critical situations, such as laboratory automation and use in small facilities where the application is less demanding and critical. Basic functions The most basic function of a programmable controller is to emulate the functions of electromechanical relays. Discrete inputs are given a unique address, and a PLC instruction can test if the input state is on or off. Just as a series of relay contacts perform a logical AND function, not allowing current to pass unless all the contacts are closed, so a series of "examine if on" instructions will energize its output storage bit if all the input bits are on. Similarly, a parallel set of instructions will perform a logical OR. In an electromechanical relay wiring diagram, a group of contacts controlling one coil is called a "rung" of a "ladder diagram", and this concept is also used to describe PLC logic. Some models of PLC limit the number of series and parallel instructions in one "rung" of logic. The output of each rung sets or clears a storage bit, which may be associated with a physical output address or which may be an "internal coil" with no physical connection. Such internal coils can be used, for example, as a common element in multiple separate rungs. Unlike physical relays, there is usually no limit to the number of times an input, output or internal coil can be referenced in a PLC program. Some PLCs enforce a strict left-to-right, top-to-bottom execution order for evaluating the rung logic. This is different from electro-mechanical relay contacts, which, in a sufficiently complex circuit, may either pass current left-to-right or right-to-left, depending on the configuration of surrounding contacts. The elimination of these "sneak paths" is either a bug or a feature, depending on the programming style. More advanced instructions of the PLC may be implemented as functional blocks, which carry out some operation when enabled by a logical input and which produce outputs to signal, for example, completion or errors, while manipulating variables internally that may not correspond to discrete logic. Communication PLCs use built-in ports, such as USB, Ethernet, RS-232, RS-485, or RS-422 to communicate with external devices (sensors, actuators) and systems (programming software, SCADA, HMI). Communication is carried over various industrial network protocols, like Modbus, or EtherNet/IP. Many of these protocols are vendor specific. PLCs used in larger I/O systems may have peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between processors. This allows separate parts of a complex process to have individual control while allowing the subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication link. These communication links are also often used for HMI devices such as keypads or PC-type workstations. Formerly, some manufacturers offered dedicated communication modules as an add-on function where the processor had no network connection built-in. User interface See also: User interface and List of human-computer interaction topics Control panel with a PLC user interface for thermal oxidizer regulation PLCs may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting, or everyday control. A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. HMIs are also referred to as man-machine interfaces (MMIs) and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). A simple system may use buttons and lights to interact with the user. Text displays are available as well as graphical touch screens. More complex systems use programming and monitoring software installed on a computer, with the PLC connected via a communication interface. Process of a scan cycle A PLC works in a program scan cycle, where it executes its program repeatedly. The simplest scan cycle consists of 3 steps: Read inputs. Execute the program. Write outputs. The program follows the sequence of instructions. It typically takes a time span of tens of milliseconds for the processor to evaluate all the instructions and update the status of all outputs. If the system contains remote I/O—for example, an external rack with I/O modules—then that introduces additional uncertainty in the response time of the PLC system. As PLCs became more advanced, methods were developed to change the sequence of ladder execution, and subroutines were implemented. Special-purpose I/O modules may be used where the scan time of the PLC is too long to allow predictable performance. Precision timing modules, or counter modules for use with shaft encoders, are used where the scan time would be too long to reliably count pulses or detect the sense of rotation of an encoder. This allows even a relatively slow PLC to still interpret the counted values to control a machine, as the accumulation of pulses is done by a dedicated module that is unaffected by the speed of program execution. Security In his book from 1998, E. A. Parr pointed out that even though most programmable controllers require physical keys and passwords, the lack of strict access control and version control systems, as well as an easy-to-understand programming language make it likely that unauthorized changes to programs will happen and remain unnoticed. Prior to the discovery of the Stuxnet computer worm in June 2010, the security of PLCs received little attention. Modern programmable controllers generally contain a real-time operating systems, which can be vulnerable to exploits in a similar way as desktop operating systems, like Microsoft Windows. PLCs can also be attacked by gaining control of a computer they communicate with. Since 2011, these concerns have grown as networking is becoming more commonplace in the PLC environment connecting the previously separate plant floor networks and office networks. In February 2021, Rockwell Automation publicly disclosed a critical vulnerability affecting its Logix controllers family. Secret cryptographic key used to verify communication between the PLC and workstation can be extracted from Studio 5000 Logix Designer programming software and used to remotely change program code and configuration of connected controller. The vulnerability was given a severity score of 10 out of 10 on the CVSS vulnerability scale. At the time of writing, the mitigation of the vulnerability was to limit network access to affected devices. Safety PLCs Safety PLCs can be either a standalone model or a safety-rated hardware and functionality added to existing controller architectures (Allen-Bradley Guardlogix, Siemens F-series etc.). These differ from conventional PLC types by being suitable for safety-critical applications for which PLCs have traditionally been supplemented with hard-wired safety relays and areas of the memory dedicated to the safety instructions. The standard of safety level is the SIL. A safety PLC might be used to control access to a robot cell with trapped-key access, or to manage the shutdown response to an emergency stop on a conveyor production line. Such PLCs typically have a restricted regular instruction set augmented with safety-specific instructions designed to interface with emergency stops, light screens, and so forth. The flexibility that such systems offer has resulted in rapid growth of demand for these controllers. PLC compared with other control systems PLC installed in a control panel Control center with a PLC for a RTO PLCs are well adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems, so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are economical. This is due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units. Programmable controllers are widely used in motion, positioning, or torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements. PLC chip / embedded controller Nano ACE PLC & chip PLC for small machine builders / small or medium volumes For small machines with low or medium volume. PLCs that can execute PLC languages such as Ladder, Flow-Chart/Grafcet,... Similar to traditional PLCs, but their small size allows developers to design them into custom printed circuit boards like a microcontroller, without computer programming knowledge, but with a language that is easy to use, modify and maintain. It is between the classic PLC / micro-PLC and the microcontrollers. Microcontrollers A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies, input/output hardware, and necessary testing and certification) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit buses economically use PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomical. Single-board computers Very complex process control, such as those used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls. Single-board computers using semi-customized or fully proprietary hardware may be chosen for very demanding control applications where the high development and maintenance cost can be supported. "Soft PLCs" running on desktop-type computers can interface with industrial I/O hardware while executing programs within a version of commercial operating systems adapted for process control needs. The rising popularity of single board computers has also had an influence on the development of PLCs. Traditional PLCs are generally closed platforms, but some newer PLCs (e.g. groov EPIC from Opto 22, ctrlX from Bosch Rexroth, PFC200 from Wago, PLCnext from Phoenix Contact, and Revolution Pi from Kunbus) provide the features of traditional PLCs on an open platform. Programmable logic relays (PLR) This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In more recent years, small products called programmable logic relays (PLRs) or smart relays, have become more common and accepted. These are similar to PLCs and are used in light industries where only a few points of I/O are needed, and low cost is desired. These small devices are typically made in a common physical size and shape by several manufacturers and branded by the makers of larger PLCs to fill their low-end product range. Most of these have 8 to 12 discrete inputs, 4 to 8 discrete outputs, and up to 2 analog inputs. Most such devices include a tiny postage-stamp-sized LCD screen for viewing simplified ladder logic (only a very small portion of the program being visible at a given time) and status of I/O points, and typically these screens are accompanied by a 4-way rocker push-button plus four more separate push-buttons, similar to the key buttons on a VCR remote control, and used to navigate and edit the logic. Most have a small plug for connecting via RS-232 or RS-485 to a personal computer so that programmers can use simple applications in general-purpose OS like MS Windows, macOS or Linux, that have user-friendly (G)UIs, for programming instead of being forced to use the tiny LCD and push-button set for this purpose. Unlike regular PLCs that are usually modular and greatly expandable, the PLRs are usually not modular or expandable, but their price can be two orders of magnitude less than a PLC, and they still offer robust design and deterministic execution of the logic. A variant of PLCs, used in remote locations is the remote terminal unit or RTU. An RTU is typically a low power, ruggedized PLC whose key function is to manage the communications links between the site and the central control system (typically SCADA) or in some modern systems, "The Cloud". Unlike factory automation using high-speed Ethernet, communications links to remote sites are often radio-based and are less reliable. To account for the reduced reliability, RTU will buffer messages or switch to alternate communications paths. When buffering messages, the RTU will timestamp each message so that a full history of site events can be reconstructed. RTUs, being PLCs, have a wide range of I/O and are fully programmable, typically with languages from the IEC 61131-3 standard that is common to many PLCs, RTUs and DCSs. In remote locations, it is common to use an RTU as a gateway for a PLC, where the PLC is performing all site control and the RTU is managing communications, time-stamping events and monitoring ancillary equipment. On sites with only a handful of I/O, the RTU may also be the site PLC and will perform both communications and control functions. See also 1-bit computing Industrial control system PLC technician References ^ Tubbs, Stephen Phillip. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Tutorial, Siemens Simatic S7-1200. Publicis MCD Werbeagentur GmbH; 3rd ed., 2018. ^ Parr 1998, p. 438 ^ Wayand, Ben (20 March 2020). "What Is a PLC?". MROElectric.com. MRO Electric. Retrieved 11 May 2021. ^ "PLC Programming Basics Part I". Control Systems & Automation. 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2020-02-23. ^ Laughton & Warne 2002, p. 16/3: "The first industrial computer application was probably a system installed in an oil refinery in Port Arthur USA in 1959. The reliability and mean time between failure of computers meant that little actual control was performed." ^ Parr 1998, p. 437 ^ Bolton 2015, p. 6 ^ Parr 1998, pp. 438, 450–451 ^ a b Laughton & Warne 2002, chpt. 16 ^ a b Dunn, Alison (2009-06-12). "The Father of Invention: Dick Morley Looks Back on the 40th Anniversary of the PLC". Manufacturing Automation. Retrieved 2020-02-23. ^ a b c d Strothman, Jim (2003-08-01). "Leaders of the pack". ISA. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2020-02-24. ^ "Mobus Networking Guide: Introduction". Libelium.com. Retrieved 27 October 2022. ^ Chakraborty, Kunal (2016). Industrial Applications of Programmable Logic Controllers and SCADA. Hamburg: Anchor Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3960670247. ^ a b "A-B PLC Inventor, Dr. Odo Struger, Dies". Control Engineering. 1999-02-01. Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2020-02-24. ^ Brier, Steven E. (1998-12-27). "O. Struger, 67, A Pioneer In Automation". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-02-24. Dr. Odo J. Struger, who invented the programmable logic controller, which makes possible modern factory automation, amusement park rides and lavish stage effects in Broadway productions, died on December 8 in Cleveland. He was 67. ^ Anzovin, p. 100, item # 2189. Programmable logic controller was invented by the Austrian-born American engineer Odo J. Struger in 1958–60 at the Allen-Bradley company in Milwaukee, WI, USA. A programmable logic controller, or PLC, is a simple electronic device that allows precise numerical control of machinery. It is widely used to control everything from washing machines to roller coaster to automated manufacturing equipment. ^ "A Short History of Automation Growth". Retrieved 2008-06-20. ^ "Wrapping Your Head around Ladder Logic". DoSupply.com. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ Bolton 2015, p. 5 ^ a b Bolton 2015, p. 7 ^ a b Byres (May 2011). "PLC Security Risk: Controller Operating Systems - Tofino Industrial Security Solution". TofinoSecurity.com. ^ Bolton 2015, pp. 12–13 ^ a b Bolton 2015, pp. 23–43 ^ a b Bolton 2015, pp. 16–18 ^ Keller, William L Jr. Grafcet, A Functional Chart for Sequential Processes, 14th Annual International Programmable Controllers Conference Proceedings, 1984, p. 71-96. ^ "Status IEC 61131-3 Standard". PLCopen. 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2020-04-01. ^ "Programmable logic controller for automation systems" (PDF). www.isisvarese.edu.it. Retrieved April 8, 2024. ^ "A mini view of PLC". www.researchgate.net. September 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2024. ^ a b c Bolton 2015, pp. 19–20 ^ Lin, Sally; Huang, Xiong (9 August 2011). Advances in Computer Science, Environment, Ecoinformatics, and Education, Part III: International Conference, CSEE 2011, Wuhan, China, August 21-22, 2011. Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 15. ISBN 9783642233449 – via Google Books. ^ Harms, Toni M. & Kinner, Russell H. P.E., Enhancing PLC Performance with Vision Systems. 18th Annual ESD/HMI International Programmable Controllers Conference Proceedings, 1989, p. 387-399. ^ a b Parr 1998, p. 446 ^ Maher, Michael J. Real-Time Control and Communications. 18th Annual ESD/SMI International Programmable Controllers Conference Proceedings, 1989, p. 431-436. ^ Kinner, Russell H., P.E. Designing Programmable Controller Application Programs Using More than One Designer. 14th Annual International Programmable Controllers Conference Proceedings, 1985, p. 97-110. ^ Laughton & Warne 2002, section 16.4.8 ^ Parr 1998, p. 451 ^ Bolton 2015, p. 15 ^ Goodin, Dan (2021-02-26). "Hard-coded key vulnerability in Logix PLCs has severity score of 10 out of 10". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-03-07. ^ Li, Tom (2021-03-01). "Max level vulnerability found in Logix PLCs \| IT World Canada News". ITWorldCanada.com. Retrieved 2021-03-07. ^ a b McMillan, Gregory K. (1999). "Section 3: Controllers". In Considine, Douglas M. (ed.). Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook (Fifth ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-012582-1. Bibliography Bolton, William (2015). Programmable Logic Controllers (6th, revised ed.). Newnes. ISBN 9780081003534 – via Google Books. Parr, E. A. (1998). "Computers and industrial control". Industrial Control Handbook. Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0-8311-3085-7 – via Google Books. Laughton, M. A.; Warne, D. F. (2002). Electrical Engineer's Reference Book (16th ed.). Newnes. ISBN 9780750646376 – via Google Books. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Programmable logic controller. Wikiversity has learning resources about Programmable logic controller (basics) Daniel Kandray, Programmable Automation Technologies, Industrial Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-8311-3346-7, Chapter 8 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers Walker, Mark John (2012-09-08). The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Communication and Systems Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology: The Open University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20. Authority control databases: National Spain	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automate_industriel_WAGO_pour_un_syst%C3%A8me_de_monitoring_en_industrie_pharmaceutique.jpg"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"ruggedized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugged_computer"},{"link_name":"assembly lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line"},{"link_name":"robotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic"},{"link_name":"inputs and outputs (I/O)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output"},{"link_name":"SCADA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"electrical noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"relay logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_logic"},{"link_name":"Dick Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Morley"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"hard real-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_real-time"},{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"}],"text":"PLCs for a monitoring system in the pharmaceutical industryA programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, machines, robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of programming, and process fault diagnosis.PLCs can range from small modular devices with tens of inputs and outputs (I/O), in a housing integral with the processor, to large rack-mounted modular devices with thousands of I/O, and which are often networked to other PLC and SCADA systems.[1] They can be designed for many arrangements of digital and analog I/O, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact.PLCs were first developed in the automobile manufacturing industry to provide flexible, rugged and easily programmable controllers to replace hard-wired relay logic systems. Dick Morley, who invented the first PLC, the Modicon 084, for General Motors in 1968, is considered the father of PLC.A PLC is an example of a hard real-time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation may result. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory.","title":"Programmable logic controller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay"},{"link_name":"cam timers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_timer"},{"link_name":"drum sequencers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_sequencer_(controller)"},{"link_name":"closed-loop controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop_controller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"general-purpose programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language"},{"link_name":"ladder logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_logic"},{"link_name":"relay logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_logic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The PLC originated in the late 1960s in the automotive industry in the US and was designed to replace relay logic systems.[2] Before, control logic for manufacturing was mainly composed of relays, cam timers, drum sequencers, and dedicated closed-loop controllers.[3]The hard-wired nature of these components made it difficult for design engineers to alter the automation process. Changes would require rewiring and careful updating of the documentation and troubleshooting was a tedious process.[4] When general-purpose computers became available, they were soon applied to control logic in industrial processes. These early computers were unreliable[5] and required specialist programmers and strict control of working conditions, such as temperature, cleanliness, and power quality.[6]The PLC provided several advantages over earlier automation systems. It tolerated the industrial environment better than the former systems and was more reliable, compact, and required less maintenance than relay systems. It was easily extensible with additional I/O modules. While relay systems required complicated hardware changes in case of reconfiguration, a PLC can be reconfigured by loading new software. This allowed for easier iteration over manufacturing process design. With a simple programming language focused on logic and switching operations, it was more user-friendly than computers using general-purpose programming languages. Early PLCs were programmed in ladder logic, which strongly resembled a schematic diagram of relay logic. It also permitted its operation to be monitored.[7][8]","title":"Invention and early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"request for proposals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_proposal"},{"link_name":"Bedford, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Dick Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Morley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Gould Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Schneider Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_Electric"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Modbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modbus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"North Andover, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Andover,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"GM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Modicon","text":"In 1968, GM Hydramatic, the automatic transmission division of General Motors, issued a request for proposals for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems based on a white paper written by engineer Edward R. Clark. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates from Bedford, Massachusetts. The result, built in 1969, was the first PLC and designated the 084, because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project.[9][10]Bedford Associates started a company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product, which they named Modicon (standing for modular digital controller). One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the father of the PLC.[11] The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics and later to Schneider Electric, its current owner.[10] About this same time, Modicon created Modbus, a data communications protocol used with its PLCs. Modbus has since become a standard open protocol commonly used to connect many industrial electrical devices.[12]One of the first 084 models built is now on display at Schneider Electric's facility in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84 moniker at the end of its product range until after the 984 made its appearance.[13]","title":"Invention and early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Allen-Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen-Bradley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anzovin2-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Automation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-short2-17"},{"link_name":"IEC 61131-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61131-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"}],"sub_title":"Allen-Bradley","text":"In a parallel development, Odo Josef Struger is sometimes known as the \"father of the programmable logic controller\" as well.[11] He was involved in the invention of the Allen-Bradley programmable logic controller[14][15][16] and is credited with inventing the PLC initialism.[11][14] Allen-Bradley (now a brand owned by Rockwell Automation) became a major PLC manufacturer in the United States during his tenure.[17] Struger played a leadership role in developing IEC 61131-3 PLC programming language standards.[11]","title":"Invention and early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boolean algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_art"},{"link_name":"cassette tape cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape_cartridge"},{"link_name":"non-volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile"},{"link_name":"magnetic-core memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory"}],"sub_title":"Early methods of programming","text":"Many early PLCs were not capable of graphical representation of the logic, and so it was instead represented as a series of logic expressions in some kind of Boolean format, similar to Boolean algebra. As programming terminals evolved, it became more common for ladder logic to be used, because it was a familiar format used for electro-mechanical control panels. Newer formats, such as state logic and Function Block (which is similar to the way logic is depicted when using digital integrated logic circuits) exist, but they are still[when?] not as popular as ladder logic. A primary reason for this is that PLCs solve the logic in a predictable and repeating sequence, and ladder logic allows the person writing the logic to see any issues with the timing of the logic sequence more easily than would be possible in other formats.[18]Up to the mid-1990s, PLCs were programmed using proprietary programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing the various logical elements of PLC programs.[9] Some proprietary programming terminals displayed the elements of PLC programs as graphic symbols, but plain ASCII character representations of contacts, coils, and wires were common. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing and documentation were minimal due to a lack of memory capacity. The oldest PLCs used non-volatile magnetic-core memory.","title":"Invention and early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"real-time operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system"},{"link_name":"OS-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS-9"},{"link_name":"VxWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VxWorks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"}],"text":"A PLC is an industrial microprocessor-based controller with programmable memory used to store program instructions and various functions.[19] It consists of:A processor unit (CPU) which interprets inputs, executes the control program stored in memory and sends output signals,\nA power supply unit which converts AC voltage to DC,\nA memory unit storing data from inputs and program to be executed by the processor,\nAn input and output interface, where the controller receives and sends data from/to external devices,\nA communications interface to receive and transmit data on communication networks from/to remote PLCs.[20]PLCs require programming device which is used to develop and later download the created program into the memory of the controller.[20]Modern PLCs generally contain a real-time operating system, such as OS-9 or VxWorks.[21]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siemens_sps_logo_8_12-24_RCE-03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLC_AB_InstaladoV1.JPG"},{"link_name":"EtherNet/IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EtherNet/IP"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Mechanical design","text":"Compact PLC with 8 inputs and 4 outputsModular PLC with EtherNet/IP module, discrete and analog I/O, with some slots being emptyThere are two types of mechanical design for PLC systems. A single box, or a brick is a small programmable controller that fits all units and interfaces into one compact casing, although, typically, additional expansion modules for inputs and outputs are available. Second design type – a modular PLC – has a chassis (also called a rack) that provides space for modules with different functions, such as power supply, processor, selection of I/O modules and communication interfaces – which all can be customized for the particular application.[22] Several racks can be administered by a single processor and may have thousands of inputs and outputs. Either a special high-speed serial I/O link or comparable communication method is used so that racks can be distributed away from the processor, reducing the wiring costs for large plants. Options are also available to mount I/O points directly to the machine and utilize quick disconnecting cables to sensors and valves, saving time for wiring and replacing components.[citation needed]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discrete (digital) signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal"},{"link_name":"limit switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_switch"},{"link_name":"photoelectric sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_sensor"},{"link_name":"encoders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoder_(position)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-23"},{"link_name":"Analog signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-23"},{"link_name":"current loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_loop"},{"link_name":"converted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Discrete and analog signals","text":"Discrete (digital) signals can only take on or off value (1 or 0, true or false). Examples of devices providing a discrete signal include limit switches, photoelectric sensors and encoders.[23]Analog signals can use voltage or current that is proportional to the size of the monitored variable and can take any value within their scale. Pressure, temperature, flow, and weight are often represented by analog signals. These are typically interpreted as integer values with various ranges of accuracy depending on the device and the number of bits available to store the data.[23] For example, an analog 0 to 10 V or 4-20 mA current loop input would be converted into an integer value of 0 to 32,767. The PLC will take this value and transpose it into the desired units of the process so the operator or program can read it. Proper integration will also include filter times to reduce noise as well as high and low limits to report faults. Current inputs are less sensitive to electrical noise (e.g. from welders or electric motor starts) than voltage inputs. Distance from the device and the controller is also a concern as the maximum traveling distance of a good quality 0-10 V signal is very short compared to the 4-20 mA signal.[citation needed] The 4-20 mA signal can also report if the wire is disconnected along the path as a <4 mA signal would indicate an error.[citation needed]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"process shutdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_process_and_emergency_shutdown_systems"}],"sub_title":"Redundancy","text":"Some special processes need to work permanently with minimum unwanted downtime. Therefore, it is necessary to design a system that is fault-tolerant and capable of handling the process with faulty modules. In such cases to increase the system availability in the event of hardware component failure, redundant CPU or I/O modules with the same functionality can be added to hardware configuration for preventing total or partial process shutdown due to hardware failure. Other redundancy scenarios could be related to safety-critical processes, for example, large hydraulic presses could require that both PLCs turn on output before the press can come down in case one output does not turn off properly.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ladder_temporizado.svg"},{"link_name":"Ladder Diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_logic"},{"link_name":"IEC 61131-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61131-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_logic_controller&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-24"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_logic_controller&action=edit"},{"link_name":"IEC 61131-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61131-3"},{"link_name":"Structured Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_text"},{"link_name":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Instruction List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_list"},{"link_name":"Ladder Diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_logic"},{"link_name":"Function Block Diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_block_diagram"},{"link_name":"Sequential Function Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_function_chart"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Instruction List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_list"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Example of a ladder diagram logicProgrammable logic controllers are intended to be used by engineers without a programming background. For this reason, a graphical programming language called Ladder Diagram (LD, LAD) was first developed. It resembles the schematic diagram of a system built with electromechanical relays and was adopted by many manufacturers and later standardized in the IEC 61131-3 control systems programming standard. As of 2015,[update] it is still widely used, thanks to its simplicity.[24]As of 2015,[update] the majority of PLC systems adhere to the IEC 61131-3 standard that defines 2 textual programming languages: Structured Text (ST; similar to Pascal) and Instruction List (IL); as well as 3 graphical languages: Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram (FBD) and Sequential Function Chart (SFC).[24][25] Instruction List (IL) was deprecated in the third edition of the standard.[26]Modern PLCs can be programmed in a variety of ways, from the relay-derived ladder logic to programming languages such as specially adapted dialects of BASIC and C.[27]While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers, differences in I/O addressing, memory organization, and instruction sets mean that PLC programs are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same product line of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.[28]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-29"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"EPROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-29"}],"sub_title":"Programming device","text":"PLC programs are typically written in a programming device, which can take the form of a desktop console, special software on a personal computer, or a handheld programming device.[29] Then, the program is downloaded to the PLC directly or over a network. It is stored either in non-volatile flash memory or battery-backed-up RAM. In some programmable controllers, the program is transferred from a personal computer to the PLC through a programming board that writes the program into a removable chip, such as EPROM.Manufacturers develop programming software for their controllers. In addition to being able to program PLCs in multiple languages, they provide common features like hardware diagnostics and maintenance, software debugging, and offline simulation.[29]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"debugging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Simulation","text":"PLC simulation is a feature often found in PLC programming software. It allows for testing and debugging early in a project's development.Incorrectly programmed PLC can result in lost productivity and dangerous conditions. Testing the project in simulation improves its quality, increases the level of safety associated with equipment and can save costly downtime during the installation and commissioning of automated control applications since many scenarios can be tried and tested before the system is activated.[29][30]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siemens_Simatic_S7-416-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLC_Control_Panel.png"},{"link_name":"power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply"},{"link_name":"relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay"},{"link_name":"input/output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"actuators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"limit switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_switch"},{"link_name":"machine vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_vision"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"pneumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic"},{"link_name":"relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay"},{"link_name":"solenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid"},{"link_name":"I/O modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_module"},{"link_name":"process control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control"},{"link_name":"distributed control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_control_system"},{"link_name":"networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"desktop computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"PLC system in a rack, left-to-right: power supply unit (PSU), CPU, interface module (IM) and communication processor (CP)Control panel with PLC (gray elements in the center). The unit consists of separate elements, from left to right: power supply, controller, relay units for input and output.The main difference from most other computing devices is that PLCs are intended for and therefore tolerant of more severe conditions (such as dust, moisture, heat, cold), while offering extensive input/output (I/O) to connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLC input can include simple digital elements such as limit switches, analog variables from process sensors (such as temperature and pressure), and more complex data such as that from positioning or machine vision systems.[31] PLC output can include elements such as indicator lamps, sirens, electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays, solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a fieldbus or computer network that plugs into the PLC.The functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control systems, and networking. The data handling, storage, processing power, and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remote I/O hardware, allows a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLCs in certain applications. Desktop computer controllers have not been generally accepted in heavy industry because desktop computers run on less stable operating systems than PLCs, and because the desktop computer hardware is typically not designed to the same levels of tolerance to temperature, humidity, vibration, and longevity as the processors used in PLCs. Operating systems such as Windows do not lend themselves to deterministic logic execution, with the result that the controller may not always respond to changes of input status with the consistency in timing expected from PLCs. Desktop logic applications find use in less critical situations, such as laboratory automation and use in small facilities where the application is less demanding and critical.[citation needed]","title":"Functionality"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Basic functions","text":"The most basic function of a programmable controller is to emulate the functions of electromechanical relays. Discrete inputs are given a unique address, and a PLC instruction can test if the input state is on or off. Just as a series of relay contacts perform a logical AND function, not allowing current to pass unless all the contacts are closed, so a series of \"examine if on\" instructions will energize its output storage bit if all the input bits are on. Similarly, a parallel set of instructions will perform a logical OR. In an electromechanical relay wiring diagram, a group of contacts controlling one coil is called a \"rung\" of a \"ladder diagram\", and this concept is also used to describe PLC logic. Some models of PLC limit the number of series and parallel instructions in one \"rung\" of logic. The output of each rung sets or clears a storage bit, which may be associated with a physical output address or which may be an \"internal coil\" with no physical connection. Such internal coils can be used, for example, as a common element in multiple separate rungs. Unlike physical relays, there is usually no limit to the number of times an input, output or internal coil can be referenced in a PLC program.Some PLCs enforce a strict left-to-right, top-to-bottom execution order for evaluating the rung logic. This is different from electro-mechanical relay contacts, which, in a sufficiently complex circuit, may either pass current left-to-right or right-to-left, depending on the configuration of surrounding contacts. The elimination of these \"sneak paths\" is either a bug or a feature, depending on the programming style.More advanced instructions of the PLC may be implemented as functional blocks, which carry out some operation when enabled by a logical input and which produce outputs to signal, for example, completion or errors, while manipulating variables internally that may not correspond to discrete logic.","title":"Functionality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"RS-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232"},{"link_name":"RS-485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485"},{"link_name":"RS-422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-422"},{"link_name":"SCADA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA"},{"link_name":"HMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"Modbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modbus"},{"link_name":"EtherNet/IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EtherNet/IP"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"HMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"}],"sub_title":"Communication","text":"PLCs use built-in ports, such as USB, Ethernet, RS-232, RS-485, or RS-422 to communicate with external devices (sensors, actuators) and systems (programming software, SCADA, HMI). Communication is carried over various industrial network protocols, like Modbus, or EtherNet/IP. Many of these protocols are vendor specific.PLCs used in larger I/O systems may have peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between processors. This allows separate parts of a complex process to have individual control while allowing the subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication link. These communication links are also often used for HMI devices such as keypads or PC-type workstations.Formerly, some manufacturers offered dedicated communication modules as an add-on function where the processor had no network connection built-in.","title":"Functionality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"User interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"List of human-computer interaction topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human-computer_interaction_topics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Control-panel-plc.jpg"},{"link_name":"thermal oxidizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_oxidiser"},{"link_name":"human-machine interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA#Human-machine_interface"}],"sub_title":"User interface","text":"See also: User interface and List of human-computer interaction topicsControl panel with a PLC user interface for thermal oxidizer regulationPLCs may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting, or everyday control. A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. HMIs are also referred to as man-machine interfaces (MMIs) and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). A simple system may use buttons and lights to interact with the user. Text displays are available as well as graphical touch screens. More complex systems use programming and monitoring software installed on a computer, with the PLC connected via a communication interface.","title":"Functionality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"shaft encoders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_encoder"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"A PLC works in a program scan cycle, where it executes its program repeatedly. The simplest scan cycle consists of 3 steps:Read inputs.\nExecute the program.\nWrite outputs.[32]The program follows the sequence of instructions. It typically takes a time span of tens of milliseconds for the processor to evaluate all the instructions and update the status of all outputs.[33] If the system contains remote I/O—for example, an external rack with I/O modules—then that introduces additional uncertainty in the response time of the PLC system.[32]As PLCs became more advanced, methods were developed to change the sequence of ladder execution, and subroutines were implemented.[34]Special-purpose I/O modules may be used where the scan time of the PLC is too long to allow predictable performance. Precision timing modules, or counter modules for use with shaft encoders, are used where the scan time would be too long to reliably count pulses or detect the sense of rotation of an encoder. This allows even a relatively slow PLC to still interpret the counted values to control a machine, as the accumulation of pulses is done by a dedicated module that is unaffected by the speed of program execution.[35]","title":"Process of a scan cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Stuxnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet"},{"link_name":"computer worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_logic_controller&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Automation"},{"link_name":"Secret cryptographic key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"verify communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm"},{"link_name":"CVSS vulnerability scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerability_Scoring_System"},{"link_name":"limit network access to affected devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_in_depth_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"In his book from 1998, E. A. Parr pointed out that even though most programmable controllers require physical keys and passwords, the lack of strict access control and version control systems, as well as an easy-to-understand programming language make it likely that unauthorized changes to programs will happen and remain unnoticed.[36]Prior to the discovery of the Stuxnet computer worm in June 2010, the security of PLCs received little attention. Modern programmable controllers generally contain a real-time operating systems, which can be vulnerable to exploits in a similar way as desktop operating systems, like Microsoft Windows. PLCs can also be attacked by gaining control of a computer they communicate with.[21] Since 2011,[update] these concerns have grown as networking is becoming more commonplace in the PLC environment connecting the previously separate plant floor networks and office networks.[37]In February 2021, Rockwell Automation publicly disclosed a critical vulnerability affecting its Logix controllers family. Secret cryptographic key used to verify communication between the PLC and workstation can be extracted from Studio 5000 Logix Designer programming software and used to remotely change program code and configuration of connected controller. The vulnerability was given a severity score of 10 out of 10 on the CVSS vulnerability scale. At the time of writing, the mitigation of the vulnerability was to limit network access to affected devices.[38][39]","title":"Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"safety-rated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_integrity_level"},{"link_name":"Allen-Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen-Bradley"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"safety relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_relay"},{"link_name":"SIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_integrity_level"},{"link_name":"robot cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot"},{"link_name":"trapped-key access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped-key_interlocking"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Safety PLCs can be either a standalone model or a safety-rated hardware and functionality added to existing controller architectures (Allen-Bradley Guardlogix, Siemens F-series etc.). These differ from conventional PLC types by being suitable for safety-critical applications for which PLCs have traditionally been supplemented with hard-wired safety relays and areas of the memory dedicated to the safety instructions. The standard of safety level is the SIL.A safety PLC might be used to control access to a robot cell with trapped-key access, or to manage the shutdown response to an emergency stop on a conveyor production line. Such PLCs typically have a restricted regular instruction set augmented with safety-specific instructions designed to interface with emergency stops, light screens, and so forth.The flexibility that such systems offer has resulted in rapid growth of demand for these controllers.[citation needed]","title":"Safety PLCs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMA_Automation_Allen_Bradley_PLC_3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Control-panel.jpg"},{"link_name":"RTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_thermal_oxidiser"},{"link_name":"automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"G-code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-code"},{"link_name":"CNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNC"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"PLC installed in a control panelControl center with a PLC for a RTOPLCs are well adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems, so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are economical. This is due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a \"generic\" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units.[citation needed]Programmable controllers are widely used in motion, positioning, or torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements.[citation needed]","title":"PLC compared with other control systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ace-eace-micro-plc-pcb.png"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"PLC chip / embedded controller","text":"Nano ACE PLC & chip PLC for small machine builders / small or medium volumesFor small machines with low or medium volume. PLCs that can execute PLC languages such as Ladder, Flow-Chart/Grafcet,... Similar to traditional PLCs, but their small size allows developers to design them into custom printed circuit boards like a microcontroller, without computer programming knowledge, but with a language that is easy to use, modify and maintain. It is between the classic PLC / micro-PLC and the microcontrollers.[citation needed]","title":"PLC compared with other control systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMillan_1999-40"}],"sub_title":"Microcontrollers","text":"A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies, input/output hardware, and necessary testing and certification) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit buses economically use PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomical.[40]","title":"PLC compared with other control systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Single-board computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMillan_1999-40"},{"link_name":"single board computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer"},{"link_name":"closed platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_platform"},{"link_name":"Opto 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto_22"},{"link_name":"Bosch Rexroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_Rexroth"},{"link_name":"Wago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGO_Kontakttechnik"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Contact"},{"link_name":"open platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_platform"}],"sub_title":"Single-board computers","text":"Very complex process control, such as those used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls. Single-board computers using semi-customized or fully proprietary hardware may be chosen for very demanding control applications where the high development and maintenance cost can be supported. \"Soft PLCs\" running on desktop-type computers can interface with industrial I/O hardware while executing programs within a version of commercial operating systems adapted for process control needs.[40]The rising popularity of single board computers has also had an influence on the development of PLCs. Traditional PLCs are generally closed platforms, but some newer PLCs (e.g. groov EPIC from Opto 22, ctrlX from Bosch Rexroth, PFC200 from Wago, PLCnext from Phoenix Contact, and Revolution Pi from Kunbus) provide the features of traditional PLCs on an open platform.","title":"PLC compared with other control systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"orders of magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude"},{"link_name":"remote terminal unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_terminal_unit"},{"link_name":"SCADA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"IEC 61131-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61131-3"}],"sub_title":"Programmable logic relays (PLR)","text":"In more recent years,[when?] small products called programmable logic relays (PLRs) or smart relays, have become more common and accepted. These are similar to PLCs and are used in light industries where only a few points of I/O are needed, and low cost is desired. These small devices are typically made in a common physical size and shape by several manufacturers and branded by the makers of larger PLCs to fill their low-end product range. Most of these have 8 to 12 discrete inputs, 4 to 8 discrete outputs, and up to 2 analog inputs. Most such devices include a tiny postage-stamp-sized LCD screen for viewing simplified ladder logic (only a very small portion of the program being visible at a given time) and status of I/O points, and typically these screens are accompanied by a 4-way rocker push-button plus four more separate push-buttons, similar to the key buttons on a VCR remote control, and used to navigate and edit the logic. Most have a small plug for connecting via RS-232 or RS-485 to a personal computer so that programmers can use simple applications in general-purpose OS like MS Windows, macOS or Linux, that have user-friendly (G)UIs, for programming instead of being forced to use the tiny LCD and push-button set for this purpose. Unlike regular PLCs that are usually modular and greatly expandable, the PLRs are usually not modular or expandable, but their price can be two orders of magnitude less than a PLC, and they still offer robust design and deterministic execution of the logic.A variant of PLCs, used in remote locations is the remote terminal unit or RTU. An RTU is typically a low power, ruggedized PLC whose key function is to manage the communications links between the site and the central control system (typically SCADA) or in some modern systems, \"The Cloud\". Unlike factory automation using high-speed Ethernet, communications links to remote sites are often radio-based and are less reliable. To account for the reduced reliability, RTU will buffer messages or switch to alternate communications paths. When buffering messages, the RTU will timestamp each message so that a full history of site events can be reconstructed. RTUs, being PLCs, have a wide range of I/O and are fully programmable, typically with languages from the IEC 61131-3 standard that is common to many PLCs, RTUs and DCSs. In remote locations, it is common to use an RTU as a gateway for a PLC, where the PLC is performing all site control and the RTU is managing communications, time-stamping events and monitoring ancillary equipment. On sites with only a handful of I/O, the RTU may also be the site PLC and will perform both communications and control functions.","title":"PLC compared with other control systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Programmable logic controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"Programmable logic controller (basics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller_(basics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8311-3346-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-3346-7"},{"link_name":"The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oro.open.ac.uk/54687/1/594090.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_University"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180620115412/http://oro.open.ac.uk/54687/1/594090.pdf"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188674#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531788"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Programmable logic controller.Wikiversity has learning resources about Programmable logic controller (basics)Daniel Kandray, Programmable Automation Technologies, Industrial Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-8311-3346-7, Chapter 8 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers\nWalker, Mark John (2012-09-08). The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Communication and Systems Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology: The Open University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.Authority control databases: National \nSpain","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"PLCs for a monitoring system in the pharmaceutical industry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Automate_industriel_WAGO_pour_un_syst%C3%A8me_de_monitoring_en_industrie_pharmaceutique.jpg/220px-Automate_industriel_WAGO_pour_un_syst%C3%A8me_de_monitoring_en_industrie_pharmaceutique.jpg"},{"image_text":"Compact PLC with 8 inputs and 4 outputs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Siemens_sps_logo_8_12-24_RCE-03.jpg/220px-Siemens_sps_logo_8_12-24_RCE-03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modular PLC with EtherNet/IP module, discrete and analog I/O, with some slots being empty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PLC_AB_InstaladoV1.JPG/220px-PLC_AB_InstaladoV1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Example of a ladder diagram logic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ladder_temporizado.svg/200px-Ladder_temporizado.svg.png"},{"image_text":"PLC system in a rack, left-to-right: power supply unit (PSU), CPU, interface module (IM) and communication processor (CP)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Siemens_Simatic_S7-416-3.jpg/170px-Siemens_Simatic_S7-416-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Control panel with PLC (gray elements in the center). The unit consists of separate elements, from left to right: power supply, controller, relay units for input and output.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PLC_Control_Panel.png/170px-PLC_Control_Panel.png"},{"image_text":"Control panel with a PLC user interface for thermal oxidizer regulation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Control-panel-plc.jpg/170px-Control-panel-plc.jpg"},{"image_text":"PLC installed in a control panel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BMA_Automation_Allen_Bradley_PLC_3.JPG/220px-BMA_Automation_Allen_Bradley_PLC_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Control center with a PLC for a RTO","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Control-panel.jpg/220px-Control-panel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nano ACE PLC & chip PLC for small machine builders / small or medium volumes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Ace-eace-micro-plc-pcb.png"}]	[{"title":"1-bit computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-bit_computing"},{"title":"Industrial control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_control_system"},{"title":"PLC technician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLC_technician"}]	[{"reference":"Wayand, Ben (20 March 2020). \"What Is a PLC?\". MROElectric.com. MRO Electric. Retrieved 11 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mroelectric.com/blog/what-is-a-plc/","url_text":"\"What Is a PLC?\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLC Programming Basics Part I\". Control Systems & Automation. 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2020-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.controlsystemsandautomation.com/learn/plc/plc-programming-basics-i/","url_text":"\"PLC Programming Basics Part I\""}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Alison (2009-06-12). \"The Father of Invention: Dick Morley Looks Back on the 40th Anniversary of the PLC\". Manufacturing Automation. Retrieved 2020-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.automationmag.com/855-the-father-of-invention-dick-morley-looks-back-on-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-plc/","url_text":"\"The Father of Invention: Dick Morley Looks Back on the 40th Anniversary of the PLC\""}]},{"reference":"Strothman, Jim (2003-08-01). \"Leaders of the pack\". ISA. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2020-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isa.org/standards-and-publications/isa-publications/intech-magazine/2003/august/cover-story-50th-anniversary-leaders-of-the-pack/","url_text":"\"Leaders of the pack\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808184918/https://www.isa.org/standards-and-publications/isa-publications/intech-magazine/2003/august/cover-story-50th-anniversary-leaders-of-the-pack/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mobus Networking Guide: Introduction\". Libelium.com. Retrieved 27 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://development.libelium.com/modbus_networking_guide/introduction","url_text":"\"Mobus Networking Guide: Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Chakraborty, Kunal (2016). Industrial Applications of Programmable Logic Controllers and SCADA. Hamburg: Anchor Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3960670247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3960670247","url_text":"978-3960670247"}]},{"reference":"\"A-B PLC Inventor, Dr. Odo Struger, Dies\". Control Engineering. 1999-02-01. Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2020-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.controleng.com/articles/a-b-plc-inventor-dr-odo-struger-dies/","url_text":"\"A-B PLC Inventor, Dr. Odo Struger, Dies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200224210429/https://www.controleng.com/articles/a-b-plc-inventor-dr-odo-struger-dies/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brier, Steven E. (1998-12-27). \"O. Struger, 67, A Pioneer In Automation\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-02-24. Dr. Odo J. Struger, who invented the programmable logic controller, which makes possible modern factory automation, amusement park rides and lavish stage effects in Broadway productions, died on December 8 in Cleveland. He was 67.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E6DF173FF934A15751C1A96E958260","url_text":"\"O. Struger, 67, A Pioneer In Automation\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Short History of Automation Growth\". Retrieved 2008-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jimpinto.com/writings/automationhistory.html","url_text":"\"A Short History of Automation Growth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrapping Your Head around Ladder Logic\". DoSupply.com. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosupply.com/tech/2018/08/27/wrapping-your-head-around-ladder-logic/","url_text":"\"Wrapping Your Head around Ladder Logic\""}]},{"reference":"Byres (May 2011). \"PLC Security Risk: Controller Operating Systems - Tofino Industrial Security Solution\". TofinoSecurity.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tofinosecurity.com/blog/plc-security-risk-controller-operating-systems","url_text":"\"PLC Security Risk: Controller Operating Systems - Tofino Industrial Security Solution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Status IEC 61131-3 Standard\". PLCopen. 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2020-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://plcopen.org/status-iec-61131-3-standard","url_text":"\"Status IEC 61131-3 Standard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Programmable logic controller for automation systems\" (PDF). www.isisvarese.edu.it. Retrieved April 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isisvarese.edu.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CLIL-5B-MEC-PLC.pdf","url_text":"\"Programmable logic controller for automation systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"A mini view of PLC\". www.researchgate.net. September 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344308053_A_mini_view_of_PLC","url_text":"\"A mini view of PLC\""}]},{"reference":"Lin, Sally; Huang, Xiong (9 August 2011). Advances in Computer Science, Environment, Ecoinformatics, and Education, Part III: International Conference, CSEE 2011, Wuhan, China, August 21-22, 2011. Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 15. ISBN 9783642233449 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CHYlTBxqrM8C&pg=PA553","url_text":"Advances in Computer Science, Environment, Ecoinformatics, and Education, Part III: International Conference, CSEE 2011, Wuhan, China, August 21-22, 2011. Proceedings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642233449","url_text":"9783642233449"}]},{"reference":"Goodin, Dan (2021-02-26). \"Hard-coded key vulnerability in Logix PLCs has severity score of 10 out of 10\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/02/hard-coded-key-vulnerability-in-logix-plcs-has-severity-score-of-10-out-of-10/","url_text":"\"Hard-coded key vulnerability in Logix PLCs has severity score of 10 out of 10\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Tom (2021-03-01). \"Max level vulnerability found in Logix PLCs \| IT World Canada News\". ITWorldCanada.com. Retrieved 2021-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/max-level-vulnerability-found-in-logix-plcs/443152,%20https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/max-level-vulnerability-found-in-logix-plcs/443152","url_text":"\"Max level vulnerability found in Logix PLCs \| IT World Canada News\""}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Gregory K. (1999). \"Section 3: Controllers\". In Considine, Douglas M. (ed.). Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook (Fifth ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-012582-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-012582-1","url_text":"0-07-012582-1"}]},{"reference":"Bolton, William (2015). Programmable Logic Controllers (6th, revised ed.). Newnes. ISBN 9780081003534 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sDqnBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Programmable Logic Controllers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780081003534","url_text":"9780081003534"}]},{"reference":"Parr, E. A. (1998). \"Computers and industrial control\". Industrial Control Handbook. Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0-8311-3085-7 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zLwtngK3T1UC","url_text":"Industrial Control Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8311-3085-7","url_text":"0-8311-3085-7"}]},{"reference":"Laughton, M. A.; Warne, D. F. (2002). Electrical Engineer's Reference Book (16th ed.). Newnes. ISBN 9780750646376 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jOblzV5eZ8C","url_text":"Electrical Engineer's Reference Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750646376","url_text":"9780750646376"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Mark John (2012-09-08). The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Communication and Systems Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology: The Open University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_reflectivity_enhancement	Marine cloud brightening	["1 Basic principles","2 Climatic impacts","2.1 Reduction in global warming","2.2 Side effects","3 Research","4 Proposed methods","5 Costs","6 Governance","7 Advantages and disadvantages","8 See also","9 References"]	Proposed cloud-seeding technique The exhaust from ships already causes more and brighter clouds above the oceans. Marine cloud brightening also known as marine cloud seeding and marine cloud engineering is a proposed solar radiation management climate engineering technique that would make clouds brighter, reflecting a small fraction of incoming sunlight back into space in order to offset anthropogenic global warming. Along with stratospheric aerosol injection, it is one of the two solar radiation management methods that may most feasibly have a substantial climate impact. The intention is that increasing the Earth's albedo, in combination with greenhouse gas emissions reduction, carbon dioxide removal, and adaptation, would reduce climate change and its risks to people and the environment. If implemented, the cooling effect is expected to be felt rapidly and to be reversible on fairly short time scales. However, technical barriers remain to large-scale marine cloud brightening. There are also risks with such modification of complex climate systems. Basic principles Marine cloud brightening is based on phenomena that are currently observed in the climate system. Today, emissions particles mix with clouds in the atmosphere and increase the amount of sunlight they reflect, reducing warming. This 'cooling' effect is estimated at between 0.5 and 1.5 °C, and is one of the most important unknowns in climate. Marine cloud brightening proposes to generate a similar effect using benign material (e.g. sea salt) delivered to clouds that are most susceptible to these effects (marine stratocumulus). Most clouds are quite reflective, redirecting incoming solar radiation back into space. Increasing clouds' albedo would increase the portion of incoming solar radiation that is reflected, in turn cooling the planet. Clouds consist of water droplets, and clouds with smaller droplets are more reflective (because of the Twomey effect). Cloud condensation nuclei are necessary for water droplet formation. The central idea underlying marine cloud brightening is to add aerosols to atmospheric locations where clouds form. These would then act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing the cloud albedo. The marine environment has a deficit of cloud condensation nuclei due to lower levels of dust and pollution at sea, so marine cloud brightening would be more effective over the ocean than over land. In fact, marine cloud brightening on a small scale already occurs unintentionally due to the aerosols in ships' exhaust, leaving ship tracks. Changes to shipping regulations in enacted by the United Nations’ International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce certain aerosols are hypothesized to be leading to reduced cloud cover and increased oceanic warming, providing additional support to the potential effectiveness of marine cloud brightening at modifying ocean temperature. Different cloud regimes are likely to have differing susceptibility to brightening strategies, with marine stratocumulus clouds (low, layered clouds over ocean regions) most sensitive to aerosol changes. These marine stratocumulus clouds are thus typically proposed as the suited target. They are common over the cooler regions of subtropical and midlatitude oceans, where their coverage can exceed 50% in the annual mean. The leading possible source of additional cloud condensation nuclei is salt from seawater, although there are others. Even though the importance of aerosols for the formation of clouds is, in general, well understood, many uncertainties remain. In fact, the latest IPCC report considers aerosol-cloud interactions as one of the current major challenges in climate modeling in general. In particular, the number of droplets does not increase proportionally when more aerosols are present and can even decrease. Extrapolating the effects of particles on clouds observed on the microphysical scale to the regional, climatically relevant scale, is not straightforward. Climatic impacts Reduction in global warming The modeling evidence of the global climatic effects of marine cloud brightening remains limited. Current modeling research indicates that marine cloud brightening could substantially cool the planet. One study estimated that it could produce 3.7 W/m2 of globally averaged negative forcing. This would counteract the warming caused by a doubling of the preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, or an estimated 3 degrees Celsius, although models have indicated less capacity. A 2020 study found a substantial increase in cloud reflectivity from shipping in southeast Atlantic basin, suggesting that a regional-scale test of MCB in stratocumulus‐dominated regions could be successful. The climatic impacts of marine cloud brightening would be rapidly responsive and reversible. If the brightening activity were to change in intensity, or stop altogether, then the clouds' brightness would respond within a few days to weeks, as the cloud condensation nuclei particles precipitate naturally. Again unlike stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening might be able to be used regionally, albeit in a limited manner. Marine stratocumulus clouds are common in particular regions, specifically the eastern Pacific Ocean and the eastern South Atlantic Ocean. A typical finding among simulation studies was a persistent cooling of the Pacific, similar to the “La Niña” phenomenon, and, despite the localized nature of the albedo change, an increase in polar sea ice. Recent studies aim at making simulation findings derived from different models comparable. Side effects There is some potential for changes to precipitation patterns and amplitude, although modeling suggests that the changes are likely less than those for stratospheric aerosol injection and considerably smaller than for unabated anthropogenic global warming. Research Marine cloud brightening was originally suggested by John Latham in 1990. Because clouds remain a major source of uncertainty in climate change, some research projects into cloud reflectivity in the general climate change context have provided insight into marine cloud brightening specifically. For example, one project released smoke behind ships in the Pacific Ocean and monitored the particulates' impact on clouds. Although this was done in order to better understand clouds and climate change, the research has implications for marine cloud brightening. A research coalition called the Marine Cloud Brightening Project was formed in order to coordinate research activities. Its proposed program includes modeling, field experiments, technology development and policy research to study cloud-aerosol effects and marine cloud brightening. The proposed program currently serves as a model for process-level (environmentally benign) experimental programs in the atmosphere. Formed in 2009 by Kelly Wanser with support from Ken Caldeira, the project is now housed at the University of Washington. Its co-principals are Robert Wood, Thomas Ackerman, Philip Rasch, Sean Garner (PARC), and Kelly Wanser (Silver Lining). The project is managed by Sarah Doherty. The shipping industry may have been carrying out an unintentional experiment in marine cloud brightening due to the emissions of ships and causing a global temperature reduction of as much as 0.25 ˚C lower than they would otherwise have been. A 2020 study found a substantial increase in cloud reflectivity from shipping in southeast Atlantic basin, suggesting that a regional-scale test of MCB in stratocumulus‐dominated regions could be successful. Marine cloud brightening is being examined as a way to shade and cool coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef. Proposed methods The leading proposed method for marine cloud brightening is to generate a fine mist of salt from seawater, and to deliver into targeted banks of marine stratocumulus clouds from ships traversing the ocean. This requires technology that can generate optimally-sized (~100 nm) sea-salt particles and deliver them at sufficient force and scale to penetrate low-lying marine clouds. The resulting spray mist must then be delivered continuously into target clouds over the ocean. In the earliest published studies, John Latham and Stephen Salter proposed a fleet of around 1500 unmanned Rotor ships, or Flettner ships, that would spray mist created from seawater into the air. The vessels would spray sea water droplets at a rate of approximately 50 cubic meters per second over a large portion of Earth's ocean surface. The power for the rotors and the ship could be generated from underwater turbines. Salter and colleagues proposed using active hydro foils with controlled pitch for power. Subsequent researchers determined that transport efficiency was only relevant for use at scale, and that for research requirements, standard ships could be used for transport. (Some researchers considered aircraft as an option, but concluded that it would be too costly.) Droplet generation and delivery technology is critical to progress, and technology research has been focused on solving this challenging problem. Other methods were proposed and discounted, including: Using small droplets of seawater into the air through ocean foams. When bubbles in the foams burst, they loft small droplets of seawater. Using piezoelectric transducer. This would create faraday waves at a free surface. If the waves are steep enough, droplets of sea water will be thrown from the crests and the resulting salt particles can enter into the clouds. However, a significant amount of energy is required. Electrostatic atomization of seawater drops. This technique would utilize mobile spray platforms that move to adjust to changing weather conditions. These too could be on unmanned ships. Using engine or smoke emissions as a source for CCN. Paraffin oil particles have also been proposed, though their viability has been discounted. Costs The costs of marine cloud brightening remain largely unknown. One academic paper implied annual costs of approximately 50 to 100 million UK pounds (roughly 75 to 150 million US dollars). A report of the US National Academies suggested roughly five billion US dollars annually for a large deployment program (reducing radiative forcing by 5 W/m2). Governance Marine cloud brightening would be governed primarily by international law because it would likely take place outside of countries' territorial waters, and because it would affect the environment of other countries and of the oceans. For the most part, the international law governing solar radiation management in general would apply. For example, according to customary international law, if a country were to conduct or approve a marine cloud brightening activity that would pose significant risk of harm to the environments of other countries or of the oceans, then that country would be obligated to minimize this risk pursuant to a due diligence standard. In this, the country would need to require authorization for the activity (if it were to be conducted by a private actor), perform a prior environmental impact assessment, notify and cooperate with potentially affected countries, inform the public, and develop plans for a possible emergency. Marine cloud brightening activities would be furthered governed by the international law of sea, and particularly by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Parties to the UNCLOS are obligated to "protect and preserve the marine environment," including by preventing, reducing, and controlling pollution of the marine environment from any source. The "marine environment" is not defined but is widely interpreted as including the ocean's water, lifeforms, and the air above. "Pollution of the marine environment" is defined in a way that includes global warming and greenhouse gases. The UNCLOS could thus be interpreted as obligating the involved Parties to use methods such as marine cloud brightening if these were found to be effective and environmentally benign. Whether marine cloud brightening itself could be such pollution of the marine environment is unclear. At the same time, in combating pollution, Parties are "not to transfer, directly or indirectly, damage or hazards from one area to another or transform one type of pollution into another." If marine cloud brightening were found to cause damage or hazards, the UNCLOS could prohibit it. If marine cloud brightening activities were to be "marine scientific research"—also an undefined term—then UNCLOS Parties have a right to conduct the research, subject to some qualifications. Like all other ships, those that would conduct marine cloud brightening must bear the flag of the country that has given them permission to do so and to which the ship has a genuine link, even if the ship is unmanned or automated. The flagged state must exercise its jurisdiction over those ships. The legal implications would depend on, among other things, whether the activity were to occur in territorial waters, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ), or the high seas; and whether the activity was scientific research or not. Coastal states would need to approve any marine cloud brightening activities in their territorial waters. In the EEZ, the ship must comply with the coastal state's laws and regulations. It appears that the state conducting marine cloud brightening activities in another state's EEZ would not need the latter's permission, unless the activity were marine scientific research. In that case, the coastal state should grant permission in normal circumstances. States would be generally free to conduct marine cloud brightening activities on the high seas, provided that this is done with "due regard" for other states' interests. There is some legal unclarity regarding unmanned or automated ships. Advantages and disadvantages Marine cloud brightening appears to have most of the advantages and disadvantages of solar radiation management in general. For example, it presently appears to be inexpensive relative to suffering climate change damages and greenhouse gas emissions abatement, fast acting, and reversible in its direct climatic effects. Some advantages and disadvantages are specific to it, relative to other proposed solar radiation management techniques. Compared with other proposed solar radiation management methods, such as stratospheric aerosols injection, marine cloud brightening may be able to be partially localized in its effects. This could, for example, be used to stabilize the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Furthermore, marine cloud brightening, as it is currently envisioned, would use only natural substances sea water and wind, instead of introducing human-made substances into the environment. See also Climate engineering Solar radiation management Stratospheric sulfate aerosols (geoengineering) Cirrus cloud thinning References ^ a b c d e f Committee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts; Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Ocean Studies Board; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council (2015). Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-31482-4. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. 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"Sea-going hardware for the cloud albedo method of reversing global warming". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 366 (1882): 3989–4006. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.3989S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0136. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 18757273. ^ Oreopoulos, Lazaros; Platnick, Steven (2008-07-27). "Radiative susceptibility of cloudy atmospheres to droplet number perturbations: 2. Global analysis from MODIS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 113 (D14): D14S21. Bibcode:2008JGRD..11314S21O. doi:10.1029/2007JD009655. ISSN 2156-2202. ^ Wood, Robert (2012-02-09). "Stratocumulus Clouds". Monthly Weather Review. 140 (8): 2373–2423. Bibcode:2012MWRv..140.2373W. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1. ISSN 0027-0644. ^ Wingenter, Oliver W.; Haase, Karl B.; Zeigler, Max; Blake, Donald R.; Rowland, F. Sherwood; Sive, Barkley C.; Paulino, Ana; Thyrhaug, Runar; Larsen, Aud (2007-03-01). "Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2ClI: Potential climate impacts" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (5): L05710. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.5710W. doi:10.1029/2006GL028139. ISSN 1944-8007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change, ed. (March 2014). Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415324. ISBN 9781107415324. ^ Leaitch, W. R.; Lohmann, U.; Russell, L. M.; Garrett, T.; Shantz, N. C.; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Strapp, J. W.; Hayden, K. L.; Marshall, J. (2010-08-18). "Cloud albedo increase from carbonaceous aerosol". Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (16): 7669–7684. Bibcode:2010ACP....10.7669L. doi:10.5194/acp-10-7669-2010. hdl:20.500.11850/22281. ISSN 1680-7324. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-04. ^ Chen, Y.-C.; Christensen, M. W.; Xue, L.; Sorooshian, A.; Stephens, G. L.; Rasmussen, R. M.; Seinfeld, J. H. (2012-09-12). "Occurrence of lower cloud albedo in ship tracks". Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 (17): 8223–8235. Bibcode:2012ACP....12.8223C. doi:10.5194/acp-12-8223-2012. ISSN 1680-7324. ^ Martin, G. M.; Johnson, D. W.; Spice, A. (1994-07-01). "The Measurement and Parameterization of Effective Radius of Droplets in Warm Stratocumulus Clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 51 (13): 1823–1842. Bibcode:1994JAtS...51.1823M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:tmapoe>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0022-4928. ^ a b Jones, Andy; Haywood, Jim; Boucher, Olivier (2009-05-27). "Climate impacts of geoengineering marine stratocumulus clouds". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 114 (D10): D10106. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11410106J. doi:10.1029/2008JD011450. hdl:10871/9161. ISSN 2156-2202. ^ Diamond, M.S., H.M. Director, R. Eastman, A. Possner, and R. Wood, 2020: Substantial Cloud Brightening From Shipping in Subtropical Low Clouds. AGU Advances, 1(1), e2019AV000111, doi:10.1029/2019av000111. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019AV000111 Archived 2021-08-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Latham, John; Gadian, Alan; Fournier, Jim; Parkes, Ben; Wadhams, Peter; Chen, Jack (2014-12-28). "Marine cloud brightening: regional applications". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 372 (2031): 20140053. Bibcode:2014RSPTA.37240053L. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0053. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4240952. PMID 25404682. ^ Latham, John; Rasch, Philip; Chen, Chih-Chieh; Kettles, Laura; Gadian, Alan; Gettelman, Andrew; Morrison, Hugh; Bower, Keith; Choularton, Tom (2008-11-13). "Global temperature stabilization via controlled albedo enhancement of low-level maritime clouds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 366 (1882): 3969–3987. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.3969L. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0137. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 18757272. S2CID 6985875. ^ a b Rasch, Philip J.; Latham, John; Chen, Chih-Chieh (Jack) (2009-01-01). "Geoengineering by cloud seeding: influence on sea ice and climate system". Environmental Research Letters. 4 (4): 045112. Bibcode:2009ERL.....4d5112R. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045112. ISSN 1748-9326. ^ Hill, Spencer; Ming, Yi (2012-08-16). "Nonlinear climate response to regional brightening of tropical marine stratocumulus". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (15): L15707. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3915707H. doi:10.1029/2012GL052064. ISSN 1944-8007. ^ Baughman, E.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Degaetano, A.; Adcroft, A. (2012-05-18). "Investigation of the Surface and Circulation Impacts of Cloud-Brightening Geoengineering". Journal of Climate. 25 (21): 7527–7543. Bibcode:2012JCli...25.7527B. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00282.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 130550105. ^ Alterskjær, K.; Kristjánsson, J. E. (2013-01-16). "The sign of the radiative forcing from marine cloud brightening depends on both particle size and injection amount". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (1): 210–215. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40..210A. doi:10.1029/2012GL054286. ISSN 1944-8007. ^ Kravitz, Ben; Caldeira, Ken; Boucher, Olivier; Robock, Alan; Rasch, Philip J.; Alterskjær, Kari; Karam, Diana Bou; Cole, Jason N. S.; Curry, Charles L. (2013-08-16). "Climate model response from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (15): 8320–8332. Bibcode:2013JGRD..118.8320K. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50646. hdl:10871/21039. ISSN 2169-8996. S2CID 53139265. ^ Bala, G.; Caldeira, Ken; Nemani, Rama; Cao, Long; Ban-Weiss, George; Shin, Ho-Jeong (2010-06-24). "Albedo enhancement of marine clouds to counteract global warming: impacts on the hydrological cycle". Climate Dynamics. 37 (5–6): 915–931. Bibcode:2011ClDy...37..915B. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0868-1. ISSN 0930-7575. S2CID 129530032. ^ Jones, Andy; Haywood, Jim; Boucher, Olivier (2011-04-01). "A comparison of the climate impacts of geoengineering by stratospheric SO2 injection and by brightening of marine stratocumulus cloud". Atmospheric Science Letters. 12 (2): 176–183. Bibcode:2011AtScL..12..176J. doi:10.1002/asl.291. ISSN 1530-261X. S2CID 121136324. ^ Latham, John (1990). "Control of Global Warming?". Nature. 347 (6291): 339–340. Bibcode:1990Natur.347..339L. doi:10.1038/347339b0. S2CID 4340327. ^ a b Russell, Lynn M.; Sorooshian, Armin; Seinfeld, John H.; Albrecht, Bruce A.; Nenes, Athanasios; Ahlm, Lars; Chen, Yi-Chun; Coggon, Matthew; Craven, Jill S. (2013-05-01). "Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5): 709–729. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..709R. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00015.1. hdl:10945/46393. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 122917010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ^ Keith, David W.; Duren, Riley; MacMartin, Douglas G. (2014-12-28). "Field experiments on solar geoengineering: report of a workshop exploring a representative research portfolio". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 372 (2031): 20140175. Bibcode:2014RSPTA.37240175K. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0175. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4240958. PMID 25404684. ^ Morton, Oliver (2015). The Planet Remade: How Geoengineering Could Change the World. Princeton Press. ISBN 9781400874453. ^ Temple, James (22 January 2018). "We're about to kill a massive, accidental experiment in reducing global warming". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ^ Diamond, M.S., H.M. Director, R. Eastman, A. Possner, and R. Wood, 2020: Substantial Cloud Brightening From Shipping in Subtropical Low Clouds. AGU Advances, 1(1), e2019AV000111, doi:10.1029/2019av000111. ^ "Scientists trial cloud brightening equipment to shade and cool Great Barrier Reef". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-18. ^ Latham, J. (2002). "Amelioration of global warming by controlled enhancement of the albedo and longevity of low-level maritime clouds" (PDF). Atmos. Sci. Lett. 3 (2–4): 52–58. Bibcode:2002AtScL...3...52L. doi:10.1006/asle.2002.0099. S2CID 209933251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. ^ Evans, J.; Stride, E.; Edirisinghe, M.; Andrews, D.; Simons, R. (2010). "Can oceanic foams limit global warming?". Climate Research. 42 (2): 155–160. Bibcode:2010ClRes..42..155E. doi:10.3354/cr00885. ^ Barreras et al., 2002 F. Barreras, H. Amaveda and A. Lozano, Transient high frequency ultrasonic water atomization, Exp. Fluids 33 (2002), pp. 405–413. View Record in Scopus \| Cited By in Scopus (31) ^ UNCLOS, Arts. 192, 194. ^ Valencia, Mark J.; Akimoto, Kazumine (2006-11-01). "Guidelines for navigation and overflight in the exclusive economic zone". Marine Policy. 30 (6): 704–711. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2005.11.002. ^ UNCLOS, Art. 1.1.4 ^ Boyle, Alan (2012-01-01). "Law of the Sea Perspectives on Climate Change". The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law. 27 (4): 831–838. doi:10.1163/15718085-12341244. ISSN 1571-8085. ^ UNCLOS, Art. 195. ^ UNCLOS, Arts. 239, 242–244. ^ UNCLOS, Arts. 91–92. ^ UNCLOS, Art. 94 ^ UNCLOS, Art. 58.3 ^ UNCLOS, Art. 246. ^ Van Hooydonk, Eric (2014). "The Law of Unmanned Merchant Shipping: An Exploration" (PDF). The Journal of International Maritime Law. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-21. Retrieved 2016-10-17. vteClimate changeOverview Causes of climate change Climate change adaptation Climate change mitigation Effects of climate change By country and region CausesOverview Climate system Greenhouse effect (Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere) Scientific consensus on climate change Sources Deforestation Fossil fuel Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gas emissions Carbon accounting Carbon footprint Carbon leakage from agriculture from wetlands World energy supply and consumption History History of climate change policy and politics History of climate change science Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling United Nations Climate Change conferences Years in climate change 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Effects and issuesPhysical Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic methane emissions Arctic sea ice decline Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Drought Extreme weather Flood Coastal flooding Heat wave Marine Urban heat island Oceans acidification deoxygenation 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engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_engineering"},{"link_name":"clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"},{"link_name":"incoming sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance"},{"link_name":"anthropogenic global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"stratospheric aerosol injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulfate_aerosols_(geoengineering)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"emissions reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation"},{"link_name":"risks to people and the environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming"}],"text":"The exhaust from ships already causes more and brighter clouds above the oceans.Marine cloud brightening also known as marine cloud seeding and marine cloud engineering is a proposed solar radiation management climate engineering technique that would make clouds brighter, reflecting a small fraction of incoming sunlight back into space in order to offset anthropogenic global warming. Along with stratospheric aerosol injection, it is one of the two solar radiation management methods that may most feasibly have a substantial climate impact.[1] The intention is that increasing the Earth's albedo, in combination with greenhouse gas emissions reduction, carbon dioxide removal, and adaptation, would reduce climate change and its risks to people and the environment. If implemented, the cooling effect is expected to be felt rapidly and to be reversible on fairly short time scales. However, technical barriers remain to large-scale marine cloud brightening. There are also risks with such modification of complex climate systems.","title":"Marine cloud brightening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"marine stratocumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_stratocumulus"},{"link_name":"clouds are quite reflective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo#Clouds"},{"link_name":"Twomey effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twomey_effect"},{"link_name":"Cloud condensation nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei"},{"link_name":"aerosols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol"},{"link_name":"cloud albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_albedo"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"exhaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas"},{"link_name":"ship tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_tracks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stratocumulus clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IPCC report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Marine cloud brightening is based on phenomena that are currently observed in the climate system. Today, emissions particles mix with clouds in the atmosphere and increase the amount of sunlight they reflect, reducing warming. This 'cooling' effect is estimated at between 0.5 and 1.5 °C, and is one of the most important unknowns in climate.[2] Marine cloud brightening proposes to generate a similar effect using benign material (e.g. sea salt) delivered to clouds that are most susceptible to these effects (marine stratocumulus).Most clouds are quite reflective, redirecting incoming solar radiation back into space. Increasing clouds' albedo would increase the portion of incoming solar radiation that is reflected, in turn cooling the planet. Clouds consist of water droplets, and clouds with smaller droplets are more reflective (because of the Twomey effect). Cloud condensation nuclei are necessary for water droplet formation. The central idea underlying marine cloud brightening is to add aerosols to atmospheric locations where clouds form. These would then act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing the cloud albedo.The marine environment has a deficit of cloud condensation nuclei due to lower levels of dust and pollution at sea,[citation needed] so marine cloud brightening would be more effective over the ocean than over land. In fact, marine cloud brightening on a small scale already occurs unintentionally due to the aerosols in ships' exhaust, leaving ship tracks.[3] Changes to shipping regulations in enacted by the United Nations’ International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce certain aerosols are hypothesized to be leading to reduced cloud cover and increased oceanic warming, providing additional support to the potential effectiveness of marine cloud brightening at modifying ocean temperature.[4] Different cloud regimes are likely to have differing susceptibility to brightening strategies, with marine stratocumulus clouds (low, layered clouds over ocean regions) most sensitive to aerosol changes.[5][6] These marine stratocumulus clouds are thus typically proposed as the suited target. They are common over the cooler regions of subtropical and midlatitude oceans, where their coverage can exceed 50% in the annual mean.[7]The leading possible source of additional cloud condensation nuclei is salt from seawater, although there are others.[8]Even though the importance of aerosols for the formation of clouds is, in general, well understood, many uncertainties remain. In fact, the latest IPCC report considers aerosol-cloud interactions as one of the current major challenges in climate modeling in general.[9] In particular, the number of droplets does not increase proportionally when more aerosols are present and can even decrease.[10][11] Extrapolating the effects of particles on clouds observed on the microphysical scale to the regional, climatically relevant scale, is not straightforward.[12]","title":"Basic principles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Climatic impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"precipitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Reduction in global warming","text":"The modeling evidence of the global climatic effects of marine cloud brightening remains limited.[1] Current modeling research indicates that marine cloud brightening could substantially cool the planet. One study estimated that it could produce 3.7 W/m2 of globally averaged negative forcing. This would counteract the warming caused by a doubling of the preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, or an estimated 3 degrees Celsius,[5] although models have indicated less capacity.[13] A 2020 study found a substantial increase in cloud reflectivity from shipping in southeast Atlantic basin, suggesting that a regional-scale test of MCB in stratocumulus‐dominated regions could be successful.[14]The climatic impacts of marine cloud brightening would be rapidly responsive and reversible. If the brightening activity were to change in intensity, or stop altogether, then the clouds' brightness would respond within a few days to weeks, as the cloud condensation nuclei particles precipitate naturally.[1]Again unlike stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening might be able to be used regionally, albeit in a limited manner.[15] Marine stratocumulus clouds are common in particular regions, specifically the eastern Pacific Ocean and the eastern South Atlantic Ocean. A typical finding among simulation studies was a persistent cooling of the Pacific, similar to the “La Niña” phenomenon, and, despite the localized nature of the albedo change, an increase in polar sea ice.[13][16][17][18][19] Recent studies aim at making simulation findings derived from different models comparable.[20][21]","title":"Climatic impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"sub_title":"Side effects","text":"There is some potential for changes to precipitation patterns and amplitude,[17][22][23] although modeling suggests that the changes are likely less than those for stratospheric aerosol injection and considerably smaller than for unabated anthropogenic global warming.[1]","title":"Climatic impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"Marine Cloud Brightening Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mcbproject.org/"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kelly Wanser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Wanser"},{"link_name":"Ken Caldeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Caldeira"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Great Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Marine cloud brightening was originally suggested by John Latham in 1990.[24]Because clouds remain a major source of uncertainty in climate change, some research projects into cloud reflectivity in the general climate change context have provided insight into marine cloud brightening specifically. For example, one project released smoke behind ships in the Pacific Ocean and monitored the particulates' impact on clouds.[25] Although this was done in order to better understand clouds and climate change, the research has implications for marine cloud brightening.A research coalition called the Marine Cloud Brightening Project was formed in order to coordinate research activities. Its proposed program includes modeling, field experiments, technology development and policy research to study cloud-aerosol effects and marine cloud brightening. The proposed program currently serves as a model for process-level (environmentally benign) experimental programs in the atmosphere.[26] Formed in 2009 by Kelly Wanser with support from Ken Caldeira,[27] the project is now housed at the University of Washington. Its co-principals are Robert Wood, Thomas Ackerman, Philip Rasch, Sean Garner (PARC), and Kelly Wanser (Silver Lining). The project is managed by Sarah Doherty.The shipping industry may have been carrying out an unintentional experiment in marine cloud brightening due to the emissions of ships and causing a global temperature reduction of as much as 0.25 ˚C lower than they would otherwise have been.[28] A 2020 study found a substantial increase in cloud reflectivity from shipping in southeast Atlantic basin, suggesting that a regional-scale test of MCB in stratocumulus‐dominated regions could be successful.[29]Marine cloud brightening is being examined as a way to shade and cool coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef.\n[30]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Salter"},{"link_name":"Rotor ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_ship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"piezoelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity"},{"link_name":"faraday waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_waves"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"}],"text":"The leading proposed method for marine cloud brightening is to generate a fine mist of salt from seawater, and to deliver into targeted banks of marine stratocumulus clouds from ships traversing the ocean. This requires technology that can generate optimally-sized (~100 nm) sea-salt particles and deliver them at sufficient force and scale to penetrate low-lying marine clouds. The resulting spray mist must then be delivered continuously into target clouds over the ocean.In the earliest published studies, John Latham and Stephen Salter proposed a fleet of around 1500 unmanned Rotor ships, or Flettner ships, that would spray mist created from seawater into the air.[5][31] The vessels would spray sea water droplets at a rate of approximately 50 cubic meters per second over a large portion of Earth's ocean surface. The power for the rotors and the ship could be generated from underwater turbines. Salter and colleagues proposed using active hydro foils with controlled pitch for power.[1]Subsequent researchers determined that transport efficiency was only relevant for use at scale, and that for research requirements, standard ships could be used for transport. (Some researchers considered aircraft as an option, but concluded that it would be too costly.) Droplet generation and delivery technology is critical to progress, and technology research has been focused on solving this challenging problem.Other methods were proposed and discounted, including:Using small droplets of seawater into the air through ocean foams. When bubbles in the foams burst, they loft small droplets of seawater.[32]\nUsing piezoelectric transducer. This would create faraday waves at a free surface. If the waves are steep enough, droplets of sea water will be thrown from the crests and the resulting salt particles can enter into the clouds. However, a significant amount of energy is required.[33]\nElectrostatic atomization of seawater drops. This technique would utilize mobile spray platforms that move to adjust to changing weather conditions. These too could be on unmanned ships.\nUsing engine or smoke emissions as a source for CCN.[1] Paraffin oil particles have also been proposed, though their viability has been discounted.[25]","title":"Proposed methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"US dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"US National Academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"The costs of marine cloud brightening remain largely unknown. One academic paper implied annual costs of approximately 50 to 100 million UK pounds (roughly 75 to 150 million US dollars).[5] A report of the US National Academies suggested roughly five billion US dollars annually for a large deployment program (reducing radiative forcing by 5 W/m2).[1]","title":"Costs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"territorial waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters"},{"link_name":"governing solar radiation management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_management#Governance"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"customary international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_law"},{"link_name":"due diligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_diligence"},{"link_name":"environmental impact assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment"},{"link_name":"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"territorial waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters"},{"link_name":"exclusive economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"high seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Marine cloud brightening would be governed primarily by international law because it would likely take place outside of countries' territorial waters, and because it would affect the environment of other countries and of the oceans. For the most part, the international law governing solar radiation management[broken anchor] in general would apply. For example, according to customary international law, if a country were to conduct or approve a marine cloud brightening activity that would pose significant risk of harm to the environments of other countries or of the oceans, then that country would be obligated to minimize this risk pursuant to a due diligence standard. In this, the country would need to require authorization for the activity (if it were to be conducted by a private actor), perform a prior environmental impact assessment, notify and cooperate with potentially affected countries, inform the public, and develop plans for a possible emergency.Marine cloud brightening activities would be furthered governed by the international law of sea, and particularly by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Parties to the UNCLOS are obligated to \"protect and preserve the marine environment,\" including by preventing, reducing, and controlling pollution of the marine environment from any source.[34] The \"marine environment\" is not defined but is widely interpreted as including the ocean's water, lifeforms, and the air above.[35] \"Pollution of the marine environment\" is defined in a way that includes global warming and greenhouse gases.[36][37] The UNCLOS could thus be interpreted as obligating the involved Parties to use methods such as marine cloud brightening if these were found to be effective and environmentally benign. Whether marine cloud brightening itself could be such pollution of the marine environment is unclear. At the same time, in combating pollution, Parties are \"not to transfer, directly or indirectly, damage or hazards from one area to another or transform one type of pollution into another.\"[38] If marine cloud brightening were found to cause damage or hazards, the UNCLOS could prohibit it. If marine cloud brightening activities were to be \"marine scientific research\"—also an undefined term—then UNCLOS Parties have a right to conduct the research, subject to some qualifications.[39] Like all other ships, those that would conduct marine cloud brightening must bear the flag of the country that has given them permission to do so and to which the ship has a genuine link, even if the ship is unmanned or automated.[40] The flagged state must exercise its jurisdiction over those ships.[41] The legal implications would depend on, among other things, whether the activity were to occur in territorial waters, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ), or the high seas; and whether the activity was scientific research or not. Coastal states would need to approve any marine cloud brightening activities in their territorial waters. In the EEZ, the ship must comply with the coastal state's laws and regulations.[42] It appears that the state conducting marine cloud brightening activities in another state's EEZ would not need the latter's permission, unless the activity were marine scientific research. In that case, the coastal state should grant permission in normal circumstances.[43] States would be generally free to conduct marine cloud brightening activities on the high seas, provided that this is done with \"due regard\" for other states' interests. There is some legal unclarity regarding unmanned or automated ships.[44]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar radiation management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_geoengineering"},{"link_name":"stratospheric aerosols injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulfate_aerosols_(geoengineering)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet"}],"text":"Marine cloud brightening appears to have most of the advantages and disadvantages of solar radiation management in general. For example, it presently appears to be inexpensive relative to suffering climate change damages and greenhouse gas emissions abatement, fast acting, and reversible in its direct climatic effects. Some advantages and disadvantages are specific to it, relative to other proposed solar radiation management techniques.Compared with other proposed solar radiation management methods, such as stratospheric aerosols injection, marine cloud brightening may be able to be partially localized in its effects.[15] This could, for example, be used to stabilize the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Furthermore, marine cloud brightening, as it is currently envisioned, would use only natural substances sea water and wind, instead of introducing human-made substances into the environment.","title":"Advantages and disadvantages"}]	[{"image_text":"The exhaust from ships already causes more and brighter clouds above the oceans.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/ShipTracks_MODIS_2005may11.jpg/300px-ShipTracks_MODIS_2005may11.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Climate engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_engineering"},{"title":"Solar radiation management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_management"},{"title":"Stratospheric sulfate aerosols (geoengineering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulfate_aerosols_(geoengineering)"},{"title":"Cirrus cloud thinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_cloud_thinning"}]	[{"reference":"Committee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts; Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Ocean Studies Board; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council (2015). Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-31482-4. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2016-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18988","url_text":"Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-31482-4","url_text":"978-0-309-31482-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214192318/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18988","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gunnar Myhre (Norway); Drew Shindell (US) (2013). \"Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing\" (PDF). IPCC 5th Assessment Report. Chapter 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2017-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181022073632/https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, Peter V.; Garrett, Timothy J.; Ferek, Ronald J.; Strader, Scott R.; Hegg, Dean A.; Frick, Glendon M.; Hoppel, William A.; Gasparovic, Richard F.; Russell, Lynn M. (2000-08-01). \"Emissions from Ships with respect to Their Effects on Clouds\" (PDF). Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 57 (16): 2570–2590. Bibcode:2000JAtS...57.2570H. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2570:efswrt>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0022-4928. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2018-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/28361/1/HOBjas00.pdf","url_text":"\"Emissions from Ships with respect to Their Effects on Clouds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAtS...57.2570H","url_text":"2000JAtS...57.2570H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%282000%29057%3C2570%3Aefswrt%3E2.0.co%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2570:efswrt>2.0.co;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4928","url_text":"0022-4928"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170815102705/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/28361/1/HOBjas00.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Voosen, Paul (August 2, 2023). \"'We're changing the clouds.' An unforeseen test of geoengineering is fueling record ocean warmth\". Science. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/changing-clouds-unforeseen-test-geoengineering-fueling-record-ocean-warmth","url_text":"\"'We're changing the clouds.' An unforeseen test of geoengineering is fueling record ocean warmth\""}]},{"reference":"Salter, Stephen; Sortino, Graham; Latham, John (2008-11-13). \"Sea-going hardware for the cloud albedo method of reversing global warming\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 366 (1882): 3989–4006. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.3989S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0136. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 18757273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RSPTA.366.3989S","url_text":"2008RSPTA.366.3989S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2008.0136","url_text":"10.1098/rsta.2008.0136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X","url_text":"1364-503X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18757273","url_text":"18757273"}]},{"reference":"Oreopoulos, Lazaros; Platnick, Steven (2008-07-27). \"Radiative susceptibility of cloudy atmospheres to droplet number perturbations: 2. Global analysis from MODIS\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 113 (D14): D14S21. Bibcode:2008JGRD..11314S21O. doi:10.1029/2007JD009655. ISSN 2156-2202.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRD..11314S21O","url_text":"2008JGRD..11314S21O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007JD009655","url_text":"10.1029/2007JD009655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202","url_text":"2156-2202"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Robert (2012-02-09). \"Stratocumulus Clouds\". Monthly Weather Review. 140 (8): 2373–2423. Bibcode:2012MWRv..140.2373W. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1. ISSN 0027-0644.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR-D-11-00121.1","url_text":"\"Stratocumulus Clouds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MWRv..140.2373W","url_text":"2012MWRv..140.2373W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR-D-11-00121.1","url_text":"10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0644","url_text":"0027-0644"}]},{"reference":"Wingenter, Oliver W.; Haase, Karl B.; Zeigler, Max; Blake, Donald R.; Rowland, F. Sherwood; Sive, Barkley C.; Paulino, Ana; Thyrhaug, Runar; Larsen, Aud (2007-03-01). \"Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2ClI: Potential climate impacts\" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (5): L05710. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.5710W. doi:10.1029/2006GL028139. ISSN 1944-8007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2019-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://oceanrep.geomar.de/5437/1/2006GL028139.pdf","url_text":"\"Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2ClI: Potential climate impacts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..34.5710W","url_text":"2007GeoRL..34.5710W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL028139","url_text":"10.1029/2006GL028139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007","url_text":"1944-8007"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826225043/http://oceanrep.geomar.de/5437/1/2006GL028139.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change, ed. (March 2014). Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415324. ISBN 9781107415324.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781107415324","url_text":"Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781107415324","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9781107415324"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107415324","url_text":"9781107415324"}]},{"reference":"Leaitch, W. R.; Lohmann, U.; Russell, L. M.; Garrett, T.; Shantz, N. C.; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Strapp, J. W.; Hayden, K. L.; Marshall, J. (2010-08-18). \"Cloud albedo increase from carbonaceous aerosol\". Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (16): 7669–7684. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Suau	Anthony Suau	["1 Life and work","2 Publications","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]	Anthony Suau is an American photojournalist and documentary filmmaker, based in New York City. Life and work Suau was born in Peoria, Illinois. He worked for the Chicago Sun-Times, and The Denver Post, was a contract photographer for Time from 1991 to 2009, and has produced a number of stories for National Geographic magazine. He has dedicated his life and career to documenting the effects of international events on the lives of people around the world. Suau has published five books, including Beyond the Fall, a ten-year photography project portraying the transition of the Eastern bloc starting from the fall of the Berlin Wall, and Fear This, with American journalist and author Chris Hedges and blurbs by Howard Zinn and P. J. O'Rourke, about the war of images and slogans being played out in the US whilst the country was at war in Iraq. His work has appeared in National Geographic, Paris Match, Stern, The New York Times Magazine, The Sunday Times Magazine, Life, and elsewhere. In 2009 he co-founded the nonprofit collective "Facing Change: Documenting America", with a group of socially-minded photographers and writers to document the issues facing the United States during a time of economic uncertainty. As the project president he was able to negotiate and sign agreements with the Library of Congress, Leica Camera, National Geographic, GEO, Le Monde, Open Society Foundations, and PhotoShelter. Six months after a negligent board of directors took control of the company's management, in June 2013, he resigned from the organization to work on a number of developing projects. Suau directed his first feature documentary, Organic Rising, which examines the rise of the organic farming movement across the American agricultural landscape. The film's executive producer is Deepak Chopra, the production company is Goldcrest Films. Elizabeth Kucinich, the wife of former U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich, also is a producer on the film. The film was slated for release in 2019. Publications On a Deux Yeux de Trop: Avec les Réfugiés Rwandais, Goma, Zaïre, 1994. Arles, France: Actes Sud, 1995. ISBN 978-2742705641. On the genocide in Rwanda. Dans les Montagnes où Vivent les Aigles: Grozny, Tchétchénie, Janvier 1995. Arles, France: Actes Sud, 1995. ISBN 978-2-7427-0565-8. On the war in Chechnya. Beyond the Fall: The Former Soviet Bloc in Transition, 1989-99. Network Photographers, 2000. ISBN 978-0953675609. Fear This: A Nation at War. New York: Aperture, 2004. ISBN 978-1931788533. Awards 1984: Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for his photographs of the famine in Ethiopia 1987: World Press Photo of the Year, from World Press Photo, Amsterdam, for a photograph taken during a demonstration in South Korea 1995: Robert Capa Gold Medal for his photographs from Chechnya 2008: World Press Photo of the Year for a photograph taken in Cleveland, Ohio, depicting an officer securing a home under foreclosure at gun-point 2008: Infinity Award from the International Center of Photography, New York City 2010: Emmy, 31st News & Documentary Emmy Awards, New Approaches to News and Documentary Programming: Arts, Lifestyle and Culture category, for a web documentary on his images taken during the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 References ^ "Anthony Suau". World Press Photo. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2010. ^ Anthony Suau – 2008 World Press Winner. "Anthony Suau – 2008 World Press Winner". A Photo Editor. Retrieved December 1, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Fear This: a nation at war: Anthony Suau, 6 October 2004". openDemocracy. Accessed 12 January 2017. ^ "Photographer Anthony Suau Biography". National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2010. ^ "Anthony Suau Wins World Press Photo". Nppa.org. February 13, 2009. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2010. ^ "The national academy of television arts and sciences announces winners at the 31st Annual News & Documentary Emmy awards Archived October 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine" National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Accessed 12 January 2017 External links Official website Organic Rising film "The Iconic Photo of the Berlin Wall" – six-minute documentary video Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists Photographers' Identities RKD Artists Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Anthony Suau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peoria, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"The Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"Eastern bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chris Hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hedges"},{"link_name":"Howard Zinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zinn"},{"link_name":"P. 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O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Paris Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Match"},{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leica Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Camera"},{"link_name":"GEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"Open Society Foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations"},{"link_name":"organic farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming"},{"link_name":"Deepak Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Kucinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kucinich"},{"link_name":"Dennis Kucinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich"}],"text":"Suau was born in Peoria, Illinois.[citation needed] He worked for the Chicago Sun-Times, and The Denver Post,[1] was a contract photographer for Time from 1991 to 2009, and has produced a number of stories for National Geographic magazine. He has dedicated his life and career to documenting the effects of international events on the lives of people around the world.Suau has published five books, including Beyond the Fall, a ten-year photography project portraying the transition of the Eastern bloc starting from the fall of the Berlin Wall,[2] and Fear This, with American journalist and author Chris Hedges and blurbs by Howard Zinn and P. J. O'Rourke, about the war of images and slogans being played out in the US whilst the country was at war in Iraq.[3]His work has appeared in National Geographic, Paris Match, Stern, The New York Times Magazine, The Sunday Times Magazine, Life, and elsewhere.[4]In 2009 he co-founded the nonprofit collective \"Facing Change: Documenting America\", with a group of socially-minded photographers and writers to document the issues facing the United States during a time of economic uncertainty. As the project president he was able to negotiate and sign agreements with the Library of Congress, Leica Camera, National Geographic, GEO, Le Monde, Open Society Foundations, and PhotoShelter. Six months after a negligent board of directors took control of the company's management, in June 2013, he resigned from the organization to work on a number of developing projects.Suau directed his first feature documentary, Organic Rising, which examines the rise of the organic farming movement across the American agricultural landscape. The film's executive producer is Deepak Chopra, the production company is Goldcrest Films. Elizabeth Kucinich, the wife of former U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich, also is a producer on the film. The film was slated for release in 2019.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2742705641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2742705641"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7427-0565-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7427-0565-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0953675609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953675609"},{"link_name":"Aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_Foundation"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1931788533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931788533"}],"text":"On a Deux Yeux de Trop: Avec les Réfugiés Rwandais, Goma, Zaïre, 1994. Arles, France: Actes Sud, 1995. ISBN 978-2742705641. On the genocide in Rwanda.\nDans les Montagnes où Vivent les Aigles: Grozny, Tchétchénie, Janvier 1995. Arles, France: Actes Sud, 1995. ISBN 978-2-7427-0565-8. On the war in Chechnya.\nBeyond the Fall: The Former Soviet Bloc in Transition, 1989-99. Network Photographers, 2000. ISBN 978-0953675609.\nFear This: A Nation at War. New York: Aperture, 2004. ISBN 978-1931788533.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Feature_Photography"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World Press Photo of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Photo_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"World Press Photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Photo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Capa Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Center of Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_of_Photography"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"News & Documentary Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Documentary_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1984: Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for his photographs of the famine in Ethiopia [citation needed]\n1987: World Press Photo of the Year, from World Press Photo, Amsterdam, for a photograph taken during a demonstration in South Korea [citation needed]\n1995: Robert Capa Gold Medal for his photographs from Chechnya [citation needed]\n2008: World Press Photo of the Year for a photograph taken in Cleveland, Ohio, depicting an officer securing a home under foreclosure at gun-point [5]\n2008: Infinity Award from the International Center of Photography, New York City [citation needed]\n2010: Emmy, 31st News & Documentary Emmy Awards, New Approaches to News and Documentary Programming: Arts, Lifestyle and Culture category, for a web documentary on his images taken during the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 [6]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Anthony Suau\". World Press Photo. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718212052/http://www.worldpressphoto.org/index.php?option=com_contact&task=view&contact_id=617&type=gallery&Itemid=224","url_text":"\"Anthony Suau\""},{"url":"http://www.worldpressphoto.org/index.php?option=com_contact&task=view&contact_id=617&type=gallery&Itemid=224","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Suau – 2008 World Press Winner. \"Anthony Suau – 2008 World Press Winner\". A Photo Editor. Retrieved December 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aphotoeditor.com/2009/07/21/anthony-suau-2008-world-press-winner/","url_text":"\"Anthony Suau – 2008 World Press Winner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photographer Anthony Suau Biography\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082402/http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photographers/photographer-anthony-suau/","url_text":"\"Photographer Anthony Suau Biography\""},{"url":"http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photographers/photographer-anthony-suau/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Suau Wins World Press Photo\". Nppa.org. February 13, 2009. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whack_World	Whack World	["1 Background","2 Critical reception","2.1 Accolades","3 Track listing","4 References"]	2018 studio album by Tierra Whack "Pet Cemetery (song)" redirects here. For the Ramones song, see Pet Sematary (song). Whack WorldMixtape by Tierra WhackReleasedMay 30, 2018Recorded2017–2018GenreHip hopLength14:56LabelInterscopeProducerKenete SimmsNick VerrutoJ MelodicRicandThadeusDJ Fly GuyScott StylesTierra Whack chronology Whack World(2018) Rap?(2021) Singles from Whack World "Hungry Hippo"Released: February 14, 2019 Whack World is the debut mixtape by American rapper Tierra Whack. It was released on May 30, 2018, by Interscope Records. The album is mainly produced by Kenete Simms and Nick Verruto, and conscripts other producers including J Melodic, RicandThadeus, DJ Fly Guy, and Scott Styles. It was mixed and engineered by Kenete Simms and mastered by Chris Athens. The album artwork—of an arcade claw machine—was designed by Nick Canonica and features a sculpture made by Philadelphia artist Caroline Kunka. Background Whack was bullied as a child for being black in a predominantly white school, which inspired much of the "emotional labor" that was done on the album. With each song length being a minute long, Tierra Whack released a 15-minute visual album with a music video for each track. Whack says that she's a visual learner, and the visuals for Whack World allowed her to bring her ideas to life and "bring truth to the viewer's eye." Regarding the many changes in her voice, Whack spoke to Billboard saying: I get so bored with my voice. It started when I was a class clown, and realized I was kind of funny. And it's bad because sometimes I'll still do it – I'll hear someone and they'll have a funny ass voice, and I'll mock it. But that's rude, so I'll have to somewhere alone, and mock the voice to like, get it out, and know I can do that voice. I'm a sponge, so I just hear these things. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingHipHopDX4.3/5Pitchfork8.3/10Spectrum CultureVice (Expert Witness)A− The album was critically acclaimed and received positive reviews. Pitchfork praised the album, giving it a 8.3 out of 10 rating, saying: "Whack World is a funhouse of minute-long vignettes, teetering between a fantastic dream and an unsettling nightmare. Lyrics share double meanings with the corresponding 15-minute visual Whack released alongside the album, which adds even more dimension and intrigue to the ambitious project; light and dark are forced to coexist." The author also claimed that the visual album is "prepackaged for optimum social media consumption; every tiny piece stands on its own without losing sight of the larger picture. At its core, though, Whack's sense of humor—her captivating depiction of a black woman's imagination—is an opportunity to celebrate an aspect of art that often goes uncelebrated, an opportunity for Whack to celebrate herself." In a Wired piece about women in the music industry in 2019, the author wrote that Whack World was working to destabilize the popular maximalist narrative currently characterizing music. NPR hip hop writer Rodney Carmichael praised Whack's dream logic that characterizes the visual album, saying "each song vignette offers a deeper level of revelation into her black girl's blues." Accolades Year-end lists Publication Accolade Rank Billboard 50 Best Albums of 2018 19 Complex The Best Albums of 2018 16 Dazed 20 Best Albums of 2018 1 Noisey 100 Best Albums of 2018 1 Okayplayer The Best Albums of 2018 2 Pitchfork The 50 Best Albums of 2018 9 Exclaim! Top 10 Hip-Hop Albums of 2018 7 NPR Music 50 Best Albums of 2018 10 Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Black Nails"Tierra WhackKenete Simms0:582."Bugs Life"WhackSimms0:583."Flea Market"WhackSimms1:004."Cable Guy"WhackNick VerrutoVerruto1:005."4 Wings"WhackSimmsSimms1:006."Hookers"WhackVerrutoVerruto1:007."Hungry Hippo"WhackVerrutoVerruto1:008."Pet Cemetery"WhackSimmsSimms1:009."Fuck Off"WhackJ MelodicMelodic1:0010."Silly Sam"WhackVerrutoVerruto1:0011."Fruit Salad"WhackC. McMillanRicandThadeusRicandThadeus1:0012."Pretty Ugly"WhackMelodicDJ Fly GuyMelodicDJ Fly Guy1:0013."Sore Loser"WhackScott Styles1:0014."Dr. Seuss"WhackSimmsSimms1:0015."Waze"WhackSimmsSimms1:00Total length:14:56 References ^ Berry, Peter A. (March 15, 2024). "Tierra Whack Delivers on All of Her Potential With Kaleidoscopic World Wide Whack: Album Review". Variety. Retrieved March 17, 2024. ^ "Whack World by Tierra Whack". iTunes. 30 May 2018. ^ "Whack World". Amazon. ^ Canonica, Nick. "SAVENICK". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2021-10-18. ^ "Caroline Kunka \| Home". www.carolinekunka.com. Retrieved 2019-07-25. ^ a b Carmichael, Rodney. "Tierra Whack's Labor Of Self-Love, From Car Wash To Critical Mass". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-05-02. ^ "It'll Only Take Tierra Whack 15 Minutes to Freak You the Fuck Out". Noisey. June 2018. ^ Cineas, Fabiola (2019-03-23). "North Philly Rapper Tierra Whack Is the Future of Hip-Hop". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved 2019-05-04. ^ Maher, Natalie. "Tierra Whack on New Project 'Whack World,' Eating Chicken Wings With Andre 3000 & Why She Wants to Record in Tokyo". Billboard. ^ Eustice, Kyle (June 12, 2018). "Review: Tierra Whack's Audiovisual Journey Into "Whack World" Puts That Repeat Button To Work". HipHopDX. Retrieved February 9, 2019. ^ a b Younger, Briana (June 12, 2018). "Tierra Whack: Whack World". Pitchfork. Retrieved February 9, 2019. ^ Bromfield, Daniel (June 12, 2018). "Tierra Whack: Whack World". Spectrum Culture. Retrieved February 9, 2019. ^ Christgau, Robert (July 14, 2018). "Robert Christgau on G.O.O.D Music's Good (and Less Good) Music". Vice. Retrieved February 9, 2019. ^ Parham, Jason (2019-02-14). "Women Will Dominate—and Dismantle—the Music Industry in 2019". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-05-05. ^ "Billboard's 50 Best Albums of 2018: Critics' Picks". Billboard. Retrieved December 27, 2018. ^ "Top 50 Albums of 2018". Complex. December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018. ^ Dazed (2018-12-05). "The 20 best albums of 2018". Dazed. Retrieved 2019-01-07. ^ "100 Best Albums of 2018". Vice.com. 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2019-01-08. ^ "Okayplayer's Best Albums of 2018". Okayplayer. Retrieved 27 December 2018. ^ "Uncut's 75 Best Albums of 2018". Pitchfork. 11 December 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018. ^ "Exclaim!'s Top 10 Hip-Hop Albums". Exclaim!. Retrieved January 11, 2019. ^ "The 50 Best Albums Of 2018 (10-1)". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-05-05. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pet Sematary (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Sematary_(song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tierra Whack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Whack"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Pet Cemetery (song)\" redirects here. For the Ramones song, see Pet Sematary (song).Whack World is the debut mixtape[1] by American rapper Tierra Whack. It was released on May 30, 2018, by Interscope Records.[2] The album is mainly produced by Kenete Simms and Nick Verruto, and conscripts other producers including J Melodic, RicandThadeus, DJ Fly Guy, and Scott Styles. It was mixed and engineered by Kenete Simms and mastered by Chris Athens.[3] The album artwork—of an arcade claw machine—was designed by Nick Canonica[4] and features a sculpture made by Philadelphia artist Caroline Kunka.[5]","title":"Whack World"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Whack was bullied as a child for being black in a predominantly white school, which inspired much of the \"emotional labor\" that was done on the album.[6] With each song length being a minute long, Tierra Whack released a 15-minute visual album with a music video for each track.[7] Whack says that she's a visual learner, and the visuals for Whack World allowed her to bring her ideas to life and \"bring truth to the viewer's eye.\"[8] Regarding the many changes in her voice, Whack spoke to Billboard saying:I get so bored with my voice. It started when I was a class clown, and realized I was kind of funny. And it's bad because sometimes I'll still do it – I'll hear someone and they'll have a funny ass voice, and I'll mock it. But that's rude, so I'll have to [do it] somewhere alone, and mock the voice to like, get it out, and know I can do that voice. I'm a sponge, so I just hear these things.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"media consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_consumption"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-11"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"The album was critically acclaimed and received positive reviews. Pitchfork praised the album, giving it a 8.3 out of 10 rating, saying: \"Whack World is a funhouse of minute-long vignettes, teetering between a fantastic dream and an unsettling nightmare. Lyrics share double meanings with the corresponding 15-minute visual Whack released alongside the album, which adds even more dimension and intrigue to the ambitious project; light and dark are forced to coexist.\" The author also claimed that the visual album is \"prepackaged for optimum social media consumption; every tiny piece stands on its own without losing sight of the larger picture. At its core, though, Whack's sense of humor—her captivating depiction of a black woman's imagination—is an opportunity to celebrate an aspect of art that often goes uncelebrated, an opportunity for Whack to celebrate herself.\"[11] In a Wired piece about women in the music industry in 2019, the author wrote that Whack World was working to destabilize the popular maximalist narrative currently characterizing music.[14] NPR hip hop writer Rodney Carmichael praised Whack's dream logic that characterizes the visual album, saying \"each song vignette offers a deeper level of revelation into her black girl's blues.\"[6]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tierra Whack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Whack"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Black Nails\"Tierra WhackKenete Simms0:582.\"Bugs Life\"WhackSimms0:583.\"Flea Market\"WhackSimms1:004.\"Cable Guy\"WhackNick VerrutoVerruto1:005.\"4 Wings\"WhackSimmsSimms1:006.\"Hookers\"WhackVerrutoVerruto1:007.\"Hungry Hippo\"WhackVerrutoVerruto1:008.\"Pet Cemetery\"WhackSimmsSimms1:009.\"Fuck Off\"WhackJ MelodicMelodic1:0010.\"Silly Sam\"WhackVerrutoVerruto1:0011.\"Fruit Salad\"WhackC. McMillanRicandThadeusRicandThadeus1:0012.\"Pretty Ugly\"WhackMelodicDJ Fly GuyMelodicDJ Fly Guy1:0013.\"Sore Loser\"WhackScott Styles1:0014.\"Dr. Seuss\"WhackSimmsSimms1:0015.\"Waze\"WhackSimmsSimms1:00Total length:14:56","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Berry, Peter A. (March 15, 2024). \"Tierra Whack Delivers on All of Her Potential With Kaleidoscopic World Wide Whack: Album Review\". Variety. Retrieved March 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/music/reviews/tierra-whack-world-wide-whack-album-review-1235942223/","url_text":"\"Tierra Whack Delivers on All of Her Potential With Kaleidoscopic World Wide Whack: Album Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Whack World by Tierra Whack\". iTunes. 30 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/whack-world/1388073103","url_text":"\"Whack World by Tierra Whack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whack World\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Whack-World-Explicit-Tierra/dp/B07D97X24C","url_text":"\"Whack World\""}]},{"reference":"Canonica, Nick. \"SAVENICK\". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2021-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/savenick/","url_text":"\"SAVENICK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caroline Kunka \| Home\". www.carolinekunka.com. Retrieved 2019-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carolinekunka.com/","url_text":"\"Caroline Kunka \| Home\""}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, Rodney. \"Tierra Whack's Labor Of Self-Love, From Car Wash To Critical Mass\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/06/691493258/tierra-whacks-labor-of-self-love-from-car-wash-to-critical-mass","url_text":"\"Tierra Whack's Labor Of Self-Love, From Car Wash To Critical Mass\""}]},{"reference":"\"It'll Only Take Tierra Whack 15 Minutes to Freak You the Fuck Out\". Noisey. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach:_Heat_the_Soul_(series)	Bleach: Heat the Soul	["1 Gameplay","2 Installments","2.1 Bleach: Heat the Soul","2.2 Bleach: Heat the Soul 2","2.3 Bleach: Heat the Soul 3","2.4 Bleach: Heat the Soul 4","2.5 Bleach: Heat the Soul 5","2.6 Bleach: Heat the Soul 6","2.7 Bleach: Heat the Soul 7","3 Playable characters","4 Reception","5 See also","6 Notes and references","7 External links"]	Video game series Cover for Bleach: Heat the Soul Bleach: Heat the Soul is a series of 3-D cel-shaded fighting games for the PSP based on the manga and anime series Bleach by Tite Kubo. Each installment was developed by Eighting and published by SCEI. All installments have been released only in Japan. Each installment has several methods of play, with different types of game modes. New games have introduced additional modes that usually carry over to the sequels. Using characters taken directly from Bleach manga, the player uses each character's unique abilities to battle and defeat an opponent. New games expand on the series' plotline in "Story Mode" or, as it is known in Heat the Soul 3 and 4, "Mission Mode", which generally stays true to the source material. Because of this, the character roster increases with each installment. Gameplay An example of gameplay from Bleach: Heat the Soul 3. In each game of the series, the player controls one of many characters directly based upon their Bleach manga counterparts. The player then pits their character against another, usually controlled by the game but this can also be another player depending on the mode being used. The objective of each match is to reduce the opponent's health to zero using basic attacks and special techniques unique to each character and derived from techniques they use in the source material. For instance, Ichigo Kurosaki's use of his Black Getsuga Tensho (though only while using Ichigo's bankai form) and Rukia Kuchiki's utilization of kidō. For some techniques, characters have available a "spirit gauge", which depletes upon execution. Most techniques are not executed in real time, and instead have an accompanying cinematic that takes place. Furthermore, some characters can transform into certain alternative forms mid-battle, albeit until their spirit gauge is fully drained or the player cancels the transformation. As of Heat the Soul 3, the player may select partner characters to help aid them in battle. Each partner character has different abilities based on their skills from the series. Whereas Heat the Soul 3 allows the selection of up to three partner characters, Heat the Soul 4 only allows two at a time, though the abilities of both can be combined to create more powerful effects. Each installment introduces new ways of playing through Story Mode. Heat the Soul features a classic story mode, allowing the player to simply relive all the important battles from the beginning of the series. Heat the Soul 2 adds a bit of variety to the original story mode, allowing players to play through each character's individual story. For example, if Ichigo Kurosaki is selected, the player must fight all his battles with the shinigami; if Byakuya Kuchiki is selected, the player must stop Ichigo and his friends from saving Rukia Kuchiki. Heat the Soul 3 no longer uses "Story Mode" but rather "Mission Battle". In Mission Battle mode, the player must relive the battles of the series, though must meet certain conditions, such as a time limit, before being able to move on. Heat the Soul 4 also uses Mission Battle. Depending on completion time and remaining stamina, the player is awarded a rank of "S" through "C", S being the highest ranking possible. If awarded S or A, a scenario branching occurs. Installments Bleach: Heat the Soul Bleach: Heat the Soul (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル) is the first installment in the Heat the Soul fighting game series, released on March 24, 2005. The theme song for the game is *: Asterisk by Orange Range, which also happens to be the original opening theme for the anime. The game has a total of six characters, all of which derived from the Agent of the Shinigami arc. One thing critics seemed to like were the authentic voice-overs during both gameplay and conversation sequences. The voice actors themselves also appeared at the Jump Festa event for a live talk show appearance on a mock radio station just months before the game's release. Bleach: Heat the Soul 2 Bleach: Heat the Soul 2 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル２) is the second installment in the Heat the Soul series, released on September 1, 2005. The theme song for this game is Chance! by Uverworld, and the music was composed by Kazuo Hanzawa, under the alias "NON", and Hitoshi Sakimoto. Continuing where Heat the Soul left off, the story mode of Heat the Soul 2 ranges from the Soul Society: The Sneak Entry arc to the end of the Soul Society: The Rescue arc and features 12 playable characters. As opposed to Heat the Soul's story mode, this game allows to follow the story of the selected character rather than a single, designated plot. For example, if the players choose Ichigo Kurosaki, they would fight all his battles with the shinigami, whereas if they chose to play as Byakuya Kuchiki, the players must stop Ichigo and his friends from saving Rukia Kuchiki. Bleach: Heat the Soul 3 Bleach: Heat the Soul 3 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル３) is the third installment in the Heat the Soul series, released on July 20, 2006. The game features 34 characters, covering events from the Soul Society: The Sneak Entry arc to Ulquiorra Schiffer's introduction at the beginning of The Arrancar arc. Unique to Heat the Soul 3 are "Soul Road" and "Karakura Heroes". In Soul Road, the player is to select the desired character and partner character. Afterwards, the player is set on a board game-like map where the goal is to pass through markers in order to fight enemies. After each match, the player is given an amount of "Trust points" (how many received depends on the mode's difficulty) which go towards leveling up partner characters and unlocking bonuses, such as alternate costumes and new partners. To unlock these bonuses, the player must find a blue marker to turn in their points; however, before doing so, the players must answer a multiple choice question. In Karakura Heroes, the player is put into a humorous side-story, with some extra anime scenes added. Don Kanonji leads a group of shinigami, initially Byakuya Kuchiki and Tōshirō Hitsugaya, on some sort of wacky adventure which involves battling several other characters. At the mode's completion, a scene shows the gang relaxing at an expensive hotel, doing activities that in some way fit their personalities and/or abilities (for example, Hitsugaya snowboarding). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Example gameplay from Heat the Soul 4. Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル４) is the fourth installment in the Heat the Soul series, released on May 24, 2007. The game features 51 characters, covering events from The Arrancar arc to the entrance into Hueco Mundo. Unlike its predecessors, Heat the Soul 4 features a "Character Master" mode. In it, the player chooses a character and goes through a series of five battles and is usually faced with certain conditions, such as using only grab to inflict damage, in order to finish the battle. After the third and final battles, a multiple answer question posed by the character must be answered. Depending on the answer, the player is either rewarded 200 points, 50 points, or nothing. For each battle won, a random number of experience points will be added to the character's total. As the level grows higher, bonuses such as voice tests and alternate costumes can be unlocked. The player is also given 100 points per battle; these go towards unlocking more characters and stages. Bleach: Heat the Soul 5 Bleach: Heat the Soul 5 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル５) is the fifth installment in the Heat the Soul series based on Tite Kubo's Bleach, released on May, 15th 2008 in Japan. Like previous installments it picks off where the other Heat The Soul left off, from the entry of Hueco Mundo to the encounter between Grimmjow and Ichigo. New features include a "Tag Action" system and a new way for releasing zanpakutō. Transformations such as Bankai are now made when 2 bars of reiatsu is obtained and then pressing the L button, rather than selecting a character's Bankai form before a fight. There also seems to be 3 styles of tag action: offensive, defensive and technical. There is also a game mode called Tag Master, which lets the player choose 2 characters to fight with in a series of fights. The system also includes specials which use the tagged partner's abilities. The game features 32 characters usable in Tag Battle mode, while extra characters can be obtained with Bleach: Heat The Soul 4 game save through game conversion. However, these characters are only usable in single mode with no in-game transformation. They are selected through a separate menu accessible by pressing L/R in the normal character menu. Bleach: Heat the Soul 6 Bleach: Heat the Soul 6 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル6) is the sixth game in the Heat the Soul series based on Tite Kubo's Bleach, which was released in Japan on May 14, 2009. It includes more Arrancar Resurrections like that of Nnoitora, Szayelapporo Grantz or Nel(Gamuza). The game has a new championship mode added in which you can fight tournament style similar to Bleach Soul Carnival and a customization mode exclusive to Heat the Soul 6. The game's story mode starts from the day Ichigo got his powers to the Espada/Soul Reaper showdowns to date in the anime. It boasts a character roster consisting of 74 playable characters including Senna, Sojiro Kusaka, Dark Rukia, and the Visored and Tessai in their Soul Reaper uniforms from the "Turn Back the Pendulum" arc. Its opening theme is "Koyoi, Tsuki ga Miezu Tomo" by Porno Graffitti which was also used for Bleach: Fade to Black. Bleach: Heat the Soul 7 Bleach: Heat the Soul 7 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル7) was released on September 2, 2010. The main change in this game is a 4-Players mode. The game features battles against giant characters. New characters include Allon (Ayon), Coyote Starrk (Los Lobos), Baraggan Luisenbarn (Arrogante), Tier Harribel (Tiburon), Yammy Liargo (Ira), Ulquiorra Cifer (Segunda Etapa), Ichigo Kurosaki (Full Hollow), Muramasa, Hachigen Ushoda, Love Aikawa and Shuren (downloadable content); in all, 84 characters are playable. Playable characters The characters in the Heat the Soul series are directly based upon characters taken from Bleach. With Heat the Soul 4 set between Shinji Hirako's introduction and the entrance into Hueco Mundo, "normal" characters originate from The Arrancar arc and later, while "EX" forms, as they're known in the game, are from the Soul Society: The Rescue arc. To avoid confusion, all characters will be referred to as they are in the most recent installment in the series, Heat the Soul 7. It also appears that most (if not all) characters can change forms during battle. For example, Hollow Ichigo and Ichigo can start out a match with shikai and end it with bankai when they have enough spiritual pressure. Fighter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Aaroniero Arruruerie (Kaien Shiba) N N N N Y Y Y Ayon (Allon) N N N N N N Y Barragan Luisenbarn N N N N N N Y Byakuya Kuchiki (Shikai) N Y Y Y Y Y Y Byakuya Kuchiki (Bankai) N N Y Y Y Y Y Cirucci Sanderwicci N N N N Y Y Y Coyote Stark N N N N N N Y Dordoni Alessandro Del Socaccio N N N N Y Y Y Gantenbainne Mosqueda N N N N Y Y Y Gin Ichimaru (Shikai) N N N Y Y Y Y Gin Ichimaru EX (Shikai) N Y Y Y Y N Y Grimmjow Jaegerjaques N N N Y Y Y Y Grimmjow Jaegerjaques (Pantera) N N N N Y Y Y Hachigen Ushōda N N N N N N Y Hiyori Sarugaki N N N Y Y Y Y Hiyori Sarugaki (with Visored's mask) N N N N Y Y Y Ichigo Kurosaki (Bankai) N N Y Y Y Y Y Hollow Ichigo (Shikai) N N N N Y Y Y Hollow Ichigo (Bankai) N N Y Y Y Y Y Ichigo Kurosaki (Substitute Shinigami) Y Y Y Y N Y Y Ichigo Kurosaki (Shikai) N Y Y Y Y Y Y Ichigo Kurosaki (Full Hollow) N N N N N N Y Ikkaku Madarame (Shikai) N N N Y Y Y Y Ikkaku Madarame (Bankai) N N N Y Y Y Y Izuru Kira N N Y Y Y Y Y Jūshirō Ukitake N N Y Y Y Y Y Kaname Tōsen N N N Y Y Y Y Kenpachi Zaraki N N Y Y Y Y Y Kisuke Urahara N Y Y Y Y Y Y Kisuke Urahara (12th Division Captain) N N N N N Y Y Kensei Muguruma (Shikai) N N N Y Y Y Y Lisa Yadōmaru N N N Y Y Y Y Love Aikawa N N N N N N Y Luppi N N N Y Y Y Y Mashiro Kuna N N N N N Y Y Mayuri Kurotsuchi N N Y Y Y Y Y Momo Hinamori N N Y Y Y Y Y Muramasa N N N N N N Y Nanao Ise N N Y Y Y Y Y Nel Tu N N N Y Y Y Y Nelliel Tu Odelschwanck N N N N Y Y Y Nelliel Tu Odelschwanck (Gamuza) N N N N N Y Y Nemu Kurotsuchi N N Y Y Y Y Y Nnoitora Jiruga N N N N Y Y Y Nnoitora Jiruga (Santa Teresa) N N N N N Y Y Orihime Inoue N N N Y Y Y Y Orihime Inoue EX Y Y Y Y Y N Y Rangiku Matsumoto N N Y Y Y Y Y Renji Abarai (Bankai) N N Y Y Y Y Y Renji Abarai (Shikai) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Rose Otoribashi N N N N N Y Y Rukia Kuchiki (Gigai) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Rukia Kuchiki (Shikai) N N Y Y Y Y Y Rukia Kuchiki (Dark) N N N N N Y Y Ryūken Ishida N N N N N Y Y Sajin Komamura N N Y Y Y Y Y Senna N N N N Y Y Y Shigekuni Yamamoto-Genryūsai N N Y Y Y Y Y Shinji Hirako N N N Y Y Y Y Shinji Hirako (with Visored's mask) N N N N Y Y Y Shunsui Kyōraku N N Y Y Y Y Y Shūhei Hisagi N N Y Y Y Y Y Suì-Fēng (Shikai) N N Y Y Y Y Y Sōjirō Kusaka N N N N Y Y Y Sōsuke Aizen N N N Y Y Y Y Sōsuke Aizen EX N N Y Y Y N Y Szayelaporro Grantz N N N N Y Y Y Szayelaporro Grantz (Fornicaras) N N N N N Y Y Tia Harribel N N N N N Y Y Tia Harribel (Tiburón ) N N N N N N Y Tessai Tsukabishi N N N N N Y Y Tōshirō Hitsugaya (Bankai) N N Y Y Y Y Y Tōshirō Hitsugaya (Shikai) N Y Y Y Y Y Y Ulquiorra Cifer N N Y Y Y Y Y Ulquiorra Cifer (Resurrección: Segunda Etapa) N N N N N N Y Uryū Ishida N N N Y Y Y Y Uryū Ishida (Seele Schneider) N N N N Y Y Y Uryū Ishida EX Y Y Y Y N N Y Uryū Ishida (Quincy Gauntlet: Final Form) N N Y Y N Y Y Yammy Riyalgo N N N Y Y Y Y Yammy Riyalgo (Ira) N N N N N N Y Yasutora Sado N N N Y Y Y Y Yasutora Sado (Brazo Izquierda del Diablo) N N N N Y Y Y Yasutora Sado EX Y Y Y Y N N Y Yachiru Kusajishi N N Y Y Y Y Y Yoruichi Shihouin N Y Y Y Y Y Y Yumichika Ayasegawa N N N Y Y Y Y Zommari Leroux N N N N N Y Y Zommari Leroux (Brujería) N N N N N Y Y Reception Since the series has yet to see a release outside Japan, reviews on the Heat the Soul series from major English video game publications are scarce. See also Anime and manga portalVideo games portal Bleach List of Bleach video games List of PlayStation Portable games Notes and references ^ Bleach: Heat the Soul (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル, Burichi: Hettō za Soru) ^ a b c d e f Alfonso, Andrew (2006-08-01). "Bleach: Heat The Soul 3 Hands-on - Page 1". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15. ^ a b c d e f g "Bleach Heat the Soul 2 (Japan) - Page 2". GameBrink. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2007-07-18. ^ a b c Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 control guide (in Japanese and English). SCEI. 2007. ^ "Bleach: Heat the Soul". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-14. ^ a b "Hands On: Bleach". IGN. 20 December 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-14. ^ "Bleach: Heat the Soul 2". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-14. ^ "Bleach: Heat the Soul 3". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15. ^ "Bleach: Heat the Soul 4". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15. ^ "Bleach: Heat the Soul 7". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Bleach: Heat The Soul 5 Official Roster Page (Rukia video)". Archived from the original on 2020-01-27. Retrieved 2008-02-21. ^ "Bleach: Heat The Soul 5>". ^ a b c d e SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 38–39. ^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 36–37. ^ a b c "Bleach Heat the Soul 2 (Japan) - Page 1". GameBrink. Retrieved 2007-07-18. ^ "Bleach: Heat The Soul 5>". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. ^ a b c d SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 40–41. ^ a b c d "" 블리치 ~히트 더 소울~ 6 스캔샷 PSP 루리웹">". Archived from the original on 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2018-11-08. ^ a b c d e f Alfonso, Andrew (2006-08-01). "Bleach: Heat The Soul 3 Hands-on - Page 2". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15. ^ "" BLEACH 히트 더 소울 7 스캔샷 PSP 루리웹">". Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. ^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 42–43. ^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. p. 47. ^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. p. 46. ^ a b c d e SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 44–45. ^ ""Bleach: Heat the Soul 7: Muramasa announced">". ^ ""Bleach: Heat the Soul 5 Official Website">". Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2007-12-09. ^ a b c d e "Bleach: Heat the Soul official site" (in Japanese). SCEI. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2007-08-14. ^ "Bleach: Heat The Soul 6>". ^ "Bleach: Heat The Soul 7: Yammi Release>". External links Official Eighting site (in Japanese) vteBleach by Tite KuboManga Volumes Chapters 1–187 188–423 424–686 Anime Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Thousand-Year Blood War Films Memories of Nobody The DiamondDust Rebellion Fade to Black Hell Verse Live-action film Video games Blade Battlers series Heat the Soul series The Blade of Fate Dark Souls The 3rd Phantom Soul Resurrección Brave Souls Related Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J-Stars Victory VS Jump Force Music "Ichirin no Hana" "Rolling Star" "After Dark" "Chu-Bura" "Hitohira no Hanabira" "Shōjo S" "Change" "Ranbu no Melody" "Harukaze" Characters Ichigo Kurosaki Rukia Kuchiki Orihime Inoue Yasutora "Chad" Sado Renji Abarai Byakuya Kuchiki Kenpachi Zaraki Sōsuke Aizen Tōshirō Hitsugaya Mayuri Kurotsuchi Yoruichi Shihōin Soul Reapers Hollows Related Rock Musical Bleach Trading card game Loituma Girl Burn the Witch Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSPBleachHeatTheSoulFrontCover.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"3-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"cel-shaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-shading"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_games"},{"link_name":"PSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Tite Kubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tite_Kubo"},{"link_name":"Eighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighting"},{"link_name":"SCEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCEI"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS3HandsOn-2"}],"text":"Cover for Bleach: Heat the SoulBleach: Heat the Soul[1] is a series of 3-D cel-shaded fighting games for the PSP based on the manga and anime series Bleach by Tite Kubo. Each installment was developed by Eighting and published by SCEI. All installments have been released only in Japan.Each installment has several methods of play, with different types of game modes. New games have introduced additional modes that usually carry over to the sequels. Using characters taken directly from Bleach manga,[2] the player uses each character's unique abilities to battle and defeat an opponent. New games expand on the series' plotline in \"Story Mode\" or, as it is known in Heat the Soul 3 and 4, \"Mission Mode\", which generally stays true to the source material. Because of this, the character roster increases with each installment.","title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bleach-heat-the-soul-3-20060801054557274.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS3HandsOn-2"},{"link_name":"Ichigo Kurosaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichigo_Kurosaki"},{"link_name":"bankai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanpakut%C5%8D#Bankai"},{"link_name":"Rukia Kuchiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukia_Kuchiki"},{"link_name":"kidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinigami_(Bleach)#Kid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"the beginning of the series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameBrinkPage2-3"},{"link_name":"Ichigo Kurosaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichigo_Kurosaki"},{"link_name":"shinigami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinigami_(Bleach)"},{"link_name":"Byakuya Kuchiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byakuya_Kuchiki"},{"link_name":"Rukia Kuchiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukia_Kuchiki"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameBrinkPage2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS4Control-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS4Control-4"}],"text":"An example of gameplay from Bleach: Heat the Soul 3.In each game of the series, the player controls one of many characters directly based upon their Bleach manga counterparts.[2] The player then pits their character against another, usually controlled by the game but this can also be another player depending on the mode being used. The objective of each match is to reduce the opponent's health to zero using basic attacks and special techniques unique to each character and derived from techniques they use in the source material. For instance, Ichigo Kurosaki's use of his Black Getsuga Tensho (though only while using Ichigo's bankai form) and Rukia Kuchiki's utilization of kidō. For some techniques, characters have available a \"spirit gauge\", which depletes upon execution. Most techniques are not executed in real time, and instead have an accompanying cinematic that takes place. Furthermore, some characters can transform into certain alternative forms mid-battle, albeit until their spirit gauge is fully drained or the player cancels the transformation. As of Heat the Soul 3, the player may select partner characters to help aid them in battle. Each partner character has different abilities based on their skills from the series. Whereas Heat the Soul 3 allows the selection of up to three partner characters, Heat the Soul 4 only allows two at a time, though the abilities of both can be combined to create more powerful effects.Each installment introduces new ways of playing through Story Mode. Heat the Soul features a classic story mode, allowing the player to simply relive all the important battles from the beginning of the series. Heat the Soul 2 adds a bit of variety to the original story mode, allowing players to play through each character's individual story.[3] For example, if Ichigo Kurosaki is selected, the player must fight all his battles with the shinigami; if Byakuya Kuchiki is selected, the player must stop Ichigo and his friends from saving Rukia Kuchiki.[3] Heat the Soul 3 no longer uses \"Story Mode\" but rather \"Mission Battle\". In Mission Battle mode, the player must relive the battles of the series, though must meet certain conditions, such as a time limit, before being able to move on. Heat the Soul 4 also uses Mission Battle. Depending on completion time and remaining stamina, the player is awarded a rank of \"S\" through \"C\", S being the highest ranking possible.[4] If awarded S or A, a scenario branching occurs.[4]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtSRelease-5"},{"link_name":": Asterisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:_Asterisk"},{"link_name":"Orange Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Range"},{"link_name":"Agent of the Shinigami arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtSHandsOn-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtSHandsOn-6"}],"sub_title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul","text":"Bleach: Heat the Soul (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル) is the first installment in the Heat the Soul fighting game series, released on March 24, 2005.[5] The theme song for the game is *: Asterisk by Orange Range, which also happens to be the original opening theme for the anime. The game has a total of six characters, all of which derived from the Agent of the Shinigami arc. One thing critics seemed to like were the authentic voice-overs during both gameplay and conversation sequences.[6] The voice actors themselves also appeared at the Jump Festa event for a live talk show appearance on a mock radio station just months before the game's release.[6]","title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS2Release-7"},{"link_name":"Uverworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uverworld"},{"link_name":"Soul Society: The Sneak Entry arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Soul Society: The Rescue arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_3)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameBrinkPage2-3"},{"link_name":"Ichigo Kurosaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichigo_Kurosaki"},{"link_name":"shinigami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinigami_(Bleach)"},{"link_name":"Byakuya Kuchiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byakuya_Kuchiki"},{"link_name":"Rukia Kuchiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukia_Kuchiki"}],"sub_title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 2","text":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 2 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル２) is the second installment in the Heat the Soul series, released on September 1, 2005.[7] The theme song for this game is Chance! by Uverworld, and the music was composed by Kazuo Hanzawa, under the alias \"NON\", and Hitoshi Sakimoto. Continuing where Heat the Soul left off, the story mode of Heat the Soul 2 ranges from the Soul Society: The Sneak Entry arc to the end of the Soul Society: The Rescue arc[3] and features 12 playable characters. As opposed to Heat the Soul's story mode, this game allows to follow the story of the selected character rather than a single, designated plot. For example, if the players choose Ichigo Kurosaki, they would fight all his battles with the shinigami, whereas if they chose to play as Byakuya Kuchiki, the players must stop Ichigo and his friends from saving Rukia Kuchiki.","title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS3Release-8"},{"link_name":"Soul Society: The Sneak Entry arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Ulquiorra Schiffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulquiorra_Schiffer"},{"link_name":"The Arrancar arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"Don Kanonji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_characters#Other_material_world_dwellers"},{"link_name":"shinigami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinigami_(Bleach)"},{"link_name":"Byakuya Kuchiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byakuya_Kuchiki"},{"link_name":"Tōshirō Hitsugaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dshir%C5%8D_Hitsugaya"}],"sub_title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 3","text":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 3 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル３) is the third installment in the Heat the Soul series, released on July 20, 2006.[8] The game features 34 characters, covering events from the Soul Society: The Sneak Entry arc to Ulquiorra Schiffer's introduction at the beginning of The Arrancar arc. Unique to Heat the Soul 3 are \"Soul Road\" and \"Karakura Heroes\". In Soul Road, the player is to select the desired character and partner character. Afterwards, the player is set on a board game-like map where the goal is to pass through markers in order to fight enemies. After each match, the player is given an amount of \"Trust points\" (how many received depends on the mode's difficulty) which go towards leveling up partner characters and unlocking bonuses, such as alternate costumes and new partners. To unlock these bonuses, the player must find a blue marker to turn in their points; however, before doing so, the players must answer a multiple choice question. In Karakura Heroes, the player is put into a humorous side-story, with some extra anime scenes added. Don Kanonji leads a group of shinigami, initially Byakuya Kuchiki and Tōshirō Hitsugaya, on some sort of wacky adventure which involves battling several other characters. At the mode's completion, a scene shows the gang relaxing at an expensive hotel, doing activities that in some way fit their personalities and/or abilities (for example, Hitsugaya snowboarding).","title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bleach_HeattheSoul4.JPG"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS4Release-9"},{"link_name":"The Arrancar arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS4Control-4"}],"sub_title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 4","text":"Example gameplay from Heat the Soul 4.Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル４) is the fourth installment in the Heat the Soul series, released on May 24, 2007.[9] The game features 51 characters, covering events from The Arrancar arc to the entrance into Hueco Mundo.Unlike its predecessors, Heat the Soul 4 features a \"Character Master\" mode. In it, the player chooses a character and goes through a series of five battles and is usually faced with certain conditions, such as using only grab to inflict damage, in order to finish the battle. After the third and final battles, a multiple answer question posed by the character must be answered. Depending on the answer, the player is either rewarded 200 points, 50 points, or nothing. For each battle won, a random number of experience points will be added to the character's total. As the level grows higher, bonuses such as voice tests and alternate costumes can be unlocked.[4] The player is also given 100 points per battle; these go towards unlocking more characters and stages.","title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tite Kubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tite_Kubo"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"link_name":"zanpakutō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanpakut%C5%8D"}],"sub_title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 5","text":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 5 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル５) is the fifth installment in the Heat the Soul series based on Tite Kubo's Bleach, released on May, 15th 2008 in Japan. Like previous installments it picks off where the other Heat The Soul left off, from the entry of Hueco Mundo to the encounter between Grimmjow and Ichigo. New features include a \"Tag Action\" system and a new way for releasing zanpakutō. Transformations such as Bankai are now made when 2 bars of reiatsu is obtained and then pressing the L button, rather than selecting a character's Bankai form before a fight. There also seems to be 3 styles of tag action: offensive, defensive and technical. There is also a game mode called Tag Master, which lets the player choose 2 characters to fight with in a series of fights. The system also includes specials which use the tagged partner's abilities.The game features 32 characters usable in Tag Battle mode, while extra characters can be obtained with Bleach: Heat The Soul 4 game save through game conversion. However, these characters are only usable in single mode with no in-game transformation. They are selected through a separate menu accessible by pressing L/R in the normal character menu.","title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tite Kubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tite_Kubo"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Bleach Soul Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_video_games#Bleach:_Soul_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach:_Memories_of_Nobody"},{"link_name":"Sojiro Kusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach:_The_DiamondDust_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Dark Rukia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach:_Fade_to_Black"},{"link_name":"Porno Graffitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porno_Graffitti"},{"link_name":"Bleach: Fade to Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach:_Fade_to_Black"}],"sub_title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 6","text":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 6 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル6) is the sixth game in the Heat the Soul series based on Tite Kubo's Bleach, which was released in Japan on May 14, 2009. It includes more Arrancar Resurrections like that of Nnoitora, Szayelapporo Grantz or Nel(Gamuza). The game has a new championship mode added in which you can fight tournament style similar to Bleach Soul Carnival and a customization mode exclusive to Heat the Soul 6. The game's story mode starts from the day Ichigo got his powers to the Espada/Soul Reaper showdowns to date in the anime. It boasts a character roster consisting of 74 playable characters including Senna, Sojiro Kusaka, Dark Rukia, and the Visored and Tessai in their Soul Reaper uniforms from the \"Turn Back the Pendulum\" arc. Its opening theme is \"Koyoi, Tsuki ga Miezu Tomo\" by Porno Graffitti which was also used for Bleach: Fade to Black.","title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HtS7-10"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"}],"sub_title":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 7","text":"Bleach: Heat the Soul 7 (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル7) was released on September 2, 2010. The main change in this game is a 4-Players mode.[10] The game features battles against giant characters. New characters include Allon (Ayon), Coyote Starrk (Los Lobos), Baraggan Luisenbarn (Arrogante), Tier Harribel (Tiburon), Yammy Liargo (Ira), Ulquiorra Cifer (Segunda Etapa), Ichigo Kurosaki (Full Hollow), Muramasa, Hachigen Ushoda, Love Aikawa and Shuren (downloadable content); in all, 84 characters are playable.","title":"Installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Shinji Hirako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Hirako"},{"link_name":"The Arrancar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"Soul Society: The Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_episodes_(season_3)"}],"text":"The characters in the Heat the Soul series are directly based upon characters taken from Bleach. With Heat the Soul 4 set between Shinji Hirako's introduction and the entrance into Hueco Mundo, \"normal\" characters originate from The Arrancar arc and later, while \"EX\" forms, as they're known in the game, are from the Soul Society: The Rescue arc.To avoid confusion, all characters will be referred to as they are in the most recent installment in the series, Heat the Soul 7. It also appears that most (if not all) characters can change forms during battle. For example, Hollow Ichigo and Ichigo can start out a match with shikai and end it with bankai when they have enough spiritual pressure.","title":"Playable characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"video game publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_journalism"}],"text":"Since the series has yet to see a release outside Japan, reviews on the Heat the Soul series from major English video game publications are scarce.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HtS3HandsOn_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HtS3HandsOn_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HtS3HandsOn_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HtS3HandsOn_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HtS3HandsOn_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HtS3HandsOn_2-5"},{"link_name":"\"Bleach: Heat The Soul 3 Hands-on - Page 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Heat the Soul 7: Muramasa announced\">\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bbs.a9vg.com/read.php?tid=1507286"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heat_the_Soul_5_Official_Website_26-0"},{"link_name":"\"\"Bleach: Heat the Soul 5 Official Website\">\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131021081100/http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/bleach/heat5/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/bleach/heat5/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SonySoul_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SonySoul_27-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SonySoul_27-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SonySoul_27-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SonySoul_27-4"},{"link_name":"\"Bleach: Heat the Soul official site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120415114816/http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/bleach/heat/chara.html"},{"link_name":"SCEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/bleach/heat/chara.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Bleach: Heat The Soul 6>\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.psphyper.com/psp/bleach-soul-carnival-2-demo-to-be-included-in-bleach-heat-the-soul-6/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heat_the_Soul_7_scan_29-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bleach: Heat The Soul 7: Yammi Release>\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//i41.tinypic.com/2mwe4xk.jpg"}],"text":"^ Bleach: Heat the Soul (ＢＬＥＡＣＨ：ヒート・ザ・ソウル, Burichi: Hettō za Soru)\n\n^ a b c d e f Alfonso, Andrew (2006-08-01). \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 3 Hands-on - Page 1\". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15.\n\n^ a b c d e f g \"Bleach Heat the Soul 2 (Japan) - Page 2\". GameBrink. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2007-07-18.\n\n^ a b c Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 control guide (in Japanese and English). SCEI. 2007.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat the Soul\". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-14.\n\n^ a b \"Hands On: Bleach\". IGN. 20 December 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-14.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat the Soul 2\". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-14.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat the Soul 3\". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat the Soul 4\". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat the Soul 7\". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 5 Official Roster Page (Rukia video)\". Archived from the original on 2020-01-27. Retrieved 2008-02-21.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 5>\".\n\n^ a b c d e SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 38–39.\n\n^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 36–37.\n\n^ a b c \"Bleach Heat the Soul 2 (Japan) - Page 1\". GameBrink. Retrieved 2007-07-18.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 5>\". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 40–41.\n\n^ a b c d \"\"[정보] 블리치 ~히트 더 소울~ 6 스캔샷 PSP 루리웹\">\". Archived from the original on 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2018-11-08.\n\n^ a b c d e f Alfonso, Andrew (2006-08-01). \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 3 Hands-on - Page 2\". IGN. Retrieved 2007-08-15.\n\n^ \"\"[정보] BLEACH 히트 더 소울 7 스캔샷 PSP 루리웹\">\". Archived from the original on 2013-02-02.\n\n^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 42–43.\n\n^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. p. 47.\n\n^ a b c d e f g SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. p. 46.\n\n^ a b c d e SCEI, ed. (2007). Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual (in Japanese). SCEI. pp. 44–45.\n\n^ \"\"Bleach: Heat the Soul 7: Muramasa announced\">\".\n\n^ \"\"Bleach: Heat the Soul 5 Official Website\">\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2007-12-09.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Bleach: Heat the Soul official site\" (in Japanese). SCEI. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2007-08-14.\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 6>\".\n\n^ \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 7: Yammi Release>\".","title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover for Bleach: Heat the Soul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/PSPBleachHeatTheSoulFrontCover.jpg/200px-PSPBleachHeatTheSoulFrontCover.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of gameplay from Bleach: Heat the Soul 3.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Bleach-heat-the-soul-3-20060801054557274.jpg/250px-Bleach-heat-the-soul-3-20060801054557274.jpg"},{"image_text":"Example gameplay from Heat the Soul 4.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Bleach_HeattheSoul4.JPG/250px-Bleach_HeattheSoul4.JPG"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg"},{"title":"Anime and manga portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga"},{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"title":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"title":"List of Bleach video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bleach_video_games"},{"title":"List of PlayStation Portable games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_Portable_games"}]	[{"reference":"Alfonso, Andrew (2006-08-01). \"Bleach: Heat The Soul 3 Hands-on - Page 1\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathna_(actress)	Rathna (actress)	["1 Personal life","2 Film career","3 Filmography","3.1 Tamil","3.2 Kannada","3.3 Telugu","4 References"]	Indian actress (born 1948) RathnaBornRathna1948 (age 75–76)OccupationActressYears active1961-1980RelativesG. Varalakshmi (aunt) Rathna is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada film industries. Personal life Rathna is the niece of actress G. Varalakshmi. Film career Rathna made her debut in Tamil movie Thozhilali (1964) when she was 15 years old. She rose to fame in Enga Veettu Pillai (1965) where she acted as a village girl. A famous song Naan Maanthoppil from that movie remarks her notable role as the second lead heroine. Filmography This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Tamil Mahaveera Bheeman (1962) ... Uncredited Role Thirudathe (1961) ... Uncredited Role Thozhilali (1964) ... Vijaya - Debut in Tamil Enga Veettu Pillai (1965) ... Santha Naam Moovar (1966) Sabash Thambi (1967) ... Ratna Idhayakkani (1975) ... Kamala Panam Pathum Seyum (1975) Thennangkeetru (1975) Kannada Paropakari (1970) Bhoopathi Ranga (1970) Yaava Janmada Maitri (1972) Thriveni (1972) Subhadra Kalyana (1972) Swamiji (1980) Telugu Gulebakavali Katha 1962 Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam (1966) as Hidimbi Monagallaku Monagadu (1966) as Mala References ^ "Thozhilali". This biographical article related to film in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Rathna is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada film industries.[citation needed]","title":"Rathna (actress)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. Varalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Varalakshmi"}],"text":"Rathna is the niece of actress G. Varalakshmi.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thozhilali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thozhilali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Enga Veettu Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enga_Veettu_Pillai"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Rathna made her debut in Tamil movie Thozhilali (1964) when she was 15 years old.[1] She rose to fame in Enga Veettu Pillai (1965) where she acted as a village girl.[citation needed] A famous song Naan Maanthoppil from that movie remarks her notable role as the second lead heroine.","title":"Film career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahaveera Bheeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaveera_Bheeman"},{"link_name":"Thirudathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirudathe"},{"link_name":"Thozhilali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thozhilali"},{"link_name":"Enga Veettu Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enga_Veettu_Pillai"},{"link_name":"Naam Moovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Moovar"},{"link_name":"Sabash Thambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabash_Thambi"},{"link_name":"Idhayakkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idhayakkani"}],"sub_title":"Tamil","text":"Mahaveera Bheeman (1962) ... Uncredited Role\nThirudathe (1961) ... Uncredited Role\nThozhilali (1964) ... Vijaya - Debut in Tamil\nEnga Veettu Pillai (1965) ... Santha\nNaam Moovar (1966)\nSabash Thambi (1967) ... Ratna\nIdhayakkani (1975) ... Kamala\nPanam Pathum Seyum (1975)\nThennangkeetru (1975)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paropakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paropakari"},{"link_name":"Bhoopathi Ranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoopathi_Ranga"},{"link_name":"Yaava Janmada Maitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaava_Janmada_Maitri"}],"sub_title":"Kannada","text":"Paropakari (1970)\nBhoopathi Ranga (1970)\nYaava Janmada Maitri (1972)\nThriveni (1972)\nSubhadra Kalyana (1972)\nSwamiji (1980)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Pandaveeyam"},{"link_name":"Hidimbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidimbi"},{"link_name":"Monagallaku Monagadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monagallaku_Monagadu"}],"sub_title":"Telugu","text":"Gulebakavali Katha 1962Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam (1966) as Hidimbi\nMonagallaku Monagadu (1966) as Mala","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Thozhilali\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_5jF5VnRPE","url_text":"\"Thozhilali\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_5jF5VnRPE","external_links_name":"\"Thozhilali\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rathna_(actress)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackelberg_competition	Stackelberg competition	["1 Subgame perfect Nash equilibrium","1.1 Examples","2 Economic analysis","3 Credible and non-credible threats by the follower","4 Stackelberg compared with Cournot","4.1 Game theoretic considerations","5 Comparison with other oligopoly models","6 Applications","7 See also","8 References"]	Economic model This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Stackelberg leadership model is a strategic game in economics in which the leader firm moves first and then the follower firms move sequentially (hence, it is sometimes described as the "leader-follower game"). It is named after the German economist Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg who published Marktform und Gleichgewicht in 1934, which described the model. In game theory terms, the players of this game are a leader and a follower and they compete on quantity. The Stackelberg leader is sometimes referred to as the Market Leader. There are some further constraints upon the sustaining of a Stackelberg equilibrium. The leader must know ex ante that the follower observes its action. The follower must have no means of committing to a future non-Stackelberg leader's action and the leader must know this. Indeed, if the 'follower' could commit to a Stackelberg leader action and the 'leader' knew this, the leader's best response would be to play a Stackelberg follower action. Firms may engage in Stackelberg competition if one has some sort of advantage enabling it to move first. More generally, the leader must have commitment power. Moving observably first is the most obvious means of commitment: once the leader has made its move, it cannot undo it—it is committed to that action. Moving first may be possible if the leader was the incumbent monopoly of the industry and the follower is a new entrant. Holding excess capacity is another means of commitment. Subgame perfect Nash equilibrium The Stackelberg model can be solved to find the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium or equilibria (SPNE), i.e. the strategy profile that serves best each player, given the strategies of the other player and that entails every player playing in a Nash equilibrium in every subgame. In very general terms, let the price function for the (duopoly) industry be P {\displaystyle P} ; price is simply a function of total (industry) output, so is P ( q 1 + q 2 ) {\displaystyle P(q_{1}+q_{2})} where the subscript 1 {\displaystyle _{1}} represents the leader and 2 {\displaystyle _{2}} represents the follower. Suppose firm i {\displaystyle i} has the cost structure C i ( q i ) {\displaystyle C_{i}(q_{i})} . The model is solved by backward induction. The leader considers what the best response of the follower is, i.e. how it will respond once it has observed the quantity of the leader. The leader then picks a quantity that maximises its payoff, anticipating the predicted response of the follower. The follower actually observes this and in equilibrium picks the expected quantity as a response. To calculate the SPNE, the best response functions of the follower must first be calculated (calculation moves 'backwards' because of backward induction). The profit of firm 2 {\displaystyle 2} (the follower) is revenue minus cost. Revenue is the product of price and quantity and cost is given by the firm's cost structure, so profit is: Π 2 = P ( q 1 + q 2 ) ⋅ q 2 − C 2 ( q 2 ) {\displaystyle \Pi _{2}=P(q_{1}+q_{2})\cdot q_{2}-C_{2}(q_{2})} . The best response is to find the value of q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} that maximises Π 2 {\displaystyle \Pi _{2}} given q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} , i.e. given the output of the leader (firm 1 {\displaystyle 1} ), the output that maximises the follower's profit is found. Hence, the maximum of Π 2 {\displaystyle \Pi _{2}} with respect to q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} is to be found. First differentiate Π 2 {\displaystyle \Pi _{2}} with respect to q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} : ∂ Π 2 ∂ q 2 = ∂ P ( q 1 + q 2 ) ∂ q 2 ⋅ q 2 + P ( q 1 + q 2 ) − ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Pi _{2}}{\partial q_{2}}}={\frac {\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}\cdot q_{2}+P(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}.} Setting this to zero for maximisation: ∂ Π 2 ∂ q 2 = ∂ P ( q 1 + q 2 ) ∂ q 2 ⋅ q 2 + P ( q 1 + q 2 ) − ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 = 0. {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Pi _{2}}{\partial q_{2}}}={\frac {\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}\cdot q_{2}+P(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}=0.} The values of q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} that satisfy this equation are the best responses. Now the best response function of the leader is considered. This function is calculated by considering the follower's output as a function of the leader's output, as just computed. The profit of firm 1 {\displaystyle 1} (the leader) is Π 1 = P ( q 1 + q 2 ( q 1 ) ) . q 1 − C 1 ( q 1 ) {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}=P(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1})).q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1})} , where q 2 ( q 1 ) {\displaystyle q_{2}(q_{1})} is the follower's quantity as a function of the leader's quantity, namely the function calculated above. The best response is to find the value of q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} that maximises Π 1 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}} given q 2 ( q 1 ) {\displaystyle q_{2}(q_{1})} , i.e. given the best response function of the follower (firm 2 {\displaystyle 2} ), the output that maximises the leader's profit is found. Hence, the maximum of Π 1 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}} with respect to q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} is to be found. First, differentiate Π 1 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}} with respect to q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} : ∂ Π 1 ∂ q 1 = ∂ P ( q 1 + q 2 ) ∂ q 2 ⋅ ∂ q 2 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 ⋅ q 1 + ∂ P ( q 1 + q 2 ) ∂ q 1 ⋅ q 1 + P ( q 1 + q 2 ( q 1 ) ) − ∂ C 1 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Pi _{1}}{\partial q_{1}}}={\frac {\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}\cdot {\frac {\partial q_{2}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}\cdot q_{1}+{\frac {\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\partial q_{1}}}\cdot q_{1}+P(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1}))-{\frac {\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}.} Setting this to zero for maximisation: ∂ Π 1 ∂ q 1 = ∂ P ( q 1 + q 2 ) ∂ q 2 ⋅ ∂ q 2 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 ⋅ q 1 + ∂ P ( q 1 + q 2 ) ∂ q 1 ⋅ q 1 + P ( q 1 + q 2 ( q 1 ) ) − ∂ C 1 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 = 0. {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Pi _{1}}{\partial q_{1}}}={\frac {\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}\cdot {\frac {\partial q_{2}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}\cdot q_{1}+{\frac {\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\partial q_{1}}}\cdot q_{1}+P(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1}))-{\frac {\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}=0.} Examples The following example is very general. It assumes a generalised linear demand structure p ( q 1 + q 2 ) = ( a − b ( q 1 + q 2 ) ) {\displaystyle p(q_{1}+q_{2})={\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}){\bigg )}} and imposes some restrictions on cost structures for simplicity's sake so the problem can be resolved. ∂ 2 C i ( q i ) ∂ q i ⋅ ∂ q j = 0 , ∀ j {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}C_{i}(q_{i})}{\partial q_{i}\cdot \partial q_{j}}}=0,\forall j} and ∂ C i ( q i ) ∂ q j = 0 , j ≠ i {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial C_{i}(q_{i})}{\partial q_{j}}}=0,j\neq \ i} for ease of computation. The follower's profit is: π 2 = ( a − b ( q 1 + q 2 ) ) ⋅ q 2 − C 2 ( q 2 ) . {\displaystyle \pi _{2}={\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}){\bigg )}\cdot q_{2}-C_{2}(q_{2}).} The maximisation problem resolves to (from the general case): ∂ ( a − b ( q 1 + q 2 ) ) ∂ q 2 ⋅ q 2 + a − b ( q 1 + q 2 ) − ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}){\bigg )}}{\partial q_{2}}}\cdot q_{2}+a-b(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}=0,} ⇒ − b q 2 + a − b ( q 1 + q 2 ) − ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 = 0 , {\displaystyle \Rightarrow \ -bq_{2}+a-b(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}=0,} ⇒ q 2 = a − b q 1 − ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 2 b . {\displaystyle \Rightarrow \ q_{2}={\frac {a-bq_{1}-{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}}{2b}}.} Consider the leader's problem: Π 1 = ( a − b ( q 1 + q 2 ( q 1 ) ) ) ⋅ q 1 − C 1 ( q 1 ) . {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1})){\bigg )}\cdot q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1}).} Substituting for q 2 ( q 1 ) {\displaystyle q_{2}(q_{1})} from the follower's problem: Π 1 = ( a − b ( q 1 + a − b q 1 − ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 2 b ) ) ⋅ q 1 − C 1 ( q 1 ) , {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\bigg (}a-b{\bigg (}q_{1}+{\frac {a-bq_{1}-{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}}{2b}}{\bigg )}{\bigg )}\cdot q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1}),} ⇒ Π 1 = ( a − b . q 1 + ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 2 ) ) ⋅ q 1 − C 1 ( q 1 ) . {\displaystyle \Rightarrow \Pi _{1}={\bigg (}{\frac {a-b.q_{1}+{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}}{2}}){\bigg )}\cdot q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1}).} The maximisation problem resolves to (from the general case): ∂ π 1 ∂ q 1 = ( a − 2 b q 1 + ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 2 ) − ∂ C 1 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 = 0. {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \pi _{1}}{\partial q_{1}}}={\bigg (}{\frac {a-2bq_{1}+{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}}{2}}{\bigg )}-{\frac {\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}=0.} Now solving for q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} yields q 1 ∗ {\displaystyle q_{1}^{}} , the leader's optimal action: q 1 ∗ = a + ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 − 2 ⋅ ∂ C 1 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 2 b . {\displaystyle q_{1}^{}={\frac {a+{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}-2\cdot {\frac {\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}}{2b}}.} This is the leader's best response to the reaction of the follower in equilibrium. The follower's actual can now be found by feeding this into its reaction function calculated earlier: q 2 ∗ = a − b ⋅ a + ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 − 2 ⋅ ∂ C 1 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 2 b − ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 2 b , {\displaystyle q_{2}^{}={\frac {a-b\cdot {\frac {a+{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}-2\cdot {\frac {\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}}{2b}}-{\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}}{2b}},} ⇒ q 2 ∗ = a − 3 ⋅ ∂ C 2 ( q 2 ) ∂ q 2 + 2 ⋅ ∂ C 1 ( q 1 ) ∂ q 1 4 b . {\displaystyle \Rightarrow q_{2}^{}={\frac {a-3\cdot {\frac {\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\partial q_{2}}}+2\cdot {\frac {\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\partial q_{1}}}}{4b}}.} The Nash equilibria are all ( q 1 ∗ , q 2 ∗ ) {\displaystyle (q_{1}^{},q_{2}^{})} . It is clear (if marginal costs are assumed to be zero - i.e. cost is essentially ignored) that the leader has a significant advantage. Intuitively, if the leader was no better off than the follower, it would simply adopt a Cournot competition strategy. Plugging the follower's quantity q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} , back into the leader's best response function will not yield q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} . This is because once leader has committed to an output and observed the followers it always wants to reduce its output ex-post. However its inability to do so is what allows it to receive higher profits than under Cournot. Economic analysis An extensive-form representation is often used to analyze the Stackelberg leader-follower model. Also referred to as a “decision tree”, the model shows the combination of outputs and payoffs both firms have in the Stackelberg game. A Stackelberg game represented in extensive form The image on the left depicts in extensive form a Stackelberg game. The payoffs are shown on the right. This example is fairly simple. There is a basic cost structure involving only marginal cost (there is no fixed cost). The demand function is linear and price elasticity of demand is 1. However, it illustrates the leader's advantage. The follower wants to choose q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} to maximise its payoff q 2 × ( 5000 − q 1 − q 2 − c 2 ) {\displaystyle q_{2}\times (5000-q_{1}-q_{2}-c_{2})} . Taking the first order derivative and equating it to zero (for maximisation) yields q 2 = 5000 − q 1 − c 2 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}={\frac {5000-q_{1}-c_{2}}{2}}} as the maximum value of q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} . The leader wants to choose q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} to maximise its payoff q 1 × ( 5000 − q 1 − q 2 − c 1 ) {\displaystyle q_{1}\times (5000-q_{1}-q_{2}-c_{1})} . However, in equilibrium, it knows the follower will choose q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} as above. So in fact the leader wants to maximise its payoff q 1 × ( 5000 − q 1 − 5000 − q 1 − c 2 2 − c 1 ) {\displaystyle q_{1}\times (5000-q_{1}-{\frac {5000-q_{1}-c_{2}}{2}}-c_{1})} (by substituting q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} for the follower's best response function). By differentiation, the maximum payoff is given by q 1 = 5000 − 2 c 1 + c 2 2 {\displaystyle q_{1}={\frac {5000-2c_{1}+c_{2}}{2}}} . Feeding this into the follower's best response function yields q 2 = 5000 + 2 c 1 − 3 c 2 4 {\displaystyle q_{2}={\frac {5000+2c_{1}-3c_{2}}{4}}} . Suppose marginal costs were equal for the firms (so the leader has no market advantage other than first move) and in particular c 1 = c 2 = 1000 {\displaystyle c_{1}=c_{2}=1000} . The leader would produce 2000 and the follower would produce 1000. This would give the leader a profit (payoff) of two million and the follower a profit of one million. Simply by moving first, the leader has accrued twice the profit of the follower. However, Cournot profits here are 1.78 million apiece (strictly, ( 16 / 9 ) 10 6 {\displaystyle (16/9)10^{6}} apiece), so the leader has not gained much, but the follower has lost. However, this is example-specific. There may be cases where a Stackelberg leader has huge gains beyond Cournot profit that approach monopoly profits (for example, if the leader also had a large cost structure advantage, perhaps due to a better production function). There may also be cases where the follower actually enjoys higher profits than the leader, but only because it, say, has much lower costs. This behaviour consistently work on duopoly markets even if the firms are asymmetrical. Credible and non-credible threats by the follower If, after the leader had selected its equilibrium quantity, the follower deviated from the equilibrium and chose some non-optimal quantity it would not only hurt itself, but it could also hurt the leader. If the follower chose a much larger quantity than its best response, the market price would lower and the leader's profits would be stung, perhaps below Cournot level profits. In this case, the follower could announce to the leader before the game starts that unless the leader chooses a Cournot equilibrium quantity, the follower will choose a deviant quantity that will hit the leader's profits. After all, the quantity chosen by the leader in equilibrium is only optimal if the follower also plays in equilibrium. The leader is, however, in no danger. Once the leader has chosen its equilibrium quantity, it would be irrational for the follower to deviate because it too would be hurt. Once the leader has chosen, the follower is better off by playing on the equilibrium path. Hence, such a threat by the follower would not be credible. However, in an (indefinitely) repeated Stackelberg game, the follower might adopt a punishment strategy where it threatens to punish the leader in the next period unless it chooses a non-optimal strategy in the current period. This threat may be credible because it could be rational for the follower to punish in the next period so that the leader chooses Cournot quantities thereafter. Stackelberg compared with Cournot The Stackelberg and Cournot models are similar because in both competition is on quantity. However, as seen, the first move gives the leader in Stackelberg a crucial advantage. There is also the important assumption of perfect information in the Stackelberg game: the follower must observe the quantity chosen by the leader, otherwise the game reduces to Cournot. With imperfect information, the threats described above can be credible. If the follower cannot observe the leader's move, it is no longer irrational for the follower to choose, say, a Cournot level of quantity (in fact, that is the equilibrium action). However, it must be that there is imperfect information and the follower is unable to observe the leader's move because it is irrational for the follower not to observe if it can once the leader has moved. If it can observe, it will so that it can make the optimal decision. Any threat by the follower claiming that it will not observe even if it can is as uncredible as those above. This is an example of too much information hurting a player. In Cournot competition, it is the simultaneity of the game (the imperfection of knowledge) that results in neither player (ceteris paribus) being at a disadvantage. Game theoretic considerations As mentioned, imperfect information in a leadership game reduces to Cournot competition. However, some Cournot strategy profiles are sustained as Nash equilibria but can be eliminated as incredible threats (as described above) by applying the solution concept of subgame perfection. Indeed, it is the very thing that makes a Cournot strategy profile a Nash equilibrium in a Stackelberg game that prevents it from being subgame perfect. Consider a Stackelberg game (i.e. one which fulfills the requirements described above for sustaining a Stackelberg equilibrium) in which, for some reason, the leader believes that whatever action it takes, the follower will choose a Cournot quantity (perhaps the leader believes that the follower is irrational). If the leader played a Stackelberg action, (it believes) that the follower will play Cournot. Hence it is non-optimal for the leader to play Stackelberg. In fact, its best response (by the definition of Cournot equilibrium) is to play Cournot quantity. Once it has done this, the best response of the follower is to play Cournot. Consider the following strategy profiles: the leader plays Cournot; the follower plays Cournot if the leader plays Cournot and the follower plays Stackelberg if the leader plays Stackelberg and if the leader plays something else, the follower plays an arbitrary strategy (hence this actually describes several profiles). This profile is a Nash equilibrium. As argued above, on the equilibrium path play is a best response to a best response. However, playing Cournot would not have been the best response of the leader were it that the follower would play Stackelberg if it (the leader) played Stackelberg. In this case, the best response of the leader would be to play Stackelberg. Hence, what makes this profile (or rather, these profiles) a Nash equilibrium (or rather, Nash equilibria) is the fact that the follower would play non-Stackelberg if the leader were to play Stackelberg. However, this very fact (that the follower would play non-Stackelberg if the leader were to play Stackelberg) means that this profile is not a Nash equilibrium of the subgame starting when the leader has already played Stackelberg (a subgame off the equilibrium path). If the leader has already played Stackelberg, the best response of the follower is to play Stackelberg (and therefore it is the only action that yields a Nash equilibrium in this subgame). Hence the strategy profile - which is Cournot - is not subgame perfect. Comparison with other oligopoly models In comparison with other oligopoly models, The aggregate Stackelberg output is greater than the aggregate Cournot output, but less than the aggregate Bertrand output. The Stackelberg price is lower than the Cournot price, but greater than the Bertrand price. The Stackelberg consumer surplus is greater than the Cournot consumer surplus, but lower than the Bertrand consumer surplus. The aggregate Stackelberg output is greater than pure monopoly or cartel, but less than the perfectly competitive output. The Stackelberg price is lower than the pure monopoly or cartel price, but greater than the perfectly competitive price. Applications The Stackelberg concept has been extended to dynamic Stackelberg games. With the addition of time as a dimension, phenomena not found in static games were discovered, such as violation of the principle of optimality by the leader. In recent years, Stackelberg games have been applied in the security domain. In this context, the defender (leader) designs a strategy to protect a resource, such that the resource remains safe irrespective of the strategy adopted by the attacker (follower). Stackelberg differential games are also used to model supply chains and marketing channels. Other applications of Stackelberg games include heterogeneous networks, genetic privacy, robotics, autonomous driving, electrical grids, and integrated energy systems. See also Economic theory Cournot competition Bertrand competition Extensive form game Industrial organization Mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints References ^ Simaan, M.; Cruz, J. B. (May 1973). "On the Stackelberg strategy in nonzero-sum games". Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications. 11 (5): 533–555. doi:10.1007/BF00935665. ISSN 0022-3239. S2CID 121400147. ^ a b Simaan, M.; Cruz, J. B. (June 1973). "Additional aspects of the Stackelberg strategy in nonzero-sum games". Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications. 11 (6): 613–626. doi:10.1007/BF00935561. ISSN 0022-3239. ^ Brown, Gerald (2006). "Defending critical infrastructure". Interfaces. 36 (6): 530–544. doi:10.1287/inte.1060.0252. hdl:10945/36732. S2CID 16223037. ^ He, Xiuli; Prasad, Ashutosh; Sethi, Suresh P.; Gutierrez, Genaro J. (December 2007). "A survey of Stackelberg differential game models in supply and marketing channels". Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. 16 (4): 385–413. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.2952. doi:10.1007/s11518-007-5058-2. ISSN 1004-3756. S2CID 11443159. ^ Ghosh, Subha; De, Debashis (2021-04-28). "E²M³: energy-efficient massive MIMO–MISO 5G HetNet using Stackelberg game". The Journal of Supercomputing. 77 (11): 13549–13583. doi:10.1007/s11227-021-03809-1. ISSN 0920-8542. S2CID 235569547. ^ Wan, Zhiyu; Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy; Xia, Weiyi; Clayton, Ellen Wright; Kantarcioglu, Murat; Malin, Bradley (2017-02-02). "Expanding Access to Large-Scale Genomic Data While Promoting Privacy: A Game Theoretic Approach". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 100 (2): 316–322. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.12.002. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 5294764. PMID 28065469. ^ Wan, Zhiyu; Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy; Xia, Weiyi; Liu, Yongtai; Wooders, Myrna; Guo, Jia; Yin, Zhijun; Clayton, Ellen Wright; Kantarcioglu, Murat; Malin, Bradley A. (2021). "Using game theory to thwart multistage privacy intrusions when sharing data". Science Advances. 7 (50): eabe9986. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.9986W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe9986. PMC 8664254. PMID 34890225. ^ Koh, Joewie J.; Ding, Guohui; Heckman, Christoffer; Chen, Lijun; Roncone, Alessandro (2020-10-24). "Cooperative Control of Mobile Robots with Stackelberg Learning". 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE. pp. 7985–7992. arXiv:2008.00679. doi:10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9341376. ISBN 978-1-7281-6212-6. S2CID 220935562. ^ Ranjbar-Sahraei, Bijan; Stankova, Katerina; Tuyls, Karl; Weiss, Gerhard (2013-09-02). "Stackelberg-based Coverage Approach in Nonconvex Environments". Advances in Artificial Life, ECAL 2013. MIT Press: 462–469. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.650.4481. doi:10.7551/978-0-262-31709-2-ch066. ISBN 978-0-262-31709-2. S2CID 11668402. ^ Yoo, Jehong; Langari, Reza (2020). "A Stackelberg Game Theoretic Model of Lane-Merging". arXiv:2003.09786. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Cooper, Matt; Lee, Jun Ki; Beck, Jacob; Fishman, Joshua D.; Gillett, Michael; Papakipos, Zoë; Zhang, Aaron; Ramos, Jerome; Shah, Aansh (2019), Salichs, Miguel A.; Ge, Shuzhi Sam; Barakova, Emilia Ivanova; Cabibihan, John-John (eds.), "Stackelberg Punishment and Bully-Proofing Autonomous Vehicles", Social Robotics, vol. 11876, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 368–377, arXiv:1908.08641, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35888-4_34, ISBN 978-3-030-35887-7, S2CID 201645147, retrieved 2021-05-03 ^ Qiu, Haifeng; Gu, Wei; Wang, Lu; Pan, Guangsheng; Xu, Yinliang; Wu, Zhi (June 2021). "Trilayer Stackelberg Game Approach for Robustly Power Management in Community Grids". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 17 (6): 4073–4083. doi:10.1109/TII.2020.3015733. ISSN 1551-3203. S2CID 226558914. ^ An, Lu; Chakrabortty, Aranya; Duel-Hallen, Alexandra (2020-12-14). "A Stackelberg Security Investment Game for Voltage Stability of Power Systems". 2020 59th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). Jeju, Korea (South): IEEE. pp. 3359–3364. arXiv:2006.11665. doi:10.1109/CDC42340.2020.9304301. ISBN 978-1-7281-7447-1. S2CID 219965779. ^ Zheng, Weiye; Hill, David J. (2021-03-01). "Incentive-based coordination mechanism for distributed operation of integrated electricity and heat systems". Applied Energy. 285: 116373. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116373. ISSN 0306-2619. S2CID 233833095. H. von Stackelberg, Market Structure and Equilibrium: 1st Edition Translation into English, Bazin, Urch & Hill, Springer 2011, XIV, 134 p., ISBN 978-3-642-12585-0 Fudenberg, D. and Tirole, J. (1993) Game Theory, MIT Press. (see Chapter 3, sect 1) Gibbons, R. (1992) A primer in game theory, Harvester-Wheatsheaf. (see Chapter 2, section 1B) Osborne, M.J. and Rubenstein, A. (1994) A Course in Game Theory, MIT Press (see p 97-98) Oligoply Theory made Simple, Chapter 6 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon. vteTopics of game theoryDefinitions Congestion game Cooperative game Determinacy Escalation of commitment Extensive-form game First-player and second-player win Game complexity Graphical game Hierarchy of beliefs Information set Normal-form game Preference Sequential game Simultaneous game Simultaneous action selection Solved game Succinct game Mechanism design Equilibriumconcepts Bayes correlated equilibrium Bayesian Nash equilibrium Berge equilibrium Core Correlated equilibrium Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium Epsilon-equilibrium Evolutionarily stable strategy Gibbs equilibrium Mertens-stable equilibrium Markov perfect equilibrium Nash equilibrium Pareto efficiency Perfect Bayesian equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Risk dominance Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium Sequential equilibrium Shapley value Strong Nash equilibrium Subgame perfection Trembling hand equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Backward induction Bid shading Collusion Cheap talk De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Forward induction Grim trigger Markov strategy Dominant strategies Pure strategy Mixed strategy Strategy-stealing argument Tit for tat Classesof games Auction Bargaining problem Global game Intransitive game Mean-field game n-player game Perfect information Large Poisson game Potential game Repeated game Screening game Signaling game Strictly determined game Stochastic game Symmetric game Zero-sum game Games Go Chess Infinite chess Checkers All-pay auction Prisoner's dilemma Gift-exchange game Optional prisoner's dilemma Traveler's dilemma Coordination game Chicken Centipede game Lewis signaling game Volunteer's dilemma Dollar auction Battle of the sexes Stag hunt Matching pennies Ultimatum game Rock paper scissors Pirate game Dictator game Public goods game Blotto game War of attrition El Farol Bar problem Fair division Fair cake-cutting Bertrand competition Cournot competition Stackelberg competition Deadlock Diner's dilemma Guess 2/3 of the average Kuhn poker Nash bargaining game Induction puzzles Trust game Princess and monster game Rendezvous problem Theorems Aumann's agreement theorem Folk theorem Minimax theorem Nash's theorem Negamax theorem Purification theorem Revelation principle Sprague–Grundy theorem Zermelo's theorem Keyfigures Albert W. Tucker Amos Tversky Antoine Augustin Cournot Ariel Rubinstein Claude Shannon Daniel Kahneman David K. Levine David M. Kreps Donald B. Gillies Drew Fudenberg Eric Maskin Harold W. Kuhn Herbert Simon Hervé Moulin John Conway Jean Tirole Jean-François Mertens Jennifer Tour Chayes John Harsanyi John Maynard Smith John Nash John von Neumann Kenneth Arrow Kenneth Binmore Leonid Hurwicz Lloyd Shapley Melvin Dresher Merrill M. Flood Olga Bondareva Oskar Morgenstern Paul Milgrom Peyton Young Reinhard Selten Robert Axelrod Robert Aumann Robert B. Wilson Roger Myerson Samuel Bowles Suzanne Scotchmer Thomas Schelling William Vickrey Miscellaneous Alpha–beta pruning Bounded rationality Combinatorial game theory Confrontation analysis Coopetition Evolutionary game theory Glossary of game theory List of game theorists List of games in game theory No-win situation Topological game Tragedy of the commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Freiherr_von_Stackelberg"},{"link_name":"Marktform und Gleichgewicht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marktform_und_Gleichgewicht&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"ex ante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_ante"},{"link_name":"commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise"}],"text":"The Stackelberg leadership model is a strategic game in economics in which the leader firm moves first and then the follower firms move sequentially (hence, it is sometimes described as the \"leader-follower game\"). It is named after the German economist Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg who published Marktform und Gleichgewicht [Market Structure and Equilibrium] in 1934, which described the model. In game theory terms, the players of this game are a leader and a follower and they compete on quantity. The Stackelberg leader is sometimes referred to as the Market Leader.There are some further constraints upon the sustaining of a Stackelberg equilibrium. The leader must know ex ante that the follower observes its action. The follower must have no means of committing to a future non-Stackelberg leader's action and the leader must know this. Indeed, if the 'follower' could commit to a Stackelberg leader action and the 'leader' knew this, the leader's best response would be to play a Stackelberg follower action.Firms may engage in Stackelberg competition if one has some sort of advantage enabling it to move first. More generally, the leader must have commitment power. Moving observably first is the most obvious means of commitment: once the leader has made its move, it cannot undo it—it is committed to that action. Moving first may be possible if the leader was the incumbent monopoly of the industry and the follower is a new entrant. Holding excess capacity is another means of commitment.","title":"Stackelberg competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subgame perfect Nash equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgame_perfect_Nash_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"Nash equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"subgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgame"},{"link_name":"backward induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_concept"},{"link_name":"best response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_response"},{"link_name":"best response functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_response"}],"text":"The Stackelberg model can be solved to find the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium or equilibria (SPNE), i.e. the strategy profile that serves best each player, given the strategies of the other player and that entails every player playing in a Nash equilibrium in every subgame.In very general terms, let the price function for the (duopoly) industry be \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n; price is simply a function of total (industry) output, so is \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(q_{1}+q_{2})}\n \n where the subscript \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle _{1}}\n \n represents the leader and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle _{2}}\n \n represents the follower. Suppose firm \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n has the cost structure \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{i}(q_{i})}\n \n. The model is solved by backward induction. The leader considers what the best response of the follower is, i.e. how it will respond once it has observed the quantity of the leader. The leader then picks a quantity that maximises its payoff, anticipating the predicted response of the follower. The follower actually observes this and in equilibrium picks the expected quantity as a response.To calculate the SPNE, the best response functions of the follower must first be calculated (calculation moves 'backwards' because of backward induction).The profit of firm \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n (the follower) is revenue minus cost. Revenue is the product of price and quantity and cost is given by the firm's cost structure, so profit is:\n\n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{2}=P(q_{1}+q_{2})\\cdot q_{2}-C_{2}(q_{2})}\n \n. The best response is to find the value of \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n that maximises \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{2}}\n \n given \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}}\n \n, i.e. given the output of the leader (firm \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n), the output that maximises the follower's profit is found. Hence, the maximum of \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{2}}\n \n with respect to \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n is to be found. First differentiate \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{2}}\n \n with respect to \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n:∂\n \n Π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial \\Pi _{2}}{\\partial q_{2}}}={\\frac {\\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}\\cdot q_{2}+P(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}.}Setting this to zero for maximisation:∂\n \n Π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial \\Pi _{2}}{\\partial q_{2}}}={\\frac {\\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}\\cdot q_{2}+P(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}=0.}The values of \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n that satisfy this equation are the best responses. Now the best response function of the leader is considered. This function is calculated by considering the follower's output as a function of the leader's output, as just computed.The profit of firm \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n (the leader) is \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n )\n .\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{1}=P(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1})).q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1})}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}(q_{1})}\n \n is the follower's quantity as a function of the leader's quantity, namely the function calculated above. The best response is to find the value of \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}}\n \n that maximises \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{1}}\n \n given \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}(q_{1})}\n \n, i.e. given the best response function of the follower (firm \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n), the output that maximises the leader's profit is found. Hence, the maximum of \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{1}}\n \n with respect to \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}}\n \n is to be found. First, differentiate \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{1}}\n \n with respect to \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}}\n \n:∂\n \n Π\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n )\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial \\Pi _{1}}{\\partial q_{1}}}={\\frac {\\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}\\cdot {\\frac {\\partial q_{2}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}\\cdot q_{1}+{\\frac {\\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\\partial q_{1}}}\\cdot q_{1}+P(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1}))-{\\frac {\\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}.}Setting this to zero for maximisation:∂\n \n Π\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n P\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n )\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial \\Pi _{1}}{\\partial q_{1}}}={\\frac {\\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}\\cdot {\\frac {\\partial q_{2}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}\\cdot q_{1}+{\\frac {\\partial P(q_{1}+q_{2})}{\\partial q_{1}}}\\cdot q_{1}+P(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1}))-{\\frac {\\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}=0.}","title":"Subgame perfect Nash equilibrium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cournot competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot_competition"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"The following example is very general. It assumes a generalised linear demand structurep\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n −\n b\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(q_{1}+q_{2})={\\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}){\\bigg )}}and imposes some restrictions on cost structures for simplicity's sake so the problem can be resolved.∂\n \n 2\n \n \n \n C\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n ⋅\n ∂\n \n q\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n ∀\n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial ^{2}C_{i}(q_{i})}{\\partial q_{i}\\cdot \\partial q_{j}}}=0,\\forall j}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n j\n ≠\n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial C_{i}(q_{i})}{\\partial q_{j}}}=0,j\\neq \\ i}for ease of computation.The follower's profit is:π\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n −\n b\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{2}={\\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}){\\bigg )}\\cdot q_{2}-C_{2}(q_{2}).}The maximisation problem resolves to (from the general case):∂\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n −\n b\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n a\n −\n b\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial {\\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}){\\bigg )}}{\\partial q_{2}}}\\cdot q_{2}+a-b(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}=0,}⇒\n \n −\n b\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n a\n −\n b\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Rightarrow \\ -bq_{2}+a-b(q_{1}+q_{2})-{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}=0,}⇒\n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n a\n −\n b\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n b\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Rightarrow \\ q_{2}={\\frac {a-bq_{1}-{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}}{2b}}.}Consider the leader's problem:Π\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n −\n b\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{1}={\\bigg (}a-b(q_{1}+q_{2}(q_{1})){\\bigg )}\\cdot q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1}).}Substituting for \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}(q_{1})}\n \n from the follower's problem:Π\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n −\n b\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n a\n −\n b\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n b\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{1}={\\bigg (}a-b{\\bigg (}q_{1}+{\\frac {a-bq_{1}-{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}}{2b}}{\\bigg )}{\\bigg )}\\cdot q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1}),}⇒\n \n Π\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n −\n b\n .\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n ⋅\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Rightarrow \\Pi _{1}={\\bigg (}{\\frac {a-b.q_{1}+{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}}{2}}){\\bigg )}\\cdot q_{1}-C_{1}(q_{1}).}The maximisation problem resolves to (from the general case):∂\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n −\n 2\n b\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial \\pi _{1}}{\\partial q_{1}}}={\\bigg (}{\\frac {a-2bq_{1}+{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}}{2}}{\\bigg )}-{\\frac {\\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}=0.}Now solving for \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}}\n \n yields \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}^{}}\n \n, the leader's optimal action:q\n \n 1\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n a\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 2\n ⋅\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n b\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}^{}={\\frac {a+{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}-2\\cdot {\\frac {\\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}}{2b}}.}This is the leader's best response to the reaction of the follower in equilibrium. The follower's actual can now be found by feeding this into its reaction function calculated earlier:q\n \n 2\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n a\n −\n b\n ⋅\n \n \n \n a\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 2\n ⋅\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n b\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n b\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}^{}={\\frac {a-b\\cdot {\\frac {a+{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}-2\\cdot {\\frac {\\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}}{2b}}-{\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}}{2b}},}⇒\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n a\n −\n 3\n ⋅\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 2\n ⋅\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n b\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Rightarrow q_{2}^{}={\\frac {a-3\\cdot {\\frac {\\partial C_{2}(q_{2})}{\\partial q_{2}}}+2\\cdot {\\frac {\\partial C_{1}(q_{1})}{\\partial q_{1}}}}{4b}}.}The Nash equilibria are all \n \n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ,\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (q_{1}^{},q_{2}^{})}\n \n. It is clear (if marginal costs are assumed to be zero - i.e. cost is essentially ignored) that the leader has a significant advantage. Intuitively, if the leader was no better off than the follower, it would simply adopt a Cournot competition strategy.Plugging the follower's quantity \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n, back into the leader's best response function will not yield \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}}\n \n. This is because once leader has committed to an output and observed the followers it always wants to reduce its output ex-post. However its inability to do so is what allows it to receive higher profits than under Cournot.","title":"Subgame perfect Nash equilibrium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decision tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extensive_form_game_4.JPG"},{"link_name":"extensive form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensive_form_game"},{"link_name":"extensive form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensive_form_game"},{"link_name":"marginal cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_cost"},{"link_name":"fixed cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_cost"},{"link_name":"Cournot profits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot_competition"},{"link_name":"monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"production function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_function"}],"text":"An extensive-form representation is often used to analyze the Stackelberg leader-follower model. Also referred to as a “decision tree”, the model shows the combination of outputs and payoffs both firms have in the Stackelberg game.A Stackelberg game represented in extensive formThe image on the left depicts in extensive form a Stackelberg game. The payoffs are shown on the right. This example is fairly simple. There is a basic cost structure involving only marginal cost (there is no fixed cost). The demand function is linear and price elasticity of demand is 1. However, it illustrates the leader's advantage.The follower wants to choose \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n to maximise its payoff \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n ×\n (\n 5000\n −\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}\\times (5000-q_{1}-q_{2}-c_{2})}\n \n. Taking the first order derivative and equating it to zero (for maximisation) yields \n\n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 5000\n −\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}={\\frac {5000-q_{1}-c_{2}}{2}}}\n \n as the maximum value of \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n.The leader wants to choose \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}}\n \n to maximise its payoff \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n (\n 5000\n −\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}\\times (5000-q_{1}-q_{2}-c_{1})}\n \n. However, in equilibrium, it knows the follower will choose \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n as above. So in fact the leader wants to maximise its payoff \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n (\n 5000\n −\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 5000\n −\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}\\times (5000-q_{1}-{\\frac {5000-q_{1}-c_{2}}{2}}-c_{1})}\n \n (by substituting \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}}\n \n for the follower's best response function). By differentiation, the maximum payoff is given by \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 5000\n −\n 2\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{1}={\\frac {5000-2c_{1}+c_{2}}{2}}}\n \n. Feeding this into the follower's best response function yields \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 5000\n +\n 2\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{2}={\\frac {5000+2c_{1}-3c_{2}}{4}}}\n \n. Suppose marginal costs were equal for the firms (so the leader has no market advantage other than first move) and in particular \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 1000\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{1}=c_{2}=1000}\n \n. The leader would produce 2000 and the follower would produce 1000. This would give the leader a profit (payoff) of two million and the follower a profit of one million. Simply by moving first, the leader has accrued twice the profit of the follower. However, Cournot profits here are 1.78 million apiece (strictly, \n \n \n \n (\n 16\n \n /\n \n 9\n )\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (16/9)10^{6}}\n \n apiece), so the leader has not gained much, but the follower has lost. However, this is example-specific. There may be cases where a Stackelberg leader has huge gains beyond Cournot profit that approach monopoly profits (for example, if the leader also had a large cost structure advantage, perhaps due to a better production function). There may also be cases where the follower actually enjoys higher profits than the leader, but only because it, say, has much lower costs. This behaviour consistently work on duopoly markets even if the firms are asymmetrical.","title":"Economic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"If, after the leader had selected its equilibrium quantity, the follower deviated from the equilibrium and chose some non-optimal quantity it would not only hurt itself, but it could also hurt the leader. If the follower chose a much larger quantity than its best response, the market price would lower and the leader's profits would be stung, perhaps below Cournot level profits. In this case, the follower could announce to the leader before the game starts that unless the leader chooses a Cournot equilibrium quantity, the follower will choose a deviant quantity that will hit the leader's profits. After all, the quantity chosen by the leader in equilibrium is only optimal if the follower also plays in equilibrium. The leader is, however, in no danger. Once the leader has chosen its equilibrium quantity, it would be irrational for the follower to deviate because it too would be hurt. Once the leader has chosen, the follower is better off by playing on the equilibrium path. Hence, such a threat by the follower would not be credible.However, in an (indefinitely) repeated Stackelberg game, the follower might adopt a punishment strategy where it threatens to punish the leader in the next period unless it chooses a non-optimal strategy in the current period. This threat may be credible because it could be rational for the follower to punish in the next period so that the leader chooses Cournot quantities thereafter.","title":"Credible and non-credible threats by the follower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cournot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot_competition"},{"link_name":"perfect information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information"},{"link_name":"ceteris paribus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceteris_paribus"}],"text":"The Stackelberg and Cournot models are similar because in both competition is on quantity. However, as seen, the first move gives the leader in Stackelberg a crucial advantage. There is also the important assumption of perfect information in the Stackelberg game: the follower must observe the quantity chosen by the leader, otherwise the game reduces to Cournot. With imperfect information, the threats described above can be credible. If the follower cannot observe the leader's move, it is no longer irrational for the follower to choose, say, a Cournot level of quantity (in fact, that is the equilibrium action). However, it must be that there is imperfect information and the follower is unable to observe the leader's move because it is irrational for the follower not to observe if it can once the leader has moved. If it can observe, it will so that it can make the optimal decision. Any threat by the follower claiming that it will not observe even if it can is as uncredible as those above. This is an example of too much information hurting a player. In Cournot competition, it is the simultaneity of the game (the imperfection of knowledge) that results in neither player (ceteris paribus) being at a disadvantage.","title":"Stackelberg compared with Cournot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nash equilibria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibria"},{"link_name":"solution concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_concept"},{"link_name":"subgame perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgame_perfection"}],"sub_title":"Game theoretic considerations","text":"As mentioned, imperfect information in a leadership game reduces to Cournot competition. However, some Cournot strategy profiles are sustained as Nash equilibria but can be eliminated as incredible threats (as described above) by applying the solution concept of subgame perfection. Indeed, it is the very thing that makes a Cournot strategy profile a Nash equilibrium in a Stackelberg game that prevents it from being subgame perfect.Consider a Stackelberg game (i.e. one which fulfills the requirements described above for sustaining a Stackelberg equilibrium) in which, for some reason, the leader believes that whatever action it takes, the follower will choose a Cournot quantity (perhaps the leader believes that the follower is irrational). If the leader played a Stackelberg action, (it believes) that the follower will play Cournot. Hence it is non-optimal for the leader to play Stackelberg. In fact, its best response (by the definition of Cournot equilibrium) is to play Cournot quantity. Once it has done this, the best response of the follower is to play Cournot.Consider the following strategy profiles: the leader plays Cournot; the follower plays Cournot if the leader plays Cournot and the follower plays Stackelberg if the leader plays Stackelberg and if the leader plays something else, the follower plays an arbitrary strategy (hence this actually describes several profiles). This profile is a Nash equilibrium. As argued above, on the equilibrium path play is a best response to a best response. However, playing Cournot would not have been the best response of the leader were it that the follower would play Stackelberg if it (the leader) played Stackelberg. In this case, the best response of the leader would be to play Stackelberg. Hence, what makes this profile (or rather, these profiles) a Nash equilibrium (or rather, Nash equilibria) is the fact that the follower would play non-Stackelberg if the leader were to play Stackelberg.However, this very fact (that the follower would play non-Stackelberg if the leader were to play Stackelberg) means that this profile is not a Nash equilibrium of the subgame starting when the leader has already played Stackelberg (a subgame off the equilibrium path). If the leader has already played Stackelberg, the best response of the follower is to play Stackelberg (and therefore it is the only action that yields a Nash equilibrium in this subgame). Hence the strategy profile - which is Cournot - is not subgame perfect.","title":"Stackelberg compared with Cournot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_competition"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel"},{"link_name":"competitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(economics)"}],"text":"In comparison with other oligopoly models,The aggregate Stackelberg output is greater than the aggregate Cournot output, but less than the aggregate Bertrand output.\nThe Stackelberg price is lower than the Cournot price, but greater than the Bertrand price.\nThe Stackelberg consumer surplus is greater than the Cournot consumer surplus, but lower than the Bertrand consumer surplus.\nThe aggregate Stackelberg output is greater than pure monopoly or cartel, but less than the perfectly competitive output.\nThe Stackelberg price is lower than the pure monopoly or cartel price, but greater than the perfectly competitive price.","title":"Comparison with other oligopoly models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"supply chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain"},{"link_name":"marketing channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_channel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"heterogeneous networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_network"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"genetic privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_privacy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"autonomous driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_driving"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"electrical grids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"energy systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_system"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Stackelberg concept has been extended to dynamic Stackelberg games.[1][2] With the addition of time as a dimension, phenomena not found in static games were discovered, such as violation of the principle of optimality by the leader.[2]In recent years, Stackelberg games have been applied in the security domain.[3] In this context, the defender (leader) designs a strategy to protect a resource, such that the resource remains safe irrespective of the strategy adopted by the attacker (follower). Stackelberg differential games are also used to model supply chains and marketing channels.[4] Other applications of Stackelberg games include heterogeneous networks,[5] genetic privacy,[6][7] robotics,[8][9] autonomous driving,[10][11] electrical grids,[12][13] and integrated energy systems.[14]","title":"Applications"}]	[{"image_text":"A Stackelberg game represented in extensive form","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Extensive_form_game_4.JPG/300px-Extensive_form_game_4.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Economic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_theory"},{"title":"Cournot competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot_competition"},{"title":"Bertrand competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_competition"},{"title":"Extensive form game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensive_form_game"},{"title":"Industrial organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_organization"},{"title":"Mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_programming_with_equilibrium_constraints"}]	[{"reference":"Simaan, M.; Cruz, J. B. (May 1973). \"On the Stackelberg strategy in nonzero-sum games\". Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications. 11 (5): 533–555. doi:10.1007/BF00935665. ISSN 0022-3239. S2CID 121400147.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00935665","url_text":"\"On the Stackelberg strategy in nonzero-sum games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00935665","url_text":"10.1007/BF00935665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3239","url_text":"0022-3239"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121400147","url_text":"121400147"}]},{"reference":"Simaan, M.; Cruz, J. B. (June 1973). \"Additional aspects of the Stackelberg strategy in nonzero-sum games\". Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications. 11 (6): 613–626. doi:10.1007/BF00935561. ISSN 0022-3239.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00935561","url_text":"\"Additional aspects of the Stackelberg strategy in nonzero-sum games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00935561","url_text":"10.1007/BF00935561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3239","url_text":"0022-3239"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Gerald (2006). \"Defending critical infrastructure\". Interfaces. 36 (6): 530–544. doi:10.1287/inte.1060.0252. hdl:10945/36732. S2CID 16223037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1287%2Finte.1060.0252","url_text":"10.1287/inte.1060.0252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F36732","url_text":"10945/36732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16223037","url_text":"16223037"}]},{"reference":"He, Xiuli; Prasad, Ashutosh; Sethi, Suresh P.; Gutierrez, Genaro J. (December 2007). \"A survey of Stackelberg differential game models in supply and marketing channels\". Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. 16 (4): 385–413. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.2952. doi:10.1007/s11518-007-5058-2. ISSN 1004-3756. S2CID 11443159.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11518-007-5058-2","url_text":"\"A survey of Stackelberg differential game models in supply and marketing channels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.727.2952","url_text":"10.1.1.727.2952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11518-007-5058-2","url_text":"10.1007/s11518-007-5058-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1004-3756","url_text":"1004-3756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11443159","url_text":"11443159"}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Subha; De, Debashis (2021-04-28). \"E²M³: energy-efficient massive MIMO–MISO 5G HetNet using Stackelberg game\". The Journal of Supercomputing. 77 (11): 13549–13583. doi:10.1007/s11227-021-03809-1. ISSN 0920-8542. S2CID 235569547.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11227-021-03809-1","url_text":"\"E²M³: energy-efficient massive MIMO–MISO 5G HetNet using Stackelberg game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11227-021-03809-1","url_text":"10.1007/s11227-021-03809-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0920-8542","url_text":"0920-8542"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235569547","url_text":"235569547"}]},{"reference":"Wan, Zhiyu; Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy; Xia, Weiyi; Clayton, Ellen Wright; Kantarcioglu, Murat; Malin, Bradley (2017-02-02). \"Expanding Access to Large-Scale Genomic Data While Promoting Privacy: A Game Theoretic Approach\". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 100 (2): 316–322. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.12.002. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 5294764. PMID 28065469.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5294764","url_text":"\"Expanding Access to Large-Scale Genomic Data While Promoting Privacy: A Game Theoretic Approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.12.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.12.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297","url_text":"0002-9297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5294764","url_text":"5294764"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28065469","url_text":"28065469"}]},{"reference":"Wan, Zhiyu; Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy; Xia, Weiyi; Liu, Yongtai; Wooders, Myrna; Guo, Jia; Yin, Zhijun; Clayton, Ellen Wright; Kantarcioglu, Murat; Malin, Bradley A. (2021). \"Using game theory to thwart multistage privacy intrusions when sharing data\". Science Advances. 7 (50): eabe9986. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.9986W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe9986. PMC 8664254. PMID 34890225.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8664254","url_text":"\"Using game theory to thwart multistage privacy intrusions when sharing data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.9986W","url_text":"2021SciA....7.9986W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abe9986","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.abe9986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8664254","url_text":"8664254"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34890225","url_text":"34890225"}]},{"reference":"Koh, Joewie J.; Ding, Guohui; Heckman, Christoffer; Chen, Lijun; Roncone, Alessandro (2020-10-24). \"Cooperative Control of Mobile Robots with Stackelberg Learning\". 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE. pp. 7985–7992. arXiv:2008.00679. doi:10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9341376. ISBN 978-1-7281-6212-6. 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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 17 (6): 4073–4083. doi:10.1109/TII.2020.3015733. ISSN 1551-3203. S2CID 226558914.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9165150","url_text":"\"Trilayer Stackelberg Game Approach for Robustly Power Management in Community Grids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTII.2020.3015733","url_text":"10.1109/TII.2020.3015733"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1551-3203","url_text":"1551-3203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226558914","url_text":"226558914"}]},{"reference":"An, Lu; Chakrabortty, Aranya; Duel-Hallen, Alexandra (2020-12-14). \"A Stackelberg Security Investment Game for Voltage Stability of Power Systems\". 2020 59th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). Jeju, Korea (South): IEEE. pp. 3359–3364. arXiv:2006.11665. doi:10.1109/CDC42340.2020.9304301. ISBN 978-1-7281-7447-1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelloway_Motor_Services	Yelloway Motor Services	["1 History","2 Museum","3 Revival","4 References","5 External links"]	Yelloway Motor ServicesPlaxton bodied AEC Reliance outside the Rochdale garage in September 1972Founded1915Ceased operation1988HeadquartersRochdaleService areaGreater ManchesterService typeCoach service operator Yelloway Motor Services was a bus and coach company based in Rochdale. History Preserved Plaxton Supreme bodied Leyland Leopard in 2009 In 1902, Robert Holt commenced a parcels delivery service in the Rochdale area using a pony and cart. In 1904, Holt went into partnership with his younger brother Ernest and they established themselves as carriers trading as Messrs Holt Brothers. Additional ponies and carts were purchased, later followed by steam and motor lorries. In an attempt to earn additional revenue, when the lorries would otherwise be idle, interchangeable charabanc bodies to enable the lorries to be converted into passenger pleasure vehicles at weekends. In May 1913 the first purpose built charabanc entered service, a 28-seat Dennis painted in a yellow livery with burgundy upholstery. When it arrived at the offices of Holt Bros in Rochdale a member of staff shouted "The Yellow Car has arrived!" This remark was the birth of the trading name Holts Yellow Cars. In November 1915, the company was incorporated as Holt Bros (Rochdale) Limited. The company extended its operations into Manchester and Oldham. It diversified into stage carriage services in 1921. On 1 October 1928, an express service linking Blackpool with London commenced. In 1930 the business was placed in administration. In March 1931, a consortium of Maurice Edwards, John Barlow and Herbert Allen purchased the business. On 9 April 1932, the company was officially renamed Yelloway Motor Services Limited. Yelloway was granted operating licences for a service to Torquay, with other operators denied. By 1937, Yelloway was providing travel facilities for passengers from West Yorkshire to destinations in South West England, connecting services being provided by Ripponden & District through Halifax, Sowerby Bridge and Ripponden to Oldham where they joined the Devon bound coaches. World War II caused the curtailment of a number of services, including the London express. In 1944, Maurice Edwards indicated his desire to sell his stake. In order that no additional borrowing was undertaken, which may have put the company into debt, the Manchester to Rochdale service was sold on 18 June 1944 to Manchester, Rochdale and Oldham Corporations. In 1947, Yelloway acquired the operation of Brierley Brothers, Rochdale which included tour and excursion licences and an express route to North Wales from Rochdale and Oldham. In 1955, Holts of Oldham was purchased. This business had been set up by the original founders of Holt Brothers because of licensing difficulties in Oldham and, although at one time it had been planned to merge the two operations this had never been done and the Oldham company had continued to trade separately. Blue Bird Tours, Hollinwood was also acquired, including excursions licences from the Oldham area and a number of express services, including a Hyde to Cleveleys route, which was retained, although the Oldham to Market Drayton service was sold to the North Western Road Car Company. In 1959, Yelloway acquired three more operators, taking over the businesses of the Rossendale Division Carriage Company, Johnston Bros (Middleton), and Merriway Tours. In 1961, the excursion licences of Turner Brothers, Todmorden were purchased, followed in 1964 by the excursion licences of Chas Holt & Sons, Whitworth, Kershaws Luxury Tours of Rochdale in 1967. In 1968 the related businesses of William Makinson (Manchester) Limited and North Manchester Motor Coaches Limited were acquired, in addition to excursion licences the latter company held express service licences to Blackpool and North Wales. In 1976 an agreement was reached with National Bus Company that saw Yelloway relinquish its London express routes in return National Bus Company's interests in the Fylde Coast Pool were handed over to Yelloway, which became the sole operator on the routes. In January 1984, following a revision by National Express, routes were allocated service numbers; 841: Rochdale to Poole (jointly with National Express) 845: Rochdale to Swansea (jointly with National Express) 877: Blackburn to Clacton-on-Sea (jointly with Premier Travel) 878: Blackpool to Clacton-on-Sea (jointly with Premier Travel) 883: Rochdale to Plymouth 884: Rochdale to Paignton 885: Rochdale to Bournemouth 886: Rochdale to Southampton 890: Burnley to Paignton On 5 July 1985, Yelloway was sold to Neoplan dealer Carlton PSV Sales of Rotherham. In October 1986, following deregulation, Yelloway registered several stage carriage services in the Greater Manchester area and won contracts from the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive. By 1987 the services run jointly with Premier Travel were no longer operating and National Express services had replaced them. Instead, Yelloway was contracted to run two journeys a day on the Burnley to Harwich services 351 and 352. Most of the remaining coach work undertaken by Yelloway at this time was under contract to National Express and this was transferred to Carlton PSV Sales' parent ATL Holdings newly acquired National Travel East subsidiary along with most of the coach fleet. The last remaining vestige of the Yelloway express network was the Blackpool route through Oldham and Rochdale areas, but by late 1988 this too had gone. In return a motley collection of second-hand vehicles came to Yelloway to operate the stage carriage services. By late 1988, Yelloway Motor Services had been reduced to a run down local service operator. Maintenance problems with the ageing fleet resulted in a number of buses being put off the road. Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executives cancelled contracts on several services because of poor performance. On 24 November 1988, the Yelloway was placed under the control of Crosville Motor Services, which had just been purchased by ATL Holdings, along with the remaining contract work and the name disappeared. Museum A Yelloway mobile museum, housed in a former Yelloway coach, was formed in 2002 by enthusiast David Haddock. It is now owned by Paul Blackburn and is based at the Bury Transport Museum. Revival In 2008, Courtesy Coaches bought the rights to the Yelloway name, and currently use it on a fleet of 15 coaches. In 2008, it won a contract to provide transport for the Rochdale Hornets rugby league team. References ^ Companies House extract company no 142224 North Notts Finance Co Limited formerly Yelloway Motor Services Limited ^ a b c Messers Holt Brothers Yelloway Motor Coach Museum ^ a b The first few years to 1945 Yelloway Motor Coach Museum ^ a b The post war travel boom Yelloway Motor Coach Museum ^ a b c d e Decline & demise Yelloway Motor Coach Museum ^ Importer buys Yelloway Commercial Motor 20 July 1985 ^ NBC sells Tracky Commercial Motor 7 February 1987 ^ Yelloway cut back Commercial Motor 23 May 1987 ^ One year only for Yelloway Commercial Motor 7 April 1988 ^ ATL Holidings Hansard 20 June 1988 House of Commons ^ Yelloway sold to Crosville MS Commercial Motor 1 December 1988 ^ Home Yelloway Motor Coach Museum ^ Home Yelloway ^ Yelloway Coaches celebrating 100th anniversary Rochdale Online 18 May 2015 ^ Top coaches come to Hornets Rochdale Observer External links Yelloway Project Ipernity gallery vteFormer bus companies of the United KingdomNational Associated Motorways Blazefield Holdings British Bus British Coachways British Electric Traction Fraser Eagle GRT Group HCT Group National Bus Company Tilling Group EnglandvteFormer bus companies operating in EnglandNorth West England Avon Buses Birkenhead Transport Blackburn Transport Blue Bus & Coach Services Bluebird Bus & Coach Bu-Val Buses ChesterBus Citibus Tours Crosville Motor Services Finglands Coachways First Chester & The Wirral GHA Coaches Glenvale Transport GM Buses Halton Transport Jim Stones Coaches John Fishwick & Sons JPT Lancashire United Transport Manchester Community Transport Maynes Bus Maytree Travel Merseybus MTL North Western Road Car Company (1923) North Western Road Car Company (1986) Pennine Blue Red & White Services Ribble Motor Services Shearings Speedwellbus Transdev Northern Blue UK North Yelloway Motor Services North East England Black Prince Buses BrightBus Busways Travel Services Cleveland Transit Durham Travel Services Jolly Bus Mexborough and Swinton Traction Company Northern General Transport Company OK Motor Services Samuel Ledgard Scarlet Band South Yorkshire Transport Tates Travel United Automobile Services Venture Transport West Riding Automobile Company West Yorkshire Road Car Company Yorkshire Rider Yorkshire Terrier Yorkshire Traction Midlands Barton Transport Birmingham City Transport Birmingham Motor Traction Central Buses Chase Coaches First Northampton Glossopdale Bus Company Go West Midlands Ludlows North Birmingham Busways People's Express Premiere Travel Probus Management South Notts Bus Company Stevensons of Uttoxeter Travel de Courcey Travel Merry Hill Travel Your Bus Yourbus Zak's Buses East of England Eastern National Omnibus Company MK Metro South West England Abus Alexcars Badgerline Bristol Omnibus Company Crosville Motor Services Devon General Greyhound Motors Great Western Railway Hants & Dorset Nippy Bus Shamrock Buses Silver Star Motor Services South Gloucestershire Bus & Coach Southern National Sureline Trathens Travel Services WebberBus Wessex Bus Western Greyhound Western National Yellow Buses South East England Alder Valley Aldershot & District Traction Badger Vectis Boro'line Maidstone Cavendish Motor Services City Clipper Countryliner Eastbourne Buses East Kent Road Car Company Epsom Coaches Fleet Buzz Invictaway Kent Top Travel Maidstone & District Motor Services Maidstone Corporation Transport Marchwood Motorways Moss Motor Tours New Enterprise Coaches Portsmouth Corporation Transport Shamrock Buses Southampton Citybus Southdown Motor Services Southdown Buses Thames Transit Thames Valley Traction Tillingbourne Bus Company Velvet Yellow Bus Services Greater London Abellio Surrey Bexleybus Birch Brothers Boro'line London Capital Citybus Capital Logistics Connex East Thames Buses First London Grey-Green Harris Bus Kentish Bus Limebourne London Buslines London Country Bus Services London Country North East London Country North West London Country South West London Easylink London Electrobus Company London Forest London Pride Sightseeing London Traveller MTL NSL Buses Quality Line Thorpes Tower Transit Travel London Travel Surrey Westlink ScotlandvteFormer bus companies operating in ScotlandScottish Bus Group Central Scottish Clydeside Scottish Eastern Scottish Fife Scottish Highland Scottish Kelvin Central Buses Kelvin Scottish Lowland Scottish Midland Scottish Northern Scottish Strathtay Scottish Western Scottish Other operators Arriva Scotland West A1 Service Dart Buses First Scotland East First Stop Travel Gibson's of Moffat McKindless Munro's of Jedburgh Oban and District Rapsons Scottish Motor Traction Strathclyde Buses Western SMT WalesvteFormer bus companies operating in WalesCompanies Crosville Motor Services Express Motors GHA Coaches Islwyn Borough Transport National Welsh Omnibus Services Padarn Bus Red & White Services Rhondda Transport Company South Wales Transport Western Welsh Buses Wales	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale"}],"text":"Yelloway Motor Services[1] was a bus and coach company based in Rochdale.","title":"Yelloway Motor Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yelloway_coach_(MRJ_100W),_2009_Wirral_Bus_%26_Tram_Show.jpg"},{"link_name":"Plaxton Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Supreme"},{"link_name":"Leyland 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England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Sowerby Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowerby_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Ripponden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripponden"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM2-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM2-3"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM3-4"},{"link_name":"Hollinwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinwood,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Cleveleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveleys"},{"link_name":"Market Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Drayton"},{"link_name":"North Western Road Car Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Road_Car_Company_(1923)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM3-4"},{"link_name":"Todmorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todmorden"},{"link_name":"Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitworth,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM4-5"},{"link_name":"National Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bus_Company_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM4-5"},{"link_name":"National Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Express_Coaches"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Clacton-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Paignton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paignton"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley"},{"link_name":"Neoplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplan"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"deregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM4-5"},{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM4-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Metro"},{"link_name":"Crosville Motor Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosville_Motor_Services"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMCM4-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Preserved Plaxton Supreme bodied Leyland Leopard in 2009In 1902, Robert Holt commenced a parcels delivery service in the Rochdale area using a pony and cart. In 1904, Holt went into partnership with his younger brother Ernest and they established themselves as carriers trading as Messrs Holt Brothers. Additional ponies and carts were purchased, later followed by steam and motor lorries.[2]In an attempt to earn additional revenue, when the lorries would otherwise be idle, interchangeable charabanc bodies to enable the lorries to be converted into passenger pleasure vehicles at weekends. In May 1913 the first purpose built charabanc entered service, a 28-seat Dennis painted in a yellow livery with burgundy upholstery. When it arrived at the offices of Holt Bros in Rochdale a member of staff shouted \"The Yellow Car has arrived!\" This remark was the birth of the trading name Holts Yellow Cars. In November 1915, the company was incorporated as Holt Bros (Rochdale) Limited.[2]The company extended its operations into Manchester and Oldham. It diversified into stage carriage services in 1921. On 1 October 1928, an express service linking Blackpool with London commenced. In 1930 the business was placed in administration. In March 1931, a consortium of Maurice Edwards, John Barlow and Herbert Allen purchased the business. On 9 April 1932, the company was officially renamed Yelloway Motor Services Limited.[2]Yelloway was granted operating licences for a service to Torquay, with other operators denied. By 1937, Yelloway was providing travel facilities for passengers from West Yorkshire to destinations in South West England, connecting services being provided by Ripponden & District through Halifax, Sowerby Bridge and Ripponden to Oldham where they joined the Devon bound coaches.[3]World War II caused the curtailment of a number of services, including the London express. In 1944, Maurice Edwards indicated his desire to sell his stake. In order that no additional borrowing was undertaken, which may have put the company into debt, the Manchester to Rochdale service was sold on 18 June 1944 to Manchester, Rochdale and Oldham Corporations.[3]In 1947, Yelloway acquired the operation of Brierley Brothers, Rochdale which included tour and excursion licences and an express route to North Wales from Rochdale and Oldham. In 1955, Holts of Oldham was purchased. This business had been set up by the original founders of Holt Brothers because of licensing difficulties in Oldham and, although at one time it had been planned to merge the two operations this had never been done and the Oldham company had continued to trade separately.[4]Blue Bird Tours, Hollinwood was also acquired, including excursions licences from the Oldham area and a number of express services, including a Hyde to Cleveleys route, which was retained, although the Oldham to Market Drayton service was sold to the North Western Road Car Company. In 1959, Yelloway acquired three more operators, taking over the businesses of the Rossendale Division Carriage Company, Johnston Bros (Middleton), and Merriway Tours.[4]In 1961, the excursion licences of Turner Brothers, Todmorden were purchased, followed in 1964 by the excursion licences of Chas Holt & Sons, Whitworth, Kershaws Luxury Tours of Rochdale in 1967. In 1968 the related businesses of William Makinson (Manchester) Limited and North Manchester Motor Coaches Limited were acquired, in addition to excursion licences the latter company held express service licences to Blackpool and North Wales.[5]In 1976 an agreement was reached with National Bus Company that saw Yelloway relinquish its London express routes in return National Bus Company's interests in the Fylde Coast Pool were handed over to Yelloway, which became the sole operator on the routes.[5]In January 1984, following a revision by National Express, routes were allocated service numbers;841: Rochdale to Poole (jointly with National Express)\n845: Rochdale to Swansea (jointly with National Express)\n877: Blackburn to Clacton-on-Sea (jointly with Premier Travel)\n878: Blackpool to Clacton-on-Sea (jointly with Premier Travel)\n883: Rochdale to Plymouth\n884: Rochdale to Paignton\n885: Rochdale to Bournemouth\n886: Rochdale to Southampton\n890: Burnley to PaigntonOn 5 July 1985, Yelloway was sold to Neoplan dealer Carlton PSV Sales of Rotherham.[6] In October 1986, following deregulation, Yelloway registered several stage carriage services in the Greater Manchester area and won contracts from the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive.[5]By 1987 the services run jointly with Premier Travel were no longer operating and National Express services had replaced them. Instead, Yelloway was contracted to run two journeys a day on the Burnley to Harwich services 351 and 352. Most of the remaining coach work undertaken by Yelloway at this time was under contract to National Express and this was transferred to Carlton PSV Sales' parent ATL Holdings newly acquired National Travel East subsidiary along with most of the coach fleet.[7] The last remaining vestige of the Yelloway express network was the Blackpool route through Oldham and Rochdale areas, but by late 1988 this too had gone.[5]In return a motley collection of second-hand vehicles came to Yelloway to operate the stage carriage services. By late 1988, Yelloway Motor Services had been reduced to a run down local service operator. Maintenance problems with the ageing fleet resulted in a number of buses being put off the road.[8][9][10] Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executives cancelled contracts on several services because of poor performance. On 24 November 1988, the Yelloway was placed under the control of Crosville Motor Services, which had just been purchased by ATL Holdings, along with the remaining contract work and the name disappeared.[5][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A Yelloway mobile museum, housed in a former Yelloway coach, was formed in 2002 by enthusiast David Haddock. It is now owned by Paul Blackburn and is based at the Bury Transport Museum.[12]","title":"Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2008, Courtesy Coaches bought the rights to the Yelloway name, and currently use it on a fleet of 15 coaches.[13][14] In 2008, it won a contract to provide transport for the Rochdale Hornets rugby league team.[15]","title":"Revival"}]	[{"image_text":"Preserved Plaxton Supreme bodied Leyland Leopard in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Yelloway_coach_%28MRJ_100W%29%2C_2009_Wirral_Bus_%26_Tram_Show.jpg/220px-Yelloway_coach_%28MRJ_100W%29%2C_2009_Wirral_Bus_%26_Tram_Show.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/00142224","external_links_name":"Companies House extract company no 142224"},{"Link":"http://www.yellowaymotorcoachmuseum.co.uk/history1.htm","external_links_name":"Messers Holt Brothers"},{"Link":"http://www.yellowaymotorcoachmuseum.co.uk/history2.htm","external_links_name":"The first few years to 1945"},{"Link":"http://www.yellowaymotorcoachmuseum.co.uk/history3.htm","external_links_name":"The post war travel boom"},{"Link":"http://www.yellowaymotorcoachmuseum.co.uk/history4.htm","external_links_name":"Decline & demise"},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/20th-july-1985/24/importer-buys-yelloway","external_links_name":"Importer buys Yelloway"},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/7th-february-1987/18/nbc-sells-tracky","external_links_name":"NBC sells Tracky"},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/23rd-may-1987/25/yelloway-cut-back","external_links_name":"Yelloway cut back"},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/7th-april-1988/20/one-year-only-for-yelloway","external_links_name":"One year only for Yelloway"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1988/jun/20/atl-holdings","external_links_name":"ATL Holidings Hansard 20 June 1988"},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/1st-december-1988/18/yelloway-sold-to-crosville-ms","external_links_name":"Yelloway sold to Crosville MS"},{"Link":"http://www.yellowaymotorcoachmuseum.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"http://www.yelloway.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"http://www.rochdaleonline.co.uk/news-features/2/news-headlines/95846/yelloway-coaches-celebrating-100th-anniversary","external_links_name":"Yelloway Coaches celebrating 100th anniversary"},{"Link":"http://www.rochdaleobserver.co.uk/sport/rugby_league/rochdale_hornets/s/1032158_top_coaches_come_to_hornets","external_links_name":"Top coaches come to Hornets"},{"Link":"http://www.theyellowayproject.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Yelloway Project"},{"Link":"http://www.ipernity.com/doc/davidslater-spoddendale/album/690101/","external_links_name":"Ipernity gallery"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumar_Tall	Omar Saidou Tall	["1 Name","2 Early life","3 Gathering strength","4 Initial conquests","5 Bambara and Masina","6 Rebellion and death","7 Legacy","8 Lineage of kingship","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Sources","10 External links"]	West African scholar and military leader (1794–1864) For the soccer player, see Omar Tall (soccer). Oumar Foutiyou TallEl Hadji, Khalifa, Amir al-Mu'mininGraffiti of Omar Tall in Dakar, SenegalReign1852–1864SuccessorAhmadu TallBornOumar Tallc. 1796Futa Tooro, SenegalDied10 February 1865(1865-02-10) (aged 68–69)Bandiagara EscarpmentReligionIslam Hadji Oumarûl Foutiyou Tall (ʿUmar ibn Saʿīd al-Fūtī Ṭaʿl, Arabic: حاج عمر بن سعيد الفوتي طعل, c. 1794 – 1864 CE), born in Futa Tooro, present day Senegal, was a Senegalese Tijani sufi Toucouleur Islamic scholar and military commander who founded the short-lived Toucouleur Empire, which encompassed much of what is now Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea and Mali. Name Omar Tall’s name is spelled variously: in particular, his first name is commonly transliterated in French as Omar, although some sources prefer Umar; the patronymic, ibn Saʿīd, is often omitted; and the final element of his name, Tall (Arabic: طعل), is spelt variously as Tall, Taal or Tal. The honorific El Hadj (also al-Hajj or el-Hadj), reserved for a Muslim who has successfully made the Hajj to Mecca, precedes Omar Tall's name in many texts, especially those in Arabic. Later he also took on the honorifics Amir al-Mu'minin, Khalifa, Qutb (pole of the universe), vizier of the Mahdi, Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya (successor of the seal of saints), and Almami (Imam). Early life Omar Tall was born about 1794 in Halwar in the Imamate of Futa Toro (present-day Senegal); he was the tenth of twelve children. His father was Saidou Tall, from the Torodbe tribe, and his mother was Sokhna Adama Thiam. Omar Tall attended a madrassa before embarking on the Hajj in 1828, during which he learned from the scholars of Al Azhar University. While in Mecca he stayed with Muhammad al Ghali , the head of the Tijaniyyah order, who made him a muqaddam (commander) of the order with a commission to destroy paganism in the Sudan. He returned in 1830 as a marabout with the title El Hadj and assumed the khalifa of the Tijaniyya Sufi order in the Sudan. El-Hadj took the Tijani honorific Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya. This authority would become the basis of his personal authority necessary to lead Africans. When returning from the Hajj, he camped near Damascus, where he met Ibrahim Pasha, Omar Tall befriended the Pasha and healed his son from a deadly fever. Omar Tall was highly inspired by the trends set by the Pasha. Gathering strength Settling in Sokoto from 1831 to 1837, he entered into a polygynous marriage, with one of the women being the daughter the Fula caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate, Muhammed Bello. In 1837, Omar Tall moved to the Imamate of Futa Jallon and founded his own religious settlement at Jegunko in 1840. Omar Tall claimed a transcendental personal authority. He denied the important of adherence to a madhhab and favoured ijtihad or personal religious judgment. He taught that a believer should follow the guidance of a Sufi shaykh who has immediate personal knowledge of the divine truth. Even though Omar Tall never took the title of either mujaddid or mahdi, he was regarded as such by his followers. He became the torodbe ideal of religious revival and conquest of pagans. Omar Tall's message appealed to a large cross-section of the Sahelian population in the mid 19th century, including Fula, Soninke, Moors, and others. Many lowerclass people had grievances against local religious or military elites. Slaves aspired to gain freedom fighting for Islam. Rootless individuals of mixed ethnic background found new social identity and opportunities. Communities under the power of Europeans looked to Tall to drive off the foreigners. Marabout families hoped to gain political power in addition to their religious influence. His growing power and number of followers caused tension with the leaders of the Imamate. In 1851 he moved his community to found the city of Dinguiraye in what was then the Kingdom of Tamba. The king, Yambi, granted him the land in return for a yearly payment.: 107 Soon, however, Tall's continued stockpiling of weapons began to worry the Tamba leaders as well. After a series of emissaries to Tall were rebuffed, and one prominent griot even converted to Islam, Yambi pre-emptively attacked the community but was defeated in September 1852.: 103 : 108 Initial conquests With his victory in Tamba, Tall proclaimed a jihad against pagans, lapsed Muslims, European intruders, and the backsliding rulers of Futa Toro and Futa Jallon. As his army scored victories, he reinforced his army with the new recruits who flocked to Dinguiraye and English guns purchased in Sierra Leone with the spoils of war. Omar Tall pressed on into what is today the region of Kayes in Mali, conquering a number of cities and building a tata (fortification) near the city of Kayes that is today a popular tourist destination. He conquered Bambouk, then seized Nioro du Sahel, the capital of Kaarta, in April 1855, which became his capital. Next, Omar Tall turned west towards Futa Toro, Gajaaga and Bundu. This brought him into conflict with the French who were attempting to establish their commercial supremacy along the Senegal river. Tall besieged the French colonial army at Medina Fort. The siege failed on July 18 1857 when Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrived with relief forces. In 1860 Omar Tall made a treaty with the French that recognized his, and his followers', sphere of influence in Futa Toro and assigned them the Bambara states of Kaarta and Segu. Bambara and Masina Prevented from expanding in the west by the French, Omar Tall turned East. He conquered the important Bambara cities of Nyamina and Sansanding, followed by Ségou on 10 March 1860. When Segu fell, their king, Ali Diara (Bina Ali), fled to Hamdullahi taking with him the traditional idols of the royal family. While Omar Tall's wars thus far had been against the animist Bambara or the Christian French, he now turned his attention to the smaller Islamic states of the region. Installing his son Ahmadu Tall as imam of Segu, Omar Tall marched down the Niger to attack the Massina Empire of Hamdullahi. This was controversial, as attacking a fellow Muslim power was forbidden. Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, of the Qadari Sufi order, led a coalition of local states to resist this invasion, denounced as an illegitimate war of Muslims on Muslims. The coalition included, inter alia, Masina and Timbuktu. More than 70,000 died in the battles that followed. The most decisive was at Cayawel, after which Amadu III, the Masina king, was captured and executed.: 105 Djenné fell quickly followed by the final fall of Hamdullahi in May 1862. Now controlling the entire Middle Niger, Omar Tall moved against Timbuktu, only to be repulsed in 1863 by a combined force of Tuaregs, Moors, and Fulas. During 1863, the coalition inflicted several defeats on Omar Tall's army, ending up killing Tall's generals Alpha Umar (Alfa 'Umar), Thierno Bayla and Alfa 'Uthman. Rebellion and death Meanwhile, a rebellion broke out in the Masina lands led by Ba Lobbo, cousin of executed Masina monarch Amadu III. In suppressing the revolt during the spring of 1863, Omar Tall reoccupied the city of Hamdullahi, and in June Ba Lobbos's combined force of Fulas and Kountas besieged Omar Tall's army there. They captured Hamdallahi in February 1864. Omar Tall fled and managed to make it to a cave in Degembere (in the Bandiagara Escarpment) where he died on 14 February 1864. Omar Tall's nephew Tidiani Tall succeeded him in retaking Massina, though his son Ahmadu Tall, operating out of Ségou, did much of the work in keeping the empire intact. Nonetheless, the French continued to advance, conquering Nioro in 1891. Omar Tall's jihad state was completely absorbed into the growing French West African empire. Legacy Omar Tall remains a prominent figure in Senegal, Guinea, and Mali, though his legacy varies by country. Where many Senegalese tend to remember him as a hero of anti-French resistance, Malian sources tend to describe him as an invader who prepared the way for the French by weakening West Africa. Omar Tall also figures prominently in Maryse Condé's historical novel Segu. He remains to this day an influential figure in the Tijaniyya and other reformist movements, which stressed the importance of Muslim orthopraxy. Omar Tall's state forbade dancing, the use of tobacco, alcohol, charms, pagan ceremonies, and the worship of idols. Many un-Islamic practices were banned. These laws were also very strictly enforced, especially the ban on alcohol. Omar Tall abolished uncanonical taxes and replaced them with zakat, land taxes, and jizya. Polygamists were restricted to only four wives. Omar Tall, however, was uninterested in the logistical aspects of inculcating Islam such as building courts, madrassahs, and mosques. The primary function of Omar Tall's state was predatory warfare, slaving, the accumulation of booty, and the reform of morals. In the Senegambia, his emphasis during the “jihadic period” is remembered as "not resistance to the Europeans but the “destruction of paganism” in the Western Sudan." In November 2019, the French government returned the so-called sword of Omar Tall—which was actually a sword of Ahmadu Tall, Omar Tall's son—to the government of the Republic of Senegal. The sword was returned five years. French MP's will vote later on permanently returning the sword. Lineage of kingship Preceded bynone Leader of the Toucouleur Empire 1850–1864 Succeeded byAhmadu Tall Preceded byBamana Empire Faama of Ségou 1861–1864 Succeeded byAhmadu Tall References Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i Lapidus, Ira M. (2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 472–473. ^ Malise Ruthven (1997). Islam: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-285389-9. ^ Robinson, David (1985). The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–71. ISBN 978-0198227205. ^ a b c d e f g Boilley, Pierre (2005). "Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1591–1592. ^ Robinson, David (1987). "The Umarian Emigration of the Late Nineteenth Century". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (2): 97–99. doi:10.2307/219842. JSTOR 219842. ^ Chastanet, Monique (October 1987). "De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858" (PDF). Cahiers du C.R.A. 5: 106–107. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ a b c Hanson, John H. (1985). "Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle". History in Africa. 12: 101–115. Retrieved 27 October 2023. ^ a b "El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797–1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder". Standard News From The Gambia. 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-15. ^ Delafosse, Maurice (1968). The Negroes of Africa: History and Culture. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. p. 93., a reprint of the 1931 edition, being a translation of the author's Les noirs de L'Afrique, published in 1921; Civilizations négro africaines, published in 1925; and part of Les nègres published in 1927. ^ a b c Roberts, Richard L. (1987). Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 83. hdl:2027/heb.02662. ISBN 978-0-8047-1378-8. ^ Okoth, Assa (2006). A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule: 1800–1915. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-9966-25-357-6. ^ Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). A Military History of Africa. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-313-39570-3. ^ Tall, Hadja (2006). "Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader". Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. 32 (1/2): 73–90 . doi:10.5070/F7321-2016514. ^ Fula: Fulɓe; French: Peul ^ a b Ajayi, J. F. Ade, ed. (1989). Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. Paris: International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, UNESCO. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-520-03917-9. ^ Tyam, Mohammadou Alio (1935). La vie d'el Hadj Omar, qacida en poular. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. pp. 190–192, notes 1092 & 1110. notes and translation by Gaden, Henri; url access restricted to University of Michigan libraries. ^ a b Tall 2006, p. 86 ^ Gallay, Alain; Huysecom, Eric; Honegger, Matthieu; Mayor, Anne (1990). "Vorwort ". Hamdallahi, capitale de l'Empire peul du Massina, Mali: première fouille archéologique, études historiques et ethnoarchéologiques (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 10. ^ There is some dispute about where exactly the cave in question is located. "Le miracle s'est produit a Degembere et non dans les falaises de Bandiagara" . SenePlus. 2 February 2014. ^ The Standard (Gambia), Al-hajj Umar Fouti Tall c. 1797–1864 The Tijaniyya jihadist (June 19, 2020) (retrieved 23 August 2020) ^ "France returns Omar Tall's sword to Senegal". BBC News. 18 November 2019. ^ "'La première œuvre qui est "restituée" à l'Afrique est un objet européen'". Le Monde. 24 November 2019. Sources Davidson, Basil. Africa in History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. Robinson, David, (1985) The Holy War of Umar Tal. Oxford: Oxford University Press Robinson, David; Triaud, Jean-Louis, eds. (1997). Le temps des marabouts Itinéraires et stratégies islamiques en Afrique occidentale française. Karthala. ISBN 978-2-8111-0735-2. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help) B. O. Oloruntimeehin. The Segu Tukulor Empire. New York: Humanities Press (1972). SBN 391002066 Willis, John Ralph. In the Path of Allah: The Passion of al-Hajj 'Umar. London: Cass, 1989. Wise, Christopher. The Desert Shore: Literatures of the Sahel. Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 2001. Wise, Christopher. Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer, Islamic Militant. Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 1999. External links African Legends page Map of the Toucouleur Empire Wolof praise song of Umar Tall (RealAudio file) vteIslam in SenegalMain topics Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal Religion in Senegal Islam in Africa Mouride Amadou Bamba Mame Diarra Bousso Ibrahima Fall Sokhna Magat Diop Touba Porokhane Great Mosque of Touba Grand Magal of Touba Tijaniyyah Ahmad al-Tijani Omar Saidou Tall Malick Sy Ahmad Tijani Ali Cisse Maba Diakhou Bâ Ibrahim Niass Hassan Cissé Ahmad At Tijânî Ibn Bâba Al 'Alawî Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello Mahmadu Lamine Tivaouane Qadiriyya (Xaadir) Abdul Qadir Gilani Kunta family Layene Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye Yoff Shia Mozdahir Cherif Mohamed Aly Aidara Darou Hidjiratou Mosques Grand Mosque of Dakar Great Mosque of Touba Other topics Shia Islam in Senegal Hamallayya Category Senegal portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omar Tall (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Tall_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Futa Tooro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futa_Tooro"},{"link_name":"Tijani sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijaniyyah"},{"link_name":"Toucouleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_people"},{"link_name":"Toucouleur Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"}],"text":"For the soccer player, see Omar Tall (soccer).Hadji Oumarûl Foutiyou Tall (ʿUmar ibn Saʿīd al-Fūtī Ṭaʿl, Arabic: حاج عمر بن سعيد الفوتي طعل, c. 1794 – 1864 CE), born in Futa Tooro, present day Senegal, was a Senegalese Tijani sufi Toucouleur Islamic scholar and military commander who founded the short-lived Toucouleur Empire, which encompassed much of what is now Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea and Mali.[1]","title":"Omar Saidou Tall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transliterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"honorific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amir al-Mu'minin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin"},{"link_name":"Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Qutb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"}],"text":"Omar Tall’s name is spelled variously: in particular, his first name is commonly transliterated in French as Omar, although some sources prefer Umar; the patronymic, ibn Saʿīd, is often omitted; and the final element of his name, Tall (Arabic: طعل), is spelt variously as Tall, Taal or Tal.The honorific El Hadj (also al-Hajj or el-Hadj), reserved for a Muslim who has successfully made the Hajj to Mecca,[2] precedes Omar Tall's name in many texts, especially those in Arabic. Later he also took on the honorifics Amir al-Mu'minin, Khalifa, Qutb (pole of the universe), vizier of the Mahdi, Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya (successor of the seal of saints), and Almami (Imam).[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imamate of Futa Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"madrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassa"},{"link_name":"Al Azhar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Azhar_University"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al Ghali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al_Ghali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al_Ghali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAH-4"},{"link_name":"marabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabout"},{"link_name":"khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Sufi order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(region)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Omar Tall was born about 1794 in Halwar in the Imamate of Futa Toro (present-day Senegal); he was the tenth of twelve children.[3] His father was Saidou Tall, from the Torodbe tribe, and his mother was Sokhna Adama Thiam.Omar Tall attended a madrassa before embarking on the Hajj in 1828, during which he learned from the scholars of Al Azhar University. While in Mecca he stayed with Muhammad al Ghali [fr], the head of the Tijaniyyah order, who made him a muqaddam (commander) of the order with a commission to destroy paganism in the Sudan.[4] He returned in 1830 as a marabout with the title El Hadj and assumed the khalifa of the Tijaniyya Sufi order in the Sudan. El-Hadj took the Tijani honorific Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya. This authority would become the basis of his personal authority necessary to lead Africans.[5]When returning from the Hajj, he camped near Damascus, where he met Ibrahim Pasha, Omar Tall befriended the Pasha and healed his son from a deadly fever. Omar Tall was highly inspired by the trends set by the Pasha.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sokoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto"},{"link_name":"Fula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_people"},{"link_name":"Sokoto Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muhammed Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Bello"},{"link_name":"Imamate of Futa Jallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon"},{"link_name":"madhhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"ijtihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad"},{"link_name":"shaykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh"},{"link_name":"mujaddid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujaddid"},{"link_name":"mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"torodbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torodbe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"},{"link_name":"Fula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people"},{"link_name":"Soninke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_people"},{"link_name":"Marabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabout"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAH-4"},{"link_name":"Dinguiraye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinguiraye"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Tamba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson-7"}],"text":"Settling in Sokoto from 1831 to 1837, he entered into a polygynous marriage, with one of the women being the daughter the Fula caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate, Muhammed Bello. In 1837, Omar Tall moved to the Imamate of Futa Jallon and founded his own religious settlement at Jegunko in 1840. Omar Tall claimed a transcendental personal authority. He denied the important of adherence to a madhhab and favoured ijtihad or personal religious judgment. He taught that a believer should follow the guidance of a Sufi shaykh who has immediate personal knowledge of the divine truth. Even though Omar Tall never took the title of either mujaddid or mahdi, he was regarded as such by his followers. He became the torodbe ideal of religious revival and conquest of pagans.[1]Omar Tall's message appealed to a large cross-section of the Sahelian population in the mid 19th century, including Fula, Soninke, Moors, and others. Many lowerclass people had grievances against local religious or military elites. Slaves aspired to gain freedom fighting for Islam. Rootless individuals of mixed ethnic background found new social identity and opportunities. Communities under the power of Europeans looked to Tall to drive off the foreigners. Marabout families hoped to gain political power in addition to their religious influence.[6][1]His growing power and number of followers caused tension with the leaders of the Imamate.[1][4] In 1851 he moved his community to found the city of Dinguiraye in what was then the Kingdom of Tamba. The king, Yambi, granted him the land in return for a yearly payment.[7]: 107 Soon, however, Tall's continued stockpiling of weapons began to worry the Tamba leaders as well. After a series of emissaries to Tall were rebuffed, and one prominent griot even converted to Islam, Yambi pre-emptively attacked the community but was defeated in September 1852.[7]: 103 : 108","title":"Gathering strength"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Futa Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futa_Toro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAH-4"},{"link_name":"Kayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes_Region"},{"link_name":"fortification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Bambouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambouk"},{"link_name":"Nioro du Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioro_du_Sahel"},{"link_name":"Kaarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAH-4"},{"link_name":"Futa Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futa_Toro"},{"link_name":"Gajaaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajaaga"},{"link_name":"Bundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Senegal river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_river"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"Medina Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_Fort"},{"link_name":"Louis Faidherbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe"},{"link_name":"Bambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people"},{"link_name":"Kaarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarta"},{"link_name":"Segu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"}],"text":"With his victory in Tamba, Tall proclaimed a jihad against pagans, lapsed Muslims, European intruders, and the backsliding rulers of Futa Toro and Futa Jallon.[1] As his army scored victories, he reinforced his army with the new recruits who flocked to Dinguiraye and English guns purchased in Sierra Leone with the spoils of war.[4]Omar Tall pressed on into what is today the region of Kayes in Mali, conquering a number of cities and building a tata (fortification) near the city of Kayes that is today a popular tourist destination.[8] He conquered Bambouk, then seized Nioro du Sahel, the capital of Kaarta, in April 1855, which became his capital.[4]Next, Omar Tall turned west towards Futa Toro, Gajaaga and Bundu. This brought him into conflict with the French who were attempting to establish their commercial supremacy along the Senegal river. Tall besieged the French colonial army at Medina Fort. The siege failed on July 18 1857 when Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrived with relief forces. In 1860 Omar Tall made a treaty with the French that recognized his, and his followers', sphere of influence in Futa Toro and assigned them the Bambara states of Kaarta and Segu.[1]","title":"Initial conquests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamana_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nyamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamina"},{"link_name":"Sansanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansanding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAH-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delafosse-9"},{"link_name":"Hamdullahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdullahi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"animist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist"},{"link_name":"Ahmadu Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Tall"},{"link_name":"imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Massina Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massina_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hamdullahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdullahi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAH-4"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Bakkai_al-Kunti"},{"link_name":"Masina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massina_Empire"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Amadu III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadu_III_of_Masina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson-7"},{"link_name":"Djenné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tall-Hadja-85-13"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Tuaregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Fulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ajayi-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Prevented from expanding in the west by the French, Omar Tall turned East. He conquered the important Bambara cities of Nyamina and Sansanding, followed by Ségou on 10 March 1860.[4][9] When Segu fell, their king, Ali Diara (Bina Ali), fled to Hamdullahi[10] taking with him the traditional idols of the royal family.[11]While Omar Tall's wars thus far had been against the animist Bambara or the Christian French, he now turned his attention to the smaller Islamic states of the region. Installing his son Ahmadu Tall as imam of Segu, Omar Tall marched down the Niger to attack the Massina Empire of Hamdullahi. This was controversial, as attacking a fellow Muslim power was forbidden.[4] Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, of the Qadari Sufi order, led a coalition of local states to resist this invasion, denounced as an illegitimate war of Muslims on Muslims. The coalition included, inter alia, Masina and Timbuktu.[citation needed]More than 70,000 died[8] in the battles that followed. The most decisive was at Cayawel, after which Amadu III, the Masina king, was captured and executed.[7]: 105 Djenné fell quickly[10] followed by the final fall of Hamdullahi in May 1862.[10][12][13]Now controlling the entire Middle Niger, Omar Tall moved against Timbuktu, only to be repulsed in 1863 by a combined force of Tuaregs, Moors, and Fulas.[14] During 1863, the coalition inflicted several defeats on Omar Tall's army, ending up killing Tall's generals Alpha Umar (Alfa 'Umar), Thierno Bayla and Alfa 'Uthman.[15][16]","title":"Bambara and Masina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ba Lobbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lobbo"},{"link_name":"Amadu III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadu_III_of_Masina"},{"link_name":"Kountas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunta_family"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tall-Hadja-86-17"},{"link_name":"Hamdallahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdallahi"},{"link_name":"Bandiagara Escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiagara_Escarpment"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ajayi-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tall-Hadja-86-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tidiani Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidiani_Tall"},{"link_name":"Ahmadu Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Tall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAH-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"}],"text":"Meanwhile, a rebellion broke out in the Masina lands led by Ba Lobbo, cousin of executed Masina monarch Amadu III. In suppressing the revolt during the spring of 1863, Omar Tall reoccupied the city of Hamdullahi, and in June Ba Lobbos's combined force of Fulas and Kountas besieged Omar Tall's army there.[17] They captured Hamdallahi in February 1864. Omar Tall fled and managed to make it to a cave in Degembere (in the Bandiagara Escarpment[18]) where he died on 14 February 1864.[15][17][19]Omar Tall's nephew Tidiani Tall succeeded him in retaking Massina, though his son Ahmadu Tall, operating out of Ségou, did much of the work in keeping the empire intact. Nonetheless, the French continued to advance, conquering Nioro in 1891.[4] Omar Tall's jihad state was completely absorbed into the growing French West African empire.[1]","title":"Rebellion and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Maryse Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryse_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"historical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_novel"},{"link_name":"Segu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segu_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Tijaniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijaniyya"},{"link_name":"zakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat"},{"link_name":"jizya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapidus-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Omar Tall remains a prominent figure in Senegal, Guinea, and Mali, though his legacy varies by country. Where many Senegalese tend to remember him as a hero of anti-French resistance, Malian sources tend to describe him as an invader who prepared the way for the French by weakening West Africa.[citation needed] Omar Tall also figures prominently in Maryse Condé's historical novel Segu.He remains to this day an influential figure in the Tijaniyya and other reformist movements, which stressed the importance of Muslim orthopraxy. Omar Tall's state forbade dancing, the use of tobacco, alcohol, charms, pagan ceremonies, and the worship of idols. Many un-Islamic practices were banned. These laws were also very strictly enforced, especially the ban on alcohol. Omar Tall abolished uncanonical taxes and replaced them with zakat, land taxes, and jizya. Polygamists were restricted to only four wives. Omar Tall, however, was uninterested in the logistical aspects of inculcating Islam such as building courts, madrassahs, and mosques. The primary function of Omar Tall's state was predatory warfare, slaving, the accumulation of booty, and the reform of morals.[1] In the Senegambia, his emphasis during the “jihadic period” is remembered as \"not resistance to the Europeans but the “destruction of paganism” in the Western Sudan.\"[20]In November 2019, the French government returned the so-called sword of Omar Tall—which was actually a sword of Ahmadu Tall, Omar Tall's son—to the government of the Republic of Senegal. The sword was returned five years. French MP's will vote later on permanently returning the sword.[21][22]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lineage of kingship"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Malise Ruthven (1997). Islam: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-285389-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islamveryshortin00ruth","url_text":"Islam: A very short introduction"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islamveryshortin00ruth/page/n161","url_text":"147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285389-9","url_text":"978-0-19-285389-9"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, David (1985). The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–71. ISBN 978-0198227205.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gMBnQgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198227205","url_text":"978-0198227205"}]},{"reference":"Boilley, Pierre (2005). \"Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar\". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1591–1592.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Robinson, David (1987). \"The Umarian Emigration of the Late Nineteenth Century\". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (2): 97–99. doi:10.2307/219842. JSTOR 219842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_African_Historical_Studies","url_text":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219842","url_text":"10.2307/219842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/219842","url_text":"219842"}]},{"reference":"Chastanet, Monique (October 1987). \"De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858\" (PDF). Cahiers du C.R.A. 5: 106–107. Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_31-32/34962.pdf","url_text":"\"De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858\""}]},{"reference":"Hanson, John H. (1985). \"Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle\". History in Africa. 12: 101–115. Retrieved 27 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171715","url_text":"\"Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle\""}]},{"reference":"\"El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797–1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder\". Standard News From The Gambia. 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://standard.gm/el-hadj-umar-tall-1797-1864-islamic-scholar-and-empire-builder/","url_text":"\"El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797–1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder\""}]},{"reference":"Delafosse, Maurice (1968). The Negroes of Africa: History and Culture. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. p. 93.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roberts, Richard L. (1987). Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 83. hdl:2027/heb.02662. ISBN 978-0-8047-1378-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb.02662","url_text":"2027/heb.02662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1378-8","url_text":"978-0-8047-1378-8"}]},{"reference":"Okoth, Assa (2006). A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule: 1800–1915. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-9966-25-357-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-357-6","url_text":"978-9966-25-357-6"}]},{"reference":"Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). A Military History of Africa. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-313-39570-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39570-3","url_text":"978-0-313-39570-3"}]},{"reference":"Tall, Hadja (2006). \"Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader\". Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. 32 (1/2): 73–90 [85]. doi:10.5070/F7321-2016514.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1548j3ck","url_text":"\"Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5070%2FF7321-2016514","url_text":"10.5070/F7321-2016514"}]},{"reference":"Ajayi, J. F. Ade, ed. (1989). Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. Paris: International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, UNESCO. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-520-03917-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00unes/page/620","url_text":"Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00unes/page/620","url_text":"620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03917-9","url_text":"978-0-520-03917-9"}]},{"reference":"Tyam, Mohammadou Alio (1935). La vie d'el Hadj Omar, qacida en poular. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. pp. 190–192, notes 1092 & 1110.","urls":[{"url":"http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AHD1116.0001.001","url_text":"La vie d'el Hadj Omar, qacida en poular"}]},{"reference":"Gallay, Alain; Huysecom, Eric; Honegger, Matthieu; Mayor, Anne (1990). \"Vorwort [Forward]\". Hamdallahi, capitale de l'Empire peul du Massina, Mali: première fouille archéologique, études historiques et ethnoarchéologiques (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:17245/ATTACHMENT01","url_text":"Hamdallahi, capitale de l'Empire peul du Massina, Mali: première fouille archéologique, études historiques et ethnoarchéologiques"}]},{"reference":"\"Le miracle s'est produit a Degembere et non dans les falaises de Bandiagara\" [The miracle occurred in Degembere and not in the Bandiagara Escarpment]. SenePlus. 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seneplus.com/article/le-miracle-s%E2%80%99est-produit-degembere-et-non-dans-les-falaises-de-bandiagara","url_text":"\"Le miracle s'est produit a Degembere et non dans les falaises de Bandiagara\""}]},{"reference":"\"France returns Omar Tall's sword to Senegal\". BBC News. 18 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50458081","url_text":"\"France returns Omar Tall's sword to Senegal\""}]},{"reference":"\"'La première œuvre qui est \"restituée\" à l'Afrique est un objet européen'\". Le Monde. 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/11/24/la-premiere-uvre-qui-est-restituee-a-l-afrique-est-un-objet-europeen_6020342_3212.html","url_text":"\"'La première œuvre qui est \"restituée\" à l'Afrique est un objet européen'\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, David; Triaud, Jean-Louis, eds. (1997). Le temps des marabouts Itinéraires et stratégies islamiques en Afrique occidentale française. Karthala. ISBN 978-2-8111-0735-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairn.info/le-temps-des-marabouts--9782811107352.htm","url_text":"Le temps des marabouts Itinéraires et stratégies islamiques en Afrique occidentale française"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0735-2","url_text":"978-2-8111-0735-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islamveryshortin00ruth","external_links_name":"Islam: A very short introduction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islamveryshortin00ruth/page/n161","external_links_name":"147"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gMBnQgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219842","external_links_name":"10.2307/219842"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/219842","external_links_name":"219842"},{"Link":"http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_31-32/34962.pdf","external_links_name":"\"De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171715","external_links_name":"\"Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle\""},{"Link":"https://standard.gm/el-hadj-umar-tall-1797-1864-islamic-scholar-and-empire-builder/","external_links_name":"\"El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797–1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb.02662","external_links_name":"2027/heb.02662"},{"Link":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1548j3ck","external_links_name":"\"Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5070%2FF7321-2016514","external_links_name":"10.5070/F7321-2016514"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00unes/page/620","external_links_name":"Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00unes/page/620","external_links_name":"620"},{"Link":"http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AHD1116.0001.001","external_links_name":"La vie d'el Hadj Omar, qacida en poular"},{"Link":"https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:17245/ATTACHMENT01","external_links_name":"Hamdallahi, capitale de l'Empire peul du Massina, Mali: première fouille archéologique, études historiques et ethnoarchéologiques"},{"Link":"https://www.seneplus.com/article/le-miracle-s%E2%80%99est-produit-degembere-et-non-dans-les-falaises-de-bandiagara","external_links_name":"\"Le miracle s'est produit a Degembere et non dans les falaises de Bandiagara\""},{"Link":"https://standard.gm/al-hajj-umar-fouti-tall-c-1797-1864-the-tijaniyya-jihadist/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50458081","external_links_name":"\"France returns Omar Tall's sword to Senegal\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/11/24/la-premiere-uvre-qui-est-restituee-a-l-afrique-est-un-objet-europeen_6020342_3212.html","external_links_name":"\"'La première œuvre qui est \"restituée\" à l'Afrique est un objet européen'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cairn.info/le-temps-des-marabouts--9782811107352.htm","external_links_name":"Le temps des marabouts Itinéraires et stratégies islamiques en Afrique occidentale française"},{"Link":"http://www.africanholocaust.net/africanlegends.htm","external_links_name":"African Legends page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050911213052/http://www.suertenich.com/html/afriq/empire.html","external_links_name":"Map of the Toucouleur Empire"},{"Link":"http://www.islamonline.net/English/In_Depth/MuslimAfrica/articles/200/04/sound/06.ram","external_links_name":"Wolof praise song of Umar Tall"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174213/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000071414797","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/90060834","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHPDxg3HPdw6CXxbHwG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903763d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903763d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118836668","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276856105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84024740","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/c9prl3cw066zm4l","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072682477","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811286940605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026877104","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_into_Pop	Art into Pop	["1 See also","2 References"]	Art into Pop AuthorSimon Frith, Howard HorneSubjectArt, popular musicGenreMusicologyPublication date1987Media typePrintPages206ISBN9780416415407 Art into Pop is a book by Simon Frith and Howard Horne, published in 1987. It analyses the integration of art school sensibilities in popular music since the 1950s. According to the authors, inspiration for the book came when they observed that a "significant number of British pop musicians from the 1960s to the present were educated and first started performing in art schools." According to academic Barry Faulk, it was "the first study to suggest that punk rock was art-school inspired, though without addressing the disparity between sociological reality and the rhetoric of punk rock groups." See also Art pop Pop art References ^ Redhead, Steve (2011). We Have Never Been Postmodern: Theory at the Speed of Light. Edinburgh University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7486-8897-5. ^ Molon, Dominic; Diederichsen, Diedrich (2007). Sympathy for the Devil: Art and Rock and Roll Since 1967. Museum of Contemporary Art ; New Haven. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-13426-1. ^ Faulk, Barry J. (2013). British Rock Modernism, 1967-1977: The Story of Music Hall in Rock. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4094-9413-3. This article about a music publication is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Frith"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redhead2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MolonDiederichsen2007-2"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faulk2013-3"}],"text":"Art into Pop is a book by Simon Frith and Howard Horne, published in 1987. It analyses the integration of art school sensibilities in popular music since the 1950s.[1] According to the authors, inspiration for the book came when they observed that a \"significant number of British pop musicians from the 1960s to the present were educated and first started performing in art schools.\"[2] According to academic Barry Faulk, it was \"the first study to suggest that punk rock was art-school inspired, though without addressing the disparity between sociological reality and the rhetoric of punk rock groups.\"[3]","title":"Art into Pop"}]	[]	[{"title":"Art pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_pop"},{"title":"Pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"}]	[{"reference":"Redhead, Steve (2011). We Have Never Been Postmodern: Theory at the Speed of Light. Edinburgh University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7486-8897-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QddvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73","url_text":"We Have Never Been Postmodern: Theory at the Speed of Light"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8897-5","url_text":"978-0-7486-8897-5"}]},{"reference":"Molon, Dominic; Diederichsen, Diedrich (2007). Sympathy for the Devil: Art and Rock and Roll Since 1967. Museum of Contemporary Art ; New Haven. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-13426-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8qoUd6s4H4C&pg=PA70","url_text":"Sympathy for the Devil: Art and Rock and Roll Since 1967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13426-1","url_text":"978-0-300-13426-1"}]},{"reference":"Faulk, Barry J. (2013). British Rock Modernism, 1967-1977: The Story of Music Hall in Rock. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4094-9413-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=edGhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155","url_text":"British Rock Modernism, 1967-1977: The Story of Music Hall in Rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9413-3","url_text":"978-1-4094-9413-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QddvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73","external_links_name":"We Have Never Been Postmodern: Theory at the Speed of Light"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8qoUd6s4H4C&pg=PA70","external_links_name":"Sympathy for the Devil: Art and Rock and Roll Since 1967"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=edGhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155","external_links_name":"British Rock Modernism, 1967-1977: The Story of Music Hall in Rock"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_into_Pop&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_713	Area codes 713, 281, 832, and 346	["1 History","2 Service area","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Area codes in the United States Numbering plan areas and area codes of Texas with numbering plan area 281/346/713/832 highlighted. Area codes 713, 281, 832, and 346 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) forming an overlay complex for Houston, Texas and its environs. Area code 713 is one of the original four area codes established for Texas in 1947. History When the North American Numbering Plan was established in 1947, Texas was divided into four numbering plan areas (NPAs), roughly outlining four quadrants in the state. Area code 713 was assigned to the southeastern part, from the Sabine River to the Brazos Valley. On March 19, 1983, the numbering plan area was divided for the first time. The immediate Houston area retained area code 713, while the northern, eastern and western portions became area code 409. On November 2, 1996, area code 713 was split again, with most of Houston's suburbs switching to area code 281. The dividing line roughly followed Beltway 8. Generally, the majority of Houston itself and most of the suburbs inside the beltway kept area code 713, while 281 served everything outside the beltway. However, area code 713 was retained by all cellphone customers in the Houston area. Although this was intended as a long-term solution, the rapid growth in demand for telephone services from the proliferation of pagers and cell phones required additional numbering resources within two years in both numbering plan areas. On January 16, 1999, the 713/281 boundary was removed, creating an overlay for the combined area, while simultaneously adding a third area code to the entire region, area code 832. As a result, ten-digit dialing became required for all calls in the Houston area. On May 9, 2013, the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUC) announced the addition of yet another code, area code 346, to the Houston overlay as of July 1, 2014. This had the effect of allocating over 31 million telephone numbers to a service territory of eight million people. Exhaust projections of 2022 forecast that the Houston area will need a fifth area code by late 2025. Area code 621 has been reserved as additional overlay code; the PUC approved its implementation in 2023 to begin in January 2025. Service area Counties served by these area codes: Harris (shared with 936) Brazoria (shared with 979) Chambers (shared with 409) Fort Bend (shared with 979) Galveston (shared with 409) Liberty (shared with 936) Montgomery (shared with 979 and 936) Waller (shared with 979 and 936) Towns and cities served by these area codes: Addicks Alvin Arcola Bacliff Baytown Bellaire Brookshire Brookside Village Bunker Hill Village Channelview Cleveland Clodine Conroe Crosby Cypress Deer Park El Lago Dickinson Fresno Friendswood Fulshear Galena Park Hedwig Village Highlands Hilshire Village Hitchcock Hockley Houston Huffman Humble Hunters Creek Village Iowa Colony Jacinto City Jersey Village Katy Kemah Kingwood Klein La Marque La Porte League City Liverpool Magnolia Manvel Meadows Place Missouri City Mont Belvieu Montgomery Nassau Bay New Caney Pasadena Pattison Pearland Pinehurst Piney Point Village Plum Grove Porter Richmond Romayor Rosenberg Rosharon Rye Santa Fe Seabrook Simonton South Houston Splendora Spring Spring Valley Village Stafford Sugar Land Taylor Lake Village Texas City The Woodlands Thompsons Tomball Webster West University Place See also Texas portal List of Texas area codes References ^ Hlavaty, Craig (May 9, 2013). "Houston gets new area code to keep from running out of phone numbers". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 9, 2013. ^ "2022-1 NRUF and NPA Exhaust Analysis" (PDF). North American Numbering Plan Administrator. April 21, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "NPA 621 and 281/346/713/832 All-Services Distributed Overlay (Texas)" (PDF). North American Numbering Plan Administrator. December 6, 2023. Further reading Hlavaty, Craig (May 9, 2013). "Wait, area code pride is still a thing?". The Texican (blog). Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2018. External links NANPA area code map of Texas Texas area codes: 210/726, 214/469/972, 254, 281/346/713/832, 325, 361, 409, 430/903, 432, 512/737, 682/817, 806, 830, 915, 936, 940, 956, 979 North: 936 West: 979 Area codes 281/346/713/832 East: 409 South: Gulf of Mexico	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"area codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code"},{"link_name":"North American Numbering Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan"},{"link_name":"overlay complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_plan"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"}],"text":"Numbering plan areas and area codes of Texas with numbering plan area 281/346/713/832 highlighted.Area codes 713, 281, 832, and 346 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) forming an overlay complex for Houston, Texas and its environs. Area code 713 is one of the original four area codes established for Texas in 1947.","title":"Area codes 713, 281, 832, and 346"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Brazos Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_Valley"},{"link_name":"area code 409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_409"},{"link_name":"Beltway 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Beltway_8"},{"link_name":"ten-digit dialing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-digit_dialing"},{"link_name":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Utility_Commission_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exhaust-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"When the North American Numbering Plan was established in 1947, Texas was divided into four numbering plan areas (NPAs), roughly outlining four quadrants in the state. Area code 713 was assigned to the southeastern part, from the Sabine River to the Brazos Valley.On March 19, 1983, the numbering plan area was divided for the first time. The immediate Houston area retained area code 713, while the northern, eastern and western portions became area code 409.On November 2, 1996, area code 713 was split again, with most of Houston's suburbs switching to area code 281. The dividing line roughly followed Beltway 8. Generally, the majority of Houston itself and most of the suburbs inside the beltway kept area code 713, while 281 served everything outside the beltway. However, area code 713 was retained by all cellphone customers in the Houston area.Although this was intended as a long-term solution, the rapid growth in demand for telephone services from the proliferation of pagers and cell phones required additional numbering resources within two years in both numbering plan areas. On January 16, 1999, the 713/281 boundary was removed, creating an overlay for the combined area, while simultaneously adding a third area code to the entire region, area code 832. As a result, ten-digit dialing became required for all calls in the Houston area.On May 9, 2013, the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUC) announced the addition of yet another code, area code 346, to the Houston overlay as of July 1, 2014.[1] This had the effect of allocating over 31 million telephone numbers to a service territory of eight million people. Exhaust projections of 2022 forecast that the Houston area will need a fifth area code by late 2025.[2] Area code 621 has been reserved as additional overlay code; the PUC approved its implementation in 2023 to begin in January 2025.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brazoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Addicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicks,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Alvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Arcola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bacliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacliff,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Baytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bellaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellaire,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brookshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookshire,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brookside Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookside_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bunker Hill Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Channelview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Conroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conroe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Deer Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Park,_Texas"},{"link_name":"El Lago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lago,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Friendswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fulshear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulshear,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Galena Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena_Park,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hilshire Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilshire_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchcock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Huffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Humble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hunters Creek Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_Creek_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Iowa Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Colony,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jacinto City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jersey Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Katy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kemah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemah,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Marque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marque,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Porte,_Texas"},{"link_name":"League City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Manvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvel,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Meadows Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadows_Place,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Missouri City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mont Belvieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Belvieu,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nassau Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Bay,_Texas"},{"link_name":"New Caney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caney,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pattison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pearland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pinehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehurst,_Montgomery_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Piney Point Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piney_Point_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Plum Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_Grove,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Romayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romayor,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenberg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rosharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosharon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Seabrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabrook,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Simonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Splendora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendora,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sugar Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"The Woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Thompsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompsons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tomball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomball,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster,_Texas"},{"link_name":"West University Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas"}],"text":"Counties served by these area codes:Harris (shared with 936)\nBrazoria (shared with 979)\nChambers (shared with 409)\nFort Bend (shared with 979)\nGalveston (shared with 409)\nLiberty (shared with 936)\nMontgomery (shared with 979 and 936)\nWaller (shared with 979 and 936)Towns and cities served by these area codes:Addicks\nAlvin\nArcola\nBacliff\nBaytown\nBellaire\nBrookshire\nBrookside Village\nBunker Hill Village\nChannelview\nCleveland\nClodine\nConroe\nCrosby\nCypress\nDeer Park\nEl Lago\nDickinson\nFresno\nFriendswood\nFulshear\nGalena Park\nHedwig Village\nHighlands\nHilshire Village\nHitchcock\nHockley\nHouston\nHuffman\nHumble\nHunters Creek Village\nIowa Colony\nJacinto City\nJersey Village\nKaty\nKemah\nKingwood\nKlein\nLa Marque\nLa Porte\nLeague City\nLiverpool\nMagnolia\nManvel\nMeadows Place\nMissouri City\nMont Belvieu\nMontgomery\nNassau Bay\nNew Caney\nPasadena\nPattison\nPearland\nPinehurst\nPiney Point Village\nPlum Grove\nPorter\nRichmond\nRomayor\nRosenberg\nRosharon\nRye\nSanta Fe\nSeabrook\nSimonton\nSouth Houston\nSplendora\nSpring\nSpring Valley Village\nStafford\nSugar Land\nTaylor Lake Village\nTexas City\nThe Woodlands\nThompsons\nTomball\nWebster\nWest University Place","title":"Service area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Wait, area code pride is still a thing?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.chron.com/thetexican/2013/05/wait-area-code-pride-is-still-a-thing/"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130607073920/http://blog.chron.com/thetexican/2013/05/wait-area-code-pride-is-still-a-thing/?cmpid=hpfsln"}],"text":"Hlavaty, Craig (May 9, 2013). \"Wait, area code pride is still a thing?\". The Texican (blog). Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2018.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Numbering plan areas and area codes of Texas with numbering plan area 281/346/713/832 highlighted.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Areacode713.svg/400px-Areacode713.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"List of Texas area codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_area_codes"}]	[{"reference":"Hlavaty, Craig (May 9, 2013). \"Houston gets new area code to keep from running out of phone numbers\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Houston-gets-new-area-code-to-keep-from-running-4502991.php","url_text":"\"Houston gets new area code to keep from running out of phone numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022-1 NRUF and NPA Exhaust Analysis\" (PDF). North American Numbering Plan Administrator. April 21, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalnanpa.com/reports/2022-1_NPA%20Exhaust_Projections.pdf","url_text":"\"2022-1 NRUF and NPA Exhaust Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"\"NPA 621 and 281/346/713/832 All-Services Distributed Overlay (Texas)\" (PDF). North American Numbering Plan Administrator. December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalnanpa.com/planning_letters/PL_623.pdf","url_text":"\"NPA 621 and 281/346/713/832 All-Services Distributed Overlay (Texas)\""}]},{"reference":"Hlavaty, Craig (May 9, 2013). \"Wait, area code pride is still a thing?\". The Texican (blog). Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.chron.com/thetexican/2013/05/wait-area-code-pride-is-still-a-thing/","url_text":"\"Wait, area code pride is still a thing?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607073920/http://blog.chron.com/thetexican/2013/05/wait-area-code-pride-is-still-a-thing/?cmpid=hpfsln","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Houston-gets-new-area-code-to-keep-from-running-4502991.php","external_links_name":"\"Houston gets new area code to keep from running out of phone numbers\""},{"Link":"https://nationalnanpa.com/reports/2022-1_NPA%20Exhaust_Projections.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2022-1 NRUF and NPA Exhaust Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://nationalnanpa.com/planning_letters/PL_623.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NPA 621 and 281/346/713/832 All-Services Distributed Overlay (Texas)\""},{"Link":"http://blog.chron.com/thetexican/2013/05/wait-area-code-pride-is-still-a-thing/","external_links_name":"\"Wait, area code pride is still a thing?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607073920/http://blog.chron.com/thetexican/2013/05/wait-area-code-pride-is-still-a-thing/?cmpid=hpfsln","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalnanpa.com/area_code_maps/display.html?tx","external_links_name":"NANPA area code map of Texas"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_time_bias	Length time bias	["1 References"]	Not to be confused with Lead time bias. Length time bias in cancer screening. Screening appears to lead to better survival even when actually no one lived any longer. Length time bias (or length bias) is an overestimation of survival duration due to the relative excess of cases detected that are asymptomatically slowly progressing, while fast progressing cases are detected after giving symptoms. Length time bias is often discussed in the context of the benefits of cancer screening, and it can lead to the perception that screening leads to better outcomes when in reality it has no effect. Fast-growing tumors generally have a shorter asymptomatic phase than slower-growing tumors. Thus, there is a shorter period of time during which the cancer is present in the body (and so might be detected by screening) but not yet large enough to cause symptoms, that would cause the patient to seek medical care and be diagnosed without screening. As a result, if the same number of slow-growing and fast-growing tumors appear in a year, the screening test detects more slow-growers than fast-growers. If the slow growing tumors are less likely to be fatal than the fast growers, the people whose cancer is detected by screening do better, on average, than the people whose tumors are detected from symptoms (or at autopsy) even if there is no real benefit to catching the cancer earlier. That can give the impression that detecting cancers by screening causes cancers to be less dangerous even if less dangerous cancers are simply more likely to be detected by screening. Medicine portalMathematics portalScience portal References ^ Moses, Scott (2014). "Length Bias". FPnotebook.com. Cites: Gates, T. J. (2001). "Screening for cancer: Evaluating the evidence". American Family Physician. 63 (3): 513–22. PMID 11272300. MacLean, Charles D. (1996). "Principles of Cancer Screening". Medical Clinics of North America. 80 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70423-5. PMID 8569290. Nielsen, Craig; Lang, Richard S. (1999). "Principles of Screening". Medical Clinics of North America. 83 (6): 1323–1337. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70169-3. PMID 10584597. Reference works Porta, Miquel, ed. (2016). "Length Bias". A Dictionary of Epidemiology (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199976720. vteBiasesCognitive biases Acquiescence Ambiguity Affinity Anchoring Attentional Attribution Actor–observer Correspondence Authority Automation Availability Mean world Belief Blind spot Choice-supportive Commitment Confirmation Compassion fade Congruence Cultural Distinction Dunning–Kruger Egocentric Curse of knowledge Emotional Extrinsic incentives Fading affect Framing Frequency Frog pond effect Halo effect Hindsight Horn effect Hostile attribution Impact Implicit In-group Illusion of transparency Mean world syndrome Mere-exposure effect Negativity Normalcy Omission Optimism Out-group homogeneity Outcome Overton window Precision Present Pro-innovation Response Restraint Self-serving Social comparison Social influence bias Spotlight Status quo Substitution Time-saving Trait ascription Turkey illusion von Restorff effect Zero-risk In animals Statistical biases Estimator Forecast Healthy user Information Psychological Lead time Length time Non-response Observer Omitted-variable Participation Recall Sampling Selection Self-selection Social desirability Spectrum Survivorship Systematic error Systemic Verification Wet Other biases Academic Basking in reflected glory Funding FUTON Inductive Infrastructure Inherent In education Liking gap Media False balance Vietnam War Norway South Asia Sweden United States Arab–Israeli conflict Ukraine Net Political bias Publication Reporting White hat Bias reduction Cognitive bias mitigation Debiasing Heuristics in judgment and decision-making Lists: General Memory	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lead time bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_time_bias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Length_time_bias.svg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cancer screening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_screening"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumors"},{"link_name":"asymptomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"link_name":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg"},{"link_name":"Science portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Science"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Lead time bias.Length time bias in cancer screening. Screening appears to lead to better survival even when actually no one lived any longer.Length time bias (or length bias) is an overestimation of survival duration due to the relative excess of cases detected that are asymptomatically slowly progressing, while fast progressing cases are detected after giving symptoms. [citation needed]Length time bias is often discussed in the context of the benefits of cancer screening, and it can lead to the perception that screening leads to better outcomes when in reality it has no effect. Fast-growing tumors generally have a shorter asymptomatic phase than slower-growing tumors. Thus, there is a shorter period of time during which the cancer is present in the body (and so might be detected by screening) but not yet large enough to cause symptoms, that would cause the patient to seek medical care and be diagnosed without screening.[citation needed]As a result, if the same number of slow-growing and fast-growing tumors appear in a year, the screening test detects more slow-growers than fast-growers. If the slow growing tumors are less likely to be fatal than the fast growers, the people whose cancer is detected by screening do better, on average, than the people whose tumors are detected from symptoms (or at autopsy) even if there is no real benefit to catching the cancer earlier. That can give the impression that detecting cancers by screening causes cancers to be less dangerous even if less dangerous cancers are simply more likely to be detected by screening.[1]Medicine portalMathematics portalScience portal","title":"Length time bias"}]	[{"image_text":"Length time bias in cancer screening. Screening appears to lead to better survival even when actually no one lived any longer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Length_time_bias.svg/220px-Length_time_bias.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Moses, Scott (2014). \"Length Bias\". FPnotebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fpnotebook.com/Prevent/Epi/LngthBs.htm","url_text":"\"Length Bias\""}]},{"reference":"Gates, T. J. (2001). \"Screening for cancer: Evaluating the evidence\". American Family Physician. 63 (3): 513–22. PMID 11272300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11272300","url_text":"11272300"}]},{"reference":"MacLean, Charles D. (1996). \"Principles of Cancer Screening\". Medical Clinics of North America. 80 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70423-5. PMID 8569290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0025-7125%2805%2970423-5","url_text":"10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70423-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8569290","url_text":"8569290"}]},{"reference":"Nielsen, Craig; Lang, Richard S. (1999). \"Principles of Screening\". Medical Clinics of North America. 83 (6): 1323–1337. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70169-3. PMID 10584597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0025-7125%2805%2970169-3","url_text":"10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70169-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10584597","url_text":"10584597"}]},{"reference":"Porta, Miquel, ed. (2016). \"Length Bias\". A Dictionary of Epidemiology (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199976720.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001/acref-9780199976720-e-1123?rskey=mWEzWO&result=1","url_text":"\"Length Bias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199976720","url_text":"9780199976720"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fpnotebook.com/Prevent/Epi/LngthBs.htm","external_links_name":"\"Length Bias\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11272300","external_links_name":"11272300"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0025-7125%2805%2970423-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70423-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8569290","external_links_name":"8569290"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0025-7125%2805%2970169-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70169-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10584597","external_links_name":"10584597"},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001/acref-9780199976720-e-1123?rskey=mWEzWO&result=1","external_links_name":"\"Length Bias\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Fau	Michel Fau	["1 Personal life","2 Filmography","3 Theater","4 External links"]	French actor (born 1964) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Michel Fau" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michel FauMichel Fau at the 41st César Awards in 2016Born1964 (age 59–60)Agen, FranceOccupation(s)Actor, comedian, theatre directorYears active1984–present Michel Fau (born 1964) is a French comedian, actor and theatre director. Personal life Michel Fau in 2016 At 18, he left his hometown for training at French National Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1986 to 1989. He trained with Michel Bouquet, Gerard Desarthe and Pierre Vial. He has appeared on stage regularly in works directed by Olivier Py and he also worked with Olivier Desbordes, Jean Sébastien Rajon, Pierre Guillois, Jean-Luc Lagarce, Jean-Michel Rabeux, Jean-Claude Penchenat, Laurent Gutmann, Stéphane Braunschweig, Jacques Weber, Sandrine Kiberlain, Léa Drucker, Gaspard Ulliel, Julie Depardieu, Charlotte de Turckheim, Chantal Ladesou, Catherine Frot, Samir Guesmi, ... In cinema, he worked with directors like Jean-Paul Rappeneau, Gilles Bourdos, Albert Dupontel, Dominik Moll, François Ozon, Benoît Jacquot, Noémie Lvovsky, Nina Companeez, Jean-Michel Ribes, Xavier Giannoli, Christophe Honoré, Josée Dayan, André Téchiné, ... He occasionally directs an interpretation workshop at the French National Academy of Dramatic Arts. During the Night of the 2011 Molière Award, he made a cover of Carla Bruni's song Quelqu'un m'a dit in a parody of classical singer. Filmography Year Title Role Director Notes 1990 Cyrano de Bergerac Ragueneau's Poet Jean-Paul Rappeneau 1993 Relâche The young actor Gilles Bourdos Short Le Don David Delrieux TV movie 1997 Le JT, petit opéra Philippe Béziat Short 1999 The Creator Nicolas Albert Dupontel 2000 Harry, He's Here to Help Eric Dominik Moll Les yeux fermés Michel Olivier Py TV movie 2002 Le petit vélo dans la tête Fabrice Fouquet Short 2003 Swimming Pool First Man François Ozon 2005 Foon Miss Petchers Benoît Pétré, Mika Tard, ... Marie Antoinette Louis XVI Alain Brunard TV movie Marc Eliot Gregory Fontaine Patrick Jamain TV series (1 episode) 2006 Gaspard le bandit Riboux Benoît Jacquot TV movie 2007 Let's Dance The psychiatrist Noémie Lvovsky Un train de retard Eric Jeanne Gottesdiener Short Un nouveau contrat The Mechanic Christophe Leraie Short 2011 Requiem pour une tueuse The Conductor Jérôme Le Gris À la recherche du temps perdu Jupien Nina Companeez TV mini-series 2013 9 Month Stretch The gynecologist Albert Dupontel 2014 Brèves de comptoir The writer Jean-Michel Ribes 2015 Marguerite Atos Pezzini / Divo Xavier Giannoli Nominated - César Award for Best Supporting Actor Arletty, une passion coupable Sacha Guitry Arnaud Sélignac TV movie 2016 Open at Night Bar manager Édouard Baer Sophie's Misfortunes Father Huc Christophe Honoré Capitaine Marleau Marc Durieux Josée Dayan TV series (1 episode) 2017 Golden Years Samuel André Téchiné Ordalie Karl Kaplan Sacha Barbin Short 2018 Paris Pigalle Maurice Vogel Cédric Anger Alien Crystal Palace Hambourg Arielle Dombasle The Most Assassinated Woman in the World André Franck Ribière 2019 Amor maman Michel Roland Menou Short 2020 La fuite The uncle Aurélien Gabrielli Short I Love You Coiffure Patrick Muriel Robin TV movie 2022 Habib, la grande aventure The director Aurélien Gabrielli Diane de Poitiers Gabriel Antoine Le Camus Josée Dayan TV mini-series 2023 Borgo The inspector Stéphane Demoustier The Crime Is Mine Maurice Vrai François Ozon Les secrets de la princesse de Cadignan Honoré de Balzac Arielle Dombasle Capitaine Marleau Claude Josée Dayan TV series (1 episode) Theater Year Title Author Director Notes 1984 Taches d’encre Isabelle Allard Isabelle Allard La Mort de Marthe Attilio Cossu Attilio Cossu 1985 Creditors August Strindberg Michel Fau Thérèse Raquin Émile Zola Michel Fau Measure for Measure William Shakespeare Régis Braun 1986 Creditors August Strindberg Michel Fau Le Préjugé vaincu Pierre de Marivaux Éric Sadin 1987 Le Ça et le vent Viorel Stéphan Philippe Honoré 1988 Le Ventre Jean-Michel Rabeux Michel Fau Après la pluie, le beau temps Countess of Ségur Philippe Honoré 1988-90 The Misanthrope Molière Jacques Weber 1989 La Vie parisienne Jacques Offenbach Pierre Vial 1990 Fragments d’une lettre d’adieu lus par des géologues Normand Chaurette Gabriel Garran La Femme abandonnée Stéphane Auvray-Nauroy Stéphane Auvray-Nauroy 1991 Tableaux Impossibles Jan Voss Gilberte Tsaï La Déploration Eugène Durif Philippe Honoré 1992 Phèdre Jean Racine Stéphane Auvray-Nauroy La Baïxada Eric Sadin Michel Fau La Désillusion Frédéric Constant & Michel Fau Michel Fau Les Aventures de Paco Goliard Olivier Py Olivier Py 1993 Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare Pierre Guillois Il est trop tard Stéphane Auvray-Nauroy Stéphane Auvray-Nauroy 1994 The New Menoza Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz Laurent Gutmann 1995 La Panoplie du squelette Olivier Py Olivier Py La Cagnotte Eugène Labiche Jean-Luc Lagarce La Servante Olivier Py Olivier Py 1996 A Lover's Complaint William Shakespeare Jean-Claude Penchenat Ce qui est resté d’un Rembrandt Jean Genet Laurent Gutmann Les Décors sont de Roger H. Laurent Gutmann Laurent Gutmann Miss Knife et sa baraque chantante Olivier Py Olivier Py 1997 L'Architecte et la forêt Pastorale noire Olivier Py Olivier Py 1997-98 Le Visage d’Orphée Olivier Py Olivier Py 1998 Hyènes Christian Siméon Jean Macqueron Prix Gérard Philipe 1999 Athalie Jean Racine Jean Gillibert The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare Stéphane Braunschweig Der Silbersee Kurt Weill Olivier Desbordes 1999-2000 Meurtres hors champ Eugène Durif Jean-Michel Rabeux 2000 American Buffalo David Mamet Michel Fau Edmond David Mamet Pierre Laville Pelléas and Mélisande Maurice Maeterlinck Pierre Guillois 2000-01 L’Apocalypse joyeuse Olivier Py Olivier Py 2002 L’Homosexuel ou la difficulté de s’exprimer Copi Jean-Michel Rabeux 2003 Le Soulier de satin Paul Claudel Olivier Py 2004 Orphée 3 Pier Paolo Pasolini & Eugénio de Andrade Michel Fau The Love for Three Oranges Sergei Prokofiev Philippe Calvario Feu l'amour ! / On purge bébé /Léonie est en avance / Hortense a dit J'm'en fous ! Georges Feydeau Jean-Michel Rabeux Dédé Albert Willemetz & Henri Christiné Olivier Desbordes 2005 The Robbers Friedrich Schiller Paul Desvaux The Balcony Jean Genet Sébastien Rajon 2006 Eugene Onegin Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Michel Fau L'Énigme Vilar Jean Vilar Olivier Py Die Entführung aus dem Serail Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Olivier Desbordes 2006-07 Illusions comiques Olivier Py Olivier Py Prix du Syndicat de la critique - Best Actor 2007 Symposium Plato Juliette Deschamps Madama Butterfly Giacomo Puccini Michel Fau Bastien und Bastienne Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Michel Fau 2007-08 L'Ignorant et le fou Thomas Bernhard Emmanuel Daumas 2008 Oresteia Aeschylus Olivier Py 2008-09 Othello William Shakespeare Éric Vigner 2009 Le Soulier de satin Paul Claudel Olivier Py Illusions comiques Olivier Py Olivier Py Les Enfants de Saturne Olivier Py Olivier Py Le Rosier de Madame Husson Guy de Maupassant Michel Fau 2010 L'Impardonnable Revue pathétique et dégradante de Monsieur Fau Michel Fau Emmanuel Daumas 2010-11 Nono Sacha Guitry Michel Fau A Doll's House Henrik Ibsen Michel Fau 2011 Une visite inopportune Copi Philippe Calvario Britannicus Jean Racine Michel Fau 2011-12 Courteline en dentelles Georges Courteline Jérôme Deschamps Récital emphatique Michel Fau Michel Fau 2012 Entertaining Mr Sloane Joe Orton Michel Fau 2013 Demain il fera jour Henry de Montherlant Michel Fau Ciboulette Reynaldo Hahn Michel Fau also played La comtesse de Castiglione 2014 The Misanthrope Molière Michel Fau Nominated - Molière Award for Best ActorNominated - Molière Award for Best Director Brûlez-la! Zelda la Magnifique Christian Siméon Michel Fau 2015 Cactus Flower Pierre Barillet & Jean-Pierre Gredy Michel Fau Nominated - Molière Award for Best ActorNominated - Molière Award for Best PlayNominated - Molière Award for Best DirectorNominated - Molière Award for Best Comedy Dardanus Jean-Philippe Rameau Michel Fau Grand prix du meilleur spectacle lyrique du Syndicat de la critique 2015-16 Un amour qui ne finit pas André Roussin Michel Fau Prix du Brigadier 2016 Par-delà les marronniers Jean-Michel Ribes Jean-Michel Ribes Peau de vache Pierre Barillet & Jean-Pierre Gredy Michel Fau 2017 Tartuffe Molière Michel Fau Cactus Flower Pierre Barillet & Jean-Pierre Gredy Michel Fau 2018 Douce amère Jean Poiret Michel Fau Fric-Frac Édouard Bourdet Michel Fau 2019 La belle Hélène Jacques Offenbach Michel Fau Ariadne auf Naxos Richard Strauss Michel Fau Le postillon de Lonjumeau Adolphe Adam Michel Fau also played Madame Rose 2020 Betrayal Harold Pinter Michel Fau George Dandin ou le Mari confondu Molière Michel Fau 2021 Wozzeck Alban Berg Michel Fau Qu'est-il arrivé à Bette Davis et Joan Crawford ? Jean Marbœuf Michel Fau 2022 Lorsque l'enfant paraît André Roussin Michel Fau Nominated - Molière Award for Best ActorNominated - Molière Award for Best DirectorNominated - Molière Award for Best Comedy 2023 Zémire et Azor André Grétry Michel Fau Le Vison voyageur Ray Cooney & John Chapman Michel Fau Piège pour un homme seul Robert Thomas Michel Fau External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michel Fau. Michel Fau at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"theatre director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_director"}],"text":"Michel Fau (born 1964) is a French comedian, actor and theatre director.","title":"Michel Fau"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Fau_02_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"French National Academy of Dramatic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Michel Bouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Bouquet"},{"link_name":"Olivier Py","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Py"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Jacques Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Weber"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Kiberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Kiberlain"},{"link_name":"Léa Drucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Drucker"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Ulliel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Ulliel"},{"link_name":"Julie Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"Charlotte de Turckheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_de_Turckheim"},{"link_name":"Chantal Ladesou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Ladesou"},{"link_name":"Catherine Frot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Frot"},{"link_name":"Samir Guesmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Guesmi"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Rappeneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Rappeneau"},{"link_name":"Gilles Bourdos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Bourdos"},{"link_name":"Albert Dupontel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dupontel"},{"link_name":"Dominik Moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Moll"},{"link_name":"François Ozon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ozon"},{"link_name":"Benoît Jacquot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Jacquot"},{"link_name":"Noémie Lvovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Lvovsky"},{"link_name":"Nina Companeez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Companeez"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Ribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Ribes"},{"link_name":"Xavier Giannoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Giannoli"},{"link_name":"Christophe Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Josée Dayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Dayan"},{"link_name":"André Téchiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_T%C3%A9chin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"French National Academy of Dramatic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts"},{"link_name":"2011 Molière Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_Award"},{"link_name":"Carla Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bruni"},{"link_name":"Quelqu'un m'a dit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelqu%27un_m%27a_dit"}],"text":"Michel Fau in 2016At 18, he left his hometown for training at French National Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1986 to 1989. He trained with Michel Bouquet, Gerard Desarthe and Pierre Vial.He has appeared on stage regularly in works directed by Olivier Py and he also worked with Olivier Desbordes, Jean Sébastien Rajon, Pierre Guillois, Jean-Luc Lagarce, Jean-Michel Rabeux, Jean-Claude Penchenat, Laurent Gutmann, Stéphane Braunschweig, Jacques Weber, Sandrine Kiberlain, Léa Drucker, Gaspard Ulliel, Julie Depardieu, Charlotte de Turckheim, Chantal Ladesou, Catherine Frot, Samir Guesmi, ...In cinema, he worked with directors like Jean-Paul Rappeneau, Gilles Bourdos, Albert Dupontel, Dominik Moll, François Ozon, Benoît Jacquot, Noémie Lvovsky, Nina Companeez, Jean-Michel Ribes, Xavier Giannoli, Christophe Honoré, Josée Dayan, André Téchiné, ...He occasionally directs an interpretation workshop at the French National Academy of Dramatic Arts.During the Night of the 2011 Molière Award, he made a cover of Carla Bruni's song Quelqu'un m'a dit in a parody of classical singer.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theater"}]	[{"image_text":"Michel Fau in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michel_Fau_02_2016.jpg/170px-Michel_Fau_02_2016.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michel+Fau%22","external_links_name":"\"Michel Fau\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michel+Fau%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michel+Fau%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michel+Fau%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michel+Fau%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michel+Fau%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0268949/","external_links_name":"Michel Fau"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000001311856","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66713783","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWpF9WwvkPB7QMxpCRKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5645152","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1067640975","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013137339","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/79557dba-ab6e-465e-a169-675848818ad4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/084287373","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%A9di	Kaédi	["1 Overview","2 Transport","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 16°09′02″N 13°30′20″W / 16.15056°N 13.50556°W / 16.15056; -13.50556Commune and town in Gorgol, MauritaniaKaédi كيهيديCommune and townKaédi Town CentreKaédiLocation in MauritaniaCoordinates: 16°09′02″N 13°30′20″W / 16.15056°N 13.50556°W / 16.15056; -13.50556Country MauritaniaRegionGorgolGovernment • MayorDemba Samba N'Diaye (2023)Elevation23 m (75 ft)Population (2013 census) • Commune and town49,152 • Metro121,726 Kaédi (Arabic: كيهيدي) is the largest city and administrative center of the Gorgol Region of Southern Mauritania, located on the border with Senegal. It is approximately 435 km from Mauritania's capital, Nouakchott. Overview The city sits within the "Chemama" Riverine zone along the north bank of the River Senegal where it connects with the Gorgol River. This region is one of the few areas of settled agriculture in the country. Culturally, the city is among the most diverse in Mauritania, consisting of ethnic "White Moors" (Arabic: البيضان) and "Black Moors" (Arabic: السودان), as well as Pulaar, and Soninke communities. Houses in Kaedi It is known as a market town, a medical center, and a center for local farmers. The market reflects the sub-Saharan culture of neighboring Senegal somewhat more than the Moorish-Arabic culture found further north in the country. Kaedi Regional Hospital Most of the architecture consists of brown, flat-roofed buildings, undistinguished except that most are surrounded by "dutch brick" enclosures. The one exception is the unusual architecture of the Kaédi Regional Hospital, which was constructed in 1989 and features multiple beehive-style domes. The award-winning architecture was designed by the Association for the Development of Traditional African Urbanism and Architecture (ADAUA), which aims to develop indigenous African urban architectural designs using local materials and technologies. Transport This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017) See also Transport in Mauritania Railway stations in Mauritania Gorgol Region References ^ Mauritania : The largest cities with population statistics ^ AKDN. "KAEDI REGIONAL HOSPITAL". the.akdn. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaedi. vte Communes of MauritaniaUrban Industrial Arafat Benichab Choum Dar-Naim El Mina Kiffa Ksar Nouadhibou Riyad Rosso Sebkha Tevragh-Zeina Teyarett Toujouonine Zouérat Urban Agricultural Adel Bagrou Aere Mbar Aghchorguitt Ain Ehel Taya Aioun Ajar Aleg Amourj Aoueinat Zbel Aoujeft Arr Atar Azgueilem Tiyab Bababé Bagrou Barkeol Bassiknou Bethet Meit Boghé Bokkol Bou Lahrath Bougadoum Bouheida Bouhdida Boulenouar Bouly Boumdeid Bousteila Boutilimitt Cheggar Chinguitti Dafor Daghveg Dar El Barka Dionaba Djeol Djiguenni El Ghabra El Ghaire Fassala Foum Gleita Ghabou Gouraye Gueller Guerou Hamod Hassichegar Jidr-El Mouhguen Kaédi Kamour Kankossa Keur-Macene Kobeni Koumbi Saleh Lahraj Legrane Leouossy Lexelba Maghama Magta-Lahjar Male Mbagne Mbalal Mbout Mederdra Monguel Moudjeria Nbeika Ndiago Néma Niabina Noual Ouad Naga Ouadane Oualata Oueid Jrid Ould Yenge Rdheidhi R' Kiz Sangrave Sélibaby Soudoud Tachott Tamchekett Tawaz Tékane Tichit Tidjikja Tiguent Timbedra Timzinn Tintane Touil Tufunde Cive Wahatt Woumpou Rural Agricultural Agharghar Aghoratt Agoueinit Ain Savra Ain Varba Ajoueir Aouleiguatt Aweintat I Bagodine Baidiyam Bangou Bareina Beileguet Litama Beneamane Beribavatt Blajmil Boeir Tores Bouanze Boubacar Ben Amer Boutalhaya Chelkhet Tiyad Daw Devaa Dhar Diadibeny Gandega Dielwar Dodol Cover Doueirara Edbaye El Hejaj Edebaye Ehl Guelay Egjert El Aria El Khatt El Medah El Megve El Melgua El Mouyessar El Verea Elb Address Feireni Ganki Gasra El Barka Ghlig Ehel Boye Gogui Guateidoume Hassi Abdallah Hassi Attilla Hassi Ehel Ahmed Bechna Hassimhadi Hsey Tine Inal Jreif Kouroudel Ksar el Barka Laftah Lahrach Leghligue Lehreijat Lehseira Lekhcheb Leweynatt Lexeiba Maaden Mabrouk I Mabrouk II Megva Melga Melzem Teichett Modibougou N' Savenni Nebaghia Nere Walo Nouamghar Nouamleine Nteichitt Ntrguent Ouad Amour Ould Birem Ouldmbouni Oum Avnadech Ou, Lahyadh, Radhi Sagne Sani Sava Soufa Taguilalett Tarenguet Ehel Moul Tektaka Tenaha Ten Hamadi Tensigh Tikobra Tinghadej Tmeimichatt Tokomadji Toutel Voulaniya Vrea Litama Wali Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Gorgol Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgol_Region"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_border"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Nouakchott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouakchott"}],"text":"Commune and town in Gorgol, MauritaniaKaédi (Arabic: كيهيدي) is the largest city and administrative center of the Gorgol Region of Southern Mauritania, located on the border with Senegal. It is approximately 435 km from Mauritania's capital, Nouakchott.","title":"Kaédi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemama"},{"link_name":"River Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River"},{"link_name":"Gorgol River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgol_River"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haratin"},{"link_name":"Pulaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaar"},{"link_name":"Soninke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaedi,adobe_house1.jpg"},{"link_name":"market town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KaediRegionalHospital2.JPG"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_architecture"},{"link_name":"dutch brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_brick_(stabilized_earth_block)"},{"link_name":"Kaédi Regional Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%A9di_Regional_Hospital"},{"link_name":"beehive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The city sits within the \"Chemama\" Riverine zone along the north bank of the River Senegal where it connects with the Gorgol River. This region is one of the few areas of settled agriculture in the country. Culturally, the city is among the most diverse in Mauritania, consisting of ethnic \"White Moors\" (Arabic: البيضان) and \"Black Moors\" (Arabic: السودان), as well as Pulaar, and Soninke communities.Houses in KaediIt is known as a market town, a medical center, and a center for local farmers. The market reflects the sub-Saharan culture of neighboring Senegal somewhat more than the Moorish-Arabic culture found further north in the country.Kaedi Regional HospitalMost of the architecture consists of brown, flat-roofed buildings, undistinguished except that most are surrounded by \"dutch brick\" enclosures. The one exception is the unusual architecture of the Kaédi Regional Hospital, which was constructed in 1989 and features multiple beehive-style domes. The award-winning architecture was designed by the Association for the Development of Traditional African Urbanism and Architecture (ADAUA), which aims to develop indigenous African urban architectural designs using local materials and technologies.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"}]	[{"image_text":"Houses in Kaedi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kaedi%2Cadobe_house1.jpg/220px-Kaedi%2Cadobe_house1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kaedi Regional Hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/KaediRegionalHospital2.JPG/220px-KaediRegionalHospital2.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Transport in Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Mauritania"},{"title":"Railway stations in Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Mauritania"},{"title":"Gorgol Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgol_Region"}]	[{"reference":"AKDN. \"KAEDI REGIONAL HOSPITAL\". the.akdn.","urls":[{"url":"https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-trust-culture/akaa/kaedi-regional-hospital","url_text":"\"KAEDI REGIONAL HOSPITAL\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ka%C3%A9di&params=16_09_02_N_13_30_20_W_region:MR_type:city(49152)","external_links_name":"16°09′02″N 13°30′20″W / 16.15056°N 13.50556°W / 16.15056; -13.50556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ka%C3%A9di&params=16_09_02_N_13_30_20_W_region:MR_type:city(49152)","external_links_name":"16°09′02″N 13°30′20″W / 16.15056°N 13.50556°W / 16.15056; -13.50556"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ka%C3%A9di&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.gazetteer.de/wg.php?x=1255729858&men=gcis&lng=fr&des=gamelan&geo=-145&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500","external_links_name":"Mauritania : The largest cities with population statistics"},{"Link":"https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-trust-culture/akaa/kaedi-regional-hospital","external_links_name":"\"KAEDI REGIONAL HOSPITAL\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132683203","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533252605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94097219","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet_gun	Pellet (air gun)	["1 Types","1.1 Diabolo pellet","1.2 Ball pellets","1.3 Slug pellet","2 Lead-free pellets","3 Match shooting use","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Non-spherical projectile designed to be shot from an air gun A range of "diabolo" pellets with various nose profiles A pellet is a non-spherical projectile designed to be shot from an air gun, and an airgun that shoots such pellets is commonly known as a pellet gun. Air gun pellets differ from bullets and shot used in firearms in terms of the pressures encountered; airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres, while firearms operate at thousands of atmospheres. Airguns generally use a slightly undersized projectile that is designed to obturate upon shooting so as to seal the bore, and engage the rifling; firearms have sufficient pressure to force a slightly oversized bullet to fit the bore in order to form a tight seal. Since pellets may be shot through a smoothbore barrel, they are often designed to be inherently stable, much like the Foster slugs used in smoothbore shotguns. Types Diabolo pellet Hornet Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Special pellet for hunting purposes. Lead with a point of brass. Extremely high penetrating power Hunter Impact Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Pellet for hunting purposes. Lead with a point of synthetic polymers The diabolo pellet (or "wasp waist pellet") is the most common design traditionally found in airguns. It consists of a solid front portion called the head, which can have a flat ("wadcutter"), hemispherical ("round nose"), hollow point or conical ("pointed") front end profile, and a thin-walled funnel-shaped hollow rear portion called the skirt, joined by an hourglass-looking narrow mid-section known as the waist, giving the whole pellet the shape of a diabolo. The head is usually sized to just touch the rifling, and this keeps the pellet centered in the bore while keeping the friction as low as possible. The effect of friction is used in order to keep the pellet stationary until the piston has reached the end of its travel, compressing as much air as is possible. The thin hollow skirt is made of a malleable material, usually lead, although non-toxic alternatives are available that use tin or even plastic. During shooting, the skirt flares out and obturates the bore when pressure builds up behind it to provide a good seal that allows efficient pellet acceleration, and engages the rifling whereby imparting spin. In a smoothbore barrel, the skirt will still flare to provide a tight seal, but since there is no rifling the pellet will not spin, and is less accurate. Because the majority of the pellet's mass resides in the solid head in the front, and the hollow skirt in the back generates significant drag during flight, this creates drag stability that will counteract yawing and help to maintain consistent trajectories. However, such stability is limited, and if the pellet's speed exceeds what the aerodynamics allow it will become unstable and start tumbling in flight. When this happens, the pellet can hit the target sideways and leave behind a keyhole-shaped impact hole on the target paper, instead of a clean round hole as expected from a direct frontal hit. This phenomenon is known as keyholing. Pellets are designed to travel at subsonic speeds. High velocities can cause light pellets to overly deform, or even break apart in flight. The transition from subsonic to supersonic velocities will cause almost all pellets to tumble. The closer a pellet gets to the speed of sound, the more unstable it becomes. This is a problem for high-powered "magnum" break-barrel and pre-charged pneumatic air rifles, which are capable of pushing lighter pellets beyond the sound barrier. A few companies have addressed this issue by manufacturing heavier-than-normal pellets for use in these high powered air guns. The heavier weight of these pellets ensures lower muzzle velocities, resulting in less chance of tumbling and more overall accuracy. Their weight also makes them sectionally denser and less susceptible to wind deviation and drag deceleration, and thus imparts better external and terminal ballistic performance. Ball pellets Steel ball shots with copper or zinc jackets Main article: BB gun The earliest airgun pellets are actually small round lead shots similar to those used in muskets. First popularized by the Daisy BB Gun in the 1890s, a spring-piston airgun that shot "BB"-size birdshots, the .180-caliber lead shots were later replaced by the lighter .175-caliber steel shots modified from bearing balls, and remained popular as a plinking/pest shooting projectile due to the popularity and affordability of BB guns such as the Daisy Red Ryder. Modern BB guns use the same calibers as the pellet guns, namely the .177 caliber and (occasionally) .22 caliber. Galvinized/copper-coated steel balls are the commonest projectile used in BB guns due to their better muzzle speed and penetration, but are only used in smoothbore barrels due to the risk of wearing down riflings, therefore lead balls are still used for rifled barrels. Slug pellet Eisenherz Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Plastic-coated pellet with a core of hard metal. For hunting purposes. Plastic-coated pellets with a pointed steel core: Highest possible penetration power. Top: For rifles, bottom: for CO2-pistols with a revolver magazine Recently, some manufacturers also have introduced the more cylindro-conoidally shaped "slug" pellets for some of the more powerful modern PCP air rifles. Contrasted to the commonly used diabolo pellets, these slug pellets resemble Minié balls, with cannelures and a hollow base, and have more contact surface with the bore and hence need greater propelling force to overcome friction, but they have better ballistic coefficients and thus longer effective ranges due to the more aerodynamic shape. Because these slug pellets have no skirts to generate enough drag stability in flight, they rely on spin stabilization from a fully rifled barrel. Lead-free pellets There are many different kinds of lead-free pellets, utilizing non-lead alloys and/or plastics in their construction. Consequently, they are much lighter than lead pellets, with weights ranging from 5.1 to around 20 grains. Due to their lighter weight, they accelerate more quickly inside the barrel, and commonly reach supersonic velocities. This increases the effective feet per second (FPS) of an airgun, which can result in greater accuracy. However, lead-free pellets typically have a lower ballistic coefficient (BC), which results in more wind-drift, and reduced velocity at longer distances. As an example, H&N Sport's Baracuda Green pellet has a BC of 0.013, but the standard Baracuda pellet's BC is 0.024. Although some airguns are equipped with moderators or other noise dampening chambers, lead-free pellets can break the sound-barrier, and produce a loud cracking noise. This can be misinterpreted as a malfunction of the suppressor, when in fact it results from using a supersonic pellet. Upon switching back to a lead pellet, the supersonic crack will cease. H&N Sport markets their lead-free pellets as part of their "GreenLine," and Gamo markets their lead-free pellets as a "Performance Ballistic Alloy" (PBA). Regardless of the terminology, the underlying technology involves a mix of non-lead materials, such as zinc, iron, tin, or copper. Lead-free pellets are offered by all major manufacturers, including RWS, Gamo, H&N Sport, Predator International, JSB, Crosman, Sig Sauer, and others. These metals are all lighter than lead, and significantly harder. As a result, they penetrate more deeply, and do not deform as greatly upon impact with the target. By contrast, lead pellets are often designed to fragment, expand, or mushroom, and can cause more damage. As a result, they are favored by hunters. However, many hunters are using non-lead pellets, to avoid lead contamination. Match shooting use A H&N Final Match Pistol 4.5 mm (.177 in) match diabolo pellet Match pellets are used for the 10 metre air rifle and 10 metre air pistol disciplines. These 4.5 mm (0.177 in) calibre pellets have wadcutter heads, meaning the front is (nearly) flat, that leave clean, hole punch-like round holes in paper targets for easy scoring. Match pellets are offered in tins and more elaborate packagings that avoid deformation and other damage that could impair their uniformity. Most match pellets are made of soft lead (a lead alloy with low antimony content), but some companies offer lead-free versions. The antimony content is used to control the hardness of the soft lead alloy. It is a very soft alloy, which makes it easy to process. Since the soft lead alloy is prone to strongly deform when striking a bullet catcher, it rapidly loses its kinetic energy and will not easily bounce off. Lead is toxic and hazardous to the environment, so precautions should be taken if shooting with lead pellets. For this reason, many shooters use lead-free match pellets, produced by H&N Sport, Predator International, JSB, RWS, Olympia Shot, Gamo, or Daisy. Match air gun shooters are encouraged to perform shooting group tests with their gun clamped in a fixed rest in order to establish which particular pellet type performs best for their air gun. To facilitate maximum performance out of various air guns the leading match pellet manufacturers produce pellets in graduated weight variants (the light/high speed variants are often marketed for air pistol use) and with graduated "head sizes", which means the pellets are offered with front diameters from 4.48 mm (0.176 in) up to 4.52 mm (0.178 in). However at higher and top competitive levels, even these variations are thought too coarse-grained and match pellets are batch tested; that is, the specific gun is mounted in a machine rest test rig and pellets from a specific production run on a specific machine with the same ingredients fed into the process (a batch) are test-fired through the gun. Many different batches will be tested in this manner, and the pellets which give the smallest consistent group size without fliers (shots which fall outside of the main group) will be selected (small but inconsistent group sizes are not useful to a top competitor); and the shooter will then purchase several tens of thousands of pellets from that batch. Group sizes of 4.5 mm (0.177 in) diameter are theoretically possible, but practically shot groups of 5.0 mm (0.197 in) are considered highly competitive. Unbatched ammunition, especially if the air gun is not regularly cleaned, is generally thought to be capable of only 8.0 mm (0.315 in) diameter group sizes. Batch testing match pellets for a particular gun is not generally thought to be worthwhile until the shooter reaches a high proficiency level, around the 95% level (570 for men, 380 for women). See also Air gun Airsoft pellet BB gun References ^ House, Jim. "HUNTING WITH AIRGUNS Ch.6". crosman.com. Crosman. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014. ^ "Compare products \| H&N Sport". www.hn-sport.de. Retrieved 2022-05-02. ^ "Home - Lead Free Pellets". www.leadfreepellets.org. Retrieved 2022-05-02. ^ "About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing". Vogel USA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-04. Retrieved 2012-05-01. ^ Air Gun Testing Target Pellets ^ Scott Pilkington (May–June 2008). "About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing" (PDF). USA Shooting News. Retrieved 2013-02-20. ^ Haendler & Natermann Finale Match Rifle External links Media related to Air gun pellets at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air-gun-pellets.jpg"},{"link_name":"projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile"},{"link_name":"air gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gun"},{"link_name":"bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet"},{"link_name":"shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_(pellet)"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"atmospheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)"},{"link_name":"obturate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturate"},{"link_name":"rifling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifling"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"smoothbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothbore"},{"link_name":"barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrel"},{"link_name":"Foster slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_slug"}],"text":"A range of \"diabolo\" pellets with various nose profilesA pellet is a non-spherical projectile designed to be shot from an air gun, and an airgun that shoots such pellets is commonly known as a pellet gun. Air gun pellets differ from bullets and shot used in firearms in terms of the pressures encountered; airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres,[1] while firearms operate at thousands of atmospheres. Airguns generally use a slightly undersized projectile that is designed to obturate upon shooting so as to seal the bore, and engage the rifling;[citation needed] firearms have sufficient pressure to force a slightly oversized bullet to fit the bore in order to form a tight seal. Since pellets may be shot through a smoothbore barrel, they are often designed to be inherently stable, much like the Foster slugs used in smoothbore shotguns.","title":"Pellet (air gun)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hornet_45.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunter_Impact_45.jpg"},{"link_name":"wasp waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp_waist"},{"link_name":"wadcutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadcutter"},{"link_name":"hemispherical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemispherical"},{"link_name":"hollow point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_point"},{"link_name":"conical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel"},{"link_name":"hourglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass"},{"link_name":"diabolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabolo"},{"link_name":"rifling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifling"},{"link_name":"bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrel#Bore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"obturates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturate"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"smoothbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothbore"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"yawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)"},{"link_name":"keyhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole"},{"link_name":"keyholing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyholing"},{"link_name":"subsonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic"},{"link_name":"speed of sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"sound barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_barrier"},{"link_name":"example needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"sectionally denser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectional_density"},{"link_name":"wind deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windage"},{"link_name":"external","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ballistics"},{"link_name":"terminal ballistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_ballistics"}],"sub_title":"Diabolo pellet","text":"Hornet Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Special pellet for hunting purposes. Lead with a point of brass. Extremely high penetrating powerHunter Impact Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Pellet for hunting purposes. Lead with a point of synthetic polymersThe diabolo pellet (or \"wasp waist pellet\") is the most common design traditionally found in airguns. It consists of a solid front portion called the head, which can have a flat (\"wadcutter\"), hemispherical (\"round nose\"), hollow point or conical (\"pointed\") front end profile, and a thin-walled funnel-shaped hollow rear portion called the skirt, joined by an hourglass-looking narrow mid-section known as the waist, giving the whole pellet the shape of a diabolo. The head is usually sized to just touch the rifling, and this keeps the pellet centered in the bore while keeping the friction as low as possible. The effect of friction is used in order to keep the pellet stationary until the piston has reached the end of its travel, compressing as much air as is possible.[citation needed] The thin hollow skirt is made of a malleable material, usually lead, although non-toxic alternatives are available that use tin or even plastic. During shooting, the skirt flares out and obturates the bore when pressure builds up behind it to provide a good seal that allows efficient pellet acceleration, and engages the rifling whereby imparting spin. In a smoothbore barrel, the skirt will still flare to provide a tight seal, but since there is no rifling the pellet will not spin, and is less accurate.Because the majority of the pellet's mass resides in the solid head in the front, and the hollow skirt in the back generates significant drag during flight, this creates drag stability that will counteract yawing and help to maintain consistent trajectories. However, such stability is limited, and if the pellet's speed exceeds what the aerodynamics allow it will become unstable and start tumbling in flight. When this happens, the pellet can hit the target sideways and leave behind a keyhole-shaped impact hole on the target paper, instead of a clean round hole as expected from a direct frontal hit. This phenomenon is known as keyholing.Pellets are designed to travel at subsonic speeds. High velocities can cause light pellets to overly deform, or even break apart in flight. The transition from subsonic to supersonic velocities will cause almost all pellets to tumble. The closer a pellet gets to the speed of sound, the more unstable it becomes. This is a problem for high-powered \"magnum\" break-barrel and pre-charged pneumatic air rifles, which are capable of pushing lighter pellets beyond the sound barrier. A few companies[example needed] have addressed this issue by manufacturing heavier-than-normal pellets for use in these high powered air guns.[citation needed] The heavier weight of these pellets ensures lower muzzle velocities, resulting in less chance of tumbling and more overall accuracy. Their weight also makes them sectionally denser and less susceptible to wind deviation and drag deceleration, and thus imparts better external and terminal ballistic performance.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_metal_jacket"},{"link_name":"lead shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_shot"},{"link_name":"muskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket"},{"link_name":"Daisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Outdoor_Products"},{"link_name":"birdshots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshot"},{"link_name":"bearing balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_ball"},{"link_name":"plinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinking"},{"link_name":"pest shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmint_hunting"},{"link_name":"BB guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_gun"},{"link_name":"Daisy Red Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Red_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Galvinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvinize"},{"link_name":"copper-coated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_electroplating"},{"link_name":"muzzle speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_speed"},{"link_name":"penetration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)"},{"link_name":"smoothbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothbore"},{"link_name":"barrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrel"},{"link_name":"wearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear"},{"link_name":"riflings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifling"}],"sub_title":"Ball pellets","text":"Steel ball shots with copper or zinc jacketsThe earliest airgun pellets are actually small round lead shots similar to those used in muskets. First popularized by the Daisy BB Gun in the 1890s, a spring-piston airgun that shot \"BB\"-size birdshots, the .180-caliber lead shots were later replaced by the lighter .175-caliber steel shots modified from bearing balls, and remained popular as a plinking/pest shooting projectile due to the popularity and affordability of BB guns such as the Daisy Red Ryder.Modern BB guns use the same calibers as the pellet guns, namely the .177 caliber and (occasionally) .22 caliber. Galvinized/copper-coated steel balls are the commonest projectile used in BB guns due to their better muzzle speed and penetration, but are only used in smoothbore barrels due to the risk of wearing down riflings, therefore lead balls are still used for rifled barrels.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eisenherz_45.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eisenherz_long_short.jpg"},{"link_name":"cylindro-conoidally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindro-conoidal_bullet"},{"link_name":"slug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug_(projectile)"},{"link_name":"Minié balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball"},{"link_name":"cannelures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannelure"},{"link_name":"hollow base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet"},{"link_name":"ballistic coefficients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient"}],"sub_title":"Slug pellet","text":"Eisenherz Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Plastic-coated pellet with a core of hard metal. For hunting purposes.Plastic-coated pellets with a pointed steel core: Highest possible penetration power. Top: For rifles, bottom: for CO2-pistols with a revolver magazineRecently, some manufacturers also have introduced the more cylindro-conoidally shaped \"slug\" pellets for some of the more powerful modern PCP air rifles. Contrasted to the commonly used diabolo pellets, these slug pellets resemble Minié balls, with cannelures and a hollow base, and have more contact surface with the bore and hence need greater propelling force to overcome friction, but they have better ballistic coefficients and thus longer effective ranges due to the more aerodynamic shape. Because these slug pellets have no skirts to generate enough drag stability in flight, they rely on spin stabilization from a fully rifled barrel.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feet per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feet_per_second"},{"link_name":"ballistic coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"There are many different kinds of lead-free pellets, utilizing non-lead alloys and/or plastics in their construction. Consequently, they are much lighter than lead pellets, with weights ranging from 5.1 to around 20 grains. Due to their lighter weight, they accelerate more quickly inside the barrel, and commonly reach supersonic velocities. This increases the effective feet per second (FPS) of an airgun, which can result in greater accuracy.However, lead-free pellets typically have a lower ballistic coefficient (BC), which results in more wind-drift, and reduced velocity at longer distances. As an example, H&N Sport's Baracuda Green pellet has a BC of 0.013, but the standard Baracuda pellet's BC is 0.024.[2]Although some airguns are equipped with moderators or other noise dampening chambers, lead-free pellets can break the sound-barrier, and produce a loud cracking noise. This can be misinterpreted as a malfunction of the suppressor, when in fact it results from using a supersonic pellet. Upon switching back to a lead pellet, the supersonic crack will cease.H&N Sport markets their lead-free pellets as part of their \"GreenLine,\" and Gamo markets their lead-free pellets as a \"Performance Ballistic Alloy\" (PBA). Regardless of the terminology, the underlying technology involves a mix of non-lead materials, such as zinc, iron, tin, or copper. Lead-free pellets are offered by all major manufacturers, including RWS, Gamo, H&N Sport, Predator International, JSB, Crosman, Sig Sauer, and others.[3]These metals are all lighter than lead, and significantly harder. As a result, they penetrate more deeply, and do not deform as greatly upon impact with the target. By contrast, lead pellets are often designed to fragment, expand, or mushroom, and can cause more damage. As a result, they are favored by hunters. However, many hunters are using non-lead pellets, to avoid lead contamination.","title":"Lead-free pellets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HundN_FinaleMatchLP_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"10 metre air rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_metre_air_rifle"},{"link_name":"10 metre air pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_metre_air_pistol"},{"link_name":"wadcutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadcutter"},{"link_name":"hole punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_punch"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A H&N Final Match Pistol 4.5 mm (.177 in) match diabolo pelletMatch pellets are used for the 10 metre air rifle and 10 metre air pistol disciplines. These 4.5 mm (0.177 in) calibre pellets have wadcutter heads, meaning the front is (nearly) flat, that leave clean, hole punch-like round holes in paper targets for easy scoring. Match pellets are offered in tins and more elaborate packagings that avoid deformation and other damage that could impair their uniformity.Most match pellets are made of soft lead (a lead alloy with low antimony content), but some companies offer lead-free versions. The antimony content is used to control the hardness of the soft lead alloy. It is a very soft alloy, which makes it easy to process. Since the soft lead alloy is prone to strongly deform when striking a bullet catcher, it rapidly loses its kinetic energy and will not easily bounce off. Lead is toxic and hazardous to the environment, so precautions should be taken if shooting with lead pellets. For this reason, many shooters use lead-free match pellets, produced by H&N Sport, Predator International, JSB, RWS, Olympia Shot, Gamo, or Daisy.Match air gun shooters are encouraged to perform shooting group tests with their gun clamped in a fixed rest in order to establish which particular pellet type performs best for their air gun.[4][5]\nTo facilitate maximum performance out of various air guns the leading match pellet manufacturers produce pellets in graduated weight variants (the light/high speed variants are often marketed for air pistol use) and with graduated \"head sizes\", which means the pellets are offered with front diameters from 4.48 mm (0.176 in) up to 4.52 mm (0.178 in).However at higher and top competitive levels, even these variations are thought too coarse-grained and match pellets are batch tested; that is, the specific gun is mounted in a machine rest test rig and pellets from a specific production run on a specific machine with the same ingredients fed into the process (a batch) are test-fired through the gun.[6] Many different batches will be tested in this manner, and the pellets which give the smallest consistent group size without fliers (shots which fall outside of the main group) will be selected (small but inconsistent group sizes are not useful to a top competitor); and the shooter will then purchase several tens of thousands of pellets from that batch. Group sizes of 4.5 mm (0.177 in) diameter are theoretically possible, but practically shot groups of 5.0 mm (0.197 in) are considered highly competitive.[7] Unbatched ammunition, especially if the air gun is not regularly cleaned, is generally thought to be capable of only 8.0 mm (0.315 in) diameter group sizes. Batch testing match pellets for a particular gun is not generally thought to be worthwhile until the shooter reaches a high proficiency level, around the 95% level (570 for men, 380 for women).","title":"Match shooting use"}]	[{"image_text":"A range of \"diabolo\" pellets with various nose profiles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Air-gun-pellets.jpg/220px-Air-gun-pellets.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hornet Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Special pellet for hunting purposes. Lead with a point of brass. Extremely high penetrating power","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hornet_45.jpg/170px-Hornet_45.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hunter Impact Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Pellet for hunting purposes. Lead with a point of synthetic polymers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hunter_Impact_45.jpg/170px-Hunter_Impact_45.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steel ball shots with copper or zinc jackets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg/220px-BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eisenherz Cal. 4,5mm (.177). Plastic-coated pellet with a core of hard metal. For hunting purposes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Eisenherz_45.jpg/170px-Eisenherz_45.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plastic-coated pellets with a pointed steel core: Highest possible penetration power. Top: For rifles, bottom: for CO2-pistols with a revolver magazine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Eisenherz_long_short.jpg/170px-Eisenherz_long_short.jpg"},{"image_text":"A H&N Final Match Pistol 4.5 mm (.177 in) match diabolo pellet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HundN_FinaleMatchLP_Front.jpg/170px-HundN_FinaleMatchLP_Front.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Air gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gun"},{"title":"Airsoft pellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airsoft_pellet"},{"title":"BB gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_gun"}]	[{"reference":"House, Jim. \"HUNTING WITH AIRGUNS Ch.6\". crosman.com. Crosman. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141214230747/http://www.crosman.com/university/library/hunting-with-airguns/6","url_text":"\"HUNTING WITH AIRGUNS Ch.6\""},{"url":"http://www.crosman.com/university/library/hunting-with-airguns/6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Compare products \| H&N Sport\". www.hn-sport.de. Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hn-sport.de/en/products/compare/40+26","url_text":"\"Compare products \| H&N Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - Lead Free Pellets\". www.leadfreepellets.org. Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leadfreepellets.org/","url_text":"\"Home - Lead Free Pellets\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing\". Vogel USA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-04. Retrieved 2012-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120504015539/http://www.vogelusa.com/pellettesting.htm","url_text":"\"About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing\""},{"url":"http://www.vogelusa.com/pellettesting.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott Pilkington (May–June 2008). \"About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing\" (PDF). USA Shooting News. Retrieved 2013-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usashooting.org/library/Instructional/Rifle/pellet_testing_may_june_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141214230747/http://www.crosman.com/university/library/hunting-with-airguns/6","external_links_name":"\"HUNTING WITH AIRGUNS Ch.6\""},{"Link":"http://www.crosman.com/university/library/hunting-with-airguns/6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hn-sport.de/en/products/compare/40+26","external_links_name":"\"Compare products \| H&N Sport\""},{"Link":"https://www.leadfreepellets.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home - Lead Free Pellets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120504015539/http://www.vogelusa.com/pellettesting.htm","external_links_name":"\"About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing\""},{"Link":"http://www.vogelusa.com/pellettesting.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nealjguns.com/pdfcatalog/Tgtammo.pdf","external_links_name":"Air Gun Testing Target Pellets"},{"Link":"http://www.usashooting.org/library/Instructional/Rifle/pellet_testing_may_june_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing\""},{"Link":"http://www.hn-sport.de/en/products/air-gun-pellets/10m-olmypic-events/finale-match-rifle.html","external_links_name":"Haendler & Natermann Finale Match Rifle"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periselenum	Apsis	["1 General description","2 Terminology","2.1 Etymology","2.2 Terminology summary","3 Perihelion and aphelion","3.1 Inner planets and outer planets","3.2 Lines of apsides","3.3 Earth perihelion and aphelion","3.4 Other planets","4 Mathematical formulae","5 Time of perihelion","5.1 Short arcs","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Apogee (disambiguation), Perigee (disambiguation), and Apse (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Apse or Aspis. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Apsis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The apsides refer to the farthest (2) and nearest (3) points reached by an orbiting planetary body (2 and 3) with respect to a primary, or host, body (1) An apsis (from Ancient Greek ἁψίς (hapsís) 'arch, vault'; pl. apsides /ˈæpsɪˌdiːz/ AP-sih-deez) is the farthest or nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body. The line of apsides is the line connecting the two extreme values. Apsides pertaining to orbits around the Sun have distinct names to differentiate themselves from other apsides; these names are aphelion for the farthest and perihelion for the nearest point in the solar orbit. The Moon's two apsides are the farthest point, apogee, and the nearest point, perigee, of its orbit around the host Earth. Earth's two apsides are the farthest point, aphelion, and the nearest point, perihelion, of its orbit around the host Sun. The terms aphelion and perihelion apply in the same way to the orbits of Jupiter and the other planets, the comets, and the asteroids of the Solar System. Part of a series onAstrodynamics Orbital mechanics Orbital elements Apsis Argument of periapsis Eccentricity Inclination Mean anomaly Orbital nodes Semi-major axis True anomaly Types of two-body orbits by eccentricity Circular orbit Elliptic orbit Transfer orbit (Hohmann transfer orbitBi-elliptic transfer orbit) Parabolic orbit Hyperbolic orbit Radial orbit Decaying orbit Equations Dynamical friction Escape velocity Kepler's equation Kepler's laws of planetary motion Orbital period Orbital velocity Surface gravity Specific orbital energy Vis-viva equation Celestial mechanics Gravitational influences Barycenter Hill sphere Perturbations Sphere of influence N-body orbitsLagrangian points (Halo orbits) Lissajous orbits Lyapunov orbits Engineering and efficiency Preflight engineering Mass ratio Payload fraction Propellant mass fraction Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Efficiency measures Gravity assist Oberth effect Propulsive maneuvers Orbital maneuver Orbit insertion vte General description The two-body system of interacting elliptic orbits: The smaller, satellite body (blue) orbits the primary body (yellow); both are in elliptic orbits around their common center of mass (or barycenter), (red +). ∗Periapsis and apoapsis as distances: the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body. There are two apsides in any elliptic orbit. The name for each apsis is created from the prefixes ap-, apo- (from ἀπ(ό), (ap(o)-) 'away from') for the farthest or peri- (from περί (peri-) 'near') for the closest point to the primary body, with a suffix that describes the primary body. The suffix for Earth is -gee, so the apsides' names are apogee and perigee. For the Sun, the suffix is -helion, so the names are aphelion and perihelion. According to Newton's laws of motion, all periodic orbits are ellipses. The barycenter of the two bodies may lie well within the bigger body—e.g., the Earth–Moon barycenter is about 75% of the way from Earth's center to its surface. If, compared to the larger mass, the smaller mass is negligible (e.g., for satellites), then the orbital parameters are independent of the smaller mass. When used as a suffix—that is, -apsis—the term can refer to the two distances from the primary body to the orbiting body when the latter is located: 1) at the periapsis point, or 2) at the apoapsis point (compare both graphics, second figure). The line of apsides denotes the distance of the line that joins the nearest and farthest points across an orbit; it also refers simply to the extreme range of an object orbiting a host body (see top figure; see third figure). In orbital mechanics, the apsides technically refer to the distance measured between the center of mass of the central body and the center of mass of the orbiting body. However, in the case of a spacecraft, the terms are commonly used to refer to the orbital altitude of the spacecraft above the surface of the central body (assuming a constant, standard reference radius). Keplerian orbital elements: point G, the nearest point of approach of an orbiting body, is the pericenter (also periapsis) of an orbit; point H, the farthest point of the orbiting body, is the apocenter (also apoapsis) of the orbit; and the red line between them is the line of apsides. Terminology The words "pericenter" and "apocenter" are often seen, although periapsis/apoapsis are preferred in technical usage. For generic situations where the primary is not specified, the terms pericenter and apocenter are used for naming the extreme points of orbits (see table, top figure); periapsis and apoapsis (or apapsis) are equivalent alternatives, but these terms also frequently refer to distances—that is, the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body (see second figure). For a body orbiting the Sun, the point of least distance is the perihelion (/ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən/), and the point of greatest distance is the aphelion (/æpˈhiːliən/); when discussing orbits around other stars the terms become periastron and apastron. When discussing a satellite of Earth, including the Moon, the point of least distance is the perigee (/ˈpɛrɪdʒiː/), and of greatest distance, the apogee (from Ancient Greek: Γῆ (Gē), "land" or "earth"). For objects in lunar orbit, the point of least distance are called the pericynthion (/ˌpɛrɪˈsɪnθiən/) and the greatest distance the apocynthion (/ˌæpəˈsɪnθiən/). The terms perilune and apolune, as well as periselene and aposelene are also used. Since the Moon has no natural satellites this only applies to man-made objects. Etymology The words perihelion and aphelion were coined by Johannes Kepler to describe the orbital motions of the planets around the Sun. The words are formed from the prefixes peri- (Greek: περί, near) and apo- (Greek: ἀπό, away from), affixed to the Greek word for the Sun, (ἥλιος, or hēlíos). Various related terms are used for other celestial objects. The suffixes -gee, -helion, -astron and -galacticon are frequently used in the astronomical literature when referring to the Earth, Sun, stars, and the Galactic Center respectively. The suffix -jove is occasionally used for Jupiter, but -saturnium has very rarely been used in the last 50 years for Saturn. The -gee form is also used as a generic closest-approach-to "any planet" term—instead of applying it only to Earth. During the Apollo program, the terms pericynthion and apocynthion were used when referring to orbiting the Moon; they reference Cynthia, an alternative name for the Greek Moon goddess Artemis. More recently, during the Artemis program, the terms perilune and apolune have been used. Regarding black holes, the term peribothron was first used in a 1976 paper by J. Frank and M. J. Rees, who credit W. R. Stoeger for suggesting creating a term using the greek word for pit: "bothron". The terms perimelasma and apomelasma (from a Greek root) were used by physicist and science-fiction author Geoffrey A. Landis in a story published in 1998, thus appearing before perinigricon and aponigricon (from Latin) in the scientific literature in 2002. Terminology summary The suffixes shown below may be added to prefixes peri- or apo- to form unique names of apsides for the orbiting bodies of the indicated host/(primary) system. However, only for the Earth, Moon and Sun systems are the unique suffixes commonly used. Exoplanet studies commonly use -astron, but typically, for other host systems the generic suffix, -apsis, is used instead. Host objects in the Solar System with named/nameable apsides Astronomicalhost object Suffix Originof the name Sun -helion Helios Mercury -hermion Hermes Venus -cythe Cytherean Earth -gee Gaia Moon -lune -cynthion-selene LunaCynthiaSelene Mars -areion Ares Ceres -demeter Demeter Jupiter -jove ZeusJupiter Saturn -chron -kronos -saturnium-krone CronosSaturn Uranus -uranion Uranus Neptune -poseideum-poseidion Poseidon Other host objects with named/nameable apsides Astronomical host object Suffix Originof the name Star -astron Lat: astra; stars Galaxy -galacticon Gr: galaxias; galaxy Barycenter -center-focus-apsis Black hole -melasma-bothron-nigricon Gr: melos; blackGr: bothros; holeLat: niger; black Perihelion and aphelion "Perihelion" redirects here. For other uses, see Perihelion (disambiguation). "Aphelion" redirects here. For other uses, see Aphelion (disambiguation). Diagram of a body's direct orbit around the Sun with its nearest (perihelion) and farthest (aphelion) points The perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) are the nearest and farthest points respectively of a body's direct orbit around the Sun. Comparing osculating elements at a specific epoch to effectively those at a different epoch will generate differences. The time-of-perihelion-passage as one of six osculating elements is not an exact prediction (other than for a generic two-body model) of the actual minimum distance to the Sun using the full dynamical model. Precise predictions of perihelion passage require numerical integration. Inner planets and outer planets The two images below show the orbits, orbital nodes, and positions of perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) for the planets of the Solar System as seen from above the northern pole of Earth's ecliptic plane, which is coplanar with Earth's orbital plane. The planets travel counterclockwise around the Sun and for each planet, the blue part of their orbit travels north of the ecliptic plane, the pink part travels south, and dots mark perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange). The first image (below-left) features the inner planets, situated outward from the Sun as Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The reference Earth-orbit is colored yellow and represents the orbital plane of reference. At the time of vernal equinox, the Earth is at the bottom of the figure. The second image (below-right) shows the outer planets, being Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The orbital nodes are the two end points of the "line of nodes" where a planet's tilted orbit intersects the plane of reference; here they may be 'seen' as the points where the blue section of an orbit meets the pink. The perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the inner planets of the Solar System The perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the outer planets of the Solar System Lines of apsides The chart shows the extreme range—from the closest approach (perihelion) to farthest point (aphelion)—of several orbiting celestial bodies of the Solar System: the planets, the known dwarf planets, including Ceres, and Halley's Comet. The length of the horizontal bars correspond to the extreme range of the orbit of the indicated body around the Sun. These extreme distances (between perihelion and aphelion) are the lines of apsides of the orbits of various objects around a host body. Distances of selected bodies of the Solar System from the Sun. The left and right edges of each bar correspond to the perihelion and aphelion of the body, respectively, hence long bars denote high orbital eccentricity. The radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km, and the radius of Jupiter (the largest planet) is 0.07 million km, both too small to resolve on this image. Earth perihelion and aphelion Currently, the Earth reaches perihelion in early January, approximately 14 days after the December solstice. At perihelion, the Earth's center is about 0.98329 astronomical units (AU) or 147,098,070 km (91,402,500 mi) from the Sun's center. In contrast, the Earth reaches aphelion currently in early July, approximately 14 days after the June solstice. The aphelion distance between the Earth's and Sun's centers is currently about 1.01671 AU or 152,097,700 km (94,509,100 mi). The dates of perihelion and aphelion change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. In the short term, such dates can vary up to 2 days from one year to another. This significant variation is due to the presence of the Moon: while the Earth–Moon barycenter is moving on a stable orbit around the Sun, the position of the Earth's center which is on average about 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) from the barycenter, could be shifted in any direction from it—and this affects the timing of the actual closest approach between the Sun's and the Earth's centers (which in turn defines the timing of perihelion in a given year). Because of the increased distance at aphelion, only 93.55% of the radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of Earth's surface as does at perihelion, but this does not account for the seasons, which result instead from the tilt of Earth's axis of 23.4° away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth's orbit. Indeed, at both perihelion and aphelion it is summer in one hemisphere while it is winter in the other one. Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly, and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly, regardless of the Earth's distance from the Sun. In the northern hemisphere, summer occurs at the same time as aphelion, when solar radiation is lowest. Despite this, summers in the northern hemisphere are on average 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer than in the southern hemisphere, because the northern hemisphere contains larger land masses, which are easier to heat than the seas. Perihelion and aphelion do however have an indirect effect on the seasons: because Earth's orbital speed is minimum at aphelion and maximum at perihelion, the planet takes longer to orbit from June solstice to September equinox than it does from December solstice to March equinox. Therefore, summer in the northern hemisphere lasts slightly longer (93 days) than summer in the southern hemisphere (89 days). Astronomers commonly express the timing of perihelion relative to the First Point of Aries not in terms of days and hours, but rather as an angle of orbital displacement, the so-called longitude of the periapsis (also called longitude of the pericenter). For the orbit of the Earth, this is called the longitude of perihelion, and in 2000 it was about 282.895°; by 2010, this had advanced by a small fraction of a degree to about 283.067°, i.e. a mean increase of 62" per year. For the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, the time of apsis is often expressed in terms of a time relative to seasons, since this determines the contribution of the elliptical orbit to seasonal variations. The variation of the seasons is primarily controlled by the annual cycle of the elevation angle of the Sun, which is a result of the tilt of the axis of the Earth measured from the plane of the ecliptic. The Earth's eccentricity and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets and other objects in the solar system (Milankovitch cycles). On a very long time scale, the dates of the perihelion and of the aphelion progress through the seasons, and they make one complete cycle in 22,000 to 26,000 years. There is a corresponding movement of the position of the stars as seen from Earth, called the apsidal precession. (This is closely related to the precession of the axes.) The dates and times of the perihelions and aphelions for several past and future years are listed in the following table: Year Perihelion Aphelion Date Time (UT) Date Time (UT) 2010 January 3 00:09 July 6 11:30 2011 January 3 18:32 July 4 14:54 2012 January 5 00:32 July 5 03:32 2013 January 2 04:38 July 5 14:44 2014 January 4 11:59 July 4 00:13 2015 January 4 06:36 July 6 19:40 2016 January 2 22:49 July 4 16:24 2017 January 4 14:18 July 3 20:11 2018 January 3 05:35 July 6 16:47 2019 January 3 05:20 July 4 22:11 2020 January 5 07:48 July 4 11:35 2021 January 2 13:51 July 5 22:27 2022 January 4 06:55 July 4 07:11 2023 January 4 16:17 July 6 20:07 2024 January 3 00:39 July 5 05:06 2025 January 4 13:28 July 3 19:55 2026 January 3 17:16 July 6 17:31 2027 January 3 02:33 July 5 05:06 2028 January 5 12:28 July 3 22:18 2029 January 2 18:13 July 6 05:12 Other planets The following table shows the distances of the planets and dwarf planets from the Sun at their perihelion and aphelion. Type of body Body Distance from Sun at perihelion Distance from Sun at aphelion difference (%) insolationdifference (%) Planet Mercury 46,001,009 km (28,583,702 mi) 69,817,445 km (43,382,549 mi) 34% 57% Venus 107,476,170 km (66,782,600 mi) 108,942,780 km (67,693,910 mi) 1.3% 2.8% Earth 147,098,291 km (91,402,640 mi) 152,098,233 km (94,509,460 mi) 3.3% 6.5% Mars 206,655,215 km (128,409,597 mi) 249,232,432 km (154,865,853 mi) 17% 31% Jupiter 740,679,835 km (460,237,112 mi) 816,001,807 km (507,040,016 mi) 9.2% 18% Saturn 1,349,823,615 km (838,741,509 mi) 1,503,509,229 km (934,237,322 mi) 10% 19% Uranus 2,734,998,229 km (1.699449110×109 mi) 3,006,318,143 km (1.868039489×109 mi) 9.0% 17% Neptune 4,459,753,056 km (2.771162073×109 mi) 4,537,039,826 km (2.819185846×109 mi) 1.7% 3.4% Dwarf planet Ceres 380,951,528 km (236,712,305 mi) 446,428,973 km (277,398,103 mi) 15% 27% Pluto 4,436,756,954 km (2.756872958×109 mi) 7,376,124,302 km (4.583311152×109 mi) 40% 64% Haumea 5,157,623,774 km (3.204798834×109 mi) 7,706,399,149 km (4.788534427×109 mi) 33% 55% Makemake 5,671,928,586 km (3.524373028×109 mi) 7,894,762,625 km (4.905578065×109 mi) 28% 48% Eris 5,765,732,799 km (3.582660263×109 mi) 14,594,512,904 km (9.068609883×109 mi) 60% 84% Mathematical formulae These formulae characterize the pericenter and apocenter of an orbit: Pericenter Maximum speed, v per = ( 1 + e ) μ ( 1 − e ) a {\textstyle v_{\text{per}}={\sqrt {\frac {(1+e)\mu }{(1-e)a}}}\,} , at minimum (pericenter) distance, r per = ( 1 − e ) a {\textstyle r_{\text{per}}=(1-e)a} . Apocenter Minimum speed, v ap = ( 1 − e ) μ ( 1 + e ) a {\textstyle v_{\text{ap}}={\sqrt {\frac {(1-e)\mu }{(1+e)a}}}\,} , at maximum (apocenter) distance, r ap = ( 1 + e ) a {\textstyle r_{\text{ap}}=(1+e)a} . While, in accordance with Kepler's laws of planetary motion (based on the conservation of angular momentum) and the conservation of energy, these two quantities are constant for a given orbit: Specific relative angular momentum h = ( 1 − e 2 ) μ a {\displaystyle h={\sqrt {\left(1-e^{2}\right)\mu a}}} Specific orbital energy ε = − μ 2 a {\displaystyle \varepsilon =-{\frac {\mu }{2a}}} where: r ap {\textstyle r_{\text{ap}}} is the distance from the apocenter to the primary focus r per {\textstyle r_{\text{per}}} is the distance from the pericenter to the primary focus a is the semi-major axis: a = r per + r ap 2 {\displaystyle a={\frac {r_{\text{per}}+r_{\text{ap}}}{2}}} μ is the standard gravitational parameter e is the eccentricity, defined as e = r ap − r per r ap + r per = 1 − 2 r ap r per + 1 {\displaystyle e={\frac {r_{\text{ap}}-r_{\text{per}}}{r_{\text{ap}}+r_{\text{per}}}}=1-{\frac {2}{{\frac {r_{\text{ap}}}{r_{\text{per}}}}+1}}} Note that for conversion from heights above the surface to distances between an orbit and its primary, the radius of the central body has to be added, and conversely. The arithmetic mean of the two limiting distances is the length of the semi-major axis a. The geometric mean of the two distances is the length of the semi-minor axis b. The geometric mean of the two limiting speeds is − 2 ε = μ a {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-2\varepsilon }}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{a}}}} which is the speed of a body in a circular orbit whose radius is a {\displaystyle a} . Time of perihelion Orbital elements such as the time of perihelion passage are defined at the epoch chosen using an unperturbed two-body solution that does not account for the n-body problem. To get an accurate time of perihelion passage you need to use an epoch close to the perihelion passage. For example, using an epoch of 1996, Comet Hale–Bopp shows perihelion on 1 April 1997. Using an epoch of 2008 shows a less accurate perihelion date of 30 March 1997. Short-period comets can be even more sensitive to the epoch selected. Using an epoch of 2005 shows 101P/Chernykh coming to perihelion on 25 December 2005, but using an epoch of 2012 produces a less accurate unperturbed perihelion date of 20 January 2006. Two body solution vs n-body solution for 12P/Pons–Brooks time of perihelion passage Epoch Date of perihelion (tp) 2010 2024-Apr-19.892 n-body 2024-Apr-21.139 2018 2024-Apr-23.069 Numerical integration shows dwarf planet Eris will come to perihelion around December 2257. Using an epoch of 2021, which is 236 years early, less accurately shows Eris coming to perihelion in 2260. 4 Vesta came to perihelion on 26 December 2021, but using a two-body solution at an epoch of July 2021 less accurately shows Vesta came to perihelion on 25 December 2021. Short arcs Trans-Neptunian objects discovered when 80+ AU from the Sun need dozens of observations over multiple years to well constrain their orbits because they move very slowly against the background stars. Due to statistics of small numbers, trans-Neptunian objects such as 2015 TH367 when it had only 8 observations over an observation arc of 1 year that have not or will not come to perihelion for roughly 100 years can have a 1-sigma uncertainty of 77.3 years (28,220 days) in the perihelion date. See also Distance of closest approach Eccentric anomaly Flyby (spaceflight) Hyperbolic trajectory § Closest approach Mean anomaly Perifocal coordinate system True anomaly References ^ "apsis". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. ^ "apsis". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. ^ Joe Rao (July 6, 2023). "Happy Aphelion Day! Earth is at its farthest from the sun for 2023 today". Space.com. Retrieved April 22, 2024. ^ "Earth-Moon Barycenter - SkyMarvels.com". www.skymarvels.com. Retrieved April 23, 2024. ^ a b Since the Sun, Ἥλιος in Greek, begins with a vowel (H is the long ē vowel in Greek), the final o in "apo" is omitted from the prefix. =The pronunciation "Ap-helion" is given in many dictionaries Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, pronouncing the "p" and "h" in separate syllables. However, the pronunciation /əˈfiːliən/ Archived July 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine is also common (e.g., McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th edition, 1994, p. 114), since in late Greek, 'p' from ἀπό followed by the 'h' from ἥλιος becomes phi; thus, the Greek word is αφήλιον. (see, for example, Walker, John, A Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names, Townsend Young 1859 Archived September 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, page 26.) Many dictionaries give both pronunciations ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Perigee" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ^ a b c d "Basics of Space Flight". NASA. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2017. ^ Klein, Ernest, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965. (Archived version) ^ "Apollo 15 Mission Report". Glossary. Archived from the original on March 19, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2009. ^ R. Dendy; D. Zeleznikar; M. Zemba (September 27, 2021). NASA Lunar Exploration – Gateway's Power and Propulsion Element Communications Links. 38th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC). Arlington, VA. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ Frank, J.; Rees, M.J. (September 1, 1976). "Effects of massive black holes on dense stellar systems". MNRAS. 176 (6908): 633–646. Bibcode:1976MNRAS.176..633F. doi:10.1093/mnras/176.3.633. ^ Perimelasma Archived February 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, by Geoffrey Landis, first published in Asimov's Science Fiction, January 1998, republished at Infinity Plus ^ R. Schödel; T. Ott; R. Genzel; R. Hofmann; M. Lehnert; A. Eckart; N. Mouawad; T. Alexander; M. J. Reid; R. Lenzen; M. Hartung; F. Lacombe; D. Rouan; E. Gendron; G. Rousset; A.-M. Lagrange; W. Brandner; N. Ageorges; C. Lidman; A. F. M. Moorwood; J. Spyromilio; N. Hubin; K. M. Menten (October 17, 2002). "A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way". Nature. 419 (6908): 694–696. arXiv:astro-ph/0210426. Bibcode:2002Natur.419..694S. doi:10.1038/nature01121. PMID 12384690. S2CID 4302128. ^ "MAVEN » Science Orbit". Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ "Dawn Journal: 11 Years in Space". www.planetary.org. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018. ^ Cecconi, B.; Lamy, L.; Zarka, P.; Prangé, R.; Kurth, W. S.; Louarn, P. (March 4, 2009). "Goniopolarimetric study of the revolution 29 perikrone using the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument high-frequency radio receiver". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 114 (A3): A03215. Bibcode:2009JGRA..114.3215C. doi:10.1029/2008JA013830. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019 – via ui.adsabs.harvard.edu. ^ Example of use: McKevitt, James; Bulla, Sophie; Dixon, Tom; Criscola, Franco; Parkinson-Swift, Jonathan; Bornberg, Christina; Singh, Jaspreet; Patel, Kuren; Laad, Aryan; Forder, Ethan; Ayin-Walsh, Louis; Beegadhur, Shayne; Wedde, Paul; Pappula, Bharath Simha Reddy; McDougall, Thomas; Foghis, Madalin; Kent, Jack; Morgan, James; Raj, Utkarsh; Heinreichsberger, Carina (June 18, 2021). "An L-class Multirole Observatory and Science Platform for Neptune". 2021 Global Space Exploration Conference Proceedings. arXiv:2106.09409. ^ "the definition of apsis". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2015. ^ Darling, David. "line of nodes". The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2007. ^ "Perihelion, Aphelion and the Solstices". timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ "Variation in Times of Perihelion and Aphelion". Astronomical Applications Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ "Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: Science Features: Weather, Weather, Everywhere?". NASA. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015. ^ "Earth at Aphelion". Space Weather. July 2008. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015. ^ Rockport, Steve C. "How much does aphelion affect our weather? We're at aphelion in the summer. Would our summers be warmer if we were at perihelion, instead?". Planetarium. University of Southern Maine. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "Data.GISS: Earth's Orbital Parameters". data.giss.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. ^ Espenak, Fred. "Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100". astropixels. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021. ^ "NASA planetary comparison chart". Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016. ^ "JPL SBDB: Hale-Bopp (Epoch 1996)". Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020. ^ "JPL SBDB: Hale-Bopp". Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020. ^ "101P/Chernykh – A (NK 1293) by Syuichi Nakano". Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020. ^ JPL SBDB: 101P/Chernykh (Epoch 2012) ^ "Horizons Batch for 12P/Pons-Brooks (90000223) at 2024-Apr-21 03:20" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023. (JPL#K242/3 Soln.date: 2022-Oct-24) ^ "Horizons Batch for Eris at perihelion around 7 December 2257 ±2 weeks". JPL Horizons (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive. The JPL SBDB generically (incorrectly) lists an unperturbed two-body perihelion date in 2260). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021. ^ "JPL SBDB: Eris (Epoch 2021)". Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "Horizons Batch for 4 Vesta on 2021-Dec-26" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021. (Epoch 2021-Jul-01/Soln.date: 2021-Apr-13) ^ JPL SBDB: 4 Vesta (Epoch 2021) ^ "JPL SBDB: 2015 TH367". Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) External links Look up apsis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Apogee – Perigee Photographic Size Comparison, perseus.gr Aphelion – Perihelion Photographic Size Comparison, perseus.gr Earth's Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000–2020 Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, usno.navy.mil Dates and times of Earth's perihelion and aphelion, 2000–2025 Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from the United States Naval Observatory List of asteroids currently closer to the Sun than Mercury (These objects will be close to perihelion) JPL SBDB list of Main-Belt Asteroids (H<8) sorted by perihelion date vteGravitational orbitsTypesGeneral Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Kepler Lagrange point Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Prograde / Retrograde Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Geostationary transfer Graveyard High Earth Low Earth Medium Earth Molniya Near-equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Sun-synchronous Transatmospheric Tundra Very low Earth Aboutother points Mars Areocentric Areosynchronous Areostationary Lagrange points Distant retrograde Halo Lissajous Libration Lunar Sun Heliocentric Earth's orbit Mars cycler Heliosynchronous Other Lunar cycler ParametersShapeSize e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q, q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis ϖ Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν, θ, f True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t0 Epoch Maneuvers Bi-elliptic transfer Collision avoidance (spacecraft) Delta-v Delta-v budget Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Inclination change Low-energy transfer Oberth effect Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Trans-lunar injection Transposition, docking, and extraction Orbitalmechanics Astronomical coordinate systems Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n-body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde and prograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific angular momentum Two-line elements List of orbits Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apogee (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogee_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Perigee (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigee_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Apse (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"Aspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Apogee_(PSF)_mul.svg&lang=zxx"},{"link_name":"planetary body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary-mass_object"},{"link_name":"primary, or host, body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_body"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"ἁψίς","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%81%CF%88%CE%AF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"/ˈæpsɪˌdiːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"AP-sih-deez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"planetary body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary-mass_object"},{"link_name":"primary body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_body"},{"link_name":"extreme values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_and_minimum"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"asteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"}],"text":"Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Apogee (disambiguation), Perigee (disambiguation), and Apse (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Apse or Aspis.The apsides refer to the farthest (2) and nearest (3) points reached by an orbiting planetary body (2 and 3) with respect to a primary, or host, body (1)An apsis (from Ancient Greek ἁψίς (hapsís) 'arch, vault'; pl. apsides /ˈæpsɪˌdiːz/ AP-sih-deez)[1][2] is the farthest or nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body. The line of apsides is the line connecting the two extreme values.Apsides pertaining to orbits around the Sun have distinct names to differentiate themselves from other apsides; these names are aphelion for the farthest and perihelion for the nearest point in the solar orbit.[3] The Moon's two apsides are the farthest point, apogee, and the nearest point, perigee, of its orbit around the host Earth. Earth's two apsides are the farthest point, aphelion, and the nearest point, perihelion, of its orbit around the host Sun. The terms aphelion and perihelion apply in the same way to the orbits of Jupiter and the other planets, the comets, and the asteroids of the Solar System.","title":"Apsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periapsis_apoapsis.png"},{"link_name":"elliptic orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_orbit"},{"link_name":"primary body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"common center of mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass"},{"link_name":"barycenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenter"},{"link_name":"elliptic orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_orbit"},{"link_name":"primary body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_body"},{"link_name":"Newton's laws of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"orbital parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements"},{"link_name":"orbital mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_mechanics"},{"link_name":"center of mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass"},{"link_name":"central body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angular_Parameters_of_Elliptical_Orbit.png"},{"link_name":"Keplerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_orbit"},{"link_name":"orbital elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements"}],"text":"The two-body system of interacting elliptic orbits: The smaller, satellite body (blue) orbits the primary body (yellow); both are in elliptic orbits around their common center of mass (or barycenter), (red +). ∗Periapsis and apoapsis as distances: the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body.There are two apsides in any elliptic orbit. The name for each apsis is created from the prefixes ap-, apo- (from ἀπ(ό), (ap(o)-) 'away from') for the farthest or peri- (from περί (peri-) 'near') for the closest point to the primary body, with a suffix that describes the primary body. The suffix for Earth is -gee, so the apsides' names are apogee and perigee. For the Sun, the suffix is -helion, so the names are aphelion and perihelion.According to Newton's laws of motion, all periodic orbits are ellipses. The barycenter of the two bodies may lie well within the bigger body—e.g., the Earth–Moon barycenter is about 75% of the way from Earth's center to its surface.[4] If, compared to the larger mass, the smaller mass is negligible (e.g., for satellites), then the orbital parameters are independent of the smaller mass.When used as a suffix—that is, -apsis—the term can refer to the two distances from the primary body to the orbiting body when the latter is located: 1) at the periapsis point, or 2) at the apoapsis point (compare both graphics, second figure). The line of apsides denotes the distance of the line that joins the nearest and farthest points across an orbit; it also refers simply to the extreme range of an object orbiting a host body (see top figure; see third figure).In orbital mechanics, the apsides technically refer to the distance measured between the center of mass of the central body and the center of mass of the orbiting body. However, in the case of a spacecraft, the terms are commonly used to refer to the orbital altitude of the spacecraft above the surface of the central body (assuming a constant, standard reference radius).Keplerian orbital elements: point G, the nearest point of approach of an orbiting body, is the pericenter (also periapsis) of an orbit; point H, the farthest point of the orbiting body, is the apocenter (also apoapsis) of the orbit; and the red line between them is the line of apsides.","title":"General description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"/ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/æpˈhiːliən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun-5"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"/ˈpɛrɪdʒiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"lunar orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit"},{"link_name":"/ˌpɛrɪˈsɪnθiən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ˌæpəˈsɪnθiən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasaglossary-7"}],"text":"The words \"pericenter\" and \"apocenter\" are often seen, although periapsis/apoapsis are preferred in technical usage.For generic situations where the primary is not specified, the terms pericenter and apocenter are used for naming the extreme points of orbits (see table, top figure); periapsis and apoapsis (or apapsis) are equivalent alternatives, but these terms also frequently refer to distances—that is, the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body (see second figure).\nFor a body orbiting the Sun, the point of least distance is the perihelion (/ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən/), and the point of greatest distance is the aphelion (/æpˈhiːliən/);[5] when discussing orbits around other stars the terms become periastron and apastron.\nWhen discussing a satellite of Earth, including the Moon, the point of least distance is the perigee (/ˈpɛrɪdʒiː/), and of greatest distance, the apogee (from Ancient Greek: Γῆ (Gē), \"land\" or \"earth\").[6]\nFor objects in lunar orbit, the point of least distance are called the pericynthion (/ˌpɛrɪˈsɪnθiən/) and the greatest distance the apocynthion (/ˌæpəˈsɪnθiən/). The terms perilune and apolune, as well as periselene and aposelene are also used.[7] Since the Moon has no natural satellites this only applies to man-made objects.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun-5"},{"link_name":"celestial objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_body"},{"link_name":"Galactic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Center"},{"link_name":"Apollo program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"orbiting the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Artemis program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey A. Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_A._Landis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asimov's-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The words perihelion and aphelion were coined by Johannes Kepler[8] to describe the orbital motions of the planets around the Sun.\nThe words are formed from the prefixes peri- (Greek: περί, near) and apo- (Greek: ἀπό, away from), affixed to the Greek word for the Sun, (ἥλιος, or hēlíos).[5]Various related terms are used for other celestial objects. The suffixes -gee, -helion, -astron and -galacticon are frequently used in the astronomical literature when referring to the Earth, Sun, stars, and the Galactic Center respectively. The suffix -jove is occasionally used for Jupiter, but -saturnium has very rarely been used in the last 50 years for Saturn. The -gee form is also used as a generic closest-approach-to \"any planet\" term—instead of applying it only to Earth.During the Apollo program, the terms pericynthion and apocynthion were used when referring to orbiting the Moon; they reference Cynthia, an alternative name for the Greek Moon goddess Artemis.[9] More recently, during the Artemis program, the terms perilune and apolune have been used.[10]Regarding black holes, the term peribothron was first used in a 1976 paper by J. Frank and M. J. Rees,[11] who credit W. R. Stoeger for suggesting creating a term using the greek word for pit: \"bothron\".The terms perimelasma and apomelasma (from a Greek root) were used by physicist and science-fiction author Geoffrey A. Landis in a story published in 1998,[12] thus appearing before perinigricon and aponigricon (from Latin) in the scientific literature in 2002.[13]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(primary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Terminology summary","text":"The suffixes shown below may be added to prefixes peri- or apo- to form unique names of apsides for the orbiting bodies of the indicated host/(primary) system. However, only for the Earth, Moon and Sun systems are the unique suffixes commonly used. Exoplanet studies commonly use -astron, but typically, for other host systems the generic suffix, -apsis, is used instead.[14][failed verification]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perihelion (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Aphelion (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelion_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perihelion-Aphelion.svg"},{"link_name":"orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"osculating elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculating_elements"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"two-body model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-body_problem"},{"link_name":"full dynamical model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body_problem"},{"link_name":"numerical integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_integration"}],"text":"\"Perihelion\" redirects here. For other uses, see Perihelion (disambiguation).\"Aphelion\" redirects here. For other uses, see Aphelion (disambiguation).Diagram of a body's direct orbit around the Sun with its nearest (perihelion) and farthest (aphelion) pointsThe perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) are the nearest and farthest points respectively of a body's direct orbit around the Sun.Comparing osculating elements at a specific epoch to effectively those at a different epoch will generate differences. The time-of-perihelion-passage as one of six osculating elements is not an exact prediction (other than for a generic two-body model) of the actual minimum distance to the Sun using the full dynamical model. Precise predictions of perihelion passage require numerical integration.","title":"Perihelion and aphelion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orbital nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_node"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"Earth's ecliptic plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"},{"link_name":"coplanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanar"},{"link_name":"Earth's orbital plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"orbital plane of reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"\"line of nodes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_node#Node_distinction"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlinglon-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_Planet_Orbits_02.svg"},{"link_name":"inner planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_planets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Outer_Planet_Orbits_02.svg"},{"link_name":"outer planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_planets"}],"sub_title":"Inner planets and outer planets","text":"The two images below show the orbits, orbital nodes, and positions of perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) for the planets of the Solar System[18] as seen from above the northern pole of Earth's ecliptic plane, which is coplanar with Earth's orbital plane. The planets travel counterclockwise around the Sun and for each planet, the blue part of their orbit travels north of the ecliptic plane, the pink part travels south, and dots mark perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange).The first image (below-left) features the inner planets, situated outward from the Sun as Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The reference Earth-orbit is colored yellow and represents the orbital plane of reference. At the time of vernal equinox, the Earth is at the bottom of the figure. The second image (below-right) shows the outer planets, being Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.The orbital nodes are the two end points of the \"line of nodes\" where a planet's tilted orbit intersects the plane of reference;[19] here they may be 'seen' as the points where the blue section of an orbit meets the pink.The perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the inner planets of the Solar System\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the outer planets of the Solar System","title":"Perihelion and aphelion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"celestial bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_bodies"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)"},{"link_name":"Halley's Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"perihelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion"},{"link_name":"aphelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelion"},{"link_name":"orbital eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"}],"sub_title":"Lines of apsides","text":"The chart shows the extreme range—from the closest approach (perihelion) to farthest point (aphelion)—of several orbiting celestial bodies of the Solar System: the planets, the known dwarf planets, including Ceres, and Halley's Comet. The length of the horizontal bars correspond to the extreme range of the orbit of the indicated body around the Sun. These extreme distances (between perihelion and aphelion) are the lines of apsides of the orbits of various objects around a host body.Distances of selected bodies of the Solar System from the Sun. The left and right edges of each bar correspond to the perihelion and aphelion of the body, respectively, hence long bars denote high orbital eccentricity. The radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km, and the radius of Jupiter (the largest planet) is 0.07 million km, both too small to resolve on this image.","title":"Perihelion and aphelion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"December solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_solstice"},{"link_name":"astronomical units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"June solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_solstice"},{"link_name":"Milankovitch cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"barycenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenter"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season"},{"link_name":"tilt of Earth's axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer"},{"link_name":"winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earth_at_Aphelion-23"},{"link_name":"orbital speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_speed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"First Point of Aries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Point_of_Aries"},{"link_name":"longitude of the periapsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude_of_the_periapsis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"plane of the ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_of_the_ecliptic"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"apsidal precession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsidal_precession"},{"link_name":"precession of the axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Earth perihelion and aphelion","text":"Currently, the Earth reaches perihelion in early January, approximately 14 days after the December solstice. At perihelion, the Earth's center is about 0.98329 astronomical units (AU) or 147,098,070 km (91,402,500 mi) from the Sun's center. In contrast, the Earth reaches aphelion currently in early July, approximately 14 days after the June solstice. The aphelion distance between the Earth's and Sun's centers is currently about 1.01671 AU or 152,097,700 km (94,509,100 mi).The dates of perihelion and aphelion change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. In the short term, such dates can vary up to 2 days from one year to another.[20] This significant variation is due to the presence of the Moon: while the Earth–Moon barycenter is moving on a stable orbit around the Sun, the position of the Earth's center which is on average about 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) from the barycenter, could be shifted in any direction from it—and this affects the timing of the actual closest approach between the Sun's and the Earth's centers (which in turn defines the timing of perihelion in a given year).[21]Because of the increased distance at aphelion, only 93.55% of the radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of Earth's surface as does at perihelion, but this does not account for the seasons, which result instead from the tilt of Earth's axis of 23.4° away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth's orbit.[22] Indeed, at both perihelion and aphelion it is summer in one hemisphere while it is winter in the other one. Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly, and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly, regardless of the Earth's distance from the Sun.In the northern hemisphere, summer occurs at the same time as aphelion, when solar radiation is lowest. Despite this, summers in the northern hemisphere are on average 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer than in the southern hemisphere, because the northern hemisphere contains larger land masses, which are easier to heat than the seas.[23]Perihelion and aphelion do however have an indirect effect on the seasons: because Earth's orbital speed is minimum at aphelion and maximum at perihelion, the planet takes longer to orbit from June solstice to September equinox than it does from December solstice to March equinox. Therefore, summer in the northern hemisphere lasts slightly longer (93 days) than summer in the southern hemisphere (89 days).[24]Astronomers commonly express the timing of perihelion relative to the First Point of Aries not in terms of days and hours, but rather as an angle of orbital displacement, the so-called longitude of the periapsis (also called longitude of the pericenter). For the orbit of the Earth, this is called the longitude of perihelion, and in 2000 it was about 282.895°; by 2010, this had advanced by a small fraction of a degree to about 283.067°,[25] i.e. a mean increase of 62\" per year.For the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, the time of apsis is often expressed in terms of a time relative to seasons, since this determines the contribution of the elliptical orbit to seasonal variations. The variation of the seasons is primarily controlled by the annual cycle of the elevation angle of the Sun, which is a result of the tilt of the axis of the Earth measured from the plane of the ecliptic. The Earth's eccentricity and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets and other objects in the solar system (Milankovitch cycles).On a very long time scale, the dates of the perihelion and of the aphelion progress through the seasons, and they make one complete cycle in 22,000 to 26,000 years. There is a corresponding movement of the position of the stars as seen from Earth, called the apsidal precession. (This is closely related to the precession of the axes.) The dates and times of the perihelions and aphelions for several past and future years are listed in the following table:[26]","title":"Perihelion and aphelion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"dwarf planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Other planets","text":"The following table shows the distances of the planets and dwarf planets from the Sun at their perihelion and aphelion.[27]","title":"Perihelion and aphelion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula"},{"link_name":"Kepler's laws of planetary motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion"},{"link_name":"angular momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum"},{"link_name":"Specific relative angular momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_relative_angular_momentum"},{"link_name":"Specific orbital energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy"},{"link_name":"semi-major axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_axis"},{"link_name":"standard gravitational parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"arithmetic mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"geometric mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean"},{"link_name":"semi-minor axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-minor_axis"}],"text":"These formulae characterize the pericenter and apocenter of an orbit:Pericenter\nMaximum speed, \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n per\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n e\n )\n μ\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n e\n )\n a\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle v_{\\text{per}}={\\sqrt {\\frac {(1+e)\\mu }{(1-e)a}}}\\,}\n \n, at minimum (pericenter) distance, \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n per\n \n \n =\n (\n 1\n −\n e\n )\n a\n \n \n {\\textstyle r_{\\text{per}}=(1-e)a}\n \n.\nApocenter\nMinimum speed, \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n ap\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n e\n )\n μ\n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n e\n )\n a\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle v_{\\text{ap}}={\\sqrt {\\frac {(1-e)\\mu }{(1+e)a}}}\\,}\n \n, at maximum (apocenter) distance, \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n ap\n \n \n =\n (\n 1\n +\n e\n )\n a\n \n \n {\\textstyle r_{\\text{ap}}=(1+e)a}\n \n.While, in accordance with Kepler's laws of planetary motion (based on the conservation of angular momentum) and the conservation of energy, these two quantities are constant for a given orbit:Specific relative angular momentum\n\n \n \n \n h\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n μ\n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle h={\\sqrt {\\left(1-e^{2}\\right)\\mu a}}}\n \n\nSpecific orbital energy\n\n \n \n \n ε\n =\n −\n \n \n μ\n \n 2\n a\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon =-{\\frac {\\mu }{2a}}}where:r\n \n ap\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle r_{\\text{ap}}}\n \n is the distance from the apocenter to the primary focus\n\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n per\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle r_{\\text{per}}}\n \n is the distance from the pericenter to the primary focus\na is the semi-major axis:\n\n \n \n \n a\n =\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n per\n \n \n +\n \n r\n \n ap\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a={\\frac {r_{\\text{per}}+r_{\\text{ap}}}{2}}}\n \n\nμ is the standard gravitational parameter\ne is the eccentricity, defined as\n\n \n \n \n e\n =\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n ap\n \n \n −\n \n r\n \n per\n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n ap\n \n \n +\n \n r\n \n per\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n −\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n ap\n \n \n \n r\n \n per\n \n \n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e={\\frac {r_{\\text{ap}}-r_{\\text{per}}}{r_{\\text{ap}}+r_{\\text{per}}}}=1-{\\frac {2}{{\\frac {r_{\\text{ap}}}{r_{\\text{per}}}}+1}}}Note that for conversion from heights above the surface to distances between an orbit and its primary, the radius of the central body has to be added, and conversely.The arithmetic mean of the two limiting distances is the length of the semi-major axis a. The geometric mean of the two distances is the length of the semi-minor axis b.The geometric mean of the two limiting speeds is−\n 2\n ε\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n μ\n a\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {-2\\varepsilon }}={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\mu }{a}}}}which is the speed of a body in a circular orbit whose radius is \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n.","title":"Mathematical formulae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orbital elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"two-body solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-body_problem"},{"link_name":"n-body problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body_problem"},{"link_name":"Comet Hale–Bopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Short-period comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-period_comet"},{"link_name":"101P/Chernykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101P/Chernykh"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Numerical integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_integration"},{"link_name":"dwarf planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet"},{"link_name":"Eris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eris-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"4 Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horizons2021-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Orbital elements such as the time of perihelion passage are defined at the epoch chosen using an unperturbed two-body solution that does not account for the n-body problem. To get an accurate time of perihelion passage you need to use an epoch close to the perihelion passage. For example, using an epoch of 1996, Comet Hale–Bopp shows perihelion on 1 April 1997.[28] Using an epoch of 2008 shows a less accurate perihelion date of 30 March 1997.[29] Short-period comets can be even more sensitive to the epoch selected. Using an epoch of 2005 shows 101P/Chernykh coming to perihelion on 25 December 2005,[30] but using an epoch of 2012 produces a less accurate unperturbed perihelion date of 20 January 2006.[31]Numerical integration shows dwarf planet Eris will come to perihelion around December 2257.[33] Using an epoch of 2021, which is 236 years early, less accurately shows Eris coming to perihelion in 2260.[34]4 Vesta came to perihelion on 26 December 2021,[35] but using a two-body solution at an epoch of July 2021 less accurately shows Vesta came to perihelion on 25 December 2021.[36]","title":"Time of perihelion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trans-Neptunian objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object"},{"link_name":"2015 TH367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_TH367"},{"link_name":"observation arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_arc"},{"link_name":"1-sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68%E2%80%9395%E2%80%9399.7_rule"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Short arcs","text":"Trans-Neptunian objects discovered when 80+ AU from the Sun need dozens of observations over multiple years to well constrain their orbits because they move very slowly against the background stars. Due to statistics of small numbers, trans-Neptunian objects such as 2015 TH367 when it had only 8 observations over an observation arc of 1 year that have not or will not come to perihelion for roughly 100 years can have a 1-sigma uncertainty of 77.3 years (28,220 days) in the perihelion date.[37]","title":"Time of perihelion"}]	[{"image_text":"The apsides refer to the farthest (2) and nearest (3) points reached by an orbiting planetary body (2 and 3) with respect to a primary, or host, body (1)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Apogee_%28PSF%29_mul.svg/langzxx-345px-Apogee_%28PSF%29_mul.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The two-body system of interacting elliptic orbits: The smaller, satellite body (blue) orbits the primary body (yellow); both are in elliptic orbits around their common center of mass (or barycenter), (red +). ∗Periapsis and apoapsis as distances: the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Periapsis_apoapsis.png/250px-Periapsis_apoapsis.png"},{"image_text":"Keplerian orbital elements: point G, the nearest point of approach of an orbiting body, is the pericenter (also periapsis) of an orbit; point H, the farthest point of the orbiting body, is the apocenter (also apoapsis) of the orbit; and the red line between them is the line of apsides.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Angular_Parameters_of_Elliptical_Orbit.png/250px-Angular_Parameters_of_Elliptical_Orbit.png"},{"image_text":"Diagram of a body's direct orbit around the Sun with its nearest (perihelion) and farthest (aphelion) points","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Perihelion-Aphelion.svg/220px-Perihelion-Aphelion.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Distance of closest approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_of_closest_approach"},{"title":"Eccentric anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentric_anomaly"},{"title":"Flyby (spaceflight)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)"},{"title":"Hyperbolic trajectory § Closest approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory#Closest_approach"},{"title":"Mean anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_anomaly"},{"title":"Perifocal coordinate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifocal_coordinate_system"},{"title":"True anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_anomaly"}]	[{"reference":"\"apsis\". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/apsis","url_text":"\"apsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com","url_text":"Dictionary.com Unabridged"}]},{"reference":"\"apsis\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=apsis","url_text":"\"apsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language","url_text":"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"}]},{"reference":"Joe Rao (July 6, 2023). \"Happy Aphelion Day! Earth is at its farthest from the sun for 2023 today\". Space.com. Retrieved April 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space.com/earth-farthest-from-sun-aphelion-july-2023","url_text":"\"Happy Aphelion Day! Earth is at its farthest from the sun for 2023 today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Earth-Moon Barycenter - SkyMarvels.com\". www.skymarvels.com. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skymarvels.com/gallery/Vid%20-%20Earth-Moon%20Barycenter.htm","url_text":"\"Earth-Moon Barycenter - SkyMarvels.com\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Perigee\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Perigee","url_text":"\"Perigee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Basics of Space Flight\". NASA. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hazzard	Chris Hazzard	["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	Northern Irish politician from Sinn Féin This article's subject is standing for re-election to the UK's House of Commons on 4 July, and has not been an MP since Parliament's dissolution on 30 May. The article may be out of date during this period. Please improve it (updates without reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page. Chris HazzardMPHazzard in 2023Member of Parliamentfor South DownIncumbentAssumed office 8 June 2017Preceded byMargaret RitchieMajority1,620 (3.3%)Member of the Legislative Assemblyfor South DownIn office13 April 2012 – 9 June 2017Preceded byWillie ClarkeSucceeded byEmma RoganMinister for InfrastructureIn officeMay 2016 – January 2017Preceded byMichelle McIlveenSucceeded byNichola Mallon Personal detailsBornChristopher John Hazzard (1984-08-20) 20 August 1984 (age 39)Drumaness, Northern IrelandPolitical partySinn FéinAlma materQueen's University Belfast Christopher John Hazzard (born 20 August 1984) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for South Down since the 2017 United Kingdom general election, when he defeated incumbent Margaret Ritchie of the Social Democratic and Labour Party. Due to Sinn Féin's policy of abstentionism with regard to the Westminster Parliament, Hazzard has not taken his seat. Early life Christopher John Hazzard was born in Drumaness, County Down, in 1984. The eldest of four siblings, he attended Our Lady and St Patrick's College, Knock, before going to Queen's University Belfast. Political career Hazzard previously worked as a press officer for Sinn Féin. He was selected by his party as a member (MLA) of the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent the South Down constituency in April 2012. He replaced his party colleague Willie Clarke, who had retired to concentrate on his local council work. Hazzard was the Minister for Infrastructure in Northern Ireland from May 2016 until the Executive's collapse in January 2017. He was also a member of the Education Committee from 2012 to 2016 and the Public Accounts Committee from 2013 to 2014. At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017, he was elected as the MP for South Down, defeating the incumbent SDLP MP, Margaret Ritchie. It is the first time that his party have represented the seat. Personal life Hazzard is a Gaelic Athletic Association member and PhD candidate at Queen's University Belfast. He was, at the time of his selection, the youngest MLA. He is married to Lisa, and the couple have a daughter, Eva, who was born in August 2015. References ^ Brunskill, Ian (19 March 2020). The Times guide to the House of Commons 2019 : the definitive record of Britain's historic 2019 General Election. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-00-839258-1. OCLC 1129682574. ^ a b c d e f "Hazzard, Chris, (born 20 Aug. 1984), MP (SF) South Down, since 2017". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2017. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u265088. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 5 May 2021. ^ "Contact information for Chris Hazzard - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament". members.parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2021. ^ McGonagle, Suzanne (9 June 2017). "Constituency Profile: Chris Hazzard wins South Down". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017. ^ BBC ^ "No. 8218". The Belfast Gazette. 23 December 2019. p. 1002. ^ Hazzard to represent South Down, Newry Times, 17 April 2012. ^ Profile Archived 27 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, sinnfeinsouthdown.com; accessed 26 December 2015. ^ "A Battle of Ballynahinch school project sparked my interest in politics". www.thedownrecorder.co.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2021. External links Media related to Chris Hazzard at Wikimedia Commons Northern Ireland Assembly Preceded byWillie Clarke Member of the Legislative Assemblyfor South Down 2012–2017 Succeeded byEmma Rogan Political offices Preceded byMichelle McIlveenas Minister for Regional Development Minister for Infrastructure of Northern Ireland 2016–2017 Northern Irish government suspended Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byMargaret Ritchie Member of Parliamentfor South Down 2017–present Incumbent vteParliamentarians of Northern IrelandHouse of Commons Mickey Brady (SF, Newry & Armagh) Gregory Campbell (DUP, East Londonderry) Jeffrey Donaldson (Independent, Lagan Valley) Colum Eastwood (SDLP, Foyle) Stephen Farry (Alliance, North Down) John Finucane (SF, Belfast North) Michelle Gildernew (SF, Fermanagh & South Tyrone) Paul Girvan (DUP, South Antrim) Claire Hanna (SDLP, Belfast South) Chris Hazzard (SF, South Down) Carla Lockhart (DUP, Upper Bann) Paul Maskey (SF, Belfast West) Órfhlaith Begley (SF, West Tyrone) Francie Molloy (SF, Mid Ulster) Ian Paisley Jr (DUP, North Antrim) Gavin Robinson (DUP, Belfast East) Jim Shannon (DUP, Strangford) Sammy Wilson (DUP, East Antrim) vteSinn FéinHistory History of Sinn Féin Abstentionism 1918 Sinn Féin election manifesto Anti H-Block Armalite and ballot box strategy Clann na hÉireann Cumann na nGaedheal (1900) Comhairle na dTeachtaí Éire Nua Election results Fianna Fáil Fine Gael Gaelic American German Plot Provisional IRA Sinn Féin MPs Sinn Féin (newspaper) Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company Republican News Republican Sinn Féin United Irishman Willie O'Dea affidavit incident Workers' Party 32 County Sovereignty Movement LeadershipLeadershipPresidents Edward Martyn John Sweetman Arthur Griffith Éamon de Valera John J. O'Kelly Brian O'Higgins Michael O'Flanagan Cathal Ó Murchadha Margaret Buckley Paddy McLogan Tomás Ó Dubhghaill Paddy McLogan Tomás Mac Giolla Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Gerry Adams Mary Lou McDonald Vice presidents John Sweetman Arthur Griffith Bulmer Hobson Thomas Kelly Jennie Wyse Power Michael O'Flanagan P. J. Ruttledge Kathleen Lynn Mary MacSwiney John Madden Margaret Buckley John J. O'Kelly Liam Raul Tom Maguire Seamus Mitchell Padraig de Paor Criostóir O'Neill Michael Traynor Tomás Ó Dubhghaill Tony Magan Rory O'Driscoll Larry Grogan Seán Caughey Joe Clarke Cathal Goulding Dáithí Ó Conaill Máire Drumm Joe Cahill Gerry Adams Phil Flynn John Joe McGirl Pat Doherty Mary Lou McDonald Michelle O'Neill Seanad leaders Pearse Doherty David Cullinane Rose Conway-Walsh Chairpersons Seán MacManus Tom Hartley Mitchel McLaughlin Mary Lou McDonald Declan Kearney General secretaries Joe Cahill Cathleen Knowles Tom Hartley Joe Reilly Lucilita Bhreatnach Mitchel McLaughlin Rita O'Hare Dawn Doyle Directors of publicity Seán Ó Brádaigh Danny Morrison Rita O'Hare Dawn Doyle Rosaleen Doherty Party structures Leader of Sinn Féin Ardfheis Sinn Féin Front Bench Ógra Shinn Féin An Phoblacht Friends of Sinn Féin Presidential candidates Martin McGuinness (2011) Liadh Ní Riada (2018) Elected representativesDáil Éireann Chris Andrews John Brady Martin Browne Pat Buckley Matt Carthy Sorca Clarke Rose Conway-Walsh Réada Cronin Seán Crowe David Cullinane Pa Daly Pearse Doherty Paul Donnelly Dessie Ellis Mairéad Farrell Thomas Gould Johnny Guirke Martin Kenny Claire Kerrane Pádraig Mac Lochlainn Mary Lou McDonald Denise Mitchell Imelda Munster Johnny Mythen Eoin Ó Broin Donnchadh Ó Laoghaire Ruairí Ó Murchú Louise O'Reilly Darren O'Rourke Aengus Ó Snodaigh Maurice Quinlivan Patricia Ryan Brian Stanley Pauline Tully Mark Ward Seanad Éireann Paul Gavan Niall Ó Donnghaile Fintan Warfield European Parliament Lynn Boylan Kathleen Funchion Northern Ireland Assembly Caoimhe Archibald Danny Baker Nicola Brogan Cathal Boylan Pádraig Delargy Linda Dillon Jemma Dolan Sinéad Ennis Ciara Ferguson Órlaithí Flynn Colm Gildernew Deirdre Hargey Declan Kearney Catherine Kelly Gerry Kelly Liz Kimmins Seán Lynch Alex Maskey Cathy Mason Declan McAleer Fra McCann Philip McGuigan Maolíosa McHugh Conor Murphy Carál Ní Chuilín John O'Dowd Máirtín Ó Muilleoir Michelle O'Neill Emma Rogan Pat Sheehan Emma Sheerin House of Commons(Abstentionist) Órfhlaith Begley Mickey Brady John Finucane Michelle Gildernew Chris Hazzard Paul Maskey Francie Molloy Lists List of current Sinn Féin elected representatives Alliances European United Left–Nordic Green Left Authority control databases: People UK Parliament	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"South Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2017 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Margaret Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Ritchie_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic and Labour 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Hazzard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Drumaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumaness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Our Lady and St Patrick's College, Knock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_and_St_Patrick%27s_College,_Knock"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Christopher John Hazzard[6] was born in Drumaness, County Down, in 1984.[2] The eldest of four siblings, he attended Our Lady and St Patrick's College, Knock, before going to Queen's University Belfast.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"selected by his 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Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Ritchie,_Baroness_Ritchie_of_Downpatrick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Hazzard previously worked as a press officer for Sinn Féin.He was selected by his party as a member (MLA) of the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent the South Down constituency in April 2012. He replaced his party colleague Willie Clarke, who had retired to concentrate on his local council work.[7] Hazzard was the Minister for Infrastructure in Northern Ireland from May 2016 until the Executive's collapse in January 2017. He was also a member of the Education Committee from 2012 to 2016 and the Public Accounts Committee from 2013 to 2014.[2]At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017, he was elected as the MP for South Down, defeating the incumbent SDLP MP, Margaret Ritchie. It is the first time that his party have represented the seat.[2]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hazzard is a Gaelic Athletic Association member and PhD candidate at Queen's University Belfast.[8] He was, at the time of his selection, the youngest MLA.He is married to Lisa, and the couple have a daughter, Eva, who was born in August 2015.[2][9]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brunskill, Ian (19 March 2020). The Times guide to the House of Commons 2019 : the definitive record of Britain's historic 2019 General Election. p. 176. 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Retrieved 5 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedownrecorder.co.uk/pages/?title=A_Battle_of_Ballynahinch_school_project_sparked_my_interest_in_politics","url_text":"\"A Battle of Ballynahinch school project sparked my interest in politics\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hazzard&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1129682574","external_links_name":"The Times guide to the House of Commons 2019 : the definitive record of Britain's historic 2019 General Election"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1129682574","external_links_name":"1129682574"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-265088","external_links_name":"\"Hazzard, Chris, (born 20 Aug. 1984), MP (SF) South Down, since 2017\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u265088","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u265088"},{"Link":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/4636/contact","external_links_name":"\"Contact information for Chris Hazzard - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170717103351/http://www.irishnews.com/news/2017/06/01/news/westminster-2017-south-down-1041297/","external_links_name":"\"Constituency Profile: Chris Hazzard wins South Down\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishnews.com/news/2017/06/01/news/westminster-2017-south-down-1041297/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/N06000015","external_links_name":"BBC"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Belfast/issue/8218/page/1002","external_links_name":"\"No. 8218\""},{"Link":"http://newrytimes.com/2012/04/17/chris-hazzard-to-represent-south-down-having-signed-assembly-register","external_links_name":"Hazzard to represent South Down"},{"Link":"http://sinnfeinsouthdown.com/mlas","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127103156/http://sinnfeinsouthdown.com/mlas/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thedownrecorder.co.uk/pages/?title=A_Battle_of_Ballynahinch_school_project_sparked_my_interest_in_politics","external_links_name":"\"A Battle of Ballynahinch school project sparked my interest in politics\""},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/inzyH7Or","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Civil_Service_and_Retrenchment	United States Senate Committee on Civil Service	["1 Chairmen of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment, 1873-1921","2 Chairmen of the Committee on Civil Service, 1921-1947","3 Sources"]	Former committee of the United States Senate United States Senate Committee on Civil Service is a defunct committee of the United States Senate. U.S. Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee (L-R): Senators Ted Stevens (R-AK), Ranking Member Hiram Fong (R-HI), Chairman Gale McGee (D-WY), Ralph Yarborough (D-TX), Jennings Randolph (D-WV), and Frank Moss (D-UT). The first standing Senate committee with jurisdiction over the civil service was the United States Senate Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment, which was established on December 4, 1873, following unanimous approval of a resolution introduced by Henry B. Anthony of Rhode Island. On April 18, 1921, the committee was renamed the United States Senate Committee on Civil Service. The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 retained the Committee on Civil Service and established the committee's jurisdiction over all the aspects of civil service, the Census Bureau and the government's gathering of statistics, and the National Archives. The act also transferred to the committee jurisdiction over the postal service. On April 17, 1947, as specified by S. 99 of the 80th United States Congress, the committee's name was changed from the Committee on Civil Service to the United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. The committee ceased to exist in February 1977, under S. Res. 4 of the 95th Congress when its functions were transferred to the Committee on Governmental Affairs. In there were select or special committees pertaining to the Civil Service: United States Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Operation of the Civil Service, 1888-1889 (50th Congress) United States Senate Select Committee to Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service, 1875-1921 (43rd-67th Congresses) United States Special Committee to Investigate the Administration of the Civil Service System, 1938-1941 (75th-76th Congresses) Chairmen of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment, 1873-1921 George Wright (R-IA) 1873-1875 Powell Clayton (R-AR) 1875-1877 James G. Blaine (R-ME) 1877 Henry Teller (R-CO) 1877-1879 M. C. Butler (D-SC) 1879-1881 Joseph Hawley (R-CT) 1881-1887 Jonathan Chace (R-RI) 1887-1889 Edward O. Wolcott (R-CO) 1889-1893 Wilkinson Call (D-FL) 1893-1894 Thomas Jarvis (D-NC) 1894-1895 Jeter C. Pritchard (R-NC) 1895-1899 Lucien Baker (R-KS) 1899-1901 George C. Perkins (R-CA) 1901-1909 Albert Cummins (R-IA) 1909-1913 Atlee Pomerene (D-OH) 1913-1917 Kenneth McKellar (D-TN) 1917-1919 Thomas Sterling (R-SD) 1919-1921 Chairmen of the Committee on Civil Service, 1921-1947 Thomas Sterling (R-SD) 1921-1923 Robert Nelson Stanfield (R-OR) 1923-1925 James Couzens (R-MI) 1925-1926 Porter H. Dale (R-VT) 1926-1933 William J. Bulow (D-SD) 1933-1943 Kenneth McKellar (D-TN) 1943-1944 Sheridan Downey (D-CA) 1944-1947 Sources Chapter 15. Records of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service and Related Committees, 1816-1968 Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives (Record Group 46)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defunct committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_United_States_Congressional_committees"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Senate_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service_Committee.jpg"},{"link_name":"civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"Retrenchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrenchment"},{"link_name":"Henry B. 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Anthony of Rhode Island. On April 18, 1921, the committee was renamed the United States Senate Committee on Civil Service.The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 retained the Committee on Civil Service and established the committee's jurisdiction over all the aspects of civil service, the Census Bureau and the government's gathering of statistics, and the National Archives. The act also transferred to the committee jurisdiction over the postal service. On April 17, 1947, as specified by S. 99 of the 80th United States Congress, the committee's name was changed from the Committee on Civil Service to the United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.The committee ceased to exist in February 1977, under S. Res. 4 of the 95th Congress when its functions were transferred to the Committee on Governmental Affairs.In there were select or special committees pertaining to the Civil Service:United States Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Operation of the Civil Service, 1888-1889 (50th Congress)\nUnited States Senate Select Committee to Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service, 1875-1921 (43rd-67th Congresses)\nUnited States Special Committee to Investigate the Administration of the Civil Service System, 1938-1941 (75th-76th Congresses)","title":"United States Senate Committee on Civil Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Wright"},{"link_name":"Powell Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_Clayton"},{"link_name":"James G. Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Blaine"},{"link_name":"Henry Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Teller"},{"link_name":"M. C. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Butler"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Roswell_Hawley"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Chace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Chace"},{"link_name":"Edward O. Wolcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Wolcott"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Call"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Jeter C. Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard"},{"link_name":"Lucien Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Baker"},{"link_name":"George C. Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Perkins"},{"link_name":"Albert Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Cummins"},{"link_name":"Atlee Pomerene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene"},{"link_name":"Kenneth McKellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sterling"}],"text":"George Wright (R-IA) 1873-1875\nPowell Clayton (R-AR) 1875-1877\nJames G. Blaine (R-ME) 1877\nHenry Teller (R-CO) 1877-1879\nM. C. Butler (D-SC) 1879-1881\nJoseph Hawley (R-CT) 1881-1887\nJonathan Chace (R-RI) 1887-1889\nEdward O. Wolcott (R-CO) 1889-1893\nWilkinson Call (D-FL) 1893-1894\nThomas Jarvis (D-NC) 1894-1895\nJeter C. Pritchard (R-NC) 1895-1899\nLucien Baker (R-KS) 1899-1901\nGeorge C. Perkins (R-CA) 1901-1909\nAlbert Cummins (R-IA) 1909-1913\nAtlee Pomerene (D-OH) 1913-1917\nKenneth McKellar (D-TN) 1917-1919\nThomas Sterling (R-SD) 1919-1921","title":"Chairmen of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment, 1873-1921"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Robert Nelson Stanfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nelson_Stanfield"},{"link_name":"James Couzens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Couzens"},{"link_name":"Porter H. Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_H._Dale"},{"link_name":"William J. Bulow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Bulow"},{"link_name":"Kenneth McKellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Sheridan Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Downey"}],"text":"Thomas Sterling (R-SD) 1921-1923\nRobert Nelson Stanfield (R-OR) 1923-1925\nJames Couzens (R-MI) 1925-1926\nPorter H. Dale (R-VT) 1926-1933\nWilliam J. Bulow (D-SD) 1933-1943\nKenneth McKellar (D-TN) 1943-1944\nSheridan Downey (D-CA) 1944-1947","title":"Chairmen of the Committee on Civil Service, 1921-1947"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapter 15. Records of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service and Related Committees, 1816-1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-15.html#pocs"}],"text":"Chapter 15. Records of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service and Related Committees, 1816-1968 Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives (Record Group 46)","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"U.S. Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee (L-R): Senators Ted Stevens (R-AK), Ranking Member Hiram Fong (R-HI), Chairman Gale McGee (D-WY), Ralph Yarborough (D-TX), Jennings Randolph (D-WV), and Frank Moss (D-UT).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Senate_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service_Committee.jpg/220px-U.S._Senate_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service_Committee.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-15.html#pocs","external_links_name":"Chapter 15. Records of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service and Related Committees, 1816-1968"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorndike_Theatre	Thorndike Theatre	["1 History","2 References","3 External links","4 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 51°17′42″N 0°19′43″W / 51.295074°N 0.328706°W / 51.295074; -0.328706 Leatherhead TheatreLeatherhead TheatreLeatherhead TheatreLocation within SurreyFormer namesThorndike TheatreLocationChurch Street, Leatherhead, SurreyCoordinates51°17′42″N 0°19′43″W / 51.295074°N 0.328706°W / 51.295074; -0.328706TypeTheatreCapacity495 + 3 wheelchairsConstructionBuilt1967–1969Opened17 September 1969 (1969-09-17)ArchitectRoderick HamWebsitewww.theleatherheadtheatre.comHistoric site Listed Building – Grade IIOfficial nameThorndike TheatreDesignated8 July 1988Reference no.1028904 The Thorndike Theatre, now known as the Leatherhead Theatre, is a Grade II listed building in Leatherhead, Surrey, England. Roderick Ham designed the theatre within the shell of the disused 1930s Crescent Cinema. Named after Dame Sybil Thorndike, the theatre was opened on 17 September 1969 by Princess Margaret. The theatre closed in 1997 after the loss of public funding. A charitable trust was set up to operate it and the theatre re-opened as the Leatherhead Theatre in 2001, with seating reduced to 495 plus three wheelchair places. History The Thorndike Theatre opened in 1969 as a replacement for the 300-seat Ace Cinema in Leatherhead High Street. The cinema had originally been built in 1890 as the Victoria Hall and as performances became more popular, its size had become restrictive and there was a need for a new and better-equipped performing arts venue in the town. The Thorndike Theatre, in Church Street, was designed by Roderick Ham in the modernist style. It was rebuilt from the former Crescent Cinema, which was originally constructed in 1939 and which was run by a local family until the 1960s. Although the exterior walls of the Crescent were retained, the interior, including the 526-seat auditorium and lobby, was built anew. Named for the actor Sybil Thorndike, its construction was primarily paid for by private donations, with some additional funding from the Leatherhead Urban District Council and the Arts Council. The building also included a studio theatre, the Casson Room, for smaller-scale performances including youth productions. The Thorndike Theatre was opened in September 1969 by Princess Margaret. Although it was initially popular, the Thorndike Theatre regularly ran operating deficits. Following several years of cuts in public subsidy, it launched an appeal for £350,000 in February 1988, which was supported by the playwright, Alan Ayckbourn, actors, Prunella Scales and Timothy West, and the local MP, Kenneth Baker. The theatre briefly closed in July 1990, but reopened three months later following a rescue bid led by the producer and businessman, Bill Kenwright. It closed again in April 1997 with a total debt of almost £1.2 million. A second reopening followed in October 1997, but closed just over a month later after the new operators, Screenworks, entered voluntary liquidation owing £400,000. The theatre was Grade II-listed in July 1999. It reopened in 2001 as a part-time theatre, cinema, community space and meeting place for the evangelical group, Pioneer People. The annual Leatherhead Drama Festival, for amateur theatre groups, was launched at the theatre in 2004 and ran for 16 years. References ^ Historic England (8 July 1999). "Thorndike Theatre (Grade II) (1387322)". National Heritage List for England. ^ "Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead — The Twentieth Century Society". ^ "Leatherhead Theatre (ii)". The Theatres Trust. ^ "Information". Leatherhead Theatre. Retrieved 29 July 2020. ^ Vardey 1988, pp. 89, 194. ^ a b c d e f Turnbull 2008, pp. 129–131. ^ a b Calder, Barnabas (June 2004). "Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead: Building of the Month". 20th Century Society. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ a b c Vardey 2001, pp. 123–124. ^ Powell, Goff. "The Crescent Cinema, Church Street, Leatherhead" (PDF). Leatherhead & District Local History Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021. ^ "A royal day for theatre". Cobham News and Mail. No. 1742. 25 September 1969. p. 1. ^ "Theatre appeal backed". Leatherhead Advertiser. No. 5057. 18 February 1988. p. 16. ^ King, Debbie (13 June 1988). "It is curtains for theatre unless...". Leatherhead Advertiser. No. 5187. p. 1. ^ "Funds problem closes theatre". Surrey Herald. 26 July 1990. p. 30. ^ "£100,000 deal for theatre". Leatherhead Advertiser. No. 5192. 19 September 1990. p. 1. ^ a b "History". Leatherhead Theatre. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009. ^ Gurney, David (10 April 1997). "Thorndike's shock debts". Leatherhead Advertiser. pp. 1, 3. ^ "Thorndike gets a spring clean". Leatherhead Advertiser. 2 October 1997. p. 1. ^ Fryer, Jennifer (23 October 1997). "Future looks rosy for revived theatre". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 3. ^ Gurney, David (11 December 1997). "Second cash crisis closes Thorndike". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 1. ^ Gurney, David (8 January 1998). "Theatre creditors told their investments lost". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 9. ^ Gardner, Claire (8 July 1999). "Thorndike is listed but the doubts remain". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 1. ^ "Leatherhead Drama Festival". Leatherhead Drama Festival. October 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021. External links Official website Bibliography Turnbull, Olivia (2008). Bringing Down the House: The Crisis in Britain's Regional Theatres. Bristol: Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84-150208-3. Retrieved 16 November 2021. Vardey, Edwina, ed. (1988). History of Leatherhead : a town at the crossroads. Leatherhead: Leatherhead and District Local History Society. ISBN 978-0-95-060091-8. Vardey, Edwina (2001). Leatherhead: A history. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-189-0. Authority control databases: Geographic EUTA theatre	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade II listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Leatherhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roderick Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Ham"},{"link_name":"Sybil Thorndike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Thorndike"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Thorndike Theatre, now known as the Leatherhead Theatre, is a Grade II listed building in Leatherhead, Surrey, England.[1] Roderick Ham designed the theatre within the shell of the disused 1930s Crescent Cinema. Named after Dame Sybil Thorndike, the theatre was opened on 17 September 1969 by Princess Margaret.[2][3]The theatre closed in 1997 after the loss of public funding. A charitable trust was set up to operate it and the theatre re-opened as the Leatherhead Theatre in 2001, with seating reduced to 495 plus three wheelchair places.[4]","title":"Thorndike Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leatherhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhead"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVardey198889,_194-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2008129%E2%80%93131-6"},{"link_name":"Roderick Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Ham"},{"link_name":"modernist style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C20_Thorndike-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVardey2001123%E2%80%93124-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2008129%E2%80%93131-6"},{"link_name":"Sybil Thorndike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Thorndike"},{"link_name":"Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2008129%E2%80%93131-6"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVardey2001123%E2%80%93124-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2008129%E2%80%93131-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2008129%E2%80%93131-6"},{"link_name":"Alan Ayckbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn"},{"link_name":"Prunella Scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunella_Scales"},{"link_name":"Timothy West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_West"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bill Kenwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kenwright"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2008129%E2%80%93131-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lhead_Theatre-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lhead_Theatre-15"},{"link_name":"evangelical group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C20_Thorndike-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVardey2001123%E2%80%93124-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Thorndike Theatre opened in 1969 as a replacement for the 300-seat Ace Cinema in Leatherhead High Street. The cinema had originally been built in 1890 as the Victoria Hall[5] and as performances became more popular, its size had become restrictive and there was a need for a new and better-equipped performing arts venue in the town.[6]The Thorndike Theatre, in Church Street, was designed by Roderick Ham in the modernist style.[7] It was rebuilt from the former Crescent Cinema, which was originally constructed in 1939 and which was run by a local family until the 1960s.[8][9] Although the exterior walls of the Crescent were retained, the interior, including the 526-seat auditorium and lobby, was built anew.[6] Named for the actor Sybil Thorndike, its construction was primarily paid for by private donations, with some additional funding from the Leatherhead Urban District Council and the Arts Council.[6] The building also included a studio theatre, the Casson Room, for smaller-scale performances including youth productions. The Thorndike Theatre was opened in September 1969 by Princess Margaret.[8][10]Although it was initially popular, the Thorndike Theatre regularly ran operating deficits.[6] Following several years of cuts in public subsidy,[6] it launched an appeal for £350,000 in February 1988, which was supported by the playwright, Alan Ayckbourn, actors, Prunella Scales and Timothy West, and the local MP, Kenneth Baker.[11] The theatre briefly closed in July 1990,[12][13] but reopened three months later following a rescue bid led by the producer and businessman, Bill Kenwright.[14] It closed again in April 1997 with a total debt of almost £1.2 million.[6][15][16] A second reopening followed in October 1997,[17][18] but closed just over a month later after the new operators, Screenworks, entered voluntary liquidation owing £400,000.[19][20]The theatre was Grade II-listed in July 1999.[21] It reopened in 2001 as a part-time theatre,[15] cinema, community space and meeting place for the evangelical group, Pioneer People.[7][8] The annual Leatherhead Drama Festival, for amateur theatre groups, was launched at the theatre in 2004 and ran for 16 years.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bringing Down the House: The Crisis in Britain's Regional Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bringingdownhous0000turn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84-150208-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-150208-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-95-060091-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-060091-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86077-189-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-189-0"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26666980#identifiers"},{"link_name":"EUTA theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theatre-architecture.eu/db/?theatreId=791"}],"text":"Turnbull, Olivia (2008). Bringing Down the House: The Crisis in Britain's Regional Theatres. Bristol: Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84-150208-3. Retrieved 16 November 2021.\nVardey, Edwina, ed. (1988). History of Leatherhead : a town at the crossroads. Leatherhead: Leatherhead and District Local History Society. ISBN 978-0-95-060091-8.\nVardey, Edwina (2001). Leatherhead: A history. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-189-0.Authority control databases: Geographic \nEUTA theatre","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Historic England (8 July 1999). \"Thorndike Theatre (Grade II) (1387322)\". National Heritage List for England.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1387322","url_text":"\"Thorndike Theatre (Grade II) (1387322)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead — The Twentieth Century Society\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.c20society.org.uk/botm/thorndike-theatre-leatherhead/","url_text":"\"Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead — The Twentieth Century Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leatherhead Theatre (ii)\". The Theatres Trust.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/resources/theatres/show/1156-leatherhead-theatre-ii","url_text":"\"Leatherhead Theatre (ii)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Information\". Leatherhead Theatre. Retrieved 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theleatherheadtheatre.com/information","url_text":"\"Information\""}]},{"reference":"Calder, Barnabas (June 2004). \"Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead: Building of the Month\". 20th Century Society. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://c20society.org.uk/building-of-the-month/thorndike-theatre-leatherhead","url_text":"\"Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead: Building of the Month\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210827153416/https://c20society.org.uk/building-of-the-month/thorndike-theatre-leatherhead","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Goff. \"The Crescent Cinema, Church Street, Leatherhead\" (PDF). Leatherhead & District Local History Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leatherheadlocalhistory.org.uk/miscellany/potted-history-30.pdf","url_text":"\"The Crescent Cinema, Church Street, Leatherhead\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211103125437/https://www.leatherheadlocalhistory.org.uk/miscellany/potted-history-30.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A royal day for theatre\". Cobham News and Mail. No. 1742. 25 September 1969. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Theatre appeal backed\". Leatherhead Advertiser. No. 5057. 18 February 1988. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"King, Debbie (13 June 1988). \"It is curtains for theatre unless...\". Leatherhead Advertiser. No. 5187. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Funds problem closes theatre\". Surrey Herald. 26 July 1990. p. 30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"£100,000 deal for theatre\". Leatherhead Advertiser. No. 5192. 19 September 1990. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"History\". Leatherhead Theatre. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090911144255/http://www.the-theatre.org/history.php","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.the-theatre.org/history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gurney, David (10 April 1997). \"Thorndike's shock debts\". Leatherhead Advertiser. pp. 1, 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Thorndike gets a spring clean\". Leatherhead Advertiser. 2 October 1997. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fryer, Jennifer (23 October 1997). \"Future looks rosy for revived theatre\". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gurney, David (11 December 1997). \"Second cash crisis closes Thorndike\". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gurney, David (8 January 1998). \"Theatre creditors told their investments lost\". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gardner, Claire (8 July 1999). \"Thorndike is listed but the doubts remain\". Leatherhead Advertiser. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Leatherhead Drama Festival\". Leatherhead Drama Festival. October 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leatherheaddramafestival.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Leatherhead Drama Festival\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110523/https://www.leatherheaddramafestival.co.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Olivia (2008). Bringing Down the House: The Crisis in Britain's Regional Theatres. Bristol: Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84-150208-3. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bringingdownhous0000turn","url_text":"Bringing Down the House: The Crisis in Britain's Regional Theatres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-150208-3","url_text":"978-1-84-150208-3"}]},{"reference":"Vardey, Edwina, ed. (1988). History of Leatherhead : a town at the crossroads. Leatherhead: Leatherhead and District Local History Society. ISBN 978-0-95-060091-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-060091-8","url_text":"978-0-95-060091-8"}]},{"reference":"Vardey, Edwina (2001). Leatherhead: A history. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-189-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-189-0","url_text":"1-86077-189-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thorndike_Theatre&params=51.295074_N_0.328706_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°17′42″N 0°19′43″W / 51.295074°N 0.328706°W / 51.295074; -0.328706"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thorndike_Theatre&params=51.295074_N_0.328706_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°17′42″N 0°19′43″W / 51.295074°N 0.328706°W / 51.295074; -0.328706"},{"Link":"https://www.theleatherheadtheatre.com/","external_links_name":"www.theleatherheadtheatre.com"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1028904","external_links_name":"1028904"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1387322","external_links_name":"\"Thorndike Theatre (Grade II) (1387322)\""},{"Link":"http://www.c20society.org.uk/botm/thorndike-theatre-leatherhead/","external_links_name":"\"Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead — The Twentieth Century Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/resources/theatres/show/1156-leatherhead-theatre-ii","external_links_name":"\"Leatherhead Theatre (ii)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theleatherheadtheatre.com/information","external_links_name":"\"Information\""},{"Link":"https://c20society.org.uk/building-of-the-month/thorndike-theatre-leatherhead","external_links_name":"\"Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead: Building of the Month\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210827153416/https://c20society.org.uk/building-of-the-month/thorndike-theatre-leatherhead","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.leatherheadlocalhistory.org.uk/miscellany/potted-history-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Crescent Cinema, Church Street, Leatherhead\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211103125437/https://www.leatherheadlocalhistory.org.uk/miscellany/potted-history-30.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090911144255/http://www.the-theatre.org/history.php","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-theatre.org/history.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.leatherheaddramafestival.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Leatherhead Drama Festival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110523/https://www.leatherheaddramafestival.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theleatherheadtheatre.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bringingdownhous0000turn","external_links_name":"Bringing Down the House: The Crisis in Britain's Regional Theatres"},{"Link":"http://www.theatre-architecture.eu/db/?theatreId=791","external_links_name":"EUTA theatre"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase_plate	Metaphase	["1 Metaphase in cytogenetics and cancer studies","2 References","3 External links"]	Stage of cell division For the Product Lifecycle Management software, see SDRC § Products. The mitotic spindle checkpoint verifies that all the chromosomes are aligned properly on the metaphase plate and prevents premature entry into anaphase. Chromosomes lined up on the metaphase plate. Two views with the metaphase plate rotated 60°. Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatids Metaphase (from Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-) beyond, above, transcending and from Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis) 'appearance') is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell between the spindle poles at the metaphase plate, before being separated into each of the two daughter nuclei. This alignment marks the beginning of metaphase. Metaphase accounts for approximately 4% of the cell cycle's duration. In metaphase, microtubules from both duplicated centrosomes on opposite poles of the cell have completed attachment to kinetochores on condensed chromosomes. The centromeres of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate, an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two spindle poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochore microtubules, analogous to a tug-of-war between two people of equal strength, ending with the destruction of B cyclin. In order to prevent deleterious nondisjunction events, a key cell cycle checkpoint, the spindle checkpoint, verifies this evenly balanced alignment and ensures that every kinetochore is properly attached to a bundle of microtubules and is under balanced bipolar tension. Sister chromatids require active separase to hydrolyze the cohesin that bind them together prior to progression to anaphase. Any unattached or improperly attached kinetochores generate signals that prevent the activation of the anaphase promoting complex (cyclosome or APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase which targets securin and cyclin B for degradation via the proteosome. As long as securin and cyclin B remain active, separase remains inactive, preventing premature progression to anaphase. Metaphase in cytogenetics and cancer studies Human metaphase chromosomes (normal male karyotype) The analysis of metaphase chromosomes is one of the main tools of classical cytogenetics and cancer studies. Chromosomes are condensed (thickened) and highly coiled in metaphase, which makes them most suitable for visual analysis. Metaphase chromosomes make the classical picture of chromosomes (karyotype). For classical cytogenetic analyses, cells are grown in short term culture and arrested in metaphase using mitotic inhibitor. Further they are used for slide preparation and banding (staining) of chromosomes to be visualised under microscope to study structure and number of chromosomes (karyotype). Staining of the slides, often with Giemsa (G banding) or Quinacrine, produces a pattern of in total up to several hundred bands. Normal metaphase spreads are used in methods like FISH and as a hybridization matrix for comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments. Malignant cells from solid tumors or leukemia samples can also be used for cytogenetic analysis to generate metaphase preparations. Inspection of the stained metaphase chromosomes allows the determination of numerical and structural changes in the tumor cell genome, for example, losses of chromosomal segments or translocations, which may lead to chimeric oncogenes, such as bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia. References ^ "Chromosome condensation through mitosis". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 12 June 2007. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Hopkin, Karen; Johnson, Alexander; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2019). Essential cell biology (Fifth ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 632–633. ISBN 9780393680393. ^ "Metaphase plate". Biology Dictionary. Biology Online. Retrieved 9 December 2012. ^ "Metaphase". Nature Education. Retrieved 9 December 2012. ^ "The Cell Cycle". Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012. External links Media related to Metaphase at Wikimedia Commons vteCell cycle proteinsCyclin A (A1, A2) B (B1, B2, B3) D (D1, D2, D3) E (E1, E2) CDK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11A 11B 12 13 14 CDK-activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19) cip/kip (p21, p27, p57) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin (CUL7) Phases andcheckpointsInterphase G1 phase S phase G2 phase M phase Mitosis (Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G0 phase Meiosis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SDRC § Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDRC#Products"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spindle_chromosomes-en.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metaphase_chromosomes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stages_of_early_mitosis_in_a_vertebrate_cell_with_micrographs_of_chromatids.svg"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"μετα-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1-"},{"link_name":"meta-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_(prefix)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"φάσις","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"anaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"genetic information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-2"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"centrosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosome"},{"link_name":"kinetochores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetochore"},{"link_name":"centromeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cyclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball's_Biology_Pages-5"},{"link_name":"nondisjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondisjunction"},{"link_name":"cell cycle checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"spindle checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"separase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separase"},{"link_name":"cohesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesin"},{"link_name":"anaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase"},{"link_name":"anaphase promoting complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase_promoting_complex"},{"link_name":"ubiquitin ligase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase"},{"link_name":"securin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securin"},{"link_name":"cyclin B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_B"},{"link_name":"proteosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteosome"}],"text":"For the Product Lifecycle Management software, see SDRC § Products.The mitotic spindle checkpoint verifies that all the chromosomes are aligned properly on the metaphase plate and prevents premature entry into anaphase.Chromosomes lined up on the metaphase plate. Two views with the metaphase plate rotated 60°.Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatidsMetaphase (from Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-) beyond, above, transcending and from Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis) 'appearance') is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase).[1] These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell between the spindle poles at the metaphase plate, before being separated into each of the two daughter nuclei. This alignment marks the beginning of metaphase.[2] Metaphase accounts for approximately 4% of the cell cycle's duration.[citation needed]In metaphase, microtubules from both duplicated centrosomes on opposite poles of the cell have completed attachment to kinetochores on condensed chromosomes. The centromeres of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate, an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two spindle poles.[3] This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochore microtubules,[4] analogous to a tug-of-war between two people of equal strength, ending with the destruction of B cyclin.[5]In order to prevent deleterious nondisjunction events, a key cell cycle checkpoint, the spindle checkpoint, verifies this evenly balanced alignment and ensures that every kinetochore is properly attached to a bundle of microtubules and is under balanced bipolar tension. Sister chromatids require active separase to hydrolyze the cohesin that bind them together prior to progression to anaphase. Any unattached or improperly attached kinetochores generate signals that prevent the activation of the anaphase promoting complex (cyclosome or APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase which targets securin and cyclin B for degradation via the proteosome. As long as securin and cyclin B remain active, separase remains inactive, preventing premature progression to anaphase.","title":"Metaphase"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png"},{"link_name":"karyotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"cytogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"karyotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype"},{"link_name":"mitotic inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"staining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"},{"link_name":"Staining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"},{"link_name":"Giemsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa"},{"link_name":"G banding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_banding"},{"link_name":"Quinacrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinacrine"},{"link_name":"FISH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization"},{"link_name":"comparative genomic hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomic_hybridization"},{"link_name":"Malignant cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_cell"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"translocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation"},{"link_name":"oncogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene"},{"link_name":"bcr-abl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcr-abl"},{"link_name":"chronic myelogenous leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia"}],"text":"Human metaphase chromosomes (normal male karyotype)The analysis of metaphase chromosomes is one of the main tools of classical cytogenetics and cancer studies. Chromosomes are condensed (thickened) and highly coiled in metaphase, which makes them most suitable for visual analysis. Metaphase chromosomes make the classical picture of chromosomes (karyotype). For classical cytogenetic analyses, cells are grown in short term culture and arrested in metaphase using mitotic inhibitor. Further they are used for slide preparation and banding (staining) of chromosomes to be visualised under microscope to study structure and number of chromosomes (karyotype). Staining of the slides, often with Giemsa (G banding) or Quinacrine, produces a pattern of in total up to several hundred bands. Normal metaphase spreads are used in methods like FISH and as a hybridization matrix for comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments.Malignant cells from solid tumors or leukemia samples can also be used for cytogenetic analysis to generate metaphase preparations. Inspection of the stained metaphase chromosomes allows the determination of numerical and structural changes in the tumor cell genome, for example, losses of chromosomal segments or translocations, which may lead to chimeric oncogenes, such as bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia.","title":"Metaphase in cytogenetics and cancer studies"}]	[{"image_text":"The mitotic spindle checkpoint verifies that all the chromosomes are aligned properly on the metaphase plate and prevents premature entry into anaphase.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Spindle_chromosomes-en.png/250px-Spindle_chromosomes-en.png"},{"image_text":"Chromosomes lined up on the metaphase plate. Two views with the metaphase plate rotated 60°.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Metaphase_chromosomes.jpg/220px-Metaphase_chromosomes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatids","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stages_of_early_mitosis_in_a_vertebrate_cell_with_micrographs_of_chromatids.svg/220px-Stages_of_early_mitosis_in_a_vertebrate_cell_with_micrographs_of_chromatids.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Human metaphase chromosomes (normal male karyotype)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png/220px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chromosome condensation through mitosis\". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 12 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070611122252.htm","url_text":"\"Chromosome condensation through mitosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceDaily","url_text":"ScienceDaily"}]},{"reference":"Alberts, Bruce; Hopkin, Karen; Johnson, Alexander; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2019). Essential cell biology (Fifth ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 632–633. ISBN 9780393680393.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393680393","url_text":"9780393680393"}]},{"reference":"\"Metaphase plate\". Biology Dictionary. Biology Online. Retrieved 9 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Metaphase_plate","url_text":"\"Metaphase plate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metaphase\". Nature Education. Retrieved 9 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/metaphase-249","url_text":"\"Metaphase\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cell Cycle\". Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121119134405/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellCycle.html","url_text":"\"The Cell Cycle\""},{"url":"http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellCycle.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070611122252.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chromosome condensation through mitosis\""},{"Link":"http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Metaphase_plate","external_links_name":"\"Metaphase plate\""},{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/metaphase-249","external_links_name":"\"Metaphase\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121119134405/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellCycle.html","external_links_name":"\"The Cell Cycle\""},{"Link":"http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellCycle.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sumitomo_Marine_%26_Fire_Insurance_Co.	Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group	["1 Group companies","1.1 Non-life insurance","1.2 Life insurance","1.3 Companies not based in Japan","1.4 Financial services","1.5 Risk-related businesses","2 Annual Reports","3 References","4 External links"]	"Mitsui Sumitomo" redirects here. For the keiretsus, see Mitsui and Sumitomo Group. Not to be confused with Sumitomo Life Insurance Company or Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (November 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,065 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ja\|三井住友海上火災保険}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group Holdings, Inc.Native name三井住友海上グループホールディングス株式会社Company typePublic (K.K)Traded asTYO: 8725IndustryInsuranceFoundedOctober 21, 1918 (as Taishō Marine and Fire Insurance Co.) October 2001 (merger of Mitsui Marine & Fire Insurance Co. and The Sumitomo Marine & Fire Insurance)FateMergedSuccessorMS&AD Insurance GroupHeadquartersTokyo, JapanArea servedWorldwideKey peopleYoshiaki Shin, ChairmanToshiaki Egashira, PresidentRevenue JP¥ 2,137,603 million (FY 2007)Net income JP¥ 40,027 million (FY 2007)Number of employees20,237 (2008)SubsidiariesCeylinco Insurance (15%)Websitems-ad-hd.com/en MSIG headquarters in Tokyo, Japan Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group Holdings, Inc. (三井住友海上グループホールディングス株式会社, Mitsui Sumitomo Kaijō Gurūpu Hōrudingusu Kabushiki-Kaisha) is a Japanese insurance holding company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. MSIG was formed in 2001 from the merger of Mitsui Marine & Fire Insurance Co. (itself descended from the Taishō Marine and Fire Insurance Co. founded in 1918) and The Sumitomo Marine & Fire Insurance. In 2010, April Aioi Insurance Co., Ltd., Nissay Dowa General Insurance Co., Ltd., merged into MSIG, making the group's name changed in to MS&AD Insurance Group Holdings, Inc.. According to this business integration, MS&AD has become the largest property insurance company in Japan, with market share of 33% in 2013. On 8 September 2015, it was announced that Mitsui Sumitomo had agreed to buy the UK insurance firm Amlin for £3.5bn. Group companies Non-life insurance Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Co., Ltd. Life insurance Mitsui Sumitomo Kirameki Life Insurance Co., Ltd. Mitsui Sumitomo MetLife insurance Co., Ltd. Companies not based in Japan Amlin, plc Cholamandalam MS General Insurance MSIG Insurance Europe AG MSIG Insurance Vietnam Company Limited MS Frontier Reinsurance Ltd. MS First Capital Insurance Limited. Mitsui Sumitomo Reinsurance Ltd. Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance London Management Ltd. MSI GuaranteedWeather, LLC part, llc Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance – Oceania Financial services Sumitomo Mitsui Asset Management Co., Ltd. MITSUI SUMITOMO INSURANCE Venture Capital Co., Ltd. Risk-related businesses InterRisk Research Institute & Consulting, Inc. MITSUI SUMITOMO INSURANCE Care Network Co., Ltd. American Appraisal Japan Co., Ltd. Annual Reports MSIG Annual Report 2008 MSIG Annual Report 2014 References ^ "Ceylinco Insurance Annual Report 2019" (PDF). www.cdn.cse.lk. Colombo Stock Exchange. Retrieved March 2, 2020. ^ MS&AD Insurance Inc. . 2013. ^ "Mitsui Sumitomo to buy insurer Amlin for £3.5bn". FT. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015. External links Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance – Oceania vteMitsuiSubsidiaries Greater Anglia (40%) Japan Steel Works Mitsui & Co Mitsui Chemicals Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Mitsui Fudosan Mitsui OSK Lines Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group Amlin Cholamandalam MS General Insurance Oji Paper Company Penske Truck Leasing (30%) Sapporo Breweries Anchor Brewing Company Sleeman Breweries Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Daiwa Securities Capital Markets Sakura Bank SMBC Aviation Capital SMBC Nikko Securities Sumitomo Bank Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings TBS Holdings West Midlands Trains (15%) Related Mitsui family Mitsui Golden Glove Award Mitsui Takatoshi Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Group"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Life Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Life_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Banking_Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Sumitomo_Twin_Building01s5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kabushiki-Kaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"property insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_insurance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Mitsui Sumitomo\" redirects here. For the keiretsus, see Mitsui and Sumitomo Group. Not to be confused with Sumitomo Life Insurance Company or Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation.MSIG headquarters in Tokyo, JapanMitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group Holdings, Inc. (三井住友海上グループホールディングス株式会社, Mitsui Sumitomo Kaijō Gurūpu Hōrudingusu Kabushiki-Kaisha) is a Japanese insurance holding company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.MSIG was formed in 2001 from the merger of Mitsui Marine & Fire Insurance Co. (itself descended from the Taishō Marine and Fire Insurance Co. founded in 1918) and The Sumitomo Marine & Fire Insurance. In 2010, April Aioi Insurance Co., Ltd., Nissay Dowa General Insurance Co., Ltd., merged into MSIG, making the group's name changed in to MS&AD Insurance Group Holdings, Inc.. According to this business integration, MS&AD has become the largest property insurance company in Japan, with market share of 33% in 2013.[2]On 8 September 2015, it was announced that Mitsui Sumitomo had agreed to buy the UK insurance firm Amlin for £3.5bn.[3]","title":"Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_Sumitomo_Insurance_Co.,_Ltd."}],"sub_title":"Non-life insurance","text":"Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Co., Ltd.","title":"Group companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Kirameki Life Insurance Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsui_Sumitomo_Kirameki_Life_Insurance_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo MetLife insurance Co., 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Limited.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_First_Capital_Insurance_Limited.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Reinsurance Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsui_Sumitomo_Reinsurance_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance London Management Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsui_Sumitomo_Insurance_London_Management_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MSI GuaranteedWeather, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MSI_GuaranteedWeather,_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"part, llc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part,_llc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance – Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsui_Sumitomo_Insurance_%E2%80%93_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Companies not based in Japan","text":"Amlin, plc\nCholamandalam MS General Insurance\nMSIG Insurance Europe AG\nMSIG Insurance Vietnam Company Limited\nMS Frontier Reinsurance Ltd.\nMS First Capital Insurance Limited.\nMitsui Sumitomo Reinsurance Ltd.\nMitsui Sumitomo Insurance London Management Ltd.\nMSI GuaranteedWeather, LLC\npart, llc\nMitsui Sumitomo Insurance – Oceania","title":"Group companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sumitomo Mitsui Asset Management Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Mitsui_Asset_Management_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MITSUI SUMITOMO INSURANCE Venture Capital Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MITSUI_SUMITOMO_INSURANCE_Venture_Capital_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Financial services","text":"Sumitomo Mitsui Asset Management Co., Ltd.\nMITSUI SUMITOMO INSURANCE Venture Capital Co., Ltd.","title":"Group companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"InterRisk Research Institute & Consulting, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=InterRisk_Research_Institute_%26_Consulting,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MITSUI SUMITOMO INSURANCE Care Network Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MITSUI_SUMITOMO_INSURANCE_Care_Network_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Appraisal Japan Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Appraisal_Japan_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Risk-related businesses","text":"InterRisk Research Institute & Consulting, Inc.\nMITSUI SUMITOMO INSURANCE Care Network Co., Ltd.\nAmerican Appraisal Japan Co., Ltd.","title":"Group companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSIG Annual Report 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090226201447/http://www.msig.com/en/ir/library/annual/pdf/annual2008.pdf"},{"link_name":"MSIG Annual Report 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160914140426/http://www.msig.com/en/ir/library/annual/pdf/2014_msad_01.pdf"}],"text":"MSIG Annual Report 2008\nMSIG Annual Report 2014","title":"Annual Reports"}]	[{"image_text":"MSIG headquarters in Tokyo, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tokyo_Sumitomo_Twin_Building01s5.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Sumitomo_Twin_Building01s5.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ceylinco Insurance Annual Report 2019\" (PDF). www.cdn.cse.lk. 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Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ee83e56e-559d-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2.html#axzz3nLp8npKb","url_text":"\"Mitsui Sumitomo to buy insurer Amlin for £3.5bn\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=8725","external_links_name":"8725"},{"Link":"http://ms-ad-hd.com/en","external_links_name":"ms-ad-hd.com/en"},{"Link":"https://www.msig.com.vn/en","external_links_name":"MSIG Insurance Vietnam Company Limited"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226201447/http://www.msig.com/en/ir/library/annual/pdf/annual2008.pdf","external_links_name":"MSIG Annual Report 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914140426/http://www.msig.com/en/ir/library/annual/pdf/2014_msad_01.pdf","external_links_name":"MSIG Annual Report 2014"},{"Link":"https://cdn.cse.lk/cmt/upload_report_file/367_1591607144562.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ceylinco Insurance Annual Report 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.ms-ad-hd.com/en/group/about/position.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ee83e56e-559d-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2.html#axzz3nLp8npKb","external_links_name":"\"Mitsui Sumitomo to buy insurer Amlin for £3.5bn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080407202257/http://www.msig.com/en/","external_links_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group"},{"Link":"http://www.msi-oceania.com/","external_links_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance – Oceania"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/256677278","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00995065","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_economy	Industrial organization	["1 Subareas","2 Market structures","3 Areas of study","4 History of the field","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Journals","9 External links"]	Field that examines the structure of firms and markets This article is about the field of economics. For the field of psychology, see Industrial and organizational psychology. Part of a series onEconomics History Outline Index Branches and classifications Applied Econometrics Heterodox International Micro / Macro Mainstream Mathematical Methodology Political JEL classification codes Concepts, theory and techniques Economic systems Economic growth Market National accounting Experimental economics Computational economics Game theory Operations research Middle income trap Industrial complex By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Feminist Financial Geographical Happiness Health Historical Humanistic Industrial organization Information Institutional Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary Natural resource Organizational Participation Personnel Planning Policy Public Public choice / Social choice theory Regional Rural Service Socio Sociological Solidarity Statistics Urban Welfare Notable economists de Mandeville Quesnay Smith Malthus Say Ricardo von Thünen List Bastiat Cournot Mill Gossen Marx Walras Jevons George Menger Marshall Edgeworth Clark Pareto von Böhm-Bawerk von Wieser Veblen Fisher Pigou Heckscher von Mises Schumpeter Keynes Knight Polanyi Frisch Sraffa Myrdal Hayek Kalecki Röpke Kuznets Tinbergen Robinson von Neumann Hicks Lange Leontief Galbraith Koopmans Schumacher Friedman Samuelson Simon Buchanan Arrow Baumol Solow Rothbard Greenspan Sowell Becker Ostrom Sen Lucas Stiglitz Thaler Hoppe Krugman Piketty more Lists Glossary Economists Publications (journals) Schools Business portal Money portalvte Part of a series onEconomic systems Major types Capitalism Socialism Communism By ideology Associative Capitalist Corporate Democratic Laissez-faire Mercantilist Neoliberal Neomercantilist Protectionist Social market State Welfare Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Buddhist economics Christian Sabbath economics Islamic Socialist Anarchist Communalist Communist Market socialist Mutualist Participatory Socialist market Socialist-oriented market State Syndicalist Social credit Distributist Traditionalist Corporatist Feudalism By coordination Closed (autarky) Decentralized Digital Dirigist Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Sharing Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual By regional model Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean Keralan European Anglo-Saxon German Nordic Dutch Rhenish Soviet Latin America Socialism of the 21st century Sectors Common ownership Private Public Voluntary Property types Collective ownership Commons (Common ownership) Private property State ownership Social ownership Transition Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Marxist Coordination Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planning In kind Cybernetics Indicative Material balancing Price Self-managed Peer-to-peer Sharing Open access Other types Commons-based peer production Expeditionary Hunter-gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource-based Token Traditional Transition World Business and economics portalvte In economics, industrial organization is a field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and markets. Industrial organization adds real-world complications to the perfectly competitive model, complications such as transaction costs, limited information, and barriers to entry of new firms that may be associated with imperfect competition. It analyzes determinants of firm and market organization and behavior on a continuum between competition and monopoly, including from government actions. There are different approaches to the subject. One approach is descriptive in providing an overview of industrial organization, such as measures of competition and the size-concentration of firms in an industry. A second approach uses microeconomic models to explain internal firm organization and market strategy, which includes internal research and development along with issues of internal reorganization and renewal. A third aspect is oriented to public policy related to economic regulation, antitrust law, and, more generally, the economic governance of law in defining property rights, enforcing contracts, and providing organizational infrastructure. The extensive use of game theory in industrial economics has led to the export of this tool to other branches of microeconomics, such as behavioral economics and corporate finance. Industrial organization has also had significant practical impacts on antitrust law and competition policy. The development of industrial organization as a separate field owes much to Edward Chamberlin, Joan Robinson, Edward S. Mason, J. M. Clark, Joe S. Bain and Paolo Sylos Labini, among others. Subareas The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes are one way of representing the range of economics subjects and subareas. There, Industrial Organization, one of 20 primary categories, has 9 secondary categories, each with multiple tertiary categories. The secondary categories are listed below with corresponding available article-preview links of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online and footnotes to their respective JEL-tertiary categories and associated New-Palgrave links. JEL: L1 – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance JEL: L2 – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior JEL: L3 – Non-profit organizations and Public enterprise JEL: L4 – Antitrust Issues and Policies JEL: L5 – Regulation and Industrial policy JEL: L6 – Industry Studies: Manufacturing JEL: L7 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction JEL: L8 – Industry Studies: Services JEL: L9 – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities Market structures The common market structures studied in this field are: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, duopoly, oligopoly, oligopsony, monopoly and monopsony. Areas of study Industrial organization investigates the outcomes of these market structures in environments with Price discrimination Product differentiation Durable goods Experience goods Collusion Signalling, such as warranties and advertising. Mergers and acquisitions Entry and Exit History of the field A 2009 book Pioneers of Industrial Organization traces the development of the field from Adam Smith to recent times and includes dozens of short biographies of major figures in Europe and North America who contributed to the growth and development of the discipline. Other reviews by publication year and earliest available cited works those in 1970/1937, 1972/1933, 1974, 1987/1937-1956 (3 cites), 1968–9 (7 cites), 2009/c. 1900, and 2010/1951. See also Main article: Outline of industrial organization Bertrand competition Bertrand–Edgeworth model Competition policy Cournot competition Input–output model Important publications in industrial organization Structure–conduct–performance paradigm Notes ^ • R. H. Coase, 1937. "The Nature of the Firm", Economica, N.S., 4(16), pp. 386–405. • _____, 1988. "The Nature of the Firm: Influence", Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 4(1), pp. 33–47. Reprinted in The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, and Development, 1993, O. E. Williamson and S, G. Winter, ed., pp. 61–74. • _____, 1991. "The Institutional Structure of Production", Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 1992, American Economic Review, 82(4), pp. 713–719. • Oliver E. Williamson, 1981. "The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach", American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), pp. 548–577. • _____, 2009. "Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression", Nobel Lecture. Reprinted in 2010, American Economic Review, 100(3), pp. 673–90. ^ George J. Stigler, 2008. "competition", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. ^ • Luigi Zingales, 2008. "corporate governance", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Oliver E. Williamson, 2002. "The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), pp. 171–195. • Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract. • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffrey M. Perloff, 2004. Modern Industrial Organization, 4th edition, pp. 2–3. Description. ^ • Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract. • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. "Modern Industrial Organization, Overview", ch. 5, Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 1, pp. 259–327. Fudenberg, Drew; Tirole, Jean (1989). "Chapter 5 Noncooperative game theory for industrial organization: An introduction and overview". Handbook of Industrial Organization Volume 1. Vol. 1. pp. 259–327. doi:10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01008-3. ISBN 9780444704344. S2CID 154265880. • Carl Shapiro, 1989. "The Theory of Business Strategy", RAND Journal of Economics, 20(1), pp. 125–137. • Kyle Bagwell and Asher Wolinsky (2002). "Game theory and Industrial Organization", ch. 49, Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, v. 3, pp. 1851–1895 Bagwell, Kyle; Wolinsky, Asher (2002). "Chapter 49 Game theory and industrial organization". Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3. Vol. 3. pp. 1851–1895. doi:10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03012-6. ISBN 9780444894281. • Martin Shubik, 1987. A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy, Part II. MIT Press. Description. Archived May 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22–26, abstract links. ^ • Richard A. Posner, 2001. Antitrust Law, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. Preview. • D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. "Antitrust Policy", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 553–560. Posner, Richard A. (2009-04-22). Antitrust Law, Second Edition. ISBN 9780226675787. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ • Avinash K. Dixit, 2008. "economic governance", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Oliver E. Williamson, 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance, "Prologue", pp. 3–20. ^ • George J. Stigler, 1983. The Organization of Industry, University of Chicago Press. Description and contents links and preview. • Richard Schmalensee, 1988. "Industrial Economics: An Overview", Economic Journal, 98(392), pp. 643–681. Working paper link. • Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier: Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to description & contents Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine & (partial) chapter outlines. _____, ed., 1989. v. 2. Links to description & contents Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine and chapter outlines. Mark Armstrong and Robert Porter, ed., 2007. v. 3. Links to description, chapter-content descriptions Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Exemplified in such advanced textbooks as Jean Tirole, 1988, The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press, description and chapter-preview links. ^ • Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value, 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press. • R. Rothschild, 1987. "The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: E.H. Chamberlin's Influence on Industrial Organisation Theory over Sixty Years", Journal of Economic Studies, 14(1), pp. 34–54. Abstract. • William L. Baldwin, 2007. "Edward Hastings Chamberlin", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 199–. ^ Edward S. Mason, 1939. "Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise", American Economic Review, 29(1, Supplement), pp. 61–74. • _____, 1949. "The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States", Harvard Law Review, 62(8), pp. 1265–1285. • _____, 1957. Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem, Harvard University Press. Review extract. • William G. Shepherd, 2007. "Edward S. Mason", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed. ^ J.M. Clark, 1940. Toward a Concept of Workable Competition. American Economic Review, Vol. 30, No. 2, Part 1, Jun., pp. 241–256 • William L. Baldwin, 2007. "John Maurice Clark" in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 183–186. ^ • Joe S. Bain, 1956. Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing, Harvard University Press. Review extracts . • _____, 1959, 2nd ed., 1968. Industrial Organization: A Treatise, John Wiley. • Richard E. Caves, 2007. "Joe S. Bain", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 224–231. ^ a b E. T. Grether, 1970. "Industrial Organization: Past History and Future Problems", American Economic Review, 60(2), pp. 83–89. ^ Oliver E. Williamson, ed., 1990. Industrial Organization, Edward Elgar. Description Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine and article list. Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine23 articles, dating from 1937 to 1987. ^ A complete list of the JEL Industrial Organization codes is at JEL classification codes#Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories. ^ JEL: L10 – GeneralJEL: L11 – Production, Pricing, and Market structure; Size Distribution of Firms JEL: L12 – Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies JEL: L13 – Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets JEL: L14 – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks JEL: L15 – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility JEL: L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices JEL: L17 – Open Source Products and Markets ^ JEL: L20 – GeneralJEL: L21 – Business Objectives of the Firm JEL: L22 – Firm Organization and Market Structure JEL: L23 – Organization of Production JEL: L24 – Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology licensing JEL: L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope JEL: L26 – Entrepreneurship ^ JEL: L31 – Nonprofit Institutions; NGOsJEL: L32 – Public enterprises; Public-Private EnterprisesJEL: L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out ^ JEL: L40 – GeneralJEL: L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices JEL: L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts JEL: L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation JEL: L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations ^ JEL: L51 – Economics of Regulation JEL: L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods JEL: L53] – Enterprise Policy ^ JEL: L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics JEL: L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment JEL: L63 – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment JEL: L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments JEL: L65 – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; BiotechnologyJEL: L66 – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits JEL: L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather JEL: L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables ^ JEL: L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels JEL: L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources JEL: L73 – Forest Products JEL: L74 – Construction JEL: L78 – Government Policy ^ JEL: L80 – GeneralJEL: L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-CommerceJEL: L82 – Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)JEL: L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; TourismJEL: L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business ServicesJEL: L85 – Real Estate ServicesJEL: L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer SoftwareJEL: L87 – Postal and Delivery Services JEL: L88 – Government Policy ^ JEL: L91 – Transportation: GeneralJEL: L92 – Railroads and Other Surface TransportationJEL: L93 – Air transportationJEL: L94 – Electric utilitiesJEL: L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities\|JEL: L96 – TelecommunicationsJEL: L97 – Utilities: GeneralJEL: L98 – Government Policy ^ Henry W. de Jong and William G. Shepherd, ed., 2007. Pioneers of Industrial Organization. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar. Description and content links and preview. Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ James W. McKie, 1972. "Industrial Organization: Boxing the Compass", ch. 1 in V. R. Fuchs, ed., Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization, NBER, pp. 1-15. ^ Almarin Phillips and Rodney E. Stevenson, 1974. "The Historical Development of Industrial Organization", History of Political Economy, 6(3), pp. 324–342. In Papers from the First Conference of the History of Economics Society. Citation. ^ Timothy F. Bresnahan and Richard Schmalensee, 1987. "The Empirical Renaissance in Industrial Economics: An Overview", Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), pp. 371–378. ^ Lefteris Tsoulfidis, 2009. "Between Competition and Monopoly", Competing Schools of Economic Thought, ch. 9, pp. 213–42. Springer ^ Liran Einav and Jonathan Levin, 2010. "Empirical Industrial Organization: A Progress Report", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), pp. 145–162. References Tirole, Jean (1988). The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT press. Belleflamme, Paul & Martin Peitz, 2010. Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Summary and Resources Cabral, Luís M. B., 2000. Introduction to Industrial Organization. MIT Press. Links to Description and chapter-preview links. Shepherd, William, 1985. The Economics of Industrial Organization, Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-231481-9 Shy, Oz, 1995. Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications. Description and chapter-preview links. MIT Press. Vives, Xavier, 2001. Oligopoly Pricing: Old Ideas and New Tools. MIT Press. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links. Jeffrey Church & Roger Ware, 2005. "Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach", (aka IOSA Archived 2016-12-08 at the Wayback Machine)”, Free Textbook Nicolas Boccard, 2010. "Industrial Organization, a Contract Based approach (aka IOCB Archived 2015-08-01 at the Wayback Machine)”, Open Source Textbook Journals The RAND Journal of Economics International Journal of the Economics of Business and issue preview links International Journal of Industrial Organization and issue-preview links Journal of Industrial Economics, Aims and Scope, and issue-preview links. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization and issue-preview links. 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Lucas Stiglitz Thaler Hoppe Krugman Piketty more Lists Glossary Economists Publications (journals) Schools Category Index Lists Outline Publications Business portal Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial and organizational psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"theory of the firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm"},{"link_name":"markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)"},{"link_name":"perfectly competitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_competition"},{"link_name":"transaction costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_cost"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_economics"},{"link_name":"barriers to entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry"},{"link_name":"imperfect competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_competition"},{"link_name":"competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_ratio"},{"link_name":"microeconomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"economic regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_regulation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"antitrust law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_law"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"microeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics"},{"link_name":"behavioral economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics"},{"link_name":"corporate finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance"},{"link_name":"antitrust law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_law"},{"link_name":"competition policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_policy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Edward Chamberlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Chamberlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joan Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Edward S. Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Mason"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"J. M. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Joe S. Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_S._Bain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Paolo Sylos Labini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sylos_Labini"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grether-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"This article is about the field of economics. For the field of psychology, see Industrial and organizational psychology.In economics, industrial organization is a field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and markets. Industrial organization adds real-world complications to the perfectly competitive model, complications such as transaction costs,[1] limited information, and barriers to entry of new firms that may be associated with imperfect competition. It analyzes determinants of firm and market organization and behavior on a continuum between competition[2] and monopoly,[3] including from government actions.There are different approaches to the subject. One approach is descriptive in providing an overview of industrial organization, such as measures of competition and the size-concentration of firms in an industry. A second approach uses microeconomic models to explain internal firm organization and market strategy, which includes internal research and development along with issues of internal reorganization and renewal.[4] A third aspect is oriented to public policy related to economic regulation,[5] antitrust law,[6] and, more generally, the economic governance of law in defining property rights, enforcing contracts, and providing organizational infrastructure.[7][8]The extensive use of game theory in industrial economics has led to the export of this tool to other branches of microeconomics, such as behavioral economics and corporate finance. Industrial organization has also had significant practical impacts on antitrust law and competition policy.[9]The development of industrial organization as a separate field owes much to Edward Chamberlin,[10] Joan Robinson, Edward S. Mason,[11] J. M. Clark,[12] Joe S. Bain[13] and Paolo Sylos Labini, among others.[14][15]","title":"Industrial organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL_classification_codes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"JEL: L1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L1"},{"link_name":"Market Structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_structure"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"JEL: L2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"JEL: L3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L3"},{"link_name":"Non-profit organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organizations"},{"link_name":"Public enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"JEL: L4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L4"},{"link_name":"Antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"JEL: L5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L"},{"link_name":"Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_economics"},{"link_name":"Industrial policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"JEL: L6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L6"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"JEL: L7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"JEL: L8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"JEL: L9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L9"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_industry"},{"link_name":"Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_industry"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes are one way of representing the range of economics subjects and subareas. There, Industrial Organization, one of 20 primary categories, has 9 secondary categories, each with multiple tertiary categories.[16] The secondary categories are listed below with corresponding available article-preview links of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online and footnotes to their respective JEL-tertiary categories and associated New-Palgrave links.JEL: L1 – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance[17]\nJEL: L2 – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior[18]\nJEL: L3 – Non-profit organizations and Public enterprise[19]\nJEL: L4 – Antitrust Issues and Policies[20]\nJEL: L5 – Regulation and Industrial policy[21]\nJEL: L6 – Industry Studies: Manufacturing[22]\nJEL: L7 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction[23]\nJEL: L8 – Industry Studies: Services[24]\nJEL: L9 – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities[25]","title":"Subareas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"market structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_structure"},{"link_name":"perfect competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_competition"},{"link_name":"monopolistic competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolistic_competition"},{"link_name":"duopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly"},{"link_name":"oligopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoly"},{"link_name":"oligopsony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopsony"},{"link_name":"monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"monopsony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopsony"}],"text":"The common market structures studied in this field are: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, duopoly, oligopoly, oligopsony, monopoly and monopsony.","title":"Market structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Price discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination"},{"link_name":"Product differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_differentiation"},{"link_name":"Durable goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durable_good"},{"link_name":"Experience goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_good"},{"link_name":"Collusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion"},{"link_name":"Signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Mergers and acquisitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions"},{"link_name":"Entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Exit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_(economics)"}],"text":"Industrial organization investigates the outcomes of these market structures in environments withPrice discrimination\nProduct differentiation\nDurable goods\nExperience goods\nCollusion\nSignalling, such as warranties and advertising.\nMergers and acquisitions\nEntry and Exit","title":"Areas of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9Cbazar1-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grether-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bazar2-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"A 2009 book Pioneers of Industrial Organization traces the development of the field from Adam Smith to recent times and includes dozens of short biographies of major figures in Europe and North America who contributed to the growth and development of the discipline.[26]Other reviews by publication year and earliest available cited works those in 1970/1937,[14] 1972/1933,[27] 1974,[28] 1987/1937-1956 (3 cites), 1968–9 (7 cites),[29] 2009/c. 1900,[30] and 2010/1951.[31]","title":"History of the field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"R. H. Coase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_H._Coase"},{"link_name":"The Nature of the Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Firm"},{"link_name":"386–405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120113105151/http://www.sonoma.edu/users/e/eyler/426/coase1.pdf"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/765013"},{"link_name":"61–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VXIDgGjLHVgC&pg=PA61"},{"link_name":"The Institutional Structure of Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1991/coase-lecture.html"},{"link_name":"713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/2117340"},{"link_name":"Oliver E. 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R. Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_R._Fuchs"},{"link_name":"1-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nber.org/chapters/c7615.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Almarin Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almarin_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hope.dukejournals.org/content/6/3/324.citation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/2098578"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bazar2_30-0"},{"link_name":"213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8L2Zoui099UC&pg=PA213=onepage"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130203011622/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-92692-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Levin_(economist)"},{"link_name":"145–162.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.24.2.145"}],"text":"^ • R. H. Coase, 1937. \"The Nature of the Firm\", Economica, N.S., 4(16), pp. 386–405. • _____, 1988. \"The Nature of the Firm: Influence\", Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 4(1), pp. 33–47. Reprinted in The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, and Development, 1993, O. E. Williamson and S, G. Winter, ed., pp. 61–74. • _____, 1991. \"The Institutional Structure of Production\", Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 1992, American Economic Review, 82(4), pp. 713–719. • Oliver E. Williamson, 1981. \"The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach\", American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), pp. 548–577. • _____, 2009. \"Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression\", Nobel Lecture. Reprinted in 2010, American Economic Review, 100(3), pp. 673–90.\n\n^ George J. Stigler, [1987] 2008. \"competition\", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.\n\n^ • Luigi Zingales, 2008. \"corporate governance\", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Oliver E. Williamson, 2002. \"The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract\", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), pp. 171–195. • Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract. • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffrey M. Perloff, 2004. Modern Industrial Organization, 4th edition, pp. 2–3. Description.\n\n^ • Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract. • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. \"Modern Industrial Organization, Overview\", ch. 5, Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 1, pp. 259–327. Fudenberg, Drew; Tirole, Jean (1989). \"Chapter 5 Noncooperative game theory for industrial organization: An introduction and overview\". Handbook of Industrial Organization Volume 1. Vol. 1. pp. 259–327. doi:10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01008-3. ISBN 9780444704344. S2CID 154265880. • Carl Shapiro, 1989. \"The Theory of Business Strategy\", RAND Journal of Economics, 20(1), pp. 125–137. • Kyle Bagwell and Asher Wolinsky (2002). \"Game theory and Industrial Organization\", ch. 49, Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, v. 3, pp. 1851–1895 Bagwell, Kyle; Wolinsky, Asher (2002). \"Chapter 49 Game theory and industrial organization\". Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3. Vol. 3. pp. 1851–1895. doi:10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03012-6. ISBN 9780444894281. • Martin Shubik, 1987. A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy, Part II. MIT Press. Description. Archived May 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22–26, abstract links.\n\n^ • Richard A. Posner, 2001. Antitrust Law, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. Preview. • D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. \"Antitrust Policy\", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 553–560.\n Posner, Richard A. (2009-04-22). Antitrust Law, Second Edition. ISBN 9780226675787. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\n\n^ • Avinash K. Dixit, 2008. \"economic governance\", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Oliver E. Williamson, 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance, \"Prologue\", pp. 3–20.\n\n^ • George J. Stigler, 1983. The Organization of Industry, University of Chicago Press. Description and contents links and preview. • Richard Schmalensee, 1988. \"Industrial Economics: An Overview\", Economic Journal, 98(392), pp. 643–681. Working paper link. • Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier:\nRichard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to description & contents Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine & (partial) chapter outlines.\n_____, ed., 1989. v. 2. Links to description & contents Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine and chapter outlines.\nMark Armstrong and Robert Porter, ed., 2007. v. 3. Links to description, chapter-content descriptions Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Exemplified in such advanced textbooks as Jean Tirole, 1988, The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press, description and chapter-preview links.\n\n^ • Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value, 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press. • R. Rothschild, 1987. \"The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: E.H. Chamberlin's Influence on Industrial Organisation Theory over Sixty Years\", Journal of Economic Studies, 14(1), pp. 34–54. Abstract. • William L. Baldwin, 2007. \"Edward Hastings Chamberlin\", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 199–.\n\n^ Edward S. Mason, 1939. \"Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise\", American Economic Review, 29(1, Supplement), pp. 61–74. • _____, 1949. \"The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States\", Harvard Law Review, 62(8), pp. 1265–1285. • _____, 1957. Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem, Harvard University Press. Review extract. • William G. Shepherd, 2007. \"Edward S. Mason\", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed.\n\n^ J.M. Clark, 1940. Toward a Concept of Workable Competition. American Economic Review, Vol. 30, No. 2, Part 1, Jun., pp. 241–256\n • William L. Baldwin, 2007. \"John Maurice Clark\" in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 183–186.\n\n^ • Joe S. Bain, 1956. Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing, Harvard University Press. Review extracts [1][2]. • _____, 1959, 2nd ed., 1968. Industrial Organization: A Treatise, John Wiley. • Richard E. Caves, 2007. \"Joe S. Bain\", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 224–231.\n\n^ a b E. T. Grether, 1970. \"Industrial Organization: Past History and Future Problems\", American Economic Review, 60(2), pp. 83–89.\n\n^ Oliver E. Williamson, ed., 1990. Industrial Organization, Edward Elgar. Description Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine and article list. Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine23 articles, dating from 1937 to 1987.\n\n^ A complete list of the JEL Industrial Organization codes is at JEL classification codes#Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories.\n\n^ JEL: L10 – GeneralJEL: L11 – Production, Pricing, and Market structure; Size Distribution of Firms\nJEL: L12 – Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies\nJEL: L13 – Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets\nJEL: L14 – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks\nJEL: L15 – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility\n JEL: L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices\nJEL: L17 – Open Source Products and Markets\n\n^ JEL: L20 – GeneralJEL: L21 – Business Objectives of the Firm\nJEL: L22 – Firm Organization and Market Structure\nJEL: L23 – Organization of Production\nJEL: L24 – Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology licensing \nJEL: L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope\nJEL: L26 – Entrepreneurship\n\n^ JEL: L31 – Nonprofit Institutions; NGOsJEL: L32 – Public enterprises; Public-Private EnterprisesJEL: L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out\n\n^ JEL: L40 – GeneralJEL: L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices\nJEL: L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts\nJEL: L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation\nJEL: L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations\n\n^ JEL: L51 – Economics of Regulation\nJEL: L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods\nJEL: L53] – Enterprise Policy\n\n^ JEL: L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics\nJEL: L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment\nJEL: L63 – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment\nJEL: L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments\nJEL: L65 – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; BiotechnologyJEL: L66 – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits\nJEL: L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather\nJEL: L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables\n\n^ JEL: L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels\nJEL: L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources\nJEL: L73 – Forest Products\nJEL: L74 – Construction\nJEL: L78 – Government Policy\n\n^ JEL: L80 – GeneralJEL: L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-CommerceJEL: L82 – Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)JEL: L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; TourismJEL: L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business ServicesJEL: L85 – Real Estate ServicesJEL: L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer SoftwareJEL: L87 – Postal and Delivery Services\nJEL: L88 – Government Policy\n\n^ JEL: L91 – Transportation: GeneralJEL: L92 – Railroads and Other Surface TransportationJEL: L93 – Air transportationJEL: L94 – Electric utilitiesJEL: L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities\|JEL: L96 – TelecommunicationsJEL: L97 – Utilities: GeneralJEL: L98 – Government Policy\n\n^ Henry W. de Jong and William G. Shepherd, ed., 2007. Pioneers of Industrial Organization. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar. Description and content links and preview. Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ James W. McKie, 1972. \"Industrial Organization: Boxing the Compass\", ch. 1 in V. R. Fuchs, ed., Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization, NBER, pp. 1-15.\n\n^ Almarin Phillips and Rodney E. Stevenson, 1974. \"The Historical Development of Industrial Organization\", History of Political Economy, 6(3), pp. 324–342. In Papers from the First Conference of the History of Economics Society. Citation.\n\n^ Timothy F. Bresnahan and Richard Schmalensee, 1987. \"The Empirical Renaissance in Industrial Economics: An Overview\", Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), pp. 371–378.\n\n^ Lefteris Tsoulfidis, 2009. \"Between Competition and Monopoly\", Competing Schools of Economic Thought, ch. 9, pp. 213–42. Springer\n\n^ Liran Einav and Jonathan Levin, 2010. \"Empirical Industrial Organization: A Progress Report\", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), pp. 145–162.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The RAND Journal of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rje.org"},{"link_name":"International Journal of the Economics of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tandfonline.com/action/aboutThisJournal?journalCode=cijb20"},{"link_name":"links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tandfonline.com/loi/cijb20"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Industrial Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505551/description#description"},{"link_name":"links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01677187"},{"link_name":"Journal of Industrial Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090710083755/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0022-1821"},{"link_name":"Aims and Scope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111112145416/http://www.wiley.com/bw/aims.asp?ref=0022-1821&site=1"},{"link_name":"links.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-6451/issues"},{"link_name":"Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050724105423/http://jleo.oxfordjournals.org/"},{"link_name":"links.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110120130049/http://jleo.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year"},{"link_name":"Review of Industrial Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/journal/11151"}],"text":"The RAND Journal of Economics\nInternational Journal of the Economics of Business and issue preview links\nInternational Journal of Industrial Organization and issue-preview links\nJournal of Industrial Economics, Aims and Scope, and issue-preview links.\nJournal of Law, Economics, and Organization and issue-preview links.\nReview of Industrial Organization","title":"Journals"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bertrand competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_competition"},{"title":"Bertrand–Edgeworth model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%E2%80%93Edgeworth_model"},{"title":"Competition policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_policy"},{"title":"Cournot competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot_competition"},{"title":"Input–output model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model"},{"title":"Important publications in industrial organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics#Industrial_organization"},{"title":"Structure–conduct–performance paradigm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93conduct%E2%80%93performance_paradigm"}]	[{"reference":"Fudenberg, Drew; Tirole, Jean (1989). \"Chapter 5 Noncooperative game theory for industrial organization: An introduction and overview\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McTavish_reservoir	McTavish reservoir	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°30′20″N 73°34′44″W / 45.505529°N 73.578777°W / 45.505529; -73.578777ReservoirMcTavish reservoirGeneral informationTypeReservoirArchitectural styleChâteauesque(pump-houses)Address815 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCoordinates45°30′20″N 73°34′44″W / 45.505529°N 73.578777°W / 45.505529; -73.578777Completed1932OwnerCity of MontrealDimensionsOther dimensionsGrounds: 37,477 m2Technical detailsFloor area2,541 m2 The McTavish reservoir (French: Réservoir McTavish), named for Simon McTavish, is an underground reservoir and park located beside McGill University's campus on the southern slope of Mount Royal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It holds 37 million gallons of water and is supplied by its large Châteauesque style pump-houses situated in the south-eastern corner of the park. Atop the reservoir is Rutherford Park, and it is also the location of the McTavish automated weather reporting station (CWTA, 71612). History The McTavish reservoir as it appeared in 1873, uncovered. The cupola of the McGill College Building (now called the Arts Building) is visible at left. The city of Montreal decided to construct the reservoir in 1852, after a devastating fire that destroyed almost half the houses in the city. The fire had broken out while the previous reservoir, located at what is now Saint-Louis Square, was closed for repairs. The McTavish reservoir was constructed from 1852 to 1856 and uses the natural rock of the site to hold water, with some masonry on the south side. The reservoir was increased in size twice after its initial construction. The open reservoir was eventually covered in 1957, and the terrain on top is used for recreation (Rutherford Park). The cliff created in the construction of the reservoir is used as an ice climbing location. Nine million dollars was spent in 2008 to 2009 on upgrading the pump-houses and reservoir for infrastructure security and preventing water contamination, but the security features have proven to be ineffective and easily infiltrated. The city of Montreal attempted to close the park in 2009 and restrict access to the public, citing escalating terrorist threats after the September 11 attacks as the rationale for the non-publicly consulted decision. However, the park remains accessible as of March 2021. In 2011, a pipe in the reservoir burst, sending a torrent of water down to the adjacent McGill University campus. It was not the first time that the reservoir has caused damage to McGill – during its construction in 1852, blasting propelled large rocks through the roof of the McGill College Building (now the Arts Building), causing staff and students to seek refuge. In January 2013, a severe flood on the downtown campus of McGill University (affecting several buildings and streets in the downtown area) was caused by water coming from the McTavish reservoir. See also Doctor Penfield Avenue McTavish Street References ^ (in French) Communauté Urbaine de Montréal, Répertoire d'architecture traditionnelle sur le territoire de la Communauté Urbaine de Montréal : Les édifices publics, Service de la planification du territoire (CUM), 1987, 309 p. ^ Kalbfleisch, John (12 July 2003). "The Great Fire of Montreal". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 1 January 2012. ^ "Le Plateau historique : Carré Saint-Louis". L'Avenue du Mont-Royal (in French). Société de Développement de l'avenue du Mont-Royal. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. ^ DeWolf, Christopher (December 11, 2007), "The McTavish Reservoir exposed", Spacingmontreal, Spacing Media Inc., archived from the original on February 15, 2012, retrieved December 21, 2011 ^ THINK TANK DRINK TANK:Existing Reservoir and Pump House, McGill School of Architecture, 2002 ^ SINNOTT, SHANE (2008), "Frozen ascent: You can practise ice climbing in Montreal and then scale waterfalls and cliff-faces all over Quebec", Montreal Mirror, 23 (32), Communications Gratte-Ciel Ltée. ^ Heffez, Alanah (March 5, 2009), "McTavish Revisited...after $9M in security measures.", Spacingmontreal, Spacing Media Inc., archived from the original on February 15, 2012, retrieved December 21, 2011 ^ LALONDE, MICHELLE (May 2, 2009), "City to close second downtown park:Rutherford Park is part of security plan", Montreal Gazette, Postmedia Network Inc. ^ Hudson, Erin (September 9, 2011), "McTavish Reservoir floods lower campus: McLennan Library, Wilson Hall, and Service Point flooded", McGill Daily ^ "Severe flooding on downtown campus". Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to McTavish Reservoir, Montreal. History of the McTavish reservoir Old image of the reservoir prior to the demolition of the original pump-house and the covering of the open reservoir. 45°30′20″N 73°34′44″W / 45.505529°N 73.578777°W / 45.505529; -73.578777	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Simon McTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_McTavish_(fur_trader)"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Mount Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Royal"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Châteauesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque"},{"link_name":"pump-houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump-house"},{"link_name":"weather reporting station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station"}],"text":"ReservoirThe McTavish reservoir (French: Réservoir McTavish), named for Simon McTavish, is an underground reservoir and park located beside McGill University's campus on the southern slope of Mount Royal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It holds 37 million gallons of water and is supplied by its large Châteauesque style pump-houses situated in the south-eastern corner of the park. Atop the reservoir is Rutherford Park, and it is also the location of the McTavish automated weather reporting station (CWTA, 71612).","title":"McTavish reservoir"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McTavish_reservoir_1873.jpg"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"McGill College Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Building_(McGill_University)"},{"link_name":"devastating fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1852"},{"link_name":"Saint-Louis Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis_Square"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avenue-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"blasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_blasting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virtual-10"}],"text":"The McTavish reservoir as it appeared in 1873, uncovered. The cupola of the McGill College Building (now called the Arts Building) is visible at left.The city of Montreal decided to construct the reservoir in 1852, after a devastating fire that destroyed almost half the houses in the city. The fire had broken out while the previous reservoir, located at what is now Saint-Louis Square, was closed for repairs.[2][3]The McTavish reservoir was constructed from 1852 to 1856 and uses the natural rock of the site to hold water, with some masonry on the south side. The reservoir was increased in size twice after its initial construction.[4] The open reservoir was eventually covered in 1957, and the terrain on top is used for recreation (Rutherford Park).[5] The cliff created in the construction of the reservoir is used as an ice climbing location.[6]Nine million dollars was spent in 2008 to 2009 on upgrading the pump-houses and reservoir for infrastructure security and preventing water contamination, but the security features have proven to be ineffective and easily infiltrated.[7] The city of Montreal attempted to close the park in 2009 and restrict access to the public, citing escalating terrorist threats after the September 11 attacks as the rationale for the non-publicly consulted decision.[8] However, the park remains accessible as of March 2021.In 2011, a pipe in the reservoir burst, sending a torrent of water down to the adjacent McGill University campus.[9] It was not the first time that the reservoir has caused damage to McGill – during its construction in 1852, blasting propelled large rocks through the roof of the McGill College Building (now the Arts Building), causing staff and students to seek refuge.In January 2013, a severe flood on the downtown campus of McGill University (affecting several buildings and streets in the downtown area) was caused by water coming from the McTavish reservoir.[10]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"The McTavish reservoir as it appeared in 1873, uncovered. 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Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spithami	Spithami	["1 Pictures","2 References"]	Coordinates: 59°13′N 23°32′E / 59.217°N 23.533°E / 59.217; 23.533Village in Estonia Village in Lääne, EstoniaSpithamiVillagePõõsaspea cape in SpithamiCountry EstoniaCountyLääneParishLääne-NigulaTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Spithami (Swedish: Spithamn) is a village in Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County, in northwestern Estonia. It was inhabited by Estonian Swedes until World War II. During Soviet rule it was a military area in which civilian entry was banned. Earlier forms of the village's name include Spithaven, Spithave, Spithaff (all mentioned in 1514), Spythave (1564), Spiuthampn, Spithaven (both 1565) and Spiuthambre (1798). In Estonian, the village has been also called Põõsaspea (mentioned as Põesapi in 1922) before moving to the current form, which is an Estonian spelling of the original Swedish toponym. Nowadays the name Põõsaspea only indicates a nearby cape situated inside the village's borders. Pictures Põõsapää küla (Spithamnsbyn) in 1934 References ^ "X-GIS(4) Portal". xgis.maaamet.ee. Retrieved 26 July 2021. vteSettlements in Lääne-Nigula ParishSmall boroughs Palivere Risti Taebla Villages Allikmaa Allikotsa Auaste Aulepa / Dirslätt Dirhami / Derhamn Ehmja Einbi / Enby Elbiku / Ölbäck Enivere Hara / Harga Hindaste Hosby Höbringi / Höbring Ingküla Jaakna Jalukse Jõesse Jõgisoo Kaare Kaasiku Kabeli Kadarpiku Kalju Kasari Kastja Kedre Keedika Keravere Keskküla Keskvere Kesu Kirimäe Kirna Koela Kokre Koluvere Kudani / Gutanäs Kuijõe Kuke Kullamaa Kullametsa Kuluse Kurevere Kärbla Laiküla Leediküla Leila Lemmikküla Liivaküla Liivi Linnamäe Luigu Martna Mõisaküla Mõrdu Männiku Nigula Nihka Niibi Niinja Nõmme Nõmmemaa Nõva Ohtla Oonga Oru Osmussaare / Odensholm Österby Paslepa / Pasklep Peraküla Piirsalu Putkaste Pälli Päri Pürksi / Birkas Rannajõe Rannaküla Rehemäe Riguldi / Rickul Rooslepa / Roslep Rõude Rõuma Saare / Lyckholm Salajõe Saunja Seljaküla Silla Soolu Soo-otsa Spithami / Spithamn Sutlepa / Sutlep Suure-Lähtru Suur-Nõmmküla / Klottorp Tagavere Tahu / Skåtanäs Tammiku Telise / Tällnäs Tuka Tuksi / Bergsby Turvalepa Tusari Ubasalu Üdruma Uugla Uusküla Väänla Väike-Lähtru Väike-Nõmmküla / Persåker Vaisi Vanaküla Vanaküla / Gambyn Variku Vedra Vidruka Võntküla 59°13′N 23°32′E / 59.217°N 23.533°E / 59.217; 23.533 This Lääne County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Nigula_Parish,_L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KNR-1"},{"link_name":"Estonian Swedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Swedes"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Village in EstoniaVillage in Lääne, EstoniaSpithami (Swedish: Spithamn) is a village in Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County, in northwestern Estonia.[1] It was inhabited by Estonian Swedes until World War II. During Soviet rule it was a military area in which civilian entry was banned.Earlier forms of the village's name include Spithaven, Spithave, Spithaff (all mentioned in 1514), Spythave (1564), Spiuthampn, Spithaven (both 1565) and Spiuthambre (1798). In Estonian, the village has been also called Põõsaspea (mentioned as Põesapi in 1922) before moving to the current form, which is an Estonian spelling of the original Swedish toponym. Nowadays the name Põõsaspea only indicates a nearby cape situated inside the village's borders.","title":"Spithami"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%B5%C3%B5sap%C3%A4%C3%A4_k%C3%BCla_(Spithamnsbyn),_Spithami_juures_(Spithamn)_SLS_443_20_-_1934.jpg"}],"text":"Põõsapää küla (Spithamnsbyn) in 1934","title":"Pictures"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"X-GIS(4) Portal\". xgis.maaamet.ee. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://xgis.maaamet.ee/knravalik/knr?obj_id=3959","url_text":"\"X-GIS(4) Portal\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spithami&params=59_13_N_23_32_E_region:EE_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"59°13′N 23°32′E / 59.217°N 23.533°E / 59.217; 23.533"},{"Link":"https://xgis.maaamet.ee/knravalik/knr?obj_id=3959","external_links_name":"\"X-GIS(4) Portal\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spithami&params=59_13_N_23_32_E_region:EE_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"59°13′N 23°32′E / 59.217°N 23.533°E / 59.217; 23.533"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spithami&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo/Crenshaw_station	Expo/Crenshaw station	["1 History","1.1 E Line","1.2 K Line","2 Service","2.1 Station layout","2.2 Hours and frequency","2.3 Connections","2.4 Parking","3 Notable places nearby","4 Station artwork","5 References"]	Coordinates: 34°01′21″N 118°20′06″W / 34.0225°N 118.3350°W / 34.0225; -118.3350Los Angeles Metro Rail station Not to be confused with Crenshaw station. Expo/Crenshaw Expo/Crenshaw station K Line platform in 2022General informationLocation3428 Exposition Boulevard (E Line)3630 South Crenshaw Boulevard (K Line)Los Angeles, CaliforniaCoordinates34°01′21″N 118°20′06″W / 34.0225°N 118.3350°W / 34.0225; -118.3350Owned byLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation AuthorityPlatforms2 side platforms (E Line)1 island platform (K Line)Tracks2 (E Line)2 (K Line)ConnectionsLADOT DASHLos Angeles Metro BusConstructionStructure typeAt-grade (E Line)Underground (K Line)Parking225 spaces (closed Sundays)Bicycle facilitiesRacksAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedOctober 17, 1875 (1875-10-17)Rebuilt2012, 2022Previous names11th AveServices Preceding station Metro Rail Following station Farmdaletoward Santa Monica E Line Expo/Westerntoward East Los Angeles Terminus K Line Martin Luther King Jr.toward Westchester/Veterans Location Expo/Crenshaw station is a light rail station in the Los Angeles Metro Rail system located in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Los Angeles at the intersection of Crenshaw and Exposition Boulevards. During construction, it was known as the Crenshaw station. The station is the transfer point between the E Line, which stops at two street-level platforms alongside Exposition Boulevard, and the K Line, which has its northern terminus at a single island platform under Crenshaw Boulevard. History E Line Platform of the E Line station Originally little more than a stop marker on the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad and Pacific Electric interurban line, passenger service ended on September 30, 1953, with closure of the Santa Monica Air Line. It remained out of service and the station was eventually dismantled. The new station at Exposition and Crenshaw Blvd, opened on Saturday, April 28, 2012, completely rebuilt for the service on the Expo Line (now known as the E Line). It opened during the completion of Phase I of the E Line from 7th Street/Metro Center to Culver City. Regular scheduled service commenced Monday, April 30, 2012. The station has near-side platforms. K Line Head house of the K Line station Expo/Crenshaw became a transfer station when the K Line service began in late 2022. The Metro staff board ruled out an at-grade junction station between the K Line and E Line, stating that it was operationally not feasible. (Such a junction would result in three rail lines—the K, E, and the A Lines—sharing the single pair of tracks on Flower Street leading into 7th Street/Metro Center station, putting those tracks well above their capacity limit and causing delays.) Instead, a light rail subway station for the K Line was constructed under Crenshaw Boulevard between Exposition Boulevard and Obama Boulevard (formerly Rodeo Road) in order to allow for an extension of the K Line north through a D Line station and to the B Line's Hollywood/Highland station, where it will terminate via a route to be determined. Metro held a ceremonial ribbon cutting ceremony for the station on July 8, 2022, attended by U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg. The station opened on October 7, 2022. Service Station layout The E Line platforms are located adjacent to Exposition Boulevard on either side of its intersection with Crenshaw Boulevard, a major L.A. thoroughfare. The entrance/exit for the underground K Line platform is located at the southeast corner of the intersection. The E Line uses "near-side" platforms which are positioned on opposite sides of the intersection, and trains always stop at the platform before crossing the intersection. Because of the E Line platforms positioning with no under or above-ground pathways, passengers transferring between the E and K lines must cross the street or tracks depending on the desired direction of travel. G Side platform, doors will open on the right Westbound ← E Line toward Santa Monica (Farmdale) Eastbound → E Line toward East Los Angeles (Expo/Western) → Side platform, doors will open on the right Street level Entrance/Exit, ticket machines B1 Mezzanine Faregates, ticket machines, to Entrance/Exit B2 Southbound → K Line toward Westchester/Veterans (Martin Luther King Jr.) → Island platform, doors will open on the left or right Southbound → K Line toward Westchester/Veterans (Martin Luther King Jr.) → Hours and frequency E Line service hours are from approximately 4:30 a.m. and 11:45 p.m daily. Trains operate every 8 minutes during peak hours, Monday to Friday. Trains run every 10 minutes, during midday on weekdays and weekends, from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Night and early morning service is approximately every 20 minutes every day. K Line service hours are approximately from 4:30 a.m. until 12:00 a.m. daily. Trains operate every 10 minutes throughout the day on weekdays. Night service is every 20 minutes. Due to the ongoing construction of the new LAX/Metro Transit Center station, trains temporarily run 20-minute headways on weekends. Connections As of spring 2024, the following connections are available: LADOT DASH: Midtown Los Angeles Metro Bus: 38, 209, 210 Parking The station does not have its own parking lot, but instead leases 225 stalls in a 500-stall parking structure owned by the West Angeles Church of God in Christ for use as a park and ride. As part of this arrangement, the garage is not open to Metro passengers on Sunday when the church holds services. Notable places nearby The station is within walking distance of the following notable places: West Angeles Church of God in Christ Black Dahlia body site Station artwork The station incorporates artwork by several artists. The art panels on the E Line platforms were created by artist Willie Middlebrook; his untitled installation uses manipulated photographs to depict the diverse population in interaction with the earth and the environment. The colors used were inspired by the stained glass windows of the nearby West Angeles Church of God in Christ. The K Line station entrance artwork is Inside Out – Outside In – Inside Out by Erwin Redl, a series of glazed glass panels with colored squares. By day these panels appear to project colors onto nearby surfaces and at night they make the station entrance appear as an illuminated jewel box. Like the earlier E Line art panels, the colors selected were inspired by the stained glass windows of the West Angeles Cathedral. The mezzanine level features two mosaic murals called At the Same Time by artist Rebeca Méndez. One mural features vertical segments showing the progression of time over 24 hours in 15 minute increments, portraying stars, the moon, and cloudy skies. The other mural depicts a lofted bird wing, visible while descending the escalators to the platform to evoke a long-distance avian migration, with the wings also referencing the angels called upon during sermons at the West Angeles Cathedral. The K Line platform has collages entitled Layered Histories by Jaime Scholnick. To create the piece, the artist used 11,800 photographs of the surrounding neighborhood to depict a colorful and abstracted street scenes, creating a time capsule reflective of the spirit of the surrounding community. References ^ a b Patel, Tine (October 7, 2022). "LA Metro's new K Line opens today". CBS. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ a b Hymon, Steve (March 23, 2012). "Expo Line to open to the public on Saturday, April 28". The Source. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022. ^ "Crenshaw Transit Corridor Project Final Feasibility Study – Wilshire/La Brea Transit Extension" (PDF). Metro (LACMTA). May 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2014. ^ "Feasibility study looks at possible routes for Crenshaw Northern". The Source. July 2018. Archived from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ Garcia, Sid (July 8, 2022). "Pete Buttigieg takes first ride on Expo/Crenshaw K Line in South LA set to open in fall". ABC7 Los Angeles (KABC-TV). Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022. ^ "Metro E Line schedule". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023. ^ "Metro K Line schedule". December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023. ^ "E Line Timetable – Connections section" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2023. ^ "K Line Timetable – Connections section" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2023. ^ "Approve License Amendment with West Angeles Chuch of God in Christ". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022. ^ Broverman, Neal (January 22, 2018). "An Early Look at All the Artwork Coming to the Metro Crenshaw Line Los Angeles Magazine". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019. ^ Yamamoto, Zipporah Lax (October 1, 2010). "Art for the Expo Line: Willie Middlebrook's Designs for Expo/Crenshaw Station". Metro The Source. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. ^ "Inside Out – Outside In – Inside Out". Metro Art. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. ^ "At the Same Time". Metro Art. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. ^ "Layered Histories". Metro Art. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. Media related to Expo / Crenshaw (Los Angeles Metro station) at Wikimedia Commons vte Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway stations A Line Pomona La Verne San Dimas Glendora APU/Citrus College Azusa Downtown Irwindale Duarte/City of Hope Monrovia Arcadia Sierra Madre Villa Allen Lake Memorial Park Del Mar Fillmore South Pasadena Highland Park Southwest Museum Heritage Square Lincoln/Cypress Chinatown Union Station Little Tokyo/Arts District Historic Broadway Grand Avenue Arts/Bunker Hill 7th Street/Metro Center Pico Grand/LATTC San Pedro Street Washington Vernon Slauson Florence Firestone 103rd Street/Watts Towers Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Compton Artesia Del Amo Wardlow Willow Street Pacific Coast Highway Anaheim Street 5th Street 1st Street Downtown Long Beach Pacific Avenue B Line North Hollywood Universal City/Studio City Hollywood/Highland Hollywood/Vine Hollywood/Western Vermont/Sunset Vermont/Santa Monica Vermont/Beverly Wilshire/Vermont Westlake/MacArthur Park 7th Street/Metro Center Pershing Square Civic Center/Grand Park Union Station C Line LAX/Metro Transit Center Aviation/Century Redondo Beach Douglas El Segundo Mariposa Aviation/LAX Hawthorne/Lennox Crenshaw Vermont/Athens Harbor Freeway Avalon Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Long Beach Boulevard Lakewood Boulevard Norwalk D Line Westwood/VA Hospital Westwood/UCLA Century City/Constellation Wilshire/Rodeo Wilshire/La Cienega Wilshire/Fairfax Wilshire/La Brea Wilshire/Western Wilshire/Normandie Wilshire/Vermont Westlake/MacArthur Park 7th Street/Metro Center Pershing Square Civic Center/Grand Park Union Station E Line Downtown Santa Monica 17th Street/SMC 26th Street/Bergamot Expo/Bundy Expo/Sepulveda Westwood/Rancho Park Palms Culver City La Cienega/Jefferson Expo/La Brea Farmdale Expo/Crenshaw Expo/Western Expo/Vermont Expo Park/USC Jefferson/USC LATTC/Ortho Institute Pico 7th Street/Metro Center Grand Avenue Arts/Bunker Hill Historic Broadway Little Tokyo/Arts District Pico/Aliso Mariachi Plaza Soto Indiana Maravilla East LA Civic Center Atlantic G Line Chatsworth Nordhoff Roscoe Sherman Way Canoga De Soto Pierce College Tampa Reseda Balboa Woodley Sepulveda Van Nuys Woodman Valley College Laurel Canyon North Hollywood J Line El Monte Cal State LA LA General Medical Center Union Station 37th Street/USC Slauson Manchester Harbor Freeway Rosecrans Harbor Gateway Carson Pacific Coast Highway K Line Expo/Crenshaw Martin Luther King Jr. Leimert Park Hyde Park Fairview Heights Downtown Inglewood Westchester/Veterans LAX/Metro Transit Center Aviation/Century Mariposa El Segundo Douglas Redondo Beach List of Metro Rail stations List of Metro Busway stationsItalics denote future stations	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crenshaw station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenshaw_station"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Park,_Los_Angeles,_CA"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Crenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenshaw_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"E Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"K Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"}],"text":"Los Angeles Metro Rail stationNot to be confused with Crenshaw station.Expo/Crenshaw station is a light rail station in the Los Angeles Metro Rail system located in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Los Angeles at the intersection of Crenshaw and Exposition Boulevards. During construction, it was known as the Crenshaw station. The station is the transfer point between the E Line, which stops at two street-level platforms alongside Exposition Boulevard, and the K Line, which has its northern terminus at a single island platform under Crenshaw Boulevard.","title":"Expo/Crenshaw station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expo-Crenshaw_Metro_2022a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles and Independence Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_Independence_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Pacific Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric"},{"link_name":"interurban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interurban"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Air Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Air_Line"},{"link_name":"Expo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hymon_2012-2"},{"link_name":"7th Street/Metro Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Street/Metro_Center_station"},{"link_name":"Culver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hymon_2012-2"}],"sub_title":"E Line","text":"Platform of the E Line stationOriginally little more than a stop marker on the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad and Pacific Electric interurban line, passenger service ended on September 30, 1953, with closure of the Santa Monica Air Line. It remained out of service and the station was eventually dismantled.The new station at Exposition and Crenshaw Blvd, opened on Saturday, April 28, 2012, completely rebuilt for the service on the Expo Line (now known as the E Line).[2] It opened during the completion of Phase I of the E Line from 7th Street/Metro Center to Culver City.[2] Regular scheduled service commenced Monday, April 30, 2012. The station has near-side platforms.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expo-Crenshaw_Metro_2022c.jpg"},{"link_name":"transfer station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_station_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"K Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"A Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"subway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Crenshaw Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenshaw_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"D Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"B Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood/Highland station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood/Highland_(Los_Angeles_Metro_station)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pete Buttigieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-line_opening-1"}],"sub_title":"K Line","text":"Head house of the K Line stationExpo/Crenshaw became a transfer station when the K Line service began in late 2022. The Metro staff board ruled out an at-grade junction station between the K Line and E Line, stating that it was operationally not feasible. (Such a junction would result in three rail lines—the K, E, and the A Lines—sharing the single pair of tracks on Flower Street leading into 7th Street/Metro Center station, putting those tracks well above their capacity limit and causing delays.) Instead, a light rail subway station for the K Line was constructed under Crenshaw Boulevard between Exposition Boulevard and Obama Boulevard (formerly Rodeo Road) in order to allow for an extension of the K Line north through a D Line station and to the B Line's Hollywood/Highland station, where it will terminate via a route to be determined.[3][4]Metro held a ceremonial ribbon cutting ceremony for the station on July 8, 2022, attended by U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg.[5] The station opened on October 7, 2022.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crenshaw Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenshaw_Boulevard"}],"sub_title":"Station layout","text":"The E Line platforms are located adjacent to Exposition Boulevard on either side of its intersection with Crenshaw Boulevard, a major L.A. thoroughfare. The entrance/exit for the underground K Line platform is located at the southeast corner of the intersection. The E Line uses \"near-side\" platforms which are positioned on opposite sides of the intersection, and trains always stop at the platform before crossing the intersection. Because of the E Line platforms positioning with no under or above-ground pathways, passengers transferring between the E and K lines must cross the street or tracks depending on the desired direction of travel.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Hours and frequency","text":"E Line service hours are from approximately 4:30 a.m. and 11:45 p.m daily. Trains operate every 8 minutes during peak hours, Monday to Friday. Trains run every 10 minutes, during midday on weekdays and weekends, from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Night and early morning service is approximately every 20 minutes every day.[6]K Line service hours are approximately from 4:30 a.m. until 12:00 a.m. daily. Trains operate every 10 minutes throughout the day on weekdays. Night service is every 20 minutes. Due to the ongoing construction of the new LAX/Metro Transit Center station, trains temporarily run 20-minute headways on weekends.[7]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"LADOT DASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LADOT_DASH"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#38"},{"link_name":"209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#209"},{"link_name":"210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#210"}],"sub_title":"Connections","text":"As of spring 2024, the following connections are available:[8][9]LADOT DASH: Midtown\nLos Angeles Metro Bus: 38, 209, 210","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Angeles Church of God in Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Angeles_Church_of_God_in_Christ"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Parking","text":"The station does not have its own parking lot, but instead leases 225 stalls in a 500-stall parking structure owned by the West Angeles Church of God in Christ for use as a park and ride. As part of this arrangement, the garage is not open to Metro passengers on Sunday when the church holds services.[10]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Angeles Church of God in Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Angeles_Church_of_God_in_Christ"},{"link_name":"Black Dahlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dahlia"}],"text":"The station is within walking distance of the following notable places:West Angeles Church of God in Christ\nBlack Dahlia body site","title":"Notable places nearby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Willie Middlebrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Middlebrook_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Erwin Redl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Redl"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rebeca Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeca_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The station incorporates artwork by several artists.[11]The art panels on the E Line platforms were created by artist Willie Middlebrook; his untitled installation uses manipulated photographs to depict the diverse population in interaction with the earth and the environment. The colors used were inspired by the stained glass windows of the nearby West Angeles Church of God in Christ.[12]The K Line station entrance artwork is Inside Out – Outside In – Inside Out by Erwin Redl, a series of glazed glass panels with colored squares. By day these panels appear to project colors onto nearby surfaces and at night they make the station entrance appear as an illuminated jewel box. Like the earlier E Line art panels, the colors selected were inspired by the stained glass windows of the West Angeles Cathedral.[13]The mezzanine level features two mosaic murals called At the Same Time by artist Rebeca Méndez. One mural features vertical segments showing the progression of time over 24 hours in 15 minute increments, portraying stars, the moon, and cloudy skies. The other mural depicts a lofted bird wing, visible while descending the escalators to the platform to evoke a long-distance avian migration, with the wings also referencing the angels called upon during sermons at the West Angeles Cathedral.[14]The K Line platform has collages entitled Layered Histories by Jaime Scholnick. To create the piece, the artist used 11,800 photographs of the surrounding neighborhood to depict a colorful and abstracted street scenes, creating a time capsule reflective of the spirit of the surrounding community.[15]","title":"Station artwork"}]	[{"image_text":"Platform of the E Line station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Expo-Crenshaw_Metro_2022a.jpg/220px-Expo-Crenshaw_Metro_2022a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Head house of the K Line station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Expo-Crenshaw_Metro_2022c.jpg/220px-Expo-Crenshaw_Metro_2022c.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Patel, Tine (October 7, 2022). \"LA Metro's new K Line opens today\". CBS. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/video/la-metros-new-k-line-opens-today/","url_text":"\"LA Metro's new K Line opens today\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007154926/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/video/la-metros-new-k-line-opens-today/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hymon, Steve (March 23, 2012). \"Expo Line to open to the public on Saturday, April 28\". The Source. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesource.metro.net/2012/03/23/expo-line-to-open-to-the-public-on-saturday-april-28/","url_text":"\"Expo Line to open to the public on Saturday, April 28\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030052731/https://thesource.metro.net/2012/03/23/expo-line-to-open-to-the-public-on-saturday-april-28/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crenshaw Transit Corridor Project Final Feasibility Study – Wilshire/La Brea Transit Extension\" (PDF). Metro (LACMTA). May 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125816/http://www.metro.net/projects_studies/crenshaw/images/Feasibility%20Study%20Wilshire-La%20Brea%20LRT%20Extension%20-%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Crenshaw Transit Corridor Project Final Feasibility Study – Wilshire/La Brea Transit Extension\""},{"url":"http://www.metro.net/projects_studies/crenshaw/images/Feasibility%20Study%20Wilshire-La%20Brea%20LRT%20Extension%20-%20Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Feasibility study looks at possible routes for Crenshaw Northern\". The Source. July 2018. Archived from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesource.metro.net/2018/07/22/feasibility-study-looks-at-possible-routes-for-crenshaw-north-extension/","url_text":"\"Feasibility study looks at possible routes for Crenshaw Northern\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818180942/http://thesource.metro.net/2018/07/22/feasibility-study-looks-at-possible-routes-for-crenshaw-north-extension/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Sid (July 8, 2022). \"Pete Buttigieg takes first ride on Expo/Crenshaw K Line in South LA set to open in fall\". ABC7 Los Angeles (KABC-TV). Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7.com/us-transportation-secretary-pete-buttigieg-south-los-angeles-expocrenshaw-k-line-station-metro-subway/12033366/","url_text":"\"Pete Buttigieg takes first ride on Expo/Crenshaw K Line in South LA set to open in fall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC-TV","url_text":"ABC7 Los Angeles (KABC-TV)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220726222154/https://abc7.com/us-transportation-secretary-pete-buttigieg-south-los-angeles-expocrenshaw-k-line-station-metro-subway/12033366/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro E Line schedule\". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.net/riding/schedules/?line=805","url_text":"\"Metro E Line schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro K Line schedule\". December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.net/riding/schedules/?line=807","url_text":"\"Metro K Line schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"E Line Timetable – Connections section\" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.beta.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01154128/804_TT_12-10-23-1.pdf","url_text":"\"E Line Timetable – Connections section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"K Line Timetable – Connections section\" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.beta.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01154130/807_TT_12-10-23-1.pdf","url_text":"\"K Line Timetable – Connections section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Approve License Amendment with West Angeles Chuch of God in Christ\". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=2453427&GUID=29516A80-B524-439A-9FA1-E1897632B0B3","url_text":"\"Approve License Amendment with West Angeles Chuch of God in Christ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308074546/https://metro.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=2453427&GUID=29516A80-B524-439A-9FA1-E1897632B0B3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Broverman, Neal (January 22, 2018). \"An Early Look at All the Artwork Coming to the Metro Crenshaw Line Los Angeles Magazine\". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lamag.com/driver/metro-crenshaw-line-artwork/","url_text":"\"An Early Look at All the Artwork Coming to the Metro Crenshaw Line Los Angeles Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_(magazine)","url_text":"Los Angeles"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060352/https://www.lamag.com/driver/metro-crenshaw-line-artwork/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yamamoto, Zipporah Lax (October 1, 2010). \"Art for the Expo Line: Willie Middlebrook's Designs for Expo/Crenshaw Station\". Metro The Source. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesource.metro.net/2010/10/01/art-for-the-expo-line-willie-middlebrooks-designs-for-expocrenshaw-station/","url_text":"\"Art for the Expo Line: Willie Middlebrook's Designs for Expo/Crenshaw Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metro"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220926140759/https://thesource.metro.net/2010/10/01/art-for-the-expo-line-willie-middlebrooks-designs-for-expocrenshaw-station/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Out – Outside In – Inside Out\". Metro Art. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.metro.net/artworks/inside-out-outside-in-inside-out/","url_text":"\"Inside Out – Outside In – Inside Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metro"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220926140813/https://art.metro.net/artworks/inside-out-outside-in-inside-out/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"At the Same Time\". Metro Art. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.metro.net/artworks/at-the-same-time/","url_text":"\"At the Same Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metro"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220926140759/https://art.metro.net/artworks/at-the-same-time/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Layered Histories\". Metro Art. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.metro.net/artworks/layered-histories/","url_text":"\"Layered Histories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metro"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220926140800/https://art.metro.net/artworks/layered-histories/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Expo/Crenshaw_station&params=34.0225_N_118.335_W_type:railwaystation_region:","external_links_name":"34°01′21″N 118°20′06″W / 34.0225°N 118.3350°W / 34.0225; -118.3350"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Expo/Crenshaw_station&params=34.0225_N_118.335_W_type:railwaystation_region:","external_links_name":"34°01′21″N 118°20′06″W / 34.0225°N 118.3350°W / 34.0225; -118.3350"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/video/la-metros-new-k-line-opens-today/","external_links_name":"\"LA Metro's new K Line opens 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV	Pope Gregory XV	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","2 Papacy","2.1 Papal conclave","2.2 Actions","2.3 Consistories","2.4 Canonizations and beatifications","2.5 Death and burial","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"]	Head of the Catholic Church from 1621 to 1623 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pope Gregory XV" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PopeGregory XVBishop of RomePortrait by Guercino, 1622(oil on canvas, Getty Center, Los Angeles)ChurchCatholic ChurchPapacy began9 February 1621Papacy ended8 July 1623PredecessorPaul VSuccessorUrban VIIIOrdersConsecration1 May 1612by Scipione Cardinal Caffarelli-BorgheseCreated cardinal19 September 1616by Paul VPersonal detailsBornAlessandro Ludovisi9 January 1554Bologna, Papal StatesDied8 July 1623(1623-07-08) (aged 69)Rome, Papal StatesPrevious post(s) Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura (1593–1596) Vicegerent of Rome (1597–1598) Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota (1599–1612) Archbishop of Bologna (1612–1621) Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina (1616–1621) Alma materUniversity of BolognaCoat of armsOther popes named Gregory Pope Gregory XV (Latin: Gregorius XV; Italian: Gregorio XV; 9 January 1554 – 8 July 1623), born Alessandro Ludovisi, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 February 1621 until his death in 1623. He is notable for founding the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, an organization tasked with overseeing the spread of Catholicism and missionary work. Gregory XV was also responsible for the canonization of Saints Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Ávila, and Philip Neri, which solidified his commitment to the Counter-Reformation. Biography Papal styles ofPope Gregory XVReference styleHis HolinessSpoken styleYour HolinessReligious styleHoly FatherPosthumous styleNone Early life Alessandro Ludovisi was born in Bologna on 9 January 1554 to Pompeo Ludovisi, Count of Samoggia (now Savigno in the Province of Bologna) and of Camilla Bianchini. He was the third of seven children. He was educated at the Roman College run by the Society of Jesus in Rome, and also at the German College in Rome. He later attended the University of Bologna to obtain degrees in canon and Roman law, which he received on 4 June 1575. His early career was as a papal jurist in Rome, and there is no evidence that he had been ordained to the priesthood. He returned to Rome in 1575 and he served as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura from 1593 to 1596 and was appointed as the Vicegerent of Rome in 1597, a position he maintained until 1598. He also served as the Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota from 1599 to 1612. On 12 March 1612, Pope Paul V appointed him as the Archbishop of Bologna, for which he was presumably ordained to the priesthood and then he was consecrated a bishop on 1 May of that year in the church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale in Rome. In August 1616, the pope sent him as Apostolic Nuncio to the Duchy of Savoy, to mediate between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Philip III of Spain in their dispute concerning the Gonzaga Duchy of Montferrat. On 19 September 1616, Pope Paul V elevated him to the rank of cardinal and appointed him as a Cardinal Priest with the titular church of Santa Maria in Traspontina. Papacy Bust of Pope Gregory XV, 1621 by Gian Lorenzo Bernini Papal conclave Main article: 1621 papal conclave Ludovisi remained in his episcopal see in Bologna until he went to Rome after the death of Pope Paul V to take part in the conclave at which he was chosen as pope and he selected the pontifical name of "Gregory XV". He was crowned on 14 February 1621 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto, and assumed possession of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 14 May 1621. At the moment of his election, chiefly through the influence of Cardinal Scipione Borghese, at his advanced age (he was 67) and with his weak state of health he saw at once that he would need an energetic man, in whom he could place implicit confidence, to assist him in the government of the Church. His nephew Ludovico Ludovisi, a young man of 25 years, seemed to him to be the right person and, at the risk of being charged with nepotism, he created him cardinal on the third day of his pontificate. On the same day, his youngest brother Orazio was appointed Captain General of the Church at the head of the Papal army. Pope Gregory XV with his cardinal-nephew of unprecedented income and authority, Ludovico Ludovisi, known as il cardinale padrone The future revealed that Gregory XV was not disappointed in his nephew. The Catholic Encyclopedia allows that "Ludovico, it is true, advanced the interests of his family in every possible way, but he also used his brilliant talents and his great influence for the welfare of the Church, and was sincerely devoted to the pope". Gregory secured for the Ludovisi two dukedoms, one for his brother Orazio, made a Nobile Romano and Duke of Fiano Romano, 1621, and the other, the Duchy of Zagarolo, purchased from the Colonna family by his nephew Ludovico Ludovisi in 1622. A second nephew, Niccolò, was made reigning Prince of Piombino and Lord of the Isola d'Elba in 1634, having married the heiress, 30 March 1632. Actions Gregory XV interfered little in European politics, beyond assisting Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Catholic League against the Protestants, to the tune of a million gold ducats, and Sigismund III Vasa, King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, against the Ottoman Empire. His Declaration against Magicians and Witches (Omnipotentis Dei, 20 March 1623) was the last papal ordinance against witchcraft. Former punishments were lessened, and the death penalty was limited to those who were "proved to have entered into a compact with the devil, and to have committed homicide with his assistance". He was a learned theologian and manifested a reforming spirit. As an example, his papal bull of 15 November 1621, Aeterni Patris Filius, regulated papal elections, which henceforth were to be by secret ballot; three methods of election were allowed: by scrutiny, compromise and quasi-inspiration. Whereas Popes Gregory XIII and Clement VIII had previously established temporary congregations of cardinals to look after the interest of particular foreign missions, Gregory XV established a permanent congregation, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, on 6 January 1622, to operate as the missionary arm of the Holy See. He was influential in bringing the Bolognese artist Guercino to Rome, a landmark in the development of the High Baroque style. He sat for his portrait busts, one of which was by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and by Alessandro Algardi, whose restrained bust in a tondo is in the Church of Santa Maria in Vallicella. Consistories Main article: Cardinals created by Gregory XV The pope created eleven cardinals in four consistories that saw him elevate his nephew Ludovico and his cousin Marcantonio Gozzadini as cardinals; he also elevated the noted Armand Jean Richelieu as a cardinal. Canonizations and beatifications On 12 March 1622, the pope canonized several saints: Francis Xavier, Ignatius of Loyola, Isidore the Laborer, Philip Neri and Teresa of Ávila. Gregory XV also beatified three individuals during his pontificate: Ambrose Sansedoni of Siena, Albert the Great, and Peter of Alcantara. Death and burial Monument to Pope Gregory XVand Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi in Sant'Ignazio, by Pierre Le Gros the Younger (c. 1709–1714) He had been suffering from kidney stones for some time and was bedridden from 16 June to 1 July 1623, having been suffering from diarrhea and a stomach disorder that caused him great discomfort. His condition worsened on 4 July, as a fever greatly weakened him, leading to his receiving the Viaticum on 5 July and the Extreme Unction on 6 July, before succumbing to his illness two days later. Pope Gregory XV died in the Quirinal Palace on 8 July 1623. He was buried in the Church of Sant'Ignazio where more than 80 years later, the Jesuits erected a magnificent monument following the wish of Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, who was also honoured in this monument. Gregory XV was succeeded by Pope Urban VIII. See also Cardinals created by Gregory XV Ludovisi Notes ^ The dispute eventually led to the War of the Mantuan Succession, which lasted 1628–31. References ^ a b c d e f Baynes 1878, pp. 178–179. ^ "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020". United Press International. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020. …Pope Gregory XV in 1554 ^ a b c d e f Ott 1910. ^ "Sede Vacante 1623". 27 September 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2019. Sources "Alessandro Ludovisi". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. "Alessandro Ludovisi, no. F3". Genealogy of the Ludovisi. Archived from the original on 10 May 2006. Attribution: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Gregory XV." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 178–179. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Gregory XV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gregorius XV. Wassilowsky, Günther; Wolf, Hubert (2007). Päpstliches Zeremoniell in der Frühen Neuzeit – Das Diarium des Zeremonienmeisters Paolo Alaleone de Branca während des Pontifikats Gregors XV. (1621–1623) (in German). Münster: Rhema-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-930454-80-8. Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). "Gregory XV" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 575. 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2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 Pope Benedict XVI Pope Francis Laudato si' Patriarch Kirill COVID-19 pandemic Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists ULAN People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC IdRef Portals: Biography Catholicism Christianity History Italy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"missionary work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_work"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1878178%E2%80%93179-1"}],"text":"Pope Gregory XV (Latin: Gregorius XV; Italian: Gregorio XV; 9 January 1554 – 8 July 1623), born Alessandro Ludovisi, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 February 1621 until his death in 1623. He is notable for founding the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, an organization tasked with overseeing the spread of Catholicism and missionary work. Gregory XV was also responsible for the canonization of Saints Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Ávila, and Philip Neri, which solidified his commitment to the Counter-Reformation.[1]","title":"Pope Gregory XV"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Samoggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoggia"},{"link_name":"Savigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savigno"},{"link_name":"Province of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Roman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_Romano"},{"link_name":"Society of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"German College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt1910-3"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Roman law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Signatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura"},{"link_name":"Vicegerent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicegerent"},{"link_name":"Sacred Roman Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Roman_Rota"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Sant'Andrea al Quirinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_al_Quirinale"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_nuncio"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt1910-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Priest"},{"link_name":"titular church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Traspontina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Traspontina"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Alessandro Ludovisi was born in Bologna on 9 January 1554[2] to Pompeo Ludovisi, Count of Samoggia (now Savigno in the Province of Bologna) and of Camilla Bianchini. He was the third of seven children.He was educated at the Roman College run by the Society of Jesus in Rome, and also at the German College in Rome.[3] He later attended the University of Bologna to obtain degrees in canon and Roman law, which he received on 4 June 1575. His early career was as a papal jurist in Rome, and there is no evidence that he had been ordained to the priesthood.He returned to Rome in 1575 and he served as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura from 1593 to 1596 and was appointed as the Vicegerent of Rome in 1597, a position he maintained until 1598. He also served as the Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota from 1599 to 1612.On 12 March 1612, Pope Paul V appointed him as the Archbishop of Bologna, for which he was presumably ordained to the priesthood and then he was consecrated a bishop on 1 May of that year in the church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale in Rome.In August 1616, the pope sent him as Apostolic Nuncio to the Duchy of Savoy, to mediate between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Philip III of Spain in their dispute concerning the Gonzaga Duchy of Montferrat.[3][a]On 19 September 1616, Pope Paul V elevated him to the rank of cardinal and appointed him as a Cardinal Priest with the titular church of Santa Maria in Traspontina.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Pope_Gregory_XV_by_Bernini_1621.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bust of Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_of_Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Gian Lorenzo Bernini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini"}],"text":"Bust of Pope Gregory XV, 1621 by Gian Lorenzo Bernini","title":"Papacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"crowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_coronation"},{"link_name":"protodeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protodeacon"},{"link_name":"Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Baroni_Peretti_Montalto"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint John Lateran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran"},{"link_name":"Scipione Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_Borghese"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"Orazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazio_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Captain General of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt1910-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludovico_Ludovisi_with_Gregory_XV.jpg"},{"link_name":"cardinal-nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-nephew"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt1910-3"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"Fiano Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiano_Romano"},{"link_name":"Duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy"},{"link_name":"Zagarolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagarolo"},{"link_name":"Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Niccolò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Prince of Piombino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"}],"sub_title":"Papal conclave","text":"Ludovisi remained in his episcopal see in Bologna until he went to Rome after the death of Pope Paul V to take part in the conclave at which he was chosen as pope and he selected the pontifical name of \"Gregory XV\". He was crowned on 14 February 1621 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto, and assumed possession of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 14 May 1621.At the moment of his election, chiefly through the influence of Cardinal Scipione Borghese, at his advanced age (he was 67) and with his weak state of health he saw at once that he would need an energetic man, in whom he could place implicit confidence, to assist him in the government of the Church. His nephew Ludovico Ludovisi, a young man of 25 years, seemed to him to be the right person and, at the risk of being charged with nepotism, he created him cardinal on the third day of his pontificate. On the same day, his youngest brother Orazio was appointed Captain General of the Church at the head of the Papal army.[3]Pope Gregory XV with his cardinal-nephew of unprecedented income and authority, Ludovico Ludovisi, known as il cardinale padroneThe future revealed that Gregory XV was not disappointed in his nephew. The Catholic Encyclopedia allows that \"Ludovico, it is true, advanced the interests of his family in every possible way, but he also used his brilliant talents and his great influence for the welfare of the Church, and was sincerely devoted to the pope\".[3] Gregory secured for the Ludovisi two dukedoms, one for his brother Orazio, made a Nobile Romano and Duke of Fiano Romano, 1621, and the other, the Duchy of Zagarolo, purchased from the Colonna family by his nephew Ludovico Ludovisi in 1622. A second nephew, Niccolò, was made reigning Prince of Piombino and Lord of the Isola d'Elba in 1634, having married the heiress, 30 March 1632.","title":"Papacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1878178%E2%80%93179-1"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sigismund III Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1878178%E2%80%93179-1"},{"link_name":"witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"compact with the devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt1910-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1878178%E2%80%93179-1"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Aeterni Patris Filius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius"},{"link_name":"quasi-inspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation_(in_Papal_Elections)"},{"link_name":"Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt1910-3"},{"link_name":"Guercino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guercino"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"one of which","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_of_Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Gian Lorenzo Bernini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Algardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Algardi"},{"link_name":"tondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(art)"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Vallicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Vallicella"}],"sub_title":"Actions","text":"Gregory XV interfered little in European politics, beyond assisting Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Catholic League against the Protestants,[1] to the tune of a million gold ducats,[citation needed] and Sigismund III Vasa, King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, against the Ottoman Empire.[1] His Declaration against Magicians and Witches (Omnipotentis Dei, 20 March 1623) was the last papal ordinance against witchcraft. Former punishments were lessened, and the death penalty was limited to those who were \"proved to have entered into a compact with the devil, and to have committed homicide with his assistance\".[3]He was a learned theologian and manifested a reforming spirit.[1] As an example, his papal bull of 15 November 1621, Aeterni Patris Filius, regulated papal elections, which henceforth were to be by secret ballot; three methods of election were allowed: by scrutiny, compromise and quasi-inspiration. Whereas Popes Gregory XIII and Clement VIII had previously established temporary congregations of cardinals to look after the interest of particular foreign missions, Gregory XV established a permanent congregation, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, on 6 January 1622, to operate as the missionary arm of the Holy See.[3]He was influential in bringing the Bolognese artist Guercino to Rome, a landmark in the development of the High Baroque style. He sat for his portrait busts, one of which was by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and by Alessandro Algardi, whose restrained bust in a tondo is in the Church of Santa Maria in Vallicella.","title":"Papacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcantonio Gozzadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Gozzadini"},{"link_name":"Armand Jean Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"}],"sub_title":"Consistories","text":"The pope created eleven cardinals in four consistories that saw him elevate his nephew Ludovico and his cousin Marcantonio Gozzadini as cardinals; he also elevated the noted Armand Jean Richelieu as a cardinal.","title":"Papacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"Ignatius of Loyola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1878178%E2%80%93179-1"},{"link_name":"Isidore the Laborer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_the_Laborer"},{"link_name":"Philip Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"Teresa of Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Sansedoni of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Sansedoni_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Albert the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Peter of Alcantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Alcantara"}],"sub_title":"Canonizations and beatifications","text":"On 12 March 1622, the pope canonized several saints: Francis Xavier, Ignatius of Loyola,[1] Isidore the Laborer, Philip Neri and Teresa of Ávila.Gregory XV also beatified three individuals during his pontificate: Ambrose Sansedoni of Siena, Albert the Great, and Peter of Alcantara.","title":"Papacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_legros,_monumento_a_gregorio_XV_e_al_cardinale_ludovico_ludovisi,_1709-1717,_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sant'Ignazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ignazio"},{"link_name":"Pierre Le Gros the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Le_Gros_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"kidney stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"stomach disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_disorder"},{"link_name":"fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"Viaticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaticum"},{"link_name":"Extreme Unction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Unction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Quirinal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Sant'Ignazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ignazio"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1878178%E2%80%93179-1"}],"sub_title":"Death and burial","text":"Monument to Pope Gregory XVand Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi in Sant'Ignazio, by Pierre Le Gros the Younger (c. 1709–1714)He had been suffering from kidney stones for some time and was bedridden from 16 June to 1 July 1623, having been suffering from diarrhea and a stomach disorder that caused him great discomfort. His condition worsened on 4 July, as a fever greatly weakened him, leading to his receiving the Viaticum on 5 July and the Extreme Unction on 6 July, before succumbing to his illness two days later.[4]Pope Gregory XV died in the Quirinal Palace on 8 July 1623. He was buried in the Church of Sant'Ignazio where more than 80 years later, the Jesuits erected a magnificent monument following the wish of Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, who was also honoured in this monument.Gregory XV was succeeded by Pope Urban VIII.[1]","title":"Papacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"War of the Mantuan Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession"}],"text":"^ The dispute eventually led to the War of the Mantuan Succession, which lasted 1628–31.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Alessandro Ludovisi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1616.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Alessandro Ludovisi, no. F3\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060510112128/http://www.sardimpex.com/files/LUDOVISI%20E%20MONTERENZI.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sardimpex.com/files/LUDOVISI%20E%20MONTERENZI.htm"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"Gregory XV.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Gregory_XV."},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"\"Alessandro Ludovisi\". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.\n\"Alessandro Ludovisi, no. F3\". Genealogy of the Ludovisi. Archived from the original on 10 May 2006.Attribution:This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). \"Gregory XV.\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 178–179.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1910). \"Pope Gregory XV\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregorius XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gregorius_XV"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-930454-80-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930454-80-8"},{"link_name":"\"Gregory XV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory_(Popes)/Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Popes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Popes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"},{"link_name":"Popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"List of popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes"},{"link_name":"graphical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)"},{"link_name":"canonised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes"},{"link_name":"Papal names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_name"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs"},{"link_name":"non-extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs"},{"link_name":"Antipope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope"},{"link_name":"Pope emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_emeritus"},{"link_name":"papal resignation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_renunciation"},{"link_name":"Pope-elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Linus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Linus"},{"link_name":"Anacletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anacletus"},{"link_name":"Clement I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Evaristus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Evaristus"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I"},{"link_name":"Sixtus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I"},{"link_name":"Telesphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Hyginus"},{"link_name":"Pius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_I"},{"link_name":"Anicetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anicetus"},{"link_name":"Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Soter"},{"link_name":"Eleutherius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius"},{"link_name":"Victor I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Victor_I"},{"link_name":"Zephyrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus"},{"link_name":"Callixtus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I"},{"link_name":"Urban I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_I"},{"link_name":"Pontian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pontian"},{"link_name":"Anterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anterus"},{"link_name":"Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Fabian"},{"link_name":"Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Cornelius"},{"link_name":"Lucius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I"},{"link_name":"Stephen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I"},{"link_name":"Sixtus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II"},{"link_name":"Dionysius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Dionysius"},{"link_name":"Felix I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Felix_I"},{"link_name":"Eutychian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eutychian"},{"link_name":"Caius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Caius"},{"link_name":"Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"Marcellus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eusebius"},{"link_name":"Miltiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Miltiades"},{"link_name":"Sylvester I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Mark"},{"link_name":"Julius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_I"},{"link_name":"Liberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Liberius"},{"link_name":"Damasus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I"},{"link_name":"Siricius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Siricius"},{"link_name":"Anastasius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I"},{"link_name":"Innocent I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I"},{"link_name":"Zosimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zosimus"},{"link_name":"Boniface I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I"},{"link_name":"Celestine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I"},{"link_name":"Sixtus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III"},{"link_name":"Leo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I"},{"link_name":"Hilarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Hilarius"},{"link_name":"Simplicius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Simplicius"},{"link_name":"Felix III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Felix_III"},{"link_name":"Gelasius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I"},{"link_name":"Anastasius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II"},{"link_name":"Symmachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Symmachus"},{"link_name":"Hormisdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_I"},{"link_name":"Felix IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV"},{"link_name":"Boniface II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_II"},{"link_name":"Agapetus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I"},{"link_name":"Silverius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Silverius"},{"link_name":"Vigilius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Vigilius"},{"link_name":"Pelagius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I"},{"link_name":"John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_III"},{"link_name":"Benedict I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I"},{"link_name":"Pelagius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II"},{"link_name":"Gregory I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I"},{"link_name":"Sabinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sabinian"},{"link_name":"Boniface III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III"},{"link_name":"Boniface IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV"},{"link_name":"Adeodatus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I"},{"link_name":"Boniface V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V"},{"link_name":"Honorius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I"},{"link_name":"Severinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Severinus"},{"link_name":"John IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_IV"},{"link_name":"Theodore I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I"},{"link_name":"Martin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_I"},{"link_name":"Eugene I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I"},{"link_name":"Vitalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Vitalian"},{"link_name":"Adeodatus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II"},{"link_name":"Donus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Donus"},{"link_name":"Agatho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Agatho"},{"link_name":"Leo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_II"},{"link_name":"Benedict II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II"},{"link_name":"John V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_V"},{"link_name":"Conon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Conon"},{"link_name":"Sergius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I"},{"link_name":"John VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_VI"},{"link_name":"John VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_VII"},{"link_name":"Sisinnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Gregory II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II"},{"link_name":"Gregory III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III"},{"link_name":"Zachary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zachary"},{"link_name":"Stephen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II"},{"link_name":"Paul I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_I"},{"link_name":"Stephen III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III"},{"link_name":"Adrian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I"},{"link_name":"Leo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III"},{"link_name":"Stephen IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV"},{"link_name":"Paschal 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Commons has media related to Gregorius XV.Wassilowsky, Günther; Wolf, Hubert (2007). Päpstliches Zeremoniell in der Frühen Neuzeit – Das Diarium des Zeremonienmeisters Paolo Alaleone de Branca während des Pontifikats Gregors XV. (1621–1623) (in German). Münster: Rhema-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-930454-80-8.\nCollier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). \"Gregory XV\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 575.vtePopes of the Catholic Church\nList of popes\ngraphical\ncanonised\nPapal names\nTombs\nextant\nnon-extant\nAntipope\nPope emeritus\npapal resignation\nPope-elect\n1st–4th centuries\nPeter\nLinus\nAnacletus\nClement I\nEvaristus\nAlexander I\nSixtus I\nTelesphorus\nHyginus\nPius I\nAnicetus\nSoter\nEleutherius\nVictor I\nZephyrinus\nCallixtus I\nUrban I\nPontian\nAnterus\nFabian\nCornelius\nLucius I\nStephen I\nSixtus II\nDionysius\nFelix I\nEutychian\nCaius\nMarcellinus\nMarcellus I\nEusebius\nMiltiades\nSylvester I\nMark\nJulius I\nLiberius\nDamasus I\nSiricius\nAnastasius I\n5th–8th centuries\nInnocent I\nZosimus\nBoniface I\nCelestine I\nSixtus III\nLeo I\nHilarius\nSimplicius\nFelix III\nGelasius I\nAnastasius II\nSymmachus\nHormisdas\nJohn I\nFelix IV\nBoniface II\nJohn II\nAgapetus I\nSilverius\nVigilius\nPelagius I\nJohn III\nBenedict I\nPelagius II\nGregory I\nSabinian\nBoniface III\nBoniface IV\nAdeodatus I\nBoniface V\nHonorius I\nSeverinus\nJohn IV\nTheodore I\nMartin I\nEugene I\nVitalian\nAdeodatus II\nDonus\nAgatho\nLeo II\nBenedict II\nJohn V\nConon\nSergius I\nJohn VI\nJohn VII\nSisinnius\nConstantine\nGregory II\nGregory III\nZachary\nStephen II\nPaul I\nStephen III\nAdrian I\nLeo III\n9th–12th centuries\nStephen IV\nPaschal I\nEugene II\nValentine\nGregory IV\nSergius II\nLeo IV\nBenedict III\nNicholas I\nAdrian II\nJohn VIII\nMarinus I\nAdrian III\nStephen V\nFormosus\nBoniface VI\nStephen VI\nRomanus\nTheodore II\nJohn IX\nBenedict IV\nLeo V\nSergius III\nAnastasius III\nLando\nJohn X\nLeo VI\nStephen VII\nJohn XI\nLeo VII\nStephen VIII\nMarinus II\nAgapetus II\nJohn XII\nBenedict V\nLeo VIII\nJohn XIII\nBenedict VI\nBenedict VII\nJohn XIV\nJohn XV\nGregory V\nSylvester II\nJohn XVII\nJohn XVIII\nSergius IV\nBenedict VIII\nJohn XIX\nBenedict IX\nSylvester III\nGregory VI\nClement II\nDamasus II\nLeo IX\nVictor II\nStephen IX\nNicholas II\nAlexander II\nGregory VII\nVictor III\nUrban II\nPaschal 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Ages\nThomas Aquinas\nPope Boniface VIII\nWestern Schism\nAvignon Papacy\nPope Clement V\nCouncil of Vienne\nKnights Templar\nCatherine of Siena\nPope Alexander VI\nAge of Discovery\nProtestant ReformationCounter-Reformation\nProtestant Reformation\nCatholic Counter-Reformation\nExsurge Domine\nDissolution of the monasteries\nCouncil of Trent\nThomas More\nPope Leo X\nSociety of Jesus\nIgnatius of Loyola\nFrancis Xavier\nPope Pius V\nTridentine Mass\nTeresa of Ávila\nJohn of the Cross\nPeter Canisius\nPhilip Neri\nRobert Bellarmine\nEuropean wars of religion\nThirty Years' War\nBaroque period to theFrench Revolution\nPope Innocent XI\nPope Benedict XIV\nSuppression of the Society of Jesus\nAge of Enlightenment\nAnti-clericalism\nPope Pius VI\nShimabara Rebellion\nEdict of Nantes\nDechristianization of France during the French Revolution\n19th century\nPope Pius VII\nPope Pius IX\nUnited States\nDogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary\nOur Lady of La Salette\nOur Lady of Lourdes\nFirst Vatican Council\nPapal infallibility\nPope Leo XIII\nMary of the Divine Heart\nPrayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart\nRerum novarum\n20th century\nPope Pius X\nOur Lady of Fátima\nPersecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII\nPope Pius XII\nPope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary\nDogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary\nLateran Treaty\nNazism\nMit brennender Sorge\nPope John XXIII\nPacem in terris\nSecond Vatican Council\nEcumenism\nJudaism\nPope Paul VI (coronation)\nPope John Paul I\nMother Teresa\nCommunism\nPope John Paul II\nHIV/AIDS\nWorld Youth Day\n1995\n21st century\nSexual abuse scandal\nIslam\nWorld Youth Day\n2000\n2002\n2005\n2008\n2011\n2013\n2016\n2019\n2023\nPope Benedict XVI\nPope Francis\nLaudato si'\nPatriarch Kirill\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n\n Vatican City portal\n Catholicism portalAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\nArtists\nULAN\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nRISM\nSNAC\nIdRefPortals: Biography Catholicism Christianity History Italy","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Bust of Pope Gregory XV, 1621 by Gian Lorenzo Bernini","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bust_of_Pope_Gregory_XV_by_Bernini_1621.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Pope_Gregory_XV_by_Bernini_1621.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Gregory XV with his cardinal-nephew of unprecedented income and authority, Ludovico Ludovisi, known as il cardinale padrone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ludovico_Ludovisi_with_Gregory_XV.jpg/150px-Ludovico_Ludovisi_with_Gregory_XV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to Pope Gregory XVand Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi in Sant'Ignazio, by Pierre Le Gros the Younger (c. 1709–1714)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pierre_legros%2C_monumento_a_gregorio_XV_e_al_cardinale_ludovico_ludovisi%2C_1709-1717%2C_02.jpg/220px-Pierre_legros%2C_monumento_a_gregorio_XV_e_al_cardinale_ludovico_ludovisi%2C_1709-1717%2C_02.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Cardinals created by Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_XV"},{"title":"Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovisi_(family)"}]	[{"reference":"\"UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020\". United Press International. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020. …Pope Gregory XV in 1554","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/","url_text":"\"UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sede Vacante 1623\". 27 September 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1623.html","url_text":"\"Sede Vacante 1623\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alessandro Ludovisi\". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1616.htm","url_text":"\"Alessandro Ludovisi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alessandro Ludovisi, no. F3\". Genealogy of the Ludovisi. Archived from the original on 10 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060510112128/http://www.sardimpex.com/files/LUDOVISI%20E%20MONTERENZI.htm","url_text":"\"Alessandro Ludovisi, no. F3\""},{"url":"http://www.sardimpex.com/files/LUDOVISI%20E%20MONTERENZI.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). \"Gregory XV.\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 178–179.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Gregory_XV.","url_text":"\"Gregory XV.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Ott, Michael (1910). \"Pope Gregory XV\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Gregory_XV","url_text":"Pope Gregory XV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Wassilowsky, Günther; Wolf, Hubert (2007). Päpstliches Zeremoniell in der Frühen Neuzeit – Das Diarium des Zeremonienmeisters Paolo Alaleone de Branca während des Pontifikats Gregors XV. (1621–1623) (in German). Münster: Rhema-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-930454-80-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930454-80-8","url_text":"978-3-930454-80-8"}]},{"reference":"Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). \"Gregory XV\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_(fruit)	Bur	["1 Function","2 Relevance to humans","3 Common plants with burs","4 References","5 External links"]	Seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth For other uses, see Bur (disambiguation) and Burr (disambiguation). Geum bur Hooked burs of Arctium (Burdock) Xanthium bur Close-up of a single Arctium bur A bur (also spelled burr) is a seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth. The main function of the bur is to spread the seeds of the bur plant, often through epizoochory. The hooks of the bur are used to latch onto fur or fabric, enabling the bur – which contain seeds – to be transported to another location for dispersal. Another use for the spines and hooks are physical protection against herbivores. Their ability to stick to animals and fabrics has shaped their reputation as bothersome. Some other forms of diaspores, such as the stems of certain species of cactus also are covered with thorns and may function as burs. Bur-bearing plants, such as Tribulus terrestris and Xanthium species, are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly. The number of burs per fruit along with the size and shape can vary largely between different bur plants. Function Containing seeds, burs spread through catching on the fur of passing animals (epizoochory) or machinery as well as by being transported together with water, gravel and grain. The hooks or teeth generally cause irritation, and some species commonly cause gross injury to animals, or expensive damage to clothing or to vehicle tires. Burs serve the plants that bear them in two main ways. Firstly, burs are spinescent and tend to repel some herbivores, much as other spines and prickles do. Secondly, plants with burs rely largely on living agents to disperse their seeds; their burs are mechanisms of seed dispersal by epizoochory (dispersal by attaching to the outside of animals). Spinescent plants repel herbivores mechanically by wounding the herbivore's mouth or digestive system. Moreover, burs' mechanical defence can work alongside the color of the bur that can visually warn off herbivores. Most epizoochorous burs attach to hair on the body or legs of the host animal, but a special class of epizoochorous bur is known as the trample-bur (or trample-burr). Several species of Tribulus, Harpagophytum, and Grielum produce fruit in the form of trample-burs. As the name suggests, they attach themselves to the animal when trampled. They may hook onto the legs of animals as the large hooks of Harpagophytum do, sometimes causing serious injury, but sometimes hooking onto the leg of say, an ostrich, apparently without causing discomfort. It also might penetrate a hoof or foot pad or the tires of a vehicle, only to be shed after being carried for a considerable time and distance; most Tribulus and Grielum species are specialised for such attachment, variously being flat, but with upward-directed spikes as in say, Grielum humifusum, or shaped like a caltrop as in some species of Tribulus that have achieved the status of cosmopolitan weeds by sticking to the tires of aircraft. The bur must be able to easily detach from the plant and easily attach to for example the fur of an animal. The ability to spread the seeds depends both on the number of burs that manage to get attached and on force of attachment. The hook span of the bur has been shown to have a large influence on the contact separation force. Some studies have also shown force can increase with the size of the bur, although not all large burs have a high contact separation force. Furthermore, the flexibility of the bur might also influence this force which can increase with stiffness. Relevance to humans Burs are best known as sources of irritation, injury to livestock, damage to clothing, punctures to tires, and clogging equipment such as agricultural harvesting machinery. Furthermore, because of their ability to compete with crops over moisture and nutrition, bur plants can be labelled as weeds and therefore also be subject to removal. Methods of controlling the spread of bur plants include the use of herbicides, slashing and cultivation among others. Some have however been used for such purposes as fabric fulling, for which the fuller's teasel is a traditional resource. The bur of burdock was the inspiration for hook and loop fastener, also known as Velcro. Common plants with burs Common bur-bearing plants include: Acanthospermum australe (Paraguayan starburr) Agrimonia pubescens (soft agrimony) Anthriscus caucalis (burr chervil) Arctium lappa (greater burdock) Bidens pilosa (beggar ticks) Cenchrus longispinus (longspine sandbur) Circaea lutetiana (enchanter's nightshade) Daucus carota (Queen Anne's lace) Hylodesmum glutinosum (pointed tick-trefoil) Galium aparine (cleavers) Geum aleppicum (yellow avens) Geum canadense (white avens) Geum urbanum (herb bennet) Osmorhiza claytonii (Clayton's sweetroot) Phryma leptostachya (American lopseed) Tribulus terrestris (puncturevine) Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) References ^ Cook, J. Gordon (1968). ABC of Plant Terms. Watford, Herts: Merrow. OCLC 223208923. ^ a b c d e "Noogoora burr, Californian burr, Italian cockleburr and South American burr (Xanthium species)". New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2009. ^ a b c Xu, Qi; Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Sun, Lu; Chen, Zhe; Song, Bo; Sun, Hang (2020-04-01). "Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China". Plant Diversity. 42 (2): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2019.12.002. ISSN 2468-2659. PMC 7195588. PMID 32373766. ^ a b Gorb, Elena; Gorb, Stanislav (2002-04-01). "Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 40 (4): 373–381. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5. ISSN 0981-9428. ^ a b Magee, M. B. Plants With Burrs. San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Midgley, J.J. and Illing, N. Were Malagasy Uncarina fruits dispersed by the extinct elephant bird? South African Journal of Science 105, November/December 2009 ^ Karen van Rheede van Oudtshoorn; Margaretha W. van Rooyen (1999). Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants. Springer. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-3-540-64886-4. ^ Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. Krieger 1991, ISBN 978-0894643576 ^ Suddath, Claire (15 June 2010). "A Brief History of: Velcro". Time. Retrieved 17 October 2018 – via content.time.com. ^ "ITIS - Report: Acanthospermum australe". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ "Agrimonia pubescens - Michigan Flora". michiganflora.net. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ "Anthriscus caucalis". www.calflora.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ "Arctium lappa L. GRIN-Global". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ Cenchrus longispinus. University of California IPM. ^ "Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ "Daucus carota (Bee's Nest-Plant, Bird's-Nest, Devil's Plague, Queen Anne's Lace, Wild Carrot) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ "Hylodesmum glutinosum (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)". data.canadensys.net. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ Gorb, E.; Gorb, S. (2002). "Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 40 (4): 373–381. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5. ^ Ontario Wildflowers ^ Ontario Wildflowers ^ "Geum urbanum Linnaeus - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)". data.canadensys.net. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13. ^ Tribulus terrestris. University of California IPM. ^ Xanthium strumarium. University of California IPM. External links Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bur" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.	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The main function of the bur is to spread the seeds of the bur plant, often through epizoochory. The hooks of the bur are used to latch onto fur or fabric, enabling the bur – which contain seeds – to be transported to another location for dispersal.[2] Another use for the spines and hooks are physical protection against herbivores.[3] Their ability to stick to animals and fabrics has shaped their reputation as bothersome.Some other forms of diaspores, such as the stems of certain species of cactus also are covered with thorns and may function as burs.Bur-bearing plants, such as Tribulus terrestris and Xanthium species, are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly.[2] The number of burs per fruit along with the size and shape can vary largely between different bur plants.[4]","title":"Bur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epizoochory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizoochory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spinescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinescent"},{"link_name":"herbivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"spines and prickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"seed dispersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal"},{"link_name":"epizoochory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal#By_animals"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Tribulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus"},{"link_name":"Harpagophytum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpagophytum"},{"link_name":"Grielum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grielum"},{"link_name":"Harpagophytum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpagophytum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OudtshoornRooyen1999-7"},{"link_name":"caltrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrop"},{"link_name":"cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Containing seeds, burs spread through catching on the fur of passing animals (epizoochory) or machinery as well as by being transported together with water, gravel and grain.[2] The hooks or teeth generally cause irritation, and some species commonly cause gross injury to animals, or expensive damage to clothing or to vehicle tires.[citation needed]Burs serve the plants that bear them in two main ways.Firstly, burs are spinescent and tend to repel some herbivores, much as other spines and prickles do.[3]\nSecondly, plants with burs rely largely on living agents to disperse their seeds; their burs are mechanisms of seed dispersal by epizoochory (dispersal by attaching to the outside of animals).[5]Spinescent plants repel herbivores mechanically by wounding the herbivore's mouth or digestive system. Moreover, burs' mechanical defence can work alongside the color of the bur that can visually warn off herbivores.[3]Most epizoochorous burs attach to hair on the body or legs of the host animal, but a special class of epizoochorous bur is known as the trample-bur (or trample-burr). Several species of Tribulus, Harpagophytum, and Grielum produce fruit in the form of trample-burs. As the name suggests, they attach themselves to the animal when trampled. They may hook onto the legs of animals as the large hooks of Harpagophytum do, sometimes causing serious injury, but sometimes hooking onto the leg of say, an ostrich, apparently without causing discomfort.[6] It also might penetrate a hoof or foot pad or the tires of a vehicle, only to be shed after being carried for a considerable time and distance; most Tribulus and Grielum species are specialised for such attachment, variously being flat, but with upward-directed spikes as in say, Grielum humifusum,[7] or shaped like a caltrop as in some species of Tribulus that have achieved the status of cosmopolitan weeds by sticking to the tires of aircraft.[8]The bur must be able to easily detach from the plant and easily attach to for example the fur of an animal. The ability to spread the seeds depends both on the number of burs that manage to get attached and on force of attachment. The hook span of the bur has been shown to have a large influence on the contact separation force. Some studies have also shown force can increase with the size of the bur, although not all large burs have a high contact separation force. Furthermore, the flexibility of the bur might also influence this force which can increase with stiffness. [4]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"fabric fulling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling"},{"link_name":"fuller's teasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsacus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"burdock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdock"},{"link_name":"hook and loop fastener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_and_loop_fastener"},{"link_name":"Velcro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velcro"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Burs are best known as sources of irritation, injury to livestock,[2] damage to clothing, punctures to tires, and clogging equipment such as agricultural harvesting machinery. Furthermore, because of their ability to compete with crops over moisture and nutrition, bur plants can be labelled as weeds and therefore also be subject to removal. Methods of controlling the spread of bur plants include the use of herbicides, slashing and cultivation among others.[2]Some have however been used for such purposes as fabric fulling, for which the fuller's teasel is a traditional resource.[citation needed]The bur of burdock was the inspiration for hook and loop fastener, also known as Velcro.[9]","title":"Relevance to humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acanthospermum australe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthospermum_australe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Agrimonia pubescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrimonia_pubescens"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Anthriscus caucalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthriscus_caucalis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Arctium lappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctium_lappa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bidens pilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidens_pilosa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf-5"},{"link_name":"Cenchrus longispinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenchrus_longispinus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Circaea lutetiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circaea_lutetiana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Daucus carota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daucus_carota"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hylodesmum glutinosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylodesmum_glutinosum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Galium aparine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galium_aparine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Geum aleppicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geum_aleppicum"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Geum canadense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geum_canadense"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Geum urbanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geum_urbanum"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Osmorhiza claytonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmorhiza_claytonii"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Phryma leptostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryma_leptostachya"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tribulus terrestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Xanthium strumarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthium_strumarium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Common bur-bearing plants include:Acanthospermum australe (Paraguayan starburr)[10]\nAgrimonia pubescens (soft agrimony)[11]\nAnthriscus caucalis (burr chervil)[12]\nArctium lappa (greater burdock)[13]\nBidens pilosa (beggar ticks)[5]\nCenchrus longispinus (longspine sandbur)[14]\nCircaea lutetiana (enchanter's nightshade)[15]\nDaucus carota (Queen Anne's lace)[16]\nHylodesmum glutinosum (pointed tick-trefoil)[17]\nGalium aparine (cleavers)[18]\nGeum aleppicum (yellow avens)[19]\nGeum canadense (white avens)[20]\nGeum urbanum (herb bennet)[21]\nOsmorhiza claytonii (Clayton's sweetroot)[22]\nPhryma leptostachya (American lopseed)[23]\nTribulus terrestris (puncturevine)[24]\nXanthium strumarium (cocklebur)[25]","title":"Common plants with burs"}]	[{"image_text":"Geum bur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bur_Macro_BlackBg.jpg/220px-Bur_Macro_BlackBg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hooked burs of Arctium (Burdock)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burdock_Hooks.jpg/220px-Burdock_Hooks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Xanthium bur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Xanthium_italicum_ENBLA02.JPG/220px-Xanthium_italicum_ENBLA02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Close-up of a single Arctium bur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bur_Macro.jpg/220px-Bur_Macro.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cook, J. Gordon (1968). ABC of Plant Terms. Watford, Herts: Merrow. OCLC 223208923.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223208923","url_text":"223208923"}]},{"reference":"\"Noogoora burr, Californian burr, Italian cockleburr and South American burr (Xanthium species)\". New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles/californian-burr","url_text":"\"Noogoora burr, Californian burr, Italian cockleburr and South American burr (Xanthium species)\""}]},{"reference":"Xu, Qi; Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Sun, Lu; Chen, Zhe; Song, Bo; Sun, Hang (2020-04-01). \"Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China\". Plant Diversity. 42 (2): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2019.12.002. ISSN 2468-2659. PMC 7195588. PMID 32373766.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195588","url_text":"\"Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pld.2019.12.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.pld.2019.12.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2468-2659","url_text":"2468-2659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195588","url_text":"7195588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32373766","url_text":"32373766"}]},{"reference":"Gorb, Elena; Gorb, Stanislav (2002-04-01). \"Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking\". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 40 (4): 373–381. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5. ISSN 0981-9428.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942802013815","url_text":"\"Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0981-9428%2802%2901381-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0981-9428","url_text":"0981-9428"}]},{"reference":"Karen van Rheede van Oudtshoorn; Margaretha W. van Rooyen (1999). Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants. Springer. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-3-540-64886-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bdTfBfsl-DcC&pg=PA95","url_text":"Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64886-4","url_text":"978-3-540-64886-4"}]},{"reference":"Suddath, Claire (15 June 2010). \"A Brief History of: Velcro\". Time. Retrieved 17 October 2018 – via content.time.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1996883,00.html","url_text":"\"A Brief History of: Velcro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"ITIS - Report: Acanthospermum australe\". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36445#null","url_text":"\"ITIS - Report: Acanthospermum australe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agrimonia pubescens - Michigan Flora\". michiganflora.net. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2418","url_text":"\"Agrimonia pubescens - Michigan Flora\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthriscus caucalis\". www.calflora.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=396","url_text":"\"Anthriscus caucalis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305045929/https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=396","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arctium lappa L. GRIN-Global\". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=3857","url_text":"\"Arctium lappa L. GRIN-Global\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox\". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/circaea-lutetiana-subsp-canadensis/","url_text":"\"Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daucus carota (Bee's Nest-Plant, Bird's-Nest, Devil's Plague, Queen Anne's Lace, Wild Carrot) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox\". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/daucus-carota/","url_text":"\"Daucus carota (Bee's Nest-Plant, Bird's-Nest, Devil's Plague, Queen Anne's Lace, Wild Carrot) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hylodesmum glutinosum (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)\". data.canadensys.net. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/27746","url_text":"\"Hylodesmum glutinosum (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)\""}]},{"reference":"Gorb, E.; Gorb, S. (2002). \"Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking\". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 40 (4): 373–381. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0981-9428%2802%2901381-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Geum urbanum Linnaeus - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)\". data.canadensys.net. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8776?lang=en","url_text":"\"Geum urbanum Linnaeus - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)\""}]},{"reference":"\"USDA Plants Database\". plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=OSCL","url_text":"\"USDA Plants Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"USDA Plants Database\". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PHLE5","url_text":"\"USDA Plants Database\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Bur\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bur","url_text":"\"Bur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223208923","external_links_name":"223208923"},{"Link":"http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles/californian-burr","external_links_name":"\"Noogoora burr, Californian burr, Italian cockleburr and South American burr (Xanthium species)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195588","external_links_name":"\"Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pld.2019.12.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pld.2019.12.002"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2468-2659","external_links_name":"2468-2659"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195588","external_links_name":"7195588"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32373766","external_links_name":"32373766"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942802013815","external_links_name":"\"Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0981-9428%2802%2901381-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0981-9428","external_links_name":"0981-9428"},{"Link":"http://homeguides.sfgate.com/plants-burrs-26416.html","external_links_name":"Plants With Burrs."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bdTfBfsl-DcC&pg=PA95","external_links_name":"Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1996883,00.html","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of: Velcro\""},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36445#null","external_links_name":"\"ITIS - Report: Acanthospermum australe\""},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2418","external_links_name":"\"Agrimonia pubescens - Michigan Flora\""},{"Link":"https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=396","external_links_name":"\"Anthriscus caucalis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305045929/https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=396","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=3857","external_links_name":"\"Arctium lappa L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_Friends_Electric	Are "Friends" Electric?	["1 Music and production","2 Release","3 Reception","4 Live versions","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Sampling and cover versions","10 In popular culture","11 References"]	1979 single by Tubeway Army "Are 'Friends' Electric?"Single by Tubeway Armyfrom the album Replicas B-side"We Are So Fragile"Released4 May 1979 (1979-05-04)RecordedJanuary–February 1979StudioGooseberry Sound Studios (London, England)GenreSynth-popnew waveLength 5:25 (Album and commercial 7" version) 3:45 (Promo 7" version) LabelBeggars Banquet (BEG 18)Songwriter(s)Gary NumanProducer(s)Gary NumanTubeway Army singles chronology "Down in the Park" (1979) "Are 'Friends' Electric?" (1979) "Are 'Friends' Electric?" is a 1979 song by the English band Tubeway Army. Taken from their album Replicas, it was released as a single in May 1979 and reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, staying there for four weeks. It was written and produced by Gary Numan, the band's frontman and lead vocalist. It was also the band's last single before breaking up. Music and production "Are 'Friends' Electric?" was originally written on an old out-of-tune pub piano. It was initially two different songs that were combined. Numan recorded it on a Polymoog synthesizer with conventional bass and drums. The song features three different sections: a recurring verse with a synth riff in C and B flat, a recurring section with spoken word over slow arpeggiated seventh chords, and an instrumental break in F. The instrumentation is quite minimal: a conventional drum and bass guitar backing track, some additional heavily flanged guitar (particularly in the instrumental break), subdued vocals and, most prominently, Minimoog and Polymoog synthesisers. These synth parts include portamento background lines. Numan stumbled upon synthesisers by accident. While intending to record a punk album, he noticed a Minimoog synthesiser that had been left in the studio. In a 2014 interview with The Guardian, Numan commented on the song's lyrics: "All my early songs were about being alone or misunderstood. As a teenager, I'd been sent to a child psychiatrist and put on medication. I had Asperger's and saw the world differently. I immersed myself in sci-fi writers: Philip K Dick, JG Ballard. The lyrics came from short stories I'd written about what London would be like in 30 years. These machines – "friends" – come to the door. They supply services of various kinds, but your neighbours never know what they really are since they look human. The one in the song is a prostitute, hence the inverted commas. It was released in May 1979 and sold a million copies. I had a No 1 single with a song about a robot prostitute and no one knew." Release "Are 'Friends' Electric?" was released as a limited edition picture disc of 20,000 copies in May 1979. The B-side of the single was a more rock-oriented number, "We Are So Fragile". A song that was performed on Numan's 1979 "Touring Principle" series of concerts and appears on the album Living Ornaments '79. The song was covered by bis on the compilation album Random. The single entered the lower reaches of the UK Singles Chart at a modest No. 71, steadily climbing to No. 1 at the end of June and remained on that position for four consecutive weeks. Reception Despite being over five minutes long and possessing, in the words of its composer, "no recognisable hook-line whatsoever", the single topped the UK charts in mid-1979. Whilst the track's distinctive sound stood out at the time, sales also benefited from the record company's use of a picture disc and Numan's striking, "robotic" performance on the TV shows The Old Grey Whistle Test and Top of the Pops. Writing for Smash Hits in 1979, Cliff White described the song as "a dark, threatening wall of synthesised sound" which "throbbed ominously behind a gloomy song of paranoia and loneliness". White went on to say it was "gripping stuff, but cheerful it isn't". The song has retrospectively been described as "an atmospheric, almost frigid-sounding monologue spliced over creepy after-dark synthesizers" that "had not a hook or chorus in sight". Live versions "Are 'Friends' Electric?" has been a mainstay of Numan's concerts since its release and appears on all ten of his official live recordings to date. A semi-acoustic version appeared on the 2006 Jagged tour set list. Track listing All tracks are written by Gary NumanNo.TitleLength1."Are 'Friends' Electric?"5:182."We Are So Fragile"2:46 Personnel Tubeway Army Gary Numan – Minimoog and Polymoog synthesizers, guitar, vocals Paul Gardiner – bass guitar Jess Lidyard – drums Production Gary Numan – production Charts Weekly charts Chart (1979) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 12 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 12 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 21 Ireland (IRMA) 3 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 9 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 9 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 8 UK Singles (OCC) 1 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) 5 West Germany (Official German Charts) 23 Year-end charts Chart (1979) Position Australia (Kent Music Report) 85 UK Singles (OCC) 7 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sampling and cover versions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Are "Friends" Electric?" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The song was sampled by Richard X in a song titled "We Don't Give a Damn About Our Friends" as a mashup with vocals from Adina Howard's "Freak like Me", which the Sugababes then recorded under the latter title and achieved a number one UK hit in 2002 (Numan considered this track to be better than "Are 'Friends' Electric?"). It was also covered by Information Society on their 1997 album Don't Be Afraid, and The Dead Weather for their B-side of "Hang You from the Heavens". The song was covered by American rock band Weezer and released alongside their 2008 single, "Pork and Beans". "Are 'Friends' Electric?" was featured in the video game Need for Speed: Carbon, JJ Abram's Fringe, and the AMC Television show Halt and Catch Fire. The song was also sampled by Kryder and The Cube Guys in their 2016 single, "You & Me". In 2018, Kevin Max covered the song for his concept album Romeo Drive. In popular culture The song was featured in the 2006 video game Need for Speed: Carbon. It plays whenever the player is using a car in the tuner class. In IO Interactive's Hitman, the mission 'Club 27' has a reference in the form of an Objective of the same name. Song used near the beginning and near the end of the 2022 Netflix film Choose or Die. References ^ a b "British single certifications – Tubeway Army – Are Friends Electric". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 August 2020. ^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ a b c Simpson Dave. "Gary Numan and Mary Vango: how we made Are 'Friends' Electric?". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2014. ^ BBC documentary: Synth Britannia. ^ Gary Numan (R)evolution: The Autobiography Hachette 2020, chapter six: 1979 ^ "Tubeway Army full Official Chart History". Official Charts. Official UK Charts Company. ^ Stephen Webbon; Gary Numan (December 1985). "Complete Gary Numan UK Discography". Record Collector (76): 14. ^ Paul Goodwin (2004). Electric Pioneer: An Armchair Guide to Gary Numan. pp. 38–39. ^ White, Cliff. "Singles". Smash Hits (31 May – 13 June 1979): 24–25. ^ Peter Buckley (ed.) The Rough Guide to Rock, Rough Guides 2003 ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ a b "Kent Music Report No 288 – 31 December 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1979". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via Imgur.com. ^ "Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Are Friends Electric". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 34, 1979" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Tubeway Army Songs - Top Songs and Chart Singles". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Top Singles 1979". Music Week. London, England: Spotlight Publications. 22 December 1979. p. 27. ^ "Gary Numan - Interview". Designer Magazine. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ "Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber". IGN. IGN. 20 September 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2020. vteGary NumanAlbums with Tubeway Army Tubeway Army Replicas The Plan Studio albums The Pleasure Principle Telekon Dance I, Assassin Warriors Berserker The Fury Strange Charm Metal Rhythm Outland Machine + Soul Sacrifice Exile Pure Jagged Dead Son Rising Splinter (Songs from a Broken Mind) Savage (Songs from a Broken World) Intruder Collaborations Automatic (with Bill Sharpe) Human (with Michael R. Smith) Nicholson / Numan 1987–1994 (with Hugh Nicholson) Live albums Living Ornaments '79 Living Ornaments '80 Living Ornaments '79 and '80 White Noise Ghost The Skin Mechanic Dream Corrosion Dark Light Living Ornaments '81 The Radio One Recordings Scarred Live at Shepherds Bush Empire Hope Bleeds Fragment 1/04 Fragment 2/04 The Complete John Peel Sessions Jagged Live Engineers Telekon – Live Replicas Live The Pleasure Principle Live Big Noise Transmission Singles "That's Too Bad" "Bombers" "Down in the Park" "Are "Friends" Electric?" "Cars" "Complex" "We Are Glass" "I Die: You Die" "This Wreckage" "Stormtrooper in Drag" "She's Got Claws" "Love Needs No Disguise" "Music for Chameleons" "We Take Mystery (To Bed)" "Warriors" "Change Your Mind" "New Thing from London Town" "This Is Love" "I Can't Stop" "Like a Refugee (I Won't Cry)" "Crazier" Soundtracks The Radial Pair: Video Soundtrack Compilations New Man Numan Exhibition Isolate The Best of Gary Numan 1978–1983 The Premier Hits Techno Army Featuring Gary Numan Random Random (02) The Mix New Dreams for Old Exposure Hybrid Resonator (Pioneer of Sound) Jagged Edge Dead Moon Falling Related articles Discography Sharpe & Numan Paul Gardiner Dramatis Tubeway Radio Heart "Freak Like Me" "Where's Your Head At" vteInformation Society Paul Robb James Cassidy Kurt Harland Amanda Kramer Mariuccia Nocera Christopher Anton India Studio albums Information Society (1988) Hack (1990) Peace and Love, Inc. (1992) Don't Be Afraid (1997) Synthesizer (2007) Hello World (2014) Compilations InSoc Recombinant (1999) strange haircuts // cardboard guitars // and computer samples (2001) Pure Energy (2004) Apocryphon: Electro Roots 1982–1985 (2008) Extended plays The InSoc EP (1983) Creatures of Influence (1984) Oscillator (2007) Modulator (2009) Land of the Blind (2014) Singles "Running" "What's on Your Mind (Pure Energy)" "Walking Away" "Repetition" "Lay All Your Love on Me" "Think" "Are "Friends" Electric?" Related Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tubeway Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubeway_Army"},{"link_name":"Replicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_(album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-2"},{"link_name":"Gary Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Numan"},{"link_name":"frontman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontman"}],"text":"\"Are 'Friends' Electric?\" is a 1979 song by the English band Tubeway Army. Taken from their album Replicas, it was released as a single in May 1979 and reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, staying there for four weeks.[2] It was written and produced by Gary Numan, the band's frontman and lead vocalist. It was also the band's last single before breaking up.","title":"Are \"Friends\" Electric?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Polymoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymoog"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_we_made-3"},{"link_name":"spoken word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word"},{"link_name":"arpeggiated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpeggio"},{"link_name":"seventh chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_chord"},{"link_name":"drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"flanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanging"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"Polymoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymoog"},{"link_name":"portamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portamento"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_we_made-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_we_made-3"},{"link_name":"Asperger's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Philip K Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K_Dick"},{"link_name":"JG Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_Ballard"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"\"Are 'Friends' Electric?\" was originally written on an old out-of-tune pub piano. It was initially two different songs that were combined. Numan recorded it on a Polymoog synthesizer with conventional bass and drums.[3]The song features three different sections: a recurring verse with a synth riff in C and B flat, a recurring section with spoken word over slow arpeggiated seventh chords, and an instrumental break in F. The instrumentation is quite minimal: a conventional drum and bass guitar backing track, some additional heavily flanged guitar (particularly in the instrumental break), subdued vocals and, most prominently, Minimoog and Polymoog synthesisers. These synth parts include portamento background lines.Numan stumbled upon synthesisers by accident. While intending to record a punk album, he noticed a Minimoog synthesiser that had been left in the studio.[3][4]In a 2014 interview with The Guardian, Numan commented on the song's lyrics:[3]\"All my early songs were about being alone or misunderstood. As a teenager, I'd been sent to a child psychiatrist and put on medication. I had Asperger's and saw the world differently. I immersed myself in sci-fi writers: Philip K Dick, JG Ballard. The lyrics came from short stories I'd written about what London would be like in 30 years. These machines – \"friends\" – come to the door. They supply services of various kinds, but your neighbours never know what they really are since they look human. The one in the song is a prostitute, hence the inverted commas. It was released in May 1979 and sold a million copies. I had a No 1 single with a song about a robot prostitute and no one knew.\"","title":"Music and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"picture disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_disc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis_(Scottish_band)"},{"link_name":"Random","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_(Gary_Numan_covers_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Are 'Friends' Electric?\" was released as a limited edition picture disc of 20,000 copies in May 1979.[5] The B-side of the single was a more rock-oriented number, \"We Are So Fragile\". A song that was performed on Numan's 1979 \"Touring Principle\" series of concerts and appears on the album Living Ornaments '79. The song was covered by bis on the compilation album Random.The single entered the lower reaches of the UK Singles Chart at a modest No. 71, steadily climbing to No. 1 at the end of June and remained on that position for four consecutive weeks.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hook-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"topped the UK charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1970s#1979"},{"link_name":"picture disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_disc"},{"link_name":"The Old Grey Whistle Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Grey_Whistle_Test"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Smash Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits"},{"link_name":"Cliff White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_White"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Despite being over five minutes long and possessing, in the words of its composer, \"no recognisable hook-line whatsoever\",[7] the single topped the UK charts in mid-1979. Whilst the track's distinctive sound stood out at the time, sales also benefited from the record company's use of a picture disc and Numan's striking, \"robotic\" performance on the TV shows The Old Grey Whistle Test and Top of the Pops.[8]Writing for Smash Hits in 1979, Cliff White described the song as \"a dark, threatening wall of synthesised sound\" which \"throbbed ominously behind a gloomy song of paranoia and loneliness\".[9] White went on to say it was \"gripping stuff, but cheerful it isn't\".The song has retrospectively been described as \"an atmospheric, almost frigid-sounding monologue spliced over creepy after-dark synthesizers\" that \"had not a hook or chorus in sight\".[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jagged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged"}],"text":"\"Are 'Friends' Electric?\" has been a mainstay of Numan's concerts since its release and appears on all ten of his official live recordings to date. A semi-acoustic version appeared on the 2006 Jagged tour set list.","title":"Live versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All tracks are written by Gary NumanNo.TitleLength1.\"Are 'Friends' Electric?\"5:182.\"We Are So Fragile\"2:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Numan"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"Polymoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymoog"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Paul Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Jess Lidyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jess_Lidyard&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Tubeway ArmyGary Numan – Minimoog and Polymoog synthesizers, guitar, vocals\nPaul Gardiner – bass guitar\nJess Lidyard – drumsProductionGary Numan – production","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_%22Friends%22_Electric%3F&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus79-12"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Tubeway_Army-13"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Tubeway_Army-14"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-15"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-16"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Tubeway_Army-17"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Tubeway_Army-18"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-2"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_Tubeway_Army-20"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_%22Friends%22_Electric%3F&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus79-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1979)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[11][12]\n\n12\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13]\n\n12\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14]\n\n21\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[15]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[16]\n\n9\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[17]\n\n9\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[2]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[19]\n\n5\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[20]\n\n23\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1979)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[12]\n\n85\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[21]\n\n7","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_X"},{"link_name":"mashup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Adina Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adina_Howard"},{"link_name":"Freak like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_like_Me"},{"link_name":"Sugababes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugababes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Information Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Society_(band)"},{"link_name":"Don't Be Afraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Afraid_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Dead Weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_Weather"},{"link_name":"Hang You from the Heavens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_You_from_the_Heavens"},{"link_name":"Weezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weezer"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed: Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed:_Carbon"},{"link_name":"Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Halt and Catch Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halt_and_Catch_Fire_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryder"},{"link_name":"Kevin Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Max"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"}],"text":"The song was sampled by Richard X in a song titled \"We Don't Give a Damn About Our Friends\" as a mashup with vocals from Adina Howard's \"Freak like Me\", which the Sugababes then recorded under the latter title and achieved a number one UK hit in 2002 (Numan considered this track to be better than \"Are 'Friends' Electric?\"[22]). It was also covered by Information Society on their 1997 album Don't Be Afraid, and The Dead Weather for their B-side of \"Hang You from the Heavens\".The song was covered by American rock band Weezer and released alongside their 2008 single, \"Pork and Beans\". \"Are 'Friends' Electric?\" was featured in the video game Need for Speed: Carbon, JJ Abram's Fringe, and the AMC Television show Halt and Catch Fire. The song was also sampled by Kryder and The Cube Guys in their 2016 single, \"You & Me\". In 2018, Kevin Max covered the song for his concept album Romeo Drive.","title":"Sampling and cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Need for Speed: Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed:_Carbon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman_(2016_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Choose or Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choose_or_Die"}],"text":"The song was featured in the 2006 video game Need for Speed: Carbon. It plays whenever the player is using a car in the tuner class.[23] In IO Interactive's Hitman, the mission 'Club 27' has a reference in the form of an Objective of the same name.Song used near the beginning and near the end of the 2022 Netflix film Choose or Die.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Tubeway Army – Are Friends Electric\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/567-2134-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Tubeway Army – Are Friends Electric\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Simpson Dave. \"Gary Numan and Mary Vango: how we made Are 'Friends' Electric?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/18/how-we-made-are-friends-electric-gary-numan","url_text":"\"Gary Numan and Mary Vango: how we made Are 'Friends' Electric?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Tubeway Army full Official Chart History\". Official Charts. Official UK Charts Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/17680/tubeway-army/","url_text":"\"Tubeway Army full Official Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Webbon; Gary Numan (December 1985). \"Complete Gary Numan UK Discography\". Record Collector (76): 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Collector","url_text":"Record Collector"}]},{"reference":"Paul Goodwin (2004). Electric Pioneer: An Armchair Guide to Gary Numan. pp. 38–39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"White, Cliff. \"Singles\". Smash Hits (31 May – 13 June 1979): 24–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Music Report No 288 – 31 December 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1979\". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via Imgur.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/VVyraDN.jpg","url_text":"\"Kent Music Report No 288 – 31 December 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1979\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Kent Music Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Tubeway Army Songs - Top Songs and Chart Singles\". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 12 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicvf.com/Tubeway+Army.art","url_text":"\"Tubeway Army Songs - Top Songs and Chart Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Singles 1979\". Music Week. London, England: Spotlight Publications. 22 December 1979. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Numan - Interview\". Designer Magazine. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.designermagazine.org/GaryNumanINT3.html","url_text":"\"Gary Numan - Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber\". IGN. IGN. 20 September 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/20/need-for-speed-carbon-soundtrack-burns-rubber","url_text":"\"Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Are+%22Friends%22+Electric%3F%22","external_links_name":"\"Are \"Friends\" Electric?\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Are+%22Friends%22+Electric%3F%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Are+%22Friends%22+Electric%3F%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Are+%22Friends%22+Electric%3F%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Are+%22Friends%22+Electric%3F%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Are+%22Friends%22+Electric%3F%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/567-2134-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Tubeway Army – Are Friends Electric\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19790630/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/18/how-we-made-are-friends-electric-gary-numan","external_links_name":"\"Gary Numan and Mary Vango: how we made Are 'Friends' Electric?\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/17680/tubeway-army/","external_links_name":"\"Tubeway Army full Official Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://i.imgur.com/VVyraDN.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Kent Music Report No 288 – 31 December 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1979\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Tubeway+Army&titel=Are+%27Friends%27+Electric?&cat=s","external_links_name":"Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Tubeway+Army&titel=Are+%27Friends%27+Electric?&cat=s","external_links_name":"Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Are+Friends+Electric","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Are Friends Electric\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40/1979/week-34","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 34, 1979"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Tubeway+Army&titel=Are+%27Friends%27+Electric?&cat=s","external_links_name":"Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Tubeway+Army&titel=Are+%27Friends%27+Electric?&cat=s","external_links_name":"Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicvf.com/Tubeway+Army.art","external_links_name":"\"Tubeway Army Songs - Top Songs and Chart Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-8354","external_links_name":"Offiziellecharts.de – Tubeway Army – Are 'Friends' Electric?\""},{"Link":"http://www.designermagazine.org/GaryNumanINT3.html","external_links_name":"\"Gary Numan - Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/20/need-for-speed-carbon-soundtrack-burns-rubber","external_links_name":"\"Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e84dbb67-0d10-3b3e-a1b5-22590b96eb5c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/12ce6cea-8001-38f6-9362-ed4a9cb82984","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Steinfeldt	Harry Steinfeldt	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American baseball player (1875–1914) Baseball player Harry SteinfeldtThird basemanBorn: (1875-09-29)September 29, 1875St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Died: August 17, 1914(1914-08-17) (aged 38)Bellevue, Kentucky, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 22, 1898, for the Cincinnati RedsLast MLB appearanceJuly 1, 1911, for the Boston RustlersMLB statisticsBatting average.267Home runs27Runs batted in762 Teams Cincinnati Reds (1898–1905) Chicago Cubs (1906–1910) Boston Rustlers (1911) Career highlights and awards 2× World Series champion (1907, 1908) NL RBI leader (1906) Harry M. Steinfeldt (September 29, 1875 – August 17, 1914) was an American professional baseball player. A third baseman, Steinfeldt played in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, and Boston Rustlers. He batted and threw right-handed. Steinfeldt was the starting third baseman for the Cubs in the final game of the 1908 World Series, the team's last championship until their victory in 2016. He was the fourth infielder on a team that gained fame for a double-play combination of "Tinker to Evers to Chance." Early life Steinfeldt was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on September 29, 1875, to German immigrants. His family moved to Fort Worth, Texas, when he was five years old. He initially pursued a theatrical career. Career Harry Steinfeldt's 1911 baseball card While touring Texas in a minstrel show, Steinfeldt played baseball in a town where his show was performing. His success at baseball led him to sign his first professional contract. He debuted in minor league baseball with the Houston Magnolias/Mudcats of the Class B Texas-Southern League in 1895. The next year, he played for the Galveston Sandcrabs and Fort Worth Panthers of the Class C Texas Association. In 1897, Steinfeldt played for the Detroit Tigers of the Class A Western League. In October 1897, the Cincinnati Reds of the National League (NL) purchased Steinfeldt from Detroit. Debuting in the major leagues for the Reds in 1898, he filled in for Bid McPhee, Tommy Corcoran, and Charlie Irwin as a utility infielder. When the Reds released Irwin during the 1901 season, Steinfeldt became the Reds' starting third baseman. He led the NL in doubles in 1903 with 32. On October 24, 1905, the Reds traded Steinfeldt, with Jimmy Sebring, to the Chicago Cubs for Jake Weimer. He led the NL in hits in 1906 with 176 and tied with Jim Nealon for most runs batted in (RBIs) with 83. His .327 batting average finished second, behind Honus Wagner (.339). Steinfeldt set a major league record with three sacrifice flies in a game in 1909. Ernie Banks tied the record in 1961. Steinfeldt is the only member of the Cubs' infield, which also included Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance, who was left out of Franklin Pierce Adams' famous poem "Baseball's Sad Lexicon" (the famous trio played together for ten years, starting in 1902, while Steinfeldt played with them for five years). On April 5, 1911, the St. Paul Saints of the American Association purchased Steinfeldt from the Cubs. On May 25, 1911, St. Paul traded Steinfeldt to the Boston Rustlers for Art Butler and Josh Clarke. Steinfeldt fell ill in July 1911, leaving the team. It was later identified as a nervous breakdown. The Rustlers released Steinfeldt after the season. In 1912, Steinfeldt returned to minor league baseball. He managed the Cincinnati Pippins of the United States Baseball League, but the league folded in midseason. He also played for the Louisville Colonels of the American Association, but was released in May. In June, he became the manager of the Meriden Metropolitans of the Cotton States League. In 1647 games over 14 major league seasons, Steinfeldt posted a .267 batting average (1578-for-5900) with 759 runs, 284 doubles, 90 triples, 27 home runs, 762 RBI, 202 stolen bases, 471 bases on balls, .330 on-base percentage and .360 slugging percentage. He finished his career with an overall .927 fielding percentage. In 21 World Series games, he hit .260 (19-for-73) with 7 runs, 3 doubles, 1 triple, 8 RBI, 2 stolen bases and 4 walks. Death Steinfeldt died in Bellevue, Kentucky in 1914 after a long illness, at the age of 38. He is interred at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati. The death certificate indicates that he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. See also Biography portalBaseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders References ^ a b c d e f "Harry Steinfeldt". Society of American Baseball Research. Retrieved September 22, 2012. ^ "1903 National League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 22, 2012. ^ The Pittsburgh Press via Google News Archive Search ^ "1906 National League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 22, 2012. ^ The Miami News via Google News Archive Search ^ Weir, Tom (September 3, 1999). "Harry, we hardly knew ye Steinfeldt tops list of game's unsung heroes". USA Today. Retrieved September 22, 2012. ^ The Milwaukee Sentinel via Google News Archive Search ^ "Steinfeldt To Be A Rustler". Boston Daily Globe. May 26, 1911. Retrieved September 22, 2012. (subscription required) ^ The Milwaukee Sentinel via Google News Archive Search ^ (June 10, 2012). "Harry Steinfeldt Released". New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2012. ^ "Harry Steinfeldt to Manage Meridian". The Atlanta Constitution. June 21, 1912. Retrieved September 22, 2012. ^ "Steinfeldt Is Dead". The Washington Times. August 18, 1914. ^ "Harry Steinfeldt – Society for American Baseball Research". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Steinfeldt. Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Retrosheet Harry Steinfeldt at Find a Grave vteChicago Cubs 1907 World Series champions Mordecai Brown Frank Chance Johnny Evers Del Howard Johnny Kling Carl Lundgren Pat Moran Orval Overall Jack Pfiester Ed Reulbach Frank Schulte Jimmy Sheckard Jimmy Slagle Harry Steinfeldt Joe Tinker Heinie Zimmerman Manager Frank Chance Regular season vteChicago Cubs 1908 World Series champions Mordecai Brown Frank Chance Johnny Evers Chick Fraser Solly Hofman Del Howard Johnny Kling Carl Lundgren Orval Overall Jack Pfiester Ed Reulbach Frank Schulte Jimmy Sheckard Harry Steinfeldt Joe Tinker Heinie Zimmerman Manager Frank Chance Regular season vteNational League season runs batted in leaders 1876: White 1877: White 1878: Hines 1879: O'Rourke & C. Jones 1880: Anson 1881: Anson 1882: Anson 1883: Brouthers 1884: Anson 1885: Anson 1886: Anson 1887: Thompson 1888: Anson 1889: Connor 1890: Burns 1891: Anson 1892: Brouthers 1893: Delahanty 1894: Thompson 1895: Thompson 1896: Delahanty 1897: G. Davis 1898: Lajoie 1899: Delahanty 1900: Flick 1901: Wagner 1902: Wagner 1903: Mertes 1904: Dahlen 1905: Seymour 1906: Steinfeldt & Nealon 1907: Magee 1908: Wagner 1909: Wagner 1910: Magee 1911: C. Wilson & Schulte 1912: Zimmerman 1913: Cravath 1914: Magee 1915: Cravath 1916: Zimmerman 1917: Zimmerman 1918: Magee 1919: Myers 1920: Hornsby & Kelly 1921: Hornsby 1922: Hornsby 1923: Meusel 1924: Kelly 1925: Hornsby 1926: Bottomley 1927: Waner 1928: Bottomley 1929: H. Wilson 1930: H. Wilson 1931: Klein 1932: Hurst 1933: Klein 1934: Ott 1935: Berger 1936: Medwick 1937: Medwick 1938: Medwick 1939: McCormick 1940: Mize 1941: Camilli 1942: Mize 1943: Nicholson 1944: Nicholson 1945: Walker 1946: Slaughter 1947: Mize 1948: Musial 1949: Kiner 1950: Ennis 1951: Irvin 1952: Sauer 1953: Campanella 1954: Kluszewski 1955: Snider 1956: Musial 1957: Aaron 1958: Banks 1959: Banks 1960: Aaron 1961: Cepeda 1962: T. Davis 1963: Aaron 1964: Boyer 1965: D. Johnson 1966: Aaron 1967: Cepeda 1968: McCovey 1969: McCovey 1970: Bench 1971: Torre 1972: Bench 1973: Stargell 1974: Bench 1975: Luzinski 1976: Foster 1977: Foster 1978: Foster 1979: Winfield 1980: Schmidt 1981: Schmidt 1982: Murphy & Oliver 1983: Murphy 1984: Schmidt & Carter 1985: Parker 1986: Schmidt 1987: Dawson 1988: Clark 1989: Mitchell 1990: Williams 1991: H. Johnson 1992: Daulton 1993: Bonds 1994: Bagwell 1995: Bichette 1996: Galarraga 1997: Galarraga 1998: Sosa 1999: McGwire 2000: Helton 2001: Sosa 2002: Berkman 2003: P. Wilson 2004: Castilla 2005: A. Jones 2006: Howard 2007: Holliday 2008: Howard 2009: Fielder & Howard 2010: Pujols 2011: Kemp 2012: Headley 2013: Goldschmidt 2014: González 2015: Arenado 2016: Arenado 2017: Stanton 2018: Báez 2019: Rendon 2020: Ozuna 2021: Duvall 2022: Alonso 2023: Olson	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Boston Rustlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Rustlers"},{"link_name":"1908 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_World_Series"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World_Series"},{"link_name":"\"Tinker to Evers to Chance.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball%27s_Sad_Lexicon"}],"text":"American baseball player (1875–1914)Baseball playerHarry M. Steinfeldt (September 29, 1875 – August 17, 1914) was an American professional baseball player. A third baseman, Steinfeldt played in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, and Boston Rustlers. He batted and threw right-handed.Steinfeldt was the starting third baseman for the Cubs in the final game of the 1908 World Series, the team's last championship until their victory in 2016. He was the fourth infielder on a team that gained fame for a double-play combination of \"Tinker to Evers to Chance.\"","title":"Harry Steinfeldt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"German immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-1"}],"text":"Steinfeldt was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on September 29, 1875, to German immigrants. His family moved to Fort Worth, Texas, when he was five years old. He initially pursued a theatrical career.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hsteinfeldt.jpg"},{"link_name":"baseball card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_card"},{"link_name":"minstrel show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-1"},{"link_name":"minor league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Texas-Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas-Southern_League"},{"link_name":"Galveston Sandcrabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Sandcrabs"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Texas Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Association"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Western 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average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_bases"},{"link_name":"bases on balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bases_on_balls"},{"link_name":"on-base percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-base_percentage"},{"link_name":"slugging percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugging_percentage"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"}],"text":"Harry Steinfeldt's 1911 baseball cardWhile touring Texas in a minstrel show, Steinfeldt played baseball in a town where his show was performing.[1] His success at baseball led him to sign his first professional contract. He debuted in minor league baseball with the Houston Magnolias/Mudcats of the Class B Texas-Southern League in 1895. The next year, he played for the Galveston Sandcrabs and Fort Worth Panthers of the Class C Texas Association. In 1897, Steinfeldt played for the Detroit Tigers of the Class A Western League.[1]In October 1897, the Cincinnati Reds of the National League (NL) purchased Steinfeldt from Detroit. Debuting in the major leagues for the Reds in 1898, he filled in for Bid McPhee, Tommy Corcoran, and Charlie Irwin as a utility infielder. When the Reds released Irwin during the 1901 season, Steinfeldt became the Reds' starting third baseman.[1] He led the NL in doubles in 1903 with 32.[2]On October 24, 1905, the Reds traded Steinfeldt, with Jimmy Sebring, to the Chicago Cubs for Jake Weimer.[3] He led the NL in hits in 1906 with 176 and tied with Jim Nealon for most runs batted in (RBIs) with 83. His .327 batting average finished second, behind Honus Wagner (.339).[4]Steinfeldt set a major league record with three sacrifice flies in a game in 1909. Ernie Banks tied the record in 1961.[5]Steinfeldt is the only member of the Cubs' infield, which also included Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance, who was left out of Franklin Pierce Adams' famous poem \"Baseball's Sad Lexicon\" (the famous trio played together for ten years, starting in 1902, while Steinfeldt played with them for five years).[6]On April 5, 1911, the St. Paul Saints of the American Association purchased Steinfeldt from the Cubs.[7] On May 25, 1911, St. Paul traded Steinfeldt to the Boston Rustlers for Art Butler and Josh Clarke.[8] Steinfeldt fell ill in July 1911, leaving the team.[9] It was later identified as a nervous breakdown.[1] The Rustlers released Steinfeldt after the season.In 1912, Steinfeldt returned to minor league baseball. He managed the Cincinnati Pippins of the United States Baseball League, but the league folded in midseason.[1] He also played for the Louisville Colonels of the American Association, but was released in May.[10] In June, he became the manager of the Meriden Metropolitans of the Cotton States League.[11]In 1647 games over 14 major league seasons, Steinfeldt posted a .267 batting average (1578-for-5900) with 759 runs, 284 doubles, 90 triples, 27 home runs, 762 RBI, 202 stolen bases, 471 bases on balls, .330 on-base percentage and .360 slugging percentage. He finished his career with an overall .927 fielding percentage. In 21 World Series games, he hit .260 (19-for-73) with 7 runs, 3 doubles, 1 triple, 8 RBI, 2 stolen bases and 4 walks.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellevue, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Spring Grove Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Grove_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steinfeldtdead-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Steinfeldt died in Bellevue, Kentucky in 1914 after a long illness, at the age of 38. He is interred at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.[12] The death certificate indicates that he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.[13]","title":"Death"}]	[{"image_text":"Harry Steinfeldt's 1911 baseball card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hsteinfeldt.jpg/170px-Hsteinfeldt.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_runs_batted_in_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_doubles_leaders"}]	[{"reference":"\"Harry Steinfeldt\". Society of American Baseball Research. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/c1dc8fd5","url_text":"\"Harry Steinfeldt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Baseball_Research","url_text":"Society of American Baseball Research"}]},{"reference":"\"1903 National League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1903-batting-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1903 National League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"1906 National League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1906-batting-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1906 National League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"Weir, Tom (September 3, 1999). \"Harry, we hardly knew ye Steinfeldt tops list of game's unsung heroes\". USA Today. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/44421539.html?dids=44421539:44421539&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+03%2C+1999&author=Tom+Weir&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Harry%2C+we+hardly+knew+ye+Steinfeldt+tops+list+of+game%27s+unsung+heroes&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Harry, we hardly knew ye Steinfeldt tops list of game's unsung heroes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steinfeldt To Be A Rustler\". Boston Daily Globe. May 26, 1911. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/709260822.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+26%2C+1911&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+(1872-1922)&desc=STEINFELDT+TO+BE+A+RUSTLER&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Steinfeldt To Be A Rustler\""}]},{"reference":"[ Displaying Abstract] (June 10, 2012). \"Harry Steinfeldt Released\". New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1912/05/17/archives/harry-steinfeldt-released.html","url_text":"\"Harry Steinfeldt Released\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Steinfeldt to Manage Meridian\". The Atlanta Constitution. June 21, 1912. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ajc_historic/access/546345842.html?dids=546345842:546345842&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Jun+21%2C+1912&author=&pub=The+Atlanta+Constitution&desc=HARRY+STEINFELDT+TO+MANAGE+MERIDIAN&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Harry Steinfeldt to Manage Meridian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steinfeldt Is Dead\". The Washington Times. August 18, 1914.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1914-08-18/ed-1/seq-7/","url_text":"\"Steinfeldt Is Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Steinfeldt – Society for American Baseball Research\".","urls":[{"url":"http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/c1dc8fd5","url_text":"\"Harry Steinfeldt – Society for American Baseball Research\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/c1dc8fd5","external_links_name":"\"Harry Steinfeldt\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1903-batting-leaders.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1903 National League Batting Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fwkbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=r0gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3513,5522043&dq=harry-steinfeldt+jimmy-sebring&hl=en","external_links_name":"The Pittsburgh Press"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1906-batting-leaders.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1906 National League Batting Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=okYyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=POkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2545,1241890&dq=harry-steinfeldt+sacrifice+fly&hl=en","external_links_name":"The Miami News"},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/44421539.html?dids=44421539:44421539&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+03%2C+1999&author=Tom+Weir&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Harry%2C+we+hardly+knew+ye+Steinfeldt+tops+list+of+game%27s+unsung+heroes&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Harry, we hardly knew ye Steinfeldt tops list of game's unsung heroes\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rR1QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LAoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4820,3199690&dq=harry-steinfeldt&hl=en","external_links_name":"The Milwaukee Sentinel"},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/709260822.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+26%2C+1911&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+(1872-1922)&desc=STEINFELDT+TO+BE+A+RUSTLER&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Steinfeldt To Be A Rustler\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2bFAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PgoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3754,6902828&dq=harry-steinfeldt&hl=en","external_links_name":"The Milwaukee Sentinel"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1912/05/17/archives/harry-steinfeldt-released.html","external_links_name":"\"Harry Steinfeldt Released\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ajc_historic/access/546345842.html?dids=546345842:546345842&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Jun+21%2C+1912&author=&pub=The+Atlanta+Constitution&desc=HARRY+STEINFELDT+TO+MANAGE+MERIDIAN&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Harry Steinfeldt to Manage Meridian\""},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1914-08-18/ed-1/seq-7/","external_links_name":"\"Steinfeldt Is Dead\""},{"Link":"http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/c1dc8fd5","external_links_name":"\"Harry Steinfeldt – Society for American Baseball Research\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/steinha01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=steinf001har","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/S/Psteih101.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/17994098","external_links_name":"Harry Steinfeldt"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consternation	Consternation	[]	Soft redirect to Wiktionary Wikipedia does not have an article on "consternation", but its sister project Wiktionary does: Read the Wiktionary entry "consternation" You can also: Search for Consternation in Wikipedia to check for alternative titles or spellings. Start the Consternation article, using the Article Wizard if you wish, or add a request for it; but please remember that Wikipedia is not a dictionary.wiktionary:Special:Search/consternation From a cross-project redirect: This is a soft redirect that is used as a connection to other Wikimedia projects. A Wikidata element is linked to this page: consternation (Q16874238). Use this template only on soft redirects – for hard redirects use {{R with Wikidata item}}.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Consternation"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/consternation","external_links_name":"Read the Wiktionary entry \"consternation\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Consternation&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"Search for Consternation in Wikipedia"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/","external_links_name":"Wikidata"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_93	State Highway 93 (New Zealand)	["1 History","2 Route","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Road in New Zealand This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "State Highway 93" New Zealand – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) State Highway 93Route informationMaintained by NZ Transport AgencyLength43.2 km (26.8 mi)Major junctionsEast end SH 1 (Waipahi Highway/Clinton Highway) at ClintonWest end SH 1 (Pioneer Highway/Main Street) at Mataura LocationCountryNew Zealand Highway system New Zealand state highways Motorways and expressways List ← SH 91→ SH 94 State Highway 93 (SH 93) is a New Zealand State Highway connecting the Southland township of Mataura with the Western Otago town of Clinton. This provides a slightly quicker route between the cities of Dunedin and Invercargill, as it bypasses the town of Gore. It is roughly 43.2 km long. History The highway was gazetted in 2001. Route SH 93 departs from SH 1 as Old Coach Roads and ascends out of Clinton before twisting through a small gorge before veering west and driving through undulating farmland before descending into Mataura. The road passes the old paper mill before turning right and crossing the Mataura River to meet SH 1 near the town centre. See also List of New Zealand state highways References ^ "Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 2000" (PDF). Transit New Zealand. Retrieved 3 January 2012. ^ "Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 2001" (PDF). Transit New Zealand. Retrieved 3 January 2012. External links New Zealand Transport Agency vteNew Zealand state highways List of New Zealand state highways List of motorways and expressways in New Zealand National SH 1 (incl. SH 1B, SH 1C) SH 2 SH 3 (incl. SH 3A) SH 4 SH 5 SH 6 (incl. SH 6A) SH 7 (incl. SH 7A) SH 8 (incl. SH 8A, SH 8B) North Island SH 10 SH 11 SH 12 SH 14 SH 15 SH 16 SH 18 SH 20 (incl. SH 20A, SH 20B) SH 21 SH 22 SH 23 SH 24 SH 25 (incl. SH 25A) SH 26 SH 27 SH 28 SH 29 (incl. SH 29A) SH 30 (incl. SH 30A) SH 31 SH 32 SH 33 SH 34 SH 35 SH 36 SH 37 SH 38 SH 39 SH 41 SH 43 SH 44 SH 45 SH 46 SH 47 SH 48 SH 49 SH 50 SH 51 SH 53 SH 54 SH 56 SH 57 SH 58 SH 59 South Island SH 60 SH 62 SH 63 SH 65 SH 67 (incl. SH 67A) SH 69 SH 71 SH 73 SH 74 (incl. SH 74A) SH 75 SH 76 SH 77 SH 78 SH 79 SH 80 SH 82 SH 83 SH 84 SH 85 SH 86 SH 87 SH 88 SH 90 SH 93 SH 94 SH 95 SH 96 SH 97 SH 98 SH 99 Former state highways SH 1A SH 1F SH 2A SH 2B SH 15 SH 15A SH 17 SH 36 SH 40 SH 47A SH 49A SH 50A SH 52 SH 57A SH 61 SH 70 SH 72 SH 73A SH 89 SH 91 SH 92 Touring routes Twin Coast Discovery Highway Thermal Explorer Highway Pacific Coast Highway Classic New Zealand Wine Trail Alpine Pacific Triangle Great Alpine Highway Foothills Scenic Route Inland Scenic Route Central Otago Touring Route Southern Scenic Route This New Zealand road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mataura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataura"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand"}],"text":"State Highway 93 (SH 93) is a New Zealand State Highway connecting the Southland township of Mataura with the Western Otago town of Clinton. This provides a slightly quicker route between the cities of Dunedin and Invercargill, as it bypasses the town of Gore. It is roughly 43.2 km long.","title":"State Highway 93 (New Zealand)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The highway was gazetted in 2001.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SH 93 departs from SH 1 as Old Coach Roads and ascends out of Clinton before twisting through a small gorge before veering west and driving through undulating farmland before descending into Mataura. The road passes the old paper mill before turning right and crossing the Mataura River to meet SH 1 near the town centre.","title":"Route"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of New Zealand state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_state_highways"}]	[{"reference":"\"Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 2000\" (PDF). Transit New Zealand. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Locked_Room	The Locked Room	["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","3 Film adaptation","4 References"]	This article is about the Sjöwall and Wahlöö book. For the 1986 book by Paul Auster, see The New York Trilogy. 1972 novel by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö The Locked Room First Swedish editionAuthorMaj Sjöwall and Per WahlööOriginal titleDet slutna rummetTranslatorPaul Britten AustinLanguageSwedishSeriesMartin Beck seriesPublisherNorstedts Förlag (Swedish)Pantheon Books (English)Publication date1972Publication placeSwedenPublished in English1973Pages291ISBN91-1-725301-2OCLC11577021LC ClassPT9876.29.J63 S54Preceded byThe Abominable Man Followed byCop Killer The Locked Room (original Swedish title: Det slutna rummet) is a mystery novel by Swedish writers Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö, published in 1972. It is part of their detective series revolving around Martin Beck and his team. The Locked Room has two plots running simultaneously. Larsson and Kollberg are extremely reluctantly part of a special task force that needs to solve a spree of bank robberies. Martin Beck is given a pity job after recovering from being shot at the conclusion of The Abominable Man; he needs to solve a classic situation of the genre: the locked room mystery. The incompetence of the Swedish police force has spread to the point that all three detectives are severely hindered in their work. One criminal walks free for a heinous crime he did commit, then has to do hard time for a crime he did not. Plot summary The story begins with Beck recovered after his injury sustained at the end of the previous book and now returning to the National Police Bureau; he discovers that the police force still is amateurish and unprofessional for the most part, which he was accustomed to previously. Patrolmen have found a highly decomposed corpse (as it turns out later, a murdered man--found in a locked from inside apartment. An incompetent detective, Bo Zachrisson, had the case shelved as suicide. No one was much disturbed by the fact that the weapon had not been found in the apartment. The novel now has two storylines: the locked room investigation and the bank robbery specialists. The latter take by accident the petty criminal Mauritzon, a mate of Malmström and Mohrén, and accuse him of a bank robbery in which a bank customer was shot. At the same time Martin Beck solves the locked room mystery- the gun was shot from outside by Maurtizon, when the window was open. The window had fallen so that the latch had closed by itself. Since the evidence collected by Martin Beck is insufficient, Mauritzon is acquitted of murder; but for the bank robbery, of which he is innocent, but whose evidence he cannot refute, he is sentenced to manslaughter with lifetime imprisonment. The bank robbers pursued by Attorney Olsson manage to fool the police (the robbery does not occur in Stockholm, but in Malmö instead). During the investigation, Beck, in a depressive phase of his life, meets a woman named Rhea Nielsen and he finds new courage which in the following novels plays an important role. Characters Beck meets Rhea Nielsen, and it is love at first sight, sort of, in slow motion. Contrary to his ex-wife, she is a no-nonsense left-wing type of person and his intellectual equal. Criminal mastermind Werner Roos and bank robbers Malmström and Mohrén are introduced, as is their ineffectual but successful Nemesis, public prosecutor 'Bulldozer' Olsson. Police officer Kenneth Kvastmo is introduced to replace Kurt Kvant as Police officer Karl Kristianssons partner. Film adaptation Main article: Beck - De gesloten kamer The book was adapted by Dutch filmmaker Jacob Bijl as De gesloten kamer in 1993. In this film, the action is set in Antwerp and Beck is played by famous Belgian actor Jan Decleir. Most of the other characters were renamed to match the new setting; for instance, the name of Beck's colleague Kollberg was changed to Colbert. References ^ Betweenthecovers.com Preceded byThe Abominable Man "Martin Beck" timeline, part 8 of 10 Succeeded byCop Killer vteMartin Beck Maj Sjöwall Per Wahlöö Novels Roseanna The Man Who Went Up in Smoke The Man on the Balcony The Laughing Policeman The Fire Engine That Disappeared Murder at the Savoy The Abominable Man The Locked Room Cop Killer The Terrorists Films basedon the novelsIndependent Roseanna (1967) The Laughing Policeman The Man on the Roof Unfinished Supper Der Mann, der sich in Luft auflöste Beck – De gesloten kamer Gösta Ekman Roseanna (1993) Brandbilen som försvann Polis polis potatismos! Mannen på balkongen Polismördaren Stockholm Marathon TV seriesbased only onthe charactersSeason 1 Beck Mannen med ikonerna Vita nätter Öga för öga Pensionat Pärlan Monstret The Money Man Spår i mörker Season 2 Hämndens pris Mannen utan ansikte Kartellen Enslingen Okänd avsändare Annonsmannen Pojken i glaskulan Sista vittnet Season 3 Skarpt läge Flickan i jordkällaren Gamen Advokaten Den japanska shungamålningen Den svaga länken Det tysta skriket I Guds namn Season 4 I stormens öga Levande begravd Season 5 Rum 302 Familjen Invasionen Sjukhusmorden Gunvald Steinar Vid vägs ände Sista dagen Season 6 Ditt eget blod Den tunna isen Utan uppsåt Djävulens advokat Season 7 Undercover Utom rimligt tvivel Döden i Samarra Den förlorade sonen Season 8 Ett nytt liv Rage Room 58 minuter Den gråtande polisen	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"mystery novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_novel"},{"link_name":"Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maj_Sj%C3%B6wall_and_Per_Wahl%C3%B6%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Martin Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Beck"},{"link_name":"The Abominable Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abominable_Man"},{"link_name":"locked room mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked_room_mystery"},{"link_name":"hard time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_time&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"This article is about the Sjöwall and Wahlöö book. For the 1986 book by Paul Auster, see The New York Trilogy.1972 novel by Maj Sjöwall and Per WahlööThe Locked Room (original Swedish title: Det slutna rummet) is a mystery novel by Swedish writers Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö, published in 1972. It is part of their detective series revolving around Martin Beck and his team.The Locked Room has two plots running simultaneously. Larsson and Kollberg are extremely reluctantly part of a special task force that needs to solve a spree of bank robberies. Martin Beck is given a pity job after recovering from being shot at the conclusion of The Abominable Man; he needs to solve a classic situation of the genre: the locked room mystery.The incompetence of the Swedish police force has spread to the point that all three detectives are severely hindered in their work. One criminal walks free for a heinous crime he did commit, then has to do hard time for a crime he did not.","title":"The Locked Room"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The story begins with Beck recovered after his injury sustained at the end of the previous book and now returning to the National Police Bureau; he discovers that the police force still is amateurish and unprofessional for the most part, which he was accustomed to previously. Patrolmen have found a highly decomposed corpse (as it turns out later, a murdered man--found in a locked from inside apartment. An incompetent detective, Bo Zachrisson, had the case shelved as suicide. No one was much disturbed by the fact that the weapon had not been found in the apartment.The novel now has two storylines: the locked room investigation and the bank robbery specialists.The latter take by accident the petty criminal Mauritzon, a mate of Malmström and Mohrén, and accuse him of a bank robbery in which a bank customer was shot. At the same time Martin Beck solves the locked room mystery- the gun was shot from outside by Maurtizon, when the window was open. The window had fallen so that the latch had closed by itself.Since the evidence collected by Martin Beck is insufficient, Mauritzon is acquitted of murder; but for the bank robbery, of which he is innocent, but whose evidence he cannot refute, he is sentenced to manslaughter with lifetime imprisonment.The bank robbers pursued by Attorney Olsson manage to fool the police (the robbery does not occur in Stockholm, but in Malmö instead).During the investigation, Beck, in a depressive phase of his life, meets a woman named Rhea Nielsen and he finds new courage which in the following novels plays an important role.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"love at first sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_at_first_sight"}],"text":"Beck meets Rhea Nielsen, and it is love at first sight, sort of, in slow motion. Contrary to his ex-wife, she is a no-nonsense left-wing type of person and his intellectual equal.Criminal mastermind Werner Roos and bank robbers Malmström and Mohrén are introduced, as is their ineffectual but successful Nemesis, public prosecutor 'Bulldozer' Olsson.Police officer Kenneth Kvastmo is introduced to replace Kurt Kvant as Police officer Karl Kristianssons partner.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacob Bijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bijl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Jan Decleir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Decleir"}],"text":"The book was adapted by Dutch filmmaker Jacob Bijl as De gesloten kamer in 1993. In this film, the action is set in Antwerp and Beck is played by famous Belgian actor Jan Decleir. Most of the other characters were renamed to match the new setting; for instance, the name of Beck's colleague Kollberg was changed to Colbert.","title":"Film adaptation"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11577021","external_links_name":"11577021"},{"Link":"http://www.betweenthecovers.com/btc/item/59426","external_links_name":"Betweenthecovers.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CharProtDB	CharProtDB	["1 References","2 External links"]	Protein database CharProtDBContentDescriptionexperimentally characterized protein annotations.ContactResearch centerJ Craig Venter instituteAuthorsRamana MadupuPrimary citationMadupu & al. (2012)Release date2011AccessWebsitewww.jcvi.org/charprotdb/ CharProtDB is a curated database of biochemically characterized proteins. References ^ a b Madupu, Ramana; Richter Alexander; Dodson Robert J; Brinkac Lauren; Harkins Derek; Durkin Scott; Shrivastava Susmita; Sutton Granger; Haft Daniel (Jan 2012). "CharProtDB: a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations". Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (1). England: D237-41. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1133. PMC 3245046. PMID 22140108. External links Official website This Biological database-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"biochemically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemically"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22140108-1"}],"text":"CharProtDB is a curated database of biochemically characterized proteins.[1]","title":"CharProtDB"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Madupu, Ramana; Richter Alexander; Dodson Robert J; Brinkac Lauren; Harkins Derek; Durkin Scott; Shrivastava Susmita; Sutton Granger; Haft Daniel (Jan 2012). \"CharProtDB: a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations\". Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (1). England: D237-41. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1133. PMC 3245046. PMID 22140108.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245046","url_text":"\"CharProtDB: a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr1133","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gkr1133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245046","url_text":"3245046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22140108","url_text":"22140108"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.jcvi.org/charprotdb/","external_links_name":"www.jcvi.org/charprotdb/"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245046","external_links_name":"\"CharProtDB: a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr1133","external_links_name":"10.1093/nar/gkr1133"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245046","external_links_name":"3245046"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22140108","external_links_name":"22140108"},{"Link":"http://www.jcvi.org/charprotdb/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CharProtDB&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Hellicar	Evelyn Hellicar	["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Works","4 Other works","5 References"]	English architect Evelyn Hellicar (1862–1929) was an English architect. Biography He was educated at Cranbrook School, Kent. He was articled to Thomas Graham Jackson in 1883; that same year Jackson had added a new chancel to Bromley Parish Church. Hellicar studied at University College London. He received the Donaldson Silver Medal in 1886-87 and the Roger Smith Prize for Construction. He married Sophie Hildegarde Tate (1866–1957) at Trent, Dorset on 30 August 1894. Hellicar died at Corner Cottage, Hambledon, Surrey on 22 July 1929. Career Hellicar was a member of Royal Institute of British Architects from 1888 to 1928. Around 1889 he entered into a short lived partnership with Sydney Vacher at 35 Wellington Street, Strand, London. Together they exhibited a design for a post office in Hertford at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1890. Works 1887-88 17 and 19 Sundridge Avenue, Bromley 1889 Valley Primary School, Shortlands 1890 Bromley Parish Church, Church Road, Bromley (repairs) 1890s Cottages and lodges at Nether and Over Compton 1891 Duchess Memorial Cross for Louisa, Duchess of Northumberland, Albury, Surrey (photos at Albury History Society) 1892 Ralston, Bromley, Kent 1893-94 Bingham's Melcombe, Dorset (restorations) 1897 47-49 Rodway Road, Bromley 1904 Dalton Hill, Albury (dining room) (photo at Albury History Society) 1908 Backwell Down, Backwell Hill Road, Backwell, near Bristol 1908 Carnegie Library, High Street, Bromley, Kent 1912 Carnegie Library, High Street, Bromley, Kent (extension) 1913 St Mary's Church, Plaistow, Bromley, Kent (unexecuted scheme for tower) 1919 Cottages and Club House, Raheen, Co Clare, Ireland 1925 Music Room at Ripley, 24 Sundridge Avenue, Cantebury, Kent 1925 St John's Church, Roseacre Road, Welling, Kent Other works Four sketch books of buildings and construction detailing References ^ Obituary, The Builder, August 1929, p337 ^ The Bromley Record; 1 October 1894, pp. 156–7 ^ Kentish Times, Friday 26 July 1929 ^ The Royal Academy of Arts - A complete dictoionary of contrubutors and their work from its foundation, vol. 8 ^ The Builder, 13 August 1887, p234 ^ Minutes of Bromley School Board, The Bromley Record, 1 March 1889, p36 ^ Obituary Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 21 September 1929, p772 ^ Nether & Over Compton, the Squire, the Architect and the Builder, Barbara Elsmore, 2005 (pamphlet) ^ The Building News, 15 Jan. 1892 ^ The Builder, 24 March 1894, p236 ^ Bromley UDC Plans no 1967, approved 23 November 1897 ^ The Builder, 17 September 1904, p294 ^ The Builder 7 November 1908, p467 ^ The Buildings of England, West Kent and the Weald, Newman, J, 1969 ^ The Builder, 9 August 1912, p173 ^ The Architect, 27 November 1914 ^ The Bromley Record, September 1913, p168 ^ The Architects' Journal, 4 June 1919, p403 ^ History of Ripley Arts Centre, pamphlet, Canterbury Central Library ^ The Buildings of England, London 2: South, Cherry and Pevsner, 1983 ^ Alexander Architectural Archive, University of Texas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"}],"text":"Evelyn Hellicar (1862–1929) was an English architect.","title":"Evelyn Hellicar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cranbrook School, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook_School,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Thomas Graham Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Bromley Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter_and_St_Paul,_Bromley"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Trent, Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hambledon, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambledon,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He was educated at Cranbrook School, Kent. He was articled to Thomas Graham Jackson in 1883; that same year Jackson had added a new chancel to Bromley Parish Church. Hellicar studied at University College London. He received the Donaldson Silver Medal in 1886-87 and the Roger Smith Prize for Construction.[1]He married Sophie Hildegarde Tate (1866–1957) at Trent, Dorset on 30 August 1894.[2]Hellicar died at Corner Cottage, Hambledon, Surrey on 22 July 1929.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Institute of British Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects"},{"link_name":"Sydney Vacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Vacher"},{"link_name":"Strand, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hellicar was a member of Royal Institute of British Architects from 1888 to 1928. Around 1889 he entered into a short lived partnership with Sydney Vacher at 35 Wellington Street, Strand, London. Together they exhibited a design for a post office in Hertford at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1890.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Valley Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Primary_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bromley Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter_and_St_Paul,_Bromley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Albury History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//alburyhistory.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Albury History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//alburyhistory.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"1887-88 17 and 19 Sundridge Avenue, Bromley[5]\n1889 Valley Primary School, Shortlands[6]\n1890 Bromley Parish Church, Church Road, Bromley (repairs)[7]\n1890s Cottages and lodges at Nether and Over Compton[8]\n1891 Duchess Memorial Cross for Louisa, Duchess of Northumberland, Albury, Surrey (photos at Albury History Society)\n1892 Ralston, Bromley, Kent[9]\n1893-94 Bingham's Melcombe, Dorset (restorations)[10]\n1897 47-49 Rodway Road, Bromley[11]\n1904 Dalton Hill, Albury (dining room)[12] (photo at Albury History Society)\n1908 Backwell Down, Backwell Hill Road, Backwell, near Bristol[13]\n1908 Carnegie Library, High Street, Bromley, Kent[14]\n1912 Carnegie Library, High Street, Bromley, Kent (extension)[15]\n1913 St Mary's Church, Plaistow, Bromley, Kent (unexecuted scheme for tower)[16][17]\n1919 Cottages and Club House, Raheen, Co Clare, Ireland[18]\n1925 Music Room at Ripley, 24 Sundridge Avenue, Cantebury, Kent[19]\n1925 St John's Church, Roseacre Road, Welling, Kent[20]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Four sketch books of buildings and construction detailing[21]","title":"Other works"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://alburyhistory.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Albury History Society"},{"Link":"http://alburyhistory.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Albury History Society"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_the_Philippines	Resident Commissioner of the Philippines	["1 History","2 Election","3 List of resident commissioners","3.1 Insular government era: 1907–1936","3.2 Commonwealth era: 1936–1946","4 Philippines's at-large congressional district","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Position Resident Commissioner of the Philippine IslandsCarlos P. RomuloLast Resident Commissioner of the PhilippinesUnited States House of RepresentativesSeatPhilippinesFormationNovember 22, 1907First holderBenito LegardaPablo OcampoFinal holderCarlos P. RomuloAbolishedJuly 4, 1946 The resident commissioner of the Philippines (Spanish: Comisionado Residente de las Islas Filipinas) was a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives sent by the Philippines from 1907 until its internationally recognized independence in 1946. It was similar to current non-voting members of Congress such as the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico and delegates from Washington, D.C., Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and other territories of the United States. Like current non-voting members, resident commissioners could speak and otherwise participate in the business of the House, but did not have full voting rights. Two resident commissioners were sent until 1937, when after the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the number was changed to one. History Philippine Commissioner J.M. Elizalde with future Philippine president Sergio Osmena and John W. Hausermann, (a Republican Party leader and goldmine owner in the Philippines), in 1938 or 1939, Library of Congress The Philippines was a United States territory from 13 August 1898 until Philippine independence was internationally recognized on 4 July 1946. The office was first created by the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, section 8 and re-authorized on its subsequent replacements—the Jones Law of 1916 (known as the Philippine Autonomy Act) section 20, and the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 (known as the Philippine Independence Act) section 7(5). Election The procedures for appointment of the resident commissioners were ambiguous and a source of friction. Under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the two resident commissioners were to be elected by the Philippine Legislature, with each chamber (the entirely-appointed, American-majority Philippine Commission and the fully-elected and all-Filipino Philippine Assembly) voting separately. The resident commissioners were to be elected biennially from the time of the first meeting of the Philippine Legislature in 1907. Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo became the first two resident commissioners. Upon the passage of the Jones Law in 1916, the resident commissioners were still selected in the same way, but by this time now had three-year terms. Jaime C. de Veyra and Teodoro R. Yangco were the first resident commissioners under the Jones Law. The Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 reduced the number of resident commissioners to one, and ordered the enactment of a new constitution. Upon the passage of the 1935 Constitution, it tasked the National Assembly (the successor of the Philippine Legislature) to legislate how the resident commissioner shall be selected. The National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 10 late in 1935, which stated how the next resident commissioner shall be selected; it stated that the resident commissioner would now be appointed by the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with the consent of the Commission on Appointments. and that the resident commissioner holds office at the pleasure of the president, therefore there was no fixed term. The two resident commissioners serving under the Jones Law, Pedro Guevara and Francisco Afan Delgado, were replaced when President Manuel L. Quezon appointed Quintin Paredes as their successor in February 1936. The resident commissioner was never elected via direct election. unlike its Puerto Rican counterpart. List of resident commissioners Insular government era: 1907–1936 Main article: Insular Government of the Philippine Islands Seat A Years U.S. Congress Philippine Legislature Seat B Resident commissioner Party Electoral history Resident commissioner Party Electoral history Benito Legarda(Manila) Federalista(Republican) Elected in 1907.Re-elected in 1909.Retired in 1912. November 22, 1907 – March 3, 1909 60th 1st Pablo Ocampo(Manila) Democratic Elected in 1907.Retired in 1909 to run in the Philippine Assembly. March 4, 1909 – November 22, 1909 61st 2nd November 23, 1909 – March 3, 1912 Manuel L. Quezon(Tayabas) Nacionalista Elected in 1909.Re-elected in 1912.Retired in 1916 to run in the Philippine Senate. 62nd March 4, 1912 – March 3, 1913 Vacant 3rd Manuel Earnshaw(Manila) Nonpartisan Elected in 1913.Retired in 1916. March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915 63rd March 4, 1915 – October 15, 1916 64th Jaime C. de Veyra(Manila) Nacionalista Elected in 1917.Re-elected in 1920.Retired in 1923. 4th October 16, 1916 – March 3, 1917 Vacant March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1919 65th Teodoro R. Yangco(Zambales) Nonpartisan Elected in 1917.Retired in 1920. March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1920 66th 5th Isauro Gabaldón(Nueva Ecija) Nacionalista Elected in 1920.Re-elected in 1923.Re-elected in 1926.Resigned in 1928 to run in the Philippine House of Representatives. March 4, 1920 – March 3, 1921 March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1923 67th 6th Pedro Guevara(Santa Cruz) Nacionalista Elected in 1923.Re-elected in 1926.Re-elected in 1929.Re-elected in 1932.Retired in 1936 after change of form of government. March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1925 68th March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1927 69th 7th March 4, 1927 – July 16, 1928 70th July 16, 1928 – March 3, 1929 8th Vacant March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1931 71st Camilo Osías(Balaoan) Nacionalista Elected in 1929.Re-elected in 1932.Retired in 1934 to run in the Philippine Senate. March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933 72nd 9th March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 73rd 10th January 3, 1935 – February 14, 1936 74th Francisco Afan Delgado(Bulacan) Nacionalista Elected in 1934.Retired in 1936 after change of form of government. Commonwealth era: 1936–1946 Main article: Commonwealth of the Philippines Resident commissioner Party Years U.S. Congress Philippine president Appointive history Quintín Paredes(Bangued) Nacionalista February 14, 1936 – September 29, 1938 74th75th Manuel L. Quezon Appointed in 1936.Resigned in 1938 to run in the Philippine National Assembly. Joaquín Miguel Elizalde(Manila) Nonpartisan September 29, 1938 – August 9, 1944 76th77th78th Appointed in 1938.Resigned in 1944. Sergio Osmeña Carlos P. Romulo(Manila) Nacionalista (1944–1946) . August 10, 1944 – July 4, 1946 78th79th Appointed in 1944.Office eliminated when the United States recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines in 1946. Liberal (1946) Philippines's at-large congressional district Philippines's at-large congressional districtObsolete districtLocation of the Philippines (dark green) in the Asia-Pacific regionCreated1907, as a Resident Commissioner was granted by CongressEliminated1946, as a result of independence of the PhilippinesYears active1907–1946 The resident commissioner represented the Philippines in the United States Congress. See also List of Asian Americans in the United States Congress List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress Resident Commissioner Representatives of the United States to the Philippines: Governor-General of the Philippines from 1900 to 1935 High Commissioner to the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines from 1946 to the present List of ambassadors of the Philippines to the United States, representative of the Philippines to the United States References ^ Dorothy B. Fujita-Rony (2003). American Workers, Colonial Power. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23095-7. ^ Kramer, Paul Alexander (2006). The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines. University of North Carolina Press. p. 325. ISBN 9780807856536. External links "PI Resident Commissioner - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 28, 2020. vteLists of United States congressional delegationsStates Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed (Cherokee) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former House members List of former senators	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"non-voting member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"internationally recognized independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act"},{"link_name":"resident commissioner of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"territories of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The resident commissioner of the Philippines (Spanish: Comisionado Residente de las Islas Filipinas) was a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives sent by the Philippines from 1907 until its internationally recognized independence in 1946. It was similar to current non-voting members of Congress such as the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico and delegates from Washington, D.C., Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and other territories of the United States.Like current non-voting members, resident commissioners could speak and otherwise participate in the business of the House, but did not have full voting rights. Two resident commissioners were sent until 1937, when after the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the number was changed to one.[1]","title":"Resident Commissioner of the Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J.M._Elizalde,_Sergio_Osmena,_John_W._Hausermann.jpg"},{"link_name":"J.M. Elizalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.M._Elizalde"},{"link_name":"Sergio Osmena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osmena"},{"link_name":"John W. Hausermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Hausermann"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States territory from 13 August 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"Philippine independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Organic Act of 1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)"},{"link_name":"Jones Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Act_(Philippine_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Tydings–McDuffie Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act"}],"text":"Philippine Commissioner J.M. Elizalde with future Philippine president Sergio Osmena and John W. Hausermann, (a Republican Party leader and goldmine owner in the Philippines), in 1938 or 1939, Library of CongressThe Philippines was a United States territory from 13 August 1898 until Philippine independence was internationally recognized on 4 July 1946.The office was first created by the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, section 8 and re-authorized on its subsequent replacements—the Jones Law of 1916 (known as the Philippine Autonomy Act) section 20, and the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 (known as the Philippine Independence Act) section 7(5).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Philippine Organic Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Philippine Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commission"},{"link_name":"Philippine Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Philippine Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Benito Legarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Legarda"},{"link_name":"Pablo Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Ocampo"},{"link_name":"Jones Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Jaime C. de Veyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_C._de_Veyra"},{"link_name":"Teodoro R. Yangco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_R._Yangco"},{"link_name":"Tydings–McDuffie Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Commission on Appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments"},{"link_name":"pleasure of the president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Her_Majesty%27s_pleasure"},{"link_name":"Pedro Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Guevara"},{"link_name":"Francisco Afan Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Afan_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Manuel L. Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon"},{"link_name":"Quintin Paredes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintin_Paredes"},{"link_name":"direct election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican counterpart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"The procedures for appointment of the resident commissioners were ambiguous and a source of friction.[2] Under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the two resident commissioners were to be elected by the Philippine Legislature, with each chamber (the entirely-appointed, American-majority Philippine Commission and the fully-elected and all-Filipino Philippine Assembly) voting separately. The resident commissioners were to be elected biennially from the time of the first meeting of the Philippine Legislature in 1907. Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo became the first two resident commissioners.Upon the passage of the Jones Law in 1916, the resident commissioners were still selected in the same way, but by this time now had three-year terms. Jaime C. de Veyra and Teodoro R. Yangco were the first resident commissioners under the Jones Law.The Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 reduced the number of resident commissioners to one, and ordered the enactment of a new constitution. Upon the passage of the 1935 Constitution, it tasked the National Assembly (the successor of the Philippine Legislature) to legislate how the resident commissioner shall be selected. The National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 10 late in 1935, which stated how the next resident commissioner shall be selected; it stated that the resident commissioner would now be appointed by the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with the consent of the Commission on Appointments. and that the resident commissioner holds office at the pleasure of the president, therefore there was no fixed term.The two resident commissioners serving under the Jones Law, Pedro Guevara and Francisco Afan Delgado, were replaced when President Manuel L. Quezon appointed Quintin Paredes as their successor in February 1936.The resident commissioner was never elected via direct election. unlike its Puerto Rican counterpart.","title":"Election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of resident commissioners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Insular government era: 1907–1936","title":"List of resident commissioners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commonwealth era: 1936–1946","title":"List of resident commissioners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"}],"text":"The resident commissioner represented the Philippines in the United States Congress.","title":"Philippines's at-large congressional district"}]	[{"image_text":"Philippine Commissioner J.M. Elizalde with future Philippine president Sergio Osmena and John W. Hausermann, (a Republican Party leader and goldmine owner in the Philippines), in 1938 or 1939, Library of Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/J.M._Elizalde%2C_Sergio_Osmena%2C_John_W._Hausermann.jpg/220px-J.M._Elizalde%2C_Sergio_Osmena%2C_John_W._Hausermann.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Asian Americans in the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"Resident Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Commissioner"},{"title":"Governor-General of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"High Commissioner to the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines"},{"title":"List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Philippines"},{"title":"List of ambassadors of the Philippines to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_Philippines_to_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Dorothy B. Fujita-Rony (2003). American Workers, Colonial Power. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23095-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23095-7","url_text":"0-520-23095-7"}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Paul Alexander (2006). The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines. University of North Carolina Press. p. 325. ISBN 9780807856536.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&pg=PA325","url_text":"The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press","url_text":"University of North Carolina Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807856536","url_text":"9780807856536"}]},{"reference":"\"PI Resident Commissioner - History\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=62915","url_text":"\"PI Resident Commissioner - History\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&pg=PA325","external_links_name":"The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines"},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=62915","external_links_name":"\"PI Resident Commissioner - History\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Brittany	Charles, Duke of Brittany	["1 Biography","1.1 Marriage","1.2 Breton War of Succession","2 Family","3 Veneration","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]	14th-century French nobleman and Catholic saint Blessed Charles of Blois-ChâtillonDuke of BrittanyReign30 April 1341 – 29 September 1364PredecessorJohn IIISuccessorJohn IVBornc. 1319Blois (France)Died29 September 1364 (aged 44–45)AuraySpouseJoan, Duchess of BrittanyIssueJohn I, Count of PenthièvreMarie, Duchess of AnjouMargaret, Countess of AngoulêmeHouseHouse of Blois-ChâtillonFatherGuy I, Count of BloisMotherMargaret of Valois Charles de ChâtillonStatue of Blessed Knight Charles Châtillon de Blois in the Church of Notre-Dame de Bulat-Pestivien (Bretagne)Duke of Brittany, Patron of EuropeBornc. 1319Blois, FranceDied29 September 1364 (aged 44 – 45)Battle of Auray, Auray, FranceVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified14 December 1904 (confirmation of cultus) by Pope Pius XFeast29 September (General Roman Calendar)Attributessword, tabard with Brittany's coat of arms, armor, shieldPatronageArmy soldiers, agricultural workers Charles of Blois-Châtillon (1319 – 29 September 1364), nicknamed "the Saint", was the legalist Duke of Brittany from 1341 until his death, via his marriage to Joan, Duchess of Brittany and Countess of Penthièvre, holding the title against the claims of John of Montfort. The cause of his possible canonization was the subject of a good deal of political maneuvering on the part of his cousin, Charles V of France, who endorsed it, and his rival, Montfort, who opposed it. The cause fell dormant after Pope Gregory XI left Avignon in 1376, but was revived in 1894. Charles of Blois was beatified in 1904. Biography Charles was born in Blois, the son of Guy de Châtillon, count of Blois, by Margaret of Valois, a sister of King Philip VI of France. A devout ascetic from an early age, he showed interest in religious books but was forbidden from reading them by his father, as they did not seem appropriate to his position as a knight. As he grew older, Charles took piety to the extreme of mortifying his own flesh. It is said that he placed pebbles in his shoes, slept on straw instead of a bed, confessed every night in fear of sleeping in a state of sin, and wore a cilice under his armor in battle. He was nevertheless an accomplished military leader, who inspired loyalty by his religious fervour. Marriage On 4 June 1337 in Paris, he married Joan the Lame, heiress and niece of John III, Duke of Brittany. Breton War of Succession Together, Charles and his wife, Joan of Penthièvre, fought the House of Montfort in the Breton War of Succession (1341–1364), with the support of the crown of France. Despite his piety, Charles did not hesitate in ordering the massacre of 1,400 civilians after the siege of Quimper as well as the massacre of thousands after the siege of Guerande. After initial successes, Charles was taken prisoner by the English in 1347. His official captor was Thomas Dagworth. He stayed nine years as prisoner in the Kingdom of England. During that time, he used to visit English graveyards, where he prayed and recited Psalm 130, much to the chagrin of his own squire. When Charles asked the squire to take part in the prayer, the younger man refused, saying that the men who were buried at the English graveyards had killed his parents and friends and burned their houses. Charles was released against a ransom of about half a million écus in 1356. Upon returning to France, he decided to travel barefoot in winter from La Roche-Derrien to Tréguier Cathedral out of devotion to Saint Ivo of Kermartin. When the common people heard of his plan, they placed straw and blankets on the street, but Charles promptly took another way. His feet became so sore that he could not walk for 15 weeks. He then resumed the war against the Montforts. Charles was eventually killed in combat during the Battle of Auray in 1364, which with the second treaty of Guerande in 1381 determined the end of the Breton War of Succession as a victory for the Montforts. Family By his marriage to Joan the Lame, Countess of Penthièvre, he had five children: John I, Count of Penthièvre (1340–1404) and Viscount of Limoges. Guy Henry (d. 1400) Marie of Blois, Duchess of Anjou (1345–1404), Lady of Guise, married in 1360 to Louis I, Duke of Anjou Margaret of Blois, Countess of Angoulême, married in 1351 to Charles de la Cerda (d. 1354), the Count of Angoulême and Constable of France. According to Froissart's Chronicles, Charles also had an illegitimate child, John of Blois, who died in the Battle of Auray. However, considering Charles' extreme piety, historian Johan Huizinga regarded it unlikely that Charles actually had a child born outside marriage and that Jean Froissart was probably mistaken in identifying John as Charles' son. Veneration Charles was buried at Guingamp, where the Franciscans actively promoted his unapproved cult as saint and martyr. Such variety of ex votos bedecked his tomb, that in 1368 Duke John IV of Brittany persuaded Pope Urban V to issue a bull directing the Breton bishops to stop this. But the bishops failed to enforce it. Nonetheless, his family successfully lobbied for his canonization as a Saint of the Roman Catholic church for his devotion to religion. Bending to pressure from Charles V of France, Pope Urban authorized a commission to study the matter. Urban died December 1370 to be succeeded by Pope Gregory XI. The commission held its first meeting in Angers in September 1371, and forwarded its report to Avignon the following January. Gregory appointed three cardinals to review the matter. The Pope returned to Italy in September 1376, arriving in Rome in November 1377; he died the following March. Gregory was succeeded in Avignon by Clement VII, but the documents were probably in Rome with Pope Urban VI. There appears to be no record of further activity regarding Charles' cause for canonization at this time. In 1454, Charles' grandson urged his relatives to continue to advocate for his recognition. The process was re-opened in 1894, and on 14 December 1904, Charles de Châtillon was beatified as Blessed Charles of Blois. His feast Day is 30 September. Image of S.Charles de Châtillon in the book Vie des Saints", Yann-Vari Perrot, publishing in 1912 (page 692) The Saint Charles de Châtillon de Blois, battles gallery, Versailles castle, France The Saint Charles de Châtillon in the glass window of the Church Saint-Pierre in Plounéour-Trez, France The Saint Charles de Châtillon in the glass window of the Church Saint-Malo in Dinan, France Statue of Blessed Knight Charles Châtillon de Blois in the Church of Notre-Dame de Bulat-Pestivien (Bretagne) The Knight Charles de Blois-Châtillon, with his army, in the attack of Siege of Hennebont in 1342, an epic battle during the war of succession of Brittany "The Knight Charles de Châtillon is taken prisoner". Jean Froissart, Chroniques (Vol. I), Koninklijke Bibliotheek in 1816 Battle of Auray, 1364 "War of Breton Succession" (1341–1364), Jean Froissart, Paris, 9th century Battle of Auray in the glass window of the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle, Rennes Battle of Auray 1364, "Chroniques" Battle of Auray, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris First Siege of Vannes in 1342 by Charles de Blois-Châtillon Charles de Blois-Châtillon, was taken prisoner after the battle of Roche Derrien in 1347 See also John of Montfort Counts of Blois Luis de la Cerda, also known as Louis of Spain, a commander of Charles during the Breton War of Succession Dukes of Brittany family tree House of Châtillon Olivier IV de Clisson References ^ a b c d e f g Huizinga (2016), p. 289. ^ a b c Huizinga (2016), p. 290. ^ Prestwich 1993, p. 174. ^ Sumption 1999, p. 434. ^ Jones 1988, p. 265. ^ a b c Autrand 2000, p. 441. ^ Hereford Brooke George, Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History, (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1875), table XXVI ^ Bruel 1905, p. 198. ^ Jones 2000, p. 221. ^ Jones 2000, p. 228. Sources Autrand, Francoise (2000). "France under Charles V and Charles VI". In Jones, Michael (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. Bruel, François-L. (1905). "Inventaire de meubles et de titres trouvés au château de Josselin à la mort du connétable de Clisson (1407)". Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes (in French). Librairie Droz. 66 (66): 193–245. doi:10.3406/bec.1905.448236. Huizinga, Johan (2016) . Herbst des Mittelalters (in German). Translated by Kurt Köster (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-020366-8. Jones, Michael (1988). Creation of Brittany: A Late Medieval State. The Hambledon Press. Jones, Michael (2000). "Politics, Sanctity, and the Breton State: the Case of Blessed Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (d. 1364)". In Maddicott, John Robert; Palliser, David Michael (eds.). The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. A&C Black. ISBN 9781852851958. Prestwich, Michael (1993). The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272-1377. Routledge. Sumption, Jonathan (1999). The Hundred Years War, Volume 1: Trial by Battle. Faber & Faber. External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Charles (Duke of Brittany)". "Charles de Blois" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879. Treccani.it, l'Enciclopedia italiana House of de Châtillon (-sur-Marne), Champagne (Soissonnais),Bourgogne, Ponthieu & Ternois, Genealogy and Heraldry House of de Nanteuil Le-Haudouin, Genealogy and Heraldry Charles, Duke of Brittany Born: 1319 Died: 1364 Regnal titles Preceded byJohn III Duke of Brittany jure uxoris 1341–1364 With: Joan disputed by John of Montfort and John IV Succeeded byJohn IV Preceded byJoanas sole countess Count of Penthièvre jure uxoris 1337–1364 With: Joan Succeeded byJoanas sole countess vteMonarchs of BrittanyEarly monarchsc. 578–907 Waroch Saint Judicael Alain II Hir Morman Wihomarc Nominoe Erispoe Salomon Pascweten Gurvand Judicael Alan I Gourmaëlon Viking occupationc. 907–938 Hroflr Rognvaldr Incon House of Nantes938–958 Alan II (938–952) Drogo (952–958) Hoël I (960–981) Guerech (981–988) Alan (III) (988–990) House of Rennes958–1072 Conan I (990–992) Geoffrey I (992–1008) Alan III (1008–1040) Odo I (1008–1034) Conan II (1040–1066) Hawise (1066–1072) with Hoël II (1066–1072) House of Cornouaille1072–1156 Alan IV (1072–1112) Conan III (1112–1148) Bertha (1148–1156) with Odo II (1148–1156) House of Penthièvre1156–1196 Conan IV (1156–1166) Constance (1166–1201) with Geoffrey II (1181–1186) later Guy of Thouars (1199–1201) House of Plantagenet1196–1203 Arthur I (1196–1203) House of Thouars1203–1221 Alix (1203–1221) with Peter I (1213–1221) House of Dreux1221–1341 John I (1221–1286) John II (1286–1305) Arthur II (1305–1312) John III (1312–1341) War of the Breton Succession1341–1365 Joan (1341–1364) with Charles (1341–1364)disputed by John of Montfort (1341–1345) and John IV (1345–1365) Montfort of Brittany1365–1514 John IV (1365–1399) John V (1399–1442) Francis I (1442–1450) Peter II (1450–1457) Arthur III (1457–1458) Francis II (1458–1488) Anne (1488–1514) House of Valois1514–1547 Claude (1514–1524) Francis III (1524–1536) Henry (1536–1547) Courtesy title1547–present Louis de France (1704–1705) Louis de France (1707–1712) François de Bourbon (1973–1984) vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God → Venerable → Blessed → SaintVirgin Mary Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband) Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael in the Catholic Church Raphael Confessors Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Disciples Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Irenaeus Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John ChurchFathers Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus Martyrs Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Missionaries Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius Patriarchs Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs Popes Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus Prophets Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah Virgins Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini See also Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan Catholic Church portal Saints portal Portals: Biography Catholicism France Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Joan, Duchess of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan,_Duchess_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"John of Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Montfort"},{"link_name":"Charles V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatified"}],"text":"14th-century French nobleman and Catholic saintCharles of Blois-Châtillon (1319 – 29 September 1364), nicknamed \"the Saint\", was the legalist Duke of Brittany from 1341 until his death, via his marriage to Joan, Duchess of Brittany and Countess of Penthièvre, holding the title against the claims of John of Montfort. The cause of his possible canonization was the subject of a good deal of political maneuvering on the part of his cousin, Charles V of France, who endorsed it, and his rival, Montfort, who opposed it. The cause fell dormant after Pope Gregory XI left Avignon in 1376, but was revived in 1894. Charles of Blois was beatified in 1904.","title":"Charles, Duke of Brittany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"},{"link_name":"Guy de Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_I_of_Blois-Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"count of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois,_Countess_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Philip VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016289-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016290-2"},{"link_name":"cilice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016289-1"}],"text":"Charles was born in Blois, the son of Guy de Châtillon, count of Blois, by Margaret of Valois, a sister of King Philip VI of France. A devout ascetic from an early age, he showed interest in religious books but was forbidden from reading them by his father, as they did not seem appropriate to his position as a knight.[1] As he grew older, Charles took piety to the extreme of mortifying his own flesh.[2] It is said that he placed pebbles in his shoes, slept on straw instead of a bed, confessed every night in fear of sleeping in a state of sin, and wore a cilice under his armor in battle. He was nevertheless an accomplished military leader, who inspired loyalty by his religious fervour.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan the Lame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"John III, Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1993174-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016289-1"}],"sub_title":"Marriage","text":"On 4 June 1337 in Paris, he married Joan the Lame, heiress and niece of John III, Duke of Brittany.[3][1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breton War of Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016289-1"},{"link_name":"Quimper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimper,_Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Guerande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerande"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999434-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016289-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dagworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dagworth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988265-5"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Psalm 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_130"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016289-1"},{"link_name":"écus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand2000441-6"},{"link_name":"La Roche-Derrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roche-Derrien"},{"link_name":"Tréguier Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ivo of Kermartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_of_Kermartin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016289-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand2000441-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Auray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auray"},{"link_name":"Breton War of Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand2000441-6"}],"sub_title":"Breton War of Succession","text":"Together, Charles and his wife, Joan of Penthièvre, fought the House of Montfort in the Breton War of Succession (1341–1364), with the support of the crown of France.[1] Despite his piety, Charles did not hesitate in ordering the massacre of 1,400 civilians after the siege of Quimper as well as the massacre of thousands after the siege of Guerande.[4] After initial successes, Charles was taken prisoner by the English in 1347.[1] His official captor was Thomas Dagworth.[5]He stayed nine years as prisoner in the Kingdom of England. During that time, he used to visit English graveyards, where he prayed and recited Psalm 130, much to the chagrin of his own squire. When Charles asked the squire to take part in the prayer, the younger man refused, saying that the men who were buried at the English graveyards had killed his parents and friends and burned their houses.[1]Charles was released against a ransom of about half a million écus in 1356.[6] Upon returning to France, he decided to travel barefoot in winter from La Roche-Derrien to Tréguier Cathedral out of devotion to Saint Ivo of Kermartin. When the common people heard of his plan, they placed straw and blankets on the street, but Charles promptly took another way. His feet became so sore that he could not walk for 15 weeks.[1] He then resumed the war against the Montforts.[6]Charles was eventually killed in combat during the Battle of Auray in 1364, which with the second treaty of Guerande in 1381 determined the end of the Breton War of Succession as a victory for the Montforts.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John I, Count of Penthièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Viscount of Limoges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_of_Limoges"},{"link_name":"Marie of Blois, Duchess of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Blois,_Duchess_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guise"},{"link_name":"Louis I, Duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruel1905198-8"},{"link_name":"Charles de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Count of Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Froissart's Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Johan Huizinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Huizinga"},{"link_name":"Jean Froissart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016290-2"}],"text":"By his marriage to Joan the Lame, Countess of Penthièvre, he had five children:John I, Count of Penthièvre (1340–1404)[7] and Viscount of Limoges.\nGuy\nHenry (d. 1400)\nMarie of Blois, Duchess of Anjou (1345–1404), Lady of Guise, married in 1360 to Louis I, Duke of Anjou[8]\nMargaret of Blois, Countess of Angoulême, married in 1351 to Charles de la Cerda (d. 1354), the Count of Angoulême and Constable of France.According to Froissart's Chronicles, Charles also had an illegitimate child, John of Blois, who died in the Battle of Auray. However, considering Charles' extreme piety, historian Johan Huizinga regarded it unlikely that Charles actually had a child born outside marriage and that Jean Froissart was probably mistaken in identifying John as Charles' son.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guingamp"},{"link_name":"Duke John IV of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000221-9"},{"link_name":"Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuizinga2016290-2"},{"link_name":"Charles V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI"},{"link_name":"Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000228-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perrot_-_Bue_ar_Zent_pajenn692.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_comte_de_Blois.jpg"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ploun%C3%A9our-Trez_(29)_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Vitrail_14.JPG"},{"link_name":"Plounéour-Trez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploun%C3%A9our-Trez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Saint-Malo_de_Dinan_2446.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulat-Pestivien_(22)_%C3%89glise_Notre-Dame_Statue_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Hennebont.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siege of Hennebont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hennebont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_de_Blois_is_taken_prisoner.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Auray.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guerre_de_Succession_de_Bretagne_1341-1364.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rennes_(35)_Basilique_Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle_Vitrail_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Auray_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:133_Bataille_d%27Auray.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premier_si%C3%A9ge_de_Vannes_(1342).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg"}],"text":"Charles was buried at Guingamp, where the Franciscans actively promoted his unapproved cult as saint and martyr. Such variety of ex votos bedecked his tomb, that in 1368 Duke John IV of Brittany persuaded Pope Urban V to issue a bull directing the Breton bishops to stop this.[9] But the bishops failed to enforce it.Nonetheless, his family successfully lobbied for his canonization as a Saint of the Roman Catholic church for his devotion to religion.[2] Bending to pressure from Charles V of France, Pope Urban authorized a commission to study the matter. Urban died December 1370 to be succeeded by Pope Gregory XI. The commission held its first meeting in Angers in September 1371, and forwarded its report to Avignon the following January. Gregory appointed three cardinals to review the matter. The Pope returned to Italy in September 1376, arriving in Rome in November 1377; he died the following March. Gregory was succeeded in Avignon by Clement VII, but the documents were probably in Rome with Pope Urban VI.[10] There appears to be no record of further activity regarding Charles' cause for canonization at this time. In 1454, Charles' grandson urged his relatives to continue to advocate for his recognition.The process was re-opened in 1894, and on 14 December 1904, Charles de Châtillon was beatified as Blessed Charles of Blois. His feast Day is 30 September.Image of S.Charles de Châtillon in the book Vie des Saints\", Yann-Vari Perrot, publishing in 1912 (page 692)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Saint Charles de Châtillon de Blois, battles gallery, Versailles castle, France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Saint Charles de Châtillon in the glass window of the Church Saint-Pierre in Plounéour-Trez, France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Saint Charles de Châtillon in the glass window of the Church Saint-Malo in Dinan, France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Blessed Knight Charles Châtillon de Blois in the Church of Notre-Dame de Bulat-Pestivien (Bretagne)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Knight Charles de Blois-Châtillon, with his army, in the attack of Siege of Hennebont in 1342, an epic battle during the war of succession of Brittany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"The Knight Charles de Châtillon is taken prisoner\". Jean Froissart, Chroniques (Vol. I), Koninklijke Bibliotheek in 1816\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattle of Auray, 1364\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"War of Breton Succession\" (1341–1364), Jean Froissart, Paris, 9th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattle of Auray in the glass window of the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle, Rennes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattle of Auray 1364, \"Chroniques\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattle of Auray, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst Siege of Vannes in 1342 by Charles de Blois-Châtillon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles de Blois-Châtillon, was taken prisoner after the battle of Roche Derrien in 1347","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/bec.1905.448236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fbec.1905.448236"},{"link_name":"Huizinga, Johan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Huizinga"},{"link_name":"The Autumn of the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Reclam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclam"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-15-020366-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-15-020366-8"},{"link_name":"\"Politics, Sanctity, and the Breton State: the Case of Blessed Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (d. 1364)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XMg5_qrDJvMC&q=Blessed+Charles%2C+Duke+of+Brittany&pg=PA215"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781852851958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852851958"}],"text":"Autrand, Francoise (2000). \"France under Charles V and Charles VI\". In Jones, Michael (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press.\nBruel, François-L. (1905). \"Inventaire de meubles et de titres trouvés au château de Josselin à la mort du connétable de Clisson (1407)\". Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes (in French). Librairie Droz. 66 (66): 193–245. doi:10.3406/bec.1905.448236.\nHuizinga, Johan (2016) [1st pub. 1919]. Herbst des Mittelalters [The Autumn of the Middle Ages] (in German). Translated by Kurt Köster (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-020366-8.\nJones, Michael (1988). Creation of Brittany: A Late Medieval State. The Hambledon Press.\nJones, Michael (2000). \"Politics, Sanctity, and the Breton State: the Case of Blessed Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (d. 1364)\". In Maddicott, John Robert; Palliser, David Michael (eds.). The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. A&C Black. ISBN 9781852851958.\nPrestwich, Michael (1993). The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272-1377. Routledge.\nSumption, Jonathan (1999). The Hundred Years War, Volume 1: Trial by Battle. Faber & Faber.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"John of Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Montfort"},{"title":"Counts of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Blois"},{"title":"Luis de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_la_Cerda"},{"title":"Dukes of Brittany family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Brittany_family_tree"},{"title":"House of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"title":"Olivier IV de Clisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_IV_de_Clisson"}]	[{"reference":"Autrand, Francoise (2000). \"France under Charles V and Charles VI\". In Jones, Michael (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bruel, François-L. (1905). \"Inventaire de meubles et de titres trouvés au château de Josselin à la mort du connétable de Clisson (1407)\". Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes (in French). Librairie Droz. 66 (66): 193–245. doi:10.3406/bec.1905.448236.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbec.1905.448236","url_text":"10.3406/bec.1905.448236"}]},{"reference":"Huizinga, Johan (2016) [1st pub. 1919]. Herbst des Mittelalters [The Autumn of the Middle Ages] (in German). Translated by Kurt Köster (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-020366-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Huizinga","url_text":"Huizinga, Johan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages","url_text":"The Autumn of the Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart","url_text":"Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclam","url_text":"Reclam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-15-020366-8","url_text":"978-3-15-020366-8"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Michael (1988). Creation of Brittany: A Late Medieval State. The Hambledon Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Michael (2000). \"Politics, Sanctity, and the Breton State: the Case of Blessed Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (d. 1364)\". In Maddicott, John Robert; Palliser, David Michael (eds.). The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. A&C Black. ISBN 9781852851958.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XMg5_qrDJvMC&q=Blessed+Charles%2C+Duke+of+Brittany&pg=PA215","url_text":"\"Politics, Sanctity, and the Breton State: the Case of Blessed Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (d. 1364)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852851958","url_text":"9781852851958"}]},{"reference":"Prestwich, Michael (1993). The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272-1377. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sumption, Jonathan (1999). The Hundred Years War, Volume 1: Trial by Battle. Faber & Faber.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Charles de Blois\" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Charles_de_Blois","url_text":"\"Charles de Blois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia","url_text":"The American Cyclopædia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbec.1905.448236","external_links_name":"10.3406/bec.1905.448236"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XMg5_qrDJvMC&q=Blessed+Charles%2C+Duke+of+Brittany&pg=PA215","external_links_name":"\"Politics, Sanctity, and the Breton State: the Case of Blessed Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (d. 1364)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Charles_de_Blois","external_links_name":"\"Charles de Blois\""},{"Link":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-di-blois-duca-di-bretagna-beato/","external_links_name":"Treccani.it, l'Enciclopedia italiana"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206072901/http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/PDF/Chatillon.pdf","external_links_name":"House of de Châtillon (-sur-Marne), Champagne (Soissonnais),Bourgogne, Ponthieu & Ternois, Genealogy and Heraldry"},{"Link":"http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/PDF/Nanteuil-Le-Haudouin.pdf","external_links_name":"House of de Nanteuil Le-Haudouin, Genealogy and Heraldry"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/395435/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000071004771","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54258580","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125338794","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125338794","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119270048","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97026991","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p173270174","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810666300405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119270048.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034599320","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Environment_and_Public_Works_Subcommittee_on_Superfund,_Toxics_and_Environmental_Health	United States Senate Environment Subcommittee on Chemical Safety, Waste Management, Environmental Justice and Regulatory Oversight	["1 Jurisdiction","2 History","3 Members, 118th Congress","4 References","5 External links"]	The U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Chemical Safety, Waste Management, Environmental Justice and Regulatory Oversight is one a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Jurisdiction Superfund and Waste Issues Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Land and Emergency Management (OLEM) Superfund Program Brownfields Program Solid Waste Disposal Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, including recycling and electronic recycling, federal facilities and interstate waste Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act Solid waste disposal and recycling Chemical Issues Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Pollution Control and Prevention (OCSPP) Chemical Safety and Hazardous Investigation Board Toxic Substances Control Act Toxics Release Inventory Chemical Policy, including Chemical Security Persistent organic pollutants Risk Assessment Environmental effects of toxic substances, other than pesticides Regulatory Oversight Council on Environmental Quality Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Responsibility for oversight of agencies, departments, and programs within the jurisdiction of the full committee, including oversight of environmental research and development, and for conducting investigations within such jurisdiction (The oversight jurisdiction pertains to good governance matters like mismanagement of federal funds and personnel issues, but not to policy matters like those within the jurisdiction of other subcommittees) Environmental research and development History The subcommittee was formerly known as the Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health, but was renamed during committee organization of the 111th Congress to reflect its jurisdiction over major federal environmental health laws. From the 111th to the 116th Congress it was named Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Management, and Regulatory Oversight. Members, 118th Congress Majority Minority Jeff Merkley, Oregon, Chair Bernie Sanders, Vermont Ed Markey, Massachusetts Sheldon Whitehouse, Rhode Island John Fetterman, Pennsylvania Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma, Ranking Member John Boozman, Arkansas Dan Sullivan, Alaska Roger Wicker, Mississippi Ex officio Tom Carper, Delaware Shelley Moore Capito, West Virginia References ^ Sen. Sanders is an Independent but caucuses with the Democrats. External links Official Subcommittee page vteCurrent United States Senate Environment subcommitteesCurrent Chemical Safety, Waste Management, Environmental Justice and Regulatory Oversight Clean Air, Climate and Nuclear Safety Fisheries, Water and Wildlife Transportation and Infrastructure Defunct Children's Health Green Jobs and the New Economy vteCurrent United States congressional committeesSenate (list)Standing Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs Other Aging (Special) International Narcotics Control (Caucus) Ethics (Select) Indian Affairs Intelligence (Select) House (list)Standing Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Accountability Rules Science, Space, and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Other Intelligence (Select) Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party (Select) Joint (list) (Conference) Economic Library Printing Taxation Commissionsand CaucusesSenate Art Oversight House China Democracy Partnership Human Rights Security and Cooperation in Europe Related Congressional subcommittees Defunct committees Select or special committees	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States Senate Environment Subcommittee on Chemical Safety, Waste Management, Environmental Justice and Regulatory Oversight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Superfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund"},{"link_name":"Brownfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfields"},{"link_name":"Solid Waste Disposal Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act"},{"link_name":"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response,_Compensation,_and_Liability_Act"},{"link_name":"Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right_to_Know_Act"},{"link_name":"Toxic Substances Control Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act"},{"link_name":"Toxics Release Inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory"},{"link_name":"Persistent organic pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant"},{"link_name":"Council on Environmental Quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality"},{"link_name":"Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_K._Udall_and_Stewart_L._Udall_Foundation"},{"link_name":"National Environmental Policy Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act"}],"text":"Superfund and Waste Issues\nEnvironmental Protection Agency’s Office of Land and Emergency Management (OLEM)\nSuperfund Program\nBrownfields Program\nSolid Waste Disposal Act\nResource Conservation and Recovery Act, including recycling and electronic recycling, federal facilities and interstate waste\nComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act\nEmergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act\nSolid waste disposal and recyclingChemical Issues\nEnvironmental Protection Agency’s Office of Pollution Control and Prevention (OCSPP)\nChemical Safety and Hazardous Investigation Board\nToxic Substances Control Act\nToxics Release Inventory\nChemical Policy, including Chemical Security\nPersistent organic pollutants\nRisk Assessment\nEnvironmental effects of toxic substances, other than pesticidesRegulatory Oversight\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nMorris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation\nNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)\nResponsibility for oversight of agencies, departments, and programs within the jurisdiction of the full committee, including oversight of environmental research and development, and for conducting investigations within such jurisdiction (The oversight jurisdiction pertains to good governance matters like mismanagement of federal funds and personnel issues, but not to policy matters like those within the jurisdiction of other subcommittees)\nEnvironmental research and development","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The subcommittee was formerly known as the Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health, but was renamed during committee organization of the 111th Congress to reflect its jurisdiction over major federal environmental health laws. From the 111th to the 116th Congress it was named Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Management, and Regulatory Oversight.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members, 118th Congress"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=chemical-safety-waste-management-environmental-justice-and-regulatory-oversight","external_links_name":"Official Subcommittee page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naivasha,_Kenya	Naivasha	["1 Location","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Population","5 Transport","6 Industry","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 0°43′12.85″S 36°25′42.71″E / 0.7202361°S 36.4285306°E / -0.7202361; 36.4285306 Town in Nakuru County, KenyaNaivashaTownNaivashaLocation in KenyaCoordinates: 0°43′S 36°26′E / 0.717°S 36.433°E / -0.717; 36.433Country KenyaCountyNakuru CountyElevation2,086 m (6,843 ft)Population (2019) • Total198,444Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT) Naivasha is a town in Nakuru County, Kenya, 92.8 km (57.7 mi) north west of Nairobi. From 1969, the population expanded by a factor of 17 times to over 198,000 at the 2019 census. It is situated on the shores of Lake Naivasha, from which it takes its name. The name Naivasha derives from the local Maasai word ɛnaɨpɔ́sha, meaning "that which heaves", a common Maasai word for bodies of water larger enough to have wave action when it is windy or stormy. Naivasha arose as the British attempt to pronounce the Maasai name. Literally, Lake Naivasha means "Lake Lake" and Naivasha Town means "Lake Town". Location Naivasha lies in a rift valley basin 92.8 km (57.7 mi) by road north west of Nairobi. History The Maasai people were the first group to settle on the basin due to their quest for pasture and water for their livestock. This is rumored to have been around the 15th century when they moved down from the present day Sudan. Later in the 16th century, the Bantu people including various tribes started their migration into the basin from the Central African forests. The most populous tribe in Naivasha is the Kikuyu. European settlers are also major settlers in Naivasha. They arrived in the 19th century. The town is home to the Isahakia community, descendants of Isaaq soldiers and traders that settled in Kenya in the 1900s. In the late 1970s–1980s Lake Naivasha was overrun with poachers and foreign creatures were introduced into the lake to provide fishing. The migratory paths along lake Naivasha were being destroyed by the local rose industry. The naturalist Joan Root (1936–2006), spent the last decade of her life trying to save the lake and its wildlife. A resort in Naivasha was the location for much of the negotiations of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ending the Second Sudanese Civil War, commonly known as the "Naivasha Agreement". Demographics The town is home to the Isahakia community, descendants of Isaaq soldiers and traders that settled in Kenya in the 1900s. Population The town has a total population of 198,444 (2019 census). Naivasha-Nakuru road (A104) in the rain Historical populationYearPop.±%19696,920— 197911,491+66.1%199932,222+180.4%200991,898+185.2%2019198,444+115.9%source: Transport Naivasha is located on the shore of Lake Naivasha along the Nairobi–Nakuru highway (A104 road) and the Uganda Railway. In 2015, an extension of the new standard gauge railway to this town was approved. Industry The main industry is agriculture, especially floriculture. Naivasha is also a popular tourist destination. Hell's Gate National Park (the main locations for The Lion King, including Pride Rock and the Gorge, are modelled after the park),Olkaria Geothermal Spa, Mount Longonot National Park and Mount Longonot are nearby attractions. Tours also have included Lake Naivasha, to observe birdlife and hippopotamus behaviour, as well as other wild animals. It is also home to Sunderland AFC Navaisha - the Kenyan offshoot of the renowned English Championship football team, Sunderland AFC. Their nickname is The Mighty Black Panthers and they rely solely on sponsorship. See also Lake Naivasha Country Club – historic site in the area. References ^ a b "2009 Census Vol 1 Table 3 Rural and Urban Population \| Open Data Portal". opendata.go.ke. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "Geographic coordinates of Naivasha, Kenya. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Naivasha". dateandtime.info. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland". www.horndiplomat.com. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2021. ^ K24TV (29 October 2016). "Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans". YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland". www.horndiplomat.com. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2021. ^ K24TV (29 October 2016). "Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans". YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Naivasha population statistics ^ "Kenya Std Gauge To Be Extended \| Railways Africa". railwaysafrica.com. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "The Lion King (1994) - Trivia - IMDb". imdb.com. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "Lake Naivasha Country Club" (wildlife, map, photos), Go2Africa, 2003, go2africa.com webpage: Nav Archived 25 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. External links Naivasha Satellite map and local surroundings 0°43′12.85″S 36°25′42.71″E / 0.7202361°S 36.4285306°E / -0.7202361; 36.4285306 vteGreat Rift Valley, KenyaVolcanoes Barrier Volcano Namarunu Emuruangogolak Silali Paka Korosi Menengai Eburru Olkaria Longonot Mount Suswa Hills and escarpments Elgeyo Escarpment Mau Escarpment Nguruman Escarpment Losiolo Escarpment Aberdare Range Ngong Hills Loriu Plateau Lakes Turkana Logipi Baringo Bogoria Nakuru Elmenteita Naivasha Magadi Natron Rivers Suguta Kerio Molo Ol Arabel Perkerra Waseges Gilgil Malewa Turasha Southern Ewaso Ng'iro Conservation areas Kerio Valley National Reserve Lake Baringo National Park Lake Bogoria National Reserve Lake Nakuru National Park Mount Kipipiri Forest Reserve Kigio Wildlife Conservancy Lake Naivasha National Park Hell's Gate National Park Mount Longonot National Park Mount Suswa Conservancy Shompole Conservancy Urban centres Kapedo Kinyang Marigat Nakuru Gilgil Naivasha Magadi Paleontological and archeological sites Afar Triangle Aiyangiyang Amboseli Karsa Koobi Fora Laetoli Lothagam Olduvai Gorge Rusinga Island vte First- and second-level administrative divisions of Kenya47 counties(since March 2013) Baringo (30) Bomet (36) Bungoma (39) Busia (40) Elgeyo-Marakwet (28) Embu (14) Garissa (07) Homa Bay (43) Isiolo (11) Kajiado (34) Kakamega (37) Kericho (35) Kiambu (22) Kilifi (03) Kirinyaga (20) Kisii (45) Kisumu (42) Kitui (15) Kwale (02) Laikipia (31) Lamu (05) Machakos (16) Makueni (17) Mandera (09) Marsabit (10) Meru (12) Migori (44) Mombasa (01) Murang'a (21) Nairobi (47) Nakuru (32) Nandi (29) Narok (33) Nyamira (46) Nyandarua (18) Nyeri (19) Samburu (25) Siaya (41) Taita-Taveta (06) Tana River (04) Tharaka-Nithi (13) Trans-Nzoia (26) Turkana (23) Uasin Gishu (27) Vihiga (38) Wajir (08) West Pokot (24) Principal citiesand towns Nairobi (capital) Athi River Baragoi Bomet Bungoma Busia Chuka Eldoret Embu Garissa Hola Homa Bay Isiolo Iten Kabarnet Kajiado Kakamega Kapsabet Kangundo - Tala Kapenguria Karuri Kericho Kerugoya Kiambu Kibwezi Kikuyu Kilifi Kisii Kisumu Kitale Kitengela Kitui Kwale Limuru Lodwar Lokichogio Loiyangalani Lamu Machakos Makindu Malindi Mandera Maralal Marsabit Masii Meru Mombasa Moyale Mtito Andei Mumias Murang'a Mutomo Mwingi Naivasha Nakuru Namanga Nanyuki Narok Nyahururu Nyamira Nyeri Ol Kalou Ongata Rongai Ruiru Siaya Thika Vihiga Voi Wajir Webuye Wote Wundanyi Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nakuru County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakuru_County"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Lake Naivasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha"},{"link_name":"Maasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_language"}],"text":"Town in Nakuru County, KenyaNaivasha is a town in Nakuru County, Kenya, 92.8 km (57.7 mi) north west of Nairobi. From 1969, the population expanded by a factor of 17 times to over 198,000 at the 2019 census. It is situated on the shores of Lake Naivasha, from which it takes its name. The name Naivasha derives from the local Maasai word ɛnaɨpɔ́sha, meaning \"that which heaves\", a common Maasai word for bodies of water larger enough to have wave action when it is windy or stormy. Naivasha arose as the British attempt to pronounce the Maasai name. Literally, Lake Naivasha means \"Lake Lake\" and Naivasha Town means \"Lake Town\".","title":"Naivasha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"}],"text":"Naivasha lies in a rift valley basin 92.8 km (57.7 mi) by road north west of Nairobi.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_people"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages"},{"link_name":"Kikuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuyu_people"},{"link_name":"Isaaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Joan Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Root"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Peace Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"}],"text":"The Maasai people were the first group to settle on the basin due to their quest for pasture and water for their livestock. This is rumored to have been around the 15th century when they moved down from the present day Sudan. Later in the 16th century, the Bantu people including various tribes started their migration into the basin from the Central African forests. The most populous tribe in Naivasha is the Kikuyu. European settlers are also major settlers in Naivasha. They arrived in the 19th century.The town is home to the Isahakia community, descendants of Isaaq soldiers and traders that settled in Kenya in the 1900s.[3][4]\nIn the late 1970s–1980s Lake Naivasha was overrun with poachers and foreign creatures were introduced into the lake to provide fishing.[citation needed] The migratory paths along lake Naivasha were being destroyed by the local rose industry.[citation needed] The naturalist Joan Root (1936–2006), spent the last decade of her life trying to save the lake and its wildlife.A resort in Naivasha was the location for much of the negotiations of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ending the Second Sudanese Civil War, commonly known as the \"Naivasha Agreement\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The town is home to the Isahakia community, descendants of Isaaq soldiers and traders that settled in Kenya in the 1900s.[5][6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpenData_Kenya-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naivasha-Nakuru_Road_in_the_rain.jpg"}],"text":"The town has a total population of 198,444 (2019 census).[1]Naivasha-Nakuru road (A104) in the rain","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Naivasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Nakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakuru"},{"link_name":"A104 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A104_road_(Kenya)"},{"link_name":"Uganda Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Railway"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railwaysafrica-8"}],"text":"Naivasha is located on the shore of Lake Naivasha along the Nairobi–Nakuru highway (A104 road) and the Uganda Railway. In 2015, an extension of the new standard gauge railway to this town was approved.[8]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture"},{"link_name":"Hell's Gate National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Gate_National_Park"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-9"},{"link_name":"Mount Longonot National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Longonot_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mount Longonot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Longonot"},{"link_name":"Lake Naivasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha"},{"link_name":"hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The main industry is agriculture, especially floriculture.Naivasha is also a popular tourist destination. Hell's Gate National Park (the main locations for The Lion King, including Pride Rock and the Gorge, are modelled after the park[9]),Olkaria Geothermal Spa, Mount Longonot National Park and Mount Longonot are nearby attractions. Tours also have included Lake Naivasha, to observe birdlife and hippopotamus behaviour,[10]\nas well as other wild animals.It is also home to Sunderland AFC Navaisha - the Kenyan offshoot of the renowned English Championship football team, Sunderland AFC. Their nickname is The Mighty Black Panthers and they rely solely on sponsorship.","title":"Industry"}]	[{"image_text":"Naivasha-Nakuru road (A104) in the rain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Naivasha-Nakuru_Road_in_the_rain.jpg/220px-Naivasha-Nakuru_Road_in_the_rain.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Lake Naivasha Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha_Country_Club"}]	[{"reference":"\"2009 Census Vol 1 Table 3 Rural and Urban Population \| Open Data Portal\". opendata.go.ke. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160729203228/https://www.opendata.go.ke/Population/2009-Census-Vol-1-Table-3-Rural-and-Urban-Populati/e7c7-w67t/1","url_text":"\"2009 Census Vol 1 Table 3 Rural and Urban Population \| Open Data Portal\""},{"url":"https://www.opendata.go.ke/Population/2009-Census-Vol-1-Table-3-Rural-and-Urban-Populati/e7c7-w67t/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic coordinates of Naivasha, Kenya. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Naivasha\". dateandtime.info. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=184707","url_text":"\"Geographic coordinates of Naivasha, Kenya. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Naivasha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland\". www.horndiplomat.com. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.horndiplomat.com/2016/10/13/kenyathe-story-of-a-fourth-generation-isahakia-community-in-naivasha-kenya-from-somaliland/?amp_markup=1","url_text":"\"Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland\""}]},{"reference":"K24TV (29 October 2016). \"Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pJu5e_tdZWM","url_text":"\"Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland\". www.horndiplomat.com. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.horndiplomat.com/2016/10/13/kenyathe-story-of-a-fourth-generation-isahakia-community-in-naivasha-kenya-from-somaliland/?amp_markup=1","url_text":"\"Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland\""}]},{"reference":"K24TV (29 October 2016). \"Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pJu5e_tdZWM","url_text":"\"Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya Std Gauge To Be Extended \| Railways Africa\". railwaysafrica.com. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/news/kenya-std-gauge-to-be-extended","url_text":"\"Kenya Std Gauge To Be Extended \| Railways Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lion King (1994) - Trivia - IMDb\". imdb.com. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110357/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv","url_text":"\"The Lion King (1994) - Trivia - IMDb\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naivasha&params=0_43_12.85_S_36_25_42.71_E_region:KE_type:city","external_links_name":"0°43′12.85″S 36°25′42.71″E / 0.7202361°S 36.4285306°E / -0.7202361; 36.4285306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naivasha&params=0_43_S_36_26_E_region:KE_type:city","external_links_name":"0°43′S 36°26′E / 0.717°S 36.433°E / -0.717; 36.433"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160729203228/https://www.opendata.go.ke/Population/2009-Census-Vol-1-Table-3-Rural-and-Urban-Populati/e7c7-w67t/1","external_links_name":"\"2009 Census Vol 1 Table 3 Rural and Urban Population \| Open Data Portal\""},{"Link":"https://www.opendata.go.ke/Population/2009-Census-Vol-1-Table-3-Rural-and-Urban-Populati/e7c7-w67t/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=184707","external_links_name":"\"Geographic coordinates of Naivasha, Kenya. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Naivasha\""},{"Link":"https://www.horndiplomat.com/2016/10/13/kenyathe-story-of-a-fourth-generation-isahakia-community-in-naivasha-kenya-from-somaliland/?amp_markup=1","external_links_name":"\"Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland\""},{"Link":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pJu5e_tdZWM","external_links_name":"\"Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans\""},{"Link":"https://www.horndiplomat.com/2016/10/13/kenyathe-story-of-a-fourth-generation-isahakia-community-in-naivasha-kenya-from-somaliland/?amp_markup=1","external_links_name":"\"Kenya:The Story of a Fourth Generation Isahakia Community in Naivasha Kenya from Somaliland\""},{"Link":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pJu5e_tdZWM","external_links_name":"\"Government to recognize the Isahakia community as Kenyans\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/Kenya-Cities.html","external_links_name":"Naivasha population statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/news/kenya-std-gauge-to-be-extended","external_links_name":"\"Kenya Std Gauge To Be Extended \| Railways Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110357/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv","external_links_name":"\"The Lion King (1994) - Trivia - IMDb\""},{"Link":"http://www.safari.go2africa.com/accomm-tempg2a/ServiceID~2178/frompage~riftvalley","external_links_name":"Nav"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060925145349/http://safari.go2africa.com/accomm-tempg2a/ServiceID~2178/frompage~riftvalley","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Kenya/Rift+Valley/_184707_Naivasha.html","external_links_name":"Naivasha Satellite map and local surroundings"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naivasha&params=0_43_12.85_S_36_25_42.71_E_region:KE_type:city","external_links_name":"0°43′12.85″S 36°25′42.71″E / 0.7202361°S 36.4285306°E / -0.7202361; 36.4285306"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153728199","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4322528-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567440405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89230911","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/204488931","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_(CDP),_Vermont	Stowe (CDP), Vermont	["1 Geography","2 References"]	Census-designated place in Vermont, United StatesStowe, VermontCensus-designated placeStoweLocation in VermontShow map of VermontStoweLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°27′55″N 72°41′8″W / 44.46528°N 72.68556°W / 44.46528; -72.68556CountryUnited StatesStateVermontCountyLamoilleTownStoweArea • Total0.82 sq mi (2.13 km2) • Land0.81 sq mi (2.11 km2) • Water0.008 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation723 ft (220 m)Population (2010) • Total495 • Density608/sq mi (234.6/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code05672Area code802FIPS code50-70450GNIS feature ID2586656 Stowe is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the central community in the town of Stowe, Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2010 census the population of the CDP was 495, out of 4,314 in the entire town. Geography Stowe village is in the eastern part of the town of Stowe, along the Little River where it is joined by the West Branch. Vermont Route 100 passes through the village, leading north 9 miles (14 km) to Morrisville and south 10 miles (16 km) to Waterbury and Interstate 89. Vermont Route 108 has its southern terminus in Stowe village and leads north through Smugglers Notch 17 miles (27 km) to Jeffersonville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Stowe CDP has a total area of 0.81 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2), or 1.02%, are water. Via the Little River, Stowe is part of the Winooski River watershed draining westward to Lake Champlain. References ^ a b c "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Vermont". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2021. ^ a b "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Stowe CDP, Vermont". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2021. ^ "Stowe Census Designated Place". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. vteMunicipalities and communities of Lamoille County, Vermont, United StatesShire town: Hyde ParkTowns Belvidere Cambridge Eden Elmore Hyde Park Johnson Morristown Stowe Waterville Wolcott Map of Vermont highlighting Lamoille CountyVillages Cambridge Hyde Park Jeffersonville Johnson Morrisville CDPs North Hyde Park Stowe Wolcott Othercommunities Belvidere Center Eden Mills Moscow Vermont portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"town of Stowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Lamoille County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoille_County,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Vermont, United StatesStowe is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the central community in the town of Stowe, Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2010 census the population of the CDP was 495,[2] out of 4,314 in the entire town.","title":"Stowe (CDP), Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vermont Route 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Route_100"},{"link_name":"Morrisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisville,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Interstate 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_89"},{"link_name":"Vermont Route 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Route_108"},{"link_name":"Smugglers Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smugglers_Notch"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-1"},{"link_name":"Winooski River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winooski_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain"}],"text":"Stowe village is in the eastern part of the town of Stowe, along the Little River where it is joined by the West Branch. Vermont Route 100 passes through the village, leading north 9 miles (14 km) to Morrisville and south 10 miles (16 km) to Waterbury and Interstate 89. Vermont Route 108 has its southern terminus in Stowe village and leads north through Smugglers Notch 17 miles (27 km) to Jeffersonville.According to the United States Census Bureau, the Stowe CDP has a total area of 0.81 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2), or 1.02%, are water.[1] Via the Little River, Stowe is part of the Winooski River watershed draining westward to Lake Champlain.","title":"Geography"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Vermont highlighting Lamoille County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_Vermont_highlighting_Lamoille_County.svg/61px-Map_of_Vermont_highlighting_Lamoille_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Vermont\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_50.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Vermont\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Stowe CDP, Vermont\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5070450&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","url_text":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Stowe CDP, Vermont\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stowe Census Designated Place\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2586656","url_text":"\"Stowe Census Designated Place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stowe_(CDP),_Vermont&params=44_27_55_N_72_41_8_W_region:US-VT_type:city(495)","external_links_name":"44°27′55″N 72°41′8″W / 44.46528°N 72.68556°W / 44.46528; -72.68556"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_50.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Vermont\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5070450&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","external_links_name":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Stowe CDP, Vermont\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2586656","external_links_name":"\"Stowe Census Designated Place\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Flores,_Buenos_Aires	Las Flores, Buenos Aires	["1 Climate","2 References"]	Coordinates: 36°0′50″S 59°06′00″W / 36.01389°S 59.10000°W / -36.01389; -59.10000City in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLas FloresCity FlagLas FloresLocation in ArgentinaCoordinates: 36°0′50″S 59°06′00″W / 36.01389°S 59.10000°W / -36.01389; -59.10000Country ArgentinaProvince Buenos AiresPartido Las FloresFoundedMay 25, 1856Elevation36 m (118 ft)Population (2022 census ) • Total26,651CPA BaseB 7200Area code+54 2244 Las Flores is a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and the only city in Las Flores Partido. It had a population of about 26,000 at the 2022 census . It is located 187 km from Buenos Aires City. The main economic activities in the area are agriculture and cattle breeding. It is served by Las Flores Airport, a rural airport 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of the city. Las Flores sign Climate Climate data for Las Flores, Buenos Aires Province (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 41.8(107.2) 37.6(99.7) 38.0(100.4) 33.5(92.3) 31.0(87.8) 26.0(78.8) 29.0(84.2) 32.5(90.5) 33.0(91.4) 35.2(95.4) 36.4(97.5) 39.8(103.6) 41.8(107.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.7(85.5) 28.4(83.1) 26.2(79.2) 22.1(71.8) 18.1(64.6) 14.7(58.5) 13.9(57.0) 16.5(61.7) 18.4(65.1) 21.4(70.5) 25.0(77.0) 28.4(83.1) 21.9(71.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 22.6(72.7) 21.4(70.5) 19.4(66.9) 15.4(59.7) 12.0(53.6) 9.0(48.2) 8.1(46.6) 10.2(50.4) 12.1(53.8) 15.4(59.7) 18.4(65.1) 21.2(70.2) 15.4(59.7) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.2(59.4) 14.7(58.5) 13.0(55.4) 9.7(49.5) 6.8(44.2) 4.1(39.4) 3.2(37.8) 4.8(40.6) 6.4(43.5) 9.4(48.9) 11.9(53.4) 14.1(57.4) 9.4(48.9) Record low °C (°F) 3.2(37.8) 1.2(34.2) 0.5(32.9) −4.7(23.5) −7.6(18.3) −9.0(15.8) −9.3(15.3) −6.5(20.3) −6.0(21.2) −5.5(22.1) −3.9(25.0) 0.0(32.0) −9.3(15.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 98.3(3.87) 104.5(4.11) 118.8(4.68) 105.9(4.17) 61.4(2.42) 52.5(2.07) 49.9(1.96) 57.1(2.25) 65.4(2.57) 102.6(4.04) 92.7(3.65) 71.6(2.82) 980.7(38.61) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.6 7.1 7.8 8.1 6.3 6.6 6.3 5.9 6.6 9.0 8.2 7.7 87.1 Average relative humidity (%) 69.3 73.7 77.4 79.4 82.1 82.2 81.8 79.3 77.5 76.2 72.1 68.5 76.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 279.0 243.0 238.7 192.0 164.3 141.0 145.7 179.8 189.0 220.1 249.0 279.0 2,520.6 Mean daily sunshine hours 9.0 8.6 7.7 6.4 5.3 4.7 4.7 5.8 6.3 7.1 8.3 9.0 6.9 Percent possible sunshine 64.3 65.1 60.4 52.4 52.6 46.4 48.5 56.9 51.2 52.8 58.2 59.5 55.7 Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (percent sun 1991–2000) References Argentina portal ^ "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 20 Apr 2023. ^ "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ "Estadística climatológica de la República Argentina Período 1991-2000" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ "Valores Medios de Temperature y Precipitación-Buenos Aires: Las Flores" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved July 29, 2016. ^ "Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Las Flores Aero". Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 20 Apr 2021. Municipality of Las Flores - Official website. Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish) Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This article about a place in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"Las Flores Partido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Flores_Partido"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"INDEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Census_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Las Flores Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Flores_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las-flores-buenos-aires.JPG"}],"text":"City in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLas Flores is a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and the only city in Las Flores Partido. It had a population of about 26,000 at the 2022 census [INDEC]. It is located 187 km from Buenos Aires City. The main economic activities in the area are agriculture and cattle breeding.It is served by Las Flores Airport, a rural airport 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of the city.Las Flores sign","title":"Las Flores, Buenos Aires"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Servicio Meteorológico Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNestadisticas-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNextremes-5"}],"text":"Climate data for Las Flores, Buenos Aires Province (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n41.8(107.2)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n39.8(103.6)\n\n41.8(107.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n−4.7(23.5)\n\n−7.6(18.3)\n\n−9.0(15.8)\n\n−9.3(15.3)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n−9.3(15.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n98.3(3.87)\n\n104.5(4.11)\n\n118.8(4.68)\n\n105.9(4.17)\n\n61.4(2.42)\n\n52.5(2.07)\n\n49.9(1.96)\n\n57.1(2.25)\n\n65.4(2.57)\n\n102.6(4.04)\n\n92.7(3.65)\n\n71.6(2.82)\n\n980.7(38.61)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n7.6\n\n7.1\n\n7.8\n\n8.1\n\n6.3\n\n6.6\n\n6.3\n\n5.9\n\n6.6\n\n9.0\n\n8.2\n\n7.7\n\n87.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n69.3\n\n73.7\n\n77.4\n\n79.4\n\n82.1\n\n82.2\n\n81.8\n\n79.3\n\n77.5\n\n76.2\n\n72.1\n\n68.5\n\n76.6\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n279.0\n\n243.0\n\n238.7\n\n192.0\n\n164.3\n\n141.0\n\n145.7\n\n179.8\n\n189.0\n\n220.1\n\n249.0\n\n279.0\n\n2,520.6\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n9.0\n\n8.6\n\n7.7\n\n6.4\n\n5.3\n\n4.7\n\n4.7\n\n5.8\n\n6.3\n\n7.1\n\n8.3\n\n9.0\n\n6.9\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n64.3\n\n65.1\n\n60.4\n\n52.4\n\n52.6\n\n46.4\n\n48.5\n\n56.9\n\n51.2\n\n52.8\n\n58.2\n\n59.5\n\n55.7\n\n\nSource: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (percent sun 1991–2000)[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Climate"}]	[{"image_text":"Las Flores sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Las-flores-buenos-aires.JPG/300px-Las-flores-buenos-aires.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 20 Apr 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas_normales_9120.zip","url_text":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020\""},{"url":"http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Estadística climatológica de la República Argentina Período 1991-2000\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230509192820/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/78367/Archivo_de_datos_climatol%C3%B3gicos.zip?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Estadística climatológica de la República Argentina Período 1991-2000\""},{"url":"http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/78367","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valores Medios de Temperature y Precipitación-Buenos Aires: Las Flores\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved July 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smn.gov.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=turismo&id=5&var=buenosaires","url_text":"\"Valores Medios de Temperature y Precipitación-Buenos Aires: Las Flores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Las Flores Aero\". Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 20 Apr 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170904022616/https://www2.smn.gob.ar/caracterizaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADsticas-de-largo-plazo","url_text":"\"Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Las Flores Aero\""},{"url":"https://www.smn.gob.ar/estadisticas","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Las_Flores,_Buenos_Aires&params=36_0_50_S_59_06_00_W_region:AR_type:city(26651)","external_links_name":"36°0′50″S 59°06′00″W / 36.01389°S 59.10000°W / -36.01389; -59.10000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Las_Flores,_Buenos_Aires&params=36_0_50_S_59_06_00_W_region:AR_type:city(26651)","external_links_name":"36°0′50″S 59°06′00″W / 36.01389°S 59.10000°W / -36.01389; -59.10000"},{"Link":"https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas_normales_9120.zip","external_links_name":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020\""},{"Link":"http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230509192820/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/78367/Archivo_de_datos_climatol%C3%B3gicos.zip?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"Estadística climatológica de la República Argentina Período 1991-2000\""},{"Link":"http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/78367","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.smn.gov.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=turismo&id=5&var=buenosaires","external_links_name":"\"Valores Medios de Temperature y Precipitación-Buenos Aires: Las Flores\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170904022616/https://www2.smn.gob.ar/caracterizaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADsticas-de-largo-plazo","external_links_name":"\"Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Las Flores Aero\""},{"Link":"https://www.smn.gob.ar/estadisticas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031020214158/http://www.lasflores.gov.ar/","external_links_name":"Municipality of Las Flores"},{"Link":"http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/municipios/masinfo.php?municipio=BUE069","external_links_name":"Municipal information"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153634597","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552698705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82165652","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Flores,_Buenos_Aires&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wareham,_Massachusetts	West Wareham, Massachusetts	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056 Census-designated place in Massachusetts, United StatesWest Wareham, MassachusettsCensus-designated placeWest Wareham SchoolLocation in Plymouth County in MassachusettsCoordinates: 41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056CountryUnited StatesStateMassachusettsCountyPlymouthArea • Total3.80 sq mi (9.83 km2) • Land3.73 sq mi (9.66 km2) • Water0.07 sq mi (0.17 km2)Elevation59 ft (18 m)Population (2020) • Total2,224 • Density596.09/sq mi (230.15/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code02576Area code508FIPS code25-78410GNIS feature ID0614499 West Wareham is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Wareham in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,064 at the 2010 census. Geography West Wareham is located at 41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056 (41.791007, -70.750548). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.8 km2 (3.8 mi2), of which 9.6 km2 (3.7 mi2) is land and 0.2 km2 (0.1 mi2) (1.85%) is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20202,224—U.S. Decennial Census See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income As of the census of 2000, there were 1,908 people, 830 households, and 523 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 198.0/km2 (512.7/mi2). There were 874 housing units at an average density of 90.7/km2 (234.8/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.06% White, 2.20% African American, 0.79% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 6.92% from other races, and 4.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population. There were 830 households, out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.89. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,167, and the median income for a family was $43,333. Males had a median income of $40,462 versus $28,333 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,974. About 6.4% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): West Wareham CDP, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 27, 2012. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. vteMunicipalities and communities of Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United StatesCounty seats: Brockton and PlymouthCities Bridgewater Brockton Towns Abington Carver Duxbury East Bridgewater Halifax Hanover Hanson Hingham Hull Kingston Lakeville Marion Marshfield Mattapoisett Middleborough Norwell Pembroke Plymouth Plympton Rochester Rockland Scituate Wareham West Bridgewater Whitman CDPs Bridgewater (CDP) Cedar Crest Duxbury (CDP) Green Harbor Hanson (CDP) Hingham (CDP) Kingston (CDP) Marion Center Marshfield (CDP) Marshfield Hills Mattapoisett Center Middleborough Center North Lakeville North Pembroke North Plymouth North Scituate Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock Onset The Pinehills Plymouth (CDP) Scituate (CDP) South Duxbury Southfield (CDP) Wareham Center West Wareham Weweantic White Island Shores Othervillages Cedarville Chiltonville Ellisville Manomet Micajah Heights Plymouth Beach Priscilla Beach South Carver South Plymouth South Pond Vallerville Wellingsley West Plymouth West Wind Shores White Horse Beach Massachusetts portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Wareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Plymouth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Massachusetts, United StatesWest Wareham is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Wareham in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,064 at the 2010 census.[2]","title":"West Wareham, Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Wareham,_Massachusetts&params=41_47_28_N_70_45_2_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"West Wareham is located at 41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056 (41.791007, -70.750548).[3]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.8 km2 (3.8 mi2), of which 9.6 km2 (3.7 mi2) is land and 0.2 km2 (0.1 mi2) (1.85%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita incomeAs of the census[5] of 2000, there were 1,908 people, 830 households, and 523 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 198.0/km2 (512.7/mi2). There were 874 housing units at an average density of 90.7/km2 (234.8/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.06% White, 2.20% African American, 0.79% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 6.92% from other races, and 4.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.There were 830 households, out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.89.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.3 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,167, and the median income for a family was $43,333. Males had a median income of $40,462 versus $28,333 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,974. About 6.4% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Plymouth_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Plymouth_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): West Wareham CDP, Massachusetts\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): West Wareham CDP, Massachusetts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Wareham,_Massachusetts&params=41_47_28_N_70_45_2_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Wareham,_Massachusetts&params=41_47_28_N_70_45_2_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Wareham,_Massachusetts&params=41_47_28_N_70_45_2_W_type:city","external_links_name":"41°47′28″N 70°45′2″W / 41.79111°N 70.75056°W / 41.79111; -70.75056"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): West Wareham CDP, Massachusetts\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony,_New_York	Harmony, New York	["1 History","2 Notable people","3 Geography","3.1 Adjacent towns and regions","4 Demographics","5 Communities and locations in the Town of Harmony","6 References in popular culture","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°3′30″N 79°26′30″W / 42.05833°N 79.44167°W / 42.05833; -79.44167 Town in New York, United StatesHarmony, New YorkTownLocation within Chautauqua County and New YorkHarmonyLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates: 42°3′30″N 79°26′30″W / 42.05833°N 79.44167°W / 42.05833; -79.44167CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyChautauquaGovernment • TypeTown Council • Town SupervisorTodd Eddy (R) • Town Council Members' List • Mark Stow (R)• Michael Sard (R)• William A. Lawson (R)• Beverley M. Lubi (R) Area • Total45.56 sq mi (118.00 km2) • Land45.40 sq mi (117.58 km2) • Water0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2)Elevation1,699 ft (518 m)Population (2020) • Total2,108 • Estimate (2021)2,088 • Density46.39/sq mi (17.91/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code14767 (Panama)FIPS code36-013-32248GNIS feature ID0979048Websitethetownofharmony.com Harmony is a town in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 2,108 at the 2020 census. The town is on the south border of the county and southwest of Jamestown. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) First settlement began circa 1809. The town of Harmony was established in 1816 from a part of the town of Chautauqua. The size of Harmony was reduced when the newer towns of Busti and North Harmony were formed. Notable people J. Samuel Fowler, former New York state senator James H. McGraw, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, born in Harmony Loren B. Sessions, former US congressman Walter L. Sessions, former US congressman Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.6 square miles (118.0 km2), of which 45.4 square miles (117.6 km2) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km2), or 0.35%, is water. New York State Route 474 is a major east-west highway through the north part of the town. Adjacent towns and regions Harmony is bordered to the south by Columbus Township, the borough of Bear Lake, Freehold Township, and Sugar Grove Township, all in Warren County, Pennsylvania. The town to the north is North Harmony. On the east is the town of Busti, and on the west is the town of Clymer. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1820845—18301,988135.3%18403,34068.0%18503,74912.2%18603,606−3.8%18703,416−5.3%18803,4551.1%18903,174−8.1%19002,988−5.9%19102,847−4.7%19201,443−49.3%19301,425−1.2%19401,4733.4%19501,73617.9%19601,7973.5%19701,9227.0%19802,12110.4%19902,1772.6%20002,3397.4%20102,206−5.7%20202,108−4.4%2021 (est.)2,088−0.9%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,339 people, 837 households, and 662 families residing in the town. The population density was 51.4 inhabitants per square mile (19.8/km2). There were 931 housing units at an average density of 20.5 per square mile (7.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.95% White, 0.38% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population. There were 837 households, out of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.5% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.15. In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $32,578, and the median income for a family was $39,167. Males had a median income of $31,927 versus $19,122 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,292. About 8.6% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over. Communities and locations in the Town of Harmony Blockville – A hamlet near the north town line by the junction of County Road 35 and NY-474. Brokenstraw Creek – A stream which rises on the west side of the town; a tributary of the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania. Cherry Hill – A hamlet in the southeast corner of the town by the junction of County Roads 12 and 35. Kings Corners – A location at the west town line, west of Panama village on County Road 10. Little Brokenstraw Creek – A stream flowing southward through the west side of the town, joining Brokenstraw Creek in Pennsylvania. Niobe – A location in the southeast part of the town and west of Cherry Hill on County Road 12. This little hamlet was once serviced by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Mailbags were left twice daily by train slowing, while passing through, if not stopping for passengers, leaving mailbag (twice daily) hanging from the extended iron hook on the corner of the depot. The depot, named by the Pennsylvania Railroad, was Grant Station, New York. Around 1907/08, Postmaster J. Ray Barker decided to hold a contest to name the community. He wanted to stop the confusion caused by the PRR mistakenly leaving mailbags meant for Grant Station, Ohio (another depot on the same rail-line), and mailbags meant for Grant Station, NY left in Ohio. When Postmaster J. Ray Barker reported the contest results, it was Niobe to be the community's name. As told to Walter S. Barker, nephew of the postmaster, family members suspected that Uncle Ray was influenced by the Greek mythology he had been studying, as that subject was not likely studied by people in this remote rural area. The Barker family were early settlers of Harmony Township, with Postmaster's father having served in the Union Army of the Civil War . North East Junction – A hamlet in the southeast part of the town Panama – The village of Panama is in the northwest part of the town on Route 474 and County Roads 10 and 33. Watts Flats – A hamlet by the eastern town and south of Blockville on County Road 35. References in popular culture Harmony is the setting for The Twilight Zone episode "Once Upon a Time". References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2022. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Harmony town, Chautauqua County, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2014. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Town of Harmony official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Chautauqua County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: MayvilleCities Dunkirk Jamestown Towns Arkwright Busti Carroll Charlotte Chautauqua Cherry Creek Clymer Dunkirk Ellery Ellicott Ellington French Creek Gerry Hanover Harmony Kiantone Mina North Harmony Poland Pomfret Portland Ripley Sheridan Sherman Stockton Villenova Westfield Villages Bemus Point Brocton Cassadaga Celoron Falconer Fredonia Lakewood Mayville Panama Sherman Silver Creek Sinclairville Westfield CDPs Busti Chautauqua Cherry Creek Forestville Frewsburg Jamestown West Kennedy Ripley Sunset Bay Otherhamlets Ashville Blockville Chedwel Elmhurst Findley Lake Hamlet Irving Laona Lily Dale Maple Springs Stow Waterboro Indianreservation Cattaraugus Reservation Unorganizedterritory Chautauqua Lake New York portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-2"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York"}],"text":"Town in New York, United StatesHarmony is a town in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 2,108 at the 2020 census.[2] The town is on the south border of the county and southwest of Jamestown.","title":"Harmony, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chautauqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Busti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busti,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Harmony,_New_York"}],"text":"First settlement began circa 1809. The town of Harmony was established in 1816 from a part of the town of Chautauqua. The size of Harmony was reduced when the newer towns of Busti and North Harmony were formed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Samuel Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Samuel_Fowler"},{"link_name":"James H. McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._McGraw"},{"link_name":"Loren B. Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_B._Sessions"},{"link_name":"Walter L. Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_L._Sessions"}],"text":"J. Samuel Fowler, former New York state senator\nJames H. McGraw, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, born in Harmony\nLoren B. Sessions, former US congressman\nWalter L. Sessions, former US congressman","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_474"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.6 square miles (118.0 km2), of which 45.4 square miles (117.6 km2) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km2), or 0.35%, is water.[3]New York State Route 474 is a major east-west highway through the north part of the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Freehold Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sugar Grove Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Grove_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"North Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Harmony,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Busti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busti,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Clymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clymer,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent towns and regions","text":"Harmony is bordered to the south by Columbus Township, the borough of Bear Lake, Freehold Township, and Sugar Grove Township, all in Warren County, Pennsylvania. The town to the north is North Harmony. On the east is the town of Busti, and on the west is the town of Clymer.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 2,339 people, 837 households, and 662 families residing in the town. The population density was 51.4 inhabitants per square mile (19.8/km2). There were 931 housing units at an average density of 20.5 per square mile (7.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.95% White, 0.38% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.There were 837 households, out of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.5% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.15.In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.The median income for a household in the town was $32,578, and the median income for a family was $39,167. Males had a median income of $31,927 versus $19,122 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,292. About 8.6% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"NY-474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_474"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama,_New_York"}],"text":"Blockville – A hamlet near the north town line by the junction of County Road 35 and NY-474.\nBrokenstraw Creek – A stream which rises on the west side of the town; a tributary of the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania.\nCherry Hill – A hamlet in the southeast corner of the town by the junction of County Roads 12 and 35.\nKings Corners – A location at the west town line, west of Panama village on County Road 10.\nLittle Brokenstraw Creek – A stream flowing southward through the west side of the town, joining Brokenstraw Creek in Pennsylvania.\nNiobe – A location in the southeast part of the town and west of Cherry Hill on County Road 12. This little hamlet was once serviced by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Mailbags were left twice daily by train slowing, while passing through, if not stopping for passengers, leaving mailbag (twice daily) hanging from the extended iron hook on the corner of the depot. The depot, named by the Pennsylvania Railroad, was Grant Station, New York. Around 1907/08, Postmaster J. Ray Barker decided to hold a contest to name the community. He wanted to stop the confusion caused by the PRR mistakenly leaving mailbags meant for Grant Station, Ohio (another depot on the same rail-line), and mailbags meant for Grant Station, NY left in Ohio. When Postmaster J. Ray Barker reported the contest results, it was Niobe to be the community's name. As told to Walter S. Barker, nephew of the postmaster, family members suspected that Uncle Ray was influenced by the Greek mythology he had been studying, as that subject was not likely studied by people in this remote rural area. The Barker family were early settlers of Harmony Township, with Postmaster's father having served in the Union Army of the Civil War [Private in T Company, 9th Regiment NY Cavalry, enlisted on 10 AUG 1864].\nNorth East Junction – A hamlet in the southeast part of the town\nPanama – The village of Panama is in the northwest part of the town on Route 474 and County Roads 10 and 33.\nWatts Flats – A hamlet by the eastern town and south of Blockville on County Road 35.","title":"Communities and locations in the Town of Harmony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"\"Once Upon a Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(The_Twilight_Zone)"}],"text":"Harmony is the setting for The Twilight Zone episode \"Once Upon a Time\".","title":"References in popular culture"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Chautauqua_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Chautauqua_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Harmony town, Chautauqua County, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212153221/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3601332248","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Harmony town, Chautauqua County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3601332248","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harmony,_New_York&params=42_3_30_N_79_26_30_W_region:US-NY_type:city(2108)","external_links_name":"42°3′30″N 79°26′30″W / 42.05833°N 79.44167°W / 42.05833; -79.44167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harmony,_New_York&params=42_3_30_N_79_26_30_W_region:US-NY_type:city(2108)","external_links_name":"42°3′30″N 79°26′30″W / 42.05833°N 79.44167°W / 42.05833; -79.44167"},{"Link":"http://thetownofharmony.com/","external_links_name":"thetownofharmony.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmony,_New_York&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","external_links_name":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212153221/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3601332248","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Harmony town, Chautauqua County, New York\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3601332248","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://thetownofharmony.com/","external_links_name":"Town of Harmony official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Elton,_1st_Baron_Elton	Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Military service","2.2 Academic career","2.3 Author","2.4 Political career","3 Personal life","4 Coat of arms","5 References","5.1 Sources","6 External links"]	The Right HonourableThe Lord EltonMember of the House of LordsLord Temporalas a hereditary peer16 January 1934 – 18 April 1973Preceded byPeerage createdSucceeded byThe 2nd Baron Elton Personal detailsBorn29 March 1892Sherington, Oxfordshire, EnglandDied18 April 1973 (aged 81)Nottinghamshire, EnglandPolitical partyLabourOther politicalaffiliationsNational Labour (1931–1945)EducationBalliol College, Oxford Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton (29 March 1892 – 18 April 1973), was a British historian, academic and Labour Party politician. Having served in the British Army during the First World War, he was elected a fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford in 1919 and appointed a lecturer in modern history by the University of Oxford. In 1934, he entered the House of Lords, having been made a peer by Ramsay MacDonald. He stepped down from his university posts in 1939 and became secretary of the Rhodes Trust. Early life Elton was born on 29 March 1892 in Sherington, Oxfordshire, England. He was the eldest son of Edward Fiennes Elton and his wife Violet Hylda Fletcher. He was educated at Rugby School, then an all-boys public school (i.e. independent boarding school). At Balliol College, Oxford, he first studied Literae humaniores (i.e. classics), and gaining a first class in Moderations in 1913. He then changed course to study history. However, he never took his finals as, following the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered for the British Army. Career Military service On 19 September 1914, he was commissioned into the Hampshire Regiment as a second lieutenant. He was assigned to the 4th Battalion. He was promoted to lieutenant (temporary) on 29 November 1914. He fought in the Mesopotamian campaign and was wounded during the siege of Kut-el-Amara. After Kut fell in April 1916, he was taken prisoner by the Turks. He spent the rest of the war in captivity, continuing his interest in history "so far as conditions allowed". Academic career After the war Elton was elected a Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1919, and was lecturer in modern history from 1919 to 1939, dean of the college between 1921 and 1923 and tutor from 1927 to 1934. In 1923 he published The Revolutionary Idea in France, 1789–1878. In 1939 Elton gave up his teaching fellowship at Queen's College and the same year he became secretary of the Rhodes Trust, a post he held until 1959. Author Elton was the author of several books, notably a biography of Ramsay MacDonald, entitled The Life of James Ramsay MacDonald 1866–1919. In 1938 he published his autobiography, Among Others. In 1954 he published a biography of General Charles Gordon. Elton's writings were cited by George Orwell in his famous essay Notes on Nationalism as a prime example of what Orwell characterised as "Neo-Toryism". Political career Elton was also involved in politics. He joined the Labour Party shortly after the end of World War I and stood unsuccessfully for Thornbury in the 1924 and 1929 general elections. He was a strong supporter of Ramsay MacDonald, whose son Malcolm MacDonald had been his pupil at Oxford, and followed him into National Labour. In the 1934 New Year Honours, it was announced that Elton was to be made a baron "for political and public services". On 16 January 1934, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Elton, of Headington in the County of Oxford. Elton's somewhat controversial elevation to the peerage caused fellow historian Lewis Namier to remark: "In the eighteenth-century peers made their tutors under-secretaries; in the twentieth under-secretaries make their tutors peers" (Malcolm MacDonald was at the time serving as Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs). Lord Elton was a frequent speaker in the House of Lords and a member of several government committees. Personal life Lord Elton married Dedi, daughter of Gustav Hartmann of Oslo, Norway, in 1921. They had three children, one son and two daughters: Hon. Audrey Elton (born 22 June 1922) Hon. Rosemary Elton (22 January 1925 – 2 June 2017) Rodney Elton, 2nd Baron Elton (2 March 1930 – 19 August 2023) Lord Elton died at the Dower House in Sutton Bonington, Nottinghamshire on 18 April 1973 aged 81. His son Rodney succeeded him in the peerage and became a Conservative government minister. Lady Elton died in 1977. Coat of arms Coat of arms of Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton Notes Coat of arms of the Elton family Coronet A coronet of a Baron Crest Between two pierced Mullets and out of a Wreath of Laurel fructed Or, a Dexter Arm embowed in Mail proper, tied about the elbow a Cord Or, the Gauntlet grasping a Scimitar proper, hilted and pommeled Or. Escutcheon Paly Or and Gules, a Bend Sable, and on a Chief of the last three pierced Mullets Or. Supporters Dexter: a Knight in Mail and White Surcoat supporting with the exterior hand a Sword point downwards proper, hilted and pommeled Or; Sinister: a Viking habited proper, mantled Azure, supporting with the exterior hand a Battleaxe head downwards and outwards proper. Motto Fide Quam Fortuna (By faith rather than fortune) References ^ a b c "Life story: Godfrey Elton \| Lives of the First World War". ^ a b c d e f g h Chilver, G. E. F. (4 October 2007). "Elton, Godfrey, first Baron Elton (1892–1973)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31075. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Oxford University Calendar 1916, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1916, p. 247. ^ "No. 28922". The London Gazette. 2 October 1914. p. 7824. ^ "No. 29003". The London Gazette. 11 December 1914. p. 10591. ^ "George Orwell: Notes on Nationalism". ^ "No. 34010". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1933. p. 1. ^ "No. 34016". The London Gazette. 19 January 1934. p. 458. Sources Blake, Lord; Nicholls, C. S. (editors) The Dictionary of National Biography, 1971–1980 Oxford University Press, 1986 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors) Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition) New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages External links Contributions to the House of Lords – Hansard Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Elton 1934–1973 Succeeded byRodney Elton Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"The Queen's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Trust"}],"text":"Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton (29 March 1892 – 18 April 1973), was a British historian, academic and Labour Party politician. Having served in the British Army during the First World War, he was elected a fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford in 1919 and appointed a lecturer in modern history by the University of Oxford. In 1934, he entered the House of Lords, having been made a peer by Ramsay MacDonald. He stepped down from his university posts in 1939 and became secretary of the Rhodes Trust.","title":"Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherington"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livesofww1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"Rugby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Literae humaniores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literae_humaniores"},{"link_name":"first class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_honours"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"}],"text":"Elton was born on 29 March 1892 in Sherington, Oxfordshire, England.[1] He was the eldest son of Edward Fiennes Elton and his wife Violet Hylda Fletcher.[2] He was educated at Rugby School, then an all-boys public school (i.e. independent boarding school).[2] At Balliol College, Oxford, he first studied Literae humaniores (i.e. classics), and gaining a first class in Moderations in 1913.[3] He then changed course to study history.[2] However, he never took his finals as, following the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered for the British Army.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_2_October_1914-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livesofww1-1"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"temporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_rank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_11_December_1914-5"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Kut-el-Amara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut-el-Amara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"}],"sub_title":"Military service","text":"On 19 September 1914, he was commissioned into the Hampshire Regiment as a second lieutenant.[4] He was assigned to the 4th Battalion.[1] He was promoted to lieutenant (temporary) on 29 November 1914.[5] He fought in the Mesopotamian campaign and was wounded during the siege of Kut-el-Amara.[2] After Kut fell in April 1916, he was taken prisoner by the Turks.[2] He spent the rest of the war in captivity, continuing his interest in history \"so far as conditions allowed\".[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Trust"}],"sub_title":"Academic career","text":"After the war Elton was elected a Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1919, and was lecturer in modern history from 1919 to 1939, dean of the college between 1921 and 1923 and tutor from 1927 to 1934. In 1923 he published The Revolutionary Idea in France, 1789–1878.In 1939 Elton gave up his teaching fellowship at Queen's College and the same year he became secretary of the Rhodes Trust, a post he held until 1959.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"General Charles Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Notes on Nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Author","text":"Elton was the author of several books, notably a biography of Ramsay MacDonald, entitled The Life of James Ramsay MacDonald 1866–1919. In 1938 he published his autobiography, Among Others. In 1954 he published a biography of General Charles Gordon.Elton's writings were cited by George Orwell in his famous essay Notes on Nationalism as a prime example of what Orwell characterised as \"Neo-Toryism\".[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Thornbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1929 general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Malcolm MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"National Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation"},{"link_name":"1934 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_29_December_1933-7"},{"link_name":"Headington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headington"},{"link_name":"County of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lewis Namier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Namier"},{"link_name":"Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"Elton was also involved in politics. He joined the Labour Party shortly after the end of World War I and stood unsuccessfully for Thornbury in the 1924 and 1929 general elections. He was a strong supporter of Ramsay MacDonald, whose son Malcolm MacDonald had been his pupil at Oxford, and followed him into National Labour.In the 1934 New Year Honours, it was announced that Elton was to be made a baron \"for political and public services\".[7] On 16 January 1934, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Elton, of Headington in the County of Oxford.[8] Elton's somewhat controversial elevation to the peerage caused fellow historian Lewis Namier to remark: \"In the eighteenth-century peers made their tutors under-secretaries; in the twentieth under-secretaries make their tutors peers\" (Malcolm MacDonald was at the time serving as Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs).[2] Lord Elton was a frequent speaker in the House of Lords and a member of several government committees.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hon.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honourable"},{"link_name":"Rodney Elton, 2nd Baron Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Elton,_2nd_Baron_Elton"},{"link_name":"Sutton Bonington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Bonington"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"Lord Elton married Dedi, daughter of Gustav Hartmann of Oslo, Norway, in 1921. They had three children, one son and two daughters:Hon. Audrey Elton (born 22 June 1922)\nHon. Rosemary Elton (22 January 1925 – 2 June 2017)\nRodney Elton, 2nd Baron Elton (2 March 1930 – 19 August 2023)Lord Elton died at the Dower House in Sutton Bonington, Nottinghamshire on 18 April 1973 aged 81. His son Rodney succeeded him in the peerage and became a Conservative government minister. Lady Elton died in 1977.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coat of arms"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Elton_Escutcheon.png/200px-Elton_Escutcheon.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Life story: Godfrey Elton \| Lives of the First World War\".","urls":[{"url":"https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/5268794","url_text":"\"Life story: Godfrey Elton \| Lives of the First World War\""}]},{"reference":"Chilver, G. E. F. (4 October 2007). \"Elton, Godfrey, first Baron Elton (1892–1973)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31075","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31075"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28922\". The London Gazette. 2 October 1914. p. 7824.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28922/page/7824","url_text":"\"No. 28922\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29003\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo,_New_York	Ramapo, New York	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Communities","3 Demographics","4 Landmarks","5 Recreation","6 Government","7 Education","7.1 Colleges","7.2 Public schools","7.3 Suffern Central School District","7.4 East Ramapo Central Central School District","7.5 Private schools","8 Sister cities","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°7′19″N 74°5′0″W / 41.12194°N 74.08333°W / 41.12194; -74.08333 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ramapo, New York" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Town in New York, United StatesRamapo, New YorkTownDowntown Suffern, a village in Ramapo SealLocation in Rockland County and the state of New York.Coordinates: 41°7′19″N 74°5′0″W / 41.12194°N 74.08333°W / 41.12194; -74.08333CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyRocklandGovernment • SupervisorMichael Specht (D)Area • Total61.84 sq mi (160.16 km2) • Land61.14 sq mi (158.35 km2) • Water0.70 sq mi (1.80 km2)Elevation371 ft (113 m)Population (2020) • Total148,919 • Density2,400/sq mi (930/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code10901, 10952, 10977, 10970, 10965, 10974Area code845FIPS code36-60510GNIS ID0979406Websiteramapo.org Ramapo is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States. It was originally formed as New Hampstead, in 1791, and became Ramapo in 1828. It shares its name with the Ramapo River. As of the 2020 census, Ramapo had a total population of 148,919, making it the most populous town in New York outside of Long Island. If all towns in New York were cities, Ramapo would be the 12th-largest city in the state of New York. The town's name, recorded variously as Ramopuck, Ramapock, or Ramapough, is of Lenape origin, meaning either "sweet water" or "slanting rocks". Early maps referred to Ramapo as Ramepog (1695), Ramepogh (1711), and Ramapog (1775). The town is located south of Haverstraw and west of Clarkstown and Orangetown. History See also: History of Rockland County, New York (1798–1900) The present-day town was originally inhabited by the Munsee, a band of the Lenape nation. Their descendants now live on Stag Hill in Mahwah, New Jersey, where they form the New Jersey-recognized Ramapo Lenape Nation. During the American Revolutionary War, Commander-in-Chief George Washington is said to have climbed the Ramapo Torne (near Sloatsburg) with a telescope to watch the July 24, 1777 sailing of the British fleet off Sandy Hook in New Jersey. General Washington and his troops set up an encampment in Suffern, in the west of Ramapo, due to its strategic location near a local mountain pass. In this encampment were two French soldiers, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. The encampment was on the path to Yorktown, Virginia, where the final battle of the American Revolution took place. The Town of New Hampstead was formed from part of the Town of Haverstraw in 1791, eight years after the end of the Revolution; the name was changed to Hempstead in 1797, and to Ramapo in 1828. The first railroad line across Rockland County was built in 1841 and ran from Piermont to Ramapo. By 1851, the line was extended to Lake Erie, and was considered an engineering marvel. Ramapo Iron Works, located near present-day State Route 17 at the base of Terse Mountain, was a producer of first cut nails made in America, wood screws, cotton cloth, and spring steel in the first half of the 19th century. Its founder, Jeremiah H. Pierson, was influential in building the Nyack Turnpike and the New York & Erie Railroad across the county. A cotton mill is still standing on the east side of the road. In 1916, what would become State Route 59, which reached from Nyack to Spring Valley in 1915, was extended to Suffern and Hillburn. Ramapo was one of the first cities to use Adequate Public Facilities acts to tier growth and infrastructure together. The 1971 court case Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo is the basis for the subsequent expansion of growth management practices, including the use of development impact fees. In 2006 Money magazine ranked Ramapo as the 49th best place in the United States and the best place in New York State to live. Arts and leisure, business, housing, low crime rates and open spaces/parkland determined the town's ranking. In the category of park space, percentage of land set aside for gardens and parks, the town finished first. Ramapo received the highest rating and one of the best in the country for its open spaces and parkland. Geography View of Ramapo from mountain According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 61.9 square miles (160 km2), of which 61.2 square miles (159 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), or 1.11%, is water. The southern town line is the border of New Jersey, and the western town line is the border of Orange County. The break in the Ramapo Mountains at Suffern formed by the Ramapo River causes the town to be the site of the New York State Thruway and I-287, New York State Route 17, and a railroad line. The Palisades Interstate Parkway runs through the northeastern corner of the town, with an exit at the Haverstraw town line on the northern border. Torne Mountain (1,130 ft or 340 m; shown on topographic maps as "High Torne"), in Harriman State Park, overlooks the Ramapo Pass and remnants of the once-thriving Ramapo Iron Works. During the American Revolution, the Torne served as a lookout for British ship movements on the Hudson. Legend tells that Gen. George Washington lost his watch on the mountain, and it may still be heard ticking up there in a crevice of rock. The highest point in Ramapo is Squirrel Swamp Mountain near the northern border of the town, with an elevation of 1,252 feet (382 m). Communities Ruins of the Old Furnace on the Ramapao, where the chain was made, that spanned the Hudson River at West Point during the Revolution The hamlet of Antrim, near the southern town line The village of Airmont The village of Chestnut Ridge The village of Hillburn, in the southwestern part of the town The hamlet of Hillcrest The village of Kaser The hamlet of Monsey The village of New Hempstead The village of New Square The village of Montebello The hamlet of Ramapo, in the southwest part of the town. The hamlet of Ramapo and the town of Ramapo are often confused on many internet-based maps. The hamlet of Sandyfield The village of Sloatsburg The village of Spring Valley The hamlet of Sterlington, near Sloatsburg The village of Suffern The hamlet of Suffern Park, near Suffern The hamlet of Tallman, in the southern part of the town The hamlet of Viola, in the eastern part of the town The village of Wesley Hills, in the northeastern part of the town Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18202,072—18302,83736.9%18403,22213.6%18503,197−0.8%18603,4357.4%18704,64935.3%18804,9546.6%18905,91019.3%19007,50226.9%191011,53753.8%192011,7091.5%193016,32139.4%194018,00710.3%195020,58414.3%196035,06470.3%197076,702118.7%198089,06016.1%199093,8615.4%2000108,90516.0%2010126,59516.2%2020148,91917.6%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 108,905 people, 31,561 households, and 24,870 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,778.2 inhabitants per square mile (686.6/km2). There were 32,422 housing units at an average density of 529.4 per square mile (204.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 72.54% white, 17.04% African American, 0.32% Native American, 4.60% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 2.65% from other races, and 2.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.19% of the population. There were 31,561 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.37 and the average family size was 3.82. In the town, the population was spread out, with 33.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males. The median income for a household in the town was $60,352, and the median income for a family was $67,004. Males had a median income of $46,286 versus $34,632 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,868. About 11.5% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.3% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2020 Census, there were 148,919 people residing in the Town of Ramapo. Landmarks Ryan Mansion in Montebello The New Hope Church is a historic Reformed Christian church in Monsey, established in 1824. The congregation continues to meet every Sunday in their building dedicated in 1869. In August 1887, the Ryan family purchased the former Groesbeck mansion, which was built in the 1860s. The estate was called "Montebello" (which gave its name to the village in which it now lies). It now lies across from Suffern Middle School, which was built in 1942, nearly 80 years after the estate. Torne Brook Farm, on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in the town. Recreation The Joseph T. St. Lawrence Community, Health, and Sports Complex (aka "Torne Valley Recreation Center & Fields") was dedicated and opened on November 19, 2006. The facility features a turf multi-purpose field with stands to accommodate 1800 spectators, a separate climate-controlled dome, a 60 x 40 yard, and a turf practice area. It also features three multi-purpose indoor courts, a running track, cardio equipment, weight training machines, two racquetball courts, a computer room, and a dance/aerobic studio. Sports include football, lacrosse, soccer, baseball, and field hockey, as well as year-round sports programs that were not previously available to Ramapo residents. Although the residents of Ramapo have the exclusive right to join the Joseph T. St. Lawrence Community and Health Center, paid memberships are available to others. The Ramapo Amateur Basketball Association (RABA) offers youth leagues for those 7–15 years old and adult leagues (18+). The Joseph T. St. Lawrence Center also hosts adult racquetball leagues. The New York Boulders are a professional baseball team based just outside the village of Pomona and a member of the Frontier League. Christopher St. Lawrence pushed through the financing of the park even after residents voted it down. A state audit found that taxpayers could be liable for up to $60 million for Provident Bank Park in Ramapo. Government Ramapo is run by a town supervisor, until May 19, 2017, Christopher St. Lawrence. In April 2016, federal prosecutors indicted St. Lawrence and a former town official, N. Aaron Troodler, on 22 counts of securities fraud, wire fraud, and conspiracy. The fraud related to a number of projects such as a minor league baseball stadium and condominium development, falsified accounting entries made to sell Town bonds to investors, and misappropriating funds from the town's special tax districts (such as its ambulance fund) to use in its general fund. Troodler pleaded guilty to a number of the fraud charges on March 7, 2017. Jury selection for St. Lawrence's trial began on April 18, 2017. St. Lawrence was convicted on May 19, 2017 of 20 felony charges. Following the conviction, Ramapo Deputy Supervisor Yitzchok Ullman announced that St. Lawrence is disqualified from serving as supervisor. On November 7, 2017, Democrat Michael Specht was elected to become Ramapo's next town supervisor. Specht was sworn in on January 1, 2018. Ramapo is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Mike Lawler. In state government it is represented by Senator Elijah Reichlin-Melnick, and assembly members Mike Lawler and Kenneth P. Zebrowski. Education Colleges Rockland Community College, a public two-year community college run by SUNY, is located in the CDP of Viola, about 4 miles (6 km) east of Suffern. The Sunbridge Institute in Chestnut Ridge is a Waldorf-based adult learning center that specializes in training teachers. It offers Masters degrees in education in collaboration with the State University of New York (SUNY). Public schools Cherry Lane Elementary School, located in the Village of Airmont. Cherry Lane is one of five elementary schools that help comprise Ramapo (Suffern) Central School District. The town is served by two school districts. The western part of the town (Suffern, Montebello, Airmont, Sloatsburg. Hillburn) is primarily served by the Suffern Central School District, and the eastern part of the town (Spring Valley, Monsey, Pomona, Chestnut Ridge, New Hempstead) by the East Ramapo Central School District. Suffern Central School District The western half of Ramapo is served by the Suffern Central School District. Up until August 2017, the district was known as Ramapo Central, but the district and community sought a name change to avoid continuing confusing with East Ramapo Central School District. The name change was approved by Governor Andrew Cuomo. The district operates five elementary schools that go from grades K-5, Cherry Lane, Montebello, R.P. Connor, Sloatsburg, and Viola; one middle school that goes from grades 6–8, Suffern Middle School; and one high school, Suffern High School. Both the middle and high schools' mascots are mountain lions, known colloquially as "mounties." Cherry Lane Elementary was awarded with a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence award from the U.S. Department of Education in 2013, and is one of four schools within the district to receive the New York State High Performing Reward School award by the New York State Department of Education in 2014. The other three schools include Montebello Elementary, Sloatsburg Elementary, and Suffern High School. East Ramapo Central Central School District The eastern half of Ramapo is served by the East Ramapo Central School District. The district operates four elementary schools that go from grades 1–3, Grandview, Summit Park, Fleetwood, and Margetts; and five elementaries that go from grades 4–6, Lime Kiln, Kakiat, Hempstead, Eldorado, and Elmwood; totaling nine elementary schools. It also operates two middle schools that go from grades 7–8, Pomona and Chestnut Ridge; and two high schools, Ramapo and Spring Valley. Spring Valley High's mascot is a tiger, and Ramapo High's is a griffin. As of 2022, the district's public schools educate some 9,500 children, while about 30,000 children who live in the district and attend private schools, mostly yeshivas that serve a growing Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish community. In 2005 the Orthodox Jewish population of the district received majority control of the school board. This new board began reducing the budget and lowering taxes. The communities using the public schools opposed these actions. In July 2010 the School Board of the East Ramapo Central School District voted to sell Hillcrest Elementary School — closed due to budget cuts — to the Hasidic Jewish Congregation Yeshiva Avir Yakov of New Square. In 2010, the school board also voted to sell Merrill L. Colton Elementary School to Monsey-based Bais Malka Congregation and the Hebrew Academy for Special Children, a Brooklyn-based religious school for children with special needs. Transactions involving the two buildings were the focus of an ongoing state attorney general's investigation. Separately, hundreds of parent plaintiffs have also challenged them as part of their federal lawsuit against the district. The sale was finalized in 2014. On June 30, 2011, former president of the East Ramapo Central School District Nathan Rothschild pleaded guilty to a mail fraud scheme which had been an attempt to eliminate his own private debt. The scheme involved selling public land to his creditors, then buying the land back at a higher price. He engaged in these activities as Fire Commissioner in Monsey. Questions arose as to whether the attempt to sell Hillcrest Elementary School was engineered for similar pursuits, as the sale of the 12-acre public school campus was engineered during his time in office as the school board president at East Ramapo Central School District. In 2022, New York State Comptroller Tom DiNapoli announced that East Ramapo Central was the most "fiscally stressed" public school district in the state. Private schools Most private schools in Ramapo are Orthodox Jewish and Hasidic Jewish yeshivas, as almost half of the town's population is Jewish. Most yeshivas are located in the eastern part of the town. Some include Yeshiva Avnei Shlomo, Yeshiva Ohr Reuven, Yeshiva Darchei Noam, and Bais Yaakov Chofetz Chaim. The sole Roman Catholic private school in the town is St. Joseph's School; Sacred Heart School closed in 2020. In addition, some Catholic county residents send their high school-aged sons to Don Bosco Preparatory High School in Ramsey, New Jersey. There are four non-religious private schools in Ramapo: the Goddard School, the Skill Building Center, the Green Meadow Waldorf School, and the Rockland County Learning Center. Sister cities In recognition of Ramapo's substantial cultural diversity, former Town Supervisor Herbert Reisman, along with many volunteers from the various communities in Ramapo, started the twinning program. This program is made up of committees that raise funds and organize trips to Ramapo's twin towns around the world, providing local high school students the opportunity to experience life in other countries. There are currently seven active twinning committees in Ramapo: African Twinning Committee (Ghana) Chinese Twinning Committee (China) Indian Twinning Committee (India) Irish Twinning Committee (Doneraile, Ireland) Israeli Twinning Committee (Beit Shemesh, Israel) Italian Twinning Committee (Andretta, Italy) Philippine-American Twinning Committee (Makati, the Philippines) References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017. ^ a b "Ramapo", in Peter R. Eisenstadt and Laura-Eve Moss (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815608080. p. 1284. ^ Penfold, Saxby Vouler (1955). Romantic Suffern: The History of Suffern, New York, from the Earliest Times to the Incorporation of the Village in 1896. Tallman, NY: Rockland Historical Society. Chapter 7. ^ Robert H. Freilich; Robert J. Sitkowski; Seth D. Mennillo. From Sprawl to Sustainability: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development. p. 123. ^ "Money Best Places to Retire". CNN. 2006. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map series; Acme Mapper ^ U.S. Decennial Census; census.gov ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Ramapo town, Rockland County, New York ^ DiNapoli Takes on Stadium, Work Habits of Ramapo Town; Rockland County Times ^ "Ramapo Town Supervisor And Former Executive Director Of Ramapo Local Development Corporation Charged With Securities Fraud In Connection With Ramapo Municipal Bonds". U.S. Department of Justice. April 14, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016. ^ Taliaferro, Lanning (May 2, 2016). "Town Officials Face Charges in Fiscal Fraud Case". New City Patch. Retrieved September 17, 2016. ^ "Indictment. United States of America v. Christopher St. Lawrence, and N. Aaron Troodler". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved September 17, 2016. ^ "Former Executive Director of the Ramapo Local Development Corporation Pleads Guilty To Securities Fraud And Conspiracy Charges". U.S. Department of Justice. March 7, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. ^ Lieberman, Steve (April 18, 2017). "Christopher St. Lawrence arrives at court as federal corruption trial opens". Lohud. Retrieved May 1, 2017. ^ "St. Lawrence trial: Ramapo supervisor found guilty of fraud, conspiracy". ^ "Ramapo Town Supervisor, Christopher St. Lawrence, Found Guilty After Trial of Conspiracy, Securities Fraud, and Wirefraud in Municipal Bond Securities Fraud Case". May 19, 2017. ^ a b "State comptroller calls East Ramapo the most 'fiscally stressed' school district in NY". ^ "East Ramapo timeline: 2005-present". ^ "East Ramapo sells Hillcrest for use as yeshiva again". ^ "East Ramapo completes school sale to yeshiva tenants". ^ "Ex-president of e. Ramapo School Board pleads guilty to mail fraud". ^ "Farewell Sacred Heart School". Further reading Zimmermann, Linda, Rockland County Scrapbook. Eagle Press, 2004. Penford, Saxby Voulaer., "Romantic Suffern - The History of Suffern, New York, from the Earliest Times to the Incorporation of the Village in 1896", Tallman, N.Y., 1955, (1st Edition) External links Town of Ramapo official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Rockland County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: New CityTowns Clarkstown Haverstraw Orangetown Ramapo Stony Point Villages Airmont Chestnut Ridge Grand View-on-Hudson Haverstraw Hillburn Kaser Montebello New Hempstead New Square Nyack Piermont Pomona Sloatsburg Spring Valley Suffern Upper Nyack Wesley Hills West Haverstraw CDPs Bardonia Blauvelt Congers Hillcrest Monsey Mount Ivy Nanuet New City Orangeburg Pearl River South Nyack Sparkill Stony Point Tappan Thiells Valley Cottage Viola West Nyack Otherhamlets Centenary Central Nyack Doodletown Garnerville Grassy Point Johnsontown Jones Point Ladentown Middletown Nauraushaun Palisades Rockland Lake Sandyfield Sickletown St. John's in the Wilderness Sterlington Tallman Tomkins Cove New York portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)#Town"},{"link_name":"Rockland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncyclopediaNYS-2"},{"link_name":"Ramapo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_River"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Ramapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"city in the state of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unami_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Haverstraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverstraw_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Clarkstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Orangetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangetown,_New_York"}],"text":"Town in New York, United StatesRamapo is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States. It was originally formed as New Hampstead, in 1791, and became Ramapo in 1828.[2] It shares its name with the Ramapo River. As of the 2020 census, Ramapo had a total population of 148,919, making it the most populous town in New York outside of Long Island. If all towns in New York were cities, Ramapo would be the 12th-largest city in the state of New York.The town's name, recorded variously as Ramopuck, Ramapock, or Ramapough, is of Lenape origin, meaning either \"sweet water\" or \"slanting rocks\". Early maps referred to Ramapo as Ramepog (1695), Ramepogh (1711), and Ramapog (1775).[3]The town is located south of Haverstraw and west of Clarkstown and Orangetown.","title":"Ramapo, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Rockland County, New York (1798–1900)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rockland_County,_New_York_(1798%E2%80%931900)"},{"link_name":"Munsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsee_people"},{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"Mahwah, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahwah,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncyclopediaNYS-2"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Piermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piermont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"State Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah H. Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_H._Pierson"},{"link_name":"Nyack Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyack_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"New York & Erie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"State Route 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_59"},{"link_name":"Nyack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffern,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Adequate Public Facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adequate_Public_Facilities_Ordinance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_v._Planning_Board_of_Ramapo"},{"link_name":"growth management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_management"},{"link_name":"impact fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_fee"},{"link_name":"Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"See also: History of Rockland County, New York (1798–1900)The present-day town was originally inhabited by the Munsee, a band of the Lenape nation. Their descendants now live on Stag Hill in Mahwah, New Jersey, where they form the New Jersey-recognized Ramapo Lenape Nation.During the American Revolutionary War, Commander-in-Chief George Washington is said to have climbed the Ramapo Torne (near Sloatsburg) with a telescope to watch the July 24, 1777 sailing of the British fleet off Sandy Hook in New Jersey. General Washington and his troops set up an encampment in Suffern, in the west of Ramapo, due to its strategic location near a local mountain pass. In this encampment were two French soldiers, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. The encampment was on the path to Yorktown, Virginia, where the final battle of the American Revolution took place.The Town of New Hampstead was formed from part of the Town of Haverstraw in 1791, eight years after the end of the Revolution; the name was changed to Hempstead in 1797, and to Ramapo in 1828.[2]The first railroad line across Rockland County was built in 1841 and ran from Piermont to Ramapo. By 1851, the line was extended to Lake Erie, and was considered an engineering marvel.Ramapo Iron Works, located near present-day State Route 17 at the base of Terse Mountain, was a producer of first cut nails made in America, wood screws, cotton cloth, and spring steel in the first half of the 19th century. Its founder, Jeremiah H. Pierson, was influential in building the Nyack Turnpike and the New York & Erie Railroad across the county. A cotton mill is still standing on the east side of the road.In 1916, what would become State Route 59, which reached from Nyack to Spring Valley in 1915, was extended to Suffern and Hillburn.Ramapo was one of the first cities to use Adequate Public Facilities acts to tier growth and infrastructure together.[4] The 1971 court case Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo is the basis for the subsequent expansion of growth management practices, including the use of development impact fees.In 2006 Money magazine ranked Ramapo as the 49th best place in the United States and the best place in New York State to live. Arts and leisure, business, housing, low crime rates and open spaces/parkland determined the town's ranking. In the category of park space, percentage of land set aside for gardens and parks, the town finished first. Ramapo received the highest rating and one of the best in the country for its open spaces and parkland.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramapo_NY_View.JPG"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ramapo Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Ramapo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_River"},{"link_name":"New York State Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway"},{"link_name":"I-287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-287"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Palisades Interstate Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Interstate_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Haverstraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverstraw,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harriman State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriman_State_Park_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Ramapo Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramapo_Iron_Works&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"View of Ramapo from mountainAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 61.9 square miles (160 km2), of which 61.2 square miles (159 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), or 1.11%, is water.The southern town line is the border of New Jersey, and the western town line is the border of Orange County. The break in the Ramapo Mountains at Suffern formed by the Ramapo River causes the town to be the site of the New York State Thruway and I-287, New York State Route 17, and a railroad line. The Palisades Interstate Parkway runs through the northeastern corner of the town, with an exit at the Haverstraw town line on the northern border.Torne Mountain (1,130 ft or 340 m; shown on topographic maps as \"High Torne\"), in Harriman State Park, overlooks the Ramapo Pass and remnants of the once-thriving Ramapo Iron Works. During the American Revolution, the Torne served as a lookout for British ship movements on the Hudson. Legend tells that Gen. George Washington lost his watch on the mountain, and it may still be heard ticking up there in a crevice of rock.The highest point in Ramapo is Squirrel Swamp Mountain near the northern border of the town, with an elevation of 1,252 feet (382 m).[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Old_Furnace_on_the_Ramapao,_where_the_chain_was_made,_that_spanned_the_Hudson_at_West_Point_during_the_Revolution_(NYPL_b11708205-G91F078_014F).tiff"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State"},{"link_name":"Airmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hillburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillburn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hillcrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest,_Rockland_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaser,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Monsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsey,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Hempstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hempstead,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Square,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montebello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebello,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sandyfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandyfield,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sloatsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloatsburg,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sterlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterlington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffern,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Tallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallman,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wesley Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Hills,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"Ruins of the Old Furnace on the Ramapao, where the chain was made, that spanned the Hudson River at West Point during the RevolutionThe hamlet of Antrim, near the southern town line\nThe village of Airmont\nThe village of Chestnut Ridge\nThe village of Hillburn, in the southwestern part of the town\nThe hamlet of Hillcrest\nThe village of Kaser\nThe hamlet of Monsey\nThe village of New Hempstead\nThe village of New Square\nThe village of Montebello\nThe hamlet of Ramapo, in the southwest part of the town. The hamlet of Ramapo and the town of Ramapo are often confused on many internet-based maps.\nThe hamlet of Sandyfield\nThe village of Sloatsburg\nThe village of Spring Valley\nThe hamlet of Sterlington, near Sloatsburg\nThe village of Suffern\nThe hamlet of Suffern Park, near Suffern\nThe hamlet of Tallman, in the southern part of the town\nThe hamlet of Viola, in the eastern part of the town\nThe village of Wesley Hills, in the northeastern part of the town","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-8"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of the census[8] of 2000, there were 108,905 people, 31,561 households, and 24,870 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,778.2 inhabitants per square mile (686.6/km2). There were 32,422 housing units at an average density of 529.4 per square mile (204.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 72.54% white, 17.04% African American, 0.32% Native American, 4.60% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 2.65% from other races, and 2.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.19% of the population.There were 31,561 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.37 and the average family size was 3.82.In the town, the population was spread out, with 33.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.The median income for a household in the town was $60,352, and the median income for a family was $67,004. Males had a median income of $46,286 versus $34,632 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,868. About 11.5% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.3% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.As of the 2020 Census, there were 148,919 people residing in the Town of Ramapo.[9]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryan_Mansion_Montebello.JPG"},{"link_name":"New Hope Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsey_Church"},{"link_name":"Reformed Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Christian"},{"link_name":"Torne Brook Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torne_Brook_Farm"}],"text":"Ryan Mansion in MontebelloThe New Hope Church is a historic Reformed Christian church in Monsey, established in 1824. The congregation continues to meet every Sunday in their building dedicated in 1869.In August 1887, the Ryan family purchased the former Groesbeck mansion, which was built in the 1860s. The estate was called \"Montebello\" (which gave its name to the village in which it now lies). It now lies across from Suffern Middle School, which was built in 1942, nearly 80 years after the estate.Torne Brook Farm, on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in the town.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramapo Amateur Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.leaguelineup.com/raba"},{"link_name":"racquetball leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.leaguelineup.com/rrl"},{"link_name":"New York Boulders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Boulders"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Frontier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Joseph T. St. Lawrence Community, Health, and Sports Complex (aka \"Torne Valley Recreation Center & Fields\") was dedicated and opened on November 19, 2006. The facility features a turf multi-purpose field with stands to accommodate 1800 spectators, a separate climate-controlled dome, a 60 x 40 yard, and a turf practice area. It also features three multi-purpose indoor courts, a running track, cardio equipment, weight training machines, two racquetball courts, a computer room, and a dance/aerobic studio. Sports include football, lacrosse, soccer, baseball, and field hockey, as well as year-round sports programs that were not previously available to Ramapo residents. Although the residents of Ramapo have the exclusive right to join the Joseph T. St. Lawrence Community and Health Center, paid memberships are available to others.The Ramapo Amateur Basketball Association (RABA) offers youth leagues for those 7–15 years old and adult leagues (18+). The Joseph T. St. Lawrence Center also hosts adult racquetball leagues.The New York Boulders are a professional baseball team based just outside the village of Pomona and a member of the Frontier League. Christopher St. Lawrence pushed through the financing of the park even after residents voted it down. A state audit found that taxpayers could be liable for up to $60 million for Provident Bank Park in Ramapo.[10]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_supervisor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Mike Lawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lawler"},{"link_name":"Elijah Reichlin-Melnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Reichlin-Melnick"},{"link_name":"Mike Lawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lawler"}],"text":"Ramapo is run by a town supervisor, until May 19, 2017, Christopher St. Lawrence. In April 2016, federal prosecutors indicted St. Lawrence and a former town official, N. Aaron Troodler, on 22 counts of securities fraud, wire fraud, and conspiracy. The fraud related to a number of projects such as a minor league baseball stadium and condominium development, falsified accounting entries made to sell Town bonds to investors, and misappropriating funds from the town's special tax districts (such as its ambulance fund) to use in its general fund.[11][12][13] Troodler pleaded guilty to a number of the fraud charges on March 7, 2017.[14] Jury selection for St. Lawrence's trial began on April 18, 2017.[15] St. Lawrence was convicted on May 19, 2017 of 20 felony charges.[16][17] Following the conviction, Ramapo Deputy Supervisor Yitzchok Ullman announced that St. Lawrence is disqualified from serving as supervisor.On November 7, 2017, Democrat Michael Specht was elected to become Ramapo's next town supervisor. Specht was sworn in on January 1, 2018.Ramapo is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Mike Lawler. In state government it is represented by Senator Elijah Reichlin-Melnick, and assembly members Mike Lawler and Kenneth P. Zebrowski.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockland Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_Community_College"},{"link_name":"SUNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY"},{"link_name":"CDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_designated_place"},{"link_name":"Viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffern,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sunbridge Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbridge_Institute"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Waldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education"}],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"Rockland Community College, a public two-year community college run by SUNY, is located in the CDP of Viola, about 4 miles (6 km) east of Suffern.The Sunbridge Institute in Chestnut Ridge is a Waldorf-based adult learning center that specializes in training teachers. It offers Masters degrees in education in collaboration with the State University of New York (SUNY).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_Lane_School.JPG"},{"link_name":"Village of Airmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ramapo (Suffern) Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_Central_School_District"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"Cherry Lane Elementary School, located in the Village of Airmont. Cherry Lane is one of five elementary schools that help comprise Ramapo (Suffern) Central School District.The town is served by two school districts. The western part of the town (Suffern, Montebello, Airmont, Sloatsburg. Hillburn) is primarily served by the Suffern Central School District, and the eastern part of the town (Spring Valley, Monsey, Pomona, Chestnut Ridge, New Hempstead) by the East Ramapo Central School District.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suffern Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_Central_School_District"}],"sub_title":"Suffern Central School District","text":"The western half of Ramapo is served by the Suffern Central School District. Up until August 2017, the district was known as Ramapo Central, but the district and community sought a name change to avoid continuing confusing with East Ramapo Central School District. The name change was approved by Governor Andrew Cuomo. The district operates five elementary schools that go from grades K-5, Cherry Lane, Montebello, R.P. Connor, Sloatsburg, and Viola; one middle school that goes from grades 6–8, Suffern Middle School; and one high school, Suffern High School. Both the middle and high schools' mascots are mountain lions, known colloquially as \"mounties.\" Cherry Lane Elementary was awarded with a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence award from the U.S. Department of Education in 2013, and is one of four schools within the district to receive the New York State High Performing Reward School award by the New York State Department of Education in 2014. The other three schools include Montebello Elementary, Sloatsburg Elementary, and Suffern High School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Ramapo Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ramapo_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lohud.com-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lohud.com-18"}],"sub_title":"East Ramapo Central Central School District","text":"The eastern half of Ramapo is served by the East Ramapo Central School District. The district operates four elementary schools that go from grades 1–3, Grandview, Summit Park, Fleetwood, and Margetts; and five elementaries that go from grades 4–6, Lime Kiln, Kakiat, Hempstead, Eldorado, and Elmwood; totaling nine elementary schools. It also operates two middle schools that go from grades 7–8, Pomona and Chestnut Ridge; and two high schools, Ramapo and Spring Valley. Spring Valley High's mascot is a tiger, and Ramapo High's is a griffin.As of 2022, the district's public schools educate some 9,500 children, while about 30,000 children who live in the district and attend private schools, mostly yeshivas that serve a growing Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish community.[18]In 2005 the Orthodox Jewish population of the district received majority control of the school board.[19] This new board began reducing the budget and lowering taxes. The communities using the public schools opposed these actions. In July 2010 the School Board of the East Ramapo Central School District voted to sell Hillcrest Elementary School — closed due to budget cuts — to the Hasidic Jewish Congregation Yeshiva Avir Yakov of New Square.[20]In 2010, the school board also voted to sell Merrill L. Colton Elementary School to Monsey-based Bais Malka Congregation and the Hebrew Academy for Special Children, a Brooklyn-based religious school for children with special needs. Transactions involving the two buildings were the focus of an ongoing state attorney general's investigation. Separately, hundreds of parent plaintiffs have also challenged them as part of their federal lawsuit against the district. The sale was finalized in 2014.[21]On June 30, 2011, former president of the East Ramapo Central School District Nathan Rothschild pleaded guilty to a mail fraud scheme which had been an attempt to eliminate his own private debt. The scheme involved selling public land to his creditors, then buying the land back at a higher price. He engaged in these activities as Fire Commissioner in Monsey. Questions arose as to whether the attempt to sell Hillcrest Elementary School was engineered for similar pursuits, as the sale of the 12-acre public school campus was engineered during his time in office as the school board president at East Ramapo Central School District.[22]In 2022, New York State Comptroller Tom DiNapoli announced that East Ramapo Central was the most \"fiscally stressed\" public school district in the state.[18]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodox Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Hasidic Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Jewish"},{"link_name":"yeshivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Don Bosco Preparatory High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bosco_Preparatory_High_School"},{"link_name":"Ramsey, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_New_Jersey"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Most private schools in Ramapo are Orthodox Jewish and Hasidic Jewish yeshivas, as almost half of the town's population is Jewish. Most yeshivas are located in the eastern part of the town. Some include Yeshiva Avnei Shlomo, Yeshiva Ohr Reuven, Yeshiva Darchei Noam, and Bais Yaakov Chofetz Chaim.The sole Roman Catholic private school in the town is St. Joseph's School; Sacred Heart School closed in 2020.[23] In addition, some Catholic county residents send their high school-aged sons to Don Bosco Preparatory High School in Ramsey, New Jersey.There are four non-religious private schools in Ramapo: the Goddard School, the Skill Building Center, the Green Meadow Waldorf School, and the Rockland County Learning Center.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Doneraile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doneraile"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Beit Shemesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Shemesh"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Andretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretta"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Makati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"In recognition of Ramapo's substantial cultural diversity, former Town Supervisor Herbert Reisman, along with many volunteers from the various communities in Ramapo, started the twinning program. This program is made up of committees that raise funds and organize trips to Ramapo's twin towns around the world, providing local high school students the opportunity to experience life in other countries.There are currently seven active twinning committees in Ramapo:African Twinning Committee (Ghana)\nChinese Twinning Committee (China)\nIndian Twinning Committee (India)\nIrish Twinning Committee (Doneraile, Ireland)\nIsraeli Twinning Committee (Beit Shemesh, Israel)\nItalian Twinning Committee (Andretta, Italy)\nPhilippine-American Twinning Committee (Makati, the Philippines)","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Zimmermann, Linda, Rockland County Scrapbook. Eagle Press, 2004.\nPenford, Saxby Voulaer., \"Romantic Suffern - The History of Suffern, New York, from the Earliest Times to the Incorporation of the Village in 1896\", Tallman, N.Y., 1955, (1st Edition)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"View of Ramapo from mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ramapo_NY_View.JPG/220px-Ramapo_NY_View.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ruins of the Old Furnace on the Ramapao, where the chain was made, that spanned the Hudson River at West Point during the Revolution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ruins_of_the_Old_Furnace_on_the_Ramapao%2C_where_the_chain_was_made%2C_that_spanned_the_Hudson_at_West_Point_during_the_Revolution_%28NYPL_b11708205-G91F078_014F%29.tiff/lossy-page1-250px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ryan Mansion in Montebello","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ryan_Mansion_Montebello.JPG/220px-Ryan_Mansion_Montebello.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cherry Lane Elementary School, located in the Village of Airmont. Cherry Lane is one of five elementary schools that help comprise Ramapo (Suffern) Central School District.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cherry_Lane_School.JPG/220px-Cherry_Lane_School.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Rockland_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Rockland_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Robert H. Freilich; Robert J. Sitkowski; Seth D. Mennillo. From Sprawl to Sustainability: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development. p. 123.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Money Best Places to Retire\". CNN. 2006. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bpretire/2006/snapshots/CS3660510.html","url_text":"\"Money Best Places to Retire\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Ramapo Town Supervisor And Former Executive Director Of Ramapo Local Development Corporation Charged With Securities Fraud In Connection With Ramapo Municipal Bonds\". U.S. Department of Justice. April 14, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/ramapo-town-supervisor-and-former-executive-director-ramapo-local-development","url_text":"\"Ramapo Town Supervisor And Former Executive Director Of Ramapo Local Development Corporation Charged With Securities Fraud In Connection With Ramapo Municipal Bonds\""}]},{"reference":"Taliaferro, Lanning (May 2, 2016). \"Town Officials Face Charges in Fiscal Fraud Case\". New City Patch. Retrieved September 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://patch.com/new-york/newcity/feds-arrest-ramapo-town-supervisor","url_text":"\"Town Officials Face Charges in Fiscal Fraud Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indictment. United States of America v. Christopher St. Lawrence, and N. Aaron Troodler\". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved September 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/840826/download","url_text":"\"Indictment. United States of America v. Christopher St. Lawrence, and N. Aaron Troodler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Executive Director of the Ramapo Local Development Corporation Pleads Guilty To Securities Fraud And Conspiracy Charges\". U.S. Department of Justice. March 7, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/former-executive-director-ramapo-local-development-corporation-pleads-guilty-securities","url_text":"\"Former Executive Director of the Ramapo Local Development Corporation Pleads Guilty To Securities Fraud And Conspiracy Charges\""}]},{"reference":"Lieberman, Steve (April 18, 2017). \"Christopher St. Lawrence arrives at court as federal corruption trial opens\". Lohud. Retrieved May 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lohud.com/story/news/crime/2017/04/18/st-lawrence-corruption-trial-ramapo/100595348/","url_text":"\"Christopher St. Lawrence arrives at court as federal corruption trial opens\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Lawrence trial: Ramapo supervisor found guilty of fraud, conspiracy\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lohud.com/story/news/crime/2017/05/19/st-lawrence-trial-ramapo-supervisor-found-guilty-wire-securities-fraud/328754001/","url_text":"\"St. Lawrence trial: Ramapo supervisor found guilty of fraud, conspiracy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramapo Town Supervisor, Christopher St. Lawrence, Found Guilty After Trial of Conspiracy, Securities Fraud, and Wirefraud in Municipal Bond Securities Fraud Case\". May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/ramapo-town-supervisor-christopher-st-lawrence-found-guilty-after-trial-conspiracy","url_text":"\"Ramapo Town Supervisor, Christopher St. Lawrence, Found Guilty After Trial of Conspiracy, Securities Fraud, and Wirefraud in Municipal Bond Securities Fraud Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"State comptroller calls East Ramapo the most 'fiscally stressed' school district in NY\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2022/01/28/new-york-comptroller-ranked-east-ramapo-school-district-most-fiscally-stressed/9241819002/","url_text":"\"State comptroller calls East Ramapo the most 'fiscally stressed' school district in NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Ramapo timeline: 2005-present\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/education/2014/11/17/east-ramapo-timeline/19190165/","url_text":"\"East Ramapo timeline: 2005-present\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Ramapo sells Hillcrest for use as yeshiva again\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/education/2014/11/25/east-ramapo-sells-hillcrest-school/70114646/","url_text":"\"East Ramapo sells Hillcrest for use as yeshiva again\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Ramapo completes school sale to yeshiva tenants\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2014/07/24/east-ramapo-sells-colton-school/13126357/","url_text":"\"East Ramapo completes school sale to yeshiva tenants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-president of e. Ramapo School Board pleads guilty to mail fraud\".","urls":[{"url":"https://hudsonvalley.news12.com/ex-president-of-e-ramapo-school-board-pleads-guilty-to-mail-fraud-34719276","url_text":"\"Ex-president of e. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Township,_Knox_County,_Ohio	Morgan Township, Knox County, Ohio	["1 Geography","2 Name and history","3 Government","4 Public Safety","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°16′52″N 82°25′17″W / 40.28111°N 82.42139°W / 40.28111; -82.42139 Township in Ohio, United StatesMorgan Township, Knox County OhioTownshipFields along Spray Lane in the township's northeastLocation of Morgan Township in Knox County.Coordinates: 40°16′52″N 82°25′17″W / 40.28111°N 82.42139°W / 40.28111; -82.42139CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyKnoxArea • Total26.0 sq mi (67.4 km2) • Land26.0 sq mi (67.4 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation1,027 ft (313 m)Population (2020) • Total1,034 • Density40/sq mi (15/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code39-52108GNIS feature ID1086408 Morgan Township is one of the twenty-two townships of Knox County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 1,034 people in the township. Geography Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships: Pleasant Township - north Harrison Township - northeast corner Clay Township - east Washington Township, Licking County - south Burlington Township, Licking County - southwest Miller Township - west Part of the village of Utica is located in southern Morgan Township. Name and history Morgan Township was organized in 1808. It is named for Daniel Morgan. It is one of six Morgan Townships statewide. Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Public Safety Law Enforcement: Knox County Sheriff's Office Fire & EMS: County Line Joint Fire District References ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Morgan township, Knox County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 13, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Graham, Albert Adams (1881). History of Knox County, Ohio: Its Past and Present, Containing a Condensed, Comprehensive History of Ohio. A. A. Graham & Company. p. 534. ^ "Detailed map of Ohio" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2007. ^ §503.24, §505.01, and §507.01 of the Ohio Revised Code. Accessed 4/30/2009. External links County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Knox County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: Mount VernonCity Mount Vernon Map of Ohio highlighting Knox CountyVillages Centerburg Danville Fredericktown Gambier Gann Martinsburg Utica‡ Townships Berlin Brown Butler Clay Clinton College Harrison Hilliar Howard Jackson Jefferson Liberty Middlebury Milford Miller Monroe Morgan Morris Pike Pleasant Union Wayne CDPs Apple Valley Bladensburg Howard South Mount Vernon Unincorporatedcommunities Amity Ankenytown Artanna Bangs Batemantown Brandon Five Corners Green Valley Greer Hunt Jelloway Knox Lock‡ Lucerne Millwood Monroe Mills Morgan Center Mt. Liberty North Liberty Palmyra Pipesville Rich Hill Waterford Zuck Ghost town Rossville Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Knox County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2020"}],"text":"Township in Ohio, United StatesMorgan Township is one of the twenty-two townships of Knox County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 1,034 people in the township.","title":"Morgan Township, Knox County, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleasant Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Township,_Knox_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Harrison Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Township,_Knox_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Clay Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Township,_Knox_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Washington Township, Licking County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Licking_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Burlington Township, Licking County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Township,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Miller Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Township,_Knox_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Utica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_Ohio"}],"text":"Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:Pleasant Township - north\nHarrison Township - northeast corner\nClay Township - east\nWashington Township, Licking County - south\nBurlington Township, Licking County - southwest\nMiller Township - westPart of the village of Utica is located in southern Morgan Township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Morgan Townships statewide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Township,_Ohio_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Morgan Township was organized in 1808. It is named for Daniel Morgan.[4]It is one of six Morgan Townships statewide.[5]","title":"Name and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[6] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knox County Sheriff's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.knoxcountysheriff.com/"},{"link_name":"County Line Joint Fire District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cljfd.org/"}],"text":"Law Enforcement: Knox County Sheriff's Office\n\nFire & EMS: County Line Joint Fire District","title":"Public Safety"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Knox County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Knox_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Knox_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan township, Knox County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Morgan_township,_Knox_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3908352108","url_text":"\"Morgan township, Knox County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Albert Adams (1881). History of Knox County, Ohio: Its Past and Present, Containing a Condensed, Comprehensive History of Ohio. A. A. Graham & Company. p. 534.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBAtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA534","url_text":"History of Knox County, Ohio: Its Past and Present, Containing a Condensed, Comprehensive History of Ohio"}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/general_ref/cousub_outline/cen2k_pgsz/oh_cosub.pdf","url_text":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morgan_Township,_Knox_County,_Ohio&params=40_16_52_N_82_25_17_W_region:US-OH_type:city(1034)","external_links_name":"40°16′52″N 82°25′17″W / 40.28111°N 82.42139°W / 40.28111; -82.42139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morgan_Township,_Knox_County,_Ohio&params=40_16_52_N_82_25_17_W_region:US-OH_type:city(1034)","external_links_name":"40°16′52″N 82°25′17″W / 40.28111°N 82.42139°W / 40.28111; -82.42139"},{"Link":"https://www.knoxcountysheriff.com/","external_links_name":"Knox County Sheriff's Office"},{"Link":"https://cljfd.org/","external_links_name":"County Line Joint Fire District"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Morgan_township,_Knox_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3908352108","external_links_name":"\"Morgan township, Knox County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBAtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA534","external_links_name":"History of Knox County, Ohio: Its Past and Present, Containing a Condensed, Comprehensive History of Ohio"},{"Link":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/general_ref/cousub_outline/cen2k_pgsz/oh_cosub.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\""},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/503.24","external_links_name":"§503.24"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/505.01","external_links_name":"§505.01"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/507.01","external_links_name":"§507.01"},{"Link":"http://www.co.knox.oh.us/","external_links_name":"County website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulda,_Germany	Mulda, Germany	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 50°47′N 13°25′E / 50.783°N 13.417°E / 50.783; 13.417Municipality in Saxony, GermanyMulda MunicipalityView of the town centre Coat of armsLocation of Mulda within Mittelsachsen district Mulda Show map of GermanyMulda Show map of SaxonyCoordinates: 50°47′N 13°25′E / 50.783°N 13.417°E / 50.783; 13.417CountryGermanyStateSaxonyDistrictMittelsachsen Government • Mayor (2021–28) Michael WiezorekArea • Total43.08 km2 (16.63 sq mi)Elevation505 m (1,657 ft)Population (2021-12-31) • Total2,462 • Density57/km2 (150/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes09619Dialling codes037320Vehicle registrationFG Mulda is a municipality in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. References ^ Wahlergebnisse 2021, Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 10 July 2021. ^ "Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2021" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 2022. vteTowns and municipalities in Mittelsachsen district Altmittweida Augustusburg Bobritzsch-Hilbersdorf Brand-Erbisdorf Burgstädt Claußnitz Döbeln Dorfchemnitz Eppendorf Erlau Flöha Frankenberg Frauenstein Freiberg Geringswalde Großhartmannsdorf Großschirma Großweitzschen Hainichen Halsbrücke Hartha Hartmannsdorf Jahnatal Königsfeld Königshain-Wiederau Kriebstein Leisnig Leubsdorf Lichtenau Lichtenberg Lunzenau Mittweida Mühlau Mulda Neuhausen Niederwiesa Oberschöna Oederan Penig Rechenberg-Bienenmühle Reinsberg Rochlitz Rossau Roßwein Sayda Seelitz Striegistal Taura Waldheim Wechselburg Weißenborn Zettlitz Authority control databases: National Germany This Mittelsachsen location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mittelsachsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelsachsen"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Municipality in Saxony, GermanyMulda is a municipality in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany.","title":"Mulda, Germany"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mulda-Sa._in_FG.png/240px-Mulda-Sa._in_FG.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2021\" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/aktuelle-zahlen/statistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_des_Freistaates_Sachsen","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mulda,_Germany&params=50_47_N_13_25_E_type:city(2462)_region:DE-SN","external_links_name":"50°47′N 13°25′E / 50.783°N 13.417°E / 50.783; 13.417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mulda,_Germany&params=50_47_N_13_25_E_type:city(2462)_region:DE-SN","external_links_name":"50°47′N 13°25′E / 50.783°N 13.417°E / 50.783; 13.417"},{"Link":"https://wahlen.sachsen.de/buergermeisterwahl-2021-wahlergebnisse.php","external_links_name":"Wahlergebnisse 2021"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/aktuelle-zahlen/statistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2021\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4683805-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulda,_Germany&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsdale,_Ontario	Perry, Ontario	["1 Communities","2 Demographics","3 Transportation","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°30′N 79°17′W / 45.500°N 79.283°W / 45.500; -79.283See also: Perry (disambiguation) Township in Ontario, CanadaPerryTownship (single-tier)Township of PerryEmsdalePerryCoordinates: 45°30′N 79°17′W / 45.500°N 79.283°W / 45.500; -79.283CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictParry SoundSettled1873Incorporated1888Government • TypeTownship • MayorNorm Hofstetter • Federal ridingParry Sound-Muskoka • Prov. ridingParry Sound—MuskokaArea • Land186.34 km2 (71.95 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total2,650Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Postal CodeP0A 1J0Area code(s)705, 249Websitewww.townshipofperry.ca Perry is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District. The township had a population of 2,454 in the 2016 Canadian census. Communities Clear Lake Emsdale Novar Scotia Swindon Walls Demographics Perry Township historical populationsYearPop.±% 19912,049— 19962,215+8.1%20012,252+1.7%20062,010−10.7%20112,317+15.3%20162,454+5.9%20212,650+8.0% In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Perry had a population of 2,650 living in 1,144 of its 1,710 total private dwellings, a change of 8% from its 2016 population of 2,454. With a land area of 186.34 km2 (71.95 sq mi), it had a population density of 14.2/km2 (36.8/sq mi) in 2021. Mother tongue: English as first language: 91.8% French as first language: 1.0% English and French as first language: 0.5% Other as first language: 6.7% Transportation The communities of Emsdale and Novar are flag stops on Ontario Northland's intercity motor coach service along its Toronto–Barrie–Bracebridge–Huntsville–North Bay route. See also List of townships in Ontario References ^ a b 2011 Census Profile ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census: Perry, Township". Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ Statistics Canada: 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Perry, Township". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2019. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022. ^ "2006 Community Profile". 13 March 2007. External links Official website Places adjacent to Perry, Ontario Ryerson Armour McMurrich/Monteith Perry Kearney Huntsville Lake of Bays vteParry Sound District, OntarioTowns Kearney Parry Sound Powassan Townships The Archipelago Armour Callander Carling Joly Machar Magnetawan McDougall McKellar McMurrich/Monteith Nipissing Perry Ryerson Seguin Strong Whitestone Villages Burk's Falls South River Sundridge First Nations Dokis Henvey Inlet Magnetawan Shawanaga Wasauksing Indian reserves Dokis 9 French River 13 Henvey Inlet 2 Magnetawan 1 Naiscoutaing 17A Parry Island Shawanaga 17 Shawanaga 17B Local services boards Britt and Byng Inlet Laurier Loring, Port Loring and District Restoule Unorganized areas Centre North East See also Communities in Parry Sound District Census divisions of Ontario This Ontario location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perry (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Almaguin Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaguin_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"2016 Canadian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2016_Census"}],"text":"See also: Perry (disambiguation)Township in Ontario, CanadaPerry is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District.The township had a population of 2,454 in the 2016 Canadian census.","title":"Perry, Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Clear Lake\nEmsdale\nNovar\nScotia\nSwindon\nWalls","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Perry had a population of 2,650 living in 1,144 of its 1,710 total private dwellings, a change of 8% from its 2016 population of 2,454. With a land area of 186.34 km2 (71.95 sq mi), it had a population density of 14.2/km2 (36.8/sq mi) in 2021.[5]Mother tongue:[6]English as first language: 91.8%\nFrench as first language: 1.0%\nEnglish and French as first language: 0.5%\nOther as first language: 6.7%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flag stops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_stop"},{"link_name":"Ontario Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Northland"}],"text":"The communities of Emsdale and Novar are flag stops on Ontario Northland's intercity motor coach service along its Toronto–Barrie–Bracebridge–Huntsville–North Bay route.","title":"Transportation"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of townships in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Ontario"}]	[{"reference":"\"Census Profile, 2021 Census: Perry, Township\". Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Dguid=2021A00053549014&r=1","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2021 Census: Perry, Township\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Perry, Township\". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3549014&Geo2=CD&Code2=3549&SearchText=Perry&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Perry, Township\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Community Profile\". 13 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3549014&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Perry&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=","url_text":"\"2006 Community Profile\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perry,_Ontario&params=45_30_N_79_17_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(2650)","external_links_name":"45°30′N 79°17′W / 45.500°N 79.283°W / 45.500; -79.283"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perry,_Ontario&params=45_30_N_79_17_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(2650)","external_links_name":"45°30′N 79°17′W / 45.500°N 79.283°W / 45.500; -79.283"},{"Link":"http://www.townshipofperry.ca/","external_links_name":"www.townshipofperry.ca"},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3549014&Geo2=CD&Code2=3549&Data=Count&SearchText=perry&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1","external_links_name":"2011 Census Profile"},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Dguid=2021A00053549014&r=1","external_links_name":"\"Census Profile, 2021 Census: Perry, Township\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3549014&Geo2=CD&Code2=3549&SearchText=Perry&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","external_links_name":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Perry, Township\""},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3549014&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Perry&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=","external_links_name":"\"2006 Community Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.townshipofperry.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry,_Ontario&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheron,_New_Mexico	Rutheron, New Mexico	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°43′07″N 106°36′42″W / 36.71861°N 106.61167°W / 36.71861; -106.61167 Unincorporated community in New Mexico, United StatesRutheronUnincorporated communityRutheronLocation within the state of New MexicoShow map of New MexicoRutheronRutheron (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 36°43′07″N 106°36′42″W / 36.71861°N 106.61167°W / 36.71861; -106.61167CountryUnited StatesStateNew MexicoCountyRio ArribaElevation7,287 ft (2,221 m)Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP codes87551Area code575GNIS feature ID894227 Rutheron is an unincorporated community located in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. Rutheron is located on New Mexico State Road 95, 2.8 miles (4.5 km) west-southwest of Los Ojos. Rutheron had its own post office from May 27, 1927, to March 1, 1997. References ^ United States Postal Service. "USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". Retrieved August 20, 2014. ^ "Rutheron". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "Postmaster Finder - Post Offices by ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. Retrieved August 20, 2014. vteMunicipalities and communities of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United StatesCounty seat: Tierra AmarillaCity Española‡ Map of New Mexico highlighting Rio Arriba CountyVillage Chama CDPs Abiquiú Alcalde Brazos Canjilon Cañones Canova Chamita Chili Chimayo‡ Cordova Coyote Dixon Dulce El Duende El Rito Ensenada Gallina Hernandez La Madera La Mesilla La Villita Lindrith Los Luceros Los Ojos Lumberton Lybrook Lyden Medanales Ohkay Owingeh Ojo Caliente‡ Ojo Sarco Pueblito Rio Chiquito‡ San Jose San Juan Santa Clara Pueblo Tierra Amarilla Truchas Velarde Youngsville Othercommunities Arroyo Del Agua Cañoncito Cebolla Embudo Las Tablas Navajo City Petaca Rutheron San Lorenzo Vallecitos Ghost towns and former settlements Hopewell Riverside Santa Rosa de Lima Sublette Indianreservations Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation‡ Santa Clara Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New Mexico portal United States portal This New Mexico state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Rio Arriba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State Road 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_95"},{"link_name":"Los Ojos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Ojos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in New Mexico, United StatesRutheron is an unincorporated community located in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. Rutheron is located on New Mexico State Road 95, 2.8 miles (4.5 km) west-southwest of Los Ojos. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_County,_Texas	Bandera County, Texas	["1 History","1.1 Native Americans","1.2 19th century","1.3 20th century","2 Geography","2.1 Major highways","2.2 Adjacent counties","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 Communities","5.1 City","5.2 Census-designated places","5.3 Unincorporated communities","5.4 Ghost town","6 Politics","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 29°44′N 99°14′W / 29.74°N 99.23°W / 29.74; -99.23County in Texas, United States County in TexasBandera CountyCountyThe Bandera County Courthouse in Bandera. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 31, 1979. FlagSealLocation within the U.S. state of TexasTexas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 29°44′N 99°14′W / 29.74°N 99.23°W / 29.74; -99.23Country United StatesState TexasFounded1856Named forBandera PassSeatBanderaLargest communityLakehillsArea • Total798 sq mi (2,070 km2) • Land791 sq mi (2,050 km2) • Water6.7 sq mi (17 km2) 0.8%Population (2020) • Total20,851 • Density26/sq mi (10/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Congressional district21stWebsitewww.banderacounty.org Bandera County (Spanish: "flag", /bænˈdɛrə/ ban-DERR-ə) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located in the Hill Country and its county seat is Bandera. As of the 2020 census, the population is 20,851. Bandera County is part of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area. The county is officially recognized as the "Cowboy Capital of the World" by the Texas Legislature. History In 1856, the Texas Legislature established Bandera County from portions of Bexar and Uvalde Counties, and named the county and its seat for Bandera Pass, which uses the Spanish word for flag. Native Americans Although the county's earliest evidence of human habitation dates from 8000 to 4000 BC, the county's earliest known ethnology places Lipan Apache and later Comanche settlements in the area during the 17th century. 19th century In 1841, John Coffee Hays and a troop of Texas Rangers defeated a large party of Comanche warriors, thereby pacifying the region in what became known as the Battle of Bandera Pass. In 1853, John James and Charles S. DeMontel survey and plan the town of Bandera, which facilitates settlement by A. M. Milstead, Thomas Odem, P.D. Saner, and their families along the river. The families begin making cypress shingles. James, Montel and Company build a horse-powered sawmill and open a store within a year. In the wake of successive national insurrections crushed by Prussia, Austria and Russia, 16 Polish families arrive in Bandera in 1855 and begin working in James and DeMontel's sawmill. August Klappenbach opens the first store and post office. In 1856, the Texas Legislature establishes Bandera County from portions of Bexar County, and the county is formally organized. By 1860, the population grows to 399, which included 12 slaves. By 1880, sheep and Angora goats become more profitable than farming. 20th century In 1920, Cora and Ed Buck launch Bandera's tourist industry by taking boarders at their ranch, and by 1933, Frontier Times Museum opens to the public. During the last 30 years of the 20th century, with an estimated 80% of its land dedicated to farming and ranching industries, the county government facilitates three major actions to preserve its natural heritage: the Lost Maples State Natural Area opens to the public in 1979, the Hill Country State Natural Area opens to the public in 1984, and the Nature Conservancy purchases 1,400 acres (5.7 km2) of the Love Creek Ranch from Baxter and Carol Adams to create the Love Creek Preserve in 2000. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 798 square miles (2,070 km2), of which 791 square miles (2,050 km2) is land and 6.7 square miles (17 km2) (0.8%) is water. Bandera County is a part of the Greater San Antonio area and is located on the Edwards Plateau. Major highways State Highway 16 State Highway 46 State Highway 173 Park Road 37 Ranch to Market Road 187 Ranch to Market Road 337 Ranch to Market Road 1077 Farm to Market Road 1283 Ranch to Market Road 2828 Farm to Market Road 3240 Adjacent counties Kerr County (north) Kendall County (northeast) Bexar County (southeast) Medina County (south) Uvalde County (southwest) Real County (west) Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1860399—187064962.7%18802,158232.5%18903,79575.9%19005,33240.5%19104,921−7.7%19204,001−18.7%19303,784−5.4%19404,23411.9%19504,4104.2%19603,892−11.7%19704,74722.0%19807,08449.2%199010,56249.1%200017,64567.1%201020,48516.1%202020,8511.8%U.S. Decennial Census1850–2010 2010 2020 Bandera County, Texas - Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020 White alone (NH) 16,576 15,595 80.92% 74.79% Black or African American alone (NH) 90 102 0.44% 0.49% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 121 101 0.59% 0.48% Asian alone (NH) 55 95 0.27% 0.46% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 0 11 0.00% 0.05% Some Other Race alone (NH) 18 71 0.09% 0.34% Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 210 866 1.03% 4.15% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 3,415 4,010 16.67% 19.23% Total 20,485 20,851 100.00% 100.00% As of the 2010 United States census, there were 20,485 people living in the county. 92.8% were White, 0.8% Native American, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 3.8% of some other race and 1.8% of two or more races. 16.7% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 17.6% were of German, 13.7% English, 10.2% Irish and 10.1% American ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,645 people, 7,010 households, and 5,061 families living in the county. The population density was 22 people per square mile (8.5 people/km2). There were 9,503 housing units at an average density of 12 units per square mile (4.6/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.02% White, 0.33% Black or African American, 0.90% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.55% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. 13.51% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 7,010 households, out of which 29.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.80% were married couples living together, 7.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.80% were non-families. 23.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.70% under the age of 18, 5.80% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 27.60% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.30 males. The median income for a household in the county was $39,013, and the median income for a family was $45,906. Males had a median income of $31,733 versus $24,451 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,635. About 7.70% of families and 10.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.20% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over. Education The following school districts serve Bandera County: Bandera Independent School District Medina Independent School District (partial) Northside Independent School District (partial) Utopia Independent School District (partial) All of the county is in the service area of Alamo Community College District. Communities City Bandera (county seat) Census-designated places Lake Medina Shores (partly in Medina County) Lakehills (largest community) Unincorporated communities Bandera Falls Medina Pipe Creek Tarpley Vanderpool Ghost town Tuff Politics United States presidential election results for Bandera County, Texas Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 10,057 79.03% 2,505 19.68% 164 1.29% 2016 8,163 79.89% 1,726 16.89% 329 3.22% 2012 7,426 78.60% 1,864 19.73% 158 1.67% 2008 6,935 74.59% 2,250 24.20% 112 1.20% 2004 6,933 79.32% 1,738 19.88% 70 0.80% 2000 5,613 77.18% 1,426 19.61% 234 3.22% 1996 3,700 65.22% 1,383 24.38% 590 10.40% 1992 2,674 50.24% 1,059 19.90% 1,589 29.86% 1988 3,435 72.15% 1,251 26.28% 75 1.58% 1984 3,152 80.04% 771 19.58% 15 0.38% 1980 2,373 70.63% 894 26.61% 93 2.77% 1976 1,554 56.18% 1,183 42.77% 29 1.05% 1972 1,796 79.50% 434 19.21% 29 1.28% 1968 842 46.78% 535 29.72% 423 23.50% 1964 762 46.49% 876 53.45% 1 0.06% 1960 942 63.48% 539 36.32% 3 0.20% 1956 1,083 76.05% 336 23.60% 5 0.35% 1952 1,350 78.95% 358 20.94% 2 0.12% 1948 570 50.35% 445 39.31% 117 10.34% 1944 634 50.40% 532 42.29% 92 7.31% 1940 432 32.80% 881 66.89% 4 0.30% 1936 431 36.81% 720 61.49% 20 1.71% 1932 359 28.74% 883 70.70% 7 0.56% 1928 936 74.52% 317 25.24% 3 0.24% 1924 442 47.84% 425 46.00% 57 6.17% 1920 249 40.75% 311 50.90% 51 8.35% 1916 168 22.34% 537 71.41% 47 6.25% 1912 158 22.25% 412 58.03% 140 19.72% See also Texas portal List of museums in Central Texas National Register of Historic Places listings in Bandera County, Texas Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Bandera County References ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Bandera County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2022. ^ "Bandera County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ Pannebaker, Judith (July 11, 2013). "Bandera now official 'Cowboy Capital of the World'". Bandera County Courier. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2020. ^ a b Long, Christopher (June 12, 2010). "Bandera County, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ Fisher, O Clark (1966). "Battle of Bandera Pass". Great Western Indian Fights. Bison. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8032-5186-1. ^ Tobin, Peggy (August 31, 2010). "Battle of Bandera Pass". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ McConnell, Joseph Caroll. "Famous Battle of Bandera Pass". Fort Tours. Fort Tour Systems, Inc. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ Schumacher, Dr MJ (November 5, 2009). "Granddaughter's memories bring early history to life". Bandera County Courier. ^ Tobin, Peggy (June 12, 2010). "Bandera, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ Wise, Dan (July 25, 2006). "Celebrate Bandera County honors Bandera County's dude ranches". The Bandera Bulletin. ^ "Old Buck Ranch". Texas State Historical Markers. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ Pohlen, Jerome (2006). "Frontier Times Museum". Oddball Texas: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places. Chicago Review Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-55652-583-4. ^ "Frontier Times Museum". Texas State Historical Markers. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ "Lost Maples State Park". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ Coppedge, Clay. "Bandera-Hill Country State Natural Preserve". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ "Hill Country State Natural Area". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ Permenter, Paris; Bigley, John (2006). Day Trips from San Antonio. GPP Travel. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7627-3868-7. ^ "Love Creek Preserve". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved November 28, 2010. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2015. ^ "Decennial Census by Decade". US Census Bureau. ^ "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2015. ^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Bandera County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. ^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Bandera County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. ^ ""American FactFinder"". Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Bandera County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022. - Text list ^ Texas Education Code, Sec. 130.162. ALAMO COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA.. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 19, 2018. External links Official website Bandera County Chamber of Commerce Bandera County Convention and Visitor Bureau Bandera County, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online Bandera County from the Texas Almanac Bandera County from the TXGenWeb Project Pioneer history of Bandera County: seventy-five years of intrepid history, published 1922, hosted by The Portal to Texas History Places adjacent to Bandera County, Texas Kerr County Kendall County Real County Bandera County, Texas Uvalde County Medina County Bexar County vteMunicipalities and communities of Bandera County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: BanderaCity Bandera Bandera County mapCDPs Lake Medina Shores‡ Lakehills Othercommunities Bandera Falls Medina Pipe Creek Tarpley Vanderpool Ghost townTuffFootnotes‡This city also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Texas portal United States portal vteCounties of Texas Anderson Andrews Angelina Aransas Archer Armstrong Atascosa Austin Bailey Bandera Bastrop Baylor Bee Bell Bexar Blanco Borden Bosque Bowie Brazoria Brazos Brewster Briscoe Brooks Brown Burleson Burnet Caldwell Calhoun Callahan Cameron Camp Carson Cass Castro Chambers Cherokee Childress Clay Cochran Coke Coleman Collin Collingsworth Colorado Comal Comanche Concho Cooke Coryell Cottle Crane Crockett Crosby Culberson Dallam Dallas Dawson Deaf Smith Delta Denton DeWitt Dickens Dimmit Donley Duval Eastland Ector Edwards El Paso Ellis Erath Falls Fannin Fayette Fisher Floyd Foard Fort Bend Franklin Freestone Frio Gaines Galveston Garza Gillespie Glasscock Goliad Gonzales Gray Grayson Gregg Grimes Guadalupe Hale Hall Hamilton Hansford Hardeman Hardin Harris Harrison Hartley Haskell Hays Hemphill Henderson Hidalgo Hill Hockley Hood Hopkins Houston Howard Hudspeth Hunt Hutchinson Irion Jack Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jim Hogg Jim Wells Johnson Jones Karnes Kaufman Kendall Kenedy Kent Kerr Kimble King Kinney Kleberg Knox La Salle Lamar Lamb Lampasas Lavaca Lee Leon Liberty Limestone Lipscomb Live Oak Llano Loving Lubbock Lynn Madison Marion Martin Mason Matagorda Maverick McCulloch McLennan McMullen Medina Menard Midland Milam Mills Mitchell Montague Montgomery Moore Morris Motley Nacogdoches Navarro Newton Nolan Nueces Ochiltree Oldham Orange Palo Pinto Panola Parker Parmer Pecos Polk Potter Presidio Rains Randall Reagan Real Red River Reeves Refugio Roberts Robertson Rockwall Runnels Rusk Sabine San Augustine San Jacinto San Patricio San Saba Schleicher Scurry Shackelford Shelby Sherman Smith Somervell Starr Stephens Sterling Stonewall Sutton Swisher Tarrant Taylor Terrell Terry Throckmorton Titus Tom Green Travis Trinity Tyler Upshur Upton Uvalde Val Verde Van Zandt Victoria Walker Waller Ward Washington Webb Wharton Wheeler Wichita Wilbarger Willacy Williamson Wilson Winkler Wise Wood Yoakum Young Zapata Zavala vteState of TexasAustin (capital)Topics Outline Architecture Climate (Climate change) Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Mass media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks Sports Symbols Texans Time Tourist attractions Transportation Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Regions Ark‑La‑Tex Big Bend Boca Chica Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans-Pecos West Texas Metropolitanareas Abilene Amarillo Austin–Round Rock (Greater Austin) Beaumont–Port Arthur Brownsville–Harlingen College Station–Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington (DFW) El Paso Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land (Greater Houston) Killeen–Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio–New Braunfels Sherman–Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls CountiesSee: List of counties in Texas Texas portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other NARA 29°44′N 99°14′W / 29.74°N 99.23°W / 29.74; -99.23	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/bænˈdɛrə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"ban-DERR-ə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Bandera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-1"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QF-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"San Antonio-New Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio-New_Braunfels"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"County in Texas, United StatesCounty in TexasBandera County (Spanish: \"flag\", /bænˈdɛrə/ ban-DERR-ə) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located in the Hill Country and its county seat is Bandera.[1]As of the 2020 census, the population is 20,851.[2][3] Bandera County is part of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area.The county is officially recognized as the \"Cowboy Capital of the World\" by the Texas Legislature.[4]","title":"Bandera County, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Bexar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"named","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_county_seat_name_etymologies"},{"link_name":"Bandera Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_Pass"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"}],"text":"In 1856, the Texas Legislature established Bandera County from portions of Bexar and Uvalde Counties, and named the county and its seat for Bandera Pass, which uses the Spanish word for flag.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipan Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandera_County,_Texas-5"}],"sub_title":"Native Americans","text":"Although the county's earliest evidence of human habitation dates from 8000 to 4000 BC, the county's earliest known ethnology places Lipan Apache and later Comanche settlements in the area during the 17th century.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Coffee Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coffee_Hays"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_Division"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bandera Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bandera_Pass"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battle_of_Bandera_Pass-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandera_County,_Texas-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandera,_Texas-10"},{"link_name":"national insurrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Bexar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Angora goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_goat"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"In 1841, John Coffee Hays and a troop of Texas Rangers defeated a large party of Comanche warriors, thereby pacifying the region in what became known as the Battle of Bandera Pass.[6][7][8]In 1853, John James and Charles S. DeMontel survey and plan the town of Bandera, which facilitates settlement by A. M. Milstead, Thomas Odem, P.D. Saner, and their families along the river. The families begin making cypress shingles.[9] James, Montel and Company build a horse-powered sawmill and open a store within a year.[5][10] In the wake of successive national insurrections crushed by Prussia, Austria and Russia, 16 Polish families arrive in Bandera in 1855 and begin working in James and DeMontel's sawmill. August Klappenbach opens the first store and post office. In 1856, the Texas Legislature establishes Bandera County from portions of Bexar County, and the county is formally organized.By 1860, the population grows to 399, which included 12 slaves. By 1880, sheep and Angora goats become more profitable than farming.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lost Maples State Natural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Maples_State_Natural_Area"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hill Country State Natural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Country_State_Natural_Area"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In 1920, Cora and Ed Buck launch Bandera's tourist industry by taking boarders at their ranch,[11][12] and by 1933, Frontier Times Museum opens to the public.[13][14]During the last 30 years of the 20th century, with an estimated 80% of its land dedicated to farming and ranching industries, the county government facilitates three major actions to preserve its natural heritage: the Lost Maples State Natural Area opens to the public in 1979,[15] the Hill Country State Natural Area[16] opens to the public in 1984,[17] and the Nature Conservancy purchases 1,400 acres (5.7 km2) of the Love Creek Ranch[18] from Baxter and Carol Adams to create the Love Creek Preserve in 2000.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-20"},{"link_name":"Greater San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Edwards Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Plateau"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 798 square miles (2,070 km2), of which 791 square miles (2,050 km2) is land and 6.7 square miles (17 km2) (0.8%) is water.[20] Bandera County is a part of the Greater San Antonio area and is located on the Edwards Plateau.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_16.svg"},{"link_name":"State Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_46.svg"},{"link_name":"State Highway 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_173.svg"},{"link_name":"State Highway 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_Park_Road_37.svg"},{"link_name":"Park Road 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Park_Road_37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_RM_187.svg"},{"link_name":"Ranch to Market Road 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_RM_337.svg"},{"link_name":"Ranch to Market Road 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_337"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_RM_1077.svg"},{"link_name":"Ranch to Market Road 1077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_FM_1283.svg"},{"link_name":"Farm to Market Road 1283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1283"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_RM_2828.svg"},{"link_name":"Ranch to Market Road 2828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_FM_3240.svg"},{"link_name":"Farm to Market Road 3240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3240"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"State Highway 16\n State Highway 46\n State Highway 173\n Park Road 37\n Ranch to Market Road 187\n Ranch to Market Road 337\n Ranch to Market Road 1077\n Farm to Market Road 1283\n Ranch to Market Road 2828\n Farm to Market Road 3240","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerr County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kendall County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bexar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Medina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Real County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Kerr County (north)\nKendall County (northeast)\nBexar County (southeast)\nMedina County (south)\nUvalde County (southwest)\nReal County (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Black or African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"of two or more races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_American"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_American"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ethnicity"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-26"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the 2010 United States census, there were 20,485 people living in the county. 92.8% were White, 0.8% Native American, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 3.8% of some other race and 1.8% of two or more races. 16.7% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 17.6% were of German, 13.7% English, 10.2% Irish and 10.1% American ancestry.[25]As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 17,645 people, 7,010 households, and 5,061 families living in the county. The population density was 22 people per square mile (8.5 people/km2). There were 9,503 housing units at an average density of 12 units per square mile (4.6/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.02% White, 0.33% Black or African American, 0.90% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.55% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. 13.51% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 7,010 households, out of which 29.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.80% were married couples living together, 7.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.80% were non-families. 23.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.92.In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.70% under the age of 18, 5.80% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 27.60% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.30 males.The median income for a household in the county was $39,013, and the median income for a family was $45,906. Males had a median income of $31,733 versus $24,451 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,635. About 7.70% of families and 10.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.20% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Bandera Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Medina Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Northside Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northside_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Utopia Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Alamo Community College District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Community_College_District"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The following school districts serve Bandera County:[27]Bandera Independent School District\nMedina Independent School District (partial)\nNorthside Independent School District (partial)\nUtopia Independent School District (partial)All of the county is in the service area of Alamo Community College District.[28]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"City","text":"Bandera (county seat)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Medina Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Medina_Shores,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Medina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lakehills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehills,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Census-designated places","text":"Lake Medina Shores (partly in Medina County)\nLakehills (largest community)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandera Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina,_Bandera_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pipe Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_Creek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tarpley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Vanderpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderpool,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Bandera Falls\nMedina\nPipe Creek\nTarpley\nVanderpool","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Ghost town","text":"Tuff","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"}]	[{"image_text":"Bandera County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Bandera_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Bandera_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"List of museums in Central Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Central_Texas"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Bandera County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bandera_County,_Texas"},{"title":"Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Bandera County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks#Bandera_County"}]	[{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Bandera County, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/banderacountytexas/PST120221","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Bandera County, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bandera County, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0500000US48019","url_text":"\"Bandera County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Pannebaker, Judith (July 11, 2013). \"Bandera now official 'Cowboy Capital of the World'\". Bandera County Courier. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816142738/http://www.bccourier.com/Archives/News_detail.php?contentId=14232","url_text":"\"Bandera now official 'Cowboy Capital of the World'\""},{"url":"http://www.bccourier.com/Archives/News_detail.php?contentId=14232","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Long, Christopher (June 12, 2010). \"Bandera County, Texas\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcb02","url_text":"\"Bandera County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101221154113/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcb02","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, O Clark (1966). \"Battle of Bandera Pass\". Great Western Indian Fights. Bison. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8032-5186-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DWfRCUonxKwC&pg=PA41","url_text":"\"Battle of Bandera Pass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5186-1","url_text":"978-0-8032-5186-1"}]},{"reference":"Tobin, Peggy (August 31, 2010). \"Battle of Bandera Pass\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rkb01","url_text":"\"Battle of Bandera Pass\""}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Joseph Caroll. \"Famous Battle of Bandera Pass\". Fort Tours. Fort Tour Systems, Inc. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forttours.com/pages/banderapass.asp","url_text":"\"Famous Battle of Bandera Pass\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125105442/http://forttours.com/pages/banderapass.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schumacher, Dr MJ (November 5, 2009). \"Granddaughter's memories bring early history to life\". Bandera County Courier.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tobin, Peggy (June 12, 2010). \"Bandera, Texas\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlb05","url_text":"\"Bandera, Texas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101101030833/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlb05","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Dan (July 25, 2006). \"Celebrate Bandera County honors Bandera County's dude ranches\". The Bandera Bulletin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Old Buck Ranch\". Texas State Historical Markers. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301061934/http://www.9key.com/markers/marker_detail.asp?atlas_number=5019003694","url_text":"\"Old Buck Ranch\""},{"url":"http://www.9key.com/markers/marker_detail.asp?atlas_number=5019003694","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pohlen, Jerome (2006). \"Frontier Times Museum\". Oddball Texas: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places. Chicago Review Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-55652-583-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oddballtexasguid0000pohl","url_text":"Oddball Texas: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-583-4","url_text":"978-1-55652-583-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Frontier Times Museum\". Texas State Historical Markers. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314205029/http://www.9key.com/markers/marker_detail.asp?atlas_number=5019002071","url_text":"\"Frontier Times Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.9key.com/markers/marker_detail.asp?atlas_number=5019002071","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lost Maples State Park\". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/lost_maples","url_text":"\"Lost Maples State Park\""}]},{"reference":"Coppedge, Clay. \"Bandera-Hill Country State Natural Preserve\". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.texasescapes.com/ClayCoppedge/Hill-Country-State-Natural-Area.htm","url_text":"\"Bandera-Hill Country State Natural Preserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hill Country State Natural Area\". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/hill_country","url_text":"\"Hill Country State Natural Area\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028100800/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/hill_country","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Permenter, Paris; Bigley, John (2006). Day Trips from San Antonio. GPP Travel. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7627-3868-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3868-7","url_text":"978-0-7627-3868-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Love Creek Preserve\". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/texas/preserves/art25180.html","url_text":"\"Love Creek Preserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_48.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decennial Census by Decade\". US Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html","url_text":"\"Decennial Census by Decade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Census_Bureau","url_text":"US Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010\" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/topics/ctypophistweb2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/topics/ctypophistweb2010.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Bandera County, Texas\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=0500000US48019&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Bandera County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Bandera County, Texas\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=0500000US48019&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Bandera County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"\"American FactFinder\"\". Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108070337/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml","url_text":"\"\"American FactFinder\"\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Bandera County, TX\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st48_tx/schooldistrict_maps/c48019_bandera/DC20SD_C48019.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Bandera County, TX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st48_tx/schooldistrict_maps/c48019_bandera/DC20SD_C48019.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven,_New_Haven	Fair Haven, New Haven	["1 History","1.1 17th century","1.2 18th century","1.3 19th century","1.4 20th century","1.5 21st century","2 Historical populations","3 Flora and fauna","4 Notable sites","5 References","6 Bibliography","6.1 Digital","6.2 Print"]	Coordinates: 41°18′40″N 72°53′46″W / 41.311°N 72.896°W / 41.311; -72.896Neighborhood of New Haven in Connecticut, United StatesFair HavenNeighborhood of New HavenView of the Quinnipiac Brewery from the Ferry Street BridgeFair Haven within New HavenCoordinates: 41°18′40″N 72°53′46″W / 41.311°N 72.896°W / 41.311; -72.896CountryUnited StatesStateConnecticutCityNew Haven Fair Haven is a neighborhood in the eastern part of the city of New Haven, Connecticut, between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers. The northeast section of the neighborhood is also known as Chatham Square. Fair Haven is located about two miles east of the New Haven Green comprising New Haven wards 14, 15, 16, and a portion of 8. It is bounded on the east and south by the Quinnipiac River, on the west by the Mill River, on the northwest by Amtrak railroad tracks, and on the north by I-91 (in the vicinity of Exit 7). The main through routes of the area are Grand Avenue, Blatchley Avenue, and Ferry Street. In its early days, the area was called by a succession of names including Farmes, East Farmes, The Neck, Dragon, and Clamtown. Herman Hotchkiss is credited as founder due to his investments and development. Fair Haven is not to be confused with the adjacent Fair Haven Heights neighborhood. History This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2020) 17th century Prior to its founding by European settlers, Fair Haven was used by the Momauguin group of Quinnipiack Native Americans for farming. Historic homes on Front Street It is said that in 1639, when Captain Richard Russell first viewed the harbor, "The sight of the harbor did so please the Captain of the ship, that they called it a Fayre Haven." In 1640, the area currently called Fair Haven was named 'The Neck'. Fair Haven was originally a village formed in 1679 to house industrial workers, as the area was a source of oysters and other products of the rivers and nearby harbor. It is said to have produced almost 5,000 gallons of oysters per day in season when at its peak. Besides oyster houses, manufacturing plants and a brewery were established. In the beginning, Fair Haven could only be reached by boat, on foot, or on horseback. In time, dirt roads were laid, for use by horse-drawn vehicles. 18th century In 1784 Fair Haven became a part of the city of New Haven. The Pardee Family of East Haven began a ferry service across the Quinnipiac in 1785. The service was discontinued in 1791 with the construction of the Dragon Bridge. 19th century In 1806, land was donated for Fair Haven Union Cemetery. By 1808, Fair Haven had 50 houses. In 1820, the first apartment building for multiple residences was built. In 1824, residents changed the name of their home from 'Dragon' to 'Fair Haven'. By 1830, the oyster beds were dried up. In 1835, importation of oysters began, with the supply being replenished by 1900. Factory buildings on River Street In 1837 Fair Haven withdrew from the jurisdiction of New Haven. A number of homes in Fair Haven were used to hide slaves in the Underground Railroad. By the time of the Civil War, some streets had been paved. There was an influx of immigrants after the war, notably Irish, German, Polish, Italian and Russian. One area with a large number of Irish was nicknamed 'little Dublin'. In 1860, a group of local businessmen drew up a charter to build and operate a horsecar line of one or two tracks between Fair Haven and Westville. In 1866, Samuel L. Blatchley developed Blatchley Ave., building moderately-priced homes for local workers. St. Francis Church held its first service in 1867. In 1870 Fair Haven rejoined New Haven. In 1885, Nathaniel Graniss donated land for the construction of the First Quinnipiac School. In 1888, Lancraft Fife and Drum Corps organized, practiced in Ed Lancraft's Oyster house. 20th century The southern portion of Front Street in Fair Haven, as seen from the Grand Avenue bridge in May, 2005. By the 1930s, Fair Haven was home to more immigrants than 'natives'. Many black and Puerto Rican families migrated into Fair Haven by the 1960s. Redevelopment occurred along the Quinnipiac River. As part of Mayor Richard C. Lee's urban renewal program, 107 Fair Haven households were displaced in the 1960s. In 1978, a local historic district was created. In the early 1980s, many buildings on Grand Avenue were renovated. 21st century The waterfront area (Front Street and adjacent streets) have been redeveloped in the last decade, including construction of luxury condominiums, renovation of the Fair Haven marina, demolition of the Quinnipiac Terrace public housing project and replacement with a Cape Cod style village with both subsidized and market rate units, and the renovation of many of the old oyster houses. This part of Fair Haven has attracted a culturally diverse mix of young professionals, students, artists, and families with children. Other parts of Fair Haven continue to struggle with poverty related problems such as crime and homelessness. In 2010, a 100 kW windmill was erected near Criscuolo Park, which can be seen from much of New Haven. Historical populations 1808 - 150 (15 families) 1837 - 1,000 1850 - 1,317 1870 - 5,600 1930 - 23,960 1989 - 13,895 1990 - 14,545 2000 - 13,753 (4,724 households) Flora and fauna Aside from stray cats and dogs, other small animals that can be found in Fair Haven include mice, urban frogs, opossums, raccoons, and squirrels. Common birds include blue jays, feral pigeons, robins, and starlings. Along Dover Beach, there are scuds and caddisflies. Plants include the autumn olive, the beach rose, Spartina alterniflora, Rosa virginiana, and the weeping willow. Notable sites A. C. Gilbert Company Barnesville Bridge (carrying Grand Ave over the Mill River) The Bigelow Company Clinton Avenue School (built in 1911) Erector Square Ezekiel Cheever School Fair Haven Middle School (built in 1927) Fair Haven Union Cemetery First Church Grace Church Grand Avenue Bridge (built in 1896; the 3rd bridge on the site). Grapevine Point John Rowe's tavern King's Hotel Lewis Bridge (carries Middletown Ave. across the Quinnipiac River) Methodist Episcopal Church (originally a Congregational Church) National Folding Box Company (In Cedar Hill (New Haven) once a community of Fair Haven) National Pipe Bending Company New Haven Brewing Company Quinnipiac River Historic District Quinnipiac River State Park River Street Historic District Regan Metal Corporation (began in 1887) St. Donato Roman Catholic Church (built in 1915) St. Francis Roman Catholic Church St. Rose Roman Catholic Church (built in 1908) Strong School (built in 1916) Tomlinson Bridge (built 1796–98) Quinnipiac Brewery References ^ City of New Haven Street Map ^ "Life in the Model City: The Process of Urban Renewal - The Process of Redevelopment". Archived from the original on 2009-11-15. Retrieved 2009-08-16. ^ "Wind Turbine Erected \| New Haven Independent". Archived from the original on 2010-02-19. ^ "Quinnipiac River Water Testing". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-12-03. ^ "Grand Avenue plants". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-12-03. ^ "About The Bigelow Company – The Bigelow Company". ^ "Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute". ^ Connecticut (1906). Public Documents of the State of Connecticut. Vol. 3, Part 1. Order of the General Assembly. Bibliography Digital A River Runs Through It - A Brief History of Fair Haven CTSchools.net - Clinton Avenue School The Community and You: Learning Your Way Around Fair Haven DataHaven Fair Haven: An Historical and Ecological Field Study Fair Haven Community and the Grand Avenue Bridge Fair Haven Walking Tour The Fair Haven & Westville Railroad New Haven Vital Statistics Population of Connecticut Towns 1756-1820 Print Harrison's Illustrated Guide: Greater New Haven ISBN 0-927054-39-6 Images of America: New Haven - Reshaping the City 1900-1980 ISBN 0-7385-1032-7 New Haven - A Guide to Architecture and Urban Design ISBN 0-300-01993-9 The Streets of New Haven - The Origin of Their Names, 2nd edition 1998 ISBN 0-943143-02-0 Three Centuries of New Haven - The Tercentenary History ISBN 0-300-00812-0 vteNeighborhoods of New HavenWest Amity-West Hills West Rock Westville Central Beaver Hills Cedar Hill City Point Dixwell Downtown Dwight East Rock Edgewood The Hill Long Wharf Mill River Newhallville Prospect Hill Quinnipiac Meadows West River Wooster Square East The Annex East Shore Fair Haven Fair Haven Heights vteMunicipalities and communities of New Haven County, Connecticut, United StatesCounty seat: New HavenCities Ansonia Derby Meriden Milford New Haven Waterbury West Haven Towns Beacon Falls Bethany Branford Cheshire East Haven Guilford Hamden Madison Middlebury North Branford North Haven Orange Oxford Prospect Seymour Southbury Wallingford Wolcott Woodbridge Boroughs Naugatuck* Woodmont *Consolidated borough and town CDPs Branford Center Cheshire Village Guilford Center Heritage Village Madison Center Northford Quinnipiac University Wallingford Center Othercommunities Places in Waterbury Devon Fair Haven Quaker Farms Short Beach South Britain Stony Creek Twin Lakes Westville Yalesville Connecticut portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_River_(Quinnipiac_River)"},{"link_name":"Quinnipiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_River"},{"link_name":"New Haven Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Green"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"I-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-91"},{"link_name":"Herman Hotchkiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hotchkiss"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven_Heights"}],"text":"Neighborhood of New Haven in Connecticut, United StatesFair Haven is a neighborhood in the eastern part of the city of New Haven, Connecticut, between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers. The northeast section of the neighborhood is also known as Chatham Square.Fair Haven is located about two miles east of the New Haven Green comprising New Haven wards 14, 15, 16, and a portion of 8.[1] It is bounded on the east and south by the Quinnipiac River, on the west by the Mill River, on the northwest by Amtrak railroad tracks, and on the north by I-91 (in the vicinity of Exit 7). The main through routes of the area are Grand Avenue, Blatchley Avenue, and Ferry Street.In its early days, the area was called by a succession of names including Farmes, East Farmes, The Neck, Dragon, and Clamtown. Herman Hotchkiss is credited as founder due to his investments and development.Fair Haven is not to be confused with the adjacent Fair Haven Heights neighborhood.","title":"Fair Haven, New Haven"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quinnipiack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiack"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_Street_in_New_Haven_CT.jpg"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Harbor"},{"link_name":"brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"horse-drawn vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle"}],"sub_title":"17th century","text":"Prior to its founding by European settlers, Fair Haven was used by the Momauguin group of Quinnipiack Native Americans for farming.Historic homes on Front StreetIt is said that in 1639, when Captain Richard Russell first viewed the harbor, \"The sight of the harbor did so please the Captain of the ship, that they called it a Fayre Haven.\" In 1640, the area currently called Fair Haven was named 'The Neck'. Fair Haven was originally a village formed in 1679 to house industrial workers, as the area was a source of oysters and other products of the rivers and nearby harbor. It is said to have produced almost 5,000 gallons of oysters per day in season when at its peak. Besides oyster houses, manufacturing plants and a brewery were established. In the beginning, Fair Haven could only be reached by boat, on foot, or on horseback. In time, dirt roads were laid, for use by horse-drawn vehicles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Bridge_(New_Haven)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"18th century","text":"In 1784 Fair Haven became a part of the city of New Haven. The Pardee Family of East Haven began a ferry service across the Quinnipiac in 1785. The service was discontinued in 1791 with the construction of the Dragon Bridge.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fair Haven Union Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven_Union_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_St._Fair_Haven1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"paved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_(roads)"},{"link_name":"immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_ethnicity"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_German"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_American"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"horsecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsecar"},{"link_name":"Westville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Blatchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_L._Blatchley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Graniss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Graniss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"First Quinnipiac School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Quinnipiac_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lancraft Fife and Drum Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancraft_Fife_and_Drum_Corps"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"In 1806, land was donated for Fair Haven Union Cemetery.By 1808, Fair Haven had 50 houses.In 1820, the first apartment building for multiple residences was built.In 1824, residents changed the name of their home from 'Dragon' to 'Fair Haven'.By 1830, the oyster beds were dried up.In 1835, importation of oysters began, with the supply being replenished by 1900.Factory buildings on River StreetIn 1837 Fair Haven withdrew from the jurisdiction of New Haven.A number of homes in Fair Haven were used to hide slaves in the Underground Railroad.By the time of the Civil War, some streets had been paved. There was an influx of immigrants after the war, notably Irish, German, Polish, Italian and Russian. One area with a large number of Irish was nicknamed 'little Dublin'.In 1860, a group of local businessmen drew up a charter to build and operate a horsecar line of one or two tracks between Fair Haven and Westville.In 1866, Samuel L. Blatchley developed Blatchley Ave., building moderately-priced homes for local workers.St. Francis Church held its first service in 1867.In 1870 Fair Haven rejoined New Haven.In 1885, Nathaniel Graniss donated land for the construction of the First Quinnipiac School.In 1888, Lancraft Fife and Drum Corps organized, practiced in Ed Lancraft's Oyster house.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southfrontst.jpg"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_American"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"Richard C. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Lee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"The southern portion of Front Street in Fair Haven, as seen from the Grand Avenue bridge in May, 2005.By the 1930s, Fair Haven was home to more immigrants than 'natives'. Many black and Puerto Rican families migrated into Fair Haven by the 1960s. Redevelopment occurred along the Quinnipiac River.As part of Mayor Richard C. Lee's urban renewal program, 107 Fair Haven households were displaced in the 1960s.[2]In 1978, a local historic district was created.In the early 1980s, many buildings on Grand Avenue were renovated.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"The waterfront area (Front Street and adjacent streets) have been redeveloped in the last decade, including construction of luxury condominiums, renovation of the Fair Haven marina, demolition of the Quinnipiac Terrace public housing project and replacement with a Cape Cod style village with both subsidized and market rate units, and the renovation of many of the old oyster houses. This part of Fair Haven has attracted a culturally diverse mix of young professionals, students, artists, and families with children. Other parts of Fair Haven continue to struggle with poverty related problems such as crime and homelessness.In 2010, a 100 kW windmill was erected near Criscuolo Park, which can be seen from much of New Haven.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1808 - 150 (15 families)\n1837 - 1,000\n1850 - 1,317\n1870 - 5,600\n1930 - 23,960\n1989 - 13,895\n1990 - 14,545\n2000 - 13,753 (4,724 households)","title":"Historical populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"opossums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"blue jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_jay"},{"link_name":"feral pigeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_pigeon"},{"link_name":"robins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_robin"},{"link_name":"starlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling"},{"link_name":"scuds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipoda"},{"link_name":"caddisflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoptera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"autumn olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_olive"},{"link_name":"beach rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_rugosa"},{"link_name":"Spartina alterniflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartina_alterniflora"},{"link_name":"Rosa virginiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_virginiana"},{"link_name":"weeping willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeping_willow_(tree)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Aside from stray cats and dogs, other small animals that can be found in Fair Haven include mice, urban frogs, opossums, raccoons, and squirrels. Common birds include blue jays, feral pigeons, robins, and starlings. Along Dover Beach, there are scuds and caddisflies.[4]\nPlants include the autumn olive, the beach rose, Spartina alterniflora, Rosa virginiana, and the weeping willow.[5]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. C. Gilbert Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Gilbert_Company"},{"link_name":"Barnesville Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnesville_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Bigelow Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bigelow_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Clinton Avenue School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Avenue_School"},{"link_name":"Erector Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_Square"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel Cheever School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_Cheever_School"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Haven_Middle_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven Union Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven_Union_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"First Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_Parsonage_(Windsor,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Grace Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Church_(Fair_Haven,_Connecticut)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Avenue Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_River_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Grapevine Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grapevine_Point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"King's Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%27s_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Bridge_(Connecticut)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"National Folding Box Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Folding_Box_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cedar Hill (New Haven)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Hill_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Pipe Bending Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Pipe_Bending_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Haven Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Haven_Brewing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quinnipiac River Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_River_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Quinnipiac River State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_River_State_Park"},{"link_name":"River Street Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Street_Historic_District_(New_Haven,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Regan Metal Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regan_Metal_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Donato Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Donato_Roman_Catholic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Roman_Catholic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Rose Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Rose_Roman_Catholic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strong School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_School"},{"link_name":"Tomlinson Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomlinson_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Quinnipiac Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_Brewery"}],"text":"A. C. Gilbert Company\nBarnesville Bridge (carrying Grand Ave over the Mill River)\nThe Bigelow Company[6]\nClinton Avenue School (built in 1911)\nErector Square\nEzekiel Cheever School\nFair Haven Middle School (built in 1927)\nFair Haven Union Cemetery\nFirst Church\nGrace Church\nGrand Avenue Bridge (built in 1896; the 3rd bridge on the site).\nGrapevine Point[7]\nJohn Rowe's tavern\nKing's Hotel\nLewis Bridge (carries Middletown Ave. across the Quinnipiac River)\nMethodist Episcopal Church (originally a Congregational Church)\nNational Folding Box Company (In Cedar Hill (New Haven) once a community of Fair Haven)[8]\nNational Pipe Bending Company\nNew Haven Brewing Company\nQuinnipiac River Historic District\nQuinnipiac River State Park\nRiver Street Historic District\nRegan Metal Corporation (began in 1887)\nSt. Donato Roman Catholic Church (built in 1915)\nSt. Francis Roman Catholic Church\nSt. Rose Roman Catholic Church (built in 1908)\nStrong School (built in 1916)\nTomlinson Bridge (built 1796–98)\nQuinnipiac Brewery","title":"Notable sites"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A River Runs Through It - A Brief History of Fair Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20041023203230/http://www.ctschools.net/nscp/hist.html"},{"link_name":"CTSchools.net - Clinton Avenue School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050228041734/http://www.ctschools.net/nscp/fhvmd.html"},{"link_name":"The Community and You: Learning Your Way Around Fair Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yale.edu/ynhti/pubs/A5/gorman.html"},{"link_name":"DataHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050416001950/http://research.yale.edu/datainitiative/"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven: An Historical and Ecological Field Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/3/79.03.05.x.html"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven Community and the Grand Avenue Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2001/5/01.05.05.x.html"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven Walking Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20041023015225/http://www.ctschools.net/nscp/fhtourmp.html"},{"link_name":"The Fair Haven & Westville Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kelseypub.com/ct-guide/railroad/fhwestv1.shtml"},{"link_name":"New Haven Vital Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.med.yale.edu/newhavenhealth/statistics/vital/"},{"link_name":"Population of Connecticut Towns 1756-1820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050507112935/http://www.sots.state.ct.us/RegisterManual/SectionVII/Population1756.htm"}],"sub_title":"Digital","text":"A River Runs Through It - A Brief History of Fair Haven\nCTSchools.net - Clinton Avenue School\nThe Community and You: Learning Your Way Around Fair Haven\nDataHaven\nFair Haven: An Historical and Ecological Field Study\nFair Haven Community and the Grand Avenue Bridge\nFair Haven Walking Tour\nThe Fair Haven & Westville Railroad\nNew Haven Vital Statistics\nPopulation of Connecticut Towns 1756-1820","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-927054-39-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-927054-39-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7385-1032-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-1032-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-01993-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01993-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-943143-02-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943143-02-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-00812-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00812-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neighborhoods_of_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Neighborhoods_of_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neighborhoods_of_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"Neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Amity-West Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amity_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"West Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rock_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Westville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Beaver Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Hills_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Cedar Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Hill_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"City Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Dixwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixwell_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"Dwight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"East Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rock_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Edgewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewood_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"The Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Long Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Wharf_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Mill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_River_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Newhallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhallville"},{"link_name":"Prospect Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Hill_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Quinnipiac Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_Meadows"},{"link_name":"West River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_River_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Wooster Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooster_Square"},{"link_name":"The Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annex_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"East Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Shore_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven_Heights"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Haven_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_Haven_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Haven_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New Haven County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"County seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Connecticut#City"},{"link_name":"Ansonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansonia,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Meriden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriden,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"West Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Connecticut#Town"},{"link_name":"Beacon Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Falls,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Bethany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Branford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"East Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Guilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hamden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamden,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Middlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"North Branford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Branford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"North Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Prospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Southbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Wolcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolcott,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Naugatuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naugatuck,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Woodmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodmont,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"CDPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Branford Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Center,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Village,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Guilford Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Center,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Heritage Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Village,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Madison Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Center,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Northford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Quinnipiac University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_University,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Wallingford Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford_Center,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Othercommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area#United_States"},{"link_name":"Places in Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Waterbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(Milford)"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Quaker Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Farms_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Short Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Beach"},{"link_name":"South Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Britain_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Stony Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Creek_(Branford)"},{"link_name":"Twin Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Lakes_(North_Branford,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Westville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville,_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"Yalesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalesville,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Connecticut_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5429819#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/132666933"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567635905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n92008316"}],"sub_title":"Print","text":"Harrison's Illustrated Guide: Greater New Haven ISBN 0-927054-39-6\nImages of America: New Haven - Reshaping the City 1900-1980 ISBN 0-7385-1032-7\nNew Haven - A Guide to Architecture and Urban Design ISBN 0-300-01993-9\nThe Streets of New Haven - The Origin of Their Names, 2nd edition 1998 ISBN 0-943143-02-0\nThree Centuries of New Haven - The Tercentenary History ISBN 0-300-00812-0vteNeighborhoods of New HavenWest\nAmity-West Hills\nWest Rock\nWestville\nCentral\nBeaver Hills\nCedar Hill\nCity Point\nDixwell\nDowntown\nDwight\nEast Rock\nEdgewood\nThe Hill\nLong Wharf\nMill River\nNewhallville\nProspect Hill\nQuinnipiac Meadows\nWest River\nWooster Square\nEast\nThe Annex\nEast Shore\nFair Haven\nFair Haven HeightsvteMunicipalities and communities of New Haven County, Connecticut, United StatesCounty seat: New HavenCities\nAnsonia\nDerby\nMeriden\nMilford\nNew Haven\nWaterbury\nWest Haven\nTowns\nBeacon Falls\nBethany\nBranford\nCheshire\nEast Haven\nGuilford\nHamden\nMadison\nMiddlebury\nNorth Branford\nNorth Haven\nOrange\nOxford\nProspect\nSeymour\nSouthbury\nWallingford\nWolcott\nWoodbridge\nBoroughs\nNaugatuck\nWoodmont\nConsolidated borough and town\n\nCDPs\nBranford Center\nCheshire Village\nGuilford Center\nHeritage Village\nMadison Center\nNorthford\nQuinnipiac University\nWallingford Center\nOthercommunities\nPlaces in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshary,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast	Koshary, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast	["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Languages","3 References"]	Coordinates: 46°39′58″N 31°09′18″E / 46.66611°N 31.15500°E / 46.66611; 31.15500 Rural locality in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine Village in Odesa Oblast, UkraineKoshary КошариVillageKosharyLocation of KosharyShow map of Odesa OblastKosharyKoshary (Ukraine)Show map of UkraineCoordinates: 46°39′58″N 31°09′18″E / 46.66611°N 31.15500°E / 46.66611; 31.15500Country UkraineProvince Odesa OblastDistrict Odesa RaionHromadaYuzhne urban hromadaFounded1887Area • Total0.49 km2 (0.19 sq mi)Elevation21 m (69 ft)Population (2001) • Total161 • Density330/km2 (850/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code67555Area code+380 4855ClimateDfa Koshary (Ukrainian: Кошари) is a village in Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. It forms part of Yuzhne urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It is situated on the country's Black Sea coast and the Tylihul Estuary. The ancient city of Odessos is thought to be located near Koshary. History Koshary was founded in 1887. Until 18 July 2020, Koshary was located in Lyman Raion The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Lyman Raion was split between Berezivka and Odesa Raions and Koshary was transferred to the latter. Demographics According to the 1989 census, the population of the village was 212 people, of whom 98 were men and 114 were women. According to the 2001 census of Ukraine, 161 people lived in the village. Languages Native language as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001: Language Percentage Ukrainian 94.41 % Russian 5.59 % References ^ "Koshary (Odesa Oblast, Odesa Raion)". weather.in.ua. Retrieved 18 July 2022. ^ "Южненская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України. ^ Papuci-Władyka, Ewdoksia, et al. "Greek settlement on the northern Black Sea coast: Polish-Ukrainian excavations in Koshary (Odessa province): third preliminary report: seasons 2000-2003." (2006), pp. 354, 355 (footnote 4), 356 ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. ^ "Кількість наявного та постійного населення по кожному сільському населеному пункту, Одеська область (осіб) - Регіон, Рік, Категорія населення , Стать (1989(12.01))". State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ "Кількість наявного населення по кожному сільському населеному пункту, Одеська область (осіб) - Регіон , Рік (2001(05.12))". State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ "Розподіл населення за рідною мовою, Одеська область (у % до загальної чисельності населення) - Регіон, Рік , Вказали у якості рідної мову (2001(05.12))". State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Odesa Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Raion"},{"link_name":"Odesa Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Oblast"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Yuzhne urban hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuzhne_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hromadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admreform_2020_yuzhne-2"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Tylihul Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylihul_Estuary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rural locality in Odesa Oblast, UkraineVillage in Odesa Oblast, UkraineKoshary (Ukrainian: Кошари) is a village in Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. It forms part of Yuzhne urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[2] It is situated on the country's Black Sea coast and the Tylihul Estuary.The ancient city of Odessos is thought to be located near Koshary.[3]","title":"Koshary, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyman Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Berezivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezivka_Raion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Koshary was founded in 1887.Until 18 July 2020, Koshary was located in Lyman Raion The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Lyman Raion was split between Berezivka and Odesa Raions and Koshary was transferred to the latter.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_1989-6"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_2001-7"}],"text":"According to the 1989 census, the population of the village was 212 people, of whom 98 were men and 114 were women.[6] According to the 2001 census of Ukraine, 161 people lived in the village.[7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_2001_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-8"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Native language as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:[8]","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Koshary (Odesa Oblast, Odesa Raion)\". weather.in.ua. Retrieved 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://weather.in.ua/en/odesskaja/11873","url_text":"\"Koshary (Odesa Oblast, Odesa Raion)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Южненская городская громада\" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.","urls":[{"url":"https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/yuzhne/","url_text":"\"Южненская городская громада\""}]},{"reference":"\"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ\". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466","url_text":"\"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Нові райони: карти + склад\" (in Ukrainian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi,_Tochigi	Tochigi (city)	["1 Geography","2 Surrounding municipalities","3 Climate","4 Demographics","5 History","6 Government","7 Economy","8 Education","9 Transportation","9.1 Railway","9.2 Highway","10 Local attractions","11 Sister City relations","12 Notable people from Tochigi","13 References","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°22′52.8″N 139°43′49″E / 36.381333°N 139.73028°E / 36.381333; 139.73028City in Kantō, JapanTochigi 栃木市CityTochigi City Hall FlagSealLocation of Tochigi in Tochigi PrefectureTochigi Coordinates: 36°22′52.8″N 139°43′49″E / 36.381333°N 139.73028°E / 36.381333; 139.73028CountryJapanRegionKantōPrefectureTochigiFirst official recorded40 BCCity SettledApril 1, 1937Government • MayorHideko Ōkawa (since April 2018)Area • Total331.50 km2 (127.99 sq mi)Population (June 1, 2023) • Total151,842 • Density460/km2 (1,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)- TreeJapanese stuartia- FlowerJapanese azaleaPhone number0282-21-2224Address7-26 Irifune, Tochigi-shi, Tochigi-ken 328-8686WebsiteOfficial website Traditional kura (storehouses) in Tochigi Tochigi (栃木市, Tochigi-shi, Japanese: ) is a city located in Tochigi Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. As of 1 June 2023, the city had an estimated population of 151,842 in 66,018 households, and a population density of 458 persons per km². The total area of the city is 331.50 square kilometres (127.99 sq mi). Because the city escaped war damage during World War II, many historical temples, traditional shops and kura (Japanese traditional storehouses) remain in the city center. The city was awarded the "Utsukushii-machinami Taisho" prize from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in 2009. Geography Tochigi is located in the very southern portion of Tochigi Prefecture, bordering on Ibaraki Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the southwest. The city is located in the northern part of the Kanto plain, with a mountain range extending in the northern part of the city. The Tomawa River runs through the city center, the Oshigawa River runs through the eastern part, and the Watarase River runs through the southern part. At the confluence of these three rivers is the Yanaka Reservoir, which is used for sailboating and windsurfing. It was designated a Ramsar Site in June 2012. Surrounding municipalities A point site of Tochigi-Gunma-Saitama prefecture border Tochigi Prefecture Oyama Shimotsuke Kanuma Sano Mibu Nogi Ibaraki Prefecture Koga Gunma Prefecture Itakura Saitama Prefecture Kazo Climate Tochigi has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tochigi is 14.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1325 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.9 °C. Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Tochigi has remained relatively steady over the past 50 years. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 110,209— 1930 117,833+6.9% 1940 120,583+2.3% 1950 156,029+29.4% 1960 147,499−5.5% 1970 152,125+3.1% 1980 168,423+10.7% 1990 174,717+3.7% 2000 171,755−1.7% 2010 164,033−4.5% 2020 155,549−5.2% History In the Edo period, Tochigi prospered from its location on the Uzumagawa River, which connected with the Tone River to Edo. Envoys using the Reiheishi Way sent from the Imperial Court going to Shrines and Temples of Nikkō stayed at the lodging area in the city. Most of the area was formerly tenryō territory controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate; however, the minor feudal domain of Fukiake Domain was located within the borders of modern city of Tochigi. Following the Meiji Restoration and the creation of Tochigi Prefecture, Tochigi Town was the prefectural capital from 1871 until its relocation to Utsunomiya in 1884. On April 1, 1937, Tochigi was elevated to city status. On September 30, 1954, Tochigi absorbed the villages of Ōmiya, Minagawa, Fukiage and Terao (all from Shimotsuga District). This was followed by the village of Kōō (from Shimotsuga District) on March 31, 1957. Tochigi hosted its first film festival, the Kuranomachikado, or, "Eizo Film Festival" from October 5, 2007, to October 8, 2007. On March 29, 2010, Tochigi absorbed the towns of Fujioka, Ōhira and Tsuga (Shimotsuga District). This was followed by the town of Nishikata (from Kamitsuga District) on October 1, 2011, and the town of Iwafune (from Shimotsuga District) on April 5, 2014. Government Tochigi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 30 members. Tochigi contributes four members to the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Tochigi 2nd district, Tochigi 4th district and Tochigi 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Economy Tochigi city is a regional commercial center, and has a mixed local economy. Food processing, automotive parts and light manufacturing dominated the industrial sector. Isuzu has maintained a factory since 1961. In 2010, the city ranked first in the number of farming families in the prefecture. Education Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College Tochigi has 29 public primary schools and 15 public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has eight public high schools operated by the Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operated one special education school for the handicapped. Transportation Railway JR East – Ryōmō Line Tochigi - Ōhirashita - Iwafune Tobu Railway – Tobu Nikko Line Fujioka - Shizuwa - Shin-Ōhirashita - Tochigi - Shin-Tochigi - Kassemba - Ienaka - Tōbu Kanasaki Tobu Railway – Tobu Utsunomiya Line Shin-Tochigi - Yashū-Hirakawa - Yashū-Ōtsuka Highway Tōhoku Expressway – Sano-Fujioka Interchange, Iwafune Junction, Tochigi Interchange, Tochigi-Tsuga Junction, Tsuga-Nishikata Parking Area Kita-Kantō Expressway – Iwafune Junction, Tochigi-Tsuga Junction, Tsuga Interchange National Route 50 National Route 293 Local attractions This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015) Tochigi Autumn Festival on November Tochigi Ginger Museum the sound of Tree frogs in Ajisai-zaka, Mount Ohirasan in Tochigi have been designated as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan by the Ministry of the Environment Sister City relations Evansville, Indiana, USA, Notable people from Tochigi Namihei Odaira, founder of Hitachi Yūzō Yamamoto, author Tanaka Isson, artist Toyo Shibata, poet Tomoko Yamaguchi, actress Toshio Furukawa, voice actor Yuriko Handa, Olympic volleyball athlete Hirokazu Sawamura, professional baseball player Takayuki Terauchi, professional baseball player Takuya Takei, professional football player Shingo Tomita, professional football player Koji Hachisuka, professional football player Toshiaki Kawada, professional wrestler Ryoji Isaoka, Olympic weightlifter Tochigiyama Moriya, sumo wrestler Kosuke Hagino, swimmer References ^ "Tochigi city official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ Japanese Ministry of Land, Transportation and Infrastructure (in Japanese) ^ June, 2012. ^ Tochigi climate data ^ Tochigi population statistics ^ Tochigi city official home page (in Japanese) ^ "100 Soundscapes of Japan". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "Sister Cities International". Archived from the original on 2006-12-29. Retrieved 2006-11-20. ^ Yuriko Handa sports-reference.com ^ Ryoji Isaoka. sports-reference.com External links Media related to Tochigi, Tochigi at Wikimedia Commons Official Website (in Japanese) "Tochigi" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. vte Tochigi PrefectureUtsunomiya (capital)Core city Utsunomiya Flag of Tochigi PrefectureCities Ashikaga Kanuma Mooka Nasukarasuyama Nasushiobara Nikkō Ōtawara Oyama Sakura Sano Shimotsuke Tochigi Yaita Districts Haga District Haga Ichikai Mashiko Motegi Kawachi District Kaminokawa Nasu District Nakagawa Nasu Shimotsuga District Mibu Nogi Shioya District Shioya Takanezawa List of mergers in Tochigi Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Storehouse_along_Uzuma_river,tochigi-city,japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[toꜜtɕigi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Tochigi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kantō region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tochigi_(city)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tochigi-hp-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"kura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(storehouse)"},{"link_name":"\"Utsukushii-machinami Taisho\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kuranomachi.jp/news/news/2009/05/21.php"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"City in Kantō, JapanTraditional kura (storehouses) in TochigiTochigi (栃木市, Tochigi-shi, Japanese: [toꜜtɕigi]) is a city located in Tochigi Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. As of 1 June 2023[update], the city had an estimated population of 151,842 in 66,018 households,[1] and a population density of 458 persons per km². The total area of the city is 331.50 square kilometres (127.99 sq mi). Because the city escaped war damage during World War II, many historical temples, traditional shops and kura (Japanese traditional storehouses) remain in the city center. The city was awarded the \"Utsukushii-machinami Taisho\" prize from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in 2009.[2]","title":"Tochigi (city)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tochigi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kanto plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanto_plain"},{"link_name":"Watarase River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watarase_River"},{"link_name":"Ramsar Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Site"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tochigi is located in the very southern portion of Tochigi Prefecture, bordering on Ibaraki Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the southwest. The city is located in the northern part of the Kanto plain, with a mountain range extending in the northern part of the city. The Tomawa River runs through the city center, the Oshigawa River runs through the eastern part, and the Watarase River runs through the southern part. At the confluence of these three rivers is the Yanaka Reservoir, which is used for sailboating and windsurfing. It was designated a Ramsar Site in June 2012.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prefectural_border_of_Tochigi-Gunma-Saitama2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tochigi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Oyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Shimotsuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimotsuke,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Kanuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuma,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Sano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sano,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Mibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mibu,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Nogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogi,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Koga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koga,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Itakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakura,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Saitama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazo,_Saitama"}],"text":"A point site of Tochigi-Gunma-Saitama prefecture borderTochigi PrefectureOyama\nShimotsuke\nKanuma\nSano\nMibu\nNogiIbaraki PrefectureKogaGunma PrefectureItakuraSaitama PrefectureKazo","title":"Surrounding municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tochigi has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tochigi is 14.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1325 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.9 °C.[4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[5] the population of Tochigi has remained relatively steady over the past 50 years.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tone River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_River"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"Shrines and Temples of Nikkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrines_and_Temples_of_Nikk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"tenryō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenry%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"feudal domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_system"},{"link_name":"Fukiake Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukiake_Domain"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Utsunomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsunomiya"},{"link_name":"Shimotsuga District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimotsuga_District,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Fujioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujioka,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Ōhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Chira,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Tsuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Nishikata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishikata,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Kamitsuga District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamitsuga_District,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Iwafune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwafune,_Tochigi"}],"text":"In the Edo period, Tochigi prospered from its location on the Uzumagawa River, which connected with the Tone River to Edo. Envoys using the Reiheishi Way sent from the Imperial Court going to Shrines and Temples of Nikkō stayed at the lodging area in the city. Most of the area was formerly tenryō territory controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate; however, the minor feudal domain of Fukiake Domain was located within the borders of modern city of Tochigi.Following the Meiji Restoration and the creation of Tochigi Prefecture, Tochigi Town was the prefectural capital from 1871 until its relocation to Utsunomiya in 1884. On April 1, 1937, Tochigi was elevated to city status.On September 30, 1954, Tochigi absorbed the villages of Ōmiya, Minagawa, Fukiage and Terao (all from Shimotsuga District). This was followed by the village of Kōō (from Shimotsuga District) on March 31, 1957.\nTochigi hosted its first film festival, the Kuranomachikado, or, \"Eizo Film Festival\" from October 5, 2007, to October 8, 2007.On March 29, 2010, Tochigi absorbed the towns of Fujioka, Ōhira and Tsuga (Shimotsuga District). This was followed by the town of Nishikata (from Kamitsuga District) on October 1, 2011, and the town of Iwafune (from Shimotsuga District) on April 5, 2014.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"Tochigi 2nd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_2nd_district"},{"link_name":"Tochigi 4th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_4th_district"},{"link_name":"Tochigi 5th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_5th_district"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Tochigi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 30 members. Tochigi contributes four members to the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Tochigi 2nd district, Tochigi 4th district and Tochigi 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Tochigi city is a regional commercial center, and has a mixed local economy. Food processing, automotive parts and light manufacturing dominated the industrial sector. Isuzu has maintained a factory since 1961. In 2010, the city ranked first in the number of farming families in the prefecture.[6]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokugakuin_Tochigi_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"}],"text":"Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College\nTochigi has 29 public primary schools and 15 public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has eight public high schools operated by the Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operated one special education school for the handicapped.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(east).svg"},{"link_name":"JR East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_East"},{"link_name":"Ryōmō Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dm%C5%8D_Line"},{"link_name":"Tochigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Station"},{"link_name":"Ōhirashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Chirashita_Station"},{"link_name":"Iwafune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwafune_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%C5%8Dbu_Tetsud%C5%8D_Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Tobu Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobu_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tobu Nikko Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobu_Nikko_Line"},{"link_name":"Fujioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujioka_Station_(Tochigi)"},{"link_name":"Shizuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuwa_Station"},{"link_name":"Shin-Ōhirashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-%C5%8Chirashita_Station"},{"link_name":"Tochigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Station"},{"link_name":"Shin-Tochigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Tochigi_Station"},{"link_name":"Kassemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassemba_Station"},{"link_name":"Ienaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienaka_Station"},{"link_name":"Tōbu Kanasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dbu_Kanasaki_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%C5%8Dbu_Tetsud%C5%8D_Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Tobu Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobu_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tobu Utsunomiya Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobu_Utsunomiya_Line"},{"link_name":"Shin-Tochigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Tochigi_Station"},{"link_name":"Yashū-Hirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash%C5%AB-Hirakawa_Station"},{"link_name":"Yashū-Ōtsuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash%C5%AB-%C5%8Ctsuka_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"JR East – Ryōmō LineTochigi - Ōhirashita - IwafuneTobu Railway – Tobu Nikko LineFujioka - Shizuwa - Shin-Ōhirashita - Tochigi - Shin-Tochigi - Kassemba - Ienaka - Tōbu KanasakiTobu Railway – Tobu Utsunomiya LineShin-Tochigi - Yashū-Hirakawa - Yashū-Ōtsuka","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tōhoku Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Kita-Kantō Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-Kant%C5%8D_Expressway"},{"link_name":"National Route 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_50"},{"link_name":"National Route 293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_293"}],"sub_title":"Highway","text":"Tōhoku Expressway – Sano-Fujioka Interchange, Iwafune Junction, Tochigi Interchange, Tochigi-Tsuga Junction, Tsuga-Nishikata Parking Area\n Kita-Kantō Expressway – Iwafune Junction, Tochigi-Tsuga Junction, Tsuga Interchange\n National Route 50\n National Route 293","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tochigi_autumn_festival,festival_car_of_Yorozucho1-2-3chome,tochigi_city,japan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Ginger_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"100 Soundscapes of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Soundscapes_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hundred-7"}],"text":"Tochigi Autumn Festival on NovemberTochigi Ginger Museumthe sound of Tree frogs in Ajisai-zaka, Mount Ohirasan in Tochigi have been designated as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan by the Ministry of the Environment[7]","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Evansville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Evansville, Indiana, USA,[8]","title":"Sister City relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namihei Odaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namihei_Odaira"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"Yūzō Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABz%C5%8D_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Tanaka Isson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaka_Isson"},{"link_name":"Toyo Shibata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_Shibata"},{"link_name":"Tomoko Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoko_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Toshio Furukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio_Furukawa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yuriko Handa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Handa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hirokazu Sawamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirokazu_Sawamura"},{"link_name":"Takayuki Terauchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayuki_Terauchi"},{"link_name":"Takuya Takei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuya_Takei"},{"link_name":"Shingo Tomita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingo_Tomita"},{"link_name":"Koji Hachisuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Hachisuka"},{"link_name":"Toshiaki Kawada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiaki_Kawada"},{"link_name":"Ryoji Isaoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryoji_Isaoka"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-10"},{"link_name":"Tochigiyama Moriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigiyama_Moriya"},{"link_name":"Kosuke Hagino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosuke_Hagino"}],"text":"Namihei Odaira, founder of Hitachi\nYūzō Yamamoto, author\nTanaka Isson, artist\nToyo Shibata, poet\nTomoko Yamaguchi, actress\nToshio Furukawa, voice actor[citation needed]\nYuriko Handa, Olympic volleyball athlete [9]\nHirokazu Sawamura, professional baseball player\nTakayuki Terauchi, professional baseball player\nTakuya Takei, professional football player\nShingo Tomita, professional football player\nKoji Hachisuka, professional football player\nToshiaki Kawada, professional wrestler\nRyoji Isaoka, Olympic weightlifter [10]\nTochigiyama Moriya, sumo wrestler\nKosuke Hagino, swimmer","title":"Notable people from Tochigi"}]	[{"image_text":"Traditional kura (storehouses) in Tochigi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Storehouse_along_Uzuma_river%2Ctochigi-city%2Cjapan.jpg/220px-Storehouse_along_Uzuma_river%2Ctochigi-city%2Cjapan.jpg"},{"image_text":"A point site of Tochigi-Gunma-Saitama prefecture border","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Prefectural_border_of_Tochigi-Gunma-Saitama2.jpg/220px-Prefectural_border_of_Tochigi-Gunma-Saitama2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tochigi Autumn Festival on November","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tochigi_autumn_festival%2Cfestival_car_of_Yorozucho1-2-3chome%2Ctochigi_city%2Cjapan.jpg/220px-Tochigi_autumn_festival%2Cfestival_car_of_Yorozucho1-2-3chome%2Ctochigi_city%2Cjapan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tochigi Ginger Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/New_Ginger_Museum.jpg/220px-New_Ginger_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Tochigi Prefecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Tochigi_Prefecture.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tochigi_Prefecture.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tochigi city official statistics\" (in Japanese). Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.tochigi.lg.jp/","url_text":"\"Tochigi city official statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 Soundscapes of Japan\". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.env.go.jp/air/life/nihon_no_oto/index.html","url_text":"\"100 Soundscapes of Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Japan)","url_text":"Ministry of the Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Sister Cities International\". Archived from the original on 2006-12-29. Retrieved 2006-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061229235159/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/USA/IN","url_text":"\"Sister Cities International\""},{"url":"http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/IN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tochigi\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Tochigi","url_text":"\"Tochigi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tochigi_(city)&params=36_22_52.8_N_139_43_49_E_region:JP_type:city(151842)","external_links_name":"36°22′52.8″N 139°43′49″E / 36.381333°N 139.73028°E / 36.381333; 139.73028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tochigi_(city)&params=36_22_52.8_N_139_43_49_E_region:JP_type:city(151842)","external_links_name":"36°22′52.8″N 139°43′49″E / 36.381333°N 139.73028°E / 36.381333; 139.73028"},{"Link":"http://www.city.tochigi.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tochigi_(city)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.kuranomachi.jp/news/news/2009/05/21.php","external_links_name":"\"Utsukushii-machinami Taisho\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tochigi_(city)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.city.tochigi.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"\"Tochigi city official statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/townscape/pdf/H21_jushouchiku_gaiyou.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://biodiversity-l.iisd.org/news/japan-designates-nine-new-ramsar-sites/","external_links_name":"June, 2012"},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/japan/tochigi/tochigi-5787/","external_links_name":"Tochigi climate data"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/php/japan-tochigi.php","external_links_name":"Tochigi population statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.city.tochigi.lg.jp/hp/menu000009000/hpg000008302.htm","external_links_name":"Tochigi city official home page"},{"Link":"http://www.env.go.jp/air/life/nihon_no_oto/index.html","external_links_name":"\"100 Soundscapes of Japan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061229235159/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/USA/IN","external_links_name":"\"Sister Cities International\""},{"Link":"http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/IN","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417211629/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ha/yuriko-handa-1.html","external_links_name":"Yuriko Handa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417211712/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/is/ryoji-isaoka-1.html","external_links_name":"Ryoji Isaoka"},{"Link":"http://www.city.tochigi.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Tochigi","external_links_name":"\"Tochigi\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137217443","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4390429-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531803305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81084413","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00306907","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1006347&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/668a4d7a-0955-4bc0-bd71-08760a84c2d0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03202260?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio	Ripley Township, Huron County, Ohio	["1 Geography","2 Name and history","3 Government","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°1′35″N 82°34′19″W / 41.02639°N 82.57194°W / 41.02639; -82.57194 Township in Ohio, United StatesRipley Township, Huron County, OhioTownship1849 farmhouse on New State RoadLocation of Ripley Township in Huron CountyCoordinates: 41°1′35″N 82°34′19″W / 41.02639°N 82.57194°W / 41.02639; -82.57194CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyHuronArea • Total25.66 sq mi (66.45 km2) • Land25.59 sq mi (66.27 km2) • Water0.07 sq mi (0.18 km2)Elevation1,053 ft (321 m)Population (2020) • Total1,116 • Density43/sq mi (17/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code39-67300GNIS feature ID1086358 Ripley Township is one of the nineteen townships of Huron County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population of the township was 1,116. Geography Located on the southern edge of the county, it borders the following townships: Fairfield Township - north Fitchville Township - northeast corner Greenwich Township - east Blooming Grove Township, Richland County - southeast Cass Township, Richland County - southwest New Haven Township - west Greenfield Township - northwest corner No municipalities are located in Ripley Township. Name and history Ripley Township was named for Rev. Hezekiah Ripley, a pioneer settler. Statewide, the only other Ripley Township is located in Holmes County. Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. References ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Ripley township, Huron County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Baughman, Abraham J. (1909). History of Huron County, Ohio: Its Progress and Development, with Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens of the County, Volume 1. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 262. ^ §503.24, §505.01, and §507.01 of the Ohio Revised Code. Accessed 4/30/2009. External links County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Huron County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: NorwalkCities Bellevue‡ Norwalk Willard Map of Ohio highlighting Huron CountyVillages Greenwich Milan‡ Monroeville New London North Fairfield Plymouth‡ Wakeman Townships Bronson Clarksfield Fairfield Fitchville Greenfield Greenwich Hartland Lyme New Haven New London Norwalk Norwich Peru Richmond Ridgefield Ripley Sherman Townsend Wakeman CDPs Celeryville Collins Holiday Lakes New Haven Unincorporatedcommunities Boughtonville Centerton Clarksfield Delphi East Townsend Fitchville Havana Hunts Corners Olena Steuben Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Huron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Township in Ohio, United StatesRipley Township is one of the nineteen townships of Huron County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population of the township was 1,116.","title":"Ripley Township, Huron County, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairfield Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fitchville Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchville_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Blooming Grove Township, Richland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blooming_Grove_Township,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cass Township, Richland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Township,_Richland_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"New Haven Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Greenfield Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio"}],"text":"Located on the southern edge of the county, it borders the following townships:Fairfield Township - north\nFitchville Township - northeast corner\nGreenwich Township - east\nBlooming Grove Township, Richland County - southeast\nCass Township, Richland County - southwest\nNew Haven Township - west\nGreenfield Township - northwest cornerNo municipalities are located in Ripley Township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Holmes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_Township,_Holmes_County,_Ohio"}],"text":"Ripley Township was named for Rev. Hezekiah Ripley, a pioneer settler.[4]Statewide, the only other Ripley Township is located in Holmes County.","title":"Name and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[5] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.","title":"Government"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Huron County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Huron_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Huron_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Ripley township, Huron County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Ripley_township,_Huron_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3907767300","url_text":"\"Ripley township, Huron County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Baughman, Abraham J. (1909). History of Huron County, Ohio: Its Progress and Development, with Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens of the County, Volume 1. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 262.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qDwVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA262","url_text":"History of Huron County, Ohio: Its Progress and Development, with Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens of the County, Volume 1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ripley_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio&params=41_1_35_N_82_34_19_W_region:US-OH_type:city(1116)","external_links_name":"41°1′35″N 82°34′19″W / 41.02639°N 82.57194°W / 41.02639; -82.57194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ripley_Township,_Huron_County,_Ohio&params=41_1_35_N_82_34_19_W_region:US-OH_type:city(1116)","external_links_name":"41°1′35″N 82°34′19″W / 41.02639°N 82.57194°W / 41.02639; -82.57194"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Ripley_township,_Huron_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3907767300","external_links_name":"\"Ripley township, Huron County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qDwVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA262","external_links_name":"History of Huron County, Ohio: Its Progress and Development, with Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens of the County, Volume 1"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/503.24","external_links_name":"§503.24"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/505.01","external_links_name":"§505.01"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/507.01","external_links_name":"§507.01"},{"Link":"http://www.hccommissioners.com/","external_links_name":"County website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richilde,_Countess_of_Hainaut	Richilde, Countess of Hainaut	["1 Life","1.1 Countess of Hainaut","1.2 Regency of Flanders","1.3 Later reign","2 Family","3 Notes","4 References"]	Ruling countess of Hainaut RichildeCountess of Mons and HainautMargravine of ValenciennesRichilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut, Margravine of ValenciennesBornc. 1018Died(1086-03-15)15 March 1086MesenSpouse(s)Herman of MonsBaldwin VI, Count of FlandersWilliam FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of HerefordFatherReinier of HasnonMotherAdelheid of Egisheim Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut (c. 1018 – 15 March 1086), was a ruling countess of Hainaut from c. 1050 until 1076, in co-regency with her husband Baldwin VI of Flanders (until 1070) and then her son Baldwin II of Hainaut. She was also countess of Flanders by marriage to Baldwin VI between from 1067 to 1070. She ruled Flanders as regent during the minority of her son Arnulf III in 1070–1071. Life Richilde may have been a daughter of Reinier of Hasnon (died c. 1049) and Adelheid of Egisheim. She was born c. 1018. In 1040, she married Herman of Mons, who became Count of Hainaut. Countess of Hainaut For a long time, Richilde's own rights and position were not well understood. She is counted as ruling countess of Hainaut for different periods in different sources. In a first phase, she followed in the marche of Valenciennes c. 1049 as only heir of her father, Reinier of Hasnon, who was installed in 1047 as margrave of Valenciennes to replace Baldwin V of Flanders (who rebelled against the empire and lost his fiefs). Richilde's first husband, Herman of Mons, count of Hainaut, died c. 1050/1051. She was countess in her own right in Valenciennes and in her husband's rights in Hainault. Her alleged control over Hainault made her an attractive bride, but placed the county in a dangerous position. She was forced, by the threat of invasion, by Baldwin V of Flanders to marry his eldest son Baldwin. As Hainaut and Valenciennes were imperial fiefs and Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor had not been consulted, the marriage resulted in a war between the emperor and the Baldwins, ending in a total defeat of the latter in 1054. But still Richilde's husband Baldwin became ruling count of Hainaut jure uxoris and the two children she had with Herman were disinherited. Roger, probably lame, became a secular clerk (later bishop of Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne) and her daughter a nun. Hainaut and Valenciennes being inherited by the count of Flanders. Baldwin VI followed as count of Flanders in 1067, unifying as such Hainaut, Valenciennes and Flanders, and ruled until his death (17 July 1070). Regency of Flanders Baldwin VI left Flanders to their eldest son, Arnulf III, and the County of Hainaut to the younger son, Baldwin II, with the provision that if either son preceded the other in death, he would inherit the other's county as well. Baldwin VI also obtained assurances from his brother Robert who gave his oath of homage and promised to protect his nephew. After Baldwin VI's death their son Arnulf III became Count of Flanders, but as he was a minor, Richilde served as regent of Flanders. Almost immediately, Robert broke his oath and disputed Arnulf's right to Flanders. Richilde obtained support from King Philip I of France. William FitzOsbern of Normandy (who married her) also assisted her in the conflict, but likely with a very small contingent. However, her forces were defeated at the Battle of Cassel and William Fitzosbern was killed along with her oldest son, Arnulf. Richilde herself was captured and released, and King Philip later married Robert's stepdaughter Bertha and recognized him as Count of Flanders, abandoning the cause of Richilde and her son. Later reign Richilde and her younger son, Baldwin II, retained Hainaut, and made subsequent unsuccessful attempts to recover Flanders. They enfeoffed Hainaut to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, and formed a big coalition of nobles which included Duke Godfrey of Bouillon, Albert I, Count of Namur, Lambert I, Count of Louvain and Conon, Count of Montaigu. However, the attempt was ultimately unsuccessful. Richilde built the Château de Beaumont along with a chapel there dedicated to St. Venantius. She, along with her son Baldwin, founded the monastery of Saint-Denis-en-Broqueroie. At the end of her regency she retired to the Abbey of Messines. In 1076, she was evidently deposed by her son. Richilde died on 15 March 1086. Family Richilde married Herman, Count of Hainaut. They had two children: Roger (d. 1093) who was apparently lame, became Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. Daughter, whose name is unknown. Richilde married secondly Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders. They were the parents of: Arnulf III, Count of Flanders (c. 1055 – 22 February 1071). Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut (c. 1056 – 1098). In 1071 Richilde married thirdly William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford (c. 1025 – 1071). Belgium portal Notes References ^ Van Droogenbroeck, F. J., "De markenruil Ename – Valenciennes en de investituur van de graaf van Vlaanderen in de mark Ename", Handelingen van de Geschied- en Oudheidkundige Kring van Oudenaarde 55 (2018) 47–127 ^ a b Karen S. Nicholas, 'Countesses as Rulers in Flanders', Aristocratic Women in Medieval France, Ed. Theodore Evergates (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), p. 115 ^ a b Renée Nip, 'The Political Relations Between England and Flanders (1066–1128)', Anglo-Norman Studies 21: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1998, Ed. Christopher Harper-Bill (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1989), p. 147. ^ a b c d Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafle 5 ^ a b c Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut, Trans. Laura Napran (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005), p. 5 ^ Renée Nip, 'The Political Relations between England and Flanders (1066–1128)', Anglo-Norman Studies 21: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1998, Ed. Christopher Harper-Bill (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999), p. 154 ^ Jim Bradbury, The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty (987–1328) (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 114 ^ Charles Verlinden, Robert Ier Le Frisson (Universitet de Gent, 1935), p. 62 ^ a b c d Karen S. Nicholas, 'Countesses as Rulers in Flanders', Aristocratic Women in Medieval France, Ed. Theodore Evergates (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), p. 116 ^ Karen S. Nicholas, 'Countesses as Rulers in Flanders', Aristocratic Women in Medieval France, Ed. Theodore Evergates (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), p. 116 ^ Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut, Trans. Laura Napran (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005), p. 6 ^ Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut, Trans. Laura Napran (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005), p. 10-11 ^ Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut, Trans. Laura Napran (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005), p. 11 ^ George Edward Cokayne, The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant Extinct or Dormant, Vol. VI, Ed. H. A. Doubleday & Howard de Walden (London: The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 1926), p. 449 ^ a b Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut, Trans. Laura Napran (Woodbridge, The Boydell Press, 2005), pp. 3 & n. 8 Richilde, Countess of Hainaut Born: c. 1018 Died: 15 March 1086 Preceded byHerman of Mons Countess of Hainaut c. 1050–1076 Succeeded byBaldwin VI, Count of Flanders Preceded byAdela of France, Countess of Flanders Countess consort of Flanders 1067–1070 Succeeded byGertrude of Saxony	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldwin VI of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_VI_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Arnulf III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_III,_Count_of_Flanders"}],"text":"Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut (c. 1018 – 15 March 1086), was a ruling countess of Hainaut from c. 1050 until 1076, in co-regency with her husband Baldwin VI of Flanders (until 1070) and then her son Baldwin II of Hainaut. She was also countess of Flanders by marriage to Baldwin VI between from 1067 to 1070. She ruled Flanders as regent during the minority of her son Arnulf III in 1070–1071.","title":"Richilde, Countess of Hainaut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasnon"},{"link_name":"Egisheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egisheim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR115-2"},{"link_name":"Herman of Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Count of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR115-2"}],"text":"Richilde may have been a daughter of Reinier of Hasnon (died c. 1049) and Adelheid of Egisheim.[1]\nShe was born c. 1018.[2] In 1040, she married Herman of Mons, who became Count of Hainaut.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"margrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave"},{"link_name":"Baldwin V of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"fiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_VI,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ren%C3%A9e_Nip_1128_p._147-3"},{"link_name":"Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ren%C3%A9e_Nip_1128_p._147-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESII5-4"},{"link_name":"jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ch%C3%A2lons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COH5-5"}],"sub_title":"Countess of Hainaut","text":"For a long time, Richilde's own rights and position were not well understood. She is counted as ruling countess of Hainaut for different periods in different sources. In a first phase, she followed in the marche of Valenciennes c. 1049 as only heir of her father, Reinier of Hasnon, who was installed in 1047 as margrave of Valenciennes to replace Baldwin V of Flanders (who rebelled against the empire and lost his fiefs). Richilde's first husband, Herman of Mons, count of Hainaut, died c. 1050/1051. She was countess in her own right in Valenciennes and in her husband's rights in Hainault.Her alleged control over Hainault made her an attractive bride, but placed the county in a dangerous position. She was forced, by the threat of invasion, by Baldwin V of Flanders to marry his eldest son Baldwin.[3]As Hainaut and Valenciennes were imperial fiefs and Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor had not been consulted, the marriage resulted in a war between the emperor and the Baldwins, ending in a total defeat of the latter in 1054.[3][4]But still Richilde's husband Baldwin became ruling count of Hainaut jure uxoris and the two children she had with Herman were disinherited. Roger, probably lame, became a secular clerk (later bishop of Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne) and her daughter a nun.[5] Hainaut and Valenciennes being inherited by the count of Flanders.Baldwin VI followed as count of Flanders in 1067, unifying as such Hainaut, Valenciennes and Flanders, and ruled until his death (17 July 1070).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COH5-5"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COH5-5"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCHD114-7"},{"link_name":"Philip I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"William FitzOsbern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_FitzOsbern"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RF-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR116-9"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1071)"},{"link_name":"William Fitzosbern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fitzosbern"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COH6-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR116-9"}],"sub_title":"Regency of Flanders","text":"Baldwin VI left Flanders to their eldest son, Arnulf III, and the County of Hainaut to the younger son, Baldwin II, with the provision that if either son preceded the other in death, he would inherit the other's county as well.[5] Baldwin VI also obtained assurances from his brother Robert who gave his oath of homage and promised to protect his nephew.[5] After Baldwin VI's death their son Arnulf III became Count of Flanders, but as he was a minor, Richilde served as regent of Flanders.[6]Almost immediately, Robert broke his oath and disputed Arnulf's right to Flanders.[7] Richilde obtained support from King Philip I of France. William FitzOsbern of Normandy (who married her) also assisted her in the conflict, but likely with a very small contingent.[8][9] However, her forces were defeated at the Battle of Cassel and William Fitzosbern was killed along with her oldest son, Arnulf. Richilde herself was captured and released,[10] and King Philip later married Robert's stepdaughter Bertha and recognized him as Count of Flanders, abandoning the cause of Richilde and her son.[11][9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldwin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Duke Godfrey of Bouillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon"},{"link_name":"Albert I, Count of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I,_Count_of_Namur"},{"link_name":"Lambert I, Count of Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_I,_Count_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"Conon, Count of Montaigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conon,_Count_of_Montaigu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COH10-12"},{"link_name":"Château de Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"St. Venantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR116-9"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis-en-Broqueroie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Mons"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Messines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR116-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Later reign","text":"Richilde and her younger son, Baldwin II, retained Hainaut, and made subsequent unsuccessful attempts to recover Flanders. They enfeoffed Hainaut to the \nPrince-Bishopric of Liège, and formed a big coalition of nobles which included Duke Godfrey of Bouillon, Albert I, Count of Namur, Lambert I, Count of Louvain and Conon, Count of Montaigu. However, the attempt was ultimately unsuccessful.[12]Richilde built the Château de Beaumont along with a chapel there dedicated to St. Venantius.[9] She, along with her son Baldwin, founded the monastery of Saint-Denis-en-Broqueroie.[13]At the end of her regency she retired to the Abbey of Messines.[9] In 1076, she was evidently deposed by her son.Richilde died on 15 March 1086.[14]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herman, Count of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ch%C3%A2lons"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COH3-8-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COH3-8-15"},{"link_name":"Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_VI,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Arnulf III, Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_III,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESII5-4"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESII5-4"},{"link_name":"William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_FitzOsbern,_1st_Earl_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESII5-4"},{"link_name":"Belgium portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium"}],"text":"Richilde married Herman, Count of Hainaut. They had two children:Roger (d. 1093) who was apparently lame, became Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne.[15]\nDaughter, whose name is unknown.[15]Richilde married secondly Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders. They were the parents of:Arnulf III, Count of Flanders (c. 1055 – 22 February 1071).[4]\nBaldwin II, Count of Hainaut (c. 1056 – 1098).[4]In 1071 Richilde married thirdly William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford (c. 1025 – 1071).[4]Belgium portal","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/35663101/","external_links_name":"\"De markenruil Ename – Valenciennes en de investituur van de graaf van Vlaanderen in de mark Ename\", Handelingen van de Geschied- en Oudheidkundige Kring van Oudenaarde 55 (2018) 47–127"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank_(Hospital)	Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital)	["1 Background","2 Augmenting LSTs","3 Designation of LST as hospitals","4 Refitting the LSTH","5 Other LSTHs","6 See also","7 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Landing Ship, Tank" Hospital – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital) (LSTH) was a Tank Landing Ship (LST) converted to act as a hospital ship, but because they retained armaments they were not officially designated as such. The LST was a vessel designed to beach itself and unload equipment, vehicles, tanks, and troops onto an enemy beach. The convenience of a ship beached ashore proved to be a giant morale booster for the sick and injured, who could simply walk aboard. Background On D-Day most of the troops were not landed by LSTs, however 41,035 wounded were brought back on approximately 150 of such ships over the next 114 days, which was twice their troop capacity. The sheer numbers overwhelmed the modest sick bay facilities on these craft, which were staffed by one or two Pharmacist Mates. The troops' berthing quickly filled to capacity with walking wounded and litter patients laid on the tank deck. Further, the inclusion of refugees on LSTs created additional needs, such as an Italian woman who gave birth at sea. Augmenting LSTs Future operations in the Pacific sought to reduce these problems by augmenting several LSTs with surgical teams to treat unstable patients. Occasionally referred to as LST Hospitals, these surgically augmented LSTs carried troops into battle and, upon unloading, set up an organized hospital on the well deck. During the battles of Tarawa, Iwo Jima, Philippines, and Okinawa, surgical teams consisting of at first three and then five physicians as well as 35 Pharmacist Mates were attached to LSTs. Designation of LST as hospitals In preparation for Operation Olympic, the initial invasion of Japan planned for 1 November 1945, 36 LSTs were to be redesignated LSTHs. These ships were to be augmented with a surgical team and provided large amounts of consumable and medical personnel to meet the anticipated demand for beachhead casualty evacuation. The official written order for redesignation took effect 15 September 1945, 13 days after the end of the war. All 36 LSTHs were assigned duty in Asia and the Far East, but their designation served merely a formality as their new mission was to return US troops. Many did receive a large contingent of Pharmacist Mates by the month's end. By the end of May 1946, the last three LSTHs departed the Far East as part of the Magic Carpet fleet. Of the LSTs, one ship was converted to a "first aid ship" at the discretion of Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey, USN, Commander 7th Amphibious Force during 1943. Refitting the LSTH USS LST-464 was converted at Sydney in 1943 into a dedicated "first-aid ship", the only one of her kind used. LST-464 carried no troops nor combat equipment, and functioned as a casualty evacuation ship during invasion, a station hospital ship in port, and an ambulance ship to transfer patients to a base hospital. She was designated only by the 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) numbers "464" painted on her hull amidships. The modified tank deck was refitted and housed a complete and fixed hospital facility which extended into the ship through new water tight doors on the port and starboard sides of the tank deck. The tank deck, now hospital, contained a receiving or triage area, 78 hospital beds and accommodations (washrooms, toilets, increased galley), refrigerators, and a surgical suite. The ship was equipped with specialist consultation and out-patient care at all times, including: radiology, pharmacy, laboratory, eye refractions, dental care, a blood bank, and stores for 25 tons of medical supplies. Staff was increased to 6 physicians, one dentist and a complement of corpsmen. In comparison, during the Normandy campaign most LSTs had one or two Corpsmen. Above deck the ship looked as any other LST, and because of her armament she was not considered a hospital ship in compliance with the Geneva Convention. Following the surrender of Japan, LST-464 was redesignated LST(H)-464 on 15 September 1945. Later, during the Vietnam War, the Saginaw (LST-1188) tested the idea of hoisting and opening a MUST (Medical Unit Self-contained Transportable). The purpose of a MUST was to allow an LST to set up complete hospital facilities after unloading troops, to provide in-close support hospital facilities in a combat zone. Other LSTHs LSTH-19 LSTH-23 LSTH-38 LSTH-41 LSTH-42 LSTH-84 LSTH-117 LSTH-118 LSTH-121 LSTH-123 LSTH-205 LSTH-213 LSTH-222 LSTH-242 LSTH-243 LSTH-247 LSTH-268 LSTH-276 LSTH-450 LSTH-464 LSTH-477 LSTH-482 LSTH-486 LSTH-488 LSTH-652 LSTH-731 LSTH-790 LSTH-871 LSTH-929 LSTH-930 LSTH-931 LSTH-949 LSTH-950 LSTH-951 LSTH-952 LSTH-1033 See also List of United States Navy hospital ships List of United States Navy LSTs References ^ "Chapter XVII : Normandy". The U.S. Navy Medical Dept at War, 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Naval History and Heritage Command. pp. 728–732. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2009-09-28). The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7026-0. ^ "Tank Landing Ship LST". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 2023-05-27.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tank Landing Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank"},{"link_name":"hospital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaching_(nautical)"}],"text":"A Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital) (LSTH) was a Tank Landing Ship (LST) converted to act as a hospital ship, but because they retained armaments they were not officially designated as such. The LST was a vessel designed to beach itself and unload equipment, vehicles, tanks, and troops onto an enemy beach. The convenience of a ship beached ashore proved to be a giant morale booster for the sick and injured, who could simply walk aboard.","title":"Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pharmacist Mates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_corpsman"},{"link_name":"walking wounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_wounded"}],"text":"On D-Day most of the troops were not landed by LSTs, however 41,035 wounded were brought back on approximately 150 of such ships over the next 114 days,[1] which was twice their troop capacity.[citation needed] The sheer numbers overwhelmed the modest sick bay facilities on these craft, which were staffed by one or two Pharmacist Mates. The troops' berthing quickly filled to capacity with walking wounded and litter patients laid on the tank deck. Further, the inclusion of refugees on LSTs created additional needs, such as an Italian woman who gave birth at sea.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"well deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_deck"},{"link_name":"Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa"},{"link_name":"Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Future operations in the Pacific sought to reduce these problems by augmenting several LSTs with surgical teams to treat unstable patients.[2] Occasionally referred to as LST Hospitals, these surgically augmented LSTs carried troops into battle and, upon unloading, set up an organized hospital on the well deck. During the battles of Tarawa, Iwo Jima, Philippines, and Okinawa, surgical teams consisting of at first three and then five physicians as well as 35 Pharmacist Mates were attached to LSTs.[citation needed]","title":"Augmenting LSTs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Downfall"},{"link_name":"Magic Carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet"},{"link_name":"Daniel E. Barbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_E._Barbey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In preparation for Operation Olympic, the initial invasion of Japan planned for 1 November 1945, 36 LSTs were to be redesignated LSTHs. These ships were to be augmented with a surgical team and provided large amounts of consumable and medical personnel to meet the anticipated demand for beachhead casualty evacuation. The official written order for redesignation took effect 15 September 1945, 13 days after the end of the war. All 36 LSTHs were assigned duty in Asia and the Far East, but their designation served merely a formality as their new mission was to return US troops. Many did receive a large contingent of Pharmacist Mates by the month's end. By the end of May 1946, the last three LSTHs departed the Far East as part of the Magic Carpet fleet. Of the LSTs, one ship was converted to a \"first aid ship\" at the discretion of Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey, USN, Commander 7th Amphibious Force during 1943.[citation needed]","title":"Designation of LST as hospitals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS LST-464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-464"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"triage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage"},{"link_name":"radiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology"},{"link_name":"pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"blood bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_bank"},{"link_name":"corpsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Hospital_Corpsman"},{"link_name":"Geneva Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Convention"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Saginaw (LST-1188)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saginaw_(LST-1188)"},{"link_name":"Medical Unit Self-contained Transportable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Unit,_Self-contained,_Transportable"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"USS LST-464 was converted at Sydney in 1943 into a dedicated \"first-aid ship\", the only one of her kind used. LST-464 carried no troops nor combat equipment, and functioned as a casualty evacuation ship during invasion, a station hospital ship in port, and an ambulance ship to transfer patients to a base hospital. She was designated only by the 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) numbers \"464\" painted on her hull amidships.The modified tank deck was refitted and housed a complete and fixed hospital facility which extended into the ship through new water tight doors on the port and starboard sides of the tank deck. The tank deck, now hospital, contained a receiving or triage area, 78 hospital beds and accommodations (washrooms, toilets, increased galley), refrigerators, and a surgical suite. The ship was equipped with specialist consultation and out-patient care at all times, including: radiology, pharmacy, laboratory, eye refractions, dental care, a blood bank, and stores for 25 tons of medical supplies. Staff was increased to 6 physicians, one dentist and a complement of corpsmen. In comparison, during the Normandy campaign most LSTs had one or two Corpsmen. Above deck the ship looked as any other LST, and because of her armament she was not considered a hospital ship in compliance with the Geneva Convention.Following the surrender of Japan, LST-464 was redesignated LST(H)-464 on 15 September 1945.[3]Later, during the Vietnam War, the Saginaw (LST-1188) tested the idea of hoisting and opening a MUST (Medical Unit Self-contained Transportable). The purpose of a MUST was to allow an LST to set up complete hospital facilities after unloading troops, to provide in-close support hospital facilities in a combat zone.[citation needed]","title":"Refitting the LSTH"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LSTH-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-19"},{"link_name":"LSTH-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-23"},{"link_name":"LSTH-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-38"},{"link_name":"LSTH-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-41"},{"link_name":"LSTH-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-42"},{"link_name":"LSTH-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-84"},{"link_name":"LSTH-117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-117&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-118&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-121&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-123&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-205"},{"link_name":"LSTH-213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-213&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-222"},{"link_name":"LSTH-242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-242&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-243&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-247"},{"link_name":"LSTH-268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-268&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-276&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-450"},{"link_name":"LSTH-464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-464"},{"link_name":"LSTH-477","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-477"},{"link_name":"LSTH-482","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Branch_County_(LST-482)"},{"link_name":"LSTH-486","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-486"},{"link_name":"LSTH-488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-488"},{"link_name":"LSTH-652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-652"},{"link_name":"LSTH-731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Douglas_County_(LST-731)"},{"link_name":"LSTH-790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-790&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LSTH-871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-871"},{"link_name":"LSTH-929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-929"},{"link_name":"LSTH-930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-930"},{"link_name":"LSTH-931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-931"},{"link_name":"LSTH-949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-949"},{"link_name":"LSTH-950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-950"},{"link_name":"LSTH-951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-951"},{"link_name":"LSTH-952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-952"},{"link_name":"LSTH-1033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-1033"}],"text":"LSTH-19\nLSTH-23\nLSTH-38\nLSTH-41\nLSTH-42\nLSTH-84\nLSTH-117\nLSTH-118\nLSTH-121\nLSTH-123\nLSTH-205\nLSTH-213\nLSTH-222\nLSTH-242\nLSTH-243\nLSTH-247\nLSTH-268\nLSTH-276\nLSTH-450\nLSTH-464\nLSTH-477\nLSTH-482\nLSTH-486\nLSTH-488\nLSTH-652\nLSTH-731\nLSTH-790\nLSTH-871\nLSTH-929\nLSTH-930\nLSTH-931\nLSTH-949\nLSTH-950\nLSTH-951\nLSTH-952\nLSTH-1033","title":"Other LSTHs"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of United States Navy hospital ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_hospital_ships"},{"title":"List of United States Navy LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_LSTs"}]	[{"reference":"\"Chapter XVII : Normandy\". The U.S. Navy Medical Dept at War, 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Naval History and Heritage Command. pp. 728–732. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/068B-Med/068-Med-17.html","url_text":"\"Chapter XVII : Normandy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418083825/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/068B-Med/068-Med-17.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wells, Anne Sharp (2009-09-28). The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7026-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ptE9EGO_WUC&q=hospital&pg=PA151","url_text":"The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7026-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-7026-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 2023-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/160464.htm","url_text":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Landing+Ship%2C+Tank%22+Hospital","external_links_name":"\"Landing Ship, Tank\" Hospital"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Landing+Ship%2C+Tank%22+Hospital+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Landing+Ship%2C+Tank%22+Hospital&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Landing+Ship%2C+Tank%22+Hospital+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Landing+Ship%2C+Tank%22+Hospital","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Landing+Ship%2C+Tank%22+Hospital&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/068B-Med/068-Med-17.html","external_links_name":"\"Chapter XVII : Normandy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418083825/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/068B-Med/068-Med-17.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ptE9EGO_WUC&q=hospital&pg=PA151","external_links_name":"The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/160464.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1918	Treaty of Bucharest (1918)	["1 Terms","2 Aftermath","3 Maps","4 Image gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Peace treaty between Kingdom of Romania and the Central Powers For other treaties signed in Bucharest, see Treaty of Bucharest (disambiguation). Treaty of BucharestRomanian prime minister Alexandru Marghiloman signing the treatySigned7 May 1918LocationCotroceni Palace, Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania (under Central Powers' occupation since December 1916)ConditionRatification by Romania and the Central PowersSignatories Richard von Kühlmann Paul von Koerner Johannes Kriege Generalmajor Emil Hell Kapitän zur See Hans Bene Stephan Burián von Rajecz Vasil Radoslavov Dimitar Tonchev Major General Zanttloff Lyubomir Miletich Ahmed Nessimy Bey Ahmed Izzet Pasha Hikmet Bey Alexandru Marghiloman Constantin C. Arion I. Papiniu M. Burghele Parties German Empire Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Romania LanguagesGerman, Romanian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish vteRomanian Campaign1916 Campaign Transylvania Northern front Sibiu (offensive) Petroșani (offensive) Șelimbăr Livadia Baru 1st Petroșani 2nd Petroșani Roșia Mount Cindrel Colun Sibiu 3rd Petroșani Bărcuț Brașov Bulgaria Ruse Flămânda Orșova (offensive) Băile Herculane Dobruja Turtucaia Bazargic 1st Cobadin 2nd Cobadin 1st Orșova Cinghinarele Southern Carpathians Predeal 1st Oituz Sălătrucu 1st Jiu Valley Dragoslavele Eastern Carpathians Úz Valley Ghimeș Olt Valley The Romanian Debacle 2nd Jiu Valley 2nd Oituz Zimnicea Slatina Robănești Bucharest Prunaru Pitești–Târgoviște Argeș Retreat Buzău Râmnicu Sărat Brăila Focșani 1917 Campaign Mărăști Mărășești 3rd Oituz Galați Bessarabia Treaty of Buftea Treaty of Bucharest Romania rejoins the war The Treaty of Bucharest (1918) was a peace treaty between Romania and the opposing Central Powers following the stalemate reached after the campaign of 1917. This left Romania isolated after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see the Armistice of Focșani and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Following the Central Powers' ultimatum issued during the meeting between Ferdinand I of Romania and Ottokar Czernin, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, on 27 February 1918 at the Răcăciuni railway station, King Ferdinand summoned a Crown Council on 2 March in Iași, the Romanian capital-in-exile. After long and difficult discussions, which lasted 3 days, and despite the strong opposition of Queen Marie and General Constantin Prezan, the Crown Council decided to accept the ultimatum and send envoys to Buftea to negotiate a preliminary peace treaty. The preliminary peace treaty was concluded on 5 March 1918, by which Romania accepted frontier rectifications in favor of Austria-Hungary, to cede the whole of Dobruja, to demobilize at least 8 divisions, to evacuate the Austro-Hungarian territory still in its possession and to allow the transport of Central Powers' troops through Western Moldavia and Bessarabia towards Odessa. Alexandru Marghiloman, then Prime Minister of Romania, signed the final treaty at the Cotroceni Palace, Bucharest, on 7 May 1918 and it was ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on 28 June and by the Senate on 4 July 1918. However, King Ferdinand refused to sign or promulgate it. Terms Romania and the Central Powers declared the end of the state of war between them and that the diplomatic and consular relations between them would be resumed. Demobilization of the Romanian forces Of Romania's 15 infantry divisions, divisions 11th to 15th were to be disbanded. Of the remaining 10 divisions, the two in Bessarabia were allowed to remain on a war footing, together with the Vânători battalions left over from the disbanded Vânători divisions, as well as the two Romanian cavalry divisions, until the military operations carried out by the Central Powers in Ukraine would eliminate the danger at the Romanian eastern frontier. The remaining eight divisions would remain on a reduced peace footing: four infantry regiments of three battalions each, two cavalry regiments of two squadrons each, two field artillery regiments of seven batteries each, one battalion of pioneers and the necessary technical troops and convoys. The total force of these eight infantry divisions could not exceed 20,000 men, that of the cavalry 3,200 men and that of the artillery 9,000 men. The divisions in Bessarabia were also to be decreased, in case of demobilization, to the peace footing on the basis of the eight divisions mentioned above. The ordnance, machine guns, hand arms, horses, wagons and munitions made available during the reduction or disbanding of the Romanian troops were to be transferred to the high command of the Central Powers' forces and to be guarded by Romanian depot troops. Ammunition left with the Romanian divisions on peace footing was limited to 250 cartridges per musket, 2500 cartridges per machine gun, and 150 shots for each piece of ordnance. The divisions mobilized in Bessarabia were allowed to retain their ammunition needed for the state of war. The demobilized troops were to remain in Moldavia until the evacuation of the occupied Romanian territory by the Central Powers, with the exception of the depot troops mentioned at article V. The troops in active service had to secure the permission of the Central Powers' high command if they wanted to pass into the occupied territory. Romania and the Central Powers would appoint an officer from their respective General Staff as liaison officer to the other party. The Romanian fluvial and maritime forces were allowed to remain intact until the conditions in Bessarabia were cleared up, afterwards they were to be reduced to a peace footing status, except for the fluvial and naval forces needed to protect the commercial navigation and the reestablishment of navigable lanes. The military and naval personnel who in peace time was employed in the ports and in navigation was to be demobilized first, so that they could resume their former activity. Cession of Romanian territory Romania returned Southern Dobruja (the Cadrilater) and ceded the southern part of Northern Dobruja (see the maps) to Bulgaria. The rest of the province (starting south of Cernavodă-Constanța railroad up to the Danube and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch, thus leaving the Danube Delta to Romania) was ceded by Romania to the Central Powers and thus remained under joint Central Powers' control. The Central Powers guaranteed the commercial road to the Black Sea for Romania by way of Cernavodă and Constanța. Romania gave to Austria-Hungary control of the passes of the Carpathian Mountains (see the maps). State properties in the territories ceded by Romania passed without indemnity to the acquiring states. The acquiring states were to enter with Romania into agreements over the rights of option and emigration for the Romanian inhabitants in the ceded territories, the apportionment of the properties of the communal districts severed by the new frontiers, the attribution of archives, of judicial, administrative and personal civil records, the management of the new frontiers, the effect of the new frontiers upon the dioceses and the political treaties. All parties renounce war indemnities, except for special agreements regarding the regulation of war damages. Romania leased its oil wells to Germany for 90 years. The Central Powers recognized the Union of Bessarabia with Romania. The German and Austrian occupation of Romania was to continue until a date "later to be determined". All of the occupation costs were to be paid for by Romania. All of Romania's "surplus" agriculture was to be handed over to Austria-Hungary and Germany with an Austro-German commission deciding what was Romania's "surplus" production and what price to be paid for the "surplus" production. All of the railroads, telephones, telegram and post systems in Romania were to remain under the control of Germany and Austria-Hungary. German civil servants with the power to veto decisions by Romanian cabinet ministers and to fire Romanian civil servants were appointed to oversee every Romanian ministry, in effect stripping Romania of its independence. Aftermath The treaty put Romania in a unique situation compared to other German-occupied countries. It completely respected Romania's de jure independence, and Romania ended up with more territory after the union with Bessarabia, through the requirement that German civil servants with the power of veto power be stationed in Bucharest together with the German occupation to continue until a date "later be determined", effectively turned Romania into a de facto German protectorate. Germany was able to repair the oil fields around Ploiești and by the end of the war had pumped a million tons of oil. They also requisitioned two million tons of grain from Romanian farmers. These materials were vital in keeping Germany in the war to the end of 1918. Although Bulgaria received a part of Northern Dobruja, the fact that it could not annex the whole province had a strong effect on the Bulgarian public opinion. Bulgarian Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov was forced to resign on 20 June 1918 after the failure to acquire the whole Dobruja. Nevertheless, Bulgaria continued to lobby Germany and Austria-Hungary for the annexation of the whole province, including the condominium established by the Treaty of Bucharest. Representatives of Bulgarian Dobrujans held a second general assembly in Babadag on 23 September, adopting a final resolution requesting Dobruja's incorporation into Bulgaria. After negotiations, a protocol regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria was signed in Berlin on 24 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. In return, Bulgaria agreed to cede the left bank of the Maritsa river to Turkey. The protocol was deemed a desperate attempt by the Central Powers to keep Bulgaria on their side during the Vardar Offensive on the Macedonian front. In the end, the agreement was short-lived: five days later, on 29 September, Bulgaria capitulated in the face of the advancing Allied forces (see also the Armistice of Salonica). The treaty was denounced in October 1918 by the Marghiloman government. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918, the day before it ended in Western Europe, and the 1918 Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the Armistice of 11 November 1918. In 1919, Germany was forced in the Treaty of Versailles to renounce all the benefits provided by the 1918 Treaty of Bucharest. The territorial transfers to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria were annulled by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), and the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919), respectively; and the Treaty of Trianon (1920) settled Romania's border with Hungary. Maps Map of Dobruja (areas in light blue, orange and pink were annexed by Bulgaria, while the area in yellow was to be administered jointly by the Central Powers) Romanian territories ceded to Austria-Hungary (purple), Bulgaria (blue), and the Central Powers (green) through the Treaty of Bucharest. These changes were reversed by the Treaty of Versailles. The Bulgaria–Romania border in Dobruja according to the Treaty (source: US Department of State, 1918) The situation on the Eastern Front in March 1918 (after the completion of the Operation Faustschlag) The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 7 May 1918 AD, after the Treaty of Bucharest. The Treaty, while signed by Prime Minister Alexandru Marghiloman, was never ratified by King Ferdinand I. Image gallery Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, signing the treaty Picture taken at the signing of the treaty (Bulgarian State Archives). Bulgarian Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov is fourth from the left, sitting. Delegates at the signing of the treaty French caricature on the Romanian-German peace: Kaiser Wilhelm II pointing a dagger at a woman (Romania), while showing her the terms of the treaty and stepping on the throat of a man (Russia) See also Romania during World War I Treaty of Bucharest (1812) Treaty of Bucharest (1913) Treaty of Bucharest (1916) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m United States Department of State (1918). Texts of the Roumanian "Peace". Washington Government Printing Office. ^ "Preamble of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. ^ "Article XXX of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2017. ^ Nicolae Iorga, Acte privitoare la istoria marelui războiu, „Revista Istorică", Year XVIII, Issues 7-9, Bucharest, 1932 ^ "Primary Documents - Treaty of Bucharest, 7 May 1918". FirstWorldWar.com. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article I of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article II of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article IV of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article V of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article VI of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article VII of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article VIII of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article IX of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article X of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "Article XI of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article XII of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Article XIII of the Treaty". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ Tarján, M. Tamás. "1918. május 7. - Románia és a központi hatalmak aláírják a bukaresti békét". www.rubicon.hu. Rubiconline. ^ R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the twentieth century, Routledge, 1994, ISBN 978-0-415-05346-4, p. 24–25 ^ a b c d e Kitchen, Martin "Hindenburg, Ludendorff and Rumania" pages 214-222 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 54, Issue # 2, April 1976 page 223. ^ John Keegan, World War I, pg. 308 ^ a b c d e Roumen Dontchev Daskalov; Diana Mishkova; Tchavdar Marinov; Alexander Vezenkov (30 January 2017). Entangled Histories of the Balkans. Vol. 4. p. 358. ISBN 978-90-04-25075-8. ^ Armistice convention of 11 November 1918 (PDF), 11 November 1918, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018, retrieved 17 November 2017, Article XV. ^ Articles 248–263 - World War I Document Archive External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Bucharest (1918). 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Rugby Olympians Disease 1899–1923 cholera pandemic 1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia Spanish flu Occupations Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia Bulgarian occupations Albania Serbia German occupations Belgium Luxembourg Northeast France Ober Ost Occupied Enemy Territory Administration Russian occupations Eastern Galicia Western Armenia POWs Germans in the United States Italians POW locations Canada Germany / camps Switzerland Refugees Belgian refugees Netherlands United Kingdom War crimes Allied blockades Eastern Mediterranean Mount Lebanon famine Germany Deportations from East Prussia Destruction of Kalisz Sack of Dinant Late Ottoman genocides Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) Pontic Greek genocide Rape of Belgium Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) Massacres of Albanians Ukrainian Canadian internment DiplomacyEntry into the war Austria-Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Ottoman Empire Russia United Kingdom United States Declarations of war Austria-Hungary against Serbia UK against Germany Ottomans against the Triple Entente USA against Germany USA against Austria-Hungary Agreements Constantinople Agreement Treaty of London Damascus Protocol Bulgaria–Germany treaty Treaty of Darin Sykes–Picot Agreement Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement Paris Economy Pact Treaty of Bucharest Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne Peace treaties modus vivendi of Acroma Treaties of Brest-Litovsk Russia–Central Powers Ukraine–Central Powers Treaty of Bucharest Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Lausanne Other Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo The Golden Virgin They shall not pass World portal Category vteBulgaria during World War I Prelude South-western frontSerbian campaign, Macedonian front Romanian front • Outcome • Others Important persons Balkan Wars 1912–1913 First Balkan War 1913 Treaty of London Second Balkan War Treaty of Bucharest Treaty of Constantinople Neutrality 1914 Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 1915 Negotiations of Bulgaria with the Central Powers and the Entente Bulgarian–German treaty Secret Bulgarian–German agreement Military convention between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria Bulgarian–Ottoman convention Mobilization Commanders Bulgaria Nikola Zhekov • Kliment Boyadzhiev • Dimitar Geshov • Georgi Todorov • Ivan Lukov • Stefan Nerezov • Vladimir Vazov Entente: Serbia: Radomir Putnik • Živojin Mišić • Stepa Stepanović • Petar Bojović • Pavle Jurišić Šturm; France: Maurice Sarrail • Adolphe Guillaumat • Louis Franchet d'Espèrey; United Kingdom: Bryan Mahon • George Milne; Kingdom of Greece: Panagiotis Danglis Field Armies + Eleventh Army First Army Second Army Fourth Army Battles 1915 Morava Offensive • Ovče Pole Offensive • Kosovo offensive (1915) • Battle of Krivolak 1916 First battle of Doiran • Battle of Florina (Lerin) • Struma operation • Monastir offensive 1917 Second battle of Doiran • 2nd Crna Bend • Second battle of Monastir 1918 Battle of Skra-di-Legen • Battle of Dobro Pole • Third battle of Doiran Commanders Bulgaria Nikola Zhekov • Panteley Kiselov • Stefan Toshev • Todor Kantardzhiev • Ivan Kolev Entente: Romania: Constantin Prezan • Alexandru Averescu; Russia: Andrei Zayonchkovski • Vladimir Sakharov Field Armies Third Army Battles 1916 Battle of Turtucaia • Battle of Bazargic • First Cobadin • Flămânda Offensive • Second Cobadin • Battle of Bucharest Outcome 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Armistice of Focșani • Treaty of Bucharest • Protocol of Berlin Outcome Armistice of Salonica Vladaya revolt Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Others Bulgarian administration in Kosovo Anti-military propaganda Ferdinand Vasil Radoslavov Aleksandar Malinov Aleksandar Stamboliyski Aleksandar Protogerov August von Mackensen Boris Drangov Vladimir Vazov Georgi Todorov (general) Ivan Kolev Kliment Boyadzhiev Dimitar Geshov Ivan Lukov Konstantin Zhostov Krastyu Zlatarev Nikola Zhekov Panteley Kiselov Stefan Toshev Stefan Nerezov Todor Kantardzhiev vteTreaties of Hungary9–10th century (age of Magyars) Legend of the white horse (894) 1000–1301 (Árpád dynasty) Personal union of Hungary and Croatia (1102) Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties (1153–1167) Concordat of 1161 Concordat of 1169 Oath of Bereg (1233) Treaty of Pressburg (1271) 1302–1526 (Middle ages to Tripartition) Treaty of Enns (1336) Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty (1351) Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty (1352) Treaty of Zara (1358) Treaty of Lubowla (1412) Peace of Szeged (1444) Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt (1463) Treaty of Ófalu (1474) Treaty of Brno (1478) Treaty of Piotrków (1479) Peace of Olomouc (1479) Treaty of Pressburg (1491) First Congress of Vienna (1515) Dual reign, Ottoman vassalship,reconquest and Napoleonic Wars(1526–1848) Franco-Hungarian alliance (1526) Treaty of Nagyvárad (1538) Treaty of Gyalu (1541) Confessio Pentapolitana (1549) Treaty of Speyer (1570) Treaty of Szatmár (1711) (Royal Hungary to Independence) Truce of Adrianople (1547) Treaty of Adrianople (1568) Treaty of Vienna (1606) Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606) Peace of Vasvár (1664) Holy League (1684) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Treaty of Passarowitz (1718) Pragmatic Sanction (1723) Treaty of Belgrade (1739) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) First Partition of Poland (1772) Treaty of Sistova (1791) Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809) Congress of Vienna (1815) (Principality of Transylvania) Peace of Nikolsburg (1621) Treaty of Pressburg (1626) Treaty of Nymwegen (1679) Austria-Hungary to the end of World War I (1848–1922) Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (1868) League of the Three Emperors (1873) Treaty of Bern (1874) Reichstadt Agreement (1876) Budapest Convention of 1877 (1877) Treaty of Berlin (1878) Dual Alliance (1879) Triple Alliance (1882) Boxer Protocol (1901) Treaty of London (1913) Armistice of Focșani (1917) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine (1918) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) Treaty of Bucharest (1918) Armistice of Villa Giusti (1918) Treaty of Trianon (1920) Armistice with Romania (1920) Bill of dethronement (1921) U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921) Covenant of the League of Nations (1922) Modern age (1922–) Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946) Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–89) Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary (1989–) vte Treaties of the Ottoman EmpireRise (1299–1453) Gallipoli (1403) Selymbria (1411) Venice (1419) Szeged (1444) Classical Age (1453–1566) Constantinople (1454) Constantinople (1479) Constantinople (1533) Franco-Ottoman (1536) Adrianople (1547) Amasya (1555) Constantinople (1562) Transformation (1566–1703) Adrianople (1568) Constantinople (1590) Zitvatorok (1606) Nasuh Pasha (1612) Busza (1617) Serav (1618) Khotin (1621) Zuhab (1639) Vasvár (1664) Buczacz (1672) Żurawno (1676) Bakhchisaray (1681) Karlowitz (1699) Constantinople (1700) Old Regime (1703–1789) Pruth (1711) Passarowitz (1718) Constantinople (1724) Ahmet Pasha (1732) Constantinople (1736) Belgrade (1739) Niş (1739) Kerden (1746) Küçük Kaynarca (1774) Aynalıkavak (1779) Modernization (1789–1908) Sistova (1791) Jassy (1792) Tripoli (1796) Tunis (1797) El Arish (1800) Constantinople (1800) Paris (1802) Çanak (1809) Bucharest (1812) Algiers (1815) Erzurum (1823) Akkerman (1826) Adrianople (1829) Constantinople (1832) Hünkar İskelesi (1833) Kütahya (1833) Balta Liman (1838) London (1840) London (1841) Erzurum (1847) Paris (1856) Scutari (1862) San Stefano (1878) Cyprus (1878) Berlin (1878) Halepa (1878) Constantinople (1881) Tophane (1886) Constantinople (1888) Brussels Conference Act (1890) Constantinople (1897) Fall (1908–1922) Daan (1911) Ouchy (1912) London (1913) Constantinople (1913) Athens (1913) Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913) Armenian reforms (1914) Sofia (1915) Erzincan (1917) Brest-Litovsk (1918) Trebizond (1918) Bucharest (1918) Batum (1918) Mudros (1918) Sèvres (1920) Turkey portal Treaties of Turkey Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Romanian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Romanian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1916 Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Northern front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_front_of_the_Battle_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Sibiu (offensive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyszeben_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Petroșani 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Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Crown_Council_(1918)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiliul_de_Coroan%C4%83_din_17-19_februarie_1918"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Constantin Prezan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Prezan"},{"link_name":"Buftea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buftea"},{"link_name":"preliminary peace treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Buftea"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Western Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iorga-4"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Marghiloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Marghiloman"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Cotroceni Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotroceni_Palace"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1ww-5"},{"link_name":"King Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania"}],"text":"For other treaties signed in Bucharest, see Treaty of Bucharest (disambiguation).vteRomanian Campaign1916 Campaign\nTransylvania\nNorthern front\nSibiu (offensive)\nPetroșani (offensive)\nȘelimbăr\nLivadia\nBaru\n1st Petroșani\n2nd Petroșani\nRoșia\nMount Cindrel\nColun\nSibiu\n3rd Petroșani\nBărcuț\nBrașov\nBulgaria\nRuse\nFlămânda\nOrșova (offensive)\nBăile Herculane\nDobruja\nTurtucaia\nBazargic\n1st Cobadin\n2nd Cobadin\n1st Orșova\nCinghinarele\nSouthern Carpathians\nPredeal\n1st Oituz\nSălătrucu\n1st Jiu Valley\nDragoslavele\nEastern Carpathians\nÚz Valley\nGhimeș\nOlt Valley\nThe Romanian Debacle\n\n2nd Jiu Valley\n2nd Oituz\nZimnicea\nSlatina\nRobănești\nBucharest\nPrunaru\nPitești–Târgoviște\nArgeș\nRetreat\nBuzău\nRâmnicu Sărat\nBrăila\nFocșani\n1917 Campaign\n\nMărăști\nMărășești\n3rd Oituz\n\nGalați\nBessarabia\nTreaty of Buftea\nTreaty of Bucharest\n\nRomania rejoins the warThe Treaty of Bucharest (1918) was a peace treaty between Romania and the opposing Central Powers following the stalemate reached after the campaign of 1917. This left Romania isolated after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see the Armistice of Focșani and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).Following the Central Powers' ultimatum issued during the meeting [ro] between Ferdinand I of Romania and Ottokar Czernin, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, on 27 February [O.S. 14 February] 1918 at the Răcăciuni railway station, King Ferdinand summoned a Crown Council [ro] on 2 March [O.S. 17 February] in Iași, the Romanian capital-in-exile. After long and difficult discussions, which lasted 3 days, and despite the strong opposition of Queen Marie and General Constantin Prezan, the Crown Council decided to accept the ultimatum and send envoys to Buftea to negotiate a preliminary peace treaty. The preliminary peace treaty was concluded on 5 March [O.S. 20 February] 1918, by which Romania accepted frontier rectifications in favor of Austria-Hungary, to cede the whole of Dobruja, to demobilize at least 8 divisions, to evacuate the Austro-Hungarian territory still in its possession and to allow the transport of Central Powers' troops through Western Moldavia and Bessarabia towards Odessa.[4]Alexandru Marghiloman, then Prime Minister of Romania, signed the final treaty at the Cotroceni Palace, Bucharest, on 7 May [O.S. 25 April] 1918 and it was ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on 28 June and by the Senate on 4 July 1918.[5] However, King Ferdinand refused to sign or promulgate it.","title":"Treaty of Bucharest (1918)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Vânători","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Cadrilater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadrilater"},{"link_name":"Northern Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Cernavodă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Constanța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Sfântu Gheorghe branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe_branch"},{"link_name":"Danube Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Delta"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"link_name":"oil wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Union of Bessarabia with Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen_pages_214-222-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen_pages_214-222-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen_pages_214-222-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen_pages_214-222-20"}],"text":"Romania and the Central Powers declared the end of the state of war between them[6][1] and that the diplomatic and consular relations between them would be resumed.[7][1]\nDemobilization of the Romanian forces\nOf Romania's 15 infantry divisions, divisions 11th to 15th were to be disbanded. Of the remaining 10 divisions, the two in Bessarabia were allowed to remain on a war footing, together with the Vânători battalions left over from the disbanded Vânători divisions, as well as the two Romanian cavalry divisions, until the military operations carried out by the Central Powers in Ukraine would eliminate the danger at the Romanian eastern frontier. The remaining eight divisions would remain on a reduced peace footing: four infantry regiments of three battalions each, two cavalry regiments of two squadrons each, two field artillery regiments of seven batteries each, one battalion of pioneers and the necessary technical troops and convoys. The total force of these eight infantry divisions could not exceed 20,000 men, that of the cavalry 3,200 men and that of the artillery 9,000 men. The divisions in Bessarabia were also to be decreased, in case of demobilization, to the peace footing on the basis of the eight divisions mentioned above.[8][1]\nThe ordnance, machine guns, hand arms, horses, wagons and munitions made available during the reduction or disbanding of the Romanian troops were to be transferred to the high command of the Central Powers' forces and to be guarded by Romanian depot troops. Ammunition left with the Romanian divisions on peace footing was limited to 250 cartridges per musket, 2500 cartridges per machine gun, and 150 shots for each piece of ordnance. The divisions mobilized in Bessarabia were allowed to retain their ammunition needed for the state of war.[9][1]\nThe demobilized troops were to remain in Moldavia until the evacuation of the occupied Romanian territory by the Central Powers, with the exception of the depot troops mentioned at article V. The troops in active service had to secure the permission of the Central Powers' high command if they wanted to pass into the occupied territory.[10][1]\nRomania and the Central Powers would appoint an officer from their respective General Staff as liaison officer to the other party.[11][1]\nThe Romanian fluvial and maritime forces were allowed to remain intact until the conditions in Bessarabia were cleared up, afterwards they were to be reduced to a peace footing status, except for the fluvial and naval forces needed to protect the commercial navigation and the reestablishment of navigable lanes.[12] The military and naval personnel who in peace time was employed in the ports and in navigation was to be demobilized first, so that they could resume their former activity.[13][1]\nCession of Romanian territory\nRomania returned Southern Dobruja (the Cadrilater) and ceded the southern part of Northern Dobruja (see the maps) to Bulgaria. The rest of the province (starting south of Cernavodă-Constanța railroad up to the Danube and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch, thus leaving the Danube Delta to Romania) was ceded by Romania to the Central Powers and thus remained under joint Central Powers' control. The Central Powers guaranteed the commercial road to the Black Sea for Romania by way of Cernavodă and Constanța.[14][1]\nRomania gave to Austria-Hungary control of the passes of the Carpathian Mountains (see the maps).[15][1]\nState properties in the territories ceded by Romania passed without indemnity to the acquiring states. The acquiring states were to enter with Romania into agreements over the rights of option and emigration for the Romanian inhabitants in the ceded territories, the apportionment of the properties of the communal districts severed by the new frontiers, the attribution of archives, of judicial, administrative and personal civil records, the management of the new frontiers, the effect of the new frontiers upon the dioceses and the political treaties.[16][1]\nAll parties renounce war indemnities, except for special agreements regarding the regulation of war damages.[17][1]\nRomania leased its oil wells to Germany for 90 years.[18]\nThe Central Powers recognized the Union of Bessarabia with Romania.[19]\nThe German and Austrian occupation of Romania was to continue until a date \"later to be determined\".[20]\nAll of the occupation costs were to be paid for by Romania.\nAll of Romania's \"surplus\" agriculture was to be handed over to Austria-Hungary and Germany with an Austro-German commission deciding what was Romania's \"surplus\" production and what price to be paid for the \"surplus\" production.[20]\nAll of the railroads, telephones, telegram and post systems in Romania were to remain under the control of Germany and Austria-Hungary.[20]\nGerman civil servants with the power to veto decisions by Romanian cabinet ministers and to fire Romanian civil servants were appointed to oversee every Romanian ministry, in effect stripping Romania of its independence.[20]","title":"Terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen_pages_214-222-20"},{"link_name":"Ploiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entangled-22"},{"link_name":"Vasil Radoslavov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Radoslavov"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entangled-22"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Dobrujans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrujan_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Babadag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babadag"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entangled-22"},{"link_name":"protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/bg:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Maritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritsa"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entangled-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entangled-22"},{"link_name":"Vardar Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Macedonian front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Salonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica"},{"link_name":"Armistice of 11 November 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Convention-23"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Romania's border with Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Romania_border"}],"text":"The treaty put Romania in a unique situation compared to other German-occupied countries. It completely respected Romania's de jure independence, and Romania ended up with more territory after the union with Bessarabia, through the requirement that German civil servants with the power of veto power be stationed in Bucharest together with the German occupation to continue until a date \"later be determined\", effectively turned Romania into a de facto German protectorate.[20]Germany was able to repair the oil fields around Ploiești and by the end of the war had pumped a million tons of oil. They also requisitioned two million tons of grain from Romanian farmers. These materials were vital in keeping Germany in the war to the end of 1918.[21]Although Bulgaria received a part of Northern Dobruja, the fact that it could not annex the whole province had a strong effect on the Bulgarian public opinion.[22] Bulgarian Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov was forced to resign on 20 June 1918 after the failure to acquire the whole Dobruja.[22] Nevertheless, Bulgaria continued to lobby Germany and Austria-Hungary for the annexation of the whole province, including the condominium established by the Treaty of Bucharest. Representatives of Bulgarian Dobrujans held a second general assembly in Babadag on 23 September, adopting a final resolution requesting Dobruja's incorporation into Bulgaria.[22] After negotiations, a protocol regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria was signed in Berlin on 24 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. In return, Bulgaria agreed to cede the left bank of the Maritsa river to Turkey.[22] The protocol was deemed a desperate attempt by the Central Powers to keep Bulgaria on their side[22] during the Vardar Offensive on the Macedonian front. In the end, the agreement was short-lived: five days later, on 29 September, Bulgaria capitulated in the face of the advancing Allied forces (see also the Armistice of Salonica).The treaty was denounced in October 1918 by the Marghiloman government. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918, the day before it ended in Western Europe, and the 1918 Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.[23] In 1919, Germany was forced in the Treaty of Versailles to renounce all the benefits provided by the 1918 Treaty of Bucharest.[24] The territorial transfers to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria were annulled by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), and the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919), respectively; and the Treaty of Trianon (1920) settled Romania's border with Hungary.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histdob.png"},{"link_name":"Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harta_administrativa_Romania_1918_05_07.PNG"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Territory_taken_from_Roumania_by_Bulgaria_according_to_the_Peace_of_Bucharest_(1918).png"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria–Romania border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Romania_border"},{"link_name":"US Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ropeace-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg"},{"link_name":"Operation Faustschlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1918.5.7REGAT.png"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Marghiloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Marghiloman"},{"link_name":"King Ferdinand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania"}],"text":"Map of Dobruja (areas in light blue, orange and pink were annexed by Bulgaria, while the area in yellow was to be administered jointly by the Central Powers)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRomanian territories ceded to Austria-Hungary (purple), Bulgaria (blue), and the Central Powers (green) through the Treaty of Bucharest. These changes were reversed by the Treaty of Versailles.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bulgaria–Romania border in Dobruja according to the Treaty (source: US Department of State, 1918)[1]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe situation on the Eastern Front in March 1918 (after the completion of the Operation Faustschlag)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 7 May 1918 AD, after the Treaty of Bucharest. The Treaty, while signed by Prime Minister Alexandru Marghiloman, was never ratified by King Ferdinand I.","title":"Maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephan_Buri%C3%A1n_von_Rajecz_signing_the_Treaty_of_Bucharest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephan Burián von Rajecz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Buri%C3%A1n_von_Rajecz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-313K-3-44-1-Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Vasil Radoslavov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Radoslavov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delegates_at_Peace_of_Bucharest.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_caricature_on_the_Romanian-German_Peace_Treaty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"}],"text":"Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, signing the treaty\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPicture taken at the signing of the treaty (Bulgarian State Archives). Bulgarian Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov is fourth from the left, sitting.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDelegates at the signing of the treaty\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrench caricature on the Romanian-German peace: Kaiser Wilhelm II pointing a dagger at a woman (Romania), while showing her the terms of the treaty and stepping on the throat of a man (Russia)","title":"Image gallery"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan-Volunteer-Corps-Certificate.jpg/250px-Macedonian-Adrianopolitan-Volunteer-Corps-Certificate.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bulgarien-mit-uns.jpg/160px-Bulgarien-mit-uns.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Romania during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I"},{"title":"Treaty of Bucharest (1812)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)"},{"title":"Treaty of Bucharest (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)"},{"title":"Treaty of Bucharest (1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)"}]	[{"reference":"United States Department of State (1918). Texts of the Roumanian \"Peace\". Washington Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=joHTAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Texts of the Roumanian \"Peace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preamble of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Preamble of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article XXX of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article XXX of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Primary Documents - Treaty of Bucharest, 7 May 1918\". FirstWorldWar.com. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/bucharest1918.htm","url_text":"\"Primary Documents - Treaty of Bucharest, 7 May 1918\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article I of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article I of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article II of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article II of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article IV of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article IV of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article V of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article V of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article VI of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article VI of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article VII of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article VII of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article VIII of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article VIII of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article IX of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article IX of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article X of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article X of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article XI of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article XI of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article XII of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article XII of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article XIII of the Treaty\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"\"Article XIII of the Treaty\""},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tarján, M. Tamás. \"1918. május 7. - Románia és a központi hatalmak aláírják a bukaresti békét\". www.rubicon.hu. Rubiconline.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rubicon.hu/magyar/oldalak/1918_majus_7_romania_es_a_kozponti_hatalmak_alairjak_a_bukaresti_beket/","url_text":"\"1918. május 7. - Románia és a központi hatalmak aláírják a bukaresti békét\""}]},{"reference":"Roumen Dontchev Daskalov; Diana Mishkova; Tchavdar Marinov; Alexander Vezenkov (30 January 2017). Entangled Histories of the Balkans. Vol. 4. p. 358. ISBN 978-90-04-25075-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R3cEDgAAQBAJ&q=berlin+protocol+dobruja+september+1918&pg=PA358","url_text":"Entangled Histories of the Balkans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25075-8","url_text":"978-90-04-25075-8"}]},{"reference":"Armistice convention of 11 November 1918 (PDF), 11 November 1918, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018, retrieved 17 November 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123133121/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/LaConventionDarmistice.pdf","url_text":"Armistice convention of 11 November 1918"},{"url":"http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/LaConventionDarmistice.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=joHTAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Texts of the Roumanian \"Peace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","external_links_name":"\"Preamble of the Treaty\""},{"Link":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234829/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","external_links_name":"\"Article XXX of the Treaty\""},{"Link":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/routreat.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/bucharest1918.htm","external_links_name":"\"Primary Documents - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yelta,_South_Australia	North Yelta, South Australia	["1 Description","2 History","3 References"]	Coordinates: 34°03′42″S 137°37′56″E / 34.061630°S 137.632130°E / -34.061630; 137.632130 Town in South AustraliaNorth YeltaSouth AustraliaNorth YeltaCoordinates34°03′42″S 137°37′56″E / 34.061630°S 137.632130°E / -34.061630; 137.632130Population0 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)5558LGA(s)Copper Coast CouncilState electorate(s)NarunggaFederal division(s)Grey Localities around North Yelta: Paramatta ParamattaBoors Plain Boors Plain Yelta North Yelta Boors Plain East Moonta East Moonta Boors Plain FootnotesCoordinates North Yelta is a rural locality in the Australian state of South Australia at the northern end of the Yorke Peninsula. Description North Yelta lies on the far eastern outskirts of the town of Moonta. It falls under the local governance of the Copper Coast Council. The modern locality was established when the name and boundaries were selected for the long established local name in January 1999. Land within the locality is zoned for “agricultural production and the grazing of stock on relatively large holdings". Development controls are in place for residential buildings adjoining Mines Road which forms the northern boundary of the locality and which connects Moonta in the south to Kadina in the north in order to preserve the character of the building stock along the road which dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. History The former Yelta Mine lies on the modern boundary between Yelta and North Yelta. It was also the base for the separate North Yelta mine, operated by the North Yelta Mining Company, which worked lodes that continued over from the more prominent Yelta and Moonta leases. North Yelta Post Office opened in June 1877 and closed in May 1972. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "North Yelta (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ a b c "Search result(s) for North Yelta, 5558". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2016. ^ Narungga (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018. ^ a b c d "Search result(s) for North Yelta, 5558". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016. ^ "Development Plan – Copper Coast Council Consolidated – 28 August 2014" (PDF). Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. pp. 158, 187 and 388–393. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Latest Mining". Yorke's Peninsula Advertiser And Miners' And Farmers' Journal. Vol. III, no. 263. South Australia. 13 April 1875. p. 3. Retrieved 20 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "NORTH YELTA MINING COMPANY". Adelaide Observer. Vol. XXX, no. 1634. South Australia. 25 January 1873. p. 4. Retrieved 20 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "North Yelta". Post Office Reference. Premier Postal. Retrieved 20 May 2016. vteTowns and localities of the Copper Coast Council Boors Plain Cross Roads Cunliffe East Moonta Hamley Jericho Jerusalem Kadina Kooroona Matta Flat Moonta Moonta Bay Moonta Mines New Town North Beach North Moonta North Yelta Paramatta Paskeville Port Hughes Tickera Thrington Wallaroo Wallaroo Mines Wallaroo Plain Warburto Willamulka Yelta vteYorke Peninsula, South AustraliaMajor Townships Ardrossan Bute Kadina Maitland Minlaton Moonta Paskeville Port Broughton Wallaroo Yorketown Minor Townships Agery Clinton Coobowie Corny Point Curramulka Edithburgh Marion Bay Point Pearce Point Turton Port Hughes Port Moorowie Port Rickaby Port Victoria Price Stansbury Stenhouse Bay Tickera Warooka Wool Bay GovernanceFederal division Grey State electoral districts Narungga Local Government Yorke Peninsula Council Copper Coast Council District Council of Barunga West Coastal features Brown Point Cape Spencer Corny Point Hardwicke Bay Klein Point Pondalowie Bay Royston Head Sultana Point Troubridge Hill Troubridge Point Troubridge Shoals Warburto Point West Cape Protected areasNational parks Innes Conservation parks Bird Islands Carribie Clinton (part) Leven Beach Minlacowie Point Davenport Ramsay Thidna Warrenben Wills Creek Aquatic reservesCoobowieAdjacent islands Bird Chinamans Hat Middle Royston South Related and uncategorised County of Daly County of Fergusson Narungga people The Peninsulas zone (wine) Port Giles Yorke Peninsula Field Days Kernewek Lowender Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula"}],"text":"Town in South AustraliaNorth Yelta is a rural locality in the Australian state of South Australia at the northern end of the Yorke Peninsula.","title":"North Yelta, South Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonta,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Copper Coast Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Coast_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapviewer-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plb-4"},{"link_name":"agricultural production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"Kadina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadina,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copper-5"}],"text":"North Yelta lies on the far eastern outskirts of the town of Moonta. It falls under the local governance of the Copper Coast Council.[2] The modern locality was established when the name and boundaries were selected for the long established local name in January 1999.[4] Land within the locality is zoned for “agricultural production and the grazing of stock on relatively large holdings\". Development controls are in place for residential buildings adjoining Mines Road which forms the northern boundary of the locality and which connects Moonta in the south to Kadina in the north in order to preserve the character of the building stock along the road which dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelta,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plb-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plb-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The former Yelta Mine lies on the modern boundary between Yelta and North Yelta.[4] It was also the base for the separate North Yelta mine, operated by the North Yelta Mining Company, which worked lodes that continued over from the more prominent Yelta and Moonta leases.[4][6][7] North Yelta Post Office opened in June 1877 and closed in May 1972.[8]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"North Yelta (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL41048","url_text":"\"North Yelta (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search result(s) for North Yelta, 5558\". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.location.sa.gov.au/viewer/","url_text":"\"Search result(s) for North Yelta, 5558\""}]},{"reference":"Narungga (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://edbc.sa.gov.au/redistributions/2016/2016-electoral-district-maps/narungga-map-2016-pdf/download.html","url_text":"Narungga"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result(s) for North Yelta, 5558\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85koszyce,_Opole_Voivodeship	Mąkoszyce, Opole Voivodeship	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 50°56′21″N 17°38′14″E / 50.93917°N 17.63722°E / 50.93917; 17.63722For other places with the same name, see Mąkoszyce. Village in Opole Voivodeship, PolandMąkoszyceVillageMąkoszyceCoordinates: 50°56′21″N 17°38′14″E / 50.93917°N 17.63722°E / 50.93917; 17.63722Country PolandVoivodeshipOpoleCountyBrzegGminaLubsza Mąkoszyce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubsza, within Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina LubszaSeat Lubsza Other villages Błota Borek Borucice Boruta Czepielowice Dobrzyń Garbów Kopalina Kościerzyce Książkowice Lednica Leśna Woda Lubicz Mąkoszyce Michałowice Myśliborzyce Nowe Kolnie Nowy Świat Piastowice Pisarzowice Raciszów Rogalice Roszkowice Śmiechowice Stawy Szydłowice Tarnowiec Zamcze Złotówka Authority control databases: National Israel This Brzeg County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mąkoszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85koszyce_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[mɔnkɔˈʂɨt͡sɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Lubsza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Lubsza"},{"link_name":"Brzeg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg_County"},{"link_name":"Opole Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Mąkoszyce.Village in Opole Voivodeship, PolandMąkoszyce [mɔnkɔˈʂɨt͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubsza, within Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.[1]","title":"Mąkoszyce, Opole Voivodeship"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C4%85koszyce,_Opole_Voivodeship&params=50_56_21_N_17_38_14_E_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki_region:PL-16","external_links_name":"50°56′21″N 17°38′14″E / 50.93917°N 17.63722°E / 50.93917; 17.63722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C4%85koszyce,_Opole_Voivodeship&params=50_56_21_N_17_38_14_E_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki_region:PL-16","external_links_name":"50°56′21″N 17°38′14″E / 50.93917°N 17.63722°E / 50.93917; 17.63722"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011246424605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%85koszyce,_Opole_Voivodeship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye,_West_Virginia	Buckeye, West Virginia	["1 Climate","2 Notable people","3 References"]	Coordinates: 38°11′09″N 80°08′04″W / 38.18583°N 80.13444°W / 38.18583; -80.13444 Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesBuckeye, West VirginiaUnincorporated communityBuckeye, West VirginiaShow map of West VirginiaBuckeye, West VirginiaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 38°11′09″N 80°08′04″W / 38.18583°N 80.13444°W / 38.18583; -80.13444CountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountyPocahontasElevation2,110 ft (640 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code24924Area code(s)304 & 681GNIS feature ID1554019 Buckeye is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. Buckeye is located along U.S. Route 219, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Marlinton. The community takes its name from nearby Buckeye Cove. Climate The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Buckeye has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps. Buckeye holds the October record low of 3 for the state of West Virginia. Notable people Louise McNeill, seventh Poet Laureate of West Virginia References ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Kenny, Hamill. West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV. p. 134. ^ Climate Summary for Buckeye, West Virginia vteMunicipalities and communities of Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: MarlintonTowns Durbin Hillsboro Marlinton Map of West Virginia highlighting Pocahontas CountyCDPs Arbovale Bartow Cass Frank Green Bank Huntersville Unincorporatedcommunities Beard Beard Heights Boyer Braucher Brownsburg Buckeye Burner Burnsides Burr Campbelltown Clawson Clover Lick Deer Creek Denmar Dilleys Mill Droop Dunmore Edray Frost Harter Hosterman Jacox Kennison Knapp Linwood Lobelia Locust Mace May Mill Point Minnehaha Springs Nida Nottingham Olive Onoto Raintown Raywood Rimel Seebert Sitlington Slaty Fork Snowshoe Spice Stillwell Stony Bottom Thornwood Thorny Creek Violet Walnut Wanless Warwick Watoga West Union Wildell Woodrow Ghost towns Gertrude Mill Run Spruce Sunset West Virginia portal United States portal This article about a location in Pocahontas County, West Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_219_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Marlinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlinton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesBuckeye is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. Buckeye is located along U.S. Route 219, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Marlinton.The community takes its name from nearby Buckeye Cove.[2]","title":"Buckeye, West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"marine west coast climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_west_coast_climate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Buckeye has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated \"Cfb\" on climate maps.[3] Buckeye holds the October record low of 3 for the state of West Virginia.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louise McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_McNeill"},{"link_name":"Poet Laureate of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_West_Virginia"}],"text":"Louise McNeill, seventh Poet Laureate of West Virginia","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of West Virginia highlighting Pocahontas County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Pocahontas_County.svg/180px-Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Pocahontas_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Hamill. West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV. p. 134.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust/","url_text":"West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buckeye,_West_Virginia&params=38_11_09_N_80_08_04_W_region:US-WV_type:city","external_links_name":"38°11′09″N 80°08′04″W / 38.18583°N 80.13444°W / 38.18583; -80.13444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buckeye,_West_Virginia&params=38_11_09_N_80_08_04_W_region:US-WV_type:city","external_links_name":"38°11′09″N 80°08′04″W / 38.18583°N 80.13444°W / 38.18583; -80.13444"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust/","external_links_name":"West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains"},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=512164&cityname=Buckeye%2C+West+Virginia%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"Climate Summary for Buckeye, West Virginia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckeye,_West_Virginia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_Tree_Passage,_New_South_Wales	Lemon Tree Passage, New South Wales	["1 History","2 Notes","3 References"]	Coordinates: 32°43′57″S 152°2′18″E / 32.73250°S 152.03833°E / -32.73250; 152.03833For the Central Coast suburb, see Lemon Tree, New South Wales. For other uses, see Lemon Tree Passage. Suburb of Port Stephens Council, New South Wales, AustraliaLemon Tree PassageNew South WalesLemon Tree PassageCoordinates32°43′57″S 152°2′18″E / 32.73250°S 152.03833°E / -32.73250; 152.03833Population2,686 (2011 census) • Density839.38/km2 (2,174.0/sq mi) Postcode(s)2319Area3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10) • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11)Location 194 km (121 mi) NNE of Sydney 47 km (29 mi) NE of Newcastle 32 km (20 mi) ENE of Raymond Terrace LGA(s)Port Stephens CouncilRegionHunterCountyGloucesterParishSuttonState electorate(s)Port StephensFederal division(s)Paterson Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 27.3 °C 81 °F 8.4 °C 47 °F 1,348.9 mm 53.1 in Suburbs around Lemon Tree Passage: Port Stephens Port Stephens Port Stephens Mallabula Lemon Tree Passage Port Stephens, Lemon Tree Passage Tilligerry Creek Tilligerry Creek Port Stephens Lemon Tree Passage is a suburb of the Port Stephens local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia, located at the end of the Tilligerry Peninsula and surrounded by the waters of Port Stephens. At the 2021 census it had a population of 2,686. It is a haven for koalas due to it being densely wooded. The town has a small marina and the local industry is oyster farming. The suburb is separated from nearby Bulls Island by a small strait which is also known as Lemon Tree Passage. Lemon Tree Passage has been the focus of an urban legend that states that if a motorist speeds down Lemon Tree Passage Road, they will experience supernatural phenomena. This urban legend provided the focus for the 2013 horror/thriller film Lemon Tree Passage. The Bureau of Meteorology maintain a monitoring station which includes a Weather radar in the high forested area. History The Worimi people are the traditional occupiers of the Port Stephens area. It was subdivided in 1962 and had only 30 residents in 1931. Notes ^ This is the average density of the whole suburb. However, approximately 1.8 square kilometres (0.7 sq mi) (56%) of the suburb is uninhabited. The average population density for the inhabited portion of the suburb is higher at 1,415 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,660/sq mi). ^ Area calculation is based on 1:100000 map 9232 Newcastle. The area presented is that of the whole suburb. The residential portion of the suburb is only 1.4 square kilometres (0.5 sq mi) or 44% of the total area. References ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Lemon Tree Passage (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 16 October 2012. ^ a b "Lemon Tree Passage (suburb)". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 May 2008. ^ a b c "Nelson Bay (Nelson Head)". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2008. ^ "Suburb Search - Local Council Boundaries - Hunter (HT)". New South Wales Division of Local Government. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2008. ^ "Lemon Tree Passage". Land and Property Management Authority - Spatial Information eXchange. New South Wales Land and Property Information. Retrieved 27 May 2008. ^ "Lemon Tree Passage (passage)". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 May 2008. ^ Keene, Neil. "Road ghost star of horror movie". Herald Sun. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ McGowan, Michael. "Lemon Tree Passage ghost hits big scream, video". The Herald. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ Brown, TOdd. "Check The First Poster Art For David Campbell's LEMON TREE PASSAGE". Twitch Film. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people". Port Stephen's Council. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ "Lemon Tree Passage". Port Stephens Australia. Retrieved 16 October 2020. vteTowns, suburbs and localities of Port Stephens Council, New South WalesTowns, suburbsand localities Anna Bay Boat Harbour Bobs Farm Brandy Hill Campvale Corlette Duns Creek Eagleton East Seaham Fern Bay Ferodale Fingal Bay Fishermans Bay Fullerton Cove Glen Oak Heatherbrae Hinton Karuah Lemon Tree Passage Mallabula Medowie Nelson Bay Nelsons Plains One Mile Osterley Raymond Terrace Salamander Bay Salt Ash Seaham Shoal Bay Soldiers Point Tanilba Bay Taylors Beach Tomago Wallalong Williamtown Woodville Other places andpoints of interest Grahamstown Dam Hunter River Karuah River Newcastle Airport Paterson River Port Stephens RAAF Base Williamtown Stockton Beach Tomaree National Park Williams River Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This Port Stephens Council geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Lemon Tree, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_Tree,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lemon Tree Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_Tree_Passage_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Port Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hunter Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Region"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Tilligerry Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilligerry_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Port Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stephens_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL12309"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs2011pop-1"},{"link_name":"koalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koala"},{"link_name":"marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"},{"link_name":"oyster farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_farming"},{"link_name":"strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lemon Tree Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_Tree_Passage_(film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"Weather radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar"}],"text":"For the Central Coast suburb, see Lemon Tree, New South Wales.For other uses, see Lemon Tree Passage.Suburb of Port Stephens Council, New South Wales, AustraliaLemon Tree Passage is a suburb of the Port Stephens local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia, located at the end of the Tilligerry Peninsula and surrounded by the waters of Port Stephens.[4][5] At the 2021 census it had a population of 2,686.[1] It is a haven for koalas due to it being densely wooded. The town has a small marina and the local industry is oyster farming.The suburb is separated from nearby Bulls Island by a small strait which is also known as Lemon Tree Passage.[6]Lemon Tree Passage has been the focus of an urban legend that states that if a motorist speeds down Lemon Tree Passage Road, they will experience supernatural phenomena.[7][8] This urban legend provided the focus for the 2013 horror/thriller film Lemon Tree Passage.[9]The Bureau of Meteorology maintain a monitoring station which includes a Weather radar in the high forested area.","title":"Lemon Tree Passage, New South Wales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worimi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Worimi people are the traditional occupiers of the Port Stephens area.[10]It was subdivided in 1962 and had only 30 residents in 1931.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ This is the average density of the whole suburb. However, approximately 1.8 square kilometres (0.7 sq mi) (56%) of the suburb is uninhabited. The average population density for the inhabited portion of the suburb is higher at 1,415 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,660/sq mi).\n\n^ Area calculation is based on 1:100000 map 9232 Newcastle. The area presented is that of the whole suburb. The residential portion of the suburb is only 1.4 square kilometres (0.5 sq mi) or 44% of the total area.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Lemon Tree Passage (State Suburb)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 16 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC11352","url_text":"\"Lemon Tree Passage (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lemon Tree Passage (suburb)\". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/anqwXtKmMa","url_text":"\"Lemon Tree Passage (suburb)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Nelson Bay (Nelson Head)\". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061054.shtml","url_text":"\"Nelson Bay (Nelson Head)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"\"Suburb Search - Local Council Boundaries - Hunter (HT)\". New South Wales Division of Local Government. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607204159/http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?region=HT&regiontype=1","url_text":"\"Suburb Search - Local Council Boundaries - Hunter (HT)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Division_of_Local_Government","url_text":"New South Wales Division of Local Government"},{"url":"http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?region=HT&regiontype=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lemon Tree Passage\". Land and Property Management Authority - Spatial Information eXchange. New South Wales Land and Property Information. Retrieved 27 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.six.nsw.gov.au/?search=%7B%22name%22:%22Suburb%22,%22fields%22:{%22suburbname%22:%22Lemon%20Tree%20Passage%22%7D%7D","url_text":"\"Lemon Tree Passage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Land_and_Property_Information","url_text":"New South Wales Land and Property Information"}]},{"reference":"\"Lemon Tree Passage (passage)\". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/anqwXtKmuj","url_text":"\"Lemon Tree Passage (passage)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"Keene, Neil. \"Road ghost star of horror movie\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/road-ghost-star-of-horror-movie/story-fndo317g-1226461578891?nk=8172289084eb44f6c97facd03a89983b","url_text":"\"Road ghost star of horror movie\""}]},{"reference":"McGowan, Michael. \"Lemon Tree Passage ghost hits big scream, video\". The Herald. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2523516/lemon-tree-passage-ghost-hits-big-scream-video/","url_text":"\"Lemon Tree Passage ghost hits big scream, video\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, TOdd. \"Check The First Poster Art For David Campbell's LEMON TREE PASSAGE\". Twitch Film. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140912043159/http://twitchfilm.com/2014/03/check-the-first-poster-art-for-david-campbells-lemon-tree-passage-gallery.html","url_text":"\"Check The First Poster Art For David Campbell's LEMON TREE PASSAGE\""},{"url":"http://twitchfilm.com/2014/03/check-the-first-poster-art-for-david-campbells-lemon-tree-passage-gallery.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people\". Port Stephen's Council. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portstephens.nsw.gov.au/live/community/our-community/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people","url_text":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lemon Tree Passage\". Port Stephens Australia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfaucon,_Gard	Montfaucon, Gard	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 44°04′31″N 4°45′19″E / 44.0753°N 4.7553°E / 44.0753; 4.7553 Commune in Occitania, FranceMontfauconCommuneThe Chateau of Montfaucon Coat of armsLocation of Montfaucon MontfauconShow map of FranceMontfauconShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 44°04′31″N 4°45′19″E / 44.0753°N 4.7553°E / 44.0753; 4.7553CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentGardArrondissementNîmesCantonRoquemaureIntercommunalityCA Gard RhodanienGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Olivier RobeletArea14.24 km2 (1.64 sq mi)Population (2021)1,517 • Density360/km2 (930/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code30178 /30150Elevation23–68 m (75–223 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Montfaucon (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. The town lies on the right bank of the Rhône. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1962590— 1968658+11.5%19751,058+60.8%19821,153+9.0%19901,266+9.8%19991,329+5.0%20081,364+2.6% See also Communes of the Gard department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montfaucon (Gard). vte Communes of the Gard department Aigaliers Aigremont Aigues-Mortes Aigues-Vives Aiguèze Aimargues Alèssubpr Allègre-les-Fumades Alzon Anduze Les Angles Aramon Argilliers Arpaillargues-et-Aureillac Arphy Arre Arrigas Aspères Aubais Aubord Aubussargues Aujac Aujargues Aulas Aumessas Avèze Bagard Bagnols-sur-Cèze Barjac Baron La Bastide-d'Engras Beaucaire Beauvoisin Bellegarde Belvézet Bernis Bessèges Bez-et-Esparon Bezouce Blandas Blauzac Boisset-et-Gaujac Boissières Bonnevaux Bordezac Boucoiran-et-Nozières Bouillargues Bouquet Bourdic Bragassargues Branoux-les-Taillades Bréau-Mars Brignon Brouzet-lès-Alès Brouzet-lès-Quissac La Bruguière Cabrières La Cadière-et-Cambo Le Cailar Caissargues La Calmette Calvisson Campestre-et-Luc Canaules-et-Argentières Cannes-et-Clairan La Capelle-et-Masmolène Cardet Carnas Carsan Cassagnoles Castelnau-Valence Castillon-du-Gard Causse-Bégon Caveirac Cavillargues Cendras Chambon Chamborigaud Chusclan Clarensac Codognan Codolet Collias Collorgues Colognac Combas Comps Concoules Congénies Connaux Conqueyrac Corbès Corconne Cornillon Courry Crespian Cros Cruviers-Lascours Deaux Dions Domazan Domessargues Dourbies Durfort-et-Saint-Martin-de-Sossenac Estézargues L'Estréchure Euzet Flaux Foissac Fons Fons-sur-Lussan Fontanès Fontarèches Fournès Fourques Fressac Gagnières Gailhan Gajan Gallargues-le-Montueux Le Garn Garons Garrigues-Sainte-Eulalie Gaujac Générac Générargues Génolhac Goudargues La Grand-Combe Le Grau-du-Roi Issirac Jonquières-Saint-Vincent Junas Lamelouze Langlade Lanuéjols Lasalle Laudun-l'Ardoise Laval-Pradel Laval-Saint-Roman Lecques Lédenon Lédignan Lézan Liouc Lirac Logrian-Florian Lussan Les Mages Malons-et-Elze Mandagout Manduel Marguerittes Martignargues Le Martinet Maruéjols-lès-Gardon Massanes Massillargues-Attuech Mauressargues Méjannes-le-Clap Méjannes-lès-Alès Meynes Meyrannes Mialet Milhaud Molières-Cavaillac Molières-sur-Cèze Monoblet Mons Montagnac Montaren-et-Saint-Médiers Montclus Montdardier Monteils Montfaucon Montfrin Montignargues Montmirat Montpezat Moulézan Moussac Mus Nages-et-Solorgues Navacelles Ners Nîmespref Orsan Orthoux-Sérignac-Quilhan Parignargues Peyremale Peyrolles Le Pin Les Plans Les Plantiers Pommiers Pompignan Ponteils-et-Brésis Pont-Saint-Esprit Portes Potelières Pougnadoresse Poulx Pouzilhac Puechredon Pujaut Quissac Redessan Remoulins Revens Ribaute-les-Tavernes Rivières Robiac-Rochessadoule Rochefort-du-Gard Rochegude Rodilhan Rogues Roquedur Roquemaure La Roque-sur-Cèze Rousson La Rouvière Sabran Saint-Alexandre Saint-Ambroix Saint-André-de-Majencoules Saint-André-de-Roquepertuis Saint-André-de-Valborgne Saint-André-d'Olérargues Saint-Bauzély Saint-Bénézet Saint-Bonnet-de-Salendrinque Saint-Bonnet-du-Gard Saint-Brès Saint-Bresson Saint-Césaire-de-Gauzignan Saint-Chaptes Saint-Christol-de-Rodières Saint-Christol-lès-Alès Saint-Clément Saint-Côme-et-Maruéjols Saint-Denis Saint-Dézéry Saint-Dionisy Sainte-Anastasie Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge Sainte-Croix-de-Caderle Saint-Étienne-de-l'Olm Saint-Étienne-des-Sorts Saint-Félix-de-Pallières Saint-Florent-sur-Auzonnet Saint-Geniès-de-Comolas Saint-Geniès-de-Malgoirès Saint-Gervais Saint-Gervasy Saint-Gilles Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas Saint-Hilaire-d'Ozilhan Saint-Hippolyte-de-Caton Saint-Hippolyte-de-Montaigu Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort Saint-Jean-de-Ceyrargues Saint-Jean-de-Crieulon Saint-Jean-de-Maruéjols-et-Avéjan Saint-Jean-de-Serres Saint-Jean-de-Valériscle Saint-Jean-du-Gard Saint-Jean-du-Pin Saint-Julien-de-Cassagnas Saint-Julien-de-la-Nef Saint-Julien-de-Peyrolas Saint-Julien-les-Rosiers Saint-Just-et-Vacquières Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze Saint-Laurent-de-Carnols Saint-Laurent-des-Arbres Saint-Laurent-la-Vernède Saint-Laurent-le-Minier Saint-Mamert-du-Gard Saint-Marcel-de-Careiret Saint-Martial Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues Saint-Maurice-de-Cazevieille Saint-Maximin Saint-Michel-d'Euzet Saint-Nazaire Saint-Nazaire-des-Gardies Saint-Paulet-de-Caisson Saint-Paul-la-Coste Saint-Paul-les-Fonts Saint-Pons-la-Calm Saint-Privat-de-Champclos Saint-Privat-des-Vieux Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie Saint-Roman-de-Codières Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu Saint-Sébastien-d'Aigrefeuille Saint-Siffret Saint-Théodorit Saint-Victor-de-Malcap Saint-Victor-des-Oules Saint-Victor-la-Coste Salazac Salindres Salinelles Les Salles-du-Gardon Sanilhac-Sagriès Sardan Saumane Sauve Sauveterre Sauzet Savignargues Saze Sénéchas Sernhac Servas Serviers-et-Labaume Seynes Sommières Soudorgues Soustelle Souvignargues Sumène Tavel Tharaux Théziers Thoiras Tornac Tresques Trèves Uchaud Uzès Vabres Val-d'Aigoual Vallabrègues Vallabrix Vallérargues Valliguières Vauvert Vénéjan Verfeuil Vergèze La Vernarède Vers-Pont-du-Gard Vestric-et-Candiac Vézénobres Vic-le-Fesq Le Vigansubpr Villeneuve-lès-Avignon Villevieille Vissec pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Gard geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mɔ̃fokɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne"}],"text":"Commune in Occitania, FranceMontfaucon (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃fokɔ̃]) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Nicholas,_Vilnius	Church of Saint Nicholas, Vilnius	["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Gallery","4 References"]	Coordinates: 54°40′42″N 25°16′58″E / 54.6783°N 25.2828°E / 54.6783; 25.2828Church in LithuaniaThe Church of Saint NicholasŠv. Mikalojaus bažnyčiaSt. Nicholas Church54°40′42″N 25°16′58″E / 54.6783°N 25.2828°E / 54.6783; 25.2828CountryLithuaniaDenominationRoman CatholicWebsitemikalojus.ltHistoryStatusActiveFoundedBefore 1387ArchitectureFunctional statusChurchArchitectural typeChurchStyleGothic architectureAdministrationArchdioceseVilniusClergyArchbishopGintaras Grušas Saint Nicholas Church (Lithuanian: Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčia) is the oldest surviving church in Lithuania, built in the Old Town of the capital city Vilnius. History Church of Saint Nicholas in 1830 by Marcelis Januškevičius Originally built in the 14th century, the church is mentioned in writing for the first time in 1387. The church was a center for German craftsmen and merchants housed along the Vokiečių gatvė (German street). In 1901-39 the Church of St. Nicholas was the only church in Vilnius where the mass was held in Lithuanian. By the same token it was a centre of Lithuanian culture (its famous dean Kristupas Čibiras was killed in 1942 during a bombing raid). In the 1920s to 1940s, sermons in Belarusian language were also held in the church by famous priests including Adam Stankievič, Vincent Hadleŭski, Jazep Hiermanovič, Kazimir Svajak. After the World War II, the Cathedral of Vilnius was closed and the Curia of the Archdiocese of Vilnius was moved to the St. Nicholas Parish building and the Church of St. Nicholas in fact performed the functions of a cathedral. During the Soviet occupation a statue of the patron of Vilnius, St. Christopher, was erected in the church orchard (sculptor Antanas Kmieliauskas, 1959); it was an obvious act of resistance, as the city's coat-of-arms with St. Christopher's figure was banned at that time. Architecture Archaeologists believe that the same Roman Catholic church survived till the present day. Externally, the church represents the Brick Gothic style, while its interior has been renovated several times. The church belfry was built in the 17th century in the Baroque style. Its façade is flanked by two stocky buttresses with cut-off tops. The triangular pediment with niches has been recently renovated accentuating its original Gothic character. In the interior, four elegant octahedral pillars support web and star vaults. The high altar holds a painting of St. Nicholas with a silver setting from the 16th century. The church is adorned with two sculptures: a polychrome statue of St. Louis from the Gothic period, and Vytautas' bronze bust erected in 1930 (sculptor Rapolas Jakimavičius). Gallery Church of Saint Nicholas in 1876 Main altar Interior fragment Exterior Side view of the exterior Main entrance doors Apse of the church References ^ "Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija". Šv. Mikalojaus parapija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ Nowak, Markus. "Schmelztiegel der Kulturen - Die Ausstellung Vokiečių gatvė/Deutsche Straße in Vilnius". KK – Kulturkorrespondenz östliches Europa. 2022 (Mai/Juni): 31. ^ Prof. Tomas Venclova, Vilnius. R. Paknys Publishing House, ISBN 9986-830-48-6 ^ Viktar Korbut. Vilnius — Vilnya: capital of Lithuania in Belarusian history, Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya, 11 May 2015. Quote: "The site of St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church, built in the early 16th century. From 1901-1939, it was the only church in Vilnya where sermons were read in Lithuanian. From 1901-1906, its priest was Juozapas Kukta. The building kept a secret collection of editions published by Martin Kukhta’s publishing house. From 1921, services were offered each Sunday at 10am, with Belarusian language sermons. Until 1940, priest Adam Stankevich served there and, in the 1920s, its priests included Konstantin Stepovich (Kazimir Svayak), Wincenty Godlewski and Yazep Germanovich." ^ "Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija". mikalojus.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ "Skulptūra "Šv. Kristoforas"". vilniusgo.lt (in Lithuanian). 9 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2019. Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčia. Retrieved on 2007-09-21 (in Lithuanian) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of St. Nicholas in Vilnius. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Old_Town"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Church in LithuaniaSaint Nicholas Church (Lithuanian: Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčia) is the oldest surviving church in Lithuania, built in the Old Town of the capital city Vilnius.[1]","title":"Church of Saint Nicholas, Vilnius"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilnia,_%C5%9Aviatoha_Mika%C5%82aja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_(M._Janu%C5%A1evi%C4%8D,_1830).jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Kristupas Čibiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristupas_%C4%8Cibiras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Belarusian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Adam Stankievič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Stankievi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Vincent Hadleŭski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Hadle%C5%ADski"},{"link_name":"Jazep Hiermanovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazep_Hiermanovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Kazimir Svajak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimir_Svajak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"St. Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Christopher"},{"link_name":"coat-of-arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat-of-arms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Church of Saint Nicholas in 1830 by Marcelis JanuškevičiusOriginally built in the 14th century, the church is mentioned in writing for the first time in 1387. The church was a center for German craftsmen and merchants housed along the Vokiečių gatvė (German street).[2]In 1901-39 the Church of St. Nicholas was the only church in Vilnius where the mass was held in Lithuanian. By the same token it was a centre of Lithuanian culture (its famous dean Kristupas Čibiras was killed in 1942 during a bombing raid).[3]In the 1920s to 1940s, sermons in Belarusian language were also held in the church by famous priests including Adam Stankievič, Vincent Hadleŭski, Jazep Hiermanovič, Kazimir Svajak.[4]After the World War II, the Cathedral of Vilnius was closed and the Curia of the Archdiocese of Vilnius was moved to the St. Nicholas Parish building and the Church of St. Nicholas in fact performed the functions of a cathedral.[5]During the Soviet occupation a statue of the patron of Vilnius, St. Christopher, was erected in the church orchard (sculptor Antanas Kmieliauskas, 1959); it was an obvious act of resistance, as the city's coat-of-arms with St. Christopher's figure was banned at that time.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Brick Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Gothic"},{"link_name":"belfry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"Baroque style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"octahedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedral"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Vytautas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytautas"}],"text":"Archaeologists believe that the same Roman Catholic church survived till the present day. Externally, the church represents the Brick Gothic style, while its interior has been renovated several times. The church belfry was built in the 17th century in the Baroque style. Its façade is flanked by two stocky buttresses with cut-off tops. The triangular pediment with niches has been recently renovated accentuating its original Gothic character. In the interior, four elegant octahedral pillars support web and star vaults. The high altar holds a painting of St. Nicholas with a silver setting from the 16th century. The church is adorned with two sculptures: a polychrome statue of St. Louis from the Gothic period, and Vytautas' bronze bust erected in 1930 (sculptor Rapolas Jakimavičius).","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilnia,_%C5%9Aviatoha_Mika%C5%82aja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_(1876).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilnius_interior_St._Nicholas_catholic.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_St._Nicholas_in_Vilnius_12.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikalojaus_Church_in_Vilnius2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%A0v._Mikalojaus_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios_%C5%A1onas_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%A0v._Mikalojaus_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios_durys.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%A0v._Mikalojaus_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios_apsid%C4%97.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"}],"text":"Church of Saint Nicholas in 1876\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain altar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior fragment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExterior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSide view of the exterior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain entrance doors\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApse of the church","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Church of Saint Nicholas in 1830 by Marcelis Januškevičius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vilnia%2C_%C5%9Aviatoha_Mika%C5%82aja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28M._Janu%C5%A1evi%C4%8D%2C_1830%29.jpg/220px-Vilnia%2C_%C5%9Aviatoha_Mika%C5%82aja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28M._Janu%C5%A1evi%C4%8D%2C_1830%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija\". Šv. Mikalojaus parapija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mikalojus.lt/sv-mikalojaus-baznycios-istorija/","url_text":"\"Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija\""}]},{"reference":"Nowak, Markus. \"Schmelztiegel der Kulturen - Die Ausstellung Vokiečių gatvė/Deutsche Straße in Vilnius\". KK – Kulturkorrespondenz östliches Europa. 2022 (Mai/Juni): 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija\". mikalojus.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mikalojus.lt/sv-mikalojaus-baznycios-istorija/","url_text":"\"Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skulptūra \"Šv. Kristoforas\"\". vilniusgo.lt (in Lithuanian). 9 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vilniusgo.lt/2016/11/09/skulptura-sv-kristoforas/","url_text":"\"Skulptūra \"Šv. Kristoforas\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saint_Nicholas,_Vilnius&params=54.6783_N_25.2828_E_type:landmark_region:LT","external_links_name":"54°40′42″N 25°16′58″E / 54.6783°N 25.2828°E / 54.6783; 25.2828"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saint_Nicholas,_Vilnius&params=54.6783_N_25.2828_E_type:landmark_region:LT","external_links_name":"54°40′42″N 25°16′58″E / 54.6783°N 25.2828°E / 54.6783; 25.2828"},{"Link":"https://mikalojus.lt/","external_links_name":"mikalojus.lt"},{"Link":"https://mikalojus.lt/sv-mikalojaus-baznycios-istorija/","external_links_name":"\"Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija\""},{"Link":"https://www.sb.by/articles/vilnius-vilnya-capital-of-lithuania-in-belarusian-history.html","external_links_name":"Viktar Korbut. Vilnius — Vilnya: capital of Lithuania in Belarusian history"},{"Link":"https://mikalojus.lt/sv-mikalojaus-baznycios-istorija/","external_links_name":"\"Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios istorija\""},{"Link":"http://www.vilniusgo.lt/2016/11/09/skulptura-sv-kristoforas/","external_links_name":"\"Skulptūra \"Šv. Kristoforas\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070918003713/http://www.heritage.lt/restauravimas/vilniaus_aps/vilniaus_mikalojaus_baznycia.htm","external_links_name":"Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčia"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129377293","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006116244","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar,_Murshidabad	Nagar, Murshidabad	["1 Geography","1.1 Location","1.2 Area overview","2 Demographics","3 Civic administration","3.1 CD block HQ","4 Transport","5 Education","5.1 Colleges","5.2 High schools","5.3 Madrasas","6 Tourism","7 References"]	Coordinates: 24°05′23″N 87°59′25″E / 24.08980°N 87.99023°E / 24.08980; 87.99023For other uses, see Nagar (disambiguation). Village in West Bengal, IndiaNagar নগর মুর্শিদাবাদVillageNagarLocation in West Bengal, IndiaShow map of West BengalNagarNagar (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 24°05′23″N 87°59′25″E / 24.08980°N 87.99023°E / 24.08980; 87.99023Country IndiaStateWest BengalDistrictMurshidabadElevation18 m (59 ft)Population (2011) • Total11,882Languages • OfficialBengali, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN742159 (Nagar)Telephone/STD code03484-xxxWebsitemurshidabad.gov.in Nagar is a village in the Khargram CD block in the Kandi subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is located about 190 km from Kolkata, the state capital. Geography Cities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centresOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Location Nagar is located at 24°05′23″N 87°59′25″E / 24.08980°N 87.99023°E / 24.08980; 87.99023 Area overview The area shown in the map alongside, covering Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, is spread across both the natural physiographic regions of the district, Rarh and Bagri. The headquarters of Murshidabad district, Berhampore, is in this area. The ruins of Karnasubarna, the capital of Shashanka, the first important king of ancient Bengal who ruled in the 7th century, is located 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) south-west of Berhampore. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with over 80% of the population living in the rural areas. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Demographics According to the 2011 Census of India, Nagar had a total population of 11,882, of which 6,198 (52%) were males and 5,684 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,472. The total number of literate persons in Nagar was 7,096 (68.17% of the population over 6 years). Civic administration CD block HQ The headquarters of Khargram CD block are located at Nagar. Transport State Highway 7 (Badshahi Road) running from Rajgram (in Birbhum district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district) passes through Nagar. Nagar has 24×7 bus service form local bus stand. Many local and Government buses stop at Nagar bus stand. NBSTC, SBSTC buses are going to Siliguri, Maldah, Kolkata, Digha, Kharagpur, Burdhaman, Durgapur, Asansol etc. daily. Education Colleges Nagar College was eatblished in 1998 at Nagar. Affiliated to the University of Kalyani, it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, Arabic, philosophy, political science, history, geography and mathematics. Khargram College Of Education Syed Muztoba Ali College Of Education High schools Nagar A.M. High School Margram High School Bongodighi High School Parulia High School Sherpur High School Kanduri High School Purapara High School Durgapur High School Joypur High School Indrani High School Saundi High School Madrasas Nagar Al-Qurania High Madrasha Margram High Madrasha. Keshiadanga Ghanashyampur High Madrasah. Tourism There is a mosque named 'Nagar Jame Masjid', is one of the largest mosques of Murshidabad. It has two minars which are covered with marble. Nagar Fair is arranged every year on 5 January in the pirtala ground which is located near Nagar Dighi, for Data Pir. Nagar Agricultural farm is also very popular. In Eid and Durga Puja people from villages around Nagar come here to enjoy. References ^ "District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A" (PDF). Physiography, Page 13. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ "Murshidabad". Geography. Murshidabad district authorities. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ "Murshidabad". Murshidabad district authorities. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ Ray, Nihar Ranjan, Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba, (in Bengali), 1980 edition, pp. 160-161, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti ^ Sengupta, Nitish, History of the Bengali-speaking People, p.25, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd. ^ Majumdar, Dr. R.C., History of Ancient Bengal, first published 1971, reprint 2005, pp. 5-6, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, ISBN 81-89118-01-3. ^ "District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B" (PDF). District Primary Census Abstract page 26. Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal. Retrieved 2 July 2021. ^ "C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)". West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ "District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A" (PDF). Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ "List of State Highways in West Bengal". West Bengal Traffic Police. Retrieved 5 February 2017. ^ "Nagar College". NC. Retrieved 12 September 2017. vteCities, towns and locations in Murshidabad district, Malda divisionCities, towns and locations in Malda district Cities, towns and locations in Santhal Parganas (Jharkhand) Cities, towns and locations in Birbhum district Cities, towns and locations in Purba Bardhaman district Cities, towns and locations in Nadia district Kushtia District (Bangladesh) Rajshahi District (Bangladesh)Cities, municipal and census townsBerhampore subdivision Ajodhya Nagar Baharampur Banjetia Barua Beldanga Chaltia Cossimbazar Goaljan Gopjan Gora Bazar Haridasmati Sibdanga Badarpur Domkol subdivision Harharia Chak Islampur Katlamari Lalbag subdivision Jiaganj Azimganj Murshidabad Kandi subdivision Kandi Salar Jangipur subdivision Anup Nagar Arjunpur Aurangabad Bara Jumla Basudebpur Benia Gram Bhabki Bhasaipaikar Chachanda Chakmeghoan Charka Dafahat Dafarpur Debipur Dhulian Dhusaripara Donalia Farrakka Barrage Township Fatellapur Ghorsala Giria Hafania Ichhlampur Jafrabad Jagtaj Jangipur Jaykrishnapur Jot Kamal Kakramari Kankuria Khanpur Khidirpur Khodarampur Kohetpur Krishna Sali Madna Mahadeb Nagar Mahendrapur Mamrejpur Mirzapur Mithipur Nayabahadurpur Osmanpur Paschim Punropara Pranpara Ramakantapur Ramnagar Sahajadpur Serpur Sibnagar Srikantabati Srimantapur Teghari Uttar Mahammadpur Divisions of West BengalLocationsother than cities and townsBerhampore subdivision Amtala Daulatabad Hariharpara Naoda Rejinagar Sarulia Shaktipur Surangapur Domkol subdivision Bhagirathpur Domkal Jalangi Kasbagoas Raninagar Sadikhanr Diar Sagarpara Shaikhpara Lalbag subdivision Balutungi Baranagar Bhagawangola Kismattatla Krishnapur Lalgola Nabagram Naldahari Nasipur Nashipur Ranitala Rosnaiganj Kandi subdivision Bharatpur Burwan Duttabarutia Gokarna Gram Salkia Khargram Nagar Panchthupi Jangipur subdivision Ahiran Bahutali Bansabati Farakka Harua Mahesail Manigram Morgram Nimtita Nurpur Raghunathganj Rajnagar Sadikpur Sagardighi Suti Tarapur Neighbourhoods Nabarun Related topics Murshidabad topics People from Murshidabad district Villages in Murshidabad district India portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Khargram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khargram_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"CD block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India"},{"link_name":"Kandi subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandi_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Murshidabad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"For other uses, see Nagar (disambiguation).Village in West Bengal, IndiaNagar is a village in the Khargram CD block in the Kandi subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is located about 190 km from Kolkata, the state capital.","title":"Nagar, Murshidabad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/23.95/88.21667/en"},{"link_name":"[fullscreen map]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/23.95/88.21667/en"}],"text":"[fullscreen map]\nCities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centresOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"24°05′23″N 87°59′25″E / 24.08980°N 87.99023°E / 24.08980; 87.99023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nagar,_Murshidabad&params=24.08980_N_87.99023_E_"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Nagar is located at 24°05′23″N 87°59′25″E / 24.08980°N 87.99023°E / 24.08980; 87.99023","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berhampore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhampore_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Kandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandi_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Rarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarh_region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Berhampore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhampore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Karnasubarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnasubarna"},{"link_name":"Shashanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashanka"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Area overview","text":"The area shown in the map alongside, covering Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, is spread across both the natural physiographic regions of the district, Rarh and Bagri.[1][2] The headquarters of Murshidabad district, Berhampore, is in this area.[3] The ruins of Karnasubarna, the capital of Shashanka, the first important king of ancient Bengal who ruled in the 7th century, is located 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) south-west of Berhampore.[4][5][6] The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with over 80% of the population living in the rural areas.[7]Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-8"}],"text":"According to the 2011 Census of India, Nagar had a total population of 11,882, of which 6,198 (52%) were males and 5,684 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,472. The total number of literate persons in Nagar was 7,096 (68.17% of the population over 6 years).[8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Civic administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khargram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khargram_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"CD block HQ","text":"The headquarters of Khargram CD block are located at Nagar.[9]","title":"Civic administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Highway 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_7_(West_Bengal)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"State Highway 7 (Badshahi Road) running from Rajgram (in Birbhum district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district) passes through Nagar.[10]Nagar has 24×7 bus service form local bus stand. Many local and Government buses stop at Nagar bus stand. NBSTC, SBSTC buses are going to Siliguri, Maldah, Kolkata, Digha, Kharagpur, Burdhaman, Durgapur, Asansol etc. daily.[citation needed]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagar College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_College"},{"link_name":"University of Kalyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kalyani"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"Nagar College was eatblished in 1998 at Nagar. Affiliated to the University of Kalyani, it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, Arabic, philosophy, political science, history, geography and mathematics.[11]\nKhargram College Of Education\nSyed Muztoba Ali College Of Education","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Nagar A.M. High School\nMargram High School\nBongodighi High School\nParulia High School\nSherpur High School\nKanduri High School\nPurapara High School\nDurgapur High School\nJoypur High School\nIndrani High School\nSaundi High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Madrasas","text":"Nagar Al-Qurania High Madrasha\nMargram High Madrasha.\nKeshiadanga Ghanashyampur High Madrasah.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There is a mosque named 'Nagar Jame Masjid', is one of the largest mosques of Murshidabad. It has two minars which are covered with marble. Nagar Fair is arranged every year on 5 January in the pirtala ground which is located near Nagar Dighi, for Data Pir.\nNagar Agricultural farm is also very popular. In Eid and Durga Puja people from villages around Nagar come here to enjoy.[citation needed]","title":"Tourism"}]	[{"image_text":"Divisions of West Bengal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg/199px-Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A\" (PDF). Physiography, Page 13. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murshidabad\". Geography. Murshidabad district authorities. Retrieved 24 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2","url_text":"\"Murshidabad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murshidabad\". Murshidabad district authorities. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2","url_text":"\"Murshidabad\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B\" (PDF). District Primary Census Abstract page 26. Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_6MURSHIDABAD.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B\""}]},{"reference":"\"C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)\". West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html","url_text":"\"C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A\" (PDF). Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of State Highways in West Bengal\". West Bengal Traffic Police. Retrieved 5 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php","url_text":"\"List of State Highways in West Bengal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagar College\". NC. 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Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)\""},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A\""},{"Link":"http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php","external_links_name":"\"List of State Highways in West Bengal\""},{"Link":"http://nagarcollege.in/courses%20Offered.html","external_links_name":"\"Nagar College\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bowiec,_Cieszyn_County	Dębowiec, Cieszyn County	["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°48′48.72″N 18°43′12.40″E / 49.8135333°N 18.7201111°E / 49.8135333; 18.7201111Village in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandDębowiecVillageCentral part of the village Coat of armsLocation of Dębowiec within Gmina DębowiecDębowiecShow map of Silesian VoivodeshipDębowiecShow map of PolandCoordinates: 49°48′48.72″N 18°43′12.40″E / 49.8135333°N 18.7201111°E / 49.8135333; 18.7201111Country PolandVoivodeship SilesianCountyCieszynGminaDębowiecFirst mentionedca. 1305Area • Total13.17 km2 (5.08 sq mi)Population (2007) • Total1,772 • Density130/km2 (350/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code43-426Car platesSCI Dębowiec ⓘ is a village and the seat of Gmina Dębowiec, Cieszyn County in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It has an area of 13.17 km2 (5.08 sq mi) and a population of 1,772 (2007). It lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Etymology Both Polish and German names are of topographic origins, but with a slightly different meanings. The Polish name is derived from oaks (Polish: dąb, plural dęby) and denotes an oaken part of wood. German name: Baumgarten is a conjunction of two words: Baum (tree) and Garten (garden). History The village was first mentioned in a Latin document of Diocese of Wrocław called Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis from around 1305 as item in Dambonczal. It meant that the village was in the process of location (the size of land to pay a tithe from was not yet precise). The creation of the village was a part of a larger settlement campaign taking place in the late 13th century on the territory of what would later be known as Upper Silesia. The village became a seat of a Catholic parish, first mentioned in an incomplete register of Peter's Pence payment from 1335 as Bemgard and as such being one of the oldest in the region. It was again mentioned in the register of Peter's Pence payment from 1447 among the 50 parishes of Teschen deanery as Bomgarte. The name from 1335 is of Germanic roots and indicates that among long ethnically Polish (Slavic, as the name from Liber fundationis.. is of Slavic origins) citizens an unknown number of German settlers arrived and gave the common village a German name which eventually evolved into Baumgarten. Politically the village belonged initially to the Duchy of Teschen, formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg monarchy. After the 1540s Protestant Reformation prevailed in the Duchy of Teschen and a local Catholic church was taken over by Lutherans. It was taken from them, as one from around fifty buildings in the region, by a special commission and given back to the Roman Catholic Church on 18 April 1654. On 15 March 1793 the village was bought from Marklowski noble family by Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen and included in Teschener Kammer. In 1807 the first school in Dębowiec was opened, before that the local children attended to school in Simoradz. In 1854-1856 new bricked church was built, which replaced old wooden church. Lutherans built a cemetery chapel in 1912. The new school building was opened in 1908, to celebrate 60 years of reign of Franz Joseph I of Austria. After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political district of Bielsko and the legal district of Skoczów. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the village dropped from 992 in 1880 to 984 in 1910, with majority of the inhabitants being native Polish-speakers (between 99% and 99.1%) and a few people German-speaking (at most 9 or 0.9% in 1880 and 1890) or Czech-speaking (at most 7 or 0.7% in 1900), in terms of religion in 1910 majority were Roman Catholics (560 or 56.9%), followed by Lutherans (417 or 42.4%) and Jews (7 people). The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect. At the beginnings of the 20th century methane was discovered in the village. Its explosion in 1911 caused a fire lasting few days. After World War I, the fall of Austria-Hungary, the Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Poland. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. During the night between 15 and 16 February 1941 the first elite special-operations paratroops called Cichociemni parachuted over Dębowiec. It was caused by a mistake of navigator and a lack of fuel as they originally intended to land somewhere around Włoszczowa. After the war the village was restored to Poland. In 2014 graduation tower in the center of the village was opened. Geography Dębowiec lies in the southern part of Poland, approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of the nearest town, Skoczów, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of the county seat, Cieszyn, 24 km (15 mi) west of Bielsko-Biała, 55 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice, and 10 km (6.2 mi) east of the border with the Czech Republic. It is situated on the Knajka river (left tributary of the Vistula), along which many fish ponds are located. It lies on the geographical border between Silesian Foothills (to the south), Ostrava Basin (to north-west) and Oświęcim Basin (to north-east), between 270–340 m (890–1,120 ft) above sea level; 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the Silesian Beskids; The biggest forest, called Dębowczak, lies in the north-west part of the village. Several oak trees (Quercus robur) aged between 250 and 300 years were registered in 1959 as natural monuments. Places adjacent to Dębowiec, Cieszyn County Pruchna Pruchna, Ochaby Ochaby RudnikHażlach Dębowiec Simoradz Hażlach Kostkowice Iskrzyczyn Footnotes ^ Mrózek, Robert (1984). Nazwy miejscowe dawnego Śląska Cieszyńskiego (in Polish). Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach. p. 58. ISSN 0208-6336. ^ I. Panic, 2010, p. 331 ^ Schulte, Wilhelm (1889). Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae T.14 Liber Fundationis Episcopatus Vratislaviensis (in German). Breslau.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis" (in Latin). Retrieved 13 July 2014. ^ Ptaśnik, Jan (1913). Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana T.1 Acta Camerae Apostolicae. Vol. 1, 1207-1344. Cracoviae: Sumpt. Academiae Litterarum Cracoviensis. p. 366. ^ "Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens (in German). Breslau: H. Markgraf. 27: 361–372. 1893. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2014. ^ I. Panic, 2010, p. 398 ^ Broda, Jan (1992). "Materiały do dziejów Kościoła ewangelickiego w Księstwie Cieszyńskim i Państwie Pszczyńskim w XVI i XVII wieku". Z historii Kościoła ewangelickiego na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (in Polish). Katowice: Dom Wydawniczy i Księgarski „Didache“. pp. 259–260. ISBN 83-85572-00-7. ^ Piątkowski, Kazimierz (1918). Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem (in Polish). Cieszyn: Macierz Szkolna Księstwa Cieszyńskiego. pp. 258, 277. ^ Ludwig Patryn (ed): Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910 in Schlesien Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, Troppau 1912. ^ "Dębowiec ma tężnię!" (in Polish). Retrieved 17 July 2014. ^ Marcin Żerański (2012). Śląsk Cieszyński od Bielska-Białej do Ostrawa. Przewodnik turystyczny (in Polish). Cieszyn: Pracownia na Pastwiskach. p. 264. ISBN 978-83-933109-3-7. ^ Mróz, Henryk (1997). "Wykaz pomników przyrody na terenie Śląska Cieszyńskiego". Śląsk Cieszyński. Środowisko naturalne. Cieszyn: Macierz Ziemi Cieszyńskiej. p. 66. ISBN 83-903589-9-9. References Londzin, Józef (1932). Kościoły drewniane na Śląsku Cieszyńskim. Cieszyn: Dziedzictwo błog. Jana Sarkandra. pp. 60–70. OCLC 297540848. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2012-02-01. Panic, Idzi (2010). Śląsk Cieszyński w średniowieczu (do 1528). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. ISBN 978-83-926929-3-5. External links Media related to Dębowiec, Cieszyn County at Wikimedia Commons (in Polish) Official website of the gmina vteGmina DębowiecSeat: DębowiecOther villages Gumna Iskrzyczyn Kostkowice Łączka Ogrodzona Simoradz vteCieszyn SilesiaMunicipalitiesin the Czech Republic Albrechtice Bocanovice Bohumín Bruzovice Bukovec Bystřice Český Těšín Chotěbuz Dětmarovice Dolní Domaslavice Dolní Lomná Dolní Lutyně Dolní Tošanovice Dobrá Dobratice Doubrava Havířov Hnojník Horní Bludovice Horní Domaslavice Horní Lomná Horní Suchá Horní Tošanovice Hrádek Hrčava Jablunkov Janovice Kaňovice Karviná Komorní Lhotka Košařiska Krásná Lučina Malenovice Milíkov Morávka Mosty u Jablunkova Návsí Nižní Lhoty Nošovice Nýdek Orlová Pazderna Petrovice u Karviné Petřvald Písečná Písek Pražmo Pržno Raškovice Řeka Řepiště Ropice Rychvald Sedliště Šenov Smilovice Soběšovice Staré Město Stonava Střítež Těrlicko Třanovice Třinec Václavovice Vělopolí Vendryně Vojkovice Vratimov Vyšní Lhoty Žermanice partially in the region: Baška Frýdek-Místek Ostrava Staré Hamry Municipalitiesin Poland Bąków Bażanowice Bielowicko Biery Bładnice Brenna Bronów Brzezówka Chybie Cieszyn Cisownica Czechowice-Dziedzice Dębowiec Drogomyśl Dzięgielów Frelichów Godziszów Goleszów Górki Małe Górki Wielkie Grodziec Gumna Harbutowice Hażlach Iłownica Iskrzyczyn Istebna Jasienica Jaworze Jaworzynka Kaczyce Kiczyce Kisielów Kończyce Małe Kończyce Wielkie Koniaków Kostkowice Kowale Kozakowice Łączka Landek Łazy Leszna Górna Ligota Marklowice Górne Mazańcowice Międzyrzecze Dolne Międzyrzecze Górne Międzyświeć Mnich Ochaby Ogrodzona Pierściec Pogórze Pogwizdów Pruchna Puńców Roztropice Rudnik Rudzica Simoradz Skoczów Strumień Świętoszówka Ustroń Wieszczęta Wilamowice Wiślica Wisła Zabłocie Zaborze Zabrzeg Zamarski Zarzecze Zbytków Zebrzydowice partially in the region: Bielsko-Biała Bystra Related articles Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion Cieszyn Silesian dialect Duchy of Teschen Olza (river) Trans-Olza Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈdɛ̃bɔviɛts]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Pl-D%C4%99bowiec.ogg/Pl-D%C4%99bowiec.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pl-D%C4%99bowiec.ogg"},{"link_name":"Gmina Dębowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_D%C4%99bowiec,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia"}],"text":"Village in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandDębowiec [ˈdɛ̃bɔviɛts] ⓘ is a village and the seat of Gmina Dębowiec, Cieszyn County in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It has an area of 13.17 km2 (5.08 sq mi) and a population of 1,772 (2007). It lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.","title":"Dębowiec, Cieszyn County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrozek-1"},{"link_name":"Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Baum#German"},{"link_name":"Garten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Garten#German"}],"text":"Both Polish and German names are of topographic origins, but with a slightly different meanings. The Polish name is derived from oaks (Polish: dąb, plural dęby) and denotes an oaken part of wood.[1] German name: Baumgarten is a conjunction of two words: Baum (tree) and Garten (garden).","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_fundationis_episcopatus_Vratislaviensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Peter's Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"feudal fragmentation of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland#Fragmentation"},{"link_name":"Piast dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_(feudal_tenure)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxony,_Duke_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"Teschener Kammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teschener_Kammer"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Austrian Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Silesia"},{"link_name":"political district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Bielsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko"},{"link_name":"legal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_district"},{"link_name":"Skoczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skocz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Silesian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Polish–Czechoslovak War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cichociemni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichociemni"},{"link_name":"Włoszczowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82oszczowa"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"graduation tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation_tower"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The village was first mentioned in a Latin document of Diocese of Wrocław called Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis from around 1305 as item in Dambonczal.[2][3][4] It meant that the village was in the process of location (the size of land to pay a tithe from was not yet precise). The creation of the village was a part of a larger settlement campaign taking place in the late 13th century on the territory of what would later be known as Upper Silesia.The village became a seat of a Catholic parish, first mentioned in an incomplete register of Peter's Pence payment from 1335 as Bemgard[5] and as such being one of the oldest in the region. It was again mentioned in the register of Peter's Pence payment from 1447 among the 50 parishes of Teschen deanery as Bomgarte.[6]The name from 1335 is of Germanic roots and indicates that among long ethnically Polish (Slavic, as the name from Liber fundationis.. is of Slavic origins) citizens an unknown number of German settlers arrived and gave the common village a German name which eventually evolved into Baumgarten.[7]Politically the village belonged initially to the Duchy of Teschen, formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg monarchy.After the 1540s Protestant Reformation prevailed in the Duchy of Teschen and a local Catholic church was taken over by Lutherans. It was taken from them, as one from around fifty buildings in the region, by a special commission and given back to the Roman Catholic Church on 18 April 1654.[8]On 15 March 1793 the village was bought from Marklowski noble family by Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen and included in Teschener Kammer. In 1807 the first school in Dębowiec was opened, before that the local children attended to school in Simoradz. In 1854-1856 new bricked church was built, which replaced old wooden church. Lutherans built a cemetery chapel in 1912. The new school building was opened in 1908, to celebrate 60 years of reign of Franz Joseph I of Austria.After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political district of Bielsko and the legal district of Skoczów. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the village dropped from 992 in 1880 to 984 in 1910, with majority of the inhabitants being native Polish-speakers (between 99% and 99.1%) and a few people German-speaking (at most 9 or 0.9% in 1880 and 1890) or Czech-speaking (at most 7 or 0.7% in 1900), in terms of religion in 1910 majority were Roman Catholics (560 or 56.9%), followed by Lutherans (417 or 42.4%) and Jews (7 people).[9][10] The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.At the beginnings of the 20th century methane was discovered in the village. Its explosion in 1911 caused a fire lasting few days.After World War I, the fall of Austria-Hungary, the Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Poland. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. During the night between 15 and 16 February 1941 the first elite special-operations paratroops called Cichociemni parachuted over Dębowiec. It was caused by a mistake of navigator and a lack of fuel as they originally intended to land somewhere around Włoszczowa. After the war the village was restored to Poland.In 2014 graduation tower in the center of the village was opened.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skoczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skocz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Knajka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knajka"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"fish ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pond"},{"link_name":"Silesian Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Foothills"},{"link_name":"Ostrava Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrava_Basin"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_Basin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Silesian Beskids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Beskids"},{"link_name":"natural monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monument"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pruchna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruchna"},{"link_name":"Pruchna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruchna"},{"link_name":"Ochaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochaby"},{"link_name":"Ochaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochaby"},{"link_name":"Rudnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudnik,_Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Hażlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%BClach"},{"link_name":"Simoradz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simoradz"},{"link_name":"Hażlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%BClach"},{"link_name":"Kostkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostkowice,_Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Iskrzyczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskrzyczyn"}],"text":"Dębowiec lies in the southern part of Poland, approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of the nearest town, Skoczów, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of the county seat, Cieszyn, 24 km (15 mi) west of Bielsko-Biała, 55 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice, and 10 km (6.2 mi) east of the border with the Czech Republic.It is situated on the Knajka river (left tributary of the Vistula), along which many fish ponds are located. It lies on the geographical border between Silesian Foothills (to the south), Ostrava Basin (to north-west) and Oświęcim Basin (to north-east),[12] between 270–340 m (890–1,120 ft) above sea level; 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the Silesian Beskids; The biggest forest, called Dębowczak, lies in the north-west part of the village. Several oak trees (Quercus robur) aged between 250 and 300 years were registered in 1959 as natural monuments.[13]Places adjacent to Dębowiec, Cieszyn County\nPruchna\nPruchna, Ochaby\nOchaby\n\n\n\n\n\nRudnikHażlach\n\nDębowiec\n\nSimoradz\n\n\n\n\n\nHażlach\nKostkowice\nIskrzyczyn","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mrozek_1-0"},{"link_name":"Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Silesia_in_Katowice"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0208-6336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0208-6336"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Schulte, Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schulte"},{"link_name":"Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae T.14 Liber Fundationis Episcopatus Vratislaviensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=19747&from=publication"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dokumentyslaska.pl/cds%2014/liber.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Ptaśnik, Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Pta%C5%9Bnik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana T.1 Acta Camerae Apostolicae. Vol. 1, 1207-1344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kpbc.ukw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=23551&from=&dirids=1&ver_id=&lp=4&QI=51AD482DA2B36ED801EE899F17FA474F-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130921204915/http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=15085&from=publication"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=15085&from=publication"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-85572-00-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85572-00-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//obc.opole.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=1076"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910 in Schlesien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=11734"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110718173246/http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=11734"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Dębowiec ma tężnię!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.telewizja.ox.pl/wideo,27169,debowiec-ma-teznie!.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-933109-3-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-933109-3-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-903589-9-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-903589-9-9"}],"text":"^ Mrózek, Robert (1984). Nazwy miejscowe dawnego Śląska Cieszyńskiego [Local names of former Cieszyn Silesia] (in Polish). Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach. p. 58. ISSN 0208-6336.\n\n^ I. Panic, 2010, p. 331\n\n^ Schulte, Wilhelm (1889). Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae T.14 Liber Fundationis Episcopatus Vratislaviensis (in German). Breslau.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ \"Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis\" (in Latin). Retrieved 13 July 2014.\n\n^ Ptaśnik, Jan (1913). Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana T.1 Acta Camerae Apostolicae. Vol. 1, 1207-1344. Cracoviae: Sumpt. Academiae Litterarum Cracoviensis. p. 366.\n\n^ \"Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti\". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens (in German). Breslau: H. Markgraf. 27: 361–372. 1893. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2014.\n\n^ I. Panic, 2010, p. 398\n\n^ Broda, Jan (1992). \"Materiały do dziejów Kościoła ewangelickiego w Księstwie Cieszyńskim i Państwie Pszczyńskim w XVI i XVII wieku\". Z historii Kościoła ewangelickiego na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (in Polish). Katowice: Dom Wydawniczy i Księgarski „Didache“. pp. 259–260. ISBN 83-85572-00-7.\n\n^ Piątkowski, Kazimierz (1918). Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem (in Polish). Cieszyn: Macierz Szkolna Księstwa Cieszyńskiego. pp. 258, 277.\n\n^ Ludwig Patryn (ed): Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910 in Schlesien Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, Troppau 1912.\n\n^ \"Dębowiec ma tężnię!\" (in Polish). Retrieved 17 July 2014.\n\n^ Marcin Żerański (2012). Śląsk Cieszyński od Bielska-Białej do Ostrawa. Przewodnik turystyczny [Cieszyn Silesia from Bielsko-Biała to Ostrava. Tourists' guide book] (in Polish). Cieszyn: Pracownia na Pastwiskach. p. 264. ISBN 978-83-933109-3-7.\n\n^ Mróz, Henryk (1997). \"Wykaz pomników przyrody na terenie Śląska Cieszyńskiego\". Śląsk Cieszyński. Środowisko naturalne. Cieszyn: Macierz Ziemi Cieszyńskiej. p. 66. ISBN 83-903589-9-9.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dux_Tessinensis_Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch.jpg/50px-Dux_Tessinensis_Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cieszyn_Piast_dynasty_COA.png/50px-Cieszyn_Piast_dynasty_COA.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mrózek, Robert (1984). Nazwy miejscowe dawnego Śląska Cieszyńskiego [Local names of former Cieszyn Silesia] (in Polish). Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach. p. 58. ISSN 0208-6336.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Silesia_in_Katowice","url_text":"Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0208-6336","url_text":"0208-6336"}]},{"reference":"Schulte, Wilhelm (1889). Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae T.14 Liber Fundationis Episcopatus Vratislaviensis (in German). Breslau.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schulte","url_text":"Schulte, Wilhelm"},{"url":"http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=19747&from=publication","url_text":"Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae T.14 Liber Fundationis Episcopatus Vratislaviensis"}]},{"reference":"\"Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis\" (in Latin). Retrieved 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dokumentyslaska.pl/cds%2014/liber.html","url_text":"\"Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis\""}]},{"reference":"Ptaśnik, Jan (1913). Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana T.1 Acta Camerae Apostolicae. Vol. 1, 1207-1344. Cracoviae: Sumpt. Academiae Litterarum Cracoviensis. p. 366.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Pta%C5%9Bnik&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Ptaśnik, Jan"},{"url":"http://www.kpbc.ukw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=23551&from=&dirids=1&ver_id=&lp=4&QI=51AD482DA2B36ED801EE899F17FA474F-1","url_text":"Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana T.1 Acta Camerae Apostolicae. Vol. 1, 1207-1344"}]},{"reference":"\"Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti\". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens (in German). Breslau: H. Markgraf. 27: 361–372. 1893. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921204915/http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=15085&from=publication","url_text":"\"Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti\""},{"url":"http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=15085&from=publication","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Broda, Jan (1992). \"Materiały do dziejów Kościoła ewangelickiego w Księstwie Cieszyńskim i Państwie Pszczyńskim w XVI i XVII wieku\". Z historii Kościoła ewangelickiego na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (in Polish). Katowice: Dom Wydawniczy i Księgarski „Didache“. pp. 259–260. ISBN 83-85572-00-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85572-00-7","url_text":"83-85572-00-7"}]},{"reference":"Piątkowski, Kazimierz (1918). Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem (in Polish). Cieszyn: Macierz Szkolna Księstwa Cieszyńskiego. pp. 258, 277.","urls":[{"url":"http://obc.opole.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=1076","url_text":"Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem"}]},{"reference":"\"Dębowiec ma tężnię!\" (in Polish). Retrieved 17 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telewizja.ox.pl/wideo,27169,debowiec-ma-teznie!.html","url_text":"\"Dębowiec ma tężnię!\""}]},{"reference":"Marcin Żerański (2012). Śląsk Cieszyński od Bielska-Białej do Ostrawa. Przewodnik turystyczny [Cieszyn Silesia from Bielsko-Biała to Ostrava. Tourists' guide book] (in Polish). Cieszyn: Pracownia na Pastwiskach. p. 264. ISBN 978-83-933109-3-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-933109-3-7","url_text":"978-83-933109-3-7"}]},{"reference":"Mróz, Henryk (1997). \"Wykaz pomników przyrody na terenie Śląska Cieszyńskiego\". Śląsk Cieszyński. Środowisko naturalne. Cieszyn: Macierz Ziemi Cieszyńskiej. p. 66. ISBN 83-903589-9-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-903589-9-9","url_text":"83-903589-9-9"}]},{"reference":"Londzin, Józef (1932). Kościoły drewniane na Śląsku Cieszyńskim. Cieszyn: Dziedzictwo błog. Jana Sarkandra. pp. 60–70. OCLC 297540848. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2012-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718173153/http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=10927&from=&dirids=110&ver_id=592382&lp=1&QI=1E9A46D2674AA878F51B05D5968295F1-12","url_text":"Kościoły drewniane na Śląsku Cieszyńskim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/297540848","url_text":"297540848"},{"url":"http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=10927&from=&dirids=110&ver_id=592382&lp=1&QI=1E9A46D2674AA878F51B05D5968295F1-12","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Panic, Idzi (2010). Śląsk Cieszyński w średniowieczu (do 1528). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. ISBN 978-83-926929-3-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idzi_Panic","url_text":"Panic, Idzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-926929-3-5","url_text":"978-83-926929-3-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C4%99bowiec,_Cieszyn_County&params=49_48_48.72_N_18_43_12.40_E_region:PL_type:city(1772)","external_links_name":"49°48′48.72″N 18°43′12.40″E / 49.8135333°N 18.7201111°E / 49.8135333; 18.7201111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C4%99bowiec,_Cieszyn_County&params=49_48_48.72_N_18_43_12.40_E_region:PL_type:city(1772)","external_links_name":"49°48′48.72″N 18°43′12.40″E / 49.8135333°N 18.7201111°E / 49.8135333; 18.7201111"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0208-6336","external_links_name":"0208-6336"},{"Link":"http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=19747&from=publication","external_links_name":"Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae T.14 Liber Fundationis Episcopatus Vratislaviensis"},{"Link":"http://www.dokumentyslaska.pl/cds%2014/liber.html","external_links_name":"\"Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis\""},{"Link":"http://www.kpbc.ukw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=23551&from=&dirids=1&ver_id=&lp=4&QI=51AD482DA2B36ED801EE899F17FA474F-1","external_links_name":"Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana T.1 Acta Camerae Apostolicae. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Daniel_C._Jackling	Statue of Daniel C. Jackling	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°46′41.7″N 111°53′18.6″W / 40.778250°N 111.888500°W / 40.778250; -111.888500Bronze statue in Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S. Statue of Daniel C. JacklingThe statue in 2021ArtistAvard FairbanksMediumBronze sculptureSubjectDaniel C. JacklingLocationUtah State Capitol, Salt Lake CityCoordinates40°46′41.7″N 111°53′18.6″W / 40.778250°N 111.888500°W / 40.778250; -111.888500 A bronze statue of Daniel C. Jackling by Avard Fairbanks is installed outside the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City, in the U.S. state of Utah. References ^ "Daniel Cowan Jackling". Capitol Preservation Board. Retrieved June 6, 2020. External links Utah portalVisual arts portal Media related to Statue of Daniel C. Jackling at Wikimedia Commons vteAvard FairbanksSculptures The Pioneer Mother Memorial (1928) 91st Division Monument (1930) Statue of Esther Hobart Morris Statue of Marcus Whitman The Chicago Lincoln (1956) A Monument to Peace: Our Hope for the Children Statue of John Burke George Washington busts Statue of Daniel C. Jackling Related John Fairbanks (father) United States National Bank Building vtePublic art in Salt Lake CityWorks 145th Field Artillery Monument 2002 Winter Olympics Countdown Clock A Monument to Peace: Our Hope for the Children All Is Well An Urban Allegory Asteroid Landed Softly Bauta Stone Beehive sculptures Black Lives Matter street mural Brigham Young Monument Bust of Charles Roscoe Savage Bust of Mahatma Gandhi Celebration of Life Monument Column 24 Counterpoint Eagle Gate Edward Harriman Memorial Gilgal Sculpture Garden Go for the Gold Handcart Pioneers Irish Cross Korean War Wall of Honor Lest We Forget Lions Lupine Meadow Roll Matthew Stanford Robison Memorial May We Have Peace Morgan Commercial and Normal College Marker Mormon Battalion Monument Nauvoo Bell Olmec Head Replica Pagoda The Peace Child of Hiroshima Peace Cradle Point of View Preaching Buddha Priesthood Restoration Puepahk Tugypahgyn Noomwevehchuh Psehdtuhneeyet Seagull Monument Spirit Poles Stream of Life Sugar House Monument The Doll and Dare This Is the Place Monument Through the Shelter of Love Tribute to the Nation's Constitution and Flag Utah and the Civil War Monument Utah Jazz mural Utah Law Enforcement Memorial Utah Women 2020 Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Veterans Memorial Zucker Fountain Portraitstatues Martha Hughes Cannon Patrick Edward Connor Marriner S. Eccles Daniel C. Jackling Thomas L. Kane Massasoit Vasilios Priskos Joseph and Hyrum Smith Eliza R. Snow This Utah-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a sculpture in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Daniel C. Jackling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Jackling"},{"link_name":"Avard Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avard_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Utah State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bronze statue in Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A bronze statue of Daniel C. Jackling by Avard Fairbanks is installed outside the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City, in the U.S. state of Utah.[1]","title":"Statue of Daniel C. Jackling"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Daniel Cowan Jackling\". Capitol Preservation Board. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://utahstatecapitol.utah.gov/explore/capitol-grounds/daniel-jackling","url_text":"\"Daniel Cowan Jackling\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Statue_of_Daniel_C._Jackling&params=40_46_41.7_N_111_53_18.6_W_type:landmark_region:US-UT","external_links_name":"40°46′41.7″N 111°53′18.6″W / 40.778250°N 111.888500°W / 40.778250; -111.888500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Statue_of_Daniel_C._Jackling&params=40_46_41.7_N_111_53_18.6_W_type:landmark_region:US-UT","external_links_name":"40°46′41.7″N 111°53′18.6″W / 40.778250°N 111.888500°W / 40.778250; -111.888500"},{"Link":"https://utahstatecapitol.utah.gov/explore/capitol-grounds/daniel-jackling","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Cowan Jackling\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Daniel_C._Jackling&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Daniel_C._Jackling&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_women%27s_football_champions	List of French women's football champions	["1 FSFSF Championship (1918–1932)","1.1 FSFSF championship results by team","2 FFF Championship (from 1974–75)","3 FFF championship results by team","4 References","5 External links"]	The French women's football champions are the winners of the highest league of football in France for women, the Division 1 Féminine. Since the creation of the women's first division by the French Football Federation in 1975, the women's football championship of France has been contested through the Division 1 Féminine. Prior to this, the first division championship of French women's football was contested through a league ran by the Fédération des Sociétés Féminines Sportives de France (FSFSF), a women's football organization in France that was led by women's football pioneer Alice Milliat. The FSFSF's league ran from 1918 to 1932 and awarded 14 league titles before being disbanded due to the prohibition of women's football. FSFSF Championship (1918–1932) 1919 Fémina Sport Paris (1) 1920 En Avant Paris (1) 1921 En Avant Paris (2) 1922 Les Sportives de Paris (1) 1923 Fémina Sport Paris (2) 1924 Fémina Sport Paris (3) 1925 Fémina Sport Paris (4) 1926 Fémina Sport Paris (5) 1927 Fémina Sport Paris (6) 1928 Fémina Sport Paris (7) 1929 Fémina Sport Paris (8) 1930 Fémina Sport Paris (9) 1931 Fémina Sport Paris (10) 1932 Fémina Sport Paris (11) Source: FSFSF championship results by team Club Wins First Title Last Title Fémina Sport Paris 11 1919 1932 En Avant Paris 2 1920 1921 Les Sportives de Paris 1 1922 1922 FFF Championship (from 1974–75) 1975 Stade Reims (1) 1976 Stade Reims (2) 1977 Stade Reims (3) 1978 AS Etroeungt (1) 1979 AS Etroeungt (2) 1980 Stade Reims (4) 1981 AS Etroeungt (3) 1982 Stade Reims (5) 1983 VGA Saint-Maur (1) 1984 ASJ Soyaux (1) 1985 VGA Saint-Maur (2) 1986 VGA Saint-Maur (3) 1987 VGA Saint-Maur (4) 1988 VGA Saint-Maur (5) 1989 CS Saint-Brieuc (1) 1990 VGA Saint-Maur (6) 1991 FC Lyon (1) 1992 FCF Juvisy (1) 1993 FC Lyon (2) 1994 FCF Juvisy (2) 1995 FC Lyon (3) 1996 FCF Juvisy (3) 1997 FCF Juvisy (4) 1998 FC Lyon (4) 1999 Toulouse OAC (1) 2000 Toulouse OAC (2) 2001 Toulouse OAC (3) 2002 Toulouse FC (4) 2003 FCF Juvisy (5) 2004 Montpellier HSC (1) 2005 Montpellier HSC (2) 2006 FCF Juvisy (6) 2007 Olympique Lyonnais (1) 2008 Olympique Lyonnais (2) 2009 Olympique Lyonnais (3) 2010 Olympique Lyonnais (4) 2011 Olympique Lyonnais (5) 2012 Olympique Lyonnais (6) 2013 Olympique Lyonnais (7) 2014 Olympique Lyonnais (8) 2015 Olympique Lyonnais (9) 2016 Olympique Lyonnais (10) 2017 Olympique Lyonnais (11) 2018 Olympique Lyonnais (12) 2019 Olympique Lyonnais (13) 2020 Olympique Lyonnais (14) 2021 Paris Saint-Germain (1) 2022 Olympique Lyonnais (15) 2023 Olympique Lyonnais (16) 2024 Olympique Lyonnais (17) FFF championship results by team Club Wins First title Last title Olympique Lyonnais 17 2007 2024 VGA Saint-Maur 6 1983 1990 FCF Juvisy / Paris FC 6 1992 2006 Stade Reims 5 1975 1982 Toulouse OAC / Toulouse FC 4 1999 2002 FC Lyon 4 1991 1998 AS Etroeungt 3 1978 1981 Montpellier HSC 2 2004 2005 ASJ Soyaux 1 1984 1984 CS Saint-Brieuc / EA Guingamp 1 1989 1989 Paris Saint-Germain 1 2021 2021 References ^ "Championnats de France Féminin, D1 et D2" (in French). French Football Federation. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010. ^ "France – List of Women Champions and Runners-Up". RSSSF. Retrieved 10 February 2021. ^ https://www./le-jour-ou-etroeungt-dominait-le-football-francais/ External links (in French) fff.fr - Official page on the site of the French Football Federation France - List of Women Champions and Runners-Up at RSSSF (in French) Championnat de France de D1 - Palmarès at Footofeminin.fr vteLists of national women's association football champions of Europe (UEFA)Active Belgium Denmark England France Germany Sweden vte Football in FranceFrench Football Federation (President: Philippe Diallo (interim)) Ligue féminine de football professionnel (President: Jean-Michel Aulas)National and regional teamsMetropolitan Men's Senior History Managers All-time record At the FIFA World Cup B team Women's Senior Under-19 Under-17 Youth Olympic team Under-21 Under-20 Under-19 Under-18 Under-17 Under-16 Overseas French Guiana Guadeloupe Men's Women's Martinique Men's Women's Mayotte Men's Women's New Caledonia Men's Women's Réunion Men's Women's Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Tahiti Men's Women's Wallis and Futuna Unofficial Brittany Corsica Nice Occitania Provence League systemMetropolitan Men's Ligue 1 Ligue 2 National National 2 National 3 Régional 1 Lower Regional Departmental Women's Première Ligue Seconde Ligue Division 3 Féminine Youth leagues Under-19 Under-17 Overseas French Guiana Régional 1 Martinique Championnat National Guadeloupe Division of Honor Mayotte Division Honneur New Caledonia Super Ligue Ligue des Antilles Réunion Premier League Saint-Barthelemy Championships Saint-Martin Senior League Saint Pierre and Miquelon Championnat Tahiti Ligue 1 Domestic cupsMetropolitan Men's Coupe de France Coupe de la Ligue Trophée des Champions Women's Coupe de France féminine Trophée des Championnes Youth Coupe Gambardella Coupe Nationale Overseas Coupe de Calédonie Coupe de Guadeloupe Coupe de Guyane Coupe de la Martinique Coupe de Mayotte Coupe de la Réunion Coupe de l'Outre-Mer Tahiti Cup Other competitions CFA (1935–1971) Coupe Charles Drago Division 3 (1971–1993) Division 4 (1978–1993) Lafarge Foot Avenir Montaigu Tournament Maurice Revello Tournament Organizations UNFP Awards Player of the Month DNCG USFSA Academies INF Clairefontaine CNFE Clairefontaine Ploufragan Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire INF Vichy Lists / statistics Football records in France Ligue 1 records and statistics Ligue 1 clubs Champions Second division champions Women's football champions Coupe de France winners Coupe de la Ligue winners Foreign Ligue 1 players Stadia Clubs in international competition (men) Clubs in international competition (women) Rivalries By city Paris	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of French women's football champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fémina Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9mina_Sport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1919 Fémina Sport Paris (1)\n1920 En Avant Paris (1)\n1921 En Avant Paris (2)\n1922 Les Sportives de Paris (1)\n1923 Fémina Sport Paris (2)\n1924 Fémina Sport Paris (3)\n1925 Fémina Sport Paris (4)\n1926 Fémina Sport Paris (5)\n1927 Fémina Sport Paris (6)\n1928 Fémina Sport Paris (7)\n1929 Fémina Sport Paris (8)\n1930 Fémina Sport Paris (9)\n1931 Fémina Sport Paris (10)\n1932 Fémina Sport Paris (11)Source:[2]","title":"FSFSF Championship (1918–1932)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FSFSF championship results by team","title":"FSFSF Championship (1918–1932)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_FF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ASJ Soyaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASJ_Soyaux"},{"link_name":"CS Saint-Brieuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_de_Guingamp_(women)"},{"link_name":"FC Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_F%C3%A9minin"},{"link_name":"FCF Juvisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Toulouse OAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Toulouse FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Montpellier HSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier_HSC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_F%C3%A9minin"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"}],"text":"1975 Stade Reims (1)\n1976 Stade Reims (2)\n1977 Stade Reims (3)\n1978 AS Etroeungt (1)[3]\n1979 AS Etroeungt (2)\n1980 Stade Reims (4)\n1981 AS Etroeungt (3)\n1982 Stade Reims (5)\n1983 VGA Saint-Maur (1)\n1984 ASJ Soyaux (1)\n1985 VGA Saint-Maur (2)\n1986 VGA Saint-Maur (3)\n1987 VGA Saint-Maur (4)\n1988 VGA Saint-Maur (5)\n1989 CS Saint-Brieuc (1)\n1990 VGA Saint-Maur (6)\n1991 FC Lyon (1)\n1992 FCF Juvisy (1)\n1993 FC Lyon (2)\n1994 FCF Juvisy (2)\n1995 FC Lyon (3)\n1996 FCF Juvisy (3)\n1997 FCF Juvisy (4)\n1998 FC Lyon (4)\n1999 Toulouse OAC (1)\n2000 Toulouse OAC (2)\n2001 Toulouse OAC (3)\n2002 Toulouse FC (4)\n2003 FCF Juvisy (5)\n2004 Montpellier HSC (1)\n2005 Montpellier HSC (2)\n2006 FCF Juvisy (6)\n2007 Olympique Lyonnais (1)\n2008 Olympique Lyonnais (2)\n2009 Olympique Lyonnais (3)\n2010 Olympique Lyonnais (4)\n2011 Olympique Lyonnais (5)\n2012 Olympique Lyonnais (6)\n2013 Olympique Lyonnais (7)\n2014 Olympique Lyonnais (8)\n2015 Olympique Lyonnais (9)\n2016 Olympique Lyonnais (10)\n2017 Olympique Lyonnais (11)\n2018 Olympique Lyonnais (12)\n2019 Olympique Lyonnais (13)\n2020 Olympique Lyonnais (14)\n2021 Paris Saint-Germain (1)\n2022 Olympique Lyonnais (15)\n2023 Olympique Lyonnais (16)\n2024 Olympique Lyonnais (17)","title":"FFF Championship (from 1974–75)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FFF championship results by team"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Championnats de France Féminin, D1 et D2\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina	1972 United States House of Representatives elections	["1 Special elections","2 Summary of results","3 Incumbents retiring","3.1 Democratic gains","3.2 Democratic holds","3.3 Republican gains","3.4 Republican holds","4 Incumbents defeated","4.1 Incumbents defeated in primary","4.2 Incumbents defeated in general election","5 Alabama","6 Alaska","7 Arizona","8 Arkansas","9 California","10 Colorado","11 Connecticut","12 Delaware","13 Florida","14 Georgia","15 Hawaii","16 Idaho","17 Illinois","18 Indiana","19 Iowa","20 Kansas","21 Kentucky","22 Louisiana","23 Maine","24 Maryland","25 Massachusetts","26 Michigan","27 Minnesota","28 Mississippi","29 Missouri","30 Montana","31 Nebraska","32 Nevada","33 New Hampshire","34 New Jersey","35 New Mexico","36 New York","37 North Carolina","38 North Dakota","39 Ohio","40 Oklahoma","41 Oregon","42 Pennsylvania","43 Rhode Island","44 South Carolina","45 South Dakota","46 Tennessee","47 Texas","48 Utah","49 Vermont","50 Virginia","51 Washington","52 West Virginia","53 Wisconsin","54 Wyoming","55 Non-voting delegates","55.1 District of Columbia","55.2 United States Virgin Islands","56 See also","57 Notes","58 References"]	House elections for the 93rd U.S. Congress 1972 United States House of Representatives elections ← 1970 November 7, 1972 1974 → All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives218 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Carl Albert Gerald Ford Party Democratic Republican Leader since January 21, 1971 January 3, 1965 Leader's seat Oklahoma 3rd Michigan 5th Last election 255 seats 180 seats Seats won 242 192 Seat change 13 12 Popular vote 37,071,352 33,119,664 Percentage 52.1% 46.5% Swing 1.5% 1.6% Third party Party Independent Democratic Last election 0 seats Seats won 1 Seat change 1 Popular vote 137,664 Percentage 0.2% Swing Results: Democratic hold Democratic gain Republican hold Republican gain Independent gain Speaker before election Carl Albert Democratic Elected Speaker Carl Albert Democratic The 1972 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 7, 1972, to elect U.S. Representatives to serve in the 93rd United States Congress. This was the first election held after the 1970 United States redistricting cycle. It coincided with the landslide reelection victory of President Richard M. Nixon. Nixon's Republican Party managed to gain a net of twelve House of Representatives seats from the Democratic Party, although the Democrats retained a majority. This was the first election in which citizens at least 18 years of age (instead of 21 and older) could vote, due to the recent passage of the 26th Amendment. This was the last time until 2022 that a Democrat would win a House seat in Alaska, and the first time since 1888 that a Republican won a House seat in Louisiana. Special elections Six special elections were also held throughout the year, six before November and one concurrent with the November general election. See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont at-large Robert Stafford Republican 1960 Incumbent resigned September 16, 1971 when appointed U.S. Senator.New member elected January 7, 1972.Republican hold.Winner was re-elected in November. Y Richard W. Mallary (Republican) 55.80% J. William O'Brien (Democratic) 37.60% Doris Lake (Liberty Union) 4.70% Anthony N. Doria (Independent) 1.89% Alabama 3 George W. Andrews Democratic 1944 (Special) Incumbent died December 25, 1971.New member elected April 4, 1972.Democratic hold.Winner did not run for re-election in November. Y Elizabeth B. Andrews (Democratic) Unopposed (See Widow's succession) Illinois 15 Charlotte Thompson Reid Republican 1962 Incumbent resigned October 7, 1971 to become Commissioner on the Federal Communications Commission.New member elected April 4, 1972.Republican hold.Winner was re-elected in November. Y Cliffard D. Carlson (Republican) 54.79% Tim Lee Hall (Democratic) 45.21% Pennsylvania 27 James G. Fulton Republican 1944 Incumbent died October 6, 1971.New member elected April 25, 1972.Republican hold.Winner was not renominated in primary for election to full term in November (see below). Y William Sheldrick Conover (Republican) 51.05% Doug Walgren (Democratic) 46.25% Willard Holt (Constitution) 2.70% Louisiana 7 Edwin Edwards Democratic 1965 (Special) Incumbent resigned May 9, 1972 when elected Governor of Louisiana.New member elected September 30, 1972.Democratic hold.Winner was re-elected in November. Y John Breaux (Democratic) Unopposed Virginia 6 Richard Harding Poff Republican 1952 Incumbent resigned August 29, 1972 to become judge of the Supreme Court of Virginia.New member elected November 7, 1972.Republican hold.Winner was also elected the same day to the next term. Y M. Caldwell Butler (Republican) 51.8% Willis M. Anderson (Democratic) 39.8% Roy R. White (Independent) 8.4% Summary of results ↓ 242 1 192 Democratic Republican Parties Seats Popular vote 1970 1972 +/- Strength Vote % Change Democratic Party 255 242 13 55.6% 37,071,352 52.1% 1.5% Republican Party 180 192 12 44.2% 33,119,664 46.5% 1.6% American Independent Party 0 0 0.0% 233,967 0.3% 0.1% Conservative Party 0 0 0.0% 218,143 0.3% 0.1% Liberal Party 0 0 0.0% 148,951 0.2% 0.1% Independent Democratic 0 1 1 0.2% 137,664 0.2% Peace and Freedom Party 0 0 0.0% 63,894 0.1% Socialist Workers Party 0 0 0.0% 51,815 0.1% 0.1% National Democratic Party 0 0 0.0% 37,618 0.1% Taxpayer's Party 0 0 0.0% 28,079 <0.1% Action Party 0 0 0.0% 12,075 <0.1% Prohibition Party 0 0 0.0% 10,902 <0.1% Socialist Labor Party 0 0 0.0% 10,835 <0.1% Constitution Party 0 0 0.0% 5,860 <0.1% 0.1% Concerned and Capable Party 0 0 0.0% 5,188 <0.1% American Independent Conservative Party 0 0 0.0% 3,077 <0.1% Communist Party 0 0 0.0% 2,076 <0.1% Libertarian Party 0 0 0.0% 2,028 <0.1% Less Federal Taxes Party 0 0 0.0% 1,920 <0.1% La Raza Unida Party 0 0 0.0% 1,629 <0.1% Protest, Progress, Dignity Party 0 0 0.0% 1,556 <0.1% People's Party 0 0 0.0% 1,215 <0.1% Independent for Congress Party 0 0 0.0% 1,147 <0.1% People Over Politics Party 0 0 0.0% 847 <0.1% Taxation With Representation Party 0 0 0.0% 408 <0.1% Socialist Party 0 0 0.0% 221 <0.1% Others 0 0 0.0% 16,274 <0.1% 0.1% Total 435 435 100.0% 71,188,405 100.0% Source: "Election Statistics". Office of the Clerk. Popular vote Democratic 52.07% Republican 46.52% Others 1.41% House seats Democratic 55.63% Republican 44.14% Others 0.23% House seats by party holding plurality in state 80+% Democratic 80+% Republican 60+ to 80% Democratic 60+ to 80% Republican up to 60% Democratic up to 60% Republican Change in seats 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3–5 Democratic gain 3–5 Republican gain 1–2 Democratic gain 1–2 Republican gain no net change Results shaded according to winners share of vote Incumbents retiring This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2008) Democratic gains Georgia 5: Fletcher Thompson (R) retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Andrew Young (D) New York 6: Seymour Halpern (R), retired, succeeded by Lester L. Wolff (D), who was redistricted Oklahoma 1: Page Belcher (R), retired, succeeded by James R. Jones (D) Democratic holds Arkansas 4: David Pryor (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Ray Thornton (D) Illinois 11: Roman C. Pucinski (D), retired, succeeded by Frank Annunzio (D), who was redistricted Kentucky 6: William P. Curlin Jr. (D), retired, succeeded by John B. Breckinridge (D) Louisiana 8: Speedy Long (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Gillis William Long (D), who previously held the seat in the 88th Congress Maryland 3: Edward Garmatz (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Paul Sarbanes (D) Mississippi 2: Thomas Abernethy (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by David R. Bowen (D) Missouri 6: William Raleigh Hull Jr. (D), retired, succeeded by Jerry Litton (D) North Carolina 4: Nick Galifianakis (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Ike Franklin Andrews (D) North Carolina 7: Alton Lennon (D), retired, succeeded by Charlie Rose (D) North Dakota 2: Arthur A. Link (D), redistricted retired to run for Governor, succeeded by Mark Andrews (R), who was redistricted Oklahoma 2: Ed Edmondson (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Clem McSpadden (D) Tennessee 7: Ray Blanton (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Ed Jones (D), who was redistricted Texas 2: John Dowdy (D), retired, succeeded by Charles Wilson (D) Republican gains Alabama 2: Elizabeth B. Andrews (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by William Louis Dickinson (R) Illinois 11: Roman C. Pucinski (D), retired, succeeded by Frank Annunzio (D), who was redistricted Louisiana 3: Patrick T. Caffery (D), retired, succeeded by Dave Treen (R) Maine 2: William Hathaway (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by William Cohen (R) Mississippi 4: Charles H. Griffin (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Thad Cochran (R) Mississippi 5: William M. Colmer (D), retired, succeeded by Trent Lott (R) South Dakota 2: James Abourezk (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by James Abdnor (R) Virginia 4: Watkins Moorman Abbitt (D), retired, succeeded by Robert Daniel (R) Republican holds California 20: H. Allen Smith (R), retired, succeeded by Carlos Moorhead (R) Idaho 1: James A. McClure (R), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Steve Symms (R) Illinois 15: Cliffard D. Carlson (R), retired, succeeded by Leslie C. Arends (R), who was redistricted Illinois 21: William L. Springer (R), retired, succeeded by Edward Rell Madigan (R) Missouri 7: Durward Gorham Hall (R), retired, succeeded by Gene Taylor (R) New Jersey 12: Florence P. Dwyer (R), retired, succeeded by Matthew John Rinaldo (R) New York 31: Alexander Pirnie (R), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Donald J. Mitchell (R) New York 33: John H. Terry (R), redistricted and retired, succeeded by William F. Walsh (R) North Carolina 9: Charles R. Jonas (R), retired, succeeded by James G. Martin (R) Ohio 4: William Moore McCulloch (R), retired, succeeded by Tennyson Guyer (R) Ohio 8: Jackson Edward Betts (R), retired, succeeded by Walter E. Powell (R), who was redistricted Ohio 16: Frank T. Bow (R), retired, succeeded by Ralph Regula (R) Pennsylvania 2: J. Irving Whalley (R), retired, succeeded by John P. Saylor (R), who was redistricted Virginia 8: William L. Scott (R), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Stanford Parris (R) Washington 1: Thomas Pelly (R), retired, succeeded by Joel Pritchard (R) Wisconsin 8: John W. Byrnes (R), retired, succeeded by Harold Vernon Froehlich (R) Incumbents defeated Incumbents defeated in primary This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2009) California 8: George P. Miller (D) California 39: John G. Schmitz (R) Colorado 4: Wayne Aspinall (D) Georgia 1: George Elliott Hagan (D) Michigan 19: Jack H. McDonald (R) Nevada at-large: Walter S. Baring Jr. (D) New Jersey 13: Cornelius Edward Gallagher (D) New York 18: Emanuel Celler (D) New York 22: James H. Scheuer (D) Pennsylvania 3: James A. Byrne (D) Pennsylvania 22: William Sheldrick Conover (R) South Carolina 6: John L. McMillan (D) West Virginia 4: James Kee (D) Incumbents defeated in general election Colorado 1: Mike McKevitt (R) Connecticut 5: John S. Monagan (D) Illinois 10: Abner J. Mikva (D) Indiana 11: Andrew Jacobs Jr. (D) Iowa 1: Fred Schwengel (R) Iowa 4: John Henry Kyl (R) Massachusetts 9: Louise Day Hicks (D) New York 26: John G. Dow (D) Tennessee 6: William Anderson (D) Texas 5: Earle Cabell (D) Texas 13: Graham B. Purcell Jr. (D) Utah 2: Sherman P. Lloyd (R) Wisconsin 7: Alvin E. O'Konski (R) Alabama See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama and 1972 United States Senate election in Alabama Alabama was reapportioned from 8 to 7 seats and eliminated the old 3rd district, dividing it between the old 2nd and 4th and making compensating boundary changes elsewhere. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Alabama 1 Jack Edwards Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jack Edwards (Republican) 76.5% O. W. "Bill" McCrory (Democratic) 17.8% Thomas McAboy Jr. (National Democratic Party of Alabama) 5.7% Alabama 2 William Louis Dickinson Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y William Louis Dickinson (Republican) 54.9% Ben C. Reeves (Democratic) 41.5% Richard Boone (National Democratic Party of Alabama) 3.4% Llewellyn B. Garth (Conservative) 0.3% Elizabeth B. AndrewsRedistricted from the 3rd district Democratic 1972 (Special) Incumbent retired.Democratic loss. Alabama 3 Bill NicholsRedistricted from the 4th district Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bill Nichols (Democratic) 75.6% Robert M. Kerr (Republican) 20.6% John Ford (National Democratic Party of Alabama) 2.6% James R. Connell (Prohibition) 1.3% Alabama 4 Tom BevillRedistricted from the 7th district Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Tom Bevill (Democratic) 69.6% Ed Nelson (Republican) 30.0% Daisy Williams (Prohibition) 0.5% Alabama 5 Robert E. Jones Jr.Redistricted from the 8th district Democratic 1947 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert E. Jones Jr. (Democratic) 74.2% Dieter J. Schrader (Republican) 24.4% Shirley Irwin (National Democratic Party of Alabama) 1.4% Alabama 6 John Hall Buchanan Jr. Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Hall Buchanan Jr. (Republican) 59.8% Ben Erdreich (Democratic) 35.6% Al Thomas (National Democratic Party of Alabama) 2.5% Edna L. Bowling (Prohibition) 1.2% Dan Scott (Conservative) 0.9% Alabama 7 Walter FlowersRedistricted from the 5th district Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Walter Flowers (Democratic) 84.8% Lewis Black (National Democratic Party of Alabama) 14.0% Hal Radue (Conservative) 1.1% Alaska Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska and 1972 United States Senate election in Alaska Incumbent Nick Begich won re-election three weeks after having disappeared in a plane crash October 16; challenger Don Young would later win a March special election after Begich was declared dead on December 29. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Alaska at-large Nick Begich Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected posthumously. Y Nick Begich (Democratic) 56.2% Don Young (Republican) 43.8% Arizona Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona Arizona was reapportioned from 3 seats to 4 and carved a new district in the Phoenix suburbs and the northeast from parts of the existing districts. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Arizona 1 John Jacob Rhodes Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Jacob Rhodes (Republican) 57.3% Gerald A. Pollock (Democratic) 42.7% Arizona 2 Mo Udall Democratic 1961 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Mo Udall (Democratic) 63.5% Gene Savoie (Republican) 36.5% Arizona 3 Sam Steiger Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Sam Steiger (Republican) 63.0% Ted Wyckoff (Democratic) 37.0% Arizona 4 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y John Bertrand Conlan (Republican) 53.0% Jack E. Brown (Democratic) 47.0% Arkansas See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas and 1972 United States Senate election in Arkansas District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Arkansas 1 William Vollie Alexander Jr. Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democratic) Unopposed Arkansas 2 Wilbur Mills Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. Y Wilbur Mills (Democratic) Unopposed Arkansas 3 John Paul Hammerschmidt Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican) 77.3% Guy W. Hatfield (Democratic) 22.7% Arkansas 4 David Pryor Democratic 1966 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Ray Thornton (Democratic) 83% John Norman Warnock (American Independent) 17% California Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in California See also: List of United States representatives from California California was reapportioned from 38 to 43 seats, adding one seat in the Bay Area, one in the Central Valley, and 3 in southern California; three went to Democrats, two to Republicans. Despite a retirement and two lost renominations, both parties held their seats in this election, bringing the Democrats up from 20 seats to 23 and the Republicans up from 18 seats to 20. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates California 1 Donald H. Clausen Republican 1963 Incumbent re-elected. Y Donald H. Clausen (Republican) 62.2% William Nighswonger (Democratic) 34.1% Jonathan T. Ames (Peace and Freedom) 3.7% California 2 Harold T. Johnson Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Harold T. Johnson (Democratic) 68.3% Francis X. Callahan (Republican) 28.6% Dorothy D. Paradis (American) 3.1% California 3 John E. Moss Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y John E. Moss (Democratic) 69.9% John Rakus (Republican) 30.1% California 4 Robert L. Leggett Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert L. Leggett (Democratic) 67.4% Benjamin Chang (Republican) 32.6% California 5 Phillip Burton Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Phillip Burton (Democratic) 81.8% Edlo E. Powell (Republican) 18.2% California 6 William S. Mailliard Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y William S. Mailliard (Republican) 52.0% Roger Boas (Democratic) 48.0% California 7 Ron Dellums Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ron Dellums (Democratic) 56.0% Peter Hannaford (Republican) 38.0% Frank V. Cortese (American) 6.0% California 8 George P. Miller Democratic 1944 Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Pete Stark (Democratic) 52.9% Lew M. Warden Jr. (Republican) 47.1% California 9 Don Edwards Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Don Edwards (Democratic) 72.3% Herb Smith (Republican) 25.2% Edmon V. Kaiser (American) 2.6% California 10 Charles S. Gubser Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles S. Gubser (Republican) 64.6% B. Frank Gillette (Democratic) 35.4% California 11 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Leo Ryan (Democratic) 60.4% Charles E. Chase (Republican) 37.0% Nicholas W. Kudrovzeff (American) 2.6% California 12 Burt L. Talcott Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Burt L. Talcott (Republican) 54.0% Julian Camacho (Democratic) 43.1% Stanley K. Monteith (American) 2.9% California 13 Charles M. Teague Republican 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles M. Teague (Republican) 73.9% Lester Dean Cleveland (Democratic) 26.1% California 14 Jerome Waldie Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jerome Waldie (Democratic) 77.6% Floyd E. Sims (Republican) 22.4% California 15 John J. McFall Democratic 1956 Incumbent re-elected. Y John J. McFall (Democratic) Unopposed California 16 B. F. Sisk Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y B. F. Sisk (Democratic) 79.1% Carol O. Harner (Republican) 20.9% California 17 Pete McCloskeyRedistricted from the 11th district Republican 1967 Incumbent re-elected. Y Pete McCloskey (Republican) 60.2% James Stewart (Democratic) 39.8% California 18 Bob Mathias Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bob Mathias (Republican) 66.5% Vincent J. Lavery (Democratic) 33.5% California 19 Chet Holifield Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. Y Chet Holifield (Democratic) 67.2% Kenneth M. Fisher (Republican) 27.9% Joe Harris (Peace and Freedom) 4.9% California 20 H. Allen Smith Republican 1956 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Carlos Moorhead (Republican) 57.4% John Binkley (Democratic) 42.6% California 21 Augustus Hawkins Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Augustus Hawkins (Democratic) 82.9% Rayfield Lundy (Republican) 17.1% California 22 James C. Corman Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y James C. Corman (Democratic) 67.6% Bruce P. Wolfe (Republican) 29.3% Ralph L. Shroyer (Peace and Freedom) 3.1% California 23 Del M. Clawson Republican 1963 Incumbent re-elected. Y Del M. Clawson (Republican) 61.4% Conrad G. Tuohey (Democratic) 38.6% California 24 John H. Rousselot Republican 19601962 (defeated)1970 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y John H. Rousselot (Republican) 70.1% Luther Mandell (Democratic) 29.9% California 25 Charles E. Wiggins Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles E. Wiggins (Republican) 64.9% Leslie W. Craven (Democratic) 31.9% Alfred Romirez (American) 3.1% California 26 Thomas M. Rees Democratic 1965 Incumbent re-elected. Y Thomas M. Rees (Democratic) 68.6% Philip Robert Rutta (Republican) 27.9% Mike Timko (Peace and Freedom) 3.5% California 27 Barry Goldwater Jr. Republican 1969 Incumbent re-elected. Y Barry Goldwater Jr. (Republican) 57.4% Mark S. Novak (Democratic) 42.6% California 28 Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. (Republican) 60.7% Michael Shapiro (Democratic) 37.5% Jack Hampton (Peace and Freedom) 1.8% California 29 George E. Danielson Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y George E. Danielson (Democratic) 62.8% Richard E. Ferraro Jr. (Republican) 33.5% John W. Blaine (Peace and Freedom) 3.7% California 30 Edward R. Roybal Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Edward R. Roybal (Democratic) 68.4% Bill Brophy (Republican) 28.6% Lewis B. McCammon (Peace and Freedom) 3.0% California 31 Charles H. Wilson Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles H. Wilson (Democratic) 52.3% Ben Valentine (Republican) 42.5% Roberta Lynn Wood (Peace and Freedom) 5.2% California 32 Craig Hosmer Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Craig Hosmer (Republican) 65.9% Dennis Murray (Democratic) 32.0% John S. Donohue (Peace and Freedom) 2.2% California 33 Jerry Pettis Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jerry Pettis (Republican) 75.1% Ken Thompson (Democratic) 24.9% California 34 Richard T. Hanna Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Richard T. Hanna (Democratic) 67.2% John D. Ratterree (Republican) 28.9% Lee R. Rayburn (American Independent) 3.9% California 35 Glenn M. AndersonRedistricted from the 17th district Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Glenn M. Anderson (Democratic) 74.8% Vernon E. Brown (Republican) 25.2% California 36 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y William M. Ketchum (Republican) 52.7% Timothy Lemucchi (Democratic) 43.5% Bill Armour (American) 3.8% California 37 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (Democratic) 73.2% Gregg Tria (Republican) 24.7% John Haag (Peace and Freedom) 2.1% California 38 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y George Brown Jr. (Democratic) 56.3% Howard J. Snider (Republican) 43.7% California 39 John G. SchmitzRedistricted from the 35th district Republican 1970 Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Andrew J. Hinshaw (Republican) 65.7% John Woodland Black (Democratic) 34.3% California 40 Bob WilsonRedistricted from the 36th district Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bob Wilson (Republican) 67.8% Frank Caprio (Democratic) 30.3% Fritjof Thygeson (Peace and Freedom) 1.9% California 41 Lionel Van DeerlinRedistricted from the 37th district Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Lionel Van Deerlin (Democratic) 74.1% D. Richard Kau (Republican) 25.9% California 42 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Clair Burgener (Republican) 67.4% Bob Lowe (Democratic) 29.2% Armin R. Moths (American) 3.4% California 43 Victor VeyseyRedistricted from the 38th district Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Victor Veysey (Republican) 62.7% Ernest Z. Robles (Democratic) 37.3% Colorado See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado and 1972 United States Senate election in Colorado Colorado was reapportioned from 4 to 5 seats, constructing a new 5th district east and south of Denver. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Colorado 1 Mike McKevitt Republican 1970 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Pat Schroeder (Democratic) 51.6% Mike McKevitt (Republican) 47.5% Marie Pauline Serna (La Raza Unida) 0.8% Fern Gapin (Socialist Workers) 0.2% Colorado 2 Donald G. Brotzman Republican 19621964 (defeated)1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Donald G. Brotzman (Republican) 66.3% Francis W. Brush (Democratic) 33.4% Joel Houtman (Socialist Workers) 0.3% Colorado 3 Frank Evans Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Frank Evans (Democratic) 66.3% Chuck Brady (Republican) 33.7% Colorado 4 Wayne N. Aspinall Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican gain. Y James Paul Johnson (Republican) 51.0% Alan Merson (Democratic) 49.0% Colorado 5 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y William L. Armstrong (Republican) 62.3% Byron L. Johnson (Democratic) 36.5% Pipp M. Boyls (Libertarian) 1.2% Connecticut See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Connecticut 1 William R. Cotter Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y William R. Cotter (Democratic) 56.9% Richard M. Rittenband (Republican) 41.9% Charlie A. Burke (American Independent) 1.2% Connecticut 2 Robert H. Steele Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert H. Steele (Republican) 65.9% Roger Hilsman (Democratic) 34.1% Connecticut 3 Robert Giaimo Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert Giaimo (Democratic) 53.3% Henry A. Povinelli (Republican) 46.7% Connecticut 4 Stewart McKinney Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Stewart McKinney (Republican) 63.1% James P. McLoughlin (Democratic) 36.9% Connecticut 5 John S. Monagan Democratic 1958 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Ronald A. Sarasin (Republican) 51.2% John S. Monagan (Democratic) 48.8% Connecticut 6 Ella Grasso Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ella Grasso (Democratic) 60.2% John F. Walsh (Republican) 39.8% Delaware See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware and 1972 United States Senate election in Delaware District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Delaware at-large Pete du Pont Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Pete du Pont (Republican) 62.5% Norma Handloff (Democratic) 36.9% Robert G. LoPresti (American) 0.5% Rachel Dickerson (Prohibition) 0.1% Florida See also: List of United States representatives from Florida Florida was reapportioned from 12 to 15 seats, adding a seat in central and two in south Florida. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Florida 1 Bob Sikes Democratic 19401944 (resigned)1974 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bob Sikes (Democratic) Unopposed Florida 2 Don Fuqua Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Don Fuqua (Democratic) Unopposed Florida 3 Charles E. Bennett Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles E. Bennett (Democratic) 82.0% John F. Bowen (Republican) 18.0% Florida 4 Bill Chappell Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bill Chappell (Democratic) 55.9% Bud Fleuchaus (Republican) 44.1% Florida 5 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Bill Gunter (Democratic) 55.5% Jack P. Insco (Republican) 44.5% Florida 6 Bill YoungRedistricted from the 8th district Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bill Young (Republican) 76.0% Michael O. Plunkett (Democratic) 24.0% Florida 7 Sam GibbonsRedistricted from the 6th district Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Sam Gibbons (Democratic) 68.0% Robert A. Carter (Republican) 32.0% Florida 8 James A. HaleyRedistricted from the 7th district Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y James A. Haley (Democratic) 57.8% Roy Thompson Jr. (Republican) 42.2% Florida 9 Louis Frey Jr.Redistricted from the 5th district Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Louis Frey Jr. (Republican) Unopposed Florida 10 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Skip Bafalis (Republican) 62.0% Bill Sikes (Democratic) 38.0% Florida 11 Paul RogersRedistricted from the 9th district Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Paul Rogers (Democratic) 60.2% Joel Karl Gustafson (Republican) 39.8% Florida 12 J. Herbert BurkeRedistricted from the 10th district Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y J. Herbert Burke (Republican) 62.8% James T. Stephanis (Democratic) 37.2% Florida 13 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y William Lehman (Democratic) 61.6% Paul D. Bethel (Republican) 38.4% Florida 14 Claude PepperRedistricted from the 11th district Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Claude Pepper (Democratic) 67.6% Evelio S. Estrella (Republican) 32.4% Florida 15 Dante FascellRedistricted from the 12th district Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Dante Fascell (Democratic) 56.8% Ellis B. Rubin (Republican) 43.2% Georgia See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia, 1972 United States Senate election in Georgia, and 1972 United States Senate special election in Georgia District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Georgia 1 George Elliott Hagan Democratic 1960 Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Ronald "Bo" Ginn (Democratic) Unopposed Georgia 2 Dawson Mathis Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Dawson Mathis (Democratic) Unopposed Georgia 3 Jack Brinkley Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jack Brinkley (Democratic) Unopposed Georgia 4 Benjamin B. Blackburn Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Benjamin B. Blackburn (Republican) 75.9% F. Odell Welborn (Democratic) 24.1% Georgia 5 Fletcher Thompson Republican 1966 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Andrew Young (Democratic) 52.8% Rodney Mims Cook Sr. (Republican) 47.2% Georgia 6 John Flynt Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Flynt (Democratic) Unopposed Georgia 7 John William Davis Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y John William Davis (Democratic) 58.3% Charlie Sherrill (Republican) 41.7% Georgia 8 W. S. Stuckey Jr. Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y W. S. Stuckey Jr. (Democratic) 62.4% Ronnie Thompson (Republican) 37.6% Georgia 9 Phillip M. Landrum Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Phillip M. Landrum (Democratic) Unopposed Georgia 10 Robert Grier Stephens Jr. Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert Grier Stephens Jr. (Democratic) Unopposed Hawaii See also: List of United States representatives from Hawaii District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Hawaii 1 Spark Matsunaga Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Spark Matsunaga (Democratic) 54.7% Fred W. Rohlfing (Republican) 45.3% Hawaii 2 Patsy Mink Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Patsy Mink (Democratic) 57.1% Diana Hansen (Republican) 42.9% Idaho See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho and 1972 United States Senate election in Idaho District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Idaho 1 James A. McClure Republican 1966 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Steve Symms (Republican) 55.6% Ed Williams (Democratic) 44.4% Idaho 2 Orval H. Hansen Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Orval H. Hansen (Republican) 69.2% Willis H. Ludlow (Democratic) 27.0% John L. Thiebert (American) 3.8% Illinois Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois and 1972 United States Senate election in Illinois District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Illinois 1 Ralph Metcalfe Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ralph Metcalfe (Democratic) 91.4% Louis Coggs (Republican) 8.6% Illinois 2 Morgan F. MurphyRedistricted from the 3rd district Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Morgan F. Murphy (Democratic) 75.0% James E. Doyle (Republican) 25.0% Illinois 3 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Robert P. Hanrahan (Republican) 62.3% Daniel P. Coman (Democratic) 37.7% Illinois 4 Ed Derwinski Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ed Derwinski (Republican) 70.5% C. F. 'Bob' Dore (Democratic) 29.5% Illinois 5 John C. Kluczynski Democratic 1950 Incumbent re-elected. Y John C. Kluczynski (Democratic) 72.8% Leonard C. Jarzab (Republican) 27.2% Illinois 6 Harold R. CollierRedistricted from the 10th district Republican 1956 Incumbent re-elected. Y Harold R. Collier (Republican) 61.2% Michael R. Galasso (Democratic) 38.8% Illinois 7 George W. CollinsRedistricted from the 6th district Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y George W. Collins (Democratic) 82.8% Thomas J. Lento (Republican) 17.2% Illinois 8 Dan Rostenkowski Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Dan Rostenkowski (Democratic) 74.0% Edward Stepnowski (Republican) 26.0% Illinois 9 Sidney R. Yates Democratic 19481962 (retired)1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Sidney R. Yates (Democratic) 68.3% Clark W. Fetridge (Republican) 31.7% Illinois 10 Abner MikvaRedistricted from the 2nd district Democratic 1968 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Samuel H. Young (Republican) 51.6% Abner Mikva (Democratic) 48.4% Illinois 11 Roman Pucinski Democratic 1958 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.Democratic loss. Y Frank Annunzio (Democratic) 53.3% John J. Hoellen Jr. (Republican) 46.7% Frank AnnunzioRedistricted from the 7th district Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Illinois 12 Phil CraneRedistricted from the 13th district Republican 1969 Incumbent re-elected. Y Phil Crane (Republican) 74.2% Edwin L. Frank (Democratic) 25.8% Illinois 13 Robert McCloryRedistricted from the 12th district Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert McClory (Republican) 61.5% Stanley W. Beetham (Democratic) 38.5% Illinois 14 John N. Erlenborn Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y John N. Erlenborn (Republican) 72.8% James M. Wall (Democratic) 27.2% Illinois 15 Cliffard D. Carlson Republican 1972 (Special) Incumbent retired.Republican loss. Y Leslie C. Arends (Republican) 57.2% Tim Lee Hall (Democratic) 42.8% Leslie C. ArendsRedistricted from the 17th district Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. Illinois 16 John B. Anderson Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y John B. Anderson (Republican) 71.9% John E. Devine Jr. (Democratic) 28.1% Illinois 17 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y George M. O'Brien (Republican) 55.6% John J. Houlihan (Democratic) 44.4% Illinois 18 Robert H. Michel Republican 1956 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert H. Michel (Republican) 64.8% Steven L. Nordvall (Democratic) 35.2% Illinois 19 Tom Railsback Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Tom Railsback (Republican) Unopposed Illinois 20 Paul Findley Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Paul Findley (Republican) 68.8% Robert S. O'Shea (Democratic) 31.2% Illinois 21 William L. SpringerRedistricted from the 22nd district Republican 1950 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Edward Rell Madigan (Republican) 54.8% Lawrence E. Johnson (Democratic) 45.2% Illinois 22 George E. ShipleyRedistricted from the 23rd district Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y George E. Shipley (Democratic) 56.5% Robert B. Lamkin (Republican) 41.0% Cleo A. Duzan (Independent) 2.4% Illinois 23 Melvin PriceRedistricted from the 24th district Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. Y Melvin Price (Democratic) 75.1% Robert Mays (Republican) 24.9% Illinois 24 Kenneth J. GrayRedistricted from the 21st district Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Kenneth J. Gray (Democratic) 93.7% Hugh Muldoon (Independent) 6.3% Indiana Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Indiana 1 Ray Madden Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ray Madden (Democratic) 56.9% Bruce R. Haller (Republican) 43.1% Indiana 2 Earl Landgrebe Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Earl Landgrebe (Republican) 54.7% Floyd Fithian (Democratic) 45.3% Indiana 3 John Brademas Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Brademas (Democratic) 55.2% Don M. Newman (Republican) 43.2% Helen Calvin (American) 1.5% Indiana 4 J. Edward Roush Democratic 19581968 (defeated)1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y J. Edward Roush (Democratic) 51.5% Allan E. Bloom (Republican) 48.5% Indiana 5 Elwood Hillis Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Elwood Hillis (Republican) 64.1% Kathleen Z. Williams (Democratic) 35.9% Indiana 6 William G. Bray Republican 1950 Incumbent re-elected. Y William G. Bray (Republican) 64.8% David W. Evans (Democratic) 35.2% Indiana 7 John T. Myers Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y John T. Myers (Republican) 61.6% Warren P. Henegar (Democratic) 38.4% Indiana 8 Roger H. Zion Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Roger H. Zion (Republican) 63.4% Richard L. Deen (Democratic) 36.6% Indiana 9 Lee H. Hamilton Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Lee H. Hamilton (Democratic) 62.9% William A. Johnson (Republican) 37.1% Indiana 10 David W. Dennis Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y David W. Dennis (Republican) 57.2% Philip Sharp (Democratic) 42.8% Indiana 11 Andrew Jacobs Jr. Democratic 1964 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain. Y William H. Hudnut III (Republican) 51.2% Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democratic) 48.8% Iowa Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa and 1972 United States Senate election in Iowa Iowa was reapportioned from 7 seats to 6, dividing the old 5th district around Des Moines between its neighbors. Its incumbent, Neal Smith, won again in the south-central Iowa 4th district. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Iowa 1 Fred Schwengel Republican 19541964 (defeated)1966 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Edward Mezvinsky (Democratic) 53.4% Fred Schwengel (Republican) 45.7% Lee E. Foster (American Independent) 1.0% Iowa 2 John C. Culver Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y John C. Culver (Democratic) 59.2% Theodore R. Ellsworth (Republican) 40.8% Iowa 3 H. R. Gross Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y H. R. Gross (Republican) 55.7% Lyle D. Taylor (Democratic) 44.3% Iowa 4 John Henry Kyl Republican 1959 (special)1964 (defeated)1966 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican loss. Y Neal Smith (Democratic) 59.2% John Henry Kyl (Republican) 40.8% Neal SmithRedistricted from the 5th district Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Iowa 5 William J. ScherleRedistricted from the 7th district Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y William J. Scherle (Republican) 55.3% Tom Harkin (Democratic) 44.7% Iowa 6 Wiley Mayne Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Wiley Mayne (Republican) 52.5% Berkley Bedell (Democratic) 47.5% Kansas Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas and 1972 United States Senate election in Kansas District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kansas 1 Keith Sebelius Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Keith Sebelius (Republican) 77.2% Morris Coover (Democratic) 21.6% Daniel Scoggin (Prohibition) 1.2% Kansas 2 William R. Roy Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y William R. Roy (Democratic) 60.6% Charles D. McAtee (Republican) 37.1% Bert Falley (Conservative) 1.8% David Scoggin (Prohibition) 0.5% Kansas 3 Larry Winn Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Larry Winn (Republican) 71.0% Charles Barsotti (Democratic) 25.4% Warren E. Redding (Conservative) 3.6% Kansas 4 Garner E. Shriver Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Garner E. Shriver (Republican) 73.2% John S. Stevens (Democratic) 24.8% Wayne Nobbs Jr. (Prohibition) 2.0% Kansas 5 Joe Skubitz Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joe Skubitz (Republican) 72.3% Lloyd L. Kitch Jr. (Democratic) 27.7% Kentucky Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky and 1972 United States Senate election in Kentucky District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kentucky 1 Frank Stubblefield Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Frank Stubblefield (Democratic) 64.8% Charles Thurman Banken Jr. (Republican) 33.7% John M. Katterjohn (Independent) 1.5% Kentucky 2 William Natcher Democratic 1953 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y William Natcher (Democratic) 61.5% J. C. Carter (Republican) 38.5% Kentucky 3 Romano Mazzoli Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Romano Mazzoli (Democratic) 62.2% Phil Kaelin Jr. (Republican) 37.0% William P. Chambers (American) 0.9% Kentucky 4 Gene Snyder Republican 19621964 (defeated)1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Gene Snyder (Republican) 73.8% James W. Rogers (Democratic) 26.2% Kentucky 5 Tim Lee Carter Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Tim Lee Carter (Republican) 73.5% Lyle L. Willis (Democratic) 26.5% Kentucky 6 William P. Curlin Jr. Democratic 1971 (Special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y John B. Breckinridge (Democratic) 52.4% Laban P. Jackson (Republican) 46.8% Thomas F. Lundeen (Peoples) 0.8% Kentucky 7 Carl D. Perkins Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Carl D. Perkins (Democratic) 61.9% Robert Holcomb (Republican) 38.1% Louisiana Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana and 1972 United States Senate election in Louisiana Louisiana stayed at eight house seats following the 1970 census, but the Eighth District's boundaries were radically altered. New governor Edwin W. Edwards ordered the district to take in territory far to the south and east of its traditional base of Alexandria, which included many African-American and progressive white voters. The change was largely regarded as an election deal between Edwards and former Rep. Gillis Long, who finished third in the Democratic Primary in the 1971 Louisiana Governor's Election. Long easily won back the Eighth District seat he lost in 1964. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Louisiana 1 F. Edward Hébert Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. Y F. Edward Hébert (Democratic) Unopposed Louisiana 2 Hale Boggs Democratic 19401942 (lost renomination)1946 Incumbent re-elected posthumously. Y Hale Boggs (Democratic) Unopposed Louisiana 3 Patrick T. Caffery Democratic 1968 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Dave Treen (Republican) 54.0% J. Louis Watkins Jr. (Democratic) 46.0% Louisiana 4 Joe Waggonner Democratic 1961 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joe Waggonner (Democratic) Unopposed Louisiana 5 Otto Passman Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. Y Otto Passman (Democratic) Unopposed Louisiana 6 John Rarick Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Rarick (Democratic) Unopposed Louisiana 7 John Breaux Democratic 1972 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y John Breaux (Democratic) Unopposed Louisiana 8 Speedy Long Democratic 1964 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Gillis William Long (Democratic) 68.5% S. R. Abramson (American) 16.8% Roy C. Strickland (Republican) 14.6% Maine Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine See also: List of United States representatives from Maine and 1972 United States Senate election in Maine District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maine 1 Peter Kyros Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Peter Kyros (Democratic) 59.4% L. Robert Porteous Jr. (Republican) 40.6% Maine 2 William Hathaway Democratic 1964 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican gain. Y William Cohen (Republican) 54.4% Elmer H. Violette (Democratic) 45.6% Maryland Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland Maryland's redistricting eliminated a seat in Baltimore in favor of an additional seat in the DC suburbs. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maryland 1 William Oswald Mills Republican 1971 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y William Oswald Mills (Republican) 70.5% John R. Hargreaves (Democratic) 29.5% Maryland 2 Clarence Long Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Clarence Long (Democratic) 65.8% John J. Bishop Jr. (Republican) 34.2% Maryland 3 Edward Garmatz Democratic 1947 (Special) Incumbent retired.Democratic loss. Y Paul Sarbanes (Democratic) 69.7% Robert D. Morrow (Republican) 30.3% Paul SarbanesRedistricted from the 4th district Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Maryland 4 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Marjorie Holt (Republican) 59.4% Werner Fornos (Democratic) 40.6% Maryland 5 Lawrence Hogan Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Lawrence Hogan (Republican) 62.9% Edward T. Conroy (Democratic) 37.1% Maryland 6 Goodloe Byron Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Goodloe Byron (Democratic) 64.8% Edward J. Mason (Republican) 35.2% Maryland 7 Parren Mitchell Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Parren Mitchell (Democratic) 80.0% Verdell Adair (Republican) 20.0% Maryland 8 Gilbert Gude Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Gilbert Gude (Republican) 63.9% Joseph G. Anastasi (Democratic) 36.1% Massachusetts Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts and 1972 United States Senate election in Massachusetts Massachusetts' Results District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Massachusetts 1 Silvio O. Conte Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Silvio O. Conte (Republican) Unopposed Massachusetts 2 Edward Boland Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Edward Boland (Democratic) Unopposed Massachusetts 3 Harold DonohueRedistricted from the 4th district Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. Y Harold Donohue (Democratic) Unopposed Massachusetts 4 Robert DrinanRedistricted from the 3rd district Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert Drinan (Democratic) 68.9% Martin A. Linsky (Republican) 23.4% John Collins (Ind Con) 7.7% Massachusetts 5 F. Bradford Morse Republican 1960 Resigned when appointed to United NationsRepublican hold. Y Paul W. Cronin (Republican) 53.4% John Kerry (Democratic) 44.7% Roger Durkin (Independent) 1.8% Massachusetts 6 Michael J. Harrington Democratic 1969 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Michael J. Harrington (Democratic) 64.1% James Brady Moseley (Republican) 35.9% Massachusetts 7 Torbert Macdonald Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Torbert Macdonald (Democratic) 67.7% Joan M. Aliberti (Republican) 32.3% Massachusetts 8 Tip O'Neill Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Tip O'Neill (Democratic) 88.7% John Powers (Socialist Workers) 11.3% Massachusetts 9 Louise Day Hicks Democratic 1970 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Independent Democratic gain. Y Joe Moakley (Independent Democratic) 43.2% Louise Day Hicks (Democratic) 41.1% Howard M. Miller (Republican) 14.2% Jeanne Lafferty (Independent) 1.5% Massachusetts 10 Margaret Heckler Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Margaret Heckler (Republican) Unopposed Massachusetts 11 James A. Burke Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y James A. Burke (Democratic) Unopposed Massachusetts 12 Hastings Keith Republican 1958 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Gerry Studds (Democratic) 50.3% William D. Weeks (Republican) 49.7% Michigan Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan and 1972 United States Senate election in Michigan District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Michigan 1 John Conyers Jr. Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Conyers Jr. (Democratic) 88.4% Walter F. Girardot (Republican) 10.8% Nina J. Hubbard (American Independent) 0.5% Maceo Carl Dixon (Socialist Workers) 0.2% Michigan 2 Marvin L. Esch Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Marvin L. Esch (Republican) 56.0% Marvin R. Stempien (Democratic) 43.3% Henry W. Kroes Jr. (American Independent) 0.7% Michigan 3 Garry E. Brown Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Garry E. Brown (Republican) 59.2% James T. Brignall (Democratic) 39.9% Marvin P. Lightvoet (American Independent) 0.9% Michigan 4 J. Edward Hutchinson Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y J. Edward Hutchinson (Republican) 67.3% Charles Jameson (Democratic) 32.7% Michigan 5 Gerald Ford Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Gerald Ford (Republican) 61.1% Jean McKee (Democratic) 37.7% Dwight W. Johnson (American Independent) 1.1% Frank Girard (Soc-Lab) 0.1% Alan Lee Maki (Communist) 0.07% Michigan 6 Charles E. Chamberlain Republican 1956 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles E. Chamberlain (Republican) 50.6% Milton Robert Carr (Democratic) 49.4% Michigan 7 Donald Riegle Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Donald Riegle (Republican) 70.1% Eugene L. Mattison (Democratic) 29.9% Michigan 8 R. James Harvey Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y R. James Harvey (Republican) 59.3% Jerome T. Hart (Democratic) 39.4% John B. Lipinski (American Independent) 1.3% Michigan 9 Guy Vander Jagt Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Guy Vander Jagt (Republican) 69.4% Lawrence H. Olson (Democratic) 29.5% DeLoyd G. Hesselink (American Independent) 1.1% Michigan 10 Elford Albin Cederberg Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Elford Albin Cederberg (Republican) 66.7% Benjamin D. Graves (Democratic) 30.9% Richard Friske (American Independent) 2.4% Michigan 11 Philip Ruppe Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Philip Ruppe (Republican) 69.4% James E. McNamara (Democratic) 29.8% James P. Hoy (American Independent) 0.8% Michigan 12 James G. O'Hara Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y James G. O'Hara (Democratic) 50.8% David M. Serotkin (Republican) 49.2% Michigan 13 Charles Diggs Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles Diggs (Democratic) 85.6% Leonard T. Edwards (Republican) 13.3% Raymond D. Moon (American Independent) 0.6% Nanci Kinker (Socialist Workers) 0.4% Michigan 14 Lucien Nedzi Democratic 1961 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Lucien Nedzi (Democratic) 54.9% Robert V. McGrath (Republican) 45.1% Michigan 15 William D. Ford Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y William D. Ford (Democratic) 65.8% Ernest C. Fackler (Republican) 32.9% Aldi C. Fuhrmann (American Independent) 1.3% Michigan 16 John D. Dingell Jr. Democratic 1955 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y John D. Dingell Jr. (Democratic) 68.1% William E. Rostron (Republican) 29.8% Peter P. Gayner (American Independent) 2.2% Michigan 17 Martha W. Griffiths Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Martha W. Griffiths (Democratic) 66.4% Ralph E. Judd (Republican) 32.5% Hector M. McGregor (American Independent) 0.8% Christy L. Wallace (Socialist Workers) 0.3% Michigan 18 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Robert J. Huber (Republican) 52.6% Daniel S. Cooper (Democratic) 47.4% Michigan 19 Jack H. McDonald Republican 1966 Incumbent lost renomination.Republican loss. Y William Broomfield (Republican) 70.4% George Montgomery (Democratic) 28.6% Henry Lloyd George (American Independent) 1.0% William BroomfieldRedistricted from the 18th district Republican 1956 Incumbent re-elected. Minnesota Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota and 1972 United States Senate election in Minnesota District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Minnesota 1 Al Quie Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Al Quie (Republican) 70.7% Charles S. Thompson (Democratic (DFL)) 29.3% Minnesota 2 Ancher Nelsen Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ancher Nelsen (Republican) 57.1% Charlie Turnbull (Democratic (DFL)) 42.9% Minnesota 3 Bill Frenzel Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bill Frenzel (Republican) 62.9% Jim Bell (Democratic (DFL)) 31.3% Donald H. Wright (Taxpayers) 5.8% Minnesota 4 Joseph Karth Democratic (DFL) 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joseph Karth (Democratic (DFL)) 72.4% Steve Thompson (Republican) 27.6% Minnesota 5 Donald M. Fraser Democratic (DFL) 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Donald M. Fraser (Democratic (DFL)) 65.8% Allan Davisson (Republican) 24.4% Norm Selby (Taxpayers) 7.7% William E. Peterson (Socialist Workers) 2.1% Minnesota 6 John M. Zwach Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y John M. Zwach (Republican) 51.0% Rick Nolan (Democratic (DFL)) 49.0% Minnesota 7 Robert Bergland Democratic (DFL) 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert Bergland (Democratic (DFL)) 59.0% Jon O. Haaven (Republican) 41.0% Minnesota 8 John Blatnik Democratic (DFL) 1946 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Blatnik (Democratic (DFL)) 75.9% Edward Johnson (Republican) 24.1% Mississippi Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi and 1972 United States Senate election in Mississippi District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Mississippi 1 Jamie WhittenRedistricted from the 2nd district Democratic 1941 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Jamie Whitten (Democratic) Unopposed Mississippi 2 Thomas AbernethyRedistricted from the 1st district Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y David R. Bowen (Democratic) 61.9% Carl Butler (Republican) 34.7% Robert J. Coleman (Independent) 2.5% Norman Smith (Independent) 0.9% Mississippi 3 Sonny MontgomeryRedistricted from the 4th district Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Sonny Montgomery (Democratic) Unopposed Mississippi 4 Charles H. GriffinRedistricted from the 3rd district Democratic 1968 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Thad Cochran (Republican) 47.9% Ellis B. Bodron (Democratic) 44.0% Eddie L. McBride (Independent) 8.2% Mississippi 5 William M. Colmer Democratic 1932 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Trent Lott (Republican) 55.3% Ben Stone (Democratic) 44.2% Earnest J. Creel (Independent) 0.5% Missouri Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Missouri 1 Bill Clay Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bill Clay (Democratic) 64.0% Richard O. Funsch (Republican) 36.0% Missouri 2 James W. Symington Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y James W. Symington (Democratic) 63.5% John W. 'Jack' Cooper Jr. (Republican) 36.5% Missouri 3 Leonor Sullivan Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Leonor Sullivan (Democratic) 69.3% Albert Holst (Republican) 30.4% Charles H. Byford (Independent) 0.3% Missouri 4 William J. Randall Democratic 1959 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y William J. Randall (Democratic) 57.4% Raymond E. Barrows (Republican) 42.6% Missouri 5 Richard Walker Bolling Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Richard Walker Bolling (Democratic) 62.8% Vernon E. Rice (Republican) 35.6% Stella Sollars (Independent) 1.6% Missouri 6 William Raleigh Hull Jr. Democratic 1954 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Jerry Litton (Democratic) 54.6% Russell Sloan (Republican) 45.4% Missouri 7 Durward Gorham Hall Republican 1960 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Gene Taylor (Republican) 63.7% Bill Thomas (Democratic) 36.3% Missouri 8 Richard Howard Ichord Jr. Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Richard Howard Ichord Jr. (Democratic) 62.1% David R. Countie (Republican) 37.9% Missouri 9 William L. Hungate Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y William L. Hungate (Democratic) 66.5% Robert L. Prange (Republican) 33.5% Missouri 10 Bill Burlison Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bill Burlison (Democratic) 64.3% Marion Francis Svendrowski (Republican) 35.7% Montana See also: List of United States representatives from Montana and 1972 United States Senate election in Montana District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Montana 1 Richard G. Shoup Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Richard G. Shoup (Republican) 53.7% Arnold Olsen (Democratic) 46.3% Montana 2 John Melcher Democratic 1969 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y John Melcher (Democratic) 76.1% Dick Forester (Republican) 23.9% Nebraska Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska and 1972 United States Senate election in Nebraska District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Nebraska 1 Charles Thone Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles Thone (Republican) 64.2% Darrel E. Berg (Democratic) 35.8% Nebraska 2 John Y. McCollister Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Y. McCollister (Republican) 63.9% Patrick L. Cooney (Democratic) 36.1% Nebraska 3 David Martin Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y David Martin (Republican) 69.6% Warren Fitzgerald (Democratic) 30.4% Nevada Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives election in Nevada See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Nevada at-large Walter S. Baring Jr. Democratic 19481952 (defeated)1956 Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican gain. Y David Towell (Republican) 52.2% James Bilbray (Democratic) 47.8% New Hampshire Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire and 1972 United States Senate election in New Hampshire District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Hampshire 1 Louis C. Wyman Republican 19621964 (defeated)1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Louis C. Wyman (Republican) 72.9% Chester Earl Merrow (Democratic) 27.1% New Hampshire 2 James Colgate Cleveland Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y James Colgate Cleveland (Republican) 67.9% Charles B. Officer (Democratic) 32.1% New Jersey Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey and 1972 United States Senate election in New Jersey District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Jersey 1 John E. Hunt Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y John E. Hunt (Republican) 52.5% James Florio (Democratic) 47.0% Raymond V. S. Miller (Independent) 0.2% Dominic W. Doganiero (Soc-Lab) 0.1% Gerrit Hoogenrad (Socialist) 0.1% New Jersey 2 Charles W. Sandman Jr. Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles W. Sandman Jr. (Republican) 65.7% John D. Rose (Democratic) 34.3% New Jersey 3 James J. Howard Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y James J. Howard (Democratic) 53.0% William F. Dowd (Republican) 47.0% New Jersey 4 Frank Thompson Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Frank Thompson (Democratic) 58.0% Peter P. Garibaldi (Republican) 42.0% New Jersey 5 Peter Frelinghuysen Jr. Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Peter Frelinghuysen Jr. (Republican) 62.0% Frederick M. Bohen (Democratic) 38.0% New Jersey 6 Edwin B. Forsythe Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Edwin B. Forsythe (Republican) 62.8% Francis P. Brennan (Democratic) 36.1% Ida C. Ebert (Independent) 0.6% Bernardo S. Doganiero (Soc-Lab) 0.5% New Jersey 7 William B. Widnall Republican 1950 Incumbent re-elected. Y William B. Widnall (Republican) 57.9% Arthur J. Lesemann (Democratic) 39.9% Martin E. Wendelken (Independent) 2.1% New Jersey 8 Robert A. Roe Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert A. Roe (Democratic) 63.1% Walter E. Johnson (Republican) 36.9% New Jersey 9 Henry Helstoski Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Henry Helstoski (Democratic) 55.8% Alfred D. Schiaffo (Republican) 44.2% New Jersey 10 Peter W. Rodino Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Peter W. Rodino (Democratic) 79.7% Kenneth C. Miller (Republican) 20.3% New Jersey 11 Joseph Minish Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joseph Minish (Democratic) 57.5% Milton A. Waldor (Republican) 39.7% Philip R. Nicolaus (Independent) 1.5% James R. Klimaski (Peoples) 1.3% New Jersey 12 Florence P. Dwyer Republican 1956 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican) 63.5% Jerry Fitzgerald English (Democratic) 36.2% Stanley Bogus (Independent) 0.4% New Jersey 13 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Joseph J. Maraziti (Republican) 55.7% Helen Stevenson Meyner (Democratic) 42.9% Samuel Golub (Independent) 1.4% New Jersey 14 Dominick V. Daniels Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Dominick V. Daniels (Democratic) 61.2% Richard T. Bozzone (Republican) 34.3% Edward F. Zampella (Independent) 3.1% Perfecto Oyola (Independent) 0.9% Vincent J. Carrino (Independent) 0.5% Cornelius GallagherRedistricted from the 13th district Democratic 1958 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss. New Jersey 15 Edward J. Patten Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Edward J. Patten (Democratic) 52.3% Fuller H. Brooks (Republican) 47.7% New Mexico Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico and 1972 United States Senate election in New Mexico District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Mexico 1 Manuel Lujan Jr. Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Manuel Lujan Jr. (Republican) 55.7% Eugene Gallegos (Democratic) 44.3% New Mexico 2 Harold L. Runnels Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Harold L. Runnels (Democratic) 72.2% George E. Presson (Republican) 27.8% New York Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in New York See also: List of United States representatives from New York District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New York 1 Otis G. Pike Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Otis G. Pike (Democratic) 52.5% Joseph H. Boyd Jr. (Republican) 36.9% Robert D. L. Gardiner (Conservative) 9.5% Robert P. Samek (Liberal) 1.1% New York 2 James R. Grover Jr. Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y James R. Grover Jr. (Republican) 65.8% Fern Coste Dennison (Democratic) 32.7% Robert Atlas (Liberal) 1.5% New York 3 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Angelo D. Roncallo (Republican) 53.1% Carter F. Bales (Democratic) 37.6% Lawrence P. Russo (Conservative) 7.6% Leo E. James (Liberal) 1.7% New York 4 Norman F. LentRedistricted from the 5th district Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Norman F. Lent (Republican) 62.4% Elaine B. Horowitz (Democratic) 36.0% Aaron M. Schein (Liberal) 1.7% New York 5 John W. WydlerRedistricted from the 4th district Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y John W. Wydler (Republican) 62.4% Ferne M. Steckler (Democratic) 31.7% Vincent A. Joy (Conservative) 3.6% Paul F. Harper (Liberal) 1.8% Hedda Garza (Socialist Workers) 0.4% New York 6 Seymour Halpern Republican 1958 Incumbent retired.Republican loss. Y Lester L. Wolff (Democratic) 51.5% John T. Gallagher (Republican) 48.5% Lester L. WolffRedistricted from the 3rd district Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. New York 7 Joseph P. Addabbo Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joseph P. Addabbo (Democratic) 75.0% John E. Hall (Republican) 20.6% Frank O. Wuertz (Conservative) 4.4% New York 8 Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal (Democratic) 64.7% Frank LaPina (Republican) 35.3% New York 9 James J. Delaney Democratic 19441946 (defeated)1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y James J. Delaney (Democratic) 93.4% Loretta R. Gressey (Liberal) 6.6% New York 10 Mario BiaggiRedistricted from the 24th district Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Mario Biaggi (Democratic) 93.9% Michael S. Bank (Liberal) 6.1% New York 11 Frank J. Brasco Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Frank J. Brasco (Democratic) 63.9% Melvin Solomon (Republican) 31.3% Jessie I. Levine (Liberal) 4.8% New York 12 Shirley Chisholm Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Shirley Chisholm (Democratic) 87.9% John Coleman (Republican) 9.7% Martin S. Shepherd Jr. (Conservative) 1.6% John C. Hawkins (Socialist Workers) 0.7% New York 13 Bertram L. Podell Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bertram L. Podell (Democratic) 65.2% Joseph F. Marcucci (Republican) 25.5% Leonard M. Simon (Liberal) 5.3% Michael P. Gioia (Communist) 4.1% New York 14 John J. Rooney Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. Y John J. Rooney (Democratic) 53.9% Allard K. Lowenstein (Liberal) 28.1% Francis J. Voyticky (Republican) 17.5% James Mendietta (Socialist Workers) 0.5% New York 15 Hugh Carey Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Hugh Carey (Democratic) 52.2% John F. Gangemi (Republican) 43.0% Franklin C. Jones (Conservative) 3.3% Carl Saks (Liberal) 1.6% New York 16 Emanuel CellerRedistricted from the 10th district Democratic 1922 Incumbent lost renomination andlost re-election as a Liberal.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Elizabeth Holtzman (Democratic) 65.6% Nicholas R. Macchio Jr. (Republican) 22.9% Emanuel Celler (Liberal) 7.0% William Sampol (Conservative) 4.6% New York 17 John M. MurphyRedistricted from the 16th district Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y John M. Murphy (Democratic) 60.3% Mario D. Belardino (Republican) 39.7% New York 18 Ed KochRedistricted from the 17th district Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ed Koch (Democratic) 69.9% Jane Pickens Langley (Republican) 29.3% Rebecca Finch (Socialist Workers) 0.8% New York 19 Charles B. RangelRedistricted from the 18th district Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles B. Rangel (Democratic) 96.0% Marshall L. Dodge III (Conservative) 2.3% Bobby R. Washington (Socialist Workers) 0.9% Jose Stevens (Communist) 0.8% New York 20 William Fitts Ryan Democratic 1960 Died in officeDemocratic loss. Y Bella Abzug (Democratic) 55.7% Priscilla Ryan (Liberal) 28.0% Annette Flatto Levy (Republican) 11.7% Harvey J. Michelman (Conservative) 4.1% Joanna Misnik (Socialist Workers) 0.4% Bella AbzugRedistricted from the 19th district Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. New York 21 Herman Badillo Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Herman Badillo (Democratic) 86.9% Manuel A. Ramos (Republican) 11.4% Lillian Immediato (Conservative) 1.7% New York 22 James H. Scheuer Democratic 1964 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss. Y Jonathan Brewster Bingham (Democratic) 76.5% Charles A. Averello (Republican) 23.5% Jonathan Brewster BinghamRedistricted from the 23rd district Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. New York 23 Peter A. PeyserRedistricted from the 25th district Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Peter A. Peyser (Republican) 50.4% Richard Ottinger (Democratic) 49.6% New York 24 Ogden R. ReidRedistricted from the 26th district Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ogden R. Reid (Democratic) 52.2% Carl A. Vergari (Republican) 47.8% New York 25 Hamilton Fish IVRedistricted from the 28th district Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Hamilton Fish IV (Republican) 71.6% John Burns III (Democratic) 26.9% Robert P. Falisey (Liberal) 1.4% New York 26 John G. DowRedistricted from the 27th district Democratic 19641968 (defeated)1970 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Benjamin A. Gilman (Republican) 47.7% John G. Dow (Democratic) 39.3% Yale Rapkin (Conservative) 12.9% New York 27 Howard W. RobisonRedistricted from the 33rd district Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Howard W. Robison (Republican) 62.2% David H. Blazer (Democratic) 29.8% Patrick M. O'Neil (Conservative) 5.2% William J. Osby (Liberal) 2.9% New York 28 Samuel S. StrattonRedistricted from the 29th district Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Samuel S. Stratton (Democratic) 80.0% John F. Ryan Jr. (Republican) 20.0% New York 29 Carleton J. KingRedistricted from the 30th district Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Carleton J. King (Republican) 69.9% Harold B. Gordon (Democratic) 30.1% New York 30 Robert C. McEwenRedistricted from the 31st district Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert C. McEwen (Republican) 66.0% Ernest J. Labaff (Democratic) 34.0% New York 31 Alexander PirnieRedistricted from the 32nd district Republican 1958 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Donald J. Mitchell (Republican) 51.0% Robert Castle (Democratic) 39.1% Franklin Nichols (Action) 6.2% John T. Buckley (Liberal) 3.7% New York 32 James M. HanleyRedistricted from the 35th district Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y James M. Hanley (Democratic) 57.2% Leonard C. Koldin (Republican) 42.8% New York 33 John H. TerryRedistricted from the 34th district Republican 1970 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y William F. Walsh (Republican) 71.4% Clarence Kadys (Democratic) 28.6% New York 34 Frank HortonRedistricted from the 36th district Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Frank Horton (Republican) 72.1% Jack Rubens (Democratic) 23.5% Richard E. Lusink (Conservative) 2.8% Rafael Martinez (Liberal) 1.6% New York 35 Barber ConableRedistricted from the 37th district Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Barber Conable (Republican) 67.9% Terence J. Spencer (Democratic) 28.4% Terence C. Brennan (Conservative) 2.6% Alicia Burgos (Liberal) 1.1% New York 36 Henry P. Smith IIIRedistricted from the 40th district Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Henry P. Smith III (Republican) 57.3% Max McCarthy (Democratic) 42.7% New York 37 Thaddeus J. DulskiRedistricted from the 41st district Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Thaddeus J. Dulski (Democratic) 72.2% William F. McLaughlin (Republican) 27.8% New York 38 Jack KempRedistricted from the 39th district Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jack Kemp (Republican) 73.2% Anthony P. LoRusso (Democratic) 26.8% New York 39 James F. HastingsRedistricted from the 38th district Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y James F. Hastings (Republican) 71.9% Wilbur White Jr. (Democratic) 28.1% North Carolina Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina and 1972 United States Senate election in North Carolina District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Carolina 1 Walter B. Jones Sr. Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Walter B. Jones Sr. (Democratic) 68.8% J. Jordan Bonner (Republican) 31.2% North Carolina 2 Lawrence H. Fountain Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Lawrence H. Fountain (Democratic) 71.6% Erick P. Little (Republican) 28.4% North Carolina 3 David N. Henderson Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y David N. Henderson (Democratic) Unopposed North Carolina 4 Nick Galifianakis Democratic 1966 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Ike Franklin Andrews (Democratic) 50.4% Jack Hawke (Republican) 49.6% North Carolina 5 Wilmer Mizell Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Wilmer Mizell (Republican) 64.8% Brooks Hays (Democratic) 35.2% North Carolina 6 L. Richardson Preyer Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y L. Richardson Preyer (Democratic) 93.9% Lynwood Bullock (American) 6.1% North Carolina 7 Alton Lennon Democratic 1956 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Charlie Rose (Democratic) 60.4% Jerry C. Scott (Republican) 38.7% Alvis H. Ballard (American) 0.9% North Carolina 8 Earl B. Ruth Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Earl B. Ruth (Republican) 60.2% Richard Clark (Democratic) 39.8% North Carolina 9 Charles R. Jonas Republican 1952 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y James G. Martin (Republican) 58.9% James Beatty (Democratic) 41.1% North Carolina 10 Jim Broyhill Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jim Broyhill (Republican) 72.5% Paul L. Beck (Democratic) 27.5% North Carolina 11 Roy A. Taylor Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Roy A. Taylor (Democratic) 59.6% Jesse I. Ledbetter (Republican) 40.4% North Dakota Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Dakota at-large Mark AndrewsRedistricted from the 1st district Republican 1963 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Mark Andrews (Republican) 72.7% Richard Ista (Democratic) 27.1% Kenneth C. Gardner (Independent) 0.2% Arthur A. LinkRedistricted from the 2nd district Democratic 1970 Retired to run for GovernorDemocratic loss. Ohio Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Ohio 1 William J. Keating Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y William J. Keating (Republican) 70.3% Karl F. Heiser (Democratic) 29.7% Ohio 2 Donald D. Clancy Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Donald D. Clancy (Republican) 62.8% Penny Manes (Democratic) 37.2% Ohio 3 Charles W. Whalen Jr. Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles W. Whalen Jr. (Republican) 76.2% John W. Lelak Jr. (Democratic) 23.8% Ohio 4 William Moore McCulloch Republican 1947 (Special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Tennyson Guyer (Republican) 62.7% Dimitri Nicholas (Democratic) 37.3% Jackson Edward BettsRedistricted from the 8th district Republican 1950 Incumbent retired.Republican loss. Ohio 5 Del Latta Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Del Latta (Republican) 72.7% Bruce Edwards (Democratic) 27.3% Ohio 6 Bill Harsha Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bill Harsha (Republican) Unopposed Ohio 7 Clarence J. Brown Jr. Republican 1965 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Clarence J. Brown Jr. (Republican) 73.3% Dorothy Franke (Independent) 26.7% Ohio 8 Walter E. PowellRedistricted from the 24th district Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Walter E. Powell (Republican) 52.2% James D. Ruppert (Democratic) 47.8% Ohio 9 Thomas L. Ashley Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Thomas L. Ashley (Democratic) 69.1% Joseph C. Richards (Republican) 30.9% Ohio 10 Clarence E. Miller Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Clarence E. Miller (Republican) 73.2% Robert H. Whealey (Democratic) 26.8% Ohio 11 J. William Stanton Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y J. William Stanton (Republican) 68.2% Dennis M. Callahan (Democratic) 31.8% Ohio 12 Samuel L. Devine Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Samuel L. Devine (Republican) 56.1% James W. Goodrich (Democratic) 43.9% Ohio 13 Charles Adams Mosher Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles Adams Mosher (Republican) 68.1% John M. Ryan (Democratic) 31.9% Ohio 14 John F. Seiberling Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y John F. Seiberling (Democratic) 74.4% Norman W. Holt (Republican) 25.6% Ohio 15 Chalmers P. Wylie Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Chalmers P. Wylie (Republican) 65.8% Manley L. McGee (Democrat) 31.4% Edward Price (American Independent) 2.7% Ohio 16 Frank T. Bow Republican 1950 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Ralph Regula (Republican) 57.3% Virgil L. Musser (Democratic) 42.7% Ohio 17 John M. Ashbrook Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y John M. Ashbrook (Republican) 57.4% Raymond C. Beck (Democratic) 38.7% Clifford J. Simpson (American Independent) 3.9% Ohio 18 Wayne L. Hays Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Wayne L. Hays (Democratic) 70.2% Robert Stewart (Republican) 29.8% Ohio 19 Charles J. Carney Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles J. Carney (Democratic) 64.0% Norman M. Parr (Republican) 36.0% Ohio 20 James V. Stanton Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y James V. Stanton (Democratic) 84.3% Thomas E. Vilt (Republican) 11.9% Richard B. Kay (American Independent) 3.8% Ohio 21 Louis Stokes Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Louis Stokes (Democratic) 81.1% James D. Johnson (Republican) 11.3% Joseph Pirincin (Soc-Lab) 4.7% Cecil Lampkins (Independent) 2.9% Ohio 22 Charles Vanik Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Charles Vanik (Democratic) 63.9% Donald W. Gropp (Republican) 32.6% Thomas W. Lippitt (American Independent) 1.8% Caryl A. Loeb (Independent) 1.7% Ohio 23 William Edwin Minshall Jr. Republican 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y William Edwin Minshall Jr. (Republican) 49.4% Dennis Kucinich (Democratic) 47.3% John O'Neill (Soc-Lab) 1.8% Frederick D. Lyon (American Independent) 1.5% Oklahoma Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma and 1972 United States Senate election in Oklahoma District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Oklahoma 1 Page Belcher Republican 1950 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y James R. Jones (Democratic) 55.5% James M. Hewgley Jr. (Republican) 44.5% Oklahoma 2 Ed Edmondson Democratic 1952 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Clem McSpadden (Democratic) 71.1% Emery H. Toliver (Republican) 28.9% Oklahoma 3 Carl Albert Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. Y Carl Albert (Democratic) 93.4% Harold J. Marshall (Independent) 6.6% Oklahoma 4 Tom Steed Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Tom Steed (Democratic) 71.3% William E. Crozier (Republican) 28.7% Oklahoma 5 John Jarman Democratic 1950 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Jarman (Democratic) 60.4% Llewellyn L. Keller II (Republican) 39.6% Oklahoma 6 John Newbold Camp Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Newbold Camp (Republican) 72.7% William Patrick Schmitt (Democratic) 27.3% Oregon Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon and 1972 United States Senate election in Oregon District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Oregon 1 Wendell Wyatt Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Wendell Wyatt (Republican) 68.6% Ralph E. Bunch (Democratic) 31.4% Oregon 2 Albert C. Ullman Democratic 1956 Incumbent re-elected. Y Albert C. Ullman (Democratic) Unopposed Oregon 3 Edith Green Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Edith Green (Democratic) 62.5% Mike Walsh (Republican) 37.5% Oregon 4 John R. Dellenback Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y John R. Dellenback (Republican) 62.6% Charles O. Porter (Democratic) 37.4% Pennsylvania Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Pennsylvania 1 William A. Barrett Democratic 19441946 (defeated)1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y William A. Barrett (Democratic) 66.1% Gus A. Pedicone (Republican) 33.2% Nancy Streve (Socialist Workers) 0.7% Pennsylvania 2 Robert N. C. Nix Sr. Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert N. C. Nix Sr. (Democratic) 70.1% Frederick D. Bryant (Republican) 29.9% Pennsylvania 3 James A. Byrne Democratic 1952 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss. Y William J. Green III (Democratic) 63.3% Alfred Marroletti (Republican) 36.2% Anthony Monteiro (Communist) 0.5% William J. Green IIIRedistricted from the 5th district Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Pennsylvania 4 Joshua Eilberg Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joshua Eilberg (Democratic) 55.9% William Pfender (Republican) 44.1% Pennsylvania 5 John H. Ware IIIRedistricted from the 9th district Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y John H. Ware III (Republican) 64.7% Brower Yerger (Democratic) 35.3% Pennsylvania 6 Gus Yatron Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Gus Yatron (Democratic) 64.5% Eugene W. Hubler (Republican) 34.6% Frank E. Huet (Const) 1.0% Pennsylvania 7 Lawrence G. Williams Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Lawrence G. Williams (Republican) 60.6% Stuart S. Bowie (Democratic) 39.4% Pennsylvania 8 Edward G. Biester Jr. Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Edward G. Biester Jr. (Republican) 64.4% Alan Williams (Democratic) 35.6% Pennsylvania 9 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Bud Shuster (Republican) 61.8% Earl P. Collins (Democratic) 38.2% Pennsylvania 10 Joseph M. McDade Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joseph M. McDade (Republican) 73.6% Stanley R. Coveleskie (Democratic) 26.4% Pennsylvania 11 Daniel J. Flood Democratic 19441946 (defeated)19481952 (defeated)1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Daniel J. Flood (Democratic) 68.3% Donald B. Ayers (Republican) 31.7% Pennsylvania 12 J. Irving Whalley Republican 1960 Incumbent retired.Republican loss. Y John P. Saylor (Republican) 68.1% Joseph Murphy (Democratic) 31.9% John P. SaylorRedistricted from the 22nd district Republican 1949 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Pennsylvania 13 R. Lawrence Coughlin Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y R. Lawrence Coughlin (Republican) 66.6% Katherine L. Camp (Democratic) 33.4% Pennsylvania 14 William S. Moorhead Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y William S. Moorhead (Democratic) 59.3% Roland S. Catarinella (Republican) 40.4% Ronald N. Henderson (Communist) 0.3% Pennsylvania 15 Fred B. Rooney Democratic 1963 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Fred B. Rooney (Democratic) 60.8% Wardell F. Steigerwalt (Republican) 39.2% Pennsylvania 16 Edwin D. Eshleman Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Edwin D. Eshleman (Republican) 73.5% Shirley S. Garrett (Democratic) 26.5% Pennsylvania 17 Herman T. Schneebeli Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Herman T. Schneebeli (Republican) 72.2% Donald J. Rippon (Democratic) 26.6% Andrew J. Watson (Const) 1.2% Pennsylvania 18 H. John Heinz III Republican 1971 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y H. John Heinz III (Republican) 72.8% Douglas Walgren (Democratic) 27.2% Pennsylvania 19 George Atlee Goodling Republican 19601964 (defeated)1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y George Atlee Goodling (Republican) 57.5% Richard P. Noll (Democratic) 41.2% Paul H. Leese (Const) 1.2% Pennsylvania 20 Joseph M. Gaydos Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joseph M. Gaydos (Democratic) 61.5% William Hunt (Republican) 38.5% Pennsylvania 21 John H. Dent Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y John H. Dent (Democratic) 62.0% Thomas H. Young (Republican) 38.0% Pennsylvania 22 Thomas E. MorganRedistricted from the 26th district Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. Y Thomas E. Morgan (Democratic) 60.8% James R. Montgomery (Republican) 39.2% William Sheldrick ConoverRedistricted from the 27th district Republican 1972 (Special) Incumbent lost renomination.Republican loss. Pennsylvania 23 Albert W. Johnson Republican 1963 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Albert W. Johnson (Republican) 56.5% Ernest A. Kassab (Democratic) 43.5% Pennsylvania 24 Joseph P. Vigorito Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joseph P. Vigorito (Democratic) 68.8% Alvin W. Levenhagen (Republican) 31.2% Pennsylvania 25 Frank M. Clark Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Frank M. Clark (Democratic) 55.8% Gary A. Myers (Republican) 44.2% Rhode Island Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island and 1972 United States Senate election in Rhode Island District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Rhode Island 1 Fernand St. Germain Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Fernand St. Germain (Democratic) 62.4% John M. Feeley (Republican) 34.7% Walter J. Miska (Independent) 3.0% Rhode Island 2 Robert Tiernan Democratic 1967 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert Tiernan (Democratic) 63.1% Donald P. Ryan (Republican) 36.9% South Carolina Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina and 1972 United States Senate election in South Carolina District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Carolina 1 Mendel Jackson Davis Democratic 1971 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Mendel Jackson Davis (Democratic) 54.5% J. Sidi Limehouse III (Republican) 45.5% South Carolina 2 Floyd Spence Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Floyd Spence (Republican) Unopposed South Carolina 3 William Jennings Bryan Dorn Democratic 19461948 (retired)1950 Incumbent re-elected. Y William Jennings Bryan Dorn (Democratic) 75.2% Roy Etheridge (Republican) 24.8% South Carolina 4 James R. Mann Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y James R. Mann (Democratic) 66.1% Wayne N. Whatley (Republican) 33.9% South Carolina 5 Thomas S. Gettys Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Thomas S. Gettys (Democratic) 60.9% Lenard Phillips (Republican) 39.1% South Carolina 6 John L. McMillan Democratic 1938 Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Edward Lunn Young (Republican) 54.4% John Jenrette (Democratic) 45.6% South Dakota Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota and 1972 United States Senate election in South Dakota District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Dakota 1 Frank E. Denholm Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Frank E. Denholm (Democratic) 60.5% John Vickerman (Republican) 39.5% South Dakota 2 James Abourezk Democratic 1970 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican gain. Y James Abdnor (Republican) 54.9% Pat McKeever (Democratic) 45.1% Tennessee Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee and 1972 United States Senate election in Tennessee District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Tennessee 1 Jimmy Quillen Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jimmy Quillen (Republican) 79.4% Bernard H. Cantor (Democratic) 20.6% Tennessee 2 John Duncan Sr. Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Duncan Sr. (Republican) Unopposed Tennessee 3 LaMar Baker Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y LaMar Baker (Republican) 55.2% Howard P. Sompayrac Jr. (Democratic) 41.8% Sarah Delaney (American) 2.9% Tennessee 4 Joe L. Evins Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joe L. Evins (Democratic) 81.1% Billy Joe Finney (Republican) 18.9% Tennessee 5 Richard Fulton Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Richard Fulton (Democratic) 62.6% Alfred T. Adams Jr. (Republican) 36.8% Scott Douglas III (Independent) 0.4% Lee Galvani (Independent) 0.1% Tennessee 6 William Anderson Democratic 1964 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Robin Beard (Republican) 55.3% William Anderson (Democratic) 43.1% William N. Doss (American) 1.6% Ray BlantonRedistricted from the 7th district Democratic 1966 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic loss. Tennessee 7 Ed JonesRedistricted from the 8th district Democratic 1969 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Ed Jones (Democratic) 70.5% Stockton Adkins (Republican) 29.5% Tennessee 8 Dan KuykendallRedistricted from the 9th district Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Dan Kuykendall (Republican) 55.4% J. O. Patterson Jr. (Democratic) 44.1% Louis L. Porter (Independent) 0.5% Texas Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas See also: List of United States representatives from Texas and 1972 United States Senate election in Texas District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Texas 1 Wright Patman Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. Y Wright Patman (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 2 John Dowdy Democratic 1952 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold. Y Charles Wilson (Democratic) 73.8% Charles O. Brightwell (Republican) 26.2% Texas 3 James M. Collins Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y James M. Collins (Republican) 73.3% George A. Hughes Jr. (Democratic) 26.7% Texas 4 Ray Roberts Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ray Roberts (Democratic) 70.2% James Russell (Republican) 29.8% Texas 5 Earle Cabell Democratic 1964 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Alan Steelman (Republican) 55.7% Earle Cabell (Democratic) 44.3% Texas 6 Olin E. Teague Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. Y Olin E. Teague (Democratic) 72.6% Carl Nigliazzo (Republican) 27.4% Texas 7 William Reynolds Archer Jr. Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y William Reynolds Archer Jr. (Republican) 82.3% Jim Brady (Democratic) 17.7% Texas 8 Robert C. Eckhardt Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert C. Eckhardt (Democratic) 64.6% Lewis Emerich (Republican) 34.7% Susan Ellis (Socialist Workers) 0.7% Texas 9 Jack Brooks Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jack Brooks (Democratic) 66.2% Randolph C. Reed (Republican) 33.8% Texas 10 J. J. Pickle Democratic 1963 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y J. J. Pickle (Democratic) 91.2% Mellissa Singler (Socialist Workers) 8.8% Texas 11 William R. Poage Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. Y William R. Poage (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 12 Jim Wright Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Jim Wright (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 13 Graham B. Purcell Jr. Democratic 1962 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic loss. Y Robert Price (Republican) 54.8% Graham B. Purcell Jr. (Democratic) 45.2% Robert PriceRedistricted from the 18th district Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Texas 14 John Andrew Young Democratic 1956 Incumbent re-elected. Y John Andrew Young (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 15 Kika de la Garza Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Kika de la Garza (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 16 Richard Crawford White Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Richard Crawford White (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 17 Omar Burleson Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. Y Omar Burleson (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 18 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Barbara Jordan (Democratic) 80.6% Paul Merritt (Republican) 18.2% Emmanuel Barrera (Socialist Workers) 1.2% Texas 19 George H. Mahon Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. Y George H. Mahon (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 20 Henry B. González Democratic 1961 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Henry B. González (Democratic) 96.9% Steve Wattenmaker (Socialist Workers) 3.1% Texas 21 O. C. Fisher Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. Y O. C. Fisher (Democratic) 56.8% Doug Harlan (Republican) 43.2% Texas 22 Robert R. Casey Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert R. Casey (Democratic) 70.2% Jim Griffin (Republican) 29.0% Frank Peto (Independent) 0.8% Texas 23 Abraham Kazen Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y Abraham Kazen (Democratic) Unopposed Texas 24 None (district created) New seat.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Dale Milford (Democratic) 65.1% Courtney G. Roberts (Republican) 34.9% Utah Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Utah See also: List of United States representatives from Utah District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Utah 1 K. Gunn McKay Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y K. Gunn McKay (Democratic) 55.4% Robert K. Wolthuis (Republican) 42.0% L. S. Brown (American) 2.6% Utah 2 Sherman P. Lloyd Republican 19621964 (retired)1966 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain. Y Douglas W. Owens (Democratic) 48.9% Sherman P. Lloyd (Republican) 39.4% Bruce R. Bangerter (American Independent) 11.7% Vermont Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont at-large Richard W. Mallary Republican 1972 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Richard W. Mallary (Republican) 65.0% William H. Meyer (Democratic) 35.0% Virginia Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Virginia 1 Thomas N. Downing Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Thomas N. Downing (Democratic) 78.1% Kenneth D. Wells (Republican) 21.9% Virginia 2 G. William Whitehurst Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y G. William Whitehurst (Republican) 73.4% L. Charles Burlage (Democratic) 26.6% Virginia 3 David E. Satterfield III Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y David E. Satterfield III (Democratic) Unopposed Virginia 4 Watkins Moorman Abbitt Democratic 1948 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain. Y Robert Daniel (Republican) 47.1% Robert E. Gibson (Democratic) 37.5% Robert R. Hardy (Independent) 7.1% Others 5.1% John G. Vonetes (Independent) 3.3% Virginia 5 Dan Daniel Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Dan Daniel (Democratic) Unopposed Virginia 6 Richard Harding Poff Republican 1952 Resigned to become justice of Supreme Court of VirginiaRepublican hold. Y M. Caldwell Butler (Republican) 54.6% Willis M. Anderson (Democratic) 39.2% Roy R. White (Independent) 6.2% Virginia 7 J. Kenneth Robinson Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y J. Kenneth Robinson (Republican) 66.2% Murat Williams (Democratic) 33.8% Virginia 8 William L. Scott Republican 1966 Retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Stanford Parris (Republican) 44.4% Robert F. Horan (Democratic) 37.8% William R. Durland (Independent) 13.7% Robert E. Harris (Independent) 4.1% Virginia 9 William C. Wampler Republican 19521954 (defeated)1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y William C. Wampler (Republican) 71.9% Zane Dale Christian (Democratic) 26.4% Nicholas Ventura (Independent) 1.7% Virginia 10 Joel T. Broyhill Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected. Y Joel T. Broyhill (Republican) 56.3% Harold O. Miller (Democratic) 43.7% Washington Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington See also: List of United States representatives from Washington District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Washington 1 Thomas Pelly Republican 1952 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Joel Pritchard (Republican) 50.3% John Hempelmann (Democratic) 49.1% Craig Honts (Socialist Workers) 0.7% Washington 2 Lloyd Meeds Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Lloyd Meeds (Democratic) 60.4% Bill Reams (Republican) 39.6% Washington 3 Julia Butler Hansen Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Julia Butler Hansen (Democratic) 66.3% R. C. McConkey (Republican) 33.7% Washington 4 Mike McCormack Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Mike McCormack (Democratic) 52.1% Steward Bledsoe (Republican) 47.9% Washington 5 Tom Foley Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Tom Foley (Democratic) 81.3% Clarice L. R. Privette (Republican) 18.7% Washington 6 Floyd Verne Hicks Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Floyd Verne Hicks (Democratic) 72.1% Thomas C. Lowry (Republican) 27.9% Washington 7 Brock Adams Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Brock Adams (Democratic) 87.6% J. J. 'Tiny' Freeman (Republican) 12.4% West Virginia Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia and 1972 United States Senate election in West Virginia District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates West Virginia 1 Bob Mollohan Democratic 19521956 (retired)1968 Incumbent re-elected. Y Bob Mollohan (Democratic) 69.4% George E. Kapnicky (Republican) 30.6% West Virginia 2 Harley O. Staggers Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Harley O. Staggers (Democratic) 70.3% David Dix (Republican) 29.7% West Virginia 3 John M. Slack Jr. Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y John M. Slack Jr. (Democratic) 63.7% T. David Higgins (Republican) 36.3% West Virginia 4 Ken Hechler Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Ken Hechler (Democratic) 61.0% Joe Neal (Republican) 39.0% James KeeRedistricted from the 5th district Democratic 1964 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss. Wisconsin Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Wisconsin 1 Les Aspin Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Les Aspin (Democratic) 64.4% Merrill E. Stalbaum (Republican) 34.9% Charles J. Fortner (American) 0.7% Wisconsin 2 Robert W. Kastenmeier Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected. Y Robert W. Kastenmeier (Democratic) 68.2% J. Michael Kelly (Republican) 31.4% Lavern F. Krohn (American) 0.5% Wisconsin 3 Vernon Wallace Thomson Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected. Y Vernon Wallace Thomson (Republican) 54.7% Walter Thoresen (Democratic) 44.6% Keith Ellison (American) 0.7% Wisconsin 4 Clement J. Zablocki Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. Y Clement J. Zablocki (Democratic) 75.7% Phillip D. Mrozinski (Republican) 22.8% Eugene Annell (American) 1.5% Wisconsin 5 Henry S. Reuss Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected. Y Henry S. Reuss (Democratic) 77.3% Frederick Van Hecke (Republican) 20.4% George Sprague (American) 1.7% R. Julian Chapman (Independent) 0.6% Wisconsin 6 William A. Steiger Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected. Y William A. Steiger (Republican) 65.8% James A. Adams (Democratic) 32.0% Valeria M. Sitter (American Independent) 2.1% Wisconsin 7 Dave Obey Democratic 1969 (Special) Incumbent re-elected. Y Dave Obey (Democratic) 62.8% Alvin E. O'Konski (Republican) 37.2% Alvin E. O'KonskiRedistricted from the 10th district Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican loss. Wisconsin 8 John W. Byrnes Republican 1944 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold. Y Harold Vernon Froehlich (Republican) 50.4% Robert J. Cornell (Democratic) 48.5% Clyde Bunker (American) 1.1% Wisconsin 9 Glenn R. Davis Republican 1947 (special)1956 (retired)1964 Incumbent re-elected. Y Glenn R. Davis (Republican) 61.4% Ralph A. Fine (Democratic) 36.7% George Reed (American) 1.9% Wyoming Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming and 1972 United States Senate election in Wyoming District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Wyoming at-large Teno Roncalio Democratic 19641966 (retired)1970 Incumbent re-elected. Y Teno Roncalio (Democratic) 51.7% William Kidd (Republican) 48.3% Non-voting delegates The non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives from the District of Columbia is elected for two-year terms, as are all other Representatives and Delegates minus the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, who is elected to a four-year term. District of Columbia Main article: 1972 United States House of Representatives election in the District of Columbia See also: District of Columbia's at-large congressional district District of Columbia election← 19711974 → Candidate Walter E. Fauntroy William Chin-Lee Charles I. Cassell Party Democratic Republican DC Statehood Green Popular vote 95,300 39,487 18,730 Percentage 60.64% 25.12% 11.92% Delegate before election Walter E. Fauntroy Democratic Elected Delegate Walter E. Fauntroy Democratic The election for the Delegate from the District of Columbia featured winner Walter E. Fauntroy (D), who won his first re-election after winning the special election in the previous year. Walter E. Fauntroy, a Democrat, sought re-election for his second term to the United States House of Representatives. Fauntroy was opposed in this election by Republican challenger William Chin-Lee who received 25.12%, and Statehood Party candidate Charles I. Cassell who received 11.92%. This resulted in Fauntroy being elected with 60.64% of the vote. D.C. At Large Congressional District Election (1972) Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Walter E. Fauntroy (Incumbent) 95,300 60.64 Republican William Chin-Lee 39,487 25.12 DC Statehood Green Charles I. Cassell 18,730 11.92 Independent David H. Dabney 2,514 1.60 Socialist Workers Herman Fagg 1,133 0.72 Total votes 157,164 100.00 Democratic hold United States Virgin Islands Democrat Ron de Lugo was elected as the first delegate from United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district defeating Republican Victor Scheider. US House election, 1972: U.S. Virgin Islands at-large district Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Ron de Lugo 10,570 72.6% Republican Victor Schneider 3,987 27.4% Majority 6,583 45.2% Turnout 14,557 100.0% See also 1972 United States elections 1972 United States gubernatorial elections 1972 United States Senate elections 92nd United States Congress 93rd United States Congress Notes ^ a b c Joe Moakley was elected as an Independent Democrat, but before he took office changed his party affiliation to Democratic. ^ There was 1 Independent Democrat ^ Reid was originally elected as a Republican. He switched parties in 1972. References ^ Solender, Andrew (September 1, 2022). "Democrat Mary Peltola defeats Sarah Palin in Alaska special election". Axios. Retrieved September 1, 2022. ^ "Parish Follows Trend: Local Voters Support Nixon, Treen, Johnston". The St. Charles Herald. Hahnville, Louisiana. November 9, 1972. p. 1. ^ IL - District 15 - History Our Campaigns ^ PA - District 27 - History Our Campaigns ^ LA - District 07 - History Our Campaigns ^ Butler, M. Caldwell Our Campaigns ^ a b c d e f g Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Prentice Hall College Div. ISBN 0-02-920170-5. ^ Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972 Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives ^ "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present \| US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". History.house.gov. September 11, 2001. Retrieved January 21, 2020. vteUnited States House of Representatives electionsElections spanningtwo years(through 1879) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 Elections heldin a single year(starting 1880)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Odd-yearspecials 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Seat ratings 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Speaker elections Full list 1855–56 1923 2011 January 2015 October 2015 2017 2019 2021 January 2023 October 2023 Summaries 1789–1822 1824–1854 1856–present Special elections Third party performances Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections vte(1970 ←) 1972 United States elections (→ 1974)President 1972 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention U.S.Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware Georgia Georgia (special) Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont (special) Virginia West Virginia Wyoming U.S.House Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Arkansas Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Rhode Island South Dakota Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia State legislatures Arizona Arizona House Arizona Senate Iowa Senate vteGerald Ford 38th President of the United States (1974–1977) 40th Vice President of the United States (1973–1974) U.S. Representative for MI–5 (1949–1973) Presidency(timeline) Inauguration VP confirmation of Nelson Rockefeller Wilson desk Assassination attempts Sacramento San Francisco State of the Union Address 1975 1976 1977 Judicial appointments Supreme Court candidates controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Nixon pardon Halloween Massacre Carter transition Foreign policy International trips Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control Helsinki Accords National Security Study Memorandum 200 Executive Order 11905 Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States Domestic policy Cannabis policy Equal Credit Opportunity Act Education for All Handicapped Children Act Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 and 1976 Federal Election Commission Rockefeller Commission 1975 VRA Amendments Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act Economic policy Fair Credit Billing Act Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula National Mass Transportation Assistance Act CFTC Act of 1974 Commodity Futures Trading Commission Home Mortgage Disclosure Act ERISA Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Net capital rule NRSROs Trade Act of 1974 Fast track authority Securities Acts Amendments of 1975 Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board Tax Reduction Act of 1975 Tax Reform Act of 1976 Whip inflation now Energy policy Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 Energy Research and Development Administration Nuclear Regulatory Commission Energy Policy and Conservation Act CAFE standards Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products Strategic Petroleum Reserve Environmentalpolicy Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974 Forestry Incentive Program Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum contaminant level Magnuson–Stevens Act Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 Water Resources Development Act of 1976 Life Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home Gerald R. Ford Jr. House Warren Commission Confirmation as Vice President Post-presidency Continuity of Government Commission AEI World Forum Death and state funeral Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library ElectionsU.S. House 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 Presidential 1976 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Culturaldepictions The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) Superman vs. Muhammad Ali (1978) Dynasty (1981) The Betty Ford Story (1987) Assassins (1990) "Two Bad Neighbors" (1996) Saturday Night Live parodies The X-Presidents (1997) Presidential Reunion (2010) The Political Machine (2004) The Butler (2013) The First Lady (2022) Legacy Gerald R. Ford International Airport Gerald R. Ford Award Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy Ford House Office Building USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) Gerald R. Ford Freeway U.S. Postage stamps Statue Family Charles Henry King (grandfather) Leslie Lynch King Sr. (father) Dorothy Gardner Ford (mother) Gerald Rudolff Ford (stepfather) Thomas Gardner Ford (half-brother) Betty Ford (wife) Michael Gerald Ford (son) John Gardner Ford (son) Steven Meigs Ford (son) Susan Ford Bales (daughter) Liberty (family dog) ← Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter → ← Spiro Agnew Nelson Rockefeller → Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"93rd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"1970 United States redistricting cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"link_name":"reelection victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"26th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Alaska%27s_at-large_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1972 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 7, 1972, to elect U.S. Representatives to serve in the 93rd United States Congress. This was the first election held after the 1970 United States redistricting cycle. It coincided with the landslide reelection victory of President Richard M. Nixon. Nixon's Republican Party managed to gain a net of twelve House of Representatives seats from the Democratic Party, although the Democrats retained a majority.This was the first election in which citizens at least 18 years of age (instead of 21 and older) could vote, due to the recent passage of the 26th Amendment. This was the last time until 2022 that a Democrat would win a House seat in Alaska,[1] and the first time since 1888 that a Republican won a House seat in Louisiana.[2]","title":"1972 United States House of Representatives elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"Six special elections were also held throughout the year, six before November and one concurrent with the November general election.See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Election Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/"}],"text":"Source: \"Election Statistics\". Office of the Clerk.","title":"Summary of results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Incumbents retiring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Thompson"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Andrew Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Young"},{"link_name":"New York 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Seymour Halpern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Halpern"},{"link_name":"Lester L. Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Page Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Belcher"},{"link_name":"James R. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Jones"}],"sub_title":"Democratic gains","text":"Georgia 5: Fletcher Thompson (R) retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Andrew Young (D)\nNew York 6: Seymour Halpern (R), retired, succeeded by Lester L. Wolff (D), who was redistricted\nOklahoma 1: Page Belcher (R), retired, succeeded by James R. Jones (D)","title":"Incumbents retiring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkansas 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"David Pryor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pryor"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Ray Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Illinois 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Roman C. Pucinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_C._Pucinski"},{"link_name":"Frank Annunzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Annunzio"},{"link_name":"Kentucky 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William P. Curlin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Curlin_Jr."},{"link_name":"John B. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"Louisiana 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Speedy Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_Long"},{"link_name":"Gillis William Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_William_Long"},{"link_name":"88th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Maryland 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Edward Garmatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Garmatz"},{"link_name":"Paul Sarbanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes"},{"link_name":"Mississippi 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomas Abernethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(politician)"},{"link_name":"David R. Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Bowen"},{"link_name":"Missouri 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Raleigh Hull Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Raleigh_Hull_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jerry Litton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Litton"},{"link_name":"North Carolina 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Nick Galifianakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Galifianakis_(politician)"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ike Franklin Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_Franklin_Andrews"},{"link_name":"North Carolina 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Alton Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Charlie Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"North Dakota 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Arthur A. Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_A._Link"},{"link_name":"run for Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Mark Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Andrews_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ed Edmondson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Edmondson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Clem McSpadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_McSpadden"},{"link_name":"Tennessee 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ray Blanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Blanton"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Ed Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)"},{"link_name":"Texas 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Dowdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowdy"},{"link_name":"Charles Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Texas_politician)"}],"sub_title":"Democratic holds","text":"Arkansas 4: David Pryor (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Ray Thornton (D)\nIllinois 11: Roman C. Pucinski (D), retired, succeeded by Frank Annunzio (D), who was redistricted\nKentucky 6: William P. Curlin Jr. (D), retired, succeeded by John B. Breckinridge (D)\nLouisiana 8: Speedy Long (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Gillis William Long (D), who previously held the seat in the 88th Congress\nMaryland 3: Edward Garmatz (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Paul Sarbanes (D)\nMississippi 2: Thomas Abernethy (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by David R. Bowen (D)\nMissouri 6: William Raleigh Hull Jr. (D), retired, succeeded by Jerry Litton (D)\nNorth Carolina 4: Nick Galifianakis (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Ike Franklin Andrews (D)\nNorth Carolina 7: Alton Lennon (D), retired, succeeded by Charlie Rose (D)\nNorth Dakota 2: Arthur A. Link (D), redistricted retired to run for Governor, succeeded by Mark Andrews (R), who was redistricted\nOklahoma 2: Ed Edmondson (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Clem McSpadden (D)\nTennessee 7: Ray Blanton (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Ed Jones (D), who was redistricted\nTexas 2: John Dowdy (D), retired, succeeded by Charles Wilson (D)","title":"Incumbents retiring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth B. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_B._Andrews"},{"link_name":"William Louis Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Louis_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Illinois 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Roman C. Pucinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_C._Pucinski"},{"link_name":"Frank Annunzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Annunzio"},{"link_name":"Louisiana 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Patrick T. Caffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_T._Caffery"},{"link_name":"Dave Treen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Treen"},{"link_name":"Maine 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"William Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Mississippi 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Griffin"},{"link_name":"Thad Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Mississippi 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William M. Colmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Colmer"},{"link_name":"Trent Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Lott"},{"link_name":"South Dakota 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James Abourezk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"James Abdnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abdnor"},{"link_name":"Virginia 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Watkins Moorman Abbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Moorman_Abbitt"},{"link_name":"Robert Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Daniel"}],"sub_title":"Republican gains","text":"Alabama 2: Elizabeth B. Andrews (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by William Louis Dickinson (R)\nIllinois 11: Roman C. Pucinski (D), retired, succeeded by Frank Annunzio (D), who was redistricted\nLouisiana 3: Patrick T. Caffery (D), retired, succeeded by Dave Treen (R)\nMaine 2: William Hathaway (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by William Cohen (R)\nMississippi 4: Charles H. Griffin (D), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Thad Cochran (R)\nMississippi 5: William M. Colmer (D), retired, succeeded by Trent Lott (R)\nSouth Dakota 2: James Abourezk (D), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by James Abdnor (R)\nVirginia 4: Watkins Moorman Abbitt (D), retired, succeeded by Robert Daniel (R)","title":"Incumbents retiring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_20th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"H. Allen Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Allen_Smith_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Moorhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Moorhead"},{"link_name":"Idaho 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James A. McClure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._McClure"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Steve Symms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Symms"},{"link_name":"Illinois 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_15th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Cliffard D. Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffard_D._Carlson"},{"link_name":"Leslie C. Arends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends"},{"link_name":"Illinois 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_21st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William L. Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Springer"},{"link_name":"Edward Rell Madigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan"},{"link_name":"Missouri 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Durward Gorham Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durward_Gorham_Hall"},{"link_name":"Gene Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Taylor_(Missouri_politician)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Florence P. Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_P._Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Matthew John Rinaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_John_Rinaldo"},{"link_name":"New York 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_31st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pirnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pirnie"},{"link_name":"Donald J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"New York 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_33rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John H. Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Terry"},{"link_name":"William F. Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Walsh"},{"link_name":"North Carolina 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Jonas"},{"link_name":"James G. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Martin"},{"link_name":"Ohio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Moore McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Moore_McCulloch"},{"link_name":"Tennyson Guyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennyson_Guyer"},{"link_name":"Ohio 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Jackson Edward Betts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Edward_Betts"},{"link_name":"Walter E. Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Powell"},{"link_name":"Ohio 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Frank T. Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_T._Bow"},{"link_name":"Ralph Regula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Regula"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"J. Irving Whalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Irving_Whalley"},{"link_name":"John P. Saylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Saylor"},{"link_name":"Virginia 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William L. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Scott"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Stanford Parris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Parris"},{"link_name":"Washington 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelly"},{"link_name":"Joel Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Pritchard"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John W. Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Byrnes"},{"link_name":"Harold Vernon Froehlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Vernon_Froehlich"}],"sub_title":"Republican holds","text":"California 20: H. Allen Smith (R), retired, succeeded by Carlos Moorhead (R)\nIdaho 1: James A. McClure (R), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Steve Symms (R)\nIllinois 15: Cliffard D. Carlson (R), retired, succeeded by Leslie C. Arends (R), who was redistricted\nIllinois 21: William L. Springer (R), retired, succeeded by Edward Rell Madigan (R)\nMissouri 7: Durward Gorham Hall (R), retired, succeeded by Gene Taylor (R)\nNew Jersey 12: Florence P. Dwyer (R), retired, succeeded by Matthew John Rinaldo (R)\nNew York 31: Alexander Pirnie (R), redistricted and retired, succeeded by Donald J. Mitchell (R)\nNew York 33: John H. Terry (R), redistricted and retired, succeeded by William F. Walsh (R)\nNorth Carolina 9: Charles R. Jonas (R), retired, succeeded by James G. Martin (R)\nOhio 4: William Moore McCulloch (R), retired, succeeded by Tennyson Guyer (R)\nOhio 8: Jackson Edward Betts (R), retired, succeeded by Walter E. Powell (R), who was redistricted\nOhio 16: Frank T. Bow (R), retired, succeeded by Ralph Regula (R)\nPennsylvania 2: J. Irving Whalley (R), retired, succeeded by John P. Saylor (R), who was redistricted\nVirginia 8: William L. Scott (R), retired to run for U.S. senator, succeeded by Stanford Parris (R)\nWashington 1: Thomas Pelly (R), retired, succeeded by Joel Pritchard (R)\nWisconsin 8: John W. Byrnes (R), retired, succeeded by Harold Vernon Froehlich (R)","title":"Incumbents retiring"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Incumbents defeated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"George P. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Miller"},{"link_name":"California 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_39th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John G. Schmitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Schmitz"},{"link_name":"Colorado 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Wayne Aspinall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Aspinall"},{"link_name":"Georgia 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"George Elliott Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Elliott_Hagan"},{"link_name":"Michigan 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%27s_19th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Jack H. McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald"},{"link_name":"Nevada at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Walter S. Baring Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_S._Baring_Jr."},{"link_name":"New Jersey 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Edward Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Edward_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"New York 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_18th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Celler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Celler"},{"link_name":"New York 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_22nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James H. Scheuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Scheuer"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James A. Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Byrne"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_22nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Sheldrick Conover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sheldrick_Conover"},{"link_name":"South Carolina 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John L. McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McMillan"},{"link_name":"West Virginia 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James Kee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kee"}],"sub_title":"Incumbents defeated in primary","text":"California 8: George P. Miller (D)\nCalifornia 39: John G. Schmitz (R)\nColorado 4: Wayne Aspinall (D)\nGeorgia 1: George Elliott Hagan (D)\nMichigan 19: Jack H. McDonald (R)\nNevada at-large: Walter S. Baring Jr. (D)\nNew Jersey 13: Cornelius Edward Gallagher (D)\nNew York 18: Emanuel Celler (D)\nNew York 22: James H. Scheuer (D)\nPennsylvania 3: James A. Byrne (D)\nPennsylvania 22: William Sheldrick Conover (R)\nSouth Carolina 6: John L. McMillan (D)\nWest Virginia 4: James Kee (D)","title":"Incumbents defeated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Mike McKevitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McKevitt"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John S. Monagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Monagan"},{"link_name":"Illinois 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Abner J. Mikva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_J._Mikva"},{"link_name":"Indiana 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jacobs Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jacobs_Jr."},{"link_name":"Iowa 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Fred Schwengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Schwengel"},{"link_name":"Iowa 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Henry Kyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Kyl"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Louise Day Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Day_Hicks"},{"link_name":"New York 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_26th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John G. Dow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Dow"},{"link_name":"Tennessee 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anderson_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"Texas 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Earle Cabell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Cabell"},{"link_name":"Texas 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Graham B. Purcell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_B._Purcell_Jr."},{"link_name":"Utah 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Sherman P. Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_P._Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Alvin E. O'Konski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_E._O%27Konski"}],"sub_title":"Incumbents defeated in general election","text":"Colorado 1: Mike McKevitt (R)\nConnecticut 5: John S. Monagan (D)\nIllinois 10: Abner J. Mikva (D)\nIndiana 11: Andrew Jacobs Jr. (D)\nIowa 1: Fred Schwengel (R)\nIowa 4: John Henry Kyl (R)\nMassachusetts 9: Louise Day Hicks (D)\nNew York 26: John G. Dow (D)\nTennessee 6: William Anderson (D)\nTexas 5: Earle Cabell (D)\nTexas 13: Graham B. Purcell Jr. (D)\nUtah 2: Sherman P. Lloyd (R)\nWisconsin 7: Alvin E. O'Konski (R)","title":"Incumbents defeated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"3rd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama and 1972 United States Senate election in AlabamaAlabama was reapportioned from 8 to 7 seats and eliminated the old 3rd district, dividing it between the old 2nd and 4th and making compensating boundary changes elsewhere.[7]","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alaska"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska and 1972 United States Senate election in AlaskaIncumbent Nick Begich won re-election three weeks after having disappeared in a plane crash October 16; challenger Don Young would later win a March special election after Begich was declared dead on December 29.","title":"Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from ArizonaArizona was reapportioned from 3 seats to 4 and carved a new district in the Phoenix suburbs and the northeast from parts of the existing districts.[7]","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas and 1972 United States Senate election in Arkansas","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from CaliforniaCalifornia was reapportioned from 38 to 43 seats, adding one seat in the Bay Area, one in the Central Valley, and 3 in southern California;[7] three went to Democrats, two to Republicans. Despite a retirement and two lost renominations, both parties held their seats in this election, bringing the Democrats up from 20 seats to 23 and the Republicans up from 18 seats to 20.","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Colorado"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"5th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado and 1972 United States Senate election in ColoradoColorado was reapportioned from 4 to 5 seats, constructing a new 5th district east and south of Denver.[7]","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware and 1972 United States Senate election in Delaware","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from FloridaFlorida was reapportioned from 12 to 15 seats, adding a seat in central and two in south Florida.[7]","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate special election in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia, 1972 United States Senate election in Georgia, and 1972 United States Senate special election in Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Hawaii"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Hawaii","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Idaho"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho and 1972 United States Senate election in Idaho","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois and 1972 United States Senate election in Illinois","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"5th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"4th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa and 1972 United States Senate election in IowaIowa was reapportioned from 7 seats to 6, dividing the old 5th district around Des Moines between its neighbors. Its incumbent, Neal Smith, won again in the south-central Iowa 4th district.[7]","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas and 1972 United States Senate election in Kansas","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky and 1972 United States Senate election in Kentucky","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Edwin W. Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_W._Edwards"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Gillis Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_Long"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana and 1972 United States Senate election in LouisianaLouisiana stayed at eight house seats following the 1970 census, but the Eighth District's boundaries were radically altered. New governor Edwin W. Edwards ordered the district to take in territory far to the south and east of its traditional base of Alexandria, which included many African-American and progressive white voters. The change was largely regarded as an election deal between Edwards and former Rep. Gillis Long, who finished third in the Democratic Primary in the 1971 Louisiana Governor's Election. Long easily won back the Eighth District seat he lost in 1964.","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maine"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Maine and 1972 United States Senate election in Maine","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MarylandMaryland's redistricting eliminated a seat in Baltimore in favor of an additional seat in the DC suburbs.[7]","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1972_MA_House_Election_Results.svg"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts and 1972 United States Senate election in MassachusettsMassachusetts' Results","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan and 1972 United States Senate election in Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota and 1972 United States Senate election in Minnesota","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi and 1972 United States Senate election in Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Montana and 1972 United States Senate election in Montana","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska and 1972 United States Senate election in Nebraska","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nevada"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire and 1972 United States Senate election in New Hampshire","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey and 1972 United States Senate election in New Jersey","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico and 1972 United States Senate election in New Mexico","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New York","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina and 1972 United States Senate election in North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma and 1972 United States Senate election in Oklahoma","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oregon"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon and 1972 United States Senate election in Oregon","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island and 1972 United States Senate election in Rhode Island","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina and 1972 United States Senate election in South Carolina","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota and 1972 United States Senate election in South Dakota","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee and 1972 United States Senate election in Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Texas and 1972 United States Senate election in Texas","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Utah","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_West_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia and 1972 United States Senate election in West Virginia","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"1972 United States Senate election in Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wyoming"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming and 1972 United States Senate election in Wyoming","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"The non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives from the District of Columbia is elected for two-year terms, as are all other Representatives and Delegates minus the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, who is elected to a four-year term.","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District of Columbia's at-large congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Delegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Walter E. Fauntroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Fauntroy"},{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971_United_States_House_of_Representatives_special_election_in_the_District_of_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter E. Fauntroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Fauntroy"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Statehood Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._Statehood_Green_Party"}],"sub_title":"District of Columbia","text":"See also: District of Columbia's at-large congressional districtThe election for the Delegate from the District of Columbia featured winner Walter E. Fauntroy (D), who won his first re-election after winning the special election in the previous year.Walter E. Fauntroy, a Democrat, sought re-election for his second term to the United States House of Representatives. Fauntroy was opposed in this election by Republican challenger William Chin-Lee who received 25.12%, and Statehood Party candidate Charles I. Cassell who received 11.92%. This resulted in Fauntroy being elected with 60.64% of the vote.","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron de Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_de_Lugo"},{"link_name":"United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district"}],"sub_title":"United States Virgin Islands","text":"Democrat Ron de Lugo was elected as the first delegate from United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district defeating Republican Victor Scheider.","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Moakley_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Moakley_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Moakley_7-2"},{"link_name":"Joe Moakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Moakley"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moakley-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ a b c Joe Moakley was elected as an Independent Democrat, but before he took office changed his party affiliation to Democratic.\n\n^ There was 1 Independent Democrat[a]\n\n^ Reid was originally elected as a Republican. He switched parties in 1972.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":" House seats by party holding plurality in state 80+% Democratic 80+% Republican 60+ to 80% Democratic 60+ to 80% Republican up to 60% Democratic up to 60% Republican ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/93_us_house_membership.png/450px-93_us_house_membership.png"},{"image_text":" Change in seats 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3–5 Democratic gain 3–5 Republican gain 1–2 Democratic gain 1–2 Republican gain no net change ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/93_us_house_changes.png/450px-93_us_house_changes.png"},{"image_text":"Results shaded according to winners share of vote","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1972_House_Voteshare.svg/450px-1972_House_Voteshare.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Massachusetts' Results","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1972_MA_House_Election_Results.svg/220px-1972_MA_House_Election_Results.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"1972 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1972 United States gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"title":"1972 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"title":"92nd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"93rd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress"}]	[{"reference":"Solender, Andrew (September 1, 2022). \"Democrat Mary Peltola defeats Sarah Palin in Alaska special election\". Axios. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/2022/09/01/democrat-mary-peltola-wins-upset-in-alaska-special-election","url_text":"\"Democrat Mary Peltola defeats Sarah Palin in Alaska special election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish Follows Trend: Local Voters Support Nixon, Treen, Johnston\". The St. Charles Herald. Hahnville, Louisiana. November 9, 1972. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnville,_Louisiana","url_text":"Hahnville, Louisiana"}]},{"reference":"Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Prentice Hall College Div. ISBN 0-02-920170-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-920170-5","url_text":"0-02-920170-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Statistics, 1920 to Present \| US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\". History.house.gov. September 11, 2001. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/","url_text":"\"Election Statistics, 1920 to Present \| US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/","external_links_name":"\"Election Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/2022/09/01/democrat-mary-peltola-wins-upset-in-alaska-special-election","external_links_name":"\"Democrat Mary Peltola defeats Sarah Palin in Alaska special election\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=87","external_links_name":"IL - District 15 - History"},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=3151","external_links_name":"PA - District 27 - History"},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=458","external_links_name":"LA - District 07 - History"},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=17422","external_links_name":"Butler, M. Caldwell"},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electioninfo/1972election.pdf","external_links_name":"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972"},{"Link":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/","external_links_name":"\"Election Statistics, 1920 to Present \| US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Corver	Charles Corver	["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]	Dutch football referee (1936–2020) Charles Corver (1980) Charles George Reinier Corver (16 January 1936 – 10 November 2020) was a Dutch football referee. Career He was decorated twice by the Queen (Order of Orange-Nassau) and the football association (KNVB-UEFA-FIFA). He refereed the 1982 World Cup semifinal between Germany and France in Seville, Spain, when he deemed goalkeeper Harald Schumacher's collision with Patrick Battiston to be not a foul. Battiston remained unconscious for over a minute and sustained the loss of three teeth and a damaged vertebrae. This failure is often considered as one of the worst examples of poor refereeing decisions in football. Corver was referee at two World Cups and two European championships. He refereed four European Cup finals, ten semifinals and a final World Cup for clubs in Argentina. More than 140 international matches and more than 600 national matches. After his last final (1983) in Portugal he was observer for UEFA-FIFA and KNVB for 22 years and member of the disciplinary committee for sixteen years. His profession was national sales manager at Heineken. References ^ "Oud-topscheidsrechter Charles Corver (84) overleden". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "VIDÉO - France-RFA - Mondial 82 à Séville : l'arbitre Charles Corver revient sur son erreur". RTL.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ "World's worst refereeing decisions". BBC News. BBC. 5 January 2005. Retrieved 15 June 2024. Profile at weltfussball.de at the Wayback Machine (archived 18 May 2007) (in German) External links Charles Corver referee profile at WorldFootball.net Charles Corver referee profile at EU-Football.info Charles Corver at WorldReferee.com Preceded byEuropean Cup Final 1977 Robert Wurtz European Cup Referees Final 1978 Charles Corver Succeeded byEuropean Cup Final 1979 Erich Linemayr vteEuropean Cup and UEFA Champions League final refereesEuropean Cup era, 1955–19921950s 1956: Arthur Edward Ellis (ENG) 1957: Leo Horn (NED) 1958: Albert Alsteen (BEL) 1959: Albert Dusch (FRG) 1960s 1960: Jack Mowat (SCO) 1961: Gottfried Dienst (SUI) 1962: Leo Horn (NED) 1963: Arthur Holland (ENG) 1964: Josef Stoll (AUT) 1965: Gottfried Dienst (SUI) 1966: Rudolf Kreitlein (FRG) 1967: Kurt Tschenscher (FRG) 1968: Concetto Lo Bello (ITA) 1969: José María Ortiz de Mendíbil (ESP) 1970s 1970: Concetto Lo Bello (ITA) 1971: Jack Taylor (ENG) 1972: Robert Helles (FRA) 1973: Milivoje Gugulović (YUG) 1974: Vital Loraux (BEL) & Alfred Delcourt (BEL) 1975: Michel Kitabdjian (FRA) 1976: Károly Palotai (HUN) 1977: Robert Wurtz (FRA) 1978: Charles Corver (NED) 1979: Erich Linemayr (AUT) 1980s 1980: António Garrido (POR) 1981: Károly Palotai (HUN) 1982: Georges Konrath (FRA) 1983: Nicolae Rainea (ROU) 1984: Erik Fredriksson (SWE) 1985: André Daina (SUI) 1986: Michel Vautrot (FRA) 1987: Alexis Ponnet (BEL) 1988: Luigi Agnolin (ITA) 1989: Karl-Heinz Tritschler (FRG) 1990s 1990: Helmut Kohl (AUT) 1991: Tullio Lanese (ITA) 1992: Aron Schmidhuber (GER) UEFA Champions League era, 1992–present1990s 1993: Kurt Röthlisberger (SUI) 1994: Philip Don (ENG) 1995: Ion Crăciunescu (ROU) 1996: Manuel Díaz Vega (ESP) 1997: Sándor Puhl (HUN) 1998: Hellmut Krug (GER) 1999: Pierluigi Collina (ITA) 2000s 2000: Stefano Braschi (ITA) 2001: Dick Jol (NED) 2002: Urs Meier (SUI) 2003: Markus Merk (GER) 2004: Kim Milton Nielsen (DEN) 2005: Manuel Mejuto González (ESP) 2006: Terje Hauge (NOR) 2007: Herbert Fandel (GER) 2008: Ľuboš Micheľ (SVK) 2009: Massimo Busacca (SUI) 2010s 2010: Howard Webb (ENG) 2011: Viktor Kassai (HUN) 2012: Pedro Proença (POR) 2013: Nicola Rizzoli (ITA) 2014: Björn Kuipers (NED) 2015: Cüneyt Çakır (TUR) 2016: Mark Clattenburg (ENG) 2017: Felix Brych (GER) 2018: Milorad Mažić (SRB) 2019: Damir Skomina (SVN) 2020s 2020: Daniele Orsato (ITA) 2021: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (ESP) 2022: Clément Turpin (FRA) 2023: Szymon Marciniak (POL) 2024: Slavko Vinčić (SVN) vteReferees at UEFA Euro 1980 Heinz Aldinger (FRG) Charles Corver (NED) António Garrido (POR) Erich Linemayr (AUT) Brian McGinlay (SCO) Alberto Michelotti (ITA) Hilmi Ok (TUR) Károly Palotai (HUN) Pat Partridge (ENG) Adolf Prokop (GDR) Nicolae Rainea (ROU) Robert Wurtz (FRA) vteReferees at the 1982 FIFA World CupAFC Ibrahim Youssef Al-Doy Thomson Chan CAF Yousef El Ghoul Benjamin Dwomoh Belaïd Lacarne CONCACAF Rómulo Méndez Luis Paulino Siles David Socha CONMEBOL Gilberto Aristizábal Luis Barrancos Arnaldo Cézar Coelho Gastón Castro Juan Daniel Cardellino Arturo Ithurralde Enrique Labo Revoredo Héctor Ortiz Mario Rubio Vázquez OFC Tony Boskovic UEFA Charles Corver Vojtech Christov Augusto Lamo Castillo Paolo Casarin Bogdan Dochev Walter Eschweiler Erik Fredriksson António Garrido Bruno Galler Alojzy Jarguz Abraham Klein Henning Lund-Sørensen Damir Matovinović Malcolm Moffatt Károly Palotai Alexis Ponnet Adolf Prokop Nicolae Rainea Myroslav Stupar Bob Valentine Michel Vautrot Clive White Franz Wöhrer This biographical article relating to Dutch football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Corver_(1980).jpg"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Charles Corver (1980)Charles George Reinier Corver (16 January 1936 – 10 November 2020) was a Dutch football referee.[1]","title":"Charles Corver"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"KNVB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"1982 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"semifinal between Germany and France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_v_France_(1982_FIFA_World_Cup)"},{"link_name":"Seville, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Harald Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Patrick Battiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Battiston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Heineken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken"}],"text":"He was decorated twice by the Queen (Order of Orange-Nassau) and the football association (KNVB-UEFA-FIFA).He refereed the 1982 World Cup semifinal between Germany and France in Seville, Spain, when he deemed goalkeeper Harald Schumacher's collision with Patrick Battiston to be not a foul.[2]\nBattiston remained unconscious for over a minute and sustained the loss of three teeth and a damaged vertebrae.\nThis failure is often considered as one of the worst examples of poor refereeing decisions in football.[3]Corver was referee at two World Cups and two European championships. He refereed four European Cup finals, ten semifinals and a final World Cup for clubs in Argentina. More than 140 international matches and more than 600 national matches. After his last final (1983) in Portugal he was observer for UEFA-FIFA and KNVB for 22 years and member of the disciplinary committee for sixteen years. His profession was national sales manager at Heineken.","title":"Career"}]	[{"image_text":"Charles Corver (1980)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Charles_Corver_%281980%29.jpg/220px-Charles_Corver_%281980%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Oud-topscheidsrechter Charles Corver (84) overleden\". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Record_Society	Scottish Record Society	["1 Publications","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Text publication society The Scottish Record Society is a text publication society founded at Edinburgh in 1897, but with earlier roots as the Scottish section of the British Record Society (founded 1889). Since its establishment it has published numerous volumes of calendars and indices of public records, private muniments and original manuscripts relating to Scotland and Scottish affairs. It is a registered Scottish charity. Membership of the Society is open to all persons and institutions interested in its work. There is a governing council which manages the affairs of the society. George MacKenzie, former Keeper of the Records of Scotland and Registrar General, is President. The Chairman is Tristram Clarke. The Honorary Treasurer is Tessa Spencer. The Honorary Secretary is Samantha Smart. During its first decade the Society concentrated on transcribing and publishing detailed indices of testaments (wills) proved in Scottish Commissariot Courts. Publications The volumes of records produced by the SRS are part of a deep "empirical tradition" in Scottish historiography. Details of the Old Series, New Series, and Electronic Series publications may be found on the Society website. Recent volumes include: Watt, D. E. R., & Murray, A. L., eds, Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae Medii Aevi Ad Annum 1638, revised edition, 2003, ISBN 0-902054-19-8 Shaw, D., ed., The Acts and Proceedings of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland 1560 to 1618, 2004, 3 vols., ISSN 0143-9448 Fotheringham, Henry Steuart, ed., Munro, Jean, transcriber, Edinburgh Goldsmith's Minutes 1525–1700, 2006, ISSN 0143-9448 Stewart, A. I. B., List of Inhabitants upon the Duke of Argyle's Property in Kintyre in 1792 ISBN 0-902054-12-0 Torrance, D. Richard, Scottish Studio Photographers to 1914 & Workers in the Scottish Photographic Industry, 2011, 2 vols., ISSN 0143-9448 Fotheringham, Henry S., ed., Munro, Jean, transcriber, Act Book of the Convenery of Deacons of the Trades of Edinburgh 1577–1755, 2011 (for 2012) 2 vols., ISSN 0143-9448 John Finlay, ed., Admission Register of Notaries Public in Scotland, 1700–1799, 2 vols., ISSN 0143-9448 See also Scottish History Society The Scottish Records Association website References ^ "OSCR \| Charity Details". www.oscr.org.uk. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Carruthers, Gerard; MacDonald, Catriona M. M. (2013). "Fictive Pasts and Past Fictions". Scottish Historical Review. 92 (234): 137–166. doi:10.3366/shr.2013.0171. JSTOR 43773987. ^ "Publications". Scottish Record Society. External links Scottish Record Society website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States This article about an organisation in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"text publication society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_publication_society"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"British Record Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Record_Society"},{"link_name":"calendars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(archives)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Scottish Record Society is a text publication society founded at Edinburgh in 1897, but with earlier roots as the Scottish section of the British Record Society (founded 1889). Since its establishment it has published numerous volumes of calendars and indices of public records, private muniments and original manuscripts relating to Scotland and Scottish affairs. It is a registered Scottish charity.[1]Membership of the Society is open to all persons and institutions interested in its work. There is a governing council which manages the affairs of the society. George MacKenzie, former Keeper of the Records of Scotland and Registrar General, is President. The Chairman is Tristram Clarke. The Honorary Treasurer is Tessa Spencer. The Honorary Secretary is Samantha Smart.During its first decade the Society concentrated on transcribing and publishing detailed indices of testaments (wills) proved in Scottish Commissariot Courts.[2]","title":"Scottish Record Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-902054-19-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902054-19-8"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0143-9448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-9448"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0143-9448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-9448"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-902054-12-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902054-12-0"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0143-9448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-9448"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0143-9448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-9448"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0143-9448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-9448"}],"text":"The volumes of records produced by the SRS are part of a deep \"empirical tradition\" in Scottish historiography.[3] Details of the Old Series, New Series, and Electronic Series publications may be found on the Society website.[4] Recent volumes include:Watt, D. E. R., & Murray, A. L., eds, Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae Medii Aevi Ad Annum 1638, revised edition, 2003, ISBN 0-902054-19-8\nShaw, D., ed., The Acts and Proceedings of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland 1560 to 1618, 2004, 3 vols., ISSN 0143-9448\nFotheringham, Henry Steuart, ed., Munro, Jean, transcriber, Edinburgh Goldsmith's Minutes 1525–1700, 2006, ISSN 0143-9448\nStewart, A. I. B., List of Inhabitants upon the Duke of Argyle's Property in Kintyre in 1792 ISBN 0-902054-12-0\nTorrance, D. Richard, Scottish Studio Photographers to 1914 & Workers in the Scottish Photographic Industry, 2011, 2 vols., ISSN 0143-9448\nFotheringham, Henry S., ed., Munro, Jean, transcriber, Act Book of the Convenery of Deacons of the Trades of Edinburgh 1577–1755, 2011 (for 2012) 2 vols., ISSN 0143-9448\nJohn Finlay, ed., Admission Register of Notaries Public in Scotland, 1700–1799, 2 vols., ISSN 0143-9448","title":"Publications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Scottish History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_History_Society"},{"title":"The Scottish Records Association website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scottishrecordsassociation.org/about-us"}]	[{"reference":"\"OSCR \| Charity Details\". www.oscr.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscr.org.uk/about-charities/search-the-register/charity-details?number=sc032276","url_text":"\"OSCR \| Charity Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Freight_Railway_Company	Japan Freight Railway Company	["1 Economics","2 Lines","3 Rolling stock","3.1 Diesel locomotives","3.2 Electric locomotives","3.3 Electric multiple units","3.4 Former rolling stock","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Japanese railway company Japan Freight Railway CompanyNative name日本貨物鉄道株式会社Romanized nameNippon Kamotsu Tetsudō kabushiki gaishaCompany typeState-owned KKPredecessorJapanese National Railways (JNR)FoundedApril 1, 1987; 37 years ago (1987-04-01)(privatization of JNR)Headquarters5-33-8, Sendagaya, Shibuya, Tokyo, JapanServicesfreight services other related servicesOwnerJapan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency (100%)Number of employees5,472 (as of April 1, 2021)Websitewww.jrfreight.co.jp/en The unique 12-foot (3.7 m) intermodal container used by JR Freight Japan Freight Railway Company (日本貨物鉄道株式会社, Nippon Kamotsu Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), or JR Freight (JR貨物, Jeiāru Kamotsu), is one of the seven constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It provides transportation of cargo nationwide throughout Japan. Its headquarters are in Shibuya, Tokyo near Shinjuku Station. The Japan Railways Group was founded on 1 April 1987, when Japanese National Railways (JNR) was privatized. Japanese National Railways was divided into six regional passenger rail companies and a single freight railway company, Japan Freight Railway Company. The company has only about 50 kilometers (31 mi) of track of its own, and therefore operates on track owned by the six JR passenger railways as well as other companies which provide rail transport in Japan. Economics In 2017, only about 5% of all freight in Japan is carried by rail but nearly all of that, 99%, is carried by JR Freight. Trucks carry about 50% and ships about 44%. JR Freight has seen its share of the freight market gradually decrease since 1993. In the 2010s JR Freight has been carrying more freight because of the decrease in the number of available truck drivers due to age as well as government policy to reduce carbon dioxide. JR Freight has run a deficit for many years. Lines Umeda Freight Terminal in Osaka in June 2011 While major part of the operation of JR Freight is on the tracks owned and maintained by other JR companies, JR Freight owns the railway lines (as Category-1 railway business) as follows: Line Endpoints Locale(Prefecture) Distance(km) Hokuriku Main Line Tsuruga Station - Tsuruga-Minato Freight Terminal Fukui 2.7 Kagoshima Main Line Mojikō Station - Sotohama Freight Terminal Fukuoka 0.9 Chihaya Yard - Fukuoka Freight Terminal Fukuoka 2.2 Kansai Main Line Yokkaichi Station - Shiohama Station Mie 3.3 Hirano Station - Kudara Freight Terminal Osaka 1.4 Nippō Main Line Obase-Nishikōdai-mae Station - Kandakō Freight Terminal Fukuoka 4.6 Ōu Main Line Tsuchizaki Station - Akitakō Freight Terminal Akita 1.8 Senseki Line Rikuzen-Yamashita Station - Ishinomakikō Freight Terminal Miyagi 1.8 Shin'etsu Main Line Kami-Nuttari Junction - Nuttari Freight Terminal Niigata 1.8 Kami-Nuttari Junction - Higashi-Niigatakō Freight Terminal Niigata 3.8 Shinminato Line Nōmachi Station - Takaoka Freight Terminal Toyama 1.9 Tohoku Main Line Tabata Freight Terminal - Kita-Ōji Freight Terminal Tokyo 4.0 Tōkaidō Main Line Sannō Junction - Nagoya-Minato Freight Terminal Aichi 6.2 Suita Freight Terminal - Osaka Freight Terminal Osaka 8.7 Uetsu Main Line Sakata Station - Sakatakō Freight Terminal Yamagata 2.7 Rolling stock As of 1 March 2017, JR Freight owns and operates the following rolling stock, with most of the newer motive stock being exclusively built by Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions: Diesel locomotives JNR Class DE10 B-C diesel-hydraulic locomotives JNR Class DE11 B-C diesel-hydraulic locomotives JR Freight Class DB500 B diesel-hydraulic locomotive JR Freight Class DD200 Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives JR Freight Class DF200 Bo-Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives JR Freight Class HD300 Bo-Bo, hybrid diesel-battery locomotives A Class DE10-1500 diesel-hydraulic locomotive in December 2009 A Class DE11-2000 diesel-hydraulic locomotive in January 2011 A Class DD200 diesel-electric locomotive in April 2020 A Class DF200-100 diesel-electric locomotive in October 2011 A Class HD300 hybrid diesel-battery locomotive in May 2013 Electric locomotives JNR Class EF64 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives JNR Class EF65 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives JNR Class EF66 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives JNR Class EF67 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives JNR Class ED76 Bo-2-Bo AC electric locomotives JNR Class EF81 Bo-Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives JR Freight Class EF210 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives JR Freight Class EH200 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives JR Freight Class EF510 Bo-Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives JR Freight Class EH500 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives JR Freight Class EH800 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives A Class EF64-1000 DC electric locomotive in July 2005 A Class EF65-2000 DC electric locomotive in February 2021 A Class EF66-100 DC electric locomotive in January 2006 A Class EF67-100 DC electric locomotive in August 2009 A Class ED76-1000 AC electric locomotive in March 2007 A Class EF81-450 AC electric locomotive in February 2008 A Class EF210-100 DC electric locomotive in June 2009 A Class EH200 DC electric locomotive in June 2007 A Class EF510 AC/DC electric locomotive in August 2009 A Class EH500 AC/DC electric locomotive in December 2020 A Class EH800 AC electric locomotive in July 2016 Electric multiple units M250 series freight EMU An M250 series freight EMU in June 2007 Former rolling stock JNR Class ED62 Bo-1-Bo DC electric locomotives JNR Class ED75 Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives JNR Class ED79 Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives JR Freight Class EF200 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives JNR Class DD51 B-2-B diesel-hydraulic locomotives A Class ED62 electric locomotive in May 2007 A Class ED75-1000 electric locomotive in March 2007 A pair of Class ED79 electric locomotives in June 2013 A Class EF200 DC electric locomotive in August 1992 A Class DD51 diesel-hydraulic locomotive in August 2007 See also Tokyo portalCompanies portal Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification References ^ a b Japan Freight Railway Company. "Corporate Overview". Retrieved October 21, 2021. ^ a b c "Japan firms shifting to trains to move freight amid dearth of new truckers". The Japan Times Online. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ WISETJINDAWAT, W.; et al. (2015). "Rare Mode Choice in Freight Transport: Modal Shift from Road to Rail". Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. 11: 774–787. doi:10.11175/easts.11.774. ^ JR貨物機関車配置表 . Tetsudo Daiya Joho Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 46, no. 400. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. August 2017. p. 42. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to JR Freight. Official website vte Japan Railways Group Predecessors Ministry of Industry Cabinet Home Ministry Ministry of Communications Ministry of Railways Ministry of Transport and Communications Ministry of Transport Japanese National Railways Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation JNR Settlement Corporation Passenger Railway Companies JR Hokkaido JR East JR Central JR West JR Shikoku JR Kyushu JR Bus Companies JR Hokkaido Bus JR Bus TohokuJR Bus Kanto JR Bustech JR Tokai Bus West JR Bus West Japan JR Bus Service Chugoku JR Bus Hikari Guru Rin Bus JR Shikoku Bus JR Kyushu Bus Smart cards Kitaca Suica Mobile Suica TOICA EX-IC ICOCA ICOCA (SHIKOKU ICOCA) SUGOCA Shinkansen lines Hokkaido Shinkansen Tōhoku ShinkansenJōetsu ShinkansenHokuriku Shinkansen Tokaido ShinkansenChūō Shinkansen San'yō ShinkansenHokuriku Shinkansen Shikoku Shinkansen (proposed) Kyushu ShinkansenNishi Kyushu Shinkansen Railway museums Hokkaido Railway Technology Museum Railway MuseumOme Railway Park SCMaglev and Railway Park Kyoto Railway MuseumTsuyama Railroad Educational Museum Shikoku Railway Cultural Center Kyushu Railway History Museum Rolling stock manufacturers - Japan Transport Engineering Company(J-TREC) Nippon Sharyo Kinki Sharyo (partner) - - International operations - West Midlands Trains (14.95%) - - - - Other organizations JR Freight Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) Railway Information Systems (JR Systems) Railway Telecommunication ↓ SoftBank Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency (JRTT) Related topics MARS (ticket reservation system) National Railway Workers' Union Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions Japan Railway Trade Unions Confederation All Japan Construction, Transport and General Workers' Union Sankei Children's Book Award Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Japan Korea Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg"},{"link_name":"intermodal container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"Japan Railways Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railways_Group"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Shibuya, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"passenger rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_rail"},{"link_name":"freight railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_railway"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks"},{"link_name":"rail transport in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan"}],"text":"The unique 12-foot (3.7 m) intermodal container used by JR FreightJapan Freight Railway Company (日本貨物鉄道株式会社, Nippon Kamotsu Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), or JR Freight (JR貨物, Jeiāru Kamotsu), is one of the seven constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It provides transportation of cargo nationwide throughout Japan. Its headquarters are in Shibuya, Tokyo near Shinjuku Station.[1]The Japan Railways Group was founded on 1 April 1987, when Japanese National Railways (JNR) was privatized. Japanese National Railways was divided into six regional passenger rail companies and a single freight railway company, Japan Freight Railway Company.The company has only about 50 kilometers (31 mi) of track of its own, and therefore operates on track owned by the six JR passenger railways as well as other companies which provide rail transport in Japan.","title":"Japan Freight Railway Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JapanTimesJan2017-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JapanTimesJan2017-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JapanTimesJan2017-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2017, only about 5% of all freight in Japan is carried by rail but nearly all of that, 99%, is carried by JR Freight.[2] Trucks carry about 50% and ships about 44%.[2] JR Freight has seen its share of the freight market gradually decrease since 1993.[citation needed] In the 2010s JR Freight has been carrying more freight because of the decrease in the number of available truck drivers due to age as well as government policy to reduce carbon dioxide.[2] JR Freight has run a deficit for many years.[3]","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR-Freight_Umeda_st.002.JPG"}],"text":"Umeda Freight Terminal in Osaka in June 2011While major part of the operation of JR Freight is on the tracks owned and maintained by other JR companies, JR Freight owns the railway lines (as Category-1 railway business) as follows:","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_Freight_Railway_Company&action=edit"},{"link_name":"rolling stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_car"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj400-4"},{"link_name":"Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"}],"text":"As of 1 March 2017[update], JR Freight owns and operates the following rolling stock,[4] with most of the newer motive stock being exclusively built by Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions:","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JNR Class DE10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_DE10"},{"link_name":"JNR Class DE11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_DE11"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class DB500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_DB500"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class DD200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_DD200"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class DF200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_DF200"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class HD300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_HD300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE10_1727.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRF-DE11-2001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DD200-5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freight_DF200_105.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRF-HD300-901-00.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Diesel locomotives","text":"JNR Class DE10 B-C diesel-hydraulic locomotives\nJNR Class DE11 B-C diesel-hydraulic locomotives\nJR Freight Class DB500 B diesel-hydraulic locomotive\nJR Freight Class DD200 Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class DF200 Bo-Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class HD300 Bo-Bo, hybrid diesel-battery locomotivesA Class DE10-1500 diesel-hydraulic locomotive in December 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class DE11-2000 diesel-hydraulic locomotive in January 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class DD200 diesel-electric locomotive in April 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class DF200-100 diesel-electric locomotive in October 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class HD300 hybrid diesel-battery locomotive in May 2013","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JNR Class EF64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_EF64"},{"link_name":"JNR Class EF65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_EF65"},{"link_name":"JNR Class EF66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_EF66"},{"link_name":"JNR Class EF67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_EF67"},{"link_name":"JNR Class ED76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_ED76"},{"link_name":"JNR Class EF81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_EF81"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class EF210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_EF210"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class EH200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_EH200"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class EF510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_EF510"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class EH500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_EH500"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class EH800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_EH800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_EF64_1022_20050722.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EF65-2065.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRF_EF66_123.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_EF67-104.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_ED76_1016_20070322.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_electric_locomotive_EF81_454_20080223.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRF_EF210-134.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_EH200_of_JR_Freight.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRF_EF510-1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EH500-33.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EH800-2_3065_Moheji_20160717_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Electric locomotives","text":"JNR Class EF64 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJNR Class EF65 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJNR Class EF66 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJNR Class EF67 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJNR Class ED76 Bo-2-Bo AC electric locomotives\nJNR Class EF81 Bo-Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class EF210 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class EH200 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class EF510 Bo-Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class EH500 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class EH800 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo AC electric locomotivesA Class EF64-1000 DC electric locomotive in July 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EF65-2000 DC electric locomotive in February 2021\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EF66-100 DC electric locomotive in January 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EF67-100 DC electric locomotive in August 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class ED76-1000 AC electric locomotive in March 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EF81-450 AC electric locomotive in February 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EF210-100 DC electric locomotive in June 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EH200 DC electric locomotive in June 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EF510 AC/DC electric locomotive in August 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EH500 AC/DC electric locomotive in December 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EH800 AC electric locomotive in July 2016","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M250 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M250_series"},{"link_name":"EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_M250_of_JR_Freight.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Electric multiple units","text":"M250 series freight EMUAn M250 series freight EMU in June 2007","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JNR Class ED62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_ED62"},{"link_name":"JNR Class ED75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_ED75"},{"link_name":"JNR Class ED79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_ED79"},{"link_name":"JR Freight Class EF200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight_Class_EF200"},{"link_name":"JNR Class DD51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_DD51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ED62_17_Omiya_Works_20070526.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_ED75_1017_20070325.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ED79_55_51_20130621.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1992-8-23-ef200-4.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRF_DD51_1803_20070812.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Former rolling stock","text":"JNR Class ED62 Bo-1-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJNR Class ED75 Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives\nJNR Class ED79 Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives\nJR Freight Class EF200 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives\nJNR Class DD51 B-2-B diesel-hydraulic locomotivesA Class ED62 electric locomotive in May 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class ED75-1000 electric locomotive in March 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA pair of Class ED79 electric locomotives in June 2013\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class EF200 DC electric locomotive in August 1992\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Class DD51 diesel-hydraulic locomotive in August 2007","title":"Rolling stock"}]	[{"image_text":"The unique 12-foot (3.7 m) intermodal container used by JR Freight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg/220px-JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Umeda Freight Terminal in Osaka in June 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/JR-Freight_Umeda_st.002.JPG/220px-JR-Freight_Umeda_st.002.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Tokyo portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tokyo"},{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railways_locomotive_numbering_and_classification"}]	[{"reference":"Japan Freight Railway Company. \"Corporate Overview\". Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jrfreight.co.jp/en/corporate-overview","url_text":"\"Corporate Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan firms shifting to trains to move freight amid dearth of new truckers\". The Japan Times Online. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/17/business/corporate-business/japan-firms-shifting-trains-move-freight-amid-dearth-new-truckers","url_text":"\"Japan firms shifting to trains to move freight amid dearth of new truckers\""}]},{"reference":"WISETJINDAWAT, W.; et al. (2015). \"Rare Mode Choice in Freight Transport: Modal Shift from Road to Rail\". Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. 11: 774–787. doi:10.11175/easts.11.774.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11175%2Feasts.11.774","url_text":"10.11175/easts.11.774"}]},{"reference":"JR貨物機関車配置表 [JR Freight locomotive allocation list]. Tetsudo Daiya Joho Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 46, no. 400. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. August 2017. p. 42.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_Freight_Railway_Company&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.jrfreight.co.jp/en","external_links_name":"www.jrfreight.co.jp/en"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_Freight_Railway_Company&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.jrfreight.co.jp/en/corporate-overview","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/17/business/corporate-business/japan-firms-shifting-trains-move-freight-amid-dearth-new-truckers","external_links_name":"\"Japan firms shifting to trains to move freight amid dearth of new truckers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11175%2Feasts.11.774","external_links_name":"10.11175/easts.11.774"},{"Link":"https://www.jrfreight.co.jp/en","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133980186","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93015830","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00342266","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201800276","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02506259?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbbe	Heinrich Lübbe	["1 Citations","2 Bibliography"]	German engineer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Heinrich Lübbe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Heinrich Lübbe (German pronunciation: ; 12 January 1884 in Nienburg, Province of Hanover – 14 March 1940 in Berlin) was a German engineer working for Dutch aircraft designer Anthony Fokker during the First World War. He devised the pioneering Stangensteuerung gun synchronizer which enabled a machine gun to fire through the arc of a fighter aircraft's propeller without the bullets striking the propeller's blades. It was first fitted to Leutnant Otto Parschau's Fokker A.III bearing IdFlieg military serial number A.16/15 in the late spring of 1915, to create the prototype of the entire line of Fokker Eindecker single-seat fighters to come. In late 1925 Lübbe invested 135,000 Reichmarks in the Rostok branch of the wartime Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen company which had been renamed Arado Flugzeugwerke earlier that year. Historian Volker Koos believes that Lübbe or some of the other investors probably served as straw men for the Reich Ministry of Transport which kept the company alive with small orders until 1933. His refusal to join the Nazi Party in 1936 led to his removal when Arado was nationalized. Citations ^ Koos, pp. 13–17 Bibliography Loos, Volkner (2021). Arado Flugzeugwerke: Aircraft and Development History. n.p.: Fonthill. ISBN 978-1-78155-671-9. This biographical article related to the military of Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This German engineer, inventor or industrial designer biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈlʏbə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Nienburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienburg,_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Province of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Anthony Fokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fokker"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"gun synchronizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear#Fokker's_Synchronizer_and_other_German_gears"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"Otto Parschau's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Parschau"},{"link_name":"Fokker A.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_M.5"},{"link_name":"IdFlieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IdFlieg"},{"link_name":"Fokker Eindecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Eindecker"},{"link_name":"Reichmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugzeugbau_Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"Arado Flugzeugwerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"straw men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man_(law)"},{"link_name":"Reich Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"nationalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalized"}],"text":"Heinrich Lübbe (German pronunciation: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈlʏbə]; 12 January 1884 in Nienburg, Province of Hanover – 14 March 1940 in Berlin) was a German engineer working for Dutch aircraft designer Anthony Fokker during the First World War. He devised the pioneering Stangensteuerung gun synchronizer which enabled a machine gun to fire through the arc of a fighter aircraft's propeller without the bullets striking the propeller's blades. It was first fitted to Leutnant Otto Parschau's Fokker A.III bearing IdFlieg military serial number A.16/15 in the late spring of 1915, to create the prototype of the entire line of Fokker Eindecker single-seat fighters to come.In late 1925 Lübbe invested 135,000 Reichmarks in the Rostok branch of the wartime Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen company which had been renamed Arado Flugzeugwerke earlier that year. Historian Volker Koos believes that Lübbe or some of the other investors probably served as straw men for the Reich Ministry of Transport which kept the company alive with small orders until 1933.[1] His refusal to join the Nazi Party in 1936 led to his removal when Arado was nationalized.","title":"Heinrich Lübbe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Koos, pp. 13–17","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78155-671-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-671-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelm_II_of_Germany.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_L%C3%BCbbe&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-mil-bio-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engineering.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_L%C3%BCbbe&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-engineer-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-engineer-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-engineer-stub"}],"text":"Loos, Volkner (2021). Arado Flugzeugwerke: Aircraft and Development History. n.p.: Fonthill. ISBN 978-1-78155-671-9.This biographical article related to the military of Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis German engineer, inventor or industrial designer biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Loos, Volkner (2021). Arado Flugzeugwerke: Aircraft and Development History. n.p.: Fonthill. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixisol	Lixisol	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	Lixisols are a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). They are soils with subsurface accumulation of low activity clays and high base saturation. They develop under intensive tropical weathering conditions and subhumid to semi-arid climate. Soil profile of a Lixisol See also Soil type References ^ IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). "World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition" (PDF). International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna. ^ Zonale Böden der Tropen und Subtropen. Skript Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Further reading W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 9.3.1. ISBN 978-3-540-30460-9 External links profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils vteSoil classificationWorld Reference Base for Soil Resources (1998–) Acrisols Alisols Andosols Anthrosols Arenosols Calcisols Cambisols Chernozem Cryosols Durisols Ferralsols Fluvisols Gleysols Gypsisols Histosol Kastanozems Leptosols Lixisols Luvisols Nitisols Phaeozems Planosols Plinthosols Podzols Regosols Retisols Solonchaks Solonetz Stagnosol Technosols Umbrisols Vertisols USDA soil taxonomy Alfisols Andisols Aridisols Entisols Gelisols Histosols Inceptisols Mollisols Oxisols Spodosols Ultisols Vertisols Other systems FAO soil classification (1974–1998) Unified Soil Classification System AASHTO Soil Classification System Référentiel pédologique (French classification system) Canadian system of soil classification Australian Soil Classification Polish Soil Classification 1938 USDA soil taxonomy List of U.S. state soils List of vineyard soil types Non-systematic soil types Sand Silt Clay Loam Topsoil Subsoil Soil crust Claypan Hardpan Gypcrust Caliche Parent material Pedosphere Laimosphere Rhizosphere Bulk soil Alkali soil Bay mud Blue goo Brickearth Brown earth Calcareous grassland Dark earth Dry quicksand Duplex soil Eluvium Expansive clay Fill dirt Fuller's earth Hydrophobic soil Loess Lunar soil Martian soil Mud Muskeg Paleosol Peat Prime farmland Serpentine soil Spodic soil Stagnogley Subaqueous soil Takir Terra preta Terra rossa Tropical peat Yedoma Types of soil	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferric_Lixisol.JPG"}],"text":"Soil profile of a Lixisol","title":"Lixisol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-30460-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30460-9"}],"text":"W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 9.3.1. ISBN 978-3-540-30460-9","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Soil profile of a Lixisol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ferric_Lixisol.JPG/220px-Ferric_Lixisol.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Soil type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_type"}]	[{"reference":"IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). \"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition\" (PDF). International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrb.isric.org/files/WRB_fourth_edition_2022-12-18.pdf","url_text":"\"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://wrb.isric.org/files/WRB_fourth_edition_2022-12-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition\""},{"Link":"http://www.markusengelhardt.com/skripte/geographie/08bobuscript_zonaleboedentropen.pdf","external_links_name":"Zonale Böden der Tropen und Subtropen. Skript Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Universität Karlsruhe (TH)"},{"Link":"https://wrb.isric.org/picture-gallery/","external_links_name":"profile photos (with classification)"},{"Link":"https://www.iuss.org/index.php?article_id=73%7Ctitle=IUSS","external_links_name":"profile photos (with classification)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Anville_Secondary_School	Mount Anville Secondary School	["1 Grounds","2 Notable alumnae","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°17′36″N 6°13′20″W / 53.2933°N 6.2223°W / 53.2933; -6.2223Private all-girls post-primary school in Goatstown, Ireland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mount Anville Secondary School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mount Anville Secondary School is a Roman Catholic, voluntary all-girls post-primary school in Goatstown, a suburb of Dublin, in Ireland. It was originally an all-boarding school, but due to decreased demand for such schools has since become a day school. It has approximately 659 students, and is attached to Mount Anville Montessori Junior School and Mount Anville Convent. It was established in 1853 by nuns of the Society of the Sacred Heart in the former home of William Dargan, an influential railway tycoon. In 1967, the community and school of the Sacred Heart at 18 Lower Leeson Street were subsumed by the school which had earlier moved from Harcourt Street in 1879. Mount Anville was once situated in north Dublin. Grounds The school has its own chapel, featuring a stained-glass window by Irish artist Harry Clarke. The school also has sporting facilities, including a large sports hall, three astroturf playing pitches and tennis courts. Notable alumnae President Mary Robinson, Mount Anville past pupil See also: Category:People educated at Mount Anville Secondary School Lisa Cannon, television presenter Caroline Casey, social entrepreneur Catherine Day, secretary general of the European Commission Alison Doody, actress Sheila Humphreys, political activist Kathleen MacMahon, journalist and novelist Emma Madigan, current Ambassador of Ireland to the Holy See Josepha Madigan, Irish politician, Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht Sybil Mulcahy, journalist Samantha Power, 28th US Ambassador to the United Nations (attended Mount Anville Montessori) Mary Robinson, the 7th (and first female) President of Ireland, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002) Veronica Ryan, founder of the first Irish Montessori school Maria McCambridge, Olympic athlete. See also List of Schools of the Sacred Heart References ^ "Society of the Sacred Heart, Harcourt Street – Leeson". Irish Archives Resource. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "SACRED HEART CONVENT LEESON STREET – 75000 pictures". edwindavison.com. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ a b c d e f g O'Brien, Tim (19 October 2013). "Famous Mount Anville alumni return to celebrate 160 years". The Irish Times. ^ a b c "Mount Anville hands over control". Irish Times. 7 April 2007. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. ^ "Mount Meriion". Irish Times. 7 April 2007. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2010. External links Mount Anville Website Network of Sacred Heart Schools 53°17′36″N 6°13′20″W / 53.2933°N 6.2223°W / 53.2933; -6.2223 vteSchools and colleges in County DublinPrimary CBS Eblana CBC Monkstown John Scottus School Kildare Place National School Lycée Français International Nord Anglia St Kilian's German School Secondary Alexandra College Ardscoil La Salle Ardscoil Rís Belvedere College Blackrock College Castleknock College Castleknock Community College Catholic University School CBC Monkstown Chanel College Clonkeen College Coláiste Éanna Coláiste Eoin Coláiste Íosagáin Coláiste Mhuire Coláiste Phádraig Coolmine Community School De La Salle College Dominican College Drimnagh Castle School Gaelcholáiste Reachrann Gonzaga College Greendale Community School High School Dublin Holy Child Killiney Institute of Education King's Hospital Kylemore College Loreto Dalkey Loreto Foxrock Loreto Swords Lycée Français International Malahide Community School Manor House School Marian College Maryfield College Mercy College Mount Anville Mount Temple Moyle Park College Muckross Park College Newpark Comprehensive School Nord Anglia Oatlands College O'Connell School Portmarnock Community School Pobalscoil Iosolde Pobalscoil Neasáin Rockbrook Park School Sancta Maria College St Columba's College Sandford Park School Sandymount High School St. Aidan's CBS St Andrew's College St Benildus College St Conleth's College St. Fintan's High School St Joseph's, Fairview St Kevin's CBS St Kilian's German School St Mac Dara's Community College St Mary's College St Michael's College St Paul's College St. Vincent's CBS Synge Street CBS Templeogue College Terenure College Wesley College Tertiary Ballyfermot College of Further Education Beaumont Hospital Blackrock Further Education Institute Coláiste na hÉireann Collinstown Park Community College Connolly Hospital Dublin City University Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology Eye and Ear Hospital Inchicore College of Further Education Institute of Public Administration Kilroy's College King's Inns Liberties College Marino Institute of Education Mater Misericordiae University Hospital National College of Art and Design National College of Ireland National Performing Arts School Ringsend Technical Institute Royal College of Science Royal College of Surgeons St. James's Hospital St. Vincent's University Hospital Tallaght University Hospital Technological University Dublin Trinity College Dublin (University of Dublin) University College Dublin vteFee-paying secondary schools in the Republic of IrelandConnacht Garbally College Sligo Grammar School Yeats College Dublin Alexandra College Ashfield College Belvedere College Blackrock College Castleknock College Catholic University School C.B.C. Monkstown Gonzaga College The High School Holy Child Killiney Institute of Education John Scottus School The King's Hospital Loreto Abbey, Dalkey Loreto College, Foxrock Lycée Français International Samuel Beckett Mount Anville Secondary School Nord Anglia Notre Dames Des Missions (closed) Rathdown School Rockbrook Park School St Andrew's College St Columba's College St Conleth's College St Kilian's German School St Mary's College St Michael's College Sandford Park School Stratford College Sutton Park School Terenure College Wesley College St Gerard's School Leinster Cistercian College, Roscrea Clongowes Wood College Drogheda Grammar School Dundalk Grammar School Newbridge College Wilson's Hospital School Munster Bandon Grammar School Christian Brothers College, Cork Glenstal Abbey School Midleton College Newtown School, Waterford Presentation Brothers College, Cork Rockwell College Scoil Mhuire, Cork Villiers School Ulster Monaghan Collegiate School Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Goatstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatstown"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_(state)"},{"link_name":"Society of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"William Dargan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dargan"},{"link_name":"Leeson Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeson_Street"},{"link_name":"Harcourt Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Private all-girls post-primary school in Goatstown, IrelandMount Anville Secondary School is a Roman Catholic, voluntary all-girls post-primary school in Goatstown, a suburb of Dublin, in Ireland. It was originally an all-boarding school, but due to decreased demand for such schools has since become a day school. It has approximately 659 students, and is attached to Mount Anville Montessori Junior School and Mount Anville Convent.It was established in 1853 by nuns of the Society of the Sacred Heart in the former home of William Dargan, an influential railway tycoon.In 1967, the community and school of the Sacred Heart at 18 Lower Leeson Street were subsumed by the school which had earlier moved from Harcourt Street in 1879.[1][2]Mount Anville was once situated in north Dublin.","title":"Mount Anville Secondary School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Clarke"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The school has its own chapel, featuring a stained-glass window by Irish artist Harry Clarke. The school also has sporting facilities, including a large sports hall, three astroturf playing pitches and tennis courts.[citation needed]","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson,_May_1995_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Mount Anville Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Mount_Anville_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Lisa Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Cannon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2013-3"},{"link_name":"Caroline Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Casey_(activist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2013-3"},{"link_name":"Catherine Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Day_(civil_servant)"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountanville-4"},{"link_name":"Alison Doody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Doody"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountanville-4"},{"link_name":"Sheila Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Humphreys"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kathleen MacMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_MacMahon"},{"link_name":"Emma Madigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Madigan"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Josepha Madigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josepha_Madigan"},{"link_name":"Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Culture,_Heritage_and_the_Gaeltacht"},{"link_name":"Sybil Mulcahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Mulcahy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2013-3"},{"link_name":"Samantha Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Power"},{"link_name":"US Ambassador to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2013-3"},{"link_name":"Mary Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson"},{"link_name":"President of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountanville-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Veronica Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Ryan_(teacher)"},{"link_name":"Maria McCambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_McCambridge"}],"text":"President Mary Robinson, Mount Anville past pupilSee also: Category:People educated at Mount Anville Secondary SchoolLisa Cannon, television presenter[3]\nCaroline Casey, social entrepreneur[3]\nCatherine Day, secretary general of the European Commission[3][4]\nAlison Doody, actress[3][4]\nSheila Humphreys, political activist[citation needed]\nKathleen MacMahon, journalist and novelist\nEmma Madigan, current Ambassador of Ireland to the Holy See\nJosepha Madigan, Irish politician, Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht\nSybil Mulcahy, journalist[3]\nSamantha Power, 28th US Ambassador to the United Nations (attended Mount Anville Montessori)[3]\nMary Robinson, the 7th (and first female) President of Ireland, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)[3][4][5]\nVeronica Ryan, founder of the first Irish Montessori school\nMaria McCambridge, Olympic athlete.","title":"Notable alumnae"}]	[{"image_text":"President Mary Robinson, Mount Anville past pupil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01.jpg/220px-Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Schools of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schools_of_the_Sacred_Heart"}]	[{"reference":"\"Society of the Sacred Heart, Harcourt Street – Leeson\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Nazeer_Ahmed	Rank Nazeer Ahmed	["1 Early life","2 Teachers","3 Political career","4 Charity work","5 Books","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Indian Muslim scholar and politician (1939–present) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Rank Nazeer Ahmed" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For other people with similar names, see Nazir Ahmed (disambiguation). Nazeer AhmedMember of Karnataka Legislative Assembly, TumkurIn office1978–1979Preceded byAbdul SubhanSucceeded byS.Shafi AhmedIn office1979–1983 Personal detailsBorn(1939-09-28)28 September 1939Tumkur, Mysore State, United India (now in Karnataka, India)Political partyIndian National Congress Nazeer Ahmed (also known as Rank Nazeer) is an Indian Muslim scholar, politician, historian and translator and founder-author of the Encyclopedia of Islamic History. He is a former politician of Indian National Congress, a former Member of Legislative Assembly from Karnataka, and Member of Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Government of Karnataka. Early life He was born in Tumkur in the state of Mysore, India in 1939 to Abdul Azeem, an Islamic scholar of the Qadiriyya. In 1952, he achieved the first rank in the entire state of Mysore and won the Maharaja of Mysore Gold Medal. He has been known as “Rank Nazeer Ahmed” due to the consistency with which he ranked first in state and interstate exams. He entered the California Institute of Technology in 1961 as an Institute Scholar as well as a Tata Scholar. He was awarded MS and AeE degrees from Caltech. He worked in Huntsville, Alabama on the Saturn, Apollo and Lunar Land Rover Projects at the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1964–65. He obtained a PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Cornell University in 1967. Under Peter Drucker he studied management at New York University. He then obtained an MBA from Rider University, New Jersey. Teachers He received his early religious training from Maulvi Abdul Quddus Qudsi, and he continues to be a student of Nazim al-Haqqani. Political career In 1977, he was elected a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from the 57th constituency but resigned a year later. In 1988 he was elected a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, 42nd Congressional District in California. In 1992 he was a candidate for US Congress, 46 CA Congressional District. Charity work The charities he founded in Tumkur, India, have given out millions in scholarships to poor children of all faiths and has built schools, mosques, and a unique Idgah with spiritual themes. Books Among his books are the following: Islam in Global History, in two volumes was published in the United States and translated into Urdu and Persian. The Qur'an: An English Translation, was done over a period of three years, between 2007 and 2010, although some of this work was done as early as 1972. See also Musharraf Hussain Nurettin Uzunoğlu Ahmed Hulusi Ali Ünal References ^ a b c d e Nazeer Ahmed (2011). The Qur'an: An English Translation. Xlibris Corporation. p. 119. ISBN 9781469135229. ^ "History of Islam". historyofislam.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. ^ Ahmed and Roger.R, Nazeer and Tomlinson (21 February 1989). "Apparatus for strain-free mounting of optical components". Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents, Volume 1099, Issues 3-4. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ Ahamed Jhon, M.A (25 June 2019). "Reconstitution of Karnataka Knowledge Commission" (PDF). Karnataka Jnana Aayoga (Karnataka Knowledge Commission). Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ "The students need creative and analytical thinking". Deccan Herald. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ "Muslim leaders call for united struggle". The Hindu. 13 February 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 July 2023. ^ "Congressman Ramesh Kumar at it again, this time heckles scribes covering party event". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 27 July 2023. ^ "The Qur'an – Its significance for Islamic History". historyofislam.com. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. External links History of Islam – An encyclopedia of Islamic history, founded by Dr. Nazeer Ahmed Portals: Biography Islam India Science vteSufismSufi orders Malamatiyya (Hamdun al-Qassar) Junaydiyya (Al-Junayd) Four Sufi poles Qadiriyya ('Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani) Rifa'iyya (Ahmad al-Rifa'i) Badawiyya (Ahmad al-Badawi) Desuqiyya (Ibrahim al-Desuqi) Naqshbandiyya (Baha' al-Din Naqshband) Chishtiyya (Mu'in al-Din Chishti) Shadhiliyya (Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili) Darqawiyya (Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Darqawi) Suhrawardiyya (Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi) Akbariyya (Ibn Arabi) Khalwatiyya ('Umar al-Khalwati) Rahmaniyya (Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari) Bayramiyya (Bayram Wali) Ba 'Alawiyya (Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi) Tijaniyya (Ahmad al-Tijani) Idrisiyya (Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi) Practices Dhikr Haḍra Zuhd Ziyarat Mawlid Muraqabah Taqwa Tazkiyah Tawassul Tabarruk Tawakkul Ideas Ihsan Wajd Kashf Karamat Nūr Dhawq Ishq Murid Salik Sufi studies Sufi poetry Sufi philosophy Sufi literature Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya Hilyat al-Awliya' Kashf al-Mahjub The Alchemy of Happiness The Revival of the Religious Sciences Al-Burda Dala'il al-Khayrat Fadha'il al-'Amal Notable Sufis2nd AH/8th AD Al-Hasan al-Basri (d. 110 AH) Malik ibn Dinar (d. 128 AH) Ibrahim ibn Adham (d. 160 AH) Sufyan al-Thawri (d. 161 AH) Dawud al-Ta'i (d. 165 AH) 'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid (d. 177 AH) Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya (d. 180 AH) Ibn al-Mubarak (d. 181 AH) Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad (d. 188 AH) Shaqiq al-Balkhi (d. 194 AH) Ma'ruf al-Karkhi (d. 200 AH) 3rd AH/9th AD Al-Darani (d. 205 or 215 AH) Bishr al-Hafi (d. 227 AH) Al-Harith al-Muhasibi (d. 243 AH) Dhul-Nun al-Misri (d. 245 AH) Sari al-Saqati (d. 253 AH) Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi (d. 258 AH) Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz (d. 277 or 286 AH) Sahl al-Tustari (d. 283 AH) Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi (d. 295 or 320 AH) Abu al-Husain al-Nuri (d. 295 AH) 4th AH/10th AD Ruwaym (d. 303 AH) Abu Bakr al-Shibli (d. 334 AH) Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 386 AH) Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 380 AH) Sufi leaders Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (d. 589 AH) Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri (d. 630 AH) Yusuf Abu al-Haggag (d. 642 AH) Muhammad al-Fateh (d. 886 AH) Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH) Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1277 AH) Bahadur Shah Zafar (d. 1278 AH) Imam Shamil (d. 1287 AH) Emir Abdel-Kader (d. 1300 AH) Muhammad Ahmad (d. 1302/1885) Omar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH) 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam (d. 1354 AH) Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazir Ahmed (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazir_Ahmed_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"Muslim scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazeer_Ahmed-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Government of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For other people with similar names, see Nazir Ahmed (disambiguation).Nazeer Ahmed (also known as Rank Nazeer) is an Indian Muslim scholar, politician, historian and translator and founder-author of the Encyclopedia of Islamic History.[1][2] He is a former politician of Indian National Congress, a former Member of Legislative Assembly from Karnataka,[3] and Member of Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Government of Karnataka.[4][5]","title":"Rank Nazeer Ahmed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tumkur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumkur"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Qadiriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazeer_Ahmed-1"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBA"},{"link_name":"Rider University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rider_University"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"}],"text":"He was born in Tumkur in the state of Mysore, India in 1939 to Abdul Azeem, an Islamic scholar of the Qadiriyya. In 1952, he achieved the first rank in the entire state of Mysore and won the Maharaja of Mysore Gold Medal.[1] He has been known as “Rank Nazeer Ahmed” due to the consistency with which he ranked first in state and interstate exams.He entered the California Institute of Technology in 1961 as an Institute Scholar as well as a Tata Scholar. He was awarded MS and AeE degrees from Caltech. He worked in Huntsville, Alabama on the Saturn, Apollo and Lunar Land Rover Projects at the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1964–65. He obtained a PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Cornell University in 1967. Under Peter Drucker he studied management at New York University. He then obtained an MBA from Rider University, New Jersey.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazim al-Haqqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazim_al-Haqqani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazeer_Ahmed-1"}],"text":"He received his early religious training from Maulvi Abdul Quddus Qudsi, and he continues to be a student of Nazim al-Haqqani.[1]","title":"Teachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnataka Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Congressional District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_District"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1977, he was elected a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from the 57th constituency but resigned a year later. 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In 1992 he was a candidate for US Congress, 46 CA Congressional District.[6][7]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidgah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazeer_Ahmed-1"}],"text":"The charities he founded in Tumkur, India, have given out millions in scholarships to poor children of all faiths and has built schools, mosques, and a unique Idgah with spiritual themes.[1]","title":"Charity work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazeer_Ahmed-1"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Among his books are the following:[1]Islam in Global History, in two volumes was published in the United States and translated into Urdu and Persian.\nThe Qur'an: An English Translation, was done over a period of three years, between 2007 and 2010, although some of this work was done as early as 1972.[8]","title":"Books"}]	[]	[{"title":"Musharraf Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musharraf_Hussain"},{"title":"Nurettin Uzunoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurettin_Uzuno%C4%9Flu"},{"title":"Ahmed Hulusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hulusi"},{"title":"Ali Ünal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal"}]	[{"reference":"Nazeer Ahmed (2011). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Association_Football_League	Mayo Association Football League	["1 History","2 League pyramid","3 Representative team","3.1 League of Ireland Cup record","4 Wins by club","5 List of Super League winners by season","6 See also","7 References"]	Football leagueMayo Association Football LeagueFounded1954Country IrelandDivisionsElverys Sports Super LeagueCastleCourt Hotel Premier LeagueKilleen Sports Ground League OneMcDonnell Construction League TwoCMR Fire and Security League ThreeWestaro Masters League Division OneWestaro Masters League Division TwoWestaro Masters Division 3Level on pyramid7–12Domestic cup(s)FAI Junior CupConnacht Junior CupConnacht Junior ShieldLeague cup(s)Calor Gas Mayo Super Cup Calor Gas Mayo Premier Cup Westaro CupTuohy CupTonra CupMcDonnell Cup League 3 CupCurrent championsCastlebar Celtic (2023)WebsiteOfficial website of Mayo AFL Mayo Association Football League is an association football league that features amateur and junior clubs from County Mayo. Its top division, the Super League, is a seventh level division in the Republic of Ireland football league system. The two top divisions – the Super League and the Premier Division – are sponsored by Elverys Sports and Welcome Inn Hotel respectively. Clubs from the league also compete in the FAI Junior Cup and the Connacht Junior Cup. A Mayo League representative team also competes in the League of Ireland Cup. History In 1954 Westport Town, Barcastle, Quay Hearts and Castlebar Celtic became the founder members of the Mayo Association Football League. Castlebar Celtic finished the inaugural season as champions and, together with Westport United, they went on to become the league's most successful clubs. During the late 1970s and early 1980s the winners of the league played off against the winners of other Connacht junior leagues for the Michael Byrne Cup. During the 1970s the league expanded to include three divisions. In 1984–85 a league cup was introduced. It was originally known as the Robert Kilkelly Cup, before becoming the AIB Cup and then the Chadwicks Cup. It is currently known as the Connacht Gold Cup. The league originally operated an autumn/winter schedule but a summer season was introduced in May 1994 and it kicked off the following July. The top division became known as the Super League from the 1999 season onwards. In 2022, current Claremorris AFC, and formally Swinford FC Striker, Joe Slevin became the first player in the league’s history to earn back to back relegations with different clubs. Continuing on his nomadic tour around county, ‘Journeyman Joe’ or JJ as he is affectionately known as now then went on to warm the bench for Castlebar Celtic in their 2022/2023 super league title run. League pyramid County Level League(s) / division(s) 1 Elverys Sports Super League 10 clubs – 2 relegations 2 Castlecourt Hotel Premier League 9 clubs – 2 promotions, 1 relegation 3 Killeen Sports Ground League One 8 clubs – 1 promotion, 2 relegations 4 McDonnell Construction League Two 10 clubs – 2 promotions Representative team A Mayo League representative team competes regularly in the Oscar Traynor Trophy and the Connacht Inter League Cup, playing against teams representing other leagues. In recent seasons they have also competed in the League of Ireland Cup, playing against Connacht/Ulster – based teams from the League of Ireland. As of 2016 they have never progressed past the first round. In 2015 Joseph N'Do was appointed the head coach of the league's representative team. League of Ireland Cup record Season Round Home team Score Away team Venue 2004 1 Mayo League 1–1 Galway United 2004 1 Sligo Rovers 2–0 Mayo League The Showgrounds 2005 1 Derry City 2–1 Mayo League 2012 1 Finn Harps 2–0 Mayo League Finn Park 2013 1 Mayo League 1–4 Finn Harps 2014 1 Galway 2–0 Mayo League Eamonn Deacy Park 2015 1 Sligo Rovers 8–0 Mayo League Showgrounds 2016 1 Galway United 3–1 Mayo League Eamonn Deacy Park Wins by club Club Wins Winning years Westport United 21 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1981–82, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Castlebar Celtic 17 1954, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 2001, 2006, 2011,2019 Ballina Town 5 1988–89, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2018 Manulla 4 1987–88, 1994, 1995, 1999 Ballyglass 1990–91, 1996, 1997 Straide & Foxford United 3 1992–93, 1993–94, 2000 Balla 2 1976–77, 1977–78 Ballyheane 2021, 2022 Sporting Club Westport 1970–71, 1971–72 Urlaur 1989–90, 1991–92 Achill Rovers 1 1998 Iorras Aontaithe (Erris United) 2003 Quay Hearts 1954–55 Westport Crusaders 1979–80 List of Super League winners by season Season Winner Runners-up 2023 Castlebar Celtic F.C. Ballina Town F.C. 2022 Ballyheane Ballina Town F.C. 2021 Ballyheane Ballina Town F.C. 2020 VOID VOID 2019 Castlebar Celtic F.C. Westport United 2018 Ballina Town Westport United 2017 Westport United Manulla 2016 Westport United Ballina Town 2015 Westport United Ballina Town 2014 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 2013 Ballina Town Ballyheane 2012 Westport United 2011 Castlebar Celtic Westport United 2010 Ballina Town Westport United 2009 Ballina Town Westport United 2008 Westport United Ballina Town 2007 Westport United Ballina Town 2006 Castlebar Celtic Iorras Aontaithe 2005 Westport United Iorras Aontaithe 2004 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 2003 Iorras Aontaithe Castlebar Celtic 2002 Westport United Straide & Foxford United 2001 Castlebar Celtic Ballyglass 2000 Straide & Foxford United Manulla 1999 Manulla Ballyglass 1998 Achill Rovers Ballyheane 1997 Ballyglass Achill Rovers 1996 Ballyglass Urlaur 1995 Manulla Iorras Aontaithe 1994 Manulla Castlebar United 1993–94 Straide & Foxford United Iorras Aontaithe 1992–93 Straide & Foxford United Swinford 1991–92 Urlaur Straide & Foxford United 1990–91 Ballyglass Castlebar United 1989–90 Urlaur Straide & Foxford United 1988–89 Ballina Town Urlaur FC 1987–88 Manulla Ballina Town 1986–87 Castlebar Celtic Westport United 1985–86 Castlebar Celtic Ballina Town 1984–85 Castlebar Celtic Manulla 1983–84 Castlebar Celtic Balla 1982–83 Castlebar Celtic Westport United 1981–82 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 1980–81 Castlebar Celtic Westport United 1979–80 Westport Crusaders Shraigh United 1978–79 Castlebar Celtic Westport Textiles 1977–78 Balla Castlebar Celtic 1976–77 Balla Castlebar Celtic 1975–76 Westport United Ballyhaunis/Ballina Town 1974–75 Westport United Ballina Town 1973–74 Westport United Ballina Town 1972–73 Season not completed 1971–72 Sporting Club Westport Castlebar Celtic 1970–71 Sporting Club Westport Westport United 1969–70 Westport United Ballinrobe Town 1968–69 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 1967–68 Castlebar Celtic A Castlebar Celtic B 1966–67 Westport United Ballina Town 1965–66 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 1964–65 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 1963–64 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 1962–63 Westport United Castlebar Celtic 1961–62 Castlebar Celtic Quay Hearts 1960–61 Castlebar Celtic Westport United 1959–60 Castlebar Celtic Westport United 1958–59 Castlebar Celtic Quay Hearts 1957–58 Castlebar Celtic Westport United 1956–57 No competition 1955–56 Season not completed 1954–55 Quay Hearts Unknown 1954 Castlebar Celtic Quay Hearts /Barcastle Source See also Mayo Women's Football League References ^ "Swinford Soccer Club – Short History of Club". www.swinfordfc.ie. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ a b "Mayo Football League Roll Of Honour" (PDF). inform.fai.ie. Retrieved 31 March 2016. ^ "Castlebar Celtic – Roll Of Honour". www.castlebarceltic.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016. ^ "Oscar Traynor Record". inform.fai.ie. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "Joseph N'Do takes charge of Mayo League representative side". www.advertiser.ie/mayo. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "Finn Harps 2–0 Mayo League". extratime.ie. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "EA SPORTS CUP: Galway FC 2–0 Mayo League". extratime.ie. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2016. ^ "Sligo Rovers 8–0 Mayo League". extratime.ie. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "Galway United 3–1 Mayo League: Tribesmen beat non-league opponents in EA Sports Cup". www.goal.com. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016. vte Association football in the Republic of IrelandWomen's association football in the Republic of IrelandGoverning Bodies Football Association of Ireland League of Ireland Connacht Leinster Munster Universities WFAI GFA National Teams Men's Women's B U-23 U-21 U-19 U-17 League of Ireland XI Futsal National Leagues Premier Division First Division Under-19 League Under-17 League Women's National League Provincial Leagues Leinster Senior League Senior Division Munster Senior League Premier Division Ulster Senior League Emerald Futsal League County/Local LeaguesLeinster AUL Wicklow Dublin Munster Cork AUL Kerry Desmond Limerick West Cork Connacht Galway Mayo Men's Women's Ulster Inishowen National Cups FAI Cup League of Ireland Cup President's Cup FAI Women's Cup FAI Intermediate Cup FAI Junior Cup FAI Youth Cup FAI Futsal Cup Provincial Cups Leinster Senior Cup Munster Senior Cup Connacht Junior Cup All-Ireland Cups All-Island Cup Collingwood Cup List of clubs List of leagues List of venues Records Rivalries vteAssociation football in ConnachtGoverning bodies Connacht Football Association Galway Football Association League of Ireland clubs Galway United Sligo Rovers Mervue United Salthill Devon Women's National League clubs Galway Sligo Rovers Castlebar Celtic Leagues Galway & District League Mayo Men's Women's Roscommon and District Football League Sligo/Leitrim & District League Connacht Senior League Cup competitions Connacht Junior Cup Michael Byrne Cup Galway Cup Connacht Senior Cup Connacht Senior League Challenge Cup Stadia Celtic Park Drom Soccer Park Eamonn Deacy Park The Showgrounds Galway Sportsgrounds	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Elverys Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elverys_Sports"},{"link_name":"FAI Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"Connacht Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Junior_Cup_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Cup"}],"text":"Football leagueMayo Association Football League is an association football league that features amateur and junior clubs from County Mayo. Its top division, the Super League, is a seventh level division in the Republic of Ireland football league system. The two top divisions – the Super League and the Premier Division – are sponsored by Elverys Sports and Welcome Inn Hotel respectively.\nClubs from the league also compete in the FAI Junior Cup and the Connacht Junior Cup. A Mayo League representative team also competes in the League of Ireland Cup.","title":"Mayo Association Football League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Castlebar Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlebar_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swinfordfc-1"},{"link_name":"Westport United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Michael Byrne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Byrne_Cup"},{"link_name":"AIB Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIB_Cup"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayofootballleague-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castlebarceltic1-3"}],"text":"In 1954 Westport Town, Barcastle, Quay Hearts and Castlebar Celtic became the founder members of the Mayo Association Football League.[1] Castlebar Celtic finished the inaugural season as champions and, together with Westport United, they went on to become the league's most successful clubs. During the late 1970s and early 1980s the winners of the league played off against the winners of other Connacht junior leagues for the Michael Byrne Cup. During the 1970s the league expanded to include three divisions. In 1984–85 a league cup was introduced. It was originally known as the Robert Kilkelly Cup, before becoming the AIB Cup and then the Chadwicks Cup. It is currently[when?] known as the Connacht Gold Cup. The league originally operated an autumn/winter schedule but a summer season was introduced in May 1994 and it kicked off the following July. The top division became known as the Super League from the 1999 season onwards. In 2022, current Claremorris AFC, and formally Swinford FC Striker, Joe Slevin became the first player in the league’s history to earn back to back relegations with different clubs.\n[2][3] Continuing on his nomadic tour around county, ‘Journeyman Joe’ or JJ as he is affectionately known as now then went on to warm the bench for Castlebar Celtic in their 2022/2023 super league title run.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"League pyramid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Cup"},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Joseph N'Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_N%27Do"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oscartraynor-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advertiserie-5"}],"text":"A Mayo League representative team competes regularly in the Oscar Traynor Trophy and the Connacht Inter League Cup, playing against teams representing other leagues. In recent[when?] seasons they have also competed in the League of Ireland Cup, playing against Connacht/Ulster – based teams from the League of Ireland. As of 2016 they have never progressed past the first round. In 2015 Joseph N'Do was appointed the head coach of the league's representative team.[4][5]","title":"Representative team"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League of Ireland Cup record","title":"Representative team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wins by club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayofootballleague-2"}],"text":"Source[2]","title":"List of Super League winners by season"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mayo Women's Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Women%27s_Football_League"}]	[{"reference":"\"Swinford Soccer Club – Short History of Club\". www.swinfordfc.ie. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsmanager.ie/cake/football/swinfordfcnew/contentPage/16979/club_history#","url_text":"\"Swinford Soccer Club – Short History of Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayo Football League Roll Of Honour\" (PDF). inform.fai.ie. Retrieved 31 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://inform.fai.ie/League/Clubs/portals/MAFL/Media/File/Mayo%20Roll%20Of%20Honour%20League.pdf","url_text":"\"Mayo Football League Roll Of Honour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Castlebar Celtic – Roll Of Honour\". www.castlebarceltic.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404235257/http://www.castlebarceltic.com/default.asp?nc=3324&id=2","url_text":"\"Castlebar Celtic – Roll Of Honour\""},{"url":"http://www.castlebarceltic.com/default.asp?nc=3324&id=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscar Traynor Record\". inform.fai.ie. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://inform.fai.ie/League/Clubs/portals/MAFL/OscarTraynorTrophy.aspx","url_text":"\"Oscar Traynor Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph N'Do takes charge of Mayo League representative side\". www.advertiser.ie/mayo. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advertiser.ie/mayo/article/79843/joseph-ndo-takes-charge-of-mayo-league-representative-side","url_text":"\"Joseph N'Do takes charge of Mayo League representative side\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finn Harps 2–0 Mayo League\". extratime.ie. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.extratime.ie/fixtures/detail/18305/2/","url_text":"\"Finn Harps 2–0 Mayo League\""}]},{"reference":"\"EA SPORTS CUP: Galway FC 2–0 Mayo League\". extratime.ie. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://extratime.ie/fixtures/detail/26632/2/","url_text":"\"EA SPORTS CUP: Galway FC 2–0 Mayo League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sligo Rovers 8–0 Mayo League\". extratime.ie. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://extratime.ie/fixtures/detail/27672/2/","url_text":"\"Sligo Rovers 8–0 Mayo League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galway United 3–1 Mayo League: Tribesmen beat non-league opponents in EA Sports Cup\". www.goal.com. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/3909/airtricity-premier-division/2016/03/21/21567172/galway-united-3-1-mayo-league-tribesmen-beat-non-league","url_text":"\"Galway United 3–1 Mayo League: Tribesmen beat non-league opponents in EA Sports Cup\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.mayofootballleague.ie/","external_links_name":"Official website of Mayo AFL"},{"Link":"http://sportsmanager.ie/cake/football/swinfordfcnew/contentPage/16979/club_history#","external_links_name":"\"Swinford Soccer Club – Short History of Club\""},{"Link":"http://inform.fai.ie/League/Clubs/portals/MAFL/Media/File/Mayo%20Roll%20Of%20Honour%20League.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mayo Football League Roll Of Honour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404235257/http://www.castlebarceltic.com/default.asp?nc=3324&id=2","external_links_name":"\"Castlebar Celtic – Roll Of Honour\""},{"Link":"http://www.castlebarceltic.com/default.asp?nc=3324&id=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://inform.fai.ie/League/Clubs/portals/MAFL/OscarTraynorTrophy.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Oscar Traynor Record\""},{"Link":"http://www.advertiser.ie/mayo/article/79843/joseph-ndo-takes-charge-of-mayo-league-representative-side","external_links_name":"\"Joseph N'Do takes charge of Mayo League representative side\""},{"Link":"http://www.extratime.ie/fixtures/detail/18305/2/","external_links_name":"\"Finn Harps 2–0 Mayo League\""},{"Link":"http://extratime.ie/fixtures/detail/26632/2/","external_links_name":"\"EA SPORTS CUP: Galway FC 2–0 Mayo League\""},{"Link":"http://extratime.ie/fixtures/detail/27672/2/","external_links_name":"\"Sligo Rovers 8–0 Mayo League\""},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/3909/airtricity-premier-division/2016/03/21/21567172/galway-united-3-1-mayo-league-tribesmen-beat-non-league","external_links_name":"\"Galway United 3–1 Mayo League: Tribesmen beat non-league opponents in EA Sports Cup\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl_Semeniuk	Vasyl Semeniuk	["1 References","2 External links"]	Ukrainian bishop Vasyl Semeniuk Vasyl Semeniuk (born 2 August 1949, Dora, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast) is the Metropolitan Archeparch of the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Ternopil–Zboriv, an archeparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The eparchy is in the ecclesiastical province of Kyiv-Halych. He was ordained priest on 22 December 1974 and was elected to the eparchy on 19 October 2006, having previously been Auxiliary Bishop of the eparchy from 2004. References ^ Archbishop Vasyl Semeniuk, Catholic-Hierarchy.org External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Vasyl Semeniuk. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vasyl (Semeniuk). vteUkrainian Greek Catholic ChurchHierarchy including Ecclesiastical circumscriptionsMajor archeparchy Kyiv–Galicia: Sviatoslav Shevchuk Archeparchies Kyiv: Sviatoslav Shevchuk Lviv: Ihor Vozniak Przemyśl–Warsaw: Eugeniusz Popowicz Winnipeg: Lawrence Huculak Philadelphia: Borys Gudziak Ivano-Frankivsk: Volodymyr Viytyshyn Ternopil–Zboriv: Vasyl Semeniuk São João Batista em Curitiba: Valdomiro Koubetch EparchiesUkraine Buchach: Dmytro Hryhorak Chernivtsi: Yosafat Moschych Kamyanets–Podilskyi: Ivan Kulyk Kolomyia: Vasyl Ivasyuk Sambir–Drohobych: Yaroslav Pryriz Sokal–Zhovkva: Mykhaylo Koltun Stryi: Taras Senkiv Poland Olsztyn–Gdańsk: Arkadiusz Trochanowski Wrocław–Koszalin: Włodzimierz Juszczak Canada Edmonton: David Motiuk Saskatoon: Michael Smolinski New Westminster: Michael Kwiatkowski Toronto and Eastern Canada: Bryan Bayda United States Saint Nicholas of Chicago: Venedykt Aleksiychuk Saint Josaphat in Parma: Bohdan Danylo Stamford: Paul Chomnycky Brazil Imaculada Conceição in Prudentópolis: Meron Mazur Argentina Santa María del Patrocinio en Buenos Aires: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Australia and New Zealand Saints Peter and Paul of Australia: Mykola Bychok United Kingdom Holy Family of London: Kenneth Nowakowski France, Benelux and Switzerland Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris: Hlib Lonchyna (Apostolic Administrator) Apostolic exarchatesGermany and Scandinavia Bohdan Dzyurakh Italy andSan Marino Dionisio Lachovicz Archiepiscopal exarchates Donetsk: Stepan Meniok Kharkiv: Vasyl Tuchapets Krym: Mykhaylo Bubniy (Archiepiscopal Administrator) Odesa: Mykhaylo Bubniy Lutsk: Yosafat Hovera Apostolic visitors Chile: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Ireland: Kenneth Nowakowski Northern Ireland: Kenneth Nowakowski Paraguay: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Uruguay: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Venezuela: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Curial andauxiliary bishops Volodymyr Firman (Ternopil–Zboriv) Petro Holiney (Kolomyia) Volodymyr Hrutsa (Lviv) Andriy Khimyak (Kyiv) Hryhoriy Komar (Sambir–Drohobych) Petro Loza (Sokal–Zhovkva) Bohdan Manyshyn (Stryi) Teodor Martynyuk (Ternopil–Zboriv) Yosyf Milyan (Kyiv) Andriy Rabiy (Winnipeg) Maksym Ryabukha (Donetsk) Mykola Semenyshyn (Ivano-Frankivsk) Stepan Sus (Curial Bishop) Bishopsemeritus Jan Martyniak (Metropolitan) (Przemyśl – Warsaw) Stefan Soroka (Metropolitan) (Philadelphia) Iryney Bilyk (Buchach) Stephen Chmilar (Toronto) Petro Kryk (Germany and Scandinavia) Basil Losten (Stamford) Wasyl Medwit (Donetsk) Peter Stasiuk (Saints Peter and Paul of Australia) Michael Wiwchar (Saskatoon) DefunctcircumscriptionsPoland Apostolic Exarchate of Łemkowszczyzna Eparchy of Kholm and Belz Conversion of Chełm Eparchy Ukraine Eparchy of Zboriv Ruthenian Uniate Church Eparchy of Suprasl Archeparchy of Polotsk Eparchy of Turov and Pinsk Eparchy of Volodymyr and Brest Eparchy of Lutsk and Ostroh Archeparchy of Smolensk Seminaries Kyiv Lviv Drohobych Ivano-Frankivsk Ternopil Rome Stamford Washington D.C. Edmonton Curitiba Catholicism portal Ukraine portal This article about a Ukrainian Greek Catholic bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%A3%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A6)_-_12086599.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_(village)"},{"link_name":"Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Ternopil–Zboriv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Ternopil%E2%80%93Zboriv"},{"link_name":"archeparchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeparchy"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"Kyiv-Halych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Kyiv-Halych"}],"text":"Vasyl SemeniukVasyl Semeniuk (born 2 August 1949, Dora, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast) is the Metropolitan Archeparch of the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Ternopil–Zboriv, an archeparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.[1] The eparchy is in the ecclesiastical province of Kyiv-Halych.He was ordained priest on 22 December 1974 and was elected to the eparchy on 19 October 2006, having previously been Auxiliary Bishop of the eparchy from 2004.","title":"Vasyl Semeniuk"}]	[{"image_text":"Vasyl Semeniuk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%28%D0%A3%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A6%29_-_12086599.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%28%D0%A3%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A6%29_-_12086599.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsemeni.html","external_links_name":"Archbishop Vasyl Semeniuk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasyl_Semeniuk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Poland_relations	Kyrgyzstan–Poland relations	["1 History","2 High-level visits","3 Diplomatic missions","4 See also","5 References"]	Bilateral relationsKyrgyzstan–Poland relations Kyrgyzstan Poland Kyrgyzstan–Poland relations are bilateral relations between Kyrgyzstan and Poland. Both nations are full members of the OSCE, World Trade Organization and United Nations. History In the late modern period, both nations shared a similar fate, losing their independence to Russia. Poland was divided by Russia, Austria and Prussia (later Germany) in the Partitions of Poland, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate was conquered by Russia. Both nations stood up against Russian rule, Poles most notably in 1830 and 1863 and the Kyrgyz people in 1916. In 1890, 240 Poles lived in present-day Kyrgyzstan. Following World War I, Poland regained independence and then successfully repelled a Soviet invasion, whereas Kyrgyz territory fell to Soviet rule. In 1937–1938, the Polish community in the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic, which numbered between 300 and 700 people, was, like in other parts of the USSR, targeted by the genocidal Polish Operation of the NKVD. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Kyrgyz SSR was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. In 1941, also some 200 Polish families from Karelia were deported to the Kyrgyz SSR by the Russians. In early 1942, the Polish Anders' Army along with thousands of civilians was relocated to the Kyrgyz and Uzbek SSRs. The Polish Tank and Artillery Training Centres were based in Kayyngdy and Kara-Suu, respectively, and the automobile battalions were dispatched to Kara-Balta. The Poles suffered from epidemics and famine and thousands died. There is a Polish cemetery in Jalal-Abad. In 1942, the army with thousands of civilians was evacuated to Iran. As of 1943, there were still over 11,000 Polish citizens in the Kyrgyz SSR, according to Soviet data. After the war, over 11,500 Poles were repatriated from the Kyrgyz SSR to Poland in 1946–1948. In the 1950s and 1960s, Poles deported to Kazakhstan in 1936 were moving to Kyrgyzstan because of the warmer climate. According to the census of 1959, 1,086 Poles lived in the Kyrgyz SSR. Poland recognized Kyrgyzstan on 27 December 1991, shortly after the Kyrgyz declaration of independence, and bilateral relations were established on 10 February 1992. A cultural and scientific cooperation treaty and a double tax avoidance agreement were signed between the two countries in 1993 and 1998, respectively. In October 2021, Poland donated 55,200 COVID-19 vaccines to Kyrgyzstan. High-level visits Visit of Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Igor Chudinov in the Senate of Poland in 2008 High-level visits from Kyrgyzstan to Poland: President Askar Akayev (1998, 2004) Prime Minister Igor Chudinov (2008) High-level visits from Poland to Kyrgyzstan: President Aleksander Kwaśniewski (2002) Diplomatic missions Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, and there is an honorary consulate of Kyrgyzstan in Gliwice. Poland is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Astana, and there is an honorary consulate of Poland in Bishkek. See also Poles in Kyrgyzstan References ^ a b c d e Abdrachmanow, Bołotbek Dżumaszowicz; Asekowa, Sałtanat Urumowna (2019). "Z historii "operacji narodowościowych" NKWD lat 1937–1938 w Kirgizji. Represje wobec mniejszości etnicznych (na przykładzie narodowości polskiej)". Przegląd Nauk Historycznych (in Polish). 18 (1). Translated by Głowacki, Albin. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego: 113. ISSN 2450-7660. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi" (in Polish). Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 2012. p. 102. ISBN 978-83-63695-00-2. ^ "Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942" (PDF). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 48. ^ Masiarz, Władysław (1997). "Przesiedlenie i repatriacja Polaków z Azji Środkowej w 1946 r.". Zesłaniec (in Polish). No. 2. Warszawa. p. 109. ^ Masiarz, p. 113 ^ a b c d "Kirgisko-Polskie stosunki dyplomatyczne". Kyrgyzstan.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kirgiskiej o współpracy kulturalnej i naukowej sporządzonej w Warszawie dnia 5 czerwca 1993 r., Dz. U. z 2002 r. Nr 185, poz. 1534 ^ "Polska przekazała nieodpłatnie 55 tysięcy dawek szczepionki. Trafią do Kirgistanu". Polska Agencja Prasowa (in Polish). 13 October 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2023. ^ "Konsulat Honorowy Republiki Kirgiskiej" (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023. ^ "Konsulaty honorowe". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023. vte Foreign relations of KyrgyzstanAmericas United States Asia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China India Iran Kazakhstan Malaysia Mongolia Pakistan Palestine Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Europe Greece Kosovo Poland Russia United Kingdom Multilateral relations C5+1 OIC Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of Kyrgyzstan / in Kyrgyzstan vte Foreign relations of PolandAfrica Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Libya Mali Morocco Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa South Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq (Kurdistan Region) Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Saudi Arabia South Korea Taiwan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Former Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Multilateral relations European Union NATO Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of Poland / in Poland Portals: Politics Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bilateral relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_relations"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"OSCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"}],"text":"Kyrgyzstan–Poland relations are bilateral relations between Kyrgyzstan and Poland. Both nations are full members of the OSCE, World Trade Organization and United Nations.","title":"Kyrgyzstan–Poland relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kara-Kyrgyz_Khanate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B"},{"link_name":"1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising"},{"link_name":"1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basa-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"successfully repelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Soviet rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Polish Operation of the NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basa-1"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"deportations of Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)#Mass_deportations_to_the_East"},{"link_name":"Soviet-occupied eastern Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basa-1"},{"link_name":"Anders' Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%27_Army"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Training_Centre"},{"link_name":"Kayyngdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayyngdy"},{"link_name":"Kara-Suu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Suu"},{"link_name":"Kara-Balta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Balta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Polish cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_war_cemeteries"},{"link_name":"Jalal-Abad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal-Abad"},{"link_name":"civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Polish_civilians_from_the_USSR_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basa-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basa-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyr-7"},{"link_name":"double tax avoidance agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_treaty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyr-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the late modern period, both nations shared a similar fate, losing their independence to Russia. Poland was divided by Russia, Austria and Prussia (later Germany) in the Partitions of Poland, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate [ky] was conquered by Russia. Both nations stood up against Russian rule, Poles most notably in 1830 and 1863 and the Kyrgyz people in 1916. In 1890, 240 Poles lived in present-day Kyrgyzstan.[1]Following World War I, Poland regained independence and then successfully repelled a Soviet invasion, whereas Kyrgyz territory fell to Soviet rule. In 1937–1938, the Polish community in the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic, which numbered between 300 and 700 people, was, like in other parts of the USSR, targeted by the genocidal Polish Operation of the NKVD.[1]Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Kyrgyz SSR was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. In 1941, also some 200 Polish families from Karelia were deported to the Kyrgyz SSR by the Russians.[1] In early 1942, the Polish Anders' Army along with thousands of civilians was relocated to the Kyrgyz and Uzbek SSRs.[2] The Polish Tank and Artillery Training Centres were based in Kayyngdy and Kara-Suu, respectively, and the automobile battalions were dispatched to Kara-Balta.[3]The Poles suffered from epidemics and famine and thousands died.[4] There is a Polish cemetery in Jalal-Abad. In 1942, the army with thousands of civilians was evacuated to Iran. As of 1943, there were still over 11,000 Polish citizens in the Kyrgyz SSR, according to Soviet data.[5] After the war, over 11,500 Poles were repatriated from the Kyrgyz SSR to Poland in 1946–1948.[6]In the 1950s and 1960s, Poles deported to Kazakhstan in 1936 were moving to Kyrgyzstan because of the warmer climate.[1] According to the census of 1959, 1,086 Poles lived in the Kyrgyz SSR.[1]Poland recognized Kyrgyzstan on 27 December 1991, shortly after the Kyrgyz declaration of independence, and bilateral relations were established on 10 February 1992.[7] A cultural and scientific cooperation treaty and a double tax avoidance agreement were signed between the two countries in 1993 and 1998, respectively.[8][7]In October 2021, Poland donated 55,200 COVID-19 vaccines to Kyrgyzstan.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igor_Chudinov_Senate_of_Poland_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Igor Chudinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Chudinov"},{"link_name":"Senate of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyr-7"},{"link_name":"Askar Akayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askar_Akayev"},{"link_name":"Igor Chudinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Chudinov"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Kwaśniewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyr-7"}],"text":"Visit of Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Igor Chudinov in the Senate of Poland in 2008High-level visits from Kyrgyzstan to Poland:[7]President Askar Akayev (1998, 2004)\nPrime Minister Igor Chudinov (2008)High-level visits from Poland to Kyrgyzstan:President Aleksander Kwaśniewski (2002)[7]","title":"High-level visits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Gliwice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, and there is an honorary consulate of Kyrgyzstan in Gliwice.[10]\nPoland is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Astana, and there is an honorary consulate of Poland in Bishkek.[11]","title":"Diplomatic missions"}]	[{"image_text":"Visit of Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Igor Chudinov in the Senate of Poland in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Igor_Chudinov_Senate_of_Poland_01.JPG/220px-Igor_Chudinov_Senate_of_Poland_01.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Poles in Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Kyrgyzstan"}]	[{"reference":"Abdrachmanow, Bołotbek Dżumaszowicz; Asekowa, Sałtanat Urumowna (2019). \"Z historii \"operacji narodowościowych\" NKWD lat 1937–1938 w Kirgizji. Represje wobec mniejszości etnicznych (na przykładzie narodowości polskiej)\". Przegląd Nauk Historycznych (in Polish). 18 (1). Translated by Głowacki, Albin. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego: 113. ISSN 2450-7660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA","url_text":"Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2450-7660","url_text":"2450-7660"}]},{"reference":"Ocaleni z \"nieludzkiej ziemi\" (in Polish). Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 2012. p. 102. ISBN 978-83-63695-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"Instytut Pamięci Narodowej"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-63695-00-2","url_text":"978-83-63695-00-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942\" (PDF). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wroclaw.ipn.gov.pl/download/89/441936/ARMIAANDERSAdodruku.pdf","url_text":"\"Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942\""}]},{"reference":"Ocaleni z \"nieludzkiej ziemi\". p. 48.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Masiarz, Władysław (1997). \"Przesiedlenie i repatriacja Polaków z Azji Środkowej w 1946 r.\". Zesłaniec (in Polish). No. 2. Warszawa. p. 109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kirgisko-Polskie stosunki dyplomatyczne\". Kyrgyzstan.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyrgyzstan.pl/wiadomosci/15-kirgistan/kirgistan-polska/881-kirgisko-polskie-stosunki-dyplomatyczne","url_text":"\"Kirgisko-Polskie stosunki dyplomatyczne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polska przekazała nieodpłatnie 55 tysięcy dawek szczepionki. Trafią do Kirgistanu\". Polska Agencja Prasowa (in Polish). 13 October 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C971128%2Cpolska-przekazala-nieodplatnie-55-tysiecy-dawek-szczepionki-trafia-do","url_text":"\"Polska przekazała nieodpłatnie 55 tysięcy dawek szczepionki. Trafią do Kirgistanu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Konsulat Honorowy Republiki Kirgiskiej\" (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kirgiskonsulat.pl/","url_text":"\"Konsulat Honorowy Republiki Kirgiskiej\""}]},{"reference":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/kazachstan/konsulaty-honorowe","url_text":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2450-7660","external_links_name":"2450-7660"},{"Link":"https://wroclaw.ipn.gov.pl/download/89/441936/ARMIAANDERSAdodruku.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942\""},{"Link":"https://www.kyrgyzstan.pl/wiadomosci/15-kirgistan/kirgistan-polska/881-kirgisko-polskie-stosunki-dyplomatyczne","external_links_name":"\"Kirgisko-Polskie stosunki dyplomatyczne\""},{"Link":"https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20021851534","external_links_name":"Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kirgiskiej o współpracy kulturalnej i naukowej sporządzonej w Warszawie dnia 5 czerwca 1993 r."},{"Link":"https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C971128%2Cpolska-przekazala-nieodplatnie-55-tysiecy-dawek-szczepionki-trafia-do","external_links_name":"\"Polska przekazała nieodpłatnie 55 tysięcy dawek szczepionki. Trafią do Kirgistanu\""},{"Link":"https://kirgiskonsulat.pl/","external_links_name":"\"Konsulat Honorowy Republiki Kirgiskiej\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.pl/web/kazachstan/konsulaty-honorowe","external_links_name":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafizur_Rahman	Mustafizur Rahman	["1 Early career","2 International career","2.1 Emergence","2.2 Injury problems","2.3 2019-onwards","3 Domestic career","3.1 Bangladesh Premier League","3.2 Indian Premier League","3.3 NatWest T20 Blast","3.4 Pakistan Super League","4 Playing style","5 Personal life","6 Records and achievements","7 References","8 External links"]	Bangladeshi cricketer For other people with the same name, see Mustafizur Rahman (disambiguation). Mustafizur RahmanMustafizur in 2018Personal informationBorn (1995-09-06) 6 September 1995 (age 28)Satkhira, BangladeshNicknameThe Fizz, Cutter Master & Musti MagicHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)BattingLeft-handedBowlingLeft-arm fast-mediumRoleBowlerInternational information National sideBangladesh (2015–present)Test debut (cap 78)21 July 2015 v South AfricaLast Test16 June 2022 v West IndiesODI debut (cap 118)18 June 2015 v IndiaLast ODI31 October 2023 v PakistanODI shirt no.90T20I debut (cap 44)24 April 2015 v PakistanLast T20I25 May 2024 v USAT20I shirt no.90 Domestic team information YearsTeam2014–presentKhulna Division2016–presentMohammedan Sporting Club2015/16Dhaka Dynamites2016–2017Sunrisers Hyderabad2016Sussex2017–2019Rajshahi Kings2018Lahore Qalandars2018Mumbai Indians2019/20Rangpur Riders2021Rajasthan Royals2022Comilla Victorians2022-2023Delhi Capitals2024Chennai Super Kings Career statistics Competition Test ODI T20I T20 Matches 15 107 95 205 Runs scored 66 160 79 161 Batting average 4.40 7.62 5.22 6.44 100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 Top score 16 18* 15 21* Balls bowled 2,146 5003 1,888 4,469 Wickets 32 164 114 259 Bowling average 36.74 26.26 23.07 21.01 5 wickets in innings 0 5 2 3 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 4/37 6/43 6/10 5/22 Catches/stumpings 1/– 15/– 20/– 42/– Medal record Men's Cricket Representing Bangladesh Asia Cup Runner-up 2018 UAE Source: ESPNcricinfo, 31 October 2023 Mustafizur Rahman (Bengali: মুস্তাফিজুর রহমান) is a Bangladeshi international cricketer. A left-arm medium fast bowler, he is recognized for his most prolific 'slower cutters' all over the world. Born on 6 September 1995, in Satkhira, Bangladesh, Mustafizur Rahman's career took off during the 2015 Bangladesh Premier League when he caught the attention of cricket pundits with his ability to bowl accurate cutters and slower deliveries, earning him the nickname "The Fizz." This talent quickly propelled him to international prominence. He plays for Chennai Super Kings in IPL and is a left-arm fast-medium bowler. Making his debut for the Bangladesh national team in 2015, Mustafizur Rahman showcased his skills in the limited-overs formats. Mustafizur's international career highlights includes his debut series against India in 2015, where he became the first player to claim 11 wickets in his first two one day international matches. This achievement propelled Bangladesh to a historic series victory over India. He has represented his country in numerous international tournaments, including the ICC Cricket World Cup and the ICC Champions Trophy, and Asia Cup. In club career he was acquired by Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016 with a fee of $208k, where he won his first Indian Premier League (IPL) title. He was the 5th highest wicket taker throughout the tournament. He is the only overseas player to win the Emerging Player Award in 2016 IPL for Sunrisers Hyderabad.He was listed in ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year three times (2015, 2018, 2021) and ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year once (2021). Currently he plays for Chennai Super Kings in Indian Premier League and for Comilla Victorians in Bangladesh Premier League. Early career In 2012, Mustafizur travelled to Bangladesh's capital Dhaka to try out for a fast-bowlers camp. Prior to that, scouters first encountered him in an Under-17 tournament in Satkhira. He was admitted to the Bangladesh Cricket Board's foundation of fast bowling. Soon he was selected to the Bangladesh Under-19 side for the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in UAE, where he took a total of eight wickets. Mustafizur started both his First-class cricket and List-A cricket from 2014, representing Khulna Division and Abahani Limited, respectively. He was picked for Bangladesh A's tour of West Indies. International career Emergence Mustafizur began his international career in a twenty overs match against Pakistan on 24 April 2015, where he took the wickets of Shahid Afridi and Mohammad Hafeez, two veteran Pakistani batsmen. In June 2015, India toured Bangladesh for one Test and three One Day Internationals. Mustafizur was picked in the ODI squad. In his first match of the series, Mustafizur gave signs of his potential against the strong Indian batting line-up by taking a five-wicket haul off 9.2 overs in the first match. Bangladesh won the match and Mustafizur became the tenth bowler in the history of ODIs to take five wickets on debut. In the second ODI, Mustafizur took another six wickets. This helped him to earn the record of most wickets of any bowler after two ODIs, surpassing the record previously held by Zimbabwe's Brian Vitori. He completed the last ODI with 2 wickets and made history by taking 13 wickets in a three-match ODI series. Fizz training in 2018 The following month, Mustafizur took 5 wickets in three ODIs to help Bangladesh win the series against South Africa by 2–1. He made his Test debut in the same series versus South Africa where he picked up 4 wickets. Injury problems In the month of November, Bangladesh hosted Zimbabwe for three ODIs and two T20s. Mustafizur played a salient role in the ODI matches, taking a total of 8 wickets. For his performances in 2015, he was named in the World ODI XI by ICC. He was also named in the ODI XI of the year 2015 by ESPNcricinfo and Cricbuzz. He captured his third five-wicket haul in the last game. He could not contribute much in the T20 series, though he bowled economically, which resulted both sides sharing a win. The next year in January, Bangladesh again played with Zimbabwe in four T20s. Mustafizur played in the first two matches, which they won. While bowling in the second T20I against Zimbabwe in January 2016, Mustafizur injured his shoulder. Following that, he was dropped from the squad for the first time since debut. During the Asia Cup held in the next month, he was again sidelined from the team due to his side strain, playing only the first three games. He was able to play against Australia, India and New Zealand in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 held in India in March. He became the first Bangladeshi bowler to grab five wickets in the history of T20 World Cup after taking five wickets for 22 runs against New Zealand. He took total of 9 wickets in three matches in the 2016 edition. He was named as 12th man in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2016 T20 World Cup by the ICC. Mustafizur was again unable to play all matches when Bangladesh toured New Zealand during December 2016 and January 2017. He played his first Test match since August 2015 against Sri Lanka at Galle in March 2017, taking eight wickets in the series. In April 2018, he was one of ten cricketers to be awarded a central contract by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) ahead of the 2018 season. On 29 May 2018, Mustafizur was ruled out of an upcoming three-match T20I series against Afghanistan due to a toe injury. 2019-onwards In April 2019, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 5 July 2019, in the match against Pakistan, Mustafizur took his 100th wicket in ODIs. He finished the tournament as the leading wicket-taker for Bangladesh, with twenty dismissals in eight matches. Following the World Cup, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named Mustafizur as the rising star of the squad. In September 2021, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. In May 2024, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament. Domestic career Bangladesh Premier League Mustafizur's first professional Twenty20 career outside international cricket was the Bangladesh Premier League, where he played for Dhaka Dynamites in its 2015 season. He took 14 wickets in 10 matches in that tournament. In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the Rajshahi Kings team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League. In November 2019, he was selected to play for the Rangpur Rangers in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League. In 21 January, he was selected to play for the Comilla Victorians have announced the squad for the BPL 2022 season. Mustafizur Rahman selected in icon category and contract for Bangladesh Premier League 2021-22 season. Indian Premier League In February 2016, Mustafizur was drafted by Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2016 IPL auction. He took 17 wickets in 16 matches in the tournament where his team won the title. He was named as "Emerging Player of the Tournament", the first overseas player to receive this award. In December 2016, he was retained by the Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2017 IPL auction. He was doubtful about missing the first-leg of the tournament. In January 2018, he was bought by the Mumbai Indians in the 2018 IPL auction. In February 2021, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals from his base price of INR 1.00 crore in the 2021 IPL auction. In February 2022, he was bought by the Delhi Capitals in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. He played 8 match for Delhi capital and took 8 wicket.He currently plays for Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings. NatWest T20 Blast In March 2016, English side Sussex announced that they had signed Mustafizur as their second overseas player for the T20 Blast competition. He picked up four wickets while giving away 23 runs in his debut match against Essex. After another match, he faced a shoulder surgery which sidelined him for six months. Pakistan Super League Mustafizur was selected by Lahore Qalandars in the Pakistan Super League. The BCB was reluctant to let him play there. However, the issue was resolved when Mustafizur got a shoulder injury in early 2016, thus preventing him from playing in the PSL. Playing style "Mustafizur has a God-gifted slow ball." — Ashish Nehra Mustafizur achieved success in the beginning of his international career by bowling off cutters, a type of bowling which moves away (from the right-hander) off of the pitch. Mustafizur stated on a press conference in June 2015 that he first discovered the technique after his fellow cricketer, Anamul Haque insisted him to bowl a slower delivery. According to former Indian cricketer Maninder Singh, his slower balls are difficult to read. Personal life Mustafizur grew up in the small town of Satkhira in Khulna, Bangladesh. He is the youngest of Abul Qasem Gazi and Mahmuda Khatun's six children. His father is an enthusiastic fan of cricket. Mustafizur's interest in cricket rose when he started practicing the game 40 kilometres (25 mi)Fizz with his family members away from home every morning, with his brother Mokhlesur Rahman. This affected his education as he occasionally missed school to play cricket. Prior to discovering his bowling talents, Mustafizur played as a batsman with a tennis ball. According to him, he took inspiration from Pakistani pacer Mohammad Amir who is his idol. On 15 March 2019, along with several members of the Bangladesh test team, he was moments from entering the Al Noor mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand when a terrorist attack began. All members of the team were "deeply affected". Mustafizur went on to get married on 22 March. Mustafizur's brother was hopeful that marriage could help him "overcome the shock" of witnessing the attack in New Zealand. Records and achievements The governing body of cricket, the International Cricket Council, included Mustafizur on the ICC ODI Team of the Year in 2015, recognizing him as one of the top cricketers of that year. He was the first Bangladeshi cricketer to achieve this and the second to be selected for any ICC team after Shakib Al Hasan. In December 2016, he was named the ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year, the first Bangladeshi player to win one of the ICC's annual awards. Mustafizur was also included as the 12th man in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Men's Team of the Tournament. He won the ESPNcricinfo Award for the Best T20 performance of the year 2016 for his maiden T20I five-wicket haul against New Zealand during the World T20. Mustafizur won the Best Athlete of the Year Award from the Bangladesh Sports Press Association (BSPA) of the year 2015. On 29 May 2016, he became the first and so far the only foreign cricketer to win IPL's Emerging player of the year. On 27 January 2018, Mustafizur took his 50th ODI wicket in a tri-series final against Sri Lanka by bowling Upul Tharanga, becoming the fastest Bangladeshi bowler to 50 ODI wickets in 27 matches. Mustafizur again included ICC ODI Team of the Year 2018. He become the first Bangladeshi cricketer to achieve this twice. On 5 July 2019, Mustafizur took his 100th ODI wicket in 2019 Cricket World Cup against Pakistan by bowling Haris Sohail, becoming the fastest Bangladeshi bowler to reach the milestone in 54 matches. By doing so, he also became the fourth fastest in the World to reach 100 wickets, leaving Australian speedster Brett Lee behind him. Lee reached the milestone of 100 wickets in 55 matches. On 18 September 2019, Mustafizur became quickest Bangladeshi, quickest fast bowler and fourth quickest bowler to take 50 T20I wickets. In the annual ICC Awards in January 2022, Mustafizur was included in ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year for the year 2021. Named in ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year for the year 2021. On 9 March 2024, in the third T20I against Sri Lanka, Mustafizur became the third Bangladeshi player to take 300 wickets across all formats of international cricket. References ^ "Mustafizur Rahman Records, Test match, ODI, T20, IPL international batting bowling fielding records". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Want Mustafizur Rahman to become the leader of the Bangladesh bowling attack: Sanjay Manjrekar". www.daijiworld.com. 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Mustafizur Rahman at ESPNcricinfo vteICC Men's Emerging Cricketer of the Year 2004: Pathan 2005: Pietersen 2006: Bell 2007: Tait 2008: Mendis 2009: Siddle 2010: Finn 2011: Bishoo 2012: Narine 2013: Pujara 2014: Ballance 2015: Hazlewood 2016: Mustafizur Rahman 2017: Ali 2018: Pant 2019: Labuschagne 2021: Malan 2022: Jansen 2023: Ravindra Bangladesh squads vteBangladesh squad – 2019 Cricket World Cup 1 Sabbir Rahman 2 Mashrafe Mortaza (c) 8 Mohammad Mithun 15 Mushfiqur Rahim (wk) 16 Litton Das 17 Abu Jayed 28 Tamim Iqbal 30 Mahmudullah 32 Mosaddek Hossain 34 Rubel Hossain 53 Mehedi Hasan 59 Soumya Sarkar 74 Mohammad Saifuddin 75 Shakib Al Hasan (vc) 90 Mustafizur Rahman Coach: Rhodes vteBangladesh squad – 2023 Cricket World Cup 3 Taskin 10 Nasum 15 Mushfiqur (wk) 16 Das (wk) 21 Tanzim 30 Mahmudullah 47 Shoriful 53 Mehidy 55 Mahedi 66 Haque 75 Shakib (c) 77 Hridoy 90 Mustafizur 91 Mahmud 97 Tanzid 99 Shanto (vc) Coach: Chandika Hathurusingha Anamul Haque was not initially in the squad, but was named as a replacement for Shakib Al Hasan. vteBangladesh squad – 2024 Men's T20 World Cup 3 Taskin (vc) 16 Das (wk) 22 R. Hossain 30 Mahmudullah 31 Tanzid 41 Tanzim 47 Shoriful 51 Jaker (wk) 55 Mahedi 59 Sarkar 69 Tanvir 75 Shakib 77 Hridoy 90 Mustafizur 99 Shanto (c) Coach: Chandika Hathurusingha Afif Hossain and Hasan Mahmud as reserves for the team. Current squads vteRajshahi Kings – current squad 5 Nafees 6 Arafat 7 Sami 8 Hafeez 12 Zakir (†) 14 Jonker 17 Udana 18 Marshall 19 Fazle 25 Charles 27 ten Doeschate 28 Alauddin 30 Ahmad 31 Rabbi 32 Evans 41 Prasanna 53 Mehedi 59 Soumya 68 Mominul 90 Mustafizur Coach: Klusener vteLahore Qalandars – current squad 1 Fayyaz 3 Tucker (†) 4 Hope (†) 06 Linde 10 Shaheen (c) 11 Jahandad 12 Z Khan 14 Imran 15 Baig 17 Faridoun 24 Raza 26 Brathwaite 27 Wiese (vc) 28 Lawrence 33 A Hafeez 39 Fakhar 51 Farhan 54 Rajapaksa 57 Shafique 72 van der Dussen 77 Billings 82 Ghulam 150 Rauf 455 T. Abbas Director/Head Coach: Aaqib Javed vteChennai Super Kings – current squad 31 Gaikwad (c) 1 Rizvi 2 Rao (†) 7 Dhoni (†) 8 Jadeja 9 D Chahar 10 Hangargekar 11 Gleeson 17 Ravindra 18 Moeen 19 Mandal 21 Rahane 24 Tushar 25 Dube 27 Sindhu 33 Mukesh 46 Prashant 54 Thakur 61 Theekshana 66 Rasheed 74 Santner 75 Mitchell 81 Pathirana 88 Conway (†) 90 Mustafizur 98 Simarjeet Head Coach: Stephen Fleming Batting Coach: Michael Hussey Bowling Coach: Dwayne Bravo Fielding Coach: Rajiv Kumar vteRangpur Rangers – current squad 3 Taskin 4 Hope (wk) 6 Arafat 7 Nabi (c) 12 Delport 13 Jahurul (wk) 19 Fazle 20 Nadif 23 Naim 24 Gregory 78 Shahzad (wk) 83 Junaid Khan 90 Mustafizur 97 Sanjit — Abell — Al-Amin — Mukidul — Rishad — Zakir (wk) Coach: O'Donnell Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mustafizur Rahman (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafizur_Rahman_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshis"},{"link_name":"international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_cricket"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Satkhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satkhira"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"2015 Bangladesh Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bangladesh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chennai Super Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings"},{"link_name":"IPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"fast-medium bowler.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_bowling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"one day international matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ICC Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Asia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sunrisers Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrisers_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League (IPL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2016 IPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_IPL"},{"link_name":"Sunrisers Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrisers_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_ODI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20I_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chennai Super Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Comilla Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_Victorians"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Bangladeshi cricketerFor other people with the same name, see Mustafizur Rahman (disambiguation).Mustafizur Rahman (Bengali: মুস্তাফিজুর রহমান) is a Bangladeshi international cricketer. A left-arm medium fast bowler, he is recognized for his most prolific 'slower cutters' all over the world.[1][2][3] Born on 6 September 1995, in Satkhira, Bangladesh, Mustafizur Rahman's career took off during the 2015 Bangladesh Premier League when he caught the attention of cricket pundits with his ability to bowl accurate cutters and slower deliveries, earning him the nickname \"The Fizz.\"[4] This talent quickly propelled him to international prominence. He plays for Chennai Super Kings in IPL and is a left-arm fast-medium bowler.[5]Making his debut for the Bangladesh national team in 2015, Mustafizur Rahman showcased his skills in the limited-overs formats. Mustafizur's international career highlights includes his debut series against India in 2015, where he became the first player to claim 11 wickets in his first two one day international matches. This achievement propelled Bangladesh to a historic series victory over India.[6] He has represented his country in numerous international tournaments, including the ICC Cricket World Cup and the ICC Champions Trophy, and Asia Cup.[7][8] In club career he was acquired by Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016 with a fee of $208k, where he won his first Indian Premier League (IPL) title.[9][10] He was the 5th highest wicket taker throughout the tournament.[11]He is the only overseas player to win the Emerging Player Award in 2016 IPL for Sunrisers Hyderabad.[12]He was listed in ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year three times (2015, 2018, 2021) and ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year once (2021).[13] Currently he plays for Chennai Super Kings in Indian Premier League and for Comilla Victorians in Bangladesh Premier League.[14]","title":"Mustafizur Rahman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_making_of_Mustafizur-15"},{"link_name":"Satkhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satkhira"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiz_from_Satkhira-16"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Under-19 side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE"},{"link_name":"wickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickets"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"First-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"List-A cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List-A_cricket"},{"link_name":"Khulna Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Division_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Abahani Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abahani_Limited_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafizur_ESPNcricinfo_bio-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiz_from_Satkhira-16"}],"text":"In 2012, Mustafizur travelled to Bangladesh's capital Dhaka to try out for a fast-bowlers camp.[15] Prior to that, scouters first encountered him in an Under-17 tournament in Satkhira.[16] He was admitted to the Bangladesh Cricket Board's foundation of fast bowling. Soon he was selected to the Bangladesh Under-19 side for the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in UAE, where he took a total of eight wickets.[17]Mustafizur started both his First-class cricket and List-A cricket from 2014, representing Khulna Division and Abahani Limited, respectively.[18] He was picked for Bangladesh A's tour of West Indies.[19][16]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shahid Afridi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Afridi"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hafeez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hafeez"},{"link_name":"batsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsmen"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"India toured Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2015"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangladesh_vs_India_1st_ODI-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_cutter-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Brian Vitori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Vitori"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cricket.com.au-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiz_13_wickets-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiz_landmark_win-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafizur_Rahman_on_practice_field_in_Dhaka_on_2018_(1)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"the series against South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2015"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cutter_variation-35"}],"sub_title":"Emergence","text":"Mustafizur began his international career in a twenty overs match against Pakistan on 24 April 2015, where he took the wickets of Shahid Afridi and Mohammad Hafeez, two veteran Pakistani batsmen.[20]In June 2015, India toured Bangladesh for one Test and three One Day Internationals. Mustafizur was picked in the ODI squad. In his first match of the series, Mustafizur gave signs of his potential against the strong Indian batting line-up by taking a five-wicket haul off 9.2 overs in the first match.[21][22] Bangladesh won the match and Mustafizur became the tenth bowler in the history of ODIs to take five wickets on debut.[23][24] In the second ODI, Mustafizur took another six wickets.[25][26] This helped him to earn the record of most wickets of any bowler after two ODIs, surpassing the record previously held by Zimbabwe's Brian Vitori.[27][28] He completed the last ODI with 2 wickets and made history by taking 13 wickets in a three-match ODI series.[29][30]Fizz training in 2018The following month, Mustafizur took 5 wickets in three ODIs to help Bangladesh win the series against South Africa by 2–1.[31] He made his Test debut in the same series versus South Africa where he picked up 4 wickets.[32][33][34][35]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh hosted Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2015%E2%80%9316"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo"},{"link_name":"Cricbuzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricbuzz"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Asia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Asia_Cup"},{"link_name":"side strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_strain"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016AsiaCupBanSquad-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2016 ICC World Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"2016 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh toured New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_cricket_team_in_New_Zealand_in_2016%E2%80%9317"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Galle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle_International_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Injury problems","text":"In the month of November, Bangladesh hosted Zimbabwe for three ODIs and two T20s. Mustafizur played a salient role in the ODI matches, taking a total of 8 wickets.[36] For his performances in 2015, he was named in the World ODI XI by ICC.[37] He was also named in the ODI XI of the year 2015 by ESPNcricinfo and Cricbuzz.[38] He captured his third five-wicket haul in the last game.[39][40] He could not contribute much in the T20 series, though he bowled economically, which resulted both sides sharing a win.[41] The next year in January, Bangladesh again played with Zimbabwe in four T20s. Mustafizur played in the first two matches, which they won. While bowling in the second T20I against Zimbabwe in January 2016, Mustafizur injured his shoulder. Following that, he was dropped from the squad for the first time since debut.[42][43]During the Asia Cup held in the next month, he was again sidelined from the team due to his side strain,[44][45] playing only the first three games.[46][47][48][49] He was able to play against Australia, India and New Zealand in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 held in India in March.[50][51][52] He became the first Bangladeshi bowler to grab five wickets in the history of T20 World Cup after taking five wickets for 22 runs against New Zealand.[53] He took total of 9 wickets in three matches in the 2016 edition.[54] He was named as 12th man in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2016 T20 World Cup by the ICC.[55]Mustafizur was again unable to play all matches when Bangladesh toured New Zealand during December 2016 and January 2017.[56] He played his first Test match since August 2015 against Sri Lanka at Galle in March 2017, taking eight wickets in the series.In April 2018, he was one of ten cricketers to be awarded a central contract by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) ahead of the 2018 season.[57]On 29 May 2018, Mustafizur was ruled out of an upcoming three-match T20I series against Afghanistan due to a toe injury.[58]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh's squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup_squads#Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"2019 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"International Cricket Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"2019-onwards","text":"In April 2019, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.[59][60] On 5 July 2019, in the match against Pakistan, Mustafizur took his 100th wicket in ODIs.[61] He finished the tournament as the leading wicket-taker for Bangladesh, with twenty dismissals in eight matches.[62] Following the World Cup, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named Mustafizur as the rising star of the squad.[63]In September 2021, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.[64] In May 2024, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament.[65]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Dynamites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Dynamites"},{"link_name":"2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bangladesh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_Kings"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Bangladesh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Rangpur Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_Rangers"},{"link_name":"2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Bangladesh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Comilla Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_Victorians"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Premier League 2021-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Premier_League"}],"sub_title":"Bangladesh Premier League","text":"Mustafizur's first professional Twenty20 career outside international cricket was the Bangladesh Premier League, where he played for Dhaka Dynamites in its 2015 season.[66] He took 14 wickets in 10 matches in that tournament.[67] In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the Rajshahi Kings team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League.[68] In November 2019, he was selected to play for the Rangpur Rangers in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League.[69] In 21 January, he was selected to play for the Comilla Victorians have announced the squad for the BPL 2022 season. Mustafizur Rahman selected in icon category and contract for Bangladesh Premier League 2021-22 season.","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunrisers Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrisers_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"2016 IPL auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2016_Indian_Premier_League_personnel_changes"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Sunrisers Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrisers_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"2017 IPL auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_Indian_Premier_League_personnel_changes"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Indians"},{"link_name":"2018 IPL auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2018_Indian_Premier_League_personnel_changes"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPL2018-79"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan_Royals"},{"link_name":"2021 IPL auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_IPL_auction"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Delhi Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Capitals"},{"link_name":"auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2022_Indian_Premier_League_personnel_changes"},{"link_name":"2022 Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Chennai Super Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings"}],"sub_title":"Indian Premier League","text":"In February 2016, Mustafizur was drafted by Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2016 IPL auction.[70] He took 17 wickets in 16 matches in the tournament[71] where his team won the title.[72] He was named as \"Emerging Player of the Tournament\",[73] the first overseas player to receive this award.[74]In December 2016, he was retained by the Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2017 IPL auction.[75][76] He was doubtful about missing the first-leg of the tournament.[77][78]In January 2018, he was bought by the Mumbai Indians in the 2018 IPL auction.[79] In February 2021, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals from his base price of INR 1.00 crore in the 2021 IPL auction.[80] In February 2022, he was bought by the Delhi Capitals in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. He played 8 match for Delhi capital and took 8 wicket.[81]He currently plays for Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings.","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"T20 Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"NatWest T20 Blast","text":"In March 2016, English side Sussex announced that they had signed Mustafizur as their second overseas player for the T20 Blast competition.[82]\nHe picked up four wickets while giving away 23 runs in his debut match against Essex.[83] After another match, he faced a shoulder surgery which sidelined him for six months.[84]","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lahore Qalandars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Qalandars"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"BCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Pakistan Super League","text":"Mustafizur was selected by Lahore Qalandars in the Pakistan Super League.[85] The BCB was reluctant to let him play there.[86] However, the issue was resolved when Mustafizur got a shoulder injury in early 2016, thus preventing him from playing in the PSL.[87]","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashish Nehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish_Nehra"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"off cutters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_cutter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_cutter-23"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Anamul Haque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamul_Haque"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_making_of_Mustafizur-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiz_from_Satkhira-16"},{"link_name":"Maninder Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maninder_Singh_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"text":"\"Mustafizur has a God-gifted slow ball.\"\n\n\n— Ashish Nehra[88]Mustafizur achieved success in the beginning of his international career by bowling off cutters, a type of bowling which moves away (from the right-hander) off of the pitch.[23][89] Mustafizur stated on a press conference in June 2015 that he first discovered the technique after his fellow cricketer, Anamul Haque insisted him to bowl a slower delivery.[15][16] According to former Indian cricketer Maninder Singh, his slower balls are difficult to read.[90]","title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satkhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satkhira_District"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Division"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafizur_ESPNcricinfo_bio-19"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiiz_kid_life-91"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_making_of_Mustafizur-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafiz_with_his_familly;_photo_taken_by_Masum_Ibn_Musa.JPG"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiiz_kid_life-91"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"batsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsman_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"tennis ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustafiz_from_Satkhira-16"},{"link_name":"pacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_bowling"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Amir"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"a terrorist attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marriage-94"}],"text":"Mustafizur grew up in the small town of Satkhira in Khulna, Bangladesh.[19] He is the youngest of Abul Qasem Gazi and Mahmuda Khatun's six children.[91] His father is an enthusiastic fan of cricket.[15] Mustafizur's interest in cricket rose when he started practicing the game 40 kilometres (25 mi)Fizz with his family membersaway from home every morning, with his brother Mokhlesur Rahman. This affected his education as he occasionally missed school to play cricket.[91]Prior to discovering his bowling talents, Mustafizur played as a batsman with a tennis ball.[16] According to him, he took inspiration from Pakistani pacer Mohammad Amir who is his idol.[92]On 15 March 2019, along with several members of the Bangladesh test team, he was moments from entering the Al Noor mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand when a terrorist attack began. All members of the team were \"deeply affected\".[93] Mustafizur went on to get married on 22 March. Mustafizur's brother was hopeful that marriage could help him \"overcome the shock\" of witnessing the attack in New Zealand.[94]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Cricket Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"ICC ODI Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_ODI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"ICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"Shakib Al Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_Emerging_Cricketer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"2016 ICC World Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo"},{"link_name":"World T20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"IPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Emerging player of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Premier_League_awards"},{"link_name":"Upul Tharanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upul_Tharanga"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rahman50-103"},{"link_name":"ICC ODI Team of the Year 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_ODI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2019 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Haris Sohail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Sohail"},{"link_name":"Brett Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Lee"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"T20I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"ICC Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Awards"},{"link_name":"ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_ODI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20I_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"third T20I against Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2023%E2%80%9324#3rd_T20I"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"The governing body of cricket, the International Cricket Council, included Mustafizur on the ICC ODI Team of the Year in 2015, recognizing him as one of the top cricketers of that year.[95] He was the first Bangladeshi cricketer to achieve this and the second to be selected for any ICC team after Shakib Al Hasan.[96]\nIn December 2016, he was named the ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year, the first Bangladeshi player to win one of the ICC's annual awards.[97] Mustafizur was also included as the 12th man in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Men's Team of the Tournament.[98] He won the ESPNcricinfo Award for the Best T20 performance of the year 2016 for his maiden T20I five-wicket haul against New Zealand during the World T20.[99]\nMustafizur won the Best Athlete of the Year Award from the Bangladesh Sports Press Association (BSPA) of the year 2015.[100]\nOn 29 May 2016, he became the first[101] and so far the only[102] foreign cricketer to win IPL's Emerging player of the year.\nOn 27 January 2018, Mustafizur took his 50th ODI wicket in a tri-series final against Sri Lanka by bowling Upul Tharanga, becoming the fastest Bangladeshi bowler to 50 ODI wickets in 27 matches.[103]\nMustafizur again included ICC ODI Team of the Year 2018. He become the first Bangladeshi cricketer to achieve this twice.\nOn 5 July 2019, Mustafizur took his 100th ODI wicket in 2019 Cricket World Cup against Pakistan by bowling Haris Sohail, becoming the fastest Bangladeshi bowler to reach the milestone in 54 matches. By doing so, he also became the fourth fastest in the World to reach 100 wickets, leaving Australian speedster Brett Lee behind him. Lee reached the milestone of 100 wickets in 55 matches.[104]\nOn 18 September 2019, Mustafizur became quickest Bangladeshi, quickest fast bowler and fourth quickest bowler to take 50 T20I wickets.[105][106][107]\nIn the annual ICC Awards in January 2022, Mustafizur was included in ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year for the year 2021.[108]\nNamed in ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year for the year 2021.[109]\nOn 9 March 2024, in the third T20I against Sri Lanka, Mustafizur became the third Bangladeshi player to take 300 wickets across all formats of international cricket.[110]","title":"Records and achievements"}]	[{"image_text":"Fizz training in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mustafizur_Rahman_on_practice_field_in_Dhaka_on_2018_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mustafizur_Rahman_on_practice_field_in_Dhaka_on_2018_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fizz with his family members","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mustafiz_with_his_familly%3B_photo_taken_by_Masum_Ibn_Musa.JPG/252px-Mustafiz_with_his_familly%3B_photo_taken_by_Masum_Ibn_Musa.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mustafizur Rahman Records, Test match, ODI, T20, IPL international batting bowling fielding records\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mustafizur-rahman-330902/tests-odi-t20-records","url_text":"\"Mustafizur Rahman Records, Test match, ODI, T20, IPL international batting bowling fielding records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Want Mustafizur Rahman to become the leader of the Bangladesh bowling attack: Sanjay Manjrekar\". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=995403","url_text":"\"Want Mustafizur Rahman to become the leader of the Bangladesh bowling attack: Sanjay Manjrekar\""}]},{"reference":"OneCricket; Rathi, Tejas (21 April 2022). \"Mustafizur Rahman reveals the strategy to prolong his career\". OneCricket. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricket.one/news/news-details/62e146c03094a4d5d6db3f10/mustafizur-rahman-reveals-the-strategy-to-prolong-his-career","url_text":"\"Mustafizur Rahman reveals the strategy to prolong his career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indian duo helped Mustafizur Rahman got his 'Fizz' back: Allan Donald\". The Times of India. 19 December 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-bangladesh/indian-duo-helped-mustafizur-rahman-got-his-fizz-back-allan-donald/articleshow/96345534.cms","url_text":"\"Indian duo helped Mustafizur Rahman got his 'Fizz' back: Allan Donald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"}]},{"reference":"\"Mustafizur Rahman Profile - Cricket Player Bangladesh \| Stats, Records, Video\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mustafizur-rahman-330902","url_text":"\"Mustafizur Rahman Profile - Cricket Player Bangladesh \| Stats, Records, Video\""}]},{"reference":"Teale, Chris. \"Mustafizur Rahman Has Debut to Remember as Bangladesh Beat India\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2500218-mustafizur-rahman-has-debut-to-remember-as-bangladesh-beat-india","url_text":"\"Mustafizur Rahman Has Debut to Remember as Bangladesh Beat India\""}]},{"reference":"Barclay, Chris (24 December 2016). \"Bangladeshi fast bowler Mustafizur Rahman quickly making a mark\". Stuff. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/87935004/bangladeshi-fast-bowler-mustafizur-rahman-quickly-making-a-mark","url_text":"\"Bangladeshi fast bowler Mustafizur Rahman quickly making a mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stats: The rise and rise of prolific Mustafizur Rahman\". Rediff. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/stats-the-rise-and-rise-of-prolific-mustafizur-rahman-india-bangladesh/20150622.htm","url_text":"\"Stats: The rise and rise of prolific Mustafizur Rahman\""}]},{"reference":"Report, Star Online (6 February 2016). \"IPL: Sunrisers snap up Mustafizur for $2 lakh\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/sunrisers-snap-mustafizur-ipl-2016-213466","url_text":"\"IPL: Sunrisers snap up Mustafizur for $2 lakh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunrisers Hyderabad win first Indian Premier League title after tense final\". The Guardian. Reuters. 29 May 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(disambiguation)	Howard Johnson	["1 Entertainers","1.1 Music","1.2 Other entertainers","2 Sportsmen","3 Other people","4 Other uses","5 See also"]	Howard Johnson may refer to: Entertainers Music Howard Johnson (lyricist) (1887–1941), American songwriter Howard E. Johnson (1908–1991), American swing alto saxophonist Howie Johnson (drummer) (1932–1987), drummer for American rock band The Ventures Howard Johnson (jazz musician) (1941–2021), American jazz tubist Howard Johnson (soul singer) (born 1956), American R&B singer Other entertainers Stretch Johnson (Howard Eugene Johnson, 1915–2000), American tap dancer and activist Howard David Johnson (born 1954), American painter Howard A. Johnson, Jr., special effects artist, see Academy Award for Best Visual Effects Sportsmen Howard Johnson (American football) (1916–1945), American football offensive lineman Howard Johnson (footballer) (1925–2015), English footballer Howard Johnson (baseball) (born 1960), American baseball player Howard Johnson (cricketer) (born 1964), American cricketer Howie Johnson (1925–2015), American professional golfer Monk Johnson (Howard Johnson, 1894–1973), American baseball player Other people Howard Deering Johnson (1897–1972), American founder of Howard Johnson's restaurants Howard Hille Johnson (1846–1913), American blind educator and writer Howard Wesley Johnson (1922–2009), American educator; former president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Howard Johnson (electrical engineer) (born 20th century), in signal integrity and high speed electronic circuit design Howard R. Johnson (inventor) (1919–2008), inventor of an alleged perpetual motion device Howard Johnson (politician) (1910–2000), British Conservative politician Howard R. Johnson (1903–1944), commander of the U.S. Army 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment during World War II Howard A. Johnson (1893–1974), Montana Supreme Court justice Other uses Howard Johnson's, a chain of hotels and restaurants See also Howard Johnston (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Howard Johnson.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Howard Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Entertainers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (lyricist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Howard E. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Howie Johnson (drummer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Johnson_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (jazz musician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (soul singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(soul_singer)"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Howard Johnson (lyricist) (1887–1941), American songwriter\nHoward E. Johnson (1908–1991), American swing alto saxophonist\nHowie Johnson (drummer) (1932–1987), drummer for American rock band The Ventures\nHoward Johnson (jazz musician) (1941–2021), American jazz tubist\nHoward Johnson (soul singer) (born 1956), American R&B singer","title":"Entertainers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stretch Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Howard David Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_David_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Howard A. Johnson, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_A._Johnson,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Visual Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects"}],"sub_title":"Other entertainers","text":"Stretch Johnson (Howard Eugene Johnson, 1915–2000), American tap dancer and activist\nHoward David Johnson (born 1954), American painter\nHoward A. Johnson, Jr., special effects artist, see Academy Award for Best Visual Effects","title":"Entertainers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Howie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Monk Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_Johnson"}],"text":"Howard Johnson (American football) (1916–1945), American football offensive lineman\nHoward Johnson (footballer) (1925–2015), English footballer\nHoward Johnson (baseball) (born 1960), American baseball player\nHoward Johnson (cricketer) (born 1964), American cricketer\nHowie Johnson (1925–2015), American professional golfer\nMonk Johnson (Howard Johnson, 1894–1973), American baseball player","title":"Sportsmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Deering Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Deering_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Howard Hille Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hille_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Howard Wesley Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wesley_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (electrical engineer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(electrical_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Howard R. Johnson (inventor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_R._Johnson_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Howard R. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_R._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Howard A. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_A._Johnson"}],"text":"Howard Deering Johnson (1897–1972), American founder of Howard Johnson's restaurants\nHoward Hille Johnson (1846–1913), American blind educator and writer\nHoward Wesley Johnson (1922–2009), American educator; former president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\nHoward Johnson (electrical engineer) (born 20th century), in signal integrity and high speed electronic circuit design\nHoward R. Johnson (inventor) (1919–2008), inventor of an alleged perpetual motion device\nHoward Johnson (politician) (1910–2000), British Conservative politician\nHoward R. Johnson (1903–1944), commander of the U.S. Army 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment during World War II\nHoward A. Johnson (1893–1974), Montana Supreme Court justice","title":"Other people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Johnson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson%27s"}],"text":"Howard Johnson's, a chain of hotels and restaurants","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	[{"title":"Howard Johnston (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnston_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Howard_Johnson&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Howard_Johnson&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitou-Shilin_Technology_Park	Beitou-Shilin Technology Park	["1 Location","2 Overview","3 Transportation","3.1 Metro","3.2 Road","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Industrial park in Taipei, Taiwan The Beitou-Shilin Technology Park (BSTP; Chinese: 北投士林科技園區; pinyin: Běitóu Shìlín Kējì Yuánqū) is an industrial park located in the Zhoumei area on the south side of Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan. Location Map of Beitou-Shilin Technology Park Beitou-Shilin Technology Park covers an area of about 94,000 m2 (1,010,000 sq ft). It is located at the junction of Beitou District and Shilin District, bordering on academic landmarks such as Taipei Children's Amusement Park, National Taiwan Science Education Center, and Taipei Astronomical Museum. There are several hospitals, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and other landmarks nearby. Therefore, the park is developed with the "smart health industry" as the main axis, and is regarded by Taipei City as the next emerging industry development area in the city. Overview The Beitou-Shilin Technology Park aims to introduce private capital and resources, attract high-end industries such as ICT, biotechnology, other emerging technologies as well as promoting the overall industrial development of the city. Transportation ZhouMei Expressway Metro Tamsui–Xinyi line: Mingde metro station Zhishan metro station Road ZhouMei Expressway See also Economy of Taiwan Nankang Software Park References ^ "Five universities establish biotech business incubator". Taipei Times. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2023-02-08. ^ "Mayor Attends Groundbreaking Ceremony for New Kinpo Group's HQ". english.gov.taipei. Retrieved 2023-02-08. ^ "Beitou-Shilin Technology Park". Invest Taipei. Retrieved 2023-02-08. ^ "What is the purpose of developing Beitou Shihlin Technology Park?". english.gov.taipei. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 2023-02-08. External links Beitou-Shilin Technology Park	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"industrial park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_park"},{"link_name":"Beitou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitou_District"},{"link_name":"Taipei City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_City"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Beitou-Shilin Technology Park (BSTP; Chinese: 北投士林科技園區; pinyin: Běitóu Shìlín Kējì Yuánqū) is an industrial park located in the Zhoumei area on the south side of Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan.[1]","title":"Beitou-Shilin Technology Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8C%97%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E5%9C%96.png"},{"link_name":"Shilin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilin_District"},{"link_name":"Taipei Children's Amusement Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Children%27s_Amusement_Park"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan Science Education Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center"},{"link_name":"Taipei Astronomical Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Astronomical_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University"},{"link_name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Veterans_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Map of Beitou-Shilin Technology ParkBeitou-Shilin Technology Park covers an area of about 94,000 m2 (1,010,000 sq ft). It is located at the junction of Beitou District and Shilin District, bordering on academic landmarks such as Taipei Children's Amusement Park, National Taiwan Science Education Center, and Taipei Astronomical Museum. There are several hospitals, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and other landmarks nearby.[2] Therefore, the park is developed with the \"smart health industry\" as the main axis, and is regarded by Taipei City as the next emerging industry development area in the city.[3]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Beitou-Shilin Technology Park aims to introduce private capital and resources, attract high-end industries such as ICT, biotechnology, other emerging technologies as well as promoting the overall industrial development of the city.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8BDSC_5044.jpg"}],"text":"ZhouMei Expressway","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsui%E2%80%93Xinyi_line"},{"link_name":"Tamsui–Xinyi line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsui%E2%80%93Xinyi_line"},{"link_name":"Mingde metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingde_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Zhishan metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhishan_metro_station"}],"sub_title":"Metro","text":"Tamsui–Xinyi line:\nMingde metro station\nZhishan metro station","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Road","text":"ZhouMei Expressway","title":"Transportation"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Beitou-Shilin Technology Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%E5%8C%97%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E5%9C%96.png/300px-%E5%8C%97%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E5%9C%96.png"},{"image_text":"ZhouMei Expressway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8BDSC_5044.jpg/200px-%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8BDSC_5044.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Economy of Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan"},{"title":"Nankang Software Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankang_Software_Park"}]	[{"reference":"\"Five universities establish biotech business incubator\". 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Retrieved 2023-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=A0EDC3930FBE7EFC&sms=5B794C46F3CDE718&s=477EA49B8ADC2F1F","url_text":"\"What is the purpose of developing Beitou Shihlin Technology Park?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/09/12/2003700252","external_links_name":"\"Five universities establish biotech business incubator\""},{"Link":"https://english.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=A11F01CFC9F58C83&sms=DFFA119D1FD5602C&s=0AD95AE4B2C22D22","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Attends Groundbreaking Ceremony for New Kinpo Group's HQ\""},{"Link":"https://invest.taipei/pages/E_Beitou-ShilinTechnologyPark.html?1662454379","external_links_name":"\"Beitou-Shilin Technology Park\""},{"Link":"https://english.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=A0EDC3930FBE7EFC&sms=5B794C46F3CDE718&s=477EA49B8ADC2F1F","external_links_name":"\"What is the purpose of developing Beitou Shihlin Technology Park?\""},{"Link":"https://bstp.gov.taipei/","external_links_name":"Beitou-Shilin Technology Park"}]

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