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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_von_Witzleben_(Prussia)	Job von Witzleben	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Decorations","4 References"]	Prussian lieutenant general For other uses, see Job von Witzleben (disambiguation). Karl Ernst Job Wilhelm von WitzlebenWitzleben flanked by General Leopold Wilhelm von Dobschütz (left) and the French envoy Nicolas Joseph Maison (right) during a meeting in Teplitz, from a lithograph by Theodor Hosemann (1832)Born(1783-07-20)20 July 1783Halberstadt, Principality of Halberstadt,Kingdom of PrussiaDied9 July 1837(1837-07-09) (aged 53)BerlinBuriedInvalids' Cemetery, BerlinAllegiance Kingdom of PrussiaService/branchPrussian ArmyYears of service1793–1835RankLieutenant-GeneralBattles/warsNapoleonic WarsAwardsIron CrossOrder of the Red Eagle Karl Ernst Job Wilhelm von Witzleben (20 July 1783 – 9 July 1837) was a Prussian lieutenant general, adjutant-general to the king, and minister of war. Career Born in Halberstadt, Witzleben was the first-born son of Lieutenant Heinrich Günther von Witzleben (1755–1825) and his wife Amalie Karoline Luise Wilhelmine, née von Wulffen (1766–1807). Of Thuringian Uradel, he became a personal squire to the Hohenzollern king Frederick William II of Prussia in 1793, and then an ensign in the Royal Guard in 1799. His active career was promoted by King Frederick William III who became a close friend. Witzleben achieved the rank of Second Lieutenant in 1802. He was captured in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt fought on 14 October 1806, but was exchanged in August 1807. His work Ideas on the Reorganisation of the Light Infantry, caught the attention of Gerhard von Scharnhorst, so that he was transferred in December 1808 to the newly formed Garde-Jäger-Bataillon as a Stabskapitän. In early 1812 he was promoted to major and fought on 2 May 1813 in the Battle of Lützen. During the war in France he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In spring 1815 he joined the general staff of the army of Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and was then made a colonel. Having been made a lieutenant general in 1821, he was appointed the successor of the Prussian Minister of War Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake upon his resignation in 1833. He worked to integrate the standing army and the Landwehr. He also managed the introduction of the needle gun, and revised the military criminal code. Job von Witzleben retired due to severe illness in 1835 and died two years later, aged 53. He was buried in the Berlin Invalids' Cemetery, close to Scharnhorsts's grave. Personal life Witzleben married Auguste Henriette, née von Splittgerber in 1812. The couple had eight children. His daughter Hertha (1815–1879) was married to Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel. In 1823, he acquired a large estate close to Charlottenburg, where he had a manor house erected. Later named Witzleben quarter, the area is today part of Berlin's Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf borough. He also held Liszkowo manor in West Prussia. General Lieutenant Witzleben was musically talented and a gifted violinist. As a freemason, he was a member of the Grand National Mother Lodge, "The Three Globes". Decorations Grave monument Iron Cross, second (1813) and first class (1814) Order of the Red Eagle, third class (1817) Order of Stanislaus, first class (1818) Order of the Red Eagle, second class with oak leaf cluster (1820) Order of the Zähringer Lion (1822) Service Award Cross (1825) Commander of the Military William Order of the Netherlands (1825) Brilliant to the Order of Stanislaus, first class (1829) Star to the Order of the Red Eagle, second class (1830) Order of the Red Eagle, first class with oak leaf cluster (1832) Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1834) Diamond to the Russian Order of Alexander Nevsky (1835) Ludwigsorden, Grand Cross (1835) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Job von Witzleben (Generalleutnant). Wilhelm Dorow: Job von Witzleben, königl. Preuß. Kriegsminister. Mittheilungen desselben und seiner Freunde zur Beurteilung preuß. Zustände und wichtiger Zeitfragen. Tauchnitz, Leipzig 1842 (Digitalisat) Bernhard von Poten (1898), "Witzleben, Job von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 43, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 675–677 vtePrussian Ministers of War Scharnhorst Hake Boyen Hake Witzleben Rauch Boyen Rohr Reyher Kanitz Schreckenstein Pfuel Strotha Stockhausen Bonin Waldersee Bonin Roon Kameke P. Bronsart von Schellendorf Verdy du Vernois Kaltenborn W. Bronsart von Schellendorf Goßler Einem Heeringen Falkenhayn Hohenborn Stein Scheüch Reinhardt Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Job von Witzleben (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_von_Witzleben_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"minister of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Ministry_of_War"}],"text":"For other uses, see Job von Witzleben (disambiguation).Karl Ernst Job Wilhelm von Witzleben (20 July 1783 – 9 July 1837) was a Prussian lieutenant general, adjutant-general to the king, and minister of war.","title":"Job von Witzleben"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halberstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberstadt"},{"link_name":"Uradel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uradel"},{"link_name":"Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"Frederick William II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Royal Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Guard"},{"link_name":"Frederick William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jena–Auerstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt"},{"link_name":"Gerhard von Scharnhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_von_Scharnhorst"},{"link_name":"Stabskapitän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabskapit%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lützen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher"},{"link_name":"Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Georg_Albrecht_Ernst_von_Hake"},{"link_name":"Landwehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr"},{"link_name":"needle gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_gun"},{"link_name":"Invalids' Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalids%27_Cemetery"}],"text":"Born in Halberstadt, Witzleben was the first-born son of Lieutenant Heinrich Günther von Witzleben (1755–1825) and his wife Amalie Karoline Luise Wilhelmine, née von Wulffen (1766–1807). Of Thuringian Uradel, he became a personal squire to the Hohenzollern king Frederick William II of Prussia in 1793, and then an ensign in the Royal Guard in 1799. His active career was promoted by King Frederick William III who became a close friend.Witzleben achieved the rank of Second Lieutenant in 1802. He was captured in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt fought on 14 October 1806, but was exchanged in August 1807. His work Ideas on the Reorganisation of the Light Infantry, caught the attention of Gerhard von Scharnhorst, so that he was transferred in December 1808 to the newly formed Garde-Jäger-Bataillon as a Stabskapitän. In early 1812 he was promoted to major and fought on 2 May 1813 in the Battle of Lützen. During the war in France he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In spring 1815 he joined the general staff of the army of Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and was then made a colonel.Having been made a lieutenant general in 1821, he was appointed the successor of the Prussian Minister of War Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake upon his resignation in 1833. He worked to integrate the standing army and the Landwehr. He also managed the introduction of the needle gun, and revised the military criminal code. Job von Witzleben retired due to severe illness in 1835 and died two years later, aged 53. He was buried in the Berlin Invalids' Cemetery, close to Scharnhorsts's grave.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Freiherr_von_Manteuffel"},{"link_name":"Charlottenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenburg"},{"link_name":"Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf"},{"link_name":"Liszkowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liszkowo,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Grand National Mother Lodge, \"The Three Globes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Mother_Lodge,_%22The_Three_Globes%22"}],"text":"Witzleben married Auguste Henriette, née von Splittgerber in 1812. The couple had eight children. His daughter Hertha (1815–1879) was married to Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel. In 1823, he acquired a large estate close to Charlottenburg, where he had a manor house erected. Later named Witzleben quarter, the area is today part of Berlin's Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf borough. He also held Liszkowo manor in West Prussia.General Lieutenant Witzleben was musically talented and a gifted violinist. As a freemason, he was a member of the Grand National Mother Lodge, \"The Three Globes\".","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin,_Mitte,_Invalidenfriedhof,_Feld_C,_Grab_Job_von_Witzleben.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Order of the Zähringer Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion"},{"link_name":"Service Award Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Award_Cross"},{"link_name":"Military William Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_William_Order"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Brilliant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilliant_(diamond_cut)"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Ludwigsorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsorden"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cross"}],"text":"Grave monumentIron Cross, second (1813) and first class (1814)\nOrder of the Red Eagle, third class (1817)\nOrder of Stanislaus, first class (1818)\nOrder of the Red Eagle, second class with oak leaf cluster (1820)\nOrder of the Zähringer Lion (1822)\nService Award Cross (1825)\nCommander of the Military William Order of the Netherlands (1825)\nBrilliant to the Order of Stanislaus, first class (1829)\nStar to the Order of the Red Eagle, second class (1830)\nOrder of the Red Eagle, first class with oak leaf cluster (1832)\nOrder of St. Alexander Nevsky (1834)\nDiamond to the Russian Order of Alexander Nevsky (1835)\nLudwigsorden, Grand Cross (1835)","title":"Decorations"}]	[{"image_text":"Grave monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Berlin%2C_Mitte%2C_Invalidenfriedhof%2C_Feld_C%2C_Grab_Job_von_Witzleben.jpg/220px-Berlin%2C_Mitte%2C_Invalidenfriedhof%2C_Feld_C%2C_Grab_Job_von_Witzleben.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bernhard von Poten (1898), \"Witzleben, Job von\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 43, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 675–677","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008401/images/index.html?seite=677","url_text":"\"Witzleben, Job von\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sPrUUkcfqYgC","external_links_name":"Digitalisat"},{"Link":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008401/images/index.html?seite=677","external_links_name":"\"Witzleben, Job von\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/243637387","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmJcvGH6tKpPqqC9hGpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117445614","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117445614.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66h4vxt","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizutori-class_submarine_chaser	Mizutori-class submarine chaser	["1 Design","2 Equipment","3 Ships of class","4 Citations"]	Class of Japan Maritime Self Defense Force submarine chasers JDS Mizutori Class overview NameMizutori class Builders Kawasaki Heavy Industries IHI Corporation Fujinagata Shipyards Sasebo Ship Industry Sasebo Heavy Industries Operators Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Preceded byUmitaka class Built1959–1965 In commission1960–1999 Planned8 Completed8 Retired8 General characteristics TypeSubmarine chaser Displacement standard: 420 t (410 long tons) (PC-311-315) 430 t (420 long tons) (PC-316) 440 t (430 long tons) (PC-319, 320) full load: 480 t (470 long tons) (PC-311-315) 485 t (477 long tons) (PC-316) 490 t (480 long tons) (PC-319, 320) Length60.5 m (198 ft 6 in) Beam7.1 m (23 ft 4 in) Draft2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) Depth4.4 m (14 ft 5 in) Propulsion 2 × Kawasaki MAN V8 V22 / 30 diesel electric engines 2 × shafts Speed20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph) Complement80 Sensors and processing systems OPS-16 air-search radar AN/SQS-11A sonar Mark 63 fire-control system Electronic warfare & decoysNOLR-1 Armament 1 × twin Bofors 40 mm gun 1 × hedgehog anti-submarine mortar 1 × Type 54 depth charge rack 2 × Mark 2 single torpedo tube (PC-311-315) 2 × Type 68 triple torpedo tube (PC-316-320) The Mizutori-class submarine chaser was a class of submarine chasers of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force after the Second World War, in the early 1960s. Design In this type, the navigation performance was improved and the design was rationalized based on the operational results of the preceding 1954 planned boats (Kari-class, Kamome-class). The basic design was carried out by the Ship Design Association for boats in 1954, but it was transferred from this model to the Technical Research Institute of the Defense Agency (at that time), and the plan number was K103A. They were designed to be larger (1.4 times the standard displacement) based on the FY1954 plan, and the ship type was the same flush deck type. In the 1954 classes, the elaborate design with extremely thin plates led to an increase in man-hours, so the bow was 2.9 to 3.2 mm thick, but now it is 4.5 to 6 mm, and the area below the waterline is also 4.5 to 8 mm. Although it was thickened to millimeters, it still had a thin plate structure as a whole. In addition, in the 1954 classes, the bridge and the deck room were separated to reduce the area on the wind pressure side, but there were drawbacks such as the inconvenience of communication inside the ship in stormy weather and the inability to secure sufficient space inside the ship. Therefore, in this model, the front and rear superstructures are integrated so that it can be easily moved back and forth even in stormy weather. In addition to the wing on the bridge, they were equipped with the flagship equipment, so the superstructure is extended 2.5 meters to the rear to provide the headquarters general affairs room. In addition, since the 1934 boat, corrugated panels have been adopted on the side walls of the superstructure to reduce man-hours and weight. On the other hand, as the main engine, the Umitaka-class was equipped with the same medium-speed robust diesel main engine manufactured by Mitsui Zosen as well as the Kamome-class, while this type has a relatively lightweight high-speed diesel main engine with almost the same configuration as the scale type. It was equipped with a V8 V22 / 30 type 4-cycle single-acting V-type 16-cylinder exhaust turbocharged diesel engine produced by Kawasaki Heavy Industries under a license agreement with MAN. It did not have a self-reversing mechanism and was connected to the propeller via a fluid coupling and a reducer. Equipment As a sonar, the 25.5 kHz class scanning AN/SQS-11A was installed on the bottom of the twin Bofors 40 mm gun, just like the 1954 classes. On the other hand, as a radar, the 1954 boats were equipped with AN/SPS-5B, which was made in the United States and used the X band, while this model was made in Japan and used the C band, OPS-16. The high-angle machine gun system was similar to that of the 1954 boats, and was equipped with a Mk.1 40mm twin machine gun on the front deck. It was commanded by the Mk.63 Fire Control System (GFCS), with the director on the bridge top and the fire radar on the gun side. In addition, the hedgehog Mk.10 anti-submarine mortar is placed just before the bridge structure behind it, and a 54-type depth charge drop rail (6 depth charges for 1 line) is placed on each side of the stern. Is. However, in the 1954 boats, an anti-submarine short torpedo equipped with a guidance device was adopted instead of the 55-type depth charge projector (so-called Y gun) placed on the rear deck. The four early-built boats used short torpedo projectors that project 483 mm diameter Mk.32 short torpedoes, while the four late-built boats were made in the United States and 324. It was changed to a 68-type triple short torpedo launcher that produced a licensed Mk.32 with a millimeter diameter. This became standard equipment on the subsequent Maritime Self-Defense Force guard ships, but this class and Umitaka-class submarine chaser were the first equipped boats. Ships of class Mizutori-class repair submarine chaser Pennant number Name Builders Laid down Launched Commissioned Redesignated Decommissioned PC-311 / ASU-89 Mizutori Kawasaki Heavy Industries 13 March 1959 22 September 1959 27 February 1960 27 March 1981 27 March 1985 PC-312 / ASU-90 Yamadori Fujinagata Shipyards 14 March 1959 22 October 1959 15 March 1960 27 March 1981 27 March 1985 PC-313 / ASU-61 Otori IHI Corporation 16 December 1959 27 May 1960 13 October 1960 27 March 1982 31 October 1985 PC-314 / ASU-87 Kasasagi Fujinagata Shipyards 18 December 1959 31 May 1960 31 October 1960 5 March 1981 27 March 1985 PC-315 / ASU-62 Hatsukari Sasebo Ship Industry 22 January 1960 24 June 1960 15 November 1960 27 March 1982 31 October 1985 PC-316 / ASU-63 Umidori Sasebo Heavy Industries 15 February 1962 15 October 1952 30 March 1963 30 March 1964 24 March 1987 PC-319 / ASU-66 Shiratori 29 February 1964 8 October 1964 26 February 1965 19 March 1986 24 March 1987 PC-320 / ASY-92 Hiyodori 26 February 1965 25 September 1965 28 February 1966 21 May 1987 6 July 1999 Citations ^ a b 「フォト・メモワール海上自衛隊駆潜艇全タイプ」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 675. 海人社. June 2007. pp. 45–51. ^ a b c d 「海上自衛隊駆潜艇の技術的特徴」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 675. 海人社. June 2007. pp. 152–157. ^ a b 「海上自衛隊哨戒艦艇のテクニカル・リポート」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 466. 海人社. June 1993. pp. 82–91. ^ 「海上自衛隊哨戒艦艇用主機の系譜」『世界の艦船』. 海人社. June 1993. pp. 92–97. vteCombatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense ForceHelicopter Destroyer (DDH) Haruna Shirane Hyūga Izumo Guided Missile Destroyer (DDG) Amatsukaze Tachikaze Hatakaze Kongō Atago Maya Destroyer (DD) Asakaze (Gleaves) Ariake (Fletcher) Harukaze Akizuki (1959) Hatsuyuki Asagiri Murasame (1994) Takanami Akizuki (2010) Asahi All Purpose Destroyer (DDA) Murasame (1958) Takatsuki Anti Submarine Destroyer (DDK) Ayanami Yamagumo Minegumo Destroyer Escort (DE) Wakaba (Matsu) Asahi (Cannon) Akebono Ikazuchi Isuzu Chikugo Ishikari Yūbari Abukuma Frigate Multi-Purpose/Mine (FFM) Mogami Patrol Frigate (PF) Kusu (Tacoma) Submarine (SS) Kuroshio (Gato) Oyashio Hayashio Natsushio Ōshio Asashio Uzushio Yūshio Harushio Oyashio Sōryū Taigei Ocean Minehunters/Minesweepers (MHS) Yaeyama Awaji Minesweeper Tenders (MST) Nasami Miho Hayatomo Hayase Uraga Minelayers (MMC) Erimo Sōya Coastal Minehunters/Minesweepers (MHC/MSC) Ujishima Atada Yashiro Kasado Takami Hatsushima Uwajima Sugashima Harishima Enoshima Amphibious Warfare (LST/LCU) Ōsumi (LST-542) Atsumi Miura Yura LCU-2001 Ōsumi Diving Support Vessel (YDT) YDT-01 Cable Laying Ship (ARC) Tsugaru Muroto (1979) Muroto (2012) Yacht (ASY) Hashidate Research Ship (AGS/AOS) Akashi Futami Hibiki Nichinan Shōnan Replenishment Ship (AO/AOE) Hamana Sagami Towada Mashū Patrol boat (PG) PG 01 (Sparviero) Hayabusa Submarine chaser (PC) Kari Kamome Hayabusa Umitaka Mizutori Training ship (TV/ATS/TSS) Azuma Hatsuyuki Hatakaze Oyashio Kurobe Tenryū Kashima Submarine rescue ship (ASR/AS) Chihaya (1960) Fushimi Chiyoda (1983) Chihaya (1998) Chiyoda (2016) Experimental ship (ASE) Kurihama Asuka Icebreaker (AGB) Fuji Shirase (1981) Shirase (2008) List of combatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force List of ships of the Japanese Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"submarine chasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"The Mizutori-class submarine chaser was a class of submarine chasers of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force after the Second World War, in the early 1960s.","title":"Mizutori-class submarine chaser"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kari-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari-class_submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Kamome-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamome-class_submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Defense Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Agency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"flush deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_deck"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"superstructures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Umitaka-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umitaka-class_submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Mitsui Zosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_Engineering_%26_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"MAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"In this type, the navigation performance was improved and the design was rationalized based on the operational results of the preceding 1954 planned boats (Kari-class, Kamome-class). The basic design was carried out by the Ship Design Association for boats in 1954, but it was transferred from this model to the Technical Research Institute of the Defense Agency (at that time), and the plan number was K103A.[1]They were designed to be larger (1.4 times the standard displacement) based on the FY1954 plan, and the ship type was the same flush deck type. In the 1954 classes, the elaborate design with extremely thin plates led to an increase in man-hours, so the bow was 2.9 to 3.2 mm thick, but now it is 4.5 to 6 mm, and the area below the waterline is also 4.5 to 8 mm. Although it was thickened to millimeters, it still had a thin plate structure as a whole. In addition, in the 1954 classes, the bridge and the deck room were separated to reduce the area on the wind pressure side, but there were drawbacks such as the inconvenience of communication inside the ship in stormy weather and the inability to secure sufficient space inside the ship. Therefore, in this model, the front and rear superstructures are integrated so that it can be easily moved back and forth even in stormy weather.[2]In addition to the wing on the bridge, they were equipped with the flagship equipment, so the superstructure is extended 2.5 meters to the rear to provide the headquarters general affairs room. In addition, since the 1934 boat, corrugated panels have been adopted on the side walls of the superstructure to reduce man-hours and weight.[3][2]On the other hand, as the main engine, the Umitaka-class was equipped with the same medium-speed robust diesel main engine manufactured by Mitsui Zosen as well as the Kamome-class, while this type has a relatively lightweight high-speed diesel main engine with almost the same configuration as the scale type. It was equipped with a V8 V22 / 30 type 4-cycle single-acting V-type 16-cylinder exhaust turbocharged diesel engine produced by Kawasaki Heavy Industries under a license agreement with MAN. It did not have a self-reversing mechanism and was connected to the propeller via a fluid coupling and a reducer.[4][1]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"AN/SQS-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/SQS-11&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bofors 40 mm gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_gun"},{"link_name":"AN/SPS-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/SPS-5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"X band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_band"},{"link_name":"C band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)"},{"link_name":"OPS-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Fire Control System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"Mk.10 anti-submarine mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Y gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-gun"},{"link_name":"Mk.32 short torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_32_Surface_Vessel_Torpedo_Tubes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"As a sonar, the 25.5 kHz class scanning AN/SQS-11A was installed on the bottom of the twin Bofors 40 mm gun, just like the 1954 classes. On the other hand, as a radar, the 1954 boats were equipped with AN/SPS-5B, which was made in the United States and used the X band, while this model was made in Japan and used the C band, OPS-16.[3][2]The high-angle machine gun system was similar to that of the 1954 boats, and was equipped with a Mk.1 40mm twin machine gun on the front deck. It was commanded by the Mk.63 Fire Control System (GFCS), with the director on the bridge top and the fire radar on the gun side. In addition, the hedgehog Mk.10 anti-submarine mortar is placed just before the bridge structure behind it, and a 54-type depth charge drop rail (6 depth charges for 1 line) is placed on each side of the stern. Is. However, in the 1954 boats, an anti-submarine short torpedo equipped with a guidance device was adopted instead of the 55-type depth charge projector (so-called Y gun) placed on the rear deck. The four early-built boats used short torpedo projectors that project 483 mm diameter Mk.32 short torpedoes, while the four late-built boats were made in the United States and 324. It was changed to a 68-type triple short torpedo launcher that produced a licensed Mk.32 with a millimeter diameter. This became standard equipment on the subsequent Maritime Self-Defense Force guard ships, but this class and Umitaka-class submarine chaser were the first equipped boats.[2]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships of class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_1-1"},{"link_name":"「フォト・メモワール海上自衛隊駆潜艇全タイプ」『世界の艦船』","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40015458622/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-3"},{"link_name":"「海上自衛隊駆潜艇の技術的特徴」『世界の艦船』","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40015458640/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Combatant_ship_classes_of_the_Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Combatant_ship_classes_of_the_Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Combatant_ship_classes_of_the_Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Haruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Shirane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirane-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Hyūga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%ABga-class_helicopter_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Izumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumo-class_multi-purpose_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Amatsukaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Amatsukaze"},{"link_name":"Tachikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikaze-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Hatakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatakaze-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Kongō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Atago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atago-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Asakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakaze-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Gleaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaves-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Ariake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariake-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Harukaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harukaze-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Akizuki (1959)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akizuki-class_destroyer_(1959)"},{"link_name":"Hatsuyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsuyuki-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Asagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asagiri-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Murasame (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasame-class_destroyer_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Takanami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takanami-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Akizuki (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akizuki-class_destroyer_(2010)"},{"link_name":"Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Murasame (1958)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasame-class_destroyer_(1958)"},{"link_name":"Takatsuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsuki-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Ayanami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanami-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Yamagumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamagumo-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Minegumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minegumo-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Wakaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Wakaba"},{"link_name":"Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Akebono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Akebono_(DE-201)"},{"link_name":"Ikazuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikazuchi-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Isuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Chikugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikugo-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Ishikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Ishikari"},{"link_name":"Yūbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABbari-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Abukuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abukuma-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Mogami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogami-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Kusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ogden_(PF-39)"},{"link_name":"Tacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Kuroshio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mingo_(SS-261)"},{"link_name":"Gato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Oyashio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Oyashio"},{"link_name":"Hayashio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Natsushio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsushio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Ōshio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_%C5%8Cshio"},{"link_name":"Asashio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asashio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Uzushio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzushio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Yūshio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABshio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Harushio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harushio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Oyashio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyashio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Sōryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Taigei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigei-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Awaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaji-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Nasami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USAV_FS-408&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Mangyan_(AS-71)"},{"link_name":"Hayatomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hamilton_County"},{"link_name":"Hayase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Hayase"},{"link_name":"Uraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraga-class_mine_countermeasure_vessel"},{"link_name":"Erimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Erimo"},{"link_name":"Sōya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_S%C5%8Dya"},{"link_name":"Ujishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMS-1-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Atada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atada-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Yashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Yashiro"},{"link_name":"Kasado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasado-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Takami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takami-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Hatsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsushima-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Uwajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Sugashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugashima-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Harishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harishima-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Enoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoshima-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Ōsumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csumi-class_tank_landing_ship_(1961)"},{"link_name":"LST-542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LST-542-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"Atsumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsumi-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"Miura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miura-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"Yura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yura-class_utility_landing_ship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LCU-2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCU-2001-class_utility_landing_craft"},{"link_name":"Ōsumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csumi-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"YDT-01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YDT-01-class_diving_support_vessel"},{"link_name":"Tsugaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Tsugaru"},{"link_name":"Muroto (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Muroto_(1979)"},{"link_name":"Muroto (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Muroto_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Hashidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Hashidate_(ASY-91)"},{"link_name":"Akashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Akashi"},{"link_name":"Futami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futami-class_oceanographic_research_ship"},{"link_name":"Hibiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiki-class_ocean_surveillance_ship"},{"link_name":"Nichinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Nichinan"},{"link_name":"Shōnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Sh%C5%8Dnan"},{"link_name":"Hamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Hamana_(AO-411)"},{"link_name":"Sagami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Sagami_(AOE-421)"},{"link_name":"Towada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towada-class_replenishment_ship"},{"link_name":"Mashū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mash%C5%AB-class_replenishment_ship"},{"link_name":"PG 01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparviero-class_patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"Sparviero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparviero-class_patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"Hayabusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayabusa-class_patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"Kari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari-class_submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Kamome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamome-class_submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Hayabusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Hayabusa"},{"link_name":"Umitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umitaka-class_submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Mizutori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Azuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Azuma"},{"link_name":"Hatsuyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsuyuki-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Hatakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatakaze-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Oyashio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyashio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Kurobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Kurobe"},{"link_name":"Tenryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Tenry%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Kashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Kashima"},{"link_name":"Chihaya (1960)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Chihaya"},{"link_name":"Fushimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS_Fushimi"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda (1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Chiyoda_(1983)"},{"link_name":"Chihaya (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Chihaya"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Chiyoda_(2016)"},{"link_name":"Kurihama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Kurihama"},{"link_name":"Asuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Asuka"},{"link_name":"Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_icebreaker_Fuji_(AGB-5001)"},{"link_name":"Shirase (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_icebreaker_Shirase_(AGB-5002)"},{"link_name":"Shirase (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_icebreaker_Shirase_(AGB-5003)"},{"link_name":"List of combatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_combatant_ship_classes_of_the_Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"List of ships of the Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Japanese_Navy"}],"text":"^ a b 「フォト・メモワール海上自衛隊駆潜艇全タイプ」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 675. 海人社. June 2007. pp. 45–51.\n\n^ a b c d 「海上自衛隊駆潜艇の技術的特徴」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 675. 海人社. June 2007. pp. 152–157.\n\n^ a b 「海上自衛隊哨戒艦艇のテクニカル・リポート」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 466. 海人社. June 1993. pp. 82–91.\n\n^ 「海上自衛隊哨戒艦艇用主機の系譜」『世界の艦船』. 海人社. June 1993. pp. 92–97.vteCombatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense ForceHelicopter Destroyer (DDH)\nHaruna\nShirane\nHyūga\nIzumo\nGuided Missile Destroyer (DDG)\nAmatsukaze\nTachikaze\nHatakaze\nKongō\nAtago\nMaya\nDestroyer (DD)\nAsakaze (Gleaves)\nAriake (Fletcher)\nHarukaze\nAkizuki (1959)\nHatsuyuki\nAsagiri\nMurasame (1994)\nTakanami\nAkizuki (2010)\nAsahi\nAll Purpose Destroyer (DDA)\nMurasame (1958)\nTakatsuki\nAnti Submarine Destroyer (DDK)\nAyanami\nYamagumo\nMinegumo\nDestroyer Escort (DE)\nWakaba (Matsu)\nAsahi (Cannon)\nAkebono\nIkazuchi\nIsuzu\nChikugo\nIshikari\nYūbari\nAbukuma\nFrigate Multi-Purpose/Mine (FFM)\nMogami\nPatrol Frigate (PF)\nKusu (Tacoma)\nSubmarine (SS)\nKuroshio (Gato)\nOyashio\nHayashio\nNatsushio\nŌshio\nAsashio\nUzushio\nYūshio\nHarushio\nOyashio\nSōryū\nTaigei\nOcean Minehunters/Minesweepers (MHS)\nYaeyama\nAwaji\nMinesweeper Tenders (MST)\nNasami\nMiho\nHayatomo\nHayase\nUraga\nMinelayers (MMC)\nErimo\nSōya\nCoastal Minehunters/Minesweepers (MHC/MSC)\nUjishima\nAtada\nYashiro\nKasado\nTakami\nHatsushima\nUwajima\nSugashima\nHarishima\nEnoshima\nAmphibious Warfare (LST/LCU)\nŌsumi (LST-542)\nAtsumi\nMiura\nYura\nLCU-2001\nŌsumi\nDiving Support Vessel (YDT)\nYDT-01\nCable Laying Ship (ARC)\nTsugaru\nMuroto (1979)\nMuroto (2012)\nYacht (ASY)\nHashidate\nResearch Ship (AGS/AOS)\nAkashi\nFutami\nHibiki\nNichinan\nShōnan\nReplenishment Ship (AO/AOE)\nHamana\nSagami\nTowada\nMashū\nPatrol boat (PG)\nPG 01 (Sparviero)\nHayabusa\nSubmarine chaser (PC)\nKari\nKamome\nHayabusa\nUmitaka\nMizutori\nTraining ship (TV/ATS/TSS)\nAzuma\nHatsuyuki\nHatakaze\nOyashio\nKurobe\nTenryū\nKashima\nSubmarine rescue ship (ASR/AS)\nChihaya (1960)\nFushimi\nChiyoda (1983)\nChihaya (1998)\nChiyoda (2016)\nExperimental ship (ASE)\nKurihama\nAsuka\nIcebreaker (AGB)\nFuji\nShirase (1981)\nShirase (2008)\n\nList of combatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force\nList of ships of the Japanese Navy","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"「フォト・メモワール海上自衛隊駆潜艇全タイプ」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 675. 海人社. June 2007. pp. 45–51.","urls":[{"url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40015458622/","url_text":"「フォト・メモワール海上自衛隊駆潜艇全タイプ」『世界の艦船』"}]},{"reference":"「海上自衛隊駆潜艇の技術的特徴」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 675. 海人社. June 2007. pp. 152–157.","urls":[{"url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40015458640/","url_text":"「海上自衛隊駆潜艇の技術的特徴」『世界の艦船』"}]},{"reference":"「海上自衛隊哨戒艦艇のテクニカル・リポート」『世界の艦船』. Vol. 466. 海人社. June 1993. pp. 82–91.","urls":[]},{"reference":"「海上自衛隊哨戒艦艇用主機の系譜」『世界の艦船』. 海人社. June 1993. pp. 92–97.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40015458622/","external_links_name":"「フォト・メモワール海上自衛隊駆潜艇全タイプ」『世界の艦船』"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40015458640/","external_links_name":"「海上自衛隊駆潜艇の技術的特徴」『世界の艦船』"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Michel_du_Faing_d%27Aigremont	Édouard Michel du Faing d'Aigremont	["1 Career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]	Belgian Army general This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Édouard Michel du Faing d'Aigremont" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Édouard Micheldu Faing d'AigremontBorn14 May 1855Charleroi, BelgiumDied15 June 1931(1931-06-15) (aged 76)Fays-Famenne, BelgiumBuriedIxelles, BelgiumAllegiance BelgiumYears of service1871-1920RankLieutenant-generalBattles/warsWorld War I Siege of Namur Battle of the Yser Hundred Days Offensive Baron Augustin Édouard Michel du Faing d'Aigremont, born Augustin Édouard Michel (14 May 1855 – 15 June 1931) was a Belgian army officer and general who served during World War I. Career Son of a mining engineer, he studied at the Athénée de Charleroi, and in 1871 at the Royal Military Academy in Brussels. He qualified in 1873 as an artillery officer, and rose through the ranks to become Inspector General of the Artillery in 1906. In 1912, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General and received the command of the 4th Army Division based on in the Fortified Position of Namur. In August 1914, he commanded the division during the Siege of Namur, retreating towards Antwerp. He took part in the Battle of the Yser, where the 4th Division occupied the front between Kaaskerke and Tervate along the Nieuwpoort-Diksmuide railway line until its relief on 26 October 1914. From December 1914 to January 1917, the 4th Division remained in Wulpen. It participated on the general allied offensive in 1918 and crossed the Scheldt river on 8 November 1918, reaching the city of Ghent. After the war, Michel commanded the Belgian forces during the Occupation of the Rhineland. He retired in 1920 in order to work with the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels. In 1921, he was made Baron du Faing d'Aigremont. The barracks of the 17th Regiment of the Line in Mechelen was named after him, and numerous streets in different towns across the country are named in his honour. Honours Belgium: 1919 : Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold. References ^ "Op de Balkan stijgt de temperatuur". External links Michel du Faing d'Aigremont memorial in Namur at Traces of World War I vteBelgian Army generals in August 1914 G. Baix (1st Division of the Army) Émile Dossin (2nd Division of the Army) Gérard Leman (3rd Division of the Army) Édouard Michel (4th Division of the Army) Ruwet (5th Division of the Army) Albert Lantonnois van Rode (6th Division of the Army) Léon de Witte (Cavalry Division) Victor Deguise (National redoubt of Belgium)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Belgian Army generalBaron Augustin Édouard Michel du Faing d'Aigremont, born Augustin Édouard Michel (14 May 1855 – 15 June 1931) was a Belgian army officer and general who served during World War I.","title":"Édouard Michel du Faing d'Aigremont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Fortified Position of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_Position_of_Namur"},{"link_name":"Siege of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Yser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser"},{"link_name":"Kaaskerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaskerke"},{"link_name":"Tervate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tervate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Diksmuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diksmuide"},{"link_name":"Wulpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulpen_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Occupation of the Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History"}],"text":"Son of a mining engineer, he studied at the Athénée de Charleroi, and in 1871 at the Royal Military Academy in Brussels. He qualified in 1873 as an artillery officer, and rose through the ranks to become Inspector General of the Artillery in 1906.In 1912, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General and received the command of the 4th Army Division based on in the Fortified Position of Namur. In August 1914, he commanded the division during the Siege of Namur, retreating towards Antwerp. He took part in the Battle of the Yser, where the 4th Division occupied the front between Kaaskerke and Tervate along the Nieuwpoort-Diksmuide railway line until its relief on 26 October 1914. From December 1914 to January 1917, the 4th Division remained in Wulpen. It participated on the general allied offensive in 1918 and crossed the Scheldt river on 8 November 1918, reaching the city of Ghent. After the war, Michel commanded the Belgian forces during the Occupation of the Rhineland. He retired in 1920 in order to work with the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels.In 1921, he was made Baron du Faing d'Aigremont. The barracks of the 17th Regiment of the Line in Mechelen was named after him, and numerous streets in different towns across the country are named in his honour.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Belgium: 1919 : Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold.[1]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Op de Balkan stijgt de temperatuur\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ars-moriendi.be/DE_EERSTE_WERELDOORLOG.HTM","url_text":"\"Op de Balkan stijgt de temperatuur\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C3%89douard+Michel+du+Faing+d%27Aigremont%22","external_links_name":"\"Édouard Michel du Faing d'Aigremont\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C3%89douard+Michel+du+Faing+d%27Aigremont%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C3%89douard+Michel+du+Faing+d%27Aigremont%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C3%89douard+Michel+du+Faing+d%27Aigremont%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C3%89douard+Michel+du+Faing+d%27Aigremont%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C3%89douard+Michel+du+Faing+d%27Aigremont%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.ars-moriendi.be/DE_EERSTE_WERELDOORLOG.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Op de Balkan stijgt de temperatuur\""},{"Link":"http://en.tracesofww1.com/article/50850/Memorial-General-Augustin-Edouard-Michel-du-Faing-dAigremont.htm","external_links_name":"Michel du Faing d'Aigremont memorial in Namur"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Patkanian	Raphael Patkanian	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	Armenian poet Raphael PatkanianBorn(1830-11-20)20 November 1830Nor Nakhichevan, Russian EmpireDied3 September 1892(1892-09-03) (aged 61)Pen nameKamar KatibaOccupationpoetNationalityArmenian Patkanian's (left) and Mikayel Nalbandian's graves in Nor Nakhijevan Raphael Patkanian (Armenian: Ռափայէլ Պատկանեան, also known as Kamar Katiba; 20 November 1830 – 3 September 1892) was one of the most popular Armenian poets. Biography Patkanian was born in Nor Nakhichevan, Russia in 1830. His father and grandfather had been known for their poetic gifts. While at the University of Moscow, he created a literary club for his Armenian students, and from initials of their names formed his own pen-name of Kamar Katiba. Many of his poems were written during the Turco-Russian war, when the Russian Armenians had high hopes for the deliverance of Turkish Armenia from Ottoman rule. Patkanian died in 1892, after forty-two years of his continuous activity, as a teacher, author, and editor. His hopes and ambitions can be seen in his works especially in the poem "Araqs" named after the river Araks. References ^ The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response - Page 101 by Peter Balakian ^ The Survey - Page 259 by Survey Associates External links Poems by Raphael Patkanian Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PatkanyanNalbandyan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mikayel Nalbandian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikayel_Nalbandian"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Patkanian's (left) and Mikayel Nalbandian's graves in Nor NakhijevanRaphael Patkanian (Armenian: Ռափայէլ Պատկանեան, also known as Kamar Katiba; 20 November 1830 – 3 September 1892) was one of the most popular Armenian poets.[1][2]","title":"Raphael Patkanian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nor Nakhichevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor_Nakhichevan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"University of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Turkish Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Araks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"}],"text":"Patkanian was born in Nor Nakhichevan, Russia in 1830. His father and grandfather had been known for their poetic gifts. While at the University of Moscow, he created a literary club for his Armenian students, and from initials of their names formed his own pen-name of Kamar Katiba. Many of his poems were written during the Turco-Russian war, when the Russian Armenians had high hopes for the deliverance of Turkish Armenia from Ottoman rule. Patkanian died in 1892, after forty-two years of his continuous activity, as a teacher, author, and editor.\nHis hopes and ambitions can be seen in his works especially in the poem \"Araqs\" named after the river Araks.","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Patkanian's (left) and Mikayel Nalbandian's graves in Nor Nakhijevan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PatkanyanNalbandyan.jpg/220px-PatkanyanNalbandyan.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://armenianhouse.org/blackwell/armenian-poems/patkanian.html","external_links_name":"Poems by Raphael Patkanian"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/163401/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000028446478","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22468746","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyhcycxf4YPfrRMgjrpfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15733100p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15733100p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119217228","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85331563","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p324226039","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/188593225","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Kamworor	Geoffrey Kamworor	["1 Career","2 Achievements","2.1 International competitions","2.2 Personal bests","3 References","4 External links"]	Kenyan long-distance runner Geoffrey KamwororKamworor at the 2018 Kenyan Cross Country ChampionshipsPersonal informationBorn (1992-11-22) 22 November 1992 (age 31)Chepsamo, Chepkorio, Rift Valley Province, KenyaHeight1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight58 kg (128 lb)SportCountryKenyaSportSport of athleticsEventLong-distance runningTeamNN Running TeamCoached byPatrick SangAchievements and titlesOlympic finals2016 Rio de Janeiro 10,000 m, 11thWorld finals2015 Beijing 10,000 m, Silver 2017 London 10,000 m, 6thPersonal bests5000 m: 12:59.98 (Eugene 2016)10,000 m: 26:52.65 (Eugene 2015)Road10 km: 27:44 (Bangalore 2014)Half marathon: 58:01 (Copenhagen 2019)Marathon: 2:04:23 (London 2023) Medal record Men's athletics Representing Kenya World Championships 2015 Beijing 10,000 m World Half Marathon Championships 2014 Copenhagen Individual 2016 Cardiff Individual 2016 Cardiff Team 2018 Valencia Individual 2014 Copenhagen Team 2018 Valencia Team World Marathon Majors 2017 New York Marathon 2019 New York Marathon 2015 New York Marathon 2023 London Marathon 2012 Berlin Marathon 2013 Berlin Marathon 2018 New York Marathon World Cross Country Championships 2011 Punta Umbria Junior race 2011 Punta Umbria Junior team 2015 Guiyang Senior race 2017 Kampala Senior race 2023 Bathurst Senior team 2015 Guiyang Senior team 2017 Kampala Senior team 2019 Aarhus Senior team 2019 Aarhus Senior race Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor (born 22 November 1992) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner. He won the silver medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics. Kamworor claimed victories at the World Half Marathon Championships three times in a row from 2014 to 2018. He took individual titles at the World Cross Country Championships in 2015 and 2017, and finished third in 2019. He won his first World Marathon Major at the 2017 New York City Marathon and regained his title in 2019, after a second-place finish in 2015. Kamworor also placed second at the 2023 London Marathon and earned three other podium finishes at a World Marathon Majors. At age 18, he was the 2011 World Junior Cross Country champion. Kamworor is the former half marathon world record holder, having won the Copenhagen Half Marathon with a time of 58:01 in September 2019. His record stood until December 2020 when it was bested by Kibiwott Kandie at the 2020 Valencia Half Marathon. Career Geoffrey was raised in the village of Chepkorio in Kenya's Rift Valley Province, he first competed abroad in 2010, when he travelled to Finland and set track bests of 3:48.15 minutes for the 1500 metres and 7:54.15 minutes over 3000 metres. The following year he took to the Kenya cross country circuit and won at the Discovery Kenya Cross Country in Eldoret, defeating Essa Ismail Rashed. At the Kenyan Cross Country Championships a month later, he ran in the junior section and finished in fourth, which was enough to earn him a place on the team for the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. The world competition proved to be a pivotal moment for Kamworor's career, although it was his teammate Isiah Kiplangat Koech who was the pre-race favourite. The Kenyans were not given any team instructions and Kamworor reacted by taking the lead immediately with a very fast start. He never slipped out of the lead and out ran the field on the final lap to take the world junior title. A month after his cross country victory, he entered the Berlin Half Marathon and won in a time of 1:00:38 hours. In June he competed in the 2011 IAAF Diamond League circuit: he set a 5000 metres best of 13:12.23 minutes at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York, then improved his 10,000 metres time to 27:06.35 minutes at the Prefontaine Classic. He knocked over half a minute off his half marathon best to win the Lille Half Marathon that September. Kamworor was employed as a pacemaker for the 2011 Berlin Marathon and his work resulted in a new world record for Patrick Makau. In his final outing of the year he ended the Delhi Half Marathon as runner-up to Lelisa Desisa after a sprint finish, although his time of 59:31 minutes made him the seventh fastest over the distance that year. Kamworor marked his entrance into the senior cross country ranks with a win at the 2012 Cross Internacional de Itálica in Seville. He was the runner-up at the Elgoibar Cross Country behind Paul Tanui the following week. He set a half marathon best at the CPC Loop Den Haag in March, recording a time of 59:26 minutes for fourth place in a high calibre competition. He was enlisted to pace the Rotterdam Marathon and led the runners quicker than the world record pace up to 30 km. He won the World 10K Bangalore title, beating a large field of prominent runners. His marathon debut, not as a pacemaker, came in September, where he ran a fast time of 2:06:12 hours to claim third place at the 2012 Berlin Marathon. In the 2013 season he ran a series of half and full marathons. He won the Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon with a time of 58:54, a new personal best and just two seconds outside the course record. He was the winner of the Bogotá Half Marathon in July and was runner-up to Atsedu Tsegay at the Delhi Half Marathon. He placed fourth at the Rotterdam Marathon (2:09:12 hours) and his best performance that year was a run of 2:06:26 hours for third at the 2013 Berlin Marathon. In 2014, Kamworor placed sixth at the Tokyo marathon But in March he did win the world half Marathon Championships, defeating five time world half Marathon Championships winner Zersenay Tadese. In 2015, he started off his year by winning the world cross country championships, beating Muktha of Ethiopia. He then won the Prefontaine classic 10k, the Kenyan National thousand and 10 K and the world championship silver medal in the 10,000 m. Kamworor won the 2017 New York City Marathon with a time of 2:10:53. He beat fellow Kenyan, Wilson Kipsang, who placed second, just three seconds behind him. In 2018, he won his third straight half marathon world championship in Valencia in 1:00:02. Also in 2018 Kamworor placed third in the 2018 New York City Marathon with a time of 2:06:26 behind the first and second place Ethiopian runners Lelisa Desisa and Shura Kitata. Kamworor won the Copenhagen Half Marathon on 15 September 2019 in a world record time of 58:01. In November, he won the 2019 New York City Marathon with a time of 2:08:13, his second time winning the race in three years. On June 27, 2020, Kamworor was hit by a motorcycle while out on a daily run resulting in a tibia fracture that required surgery. In January 2021, he ran his first race since the accident, winning the 2021 Kenya Police Cross Country Championship 10k in a time of 29:22. On June 18, 2021, he secured his spot on the Kenyan 2020 Olympic 10000 metre team by winning at the Kenyan trials in Kasarani in 27:01. Kamworor was set to compete in the Tokyo Olympics but had to pull out of the competition due to an ankle injury. Achievements Kamworor (R) races at the 2019 New York City Marathon. International competitions Year Competition Venue Position Event Result Representing Kenya 2011 World Cross Country Championships Punta Umbria, Spain 1st Junior race 22:21 1st Junior team 20 pts 2014 World Half Marathon Championships Copenhagen, Denmark 1st Half marathon 59:08 2nd Team 2:59:38 2015 World Cross Country Championships Guiyang, China 1st Senior race 34:52 2nd Senior team 20 pts World Championships Beijing, China 2nd 10,000 m 27:01.76 2016 World Half Marathon Championships Cardiff, United Kingdom 1st Half marathon 59:10 1st Team 2:58:58 Olympic Games Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11th 10,000 m 27:31.94 2017 World Cross Country Championships Kampala, Uganda 1st Senior race 28:24 2nd Senior team 22 pts World Championships London, United Kingdom 6th 10,000 m 26:57.77 2018 World Half Marathon Championships Valencia, Spain 1st Half marathon 60:02 2nd Team 3:02:40 2019 World Cross Country Championships Aarhus, Denmark 3rd Senior race 31:55 2nd Senior team 43 pts 2022 World Championships Eugene, OR, United States 5th Marathon 2:07:14 2023 World Cross Country Championships Bathurst, Australia 4th Senior race 29:37 1st Senior team 22 pts World Marathon Majors 2012 Berlin Marathon Berlin, Germany 3rd Marathon 2:06:12 2013 Berlin Marathon Berlin, Germany 3rd Marathon 2:06:26 2014 Tokyo Marathon Tokyo, Japan 6th Marathon 2:07:37 Berlin Marathon Berlin, Germany 4th Marathon 2:06:39 2015 New York City Marathon New York, NY, United States 2nd Marathon 2:10:48 2017 New York City Marathon New York, NY, United States 1st Marathon 2:10:53 2018 New York City Marathon New York, NY, United States 3rd Marathon 2:06:26 2019 New York City Marathon New York, NY, United States 1st Marathon 2:08:13 2023 London Marathon London, United Kingdom 2nd Marathon 2:04:23 Personal bests 5000 metres – 12:59.98 (Eugene, OR 2016) 10,000 metres – 26:52.65 (Eugene, OR 2015) Road 10 kilometres – 27:44 (Bangalore 2014) Half marathon – 58:01 (Copenhagen 2019) former World record Marathon – 2:04:23 (London 2023) References ^ "Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor smashes half marathon world record". bbc.co.uk. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ a b Minshull, Phil (20 March 2011). "Kipsang upsets the odds – Men's Junior Race Report – Punta Umbria 2011". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ a b Kipsang Geoffrey. IAAF Diamond League. Retrieved 16 January 2012. ^ Macharia, David (24 January 2011). "Jepleting and Kipsang take Discovery Kenya XC titles in Eldoret". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ Mutuota, Mutwiri (19 February 2011). "Mutai and Masai take hard fought wins in Nairobi; reigning World champs Ebuya and Chebet won't defend". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ Wenig, Jörg (3 April 2011). "Teenagers triumph at Berlin Half Marathon". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ Civai, Franco & Lefeuvre, Thierry (6 September 2011). Lille Métropole Half Marathon. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 16 January 2012. ^ Robinson, Roger (21 September 2011). "The Great Berlin Time Trial". Running Times. Runner's World. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ Krishnan, Ram. Murali (27 November 2011). "In close races, Desisa and Kabuu prevail in New Delhi Half". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ "Men's Half Marathon 2011". IAAF. 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012. ^ "Kamworor wins half marathon gold as Kenya dominates". 27 March 2016. ^ Valiente, Emeterio (15 January 2012). "Kipsang and Masai reign in rainy Seville". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ Valiente, Emeterio (22 January 2012). "Tanui and Wude Yimer take the spoils at Elgoibar Cross Country". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ van Hemert, Wim (12 March 2012). "Five runners under 60 minutes in The Hague". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ van Hemert, Wim (15 April 2012). "Spectacular double Ethiopian success brings home 2:04 and 2:18 victories in Rotterdam". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ Krishnan, Ram. Murali (27 May 2012). "Kipsang and Kiprop lead Kenyan double podium sweep in Bangalore". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ Butcher, Pat (30 September 2012). "Close victory for Mutai but more straightforward for Kebede in Berlin – REPORT". IAAF. Retrieved 31 January 2013. ^ Williamson, Norrie (15 February 2013). "Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half". IAAF. Retrieved 15 February 2013. ^ Biscayart, Eduardo (28 July 2013). "Kipsang and Jeptoo win in Bogota". IAAF. Retrieved 29 July 2013. ^ Mulkeen, Jon (15 February 2013). "Tsegay breaks course record at Delhi Half Marathon". IAAF. Retrieved 22 February 2014. ^ Butcher, Pat (29 September 2013). "Kipsang sets World record of 2:03:23 at Berlin Marathon". IAAF. Retrieved 22 February 2014. ^ "World Cross Guiyang senior men Kamworor". www.iaaf.org. Retrieved 4 May 2019. ^ "USA's Shalane Flanagan, Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor, and Switzerland's Marcel Hug and Manuela Schär Win 2017 TCS New York City Marathon". The Run On. Retrieved 6 November 2017. ^ "IAAF: Half Marathon Result \| IAAF/Trinidad Alfonso World Half Marathon Championships Valencia 2018 \| iaaf.org". iaaf.org. Retrieved 30 April 2018. ^ "Kamworor breaks world half marathon record in Copenhagen with 58:01". www.iaaf.org. Retrieved 29 September 2019. ^ Crouse, Lindsay (3 November 2019). "Kenyan Runners Dominate in N.Y.C. Marathon". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ "2019 New York City Marathon Results". NBC Sports. 3 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Geoffrey Kamworor hit by motorcycle, suffers fractured tibia". 28 June 2020. ^ "Geoffrey Kamworor wins 2021 Kenya Police Cross Country Championships". 29 January 2021. ^ "Athletics: Geoffrey Kamworor books Tokyo 2020 spot in 10,000m by winning at Kenyan trials". ^ "Kenya's Kamworor pulls out of Olympics with injury". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 July 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor. Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor at World Athletics Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor at Diamond League Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor at Olympedia Records Preceded by Zersenay Tadese Men's half marathon world record holder 15 September 2019 – 6 December 2020 Succeeded by Kibiwott Kandie vteWorld Athletics Senior Men's World Cross Country championsShort course 1998: John Kibowen (KEN) 1999: Benjamin Limo (KEN) 2000: John Kibowen (KEN) 2001: Enock Koech (KEN) 2002–2006: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) Long course 1973: Pekka Päivärinta (FIN) 1974: Erik De Beck (BEL) 1975: Ian Stewart (SCO) 1976: Carlos Lopes (POR) 1977: Léon Schots (BEL) 1978–1979: John Treacy (IRL) 1980–1981: Craig Virgin (USA) 1982: Mohamed Kedir (ETH) 1983: Bekele Debele (ETH) 1984–1985: Carlos Lopes (POR) 1986–1989: John Ngugi (KEN) 1990–1991: Khalid Skah (MAR) 1992: John Ngugi (KEN) 1993–1994: William Sigei (KEN) 1995–1999: Paul Tergat (KEN) 2000–2001: Mohammed Mourhit (BEL) 2002–2006: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) 2007: Zersenay Tadese (ERI) 2008: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) 2009: Gebregziabher Gebremariam (ETH) 2010: Joseph Ebuya (KEN) 2011: Imane Merga (ETH) 2013: Japhet Kipyegon Korir (KEN) 2015-2017: Geoffrey Kamworor (KEN) 2019: Joshua Cheptegei (UGA) 2023: Jacob Kiplimo (UGA) vteWorld Athletics Half Marathon Championships champions in men's half marathon 1992: Benson Masya (KEN) 1993: Vincent Rousseau (BEL) 1994: Khalid Skah (MAR) 1995: Moses Tanui (KEN) 1996: Stefano Baldini (ITA) 1997: Shem Kororia (KEN) 1998: Paul Koech (KEN) 1999–2000: Paul Tergat (KEN) 2001: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 2002: Paul Malakwen Kosgei (KEN) 2003: Martin Lel (KEN) 2004: Paul Kirui (KEN) 2005: Fabiano Joseph Naasi (TAN) 2006–2009: Zersenay Tadese (ERI) 2010: Wilson Kiprop (KEN) 2012: Zersenay Tadese (ERI) 2014–18: Geoffrey Kamworor (KEN) 2020: Jacob Kiplimo (UGA) 2006 and 2007 were held as the IAAF World Road Running Championships vteNew York City Marathon – men's winners 1970: Gary Muhrcke (USA) 1971: Norm Higgins (USA) 1972: Sheldon Karlin (USA) 1973: Tom Fleming (USA) 1974: Norbert Sander (USA) 1975: Tom Fleming (USA) 1976–79: Bill Rodgers (USA) 1980–82: Alberto Salazar (USA) 1983: Rod Dixon (NZL) 1984–85: Orlando Pizzolato (ITA) 1986: Gianni Poli (ITA) 1987: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN) 1988: Steve Jones (GBR) 1989: Juma Ikangaa (TAN) 1990: Douglas Wakiihuri (KEN) 1991: Salvador García (MEX) 1992: Willie Mtolo (RSA) 1993: Andrés Espinosa (MEX) 1994–95: Germán Silva (MEX) 1996: Giacomo Leone (ITA) 1997–98: John Kagwe (KEN) 1999: Joseph Chebet (KEN) 2000: Abdelkader El Mouaziz (MAR) 2001: Tesfaye Jifar (ETH) 2002: Rodgers Rop (KEN) 2003: Martin Lel (KEN) 2004: Hendrick Ramaala (RSA) 2005: Paul Tergat (KEN) 2006: Marílson Gomes dos Santos (BRA) 2007: Martin Lel (KEN) 2008: Marílson Gomes dos Santos (BRA) 2009: Meb Keflezighi (USA) 2010: Gebregziabher Gebremariam (ETH) 2011: Geoffrey Mutai (KEN) 2012 2013: Geoffrey Mutai (KEN) 2014: Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich (KEN) 2015: Stanley Biwott (KEN) 2016: Ghirmay Ghebreslassie (ERI) 2017: Geoffrey Kamworor (KEN) 2018: Lelisa Desisa (ETH) 2019: Geoffrey Kamworor (KEN) 2020 2021: Albert Korir (KEN) 2022: Evans Chebet (KEN) 2023: Tamirat Tola (ETH) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon – List (M/W) Boston Marathon – List (M/W) Chicago Marathon – List (M/W) London Marathon – List (M/W) New York City Marathon – List (M/W) Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W) Authority control databases: People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running"},{"link_name":"10,000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"2015 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"World Half Marathon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Marathon Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Marathon_Majors"},{"link_name":"2017 New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2023 London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2011 World Junior Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"half marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_marathon"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Kibiwott Kandie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibiwott_Kandie"},{"link_name":"Valencia Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor (born 22 November 1992) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner. He won the silver medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics. Kamworor claimed victories at the World Half Marathon Championships three times in a row from 2014 to 2018. He took individual titles at the World Cross Country Championships in 2015 and 2017, and finished third in 2019. He won his first World Marathon Major at the 2017 New York City Marathon and regained his title in 2019, after a second-place finish in 2015. Kamworor also placed second at the 2023 London Marathon and earned three other podium finishes at a World Marathon Majors.At age 18, he was the 2011 World Junior Cross Country champion. Kamworor is the former half marathon world record holder, having won the Copenhagen Half Marathon with a time of 58:01 in September 2019. His record stood until December 2020 when it was bested by Kibiwott Kandie at the 2020 Valencia Half Marathon.[1]","title":"Geoffrey Kamworor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chepkorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepkorio"},{"link_name":"Rift Valley Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XC11-2"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"3000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DL-3"},{"link_name":"Discovery Kenya Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Kenya_Cross_Country&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eldoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldoret"},{"link_name":"Essa Ismail Rashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essa_Ismail_Rashed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kenyan Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Isiah Kiplangat Koech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiah_Kiplangat_Koech"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XC11-2"},{"link_name":"Berlin Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011 IAAF Diamond League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_IAAF_Diamond_League"},{"link_name":"5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres"},{"link_name":"Adidas Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"10,000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"Prefontaine Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefontaine_Classic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DL-3"},{"link_name":"Lille Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pacemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker_(running)"},{"link_name":"2011 Berlin Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Berlin_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Patrick Makau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Makau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Delhi Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Lelisa Desisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelisa_Desisa"},{"link_name":"sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cross Internacional de Itálica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Internacional_de_It%C3%A1lica"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Elgoibar Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgoibar_Cross_Country"},{"link_name":"Paul Tanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tanui"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"CPC Loop Den Haag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_Loop_Den_Haag"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"World 10K Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_10K_Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"2012 Berlin Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Berlin_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bogotá Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Atsedu Tsegay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsedu_Tsegay"},{"link_name":"Delhi Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2013 Berlin Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Berlin_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Wilson Kipsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Kipsang"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2018 New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Shura Kitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura_Kitata"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"2019 New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyc_marathon_results_nbc_sports_2019-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Kasarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasarani"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Geoffrey was raised in the village of Chepkorio in Kenya's Rift Valley Province,[2] he first competed abroad in 2010, when he travelled to Finland and set track bests of 3:48.15 minutes for the 1500 metres and 7:54.15 minutes over 3000 metres.[3] The following year he took to the Kenya cross country circuit and won at the Discovery Kenya Cross Country in Eldoret, defeating Essa Ismail Rashed.[4] At the Kenyan Cross Country Championships a month later, he ran in the junior section and finished in fourth, which was enough to earn him a place on the team for the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.[5] The world competition proved to be a pivotal moment for Kamworor's career, although it was his teammate Isiah Kiplangat Koech who was the pre-race favourite. The Kenyans were not given any team instructions and Kamworor reacted by taking the lead immediately with a very fast start. He never slipped out of the lead and out ran the field on the final lap to take the world junior title.[2]A month after his cross country victory, he entered the Berlin Half Marathon and won in a time of 1:00:38 hours.[6] In June he competed in the 2011 IAAF Diamond League circuit: he set a 5000 metres best of 13:12.23 minutes at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York, then improved his 10,000 metres time to 27:06.35 minutes at the Prefontaine Classic.[3] He knocked over half a minute off his half marathon best to win the Lille Half Marathon that September.[7] Kamworor was employed as a pacemaker for the 2011 Berlin Marathon and his work resulted in a new world record for Patrick Makau.[8] In his final outing of the year he ended the Delhi Half Marathon as runner-up to Lelisa Desisa after a sprint finish,[9] although his time of 59:31 minutes made him the seventh fastest over the distance that year.[10]Kamworor marked his entrance into the senior cross country ranks with a win at the 2012 Cross Internacional de Itálica in Seville.[11][12] He was the runner-up at the Elgoibar Cross Country behind Paul Tanui the following week.[13] He set a half marathon best at the CPC Loop Den Haag in March, recording a time of 59:26 minutes for fourth place in a high calibre competition.[14] He was enlisted to pace the Rotterdam Marathon and led the runners quicker than the world record pace up to 30 km.[15] He won the World 10K Bangalore title, beating a large field of prominent runners.[16] His marathon debut, not as a pacemaker, came in September, where he ran a fast time of 2:06:12 hours to claim third place at the 2012 Berlin Marathon.[17]In the 2013 season he ran a series of half and full marathons. He won the Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon with a time of 58:54, a new personal best and just two seconds outside the course record.[18] He was the winner of the Bogotá Half Marathon in July and was runner-up to Atsedu Tsegay at the Delhi Half Marathon.[19][20] He placed fourth at the Rotterdam Marathon (2:09:12 hours) and his best performance that year was a run of 2:06:26 hours for third at the 2013 Berlin Marathon.[21]In 2014, Kamworor placed sixth at the Tokyo marathon But in March he did win the world half Marathon Championships, defeating five time world half Marathon Championships winner Zersenay Tadese.In 2015, he started off his year by winning the world cross country championships, beating Muktha of Ethiopia.[22] He then won the Prefontaine classic 10k, the Kenyan National thousand and 10 K and the world championship silver medal in the 10,000 m.Kamworor won the 2017 New York City Marathon with a time of 2:10:53. He beat fellow Kenyan, Wilson Kipsang, who placed second, just three seconds behind him.[23]In 2018, he won his third straight half marathon world championship in Valencia in 1:00:02.[24] Also in 2018 Kamworor placed third in the 2018 New York City Marathon with a time of 2:06:26 behind the first and second place Ethiopian runners Lelisa Desisa and Shura Kitata.Kamworor won the Copenhagen Half Marathon on 15 September 2019 in a world record time of 58:01.[25] In November, he won the 2019 New York City Marathon with a time of 2:08:13, his second time winning the race in three years.[26][27]On June 27, 2020, Kamworor was hit by a motorcycle while out on a daily run resulting in a tibia fracture that required surgery.[28] In January 2021, he ran his first race since the accident, winning the 2021 Kenya Police Cross Country Championship 10k in a time of 29:22.[29] On June 18, 2021, he secured his spot on the Kenyan 2020 Olympic 10000 metre team by winning at the Kenyan trials in Kasarani in 27:01.[30]Kamworor was set to compete in the Tokyo Olympics but had to pull out of the competition due to an ankle injury.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_Marathon_2019_(49010934552).jpg"},{"link_name":"2019 New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_New_York_City_Marathon"}],"text":"Kamworor (R) races at the 2019 New York City Marathon.","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International competitions","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres"},{"link_name":"Eugene, OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"10,000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"Eugene, OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"10 kilometres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10K_run"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Half marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_marathon"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"sub_title":"Personal bests","text":"5000 metres – 12:59.98 (Eugene, OR 2016)\n10,000 metres – 26:52.65 (Eugene, OR 2015)Road10 kilometres – 27:44 (Bangalore 2014)\nHalf marathon – 58:01 (Copenhagen 2019) former World record\nMarathon – 2:04:23 (London 2023)","title":"Achievements"}]	[{"image_text":"Kamworor (R) races at the 2019 New York City Marathon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/NYC_Marathon_2019_%2849010934552%29.jpg/260px-NYC_Marathon_2019_%2849010934552%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor smashes half marathon world record\". bbc.co.uk. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/49710148","url_text":"\"Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor smashes half marathon world record\""}]},{"reference":"Minshull, Phil (20 March 2011). \"Kipsang upsets the odds – Men's Junior Race Report – Punta Umbria 2011\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kipsang-upsets-the-odds-mens-junior-race-re","url_text":"\"Kipsang upsets the odds – Men's Junior Race Report – Punta Umbria 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"Macharia, David (24 January 2011). \"Jepleting and Kipsang take Discovery Kenya XC titles in Eldoret\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/jepleting-and-kipsang-take-discovery-kenya-xc","url_text":"\"Jepleting and Kipsang take Discovery Kenya XC titles in Eldoret\""}]},{"reference":"Mutuota, Mutwiri (19 February 2011). \"Mutai and Masai take hard fought wins in Nairobi; reigning World champs Ebuya and Chebet won't defend\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/mutai-and-masai-take-hard-fought-wins-in-nair","url_text":"\"Mutai and Masai take hard fought wins in Nairobi; reigning World champs Ebuya and Chebet won't defend\""}]},{"reference":"Wenig, Jörg (3 April 2011). \"Teenagers triumph at Berlin Half Marathon\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/teenagers-triumph-at-berlin-half-marathon","url_text":"\"Teenagers triumph at Berlin Half Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Roger (21 September 2011). \"The Great Berlin Time Trial\". Running Times. Runner's World. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.runnersworld.com/rt-web-exclusive/the-great-berlin-time-trial","url_text":"\"The Great Berlin Time Trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Times","url_text":"Running Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner%27s_World","url_text":"Runner's World"}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Ram. Murali (27 November 2011). \"In close races, Desisa and Kabuu prevail in New Delhi Half\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/in-close-races-desisa-and-kabuu-prevail-in-ne","url_text":"\"In close races, Desisa and Kabuu prevail in New Delhi Half\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Half Marathon 2011\". IAAF. 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120131163232/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3Do/age%3Dn/season%3D2011/sex%3DM/all%3Dn/legal%3DA/disc%3DHMAR/detail.html","url_text":"\"Men's Half Marathon 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=2011/sex=M/all=n/legal=A/disc=HMAR/detail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kamworor wins half marathon gold as Kenya dominates\". 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.omriyadat.com/african-athletics/kamworor-wins-half-marathon-gold-as-kenya-dominates","url_text":"\"Kamworor wins half marathon gold as Kenya dominates\""}]},{"reference":"Valiente, Emeterio (15 January 2012). \"Kipsang and Masai reign in rainy Seville\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kipsang-and-masai-reign-in-rainy-seville","url_text":"\"Kipsang and Masai reign in rainy Seville\""}]},{"reference":"Valiente, Emeterio (22 January 2012). \"Tanui and Wude Yimer take the spoils at Elgoibar Cross Country\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tanui-and-wude-yimer-take-the-spoils-at-elgoi","url_text":"\"Tanui and Wude Yimer take the spoils at Elgoibar Cross Country\""}]},{"reference":"van Hemert, Wim (12 March 2012). \"Five runners under 60 minutes in The Hague\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/five-runners-under-60-minutes-in-the-hague","url_text":"\"Five runners under 60 minutes in The Hague\""}]},{"reference":"van Hemert, Wim (15 April 2012). \"Spectacular double Ethiopian success brings home 2:04 and 2:18 victories in Rotterdam\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/spectacular-double-ethiopian-success-brings-h","url_text":"\"Spectacular double Ethiopian success brings home 2:04 and 2:18 victories in Rotterdam\""}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Ram. Murali (27 May 2012). \"Kipsang and Kiprop lead Kenyan double podium sweep in Bangalore\". IAAF. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kipsang-and-kiprop-lead-kenyan-double-podium","url_text":"\"Kipsang and Kiprop lead Kenyan double podium sweep in Bangalore\""}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Pat (30 September 2012). \"Close victory for Mutai but more straightforward for Kebede in Berlin – REPORT\". IAAF. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/close-victory-for-mutai-but-more-straightforw-1","url_text":"\"Close victory for Mutai but more straightforward for Kebede in Berlin – REPORT\""}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Norrie (15 February 2013). \"Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half\". IAAF. Retrieved 15 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kabuu-and-kipsang-triumph-in-high-quality-rac","url_text":"\"Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half\""}]},{"reference":"Biscayart, Eduardo (28 July 2013). \"Kipsang and Jeptoo win in Bogota\". IAAF. Retrieved 29 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kipsang-and-jeptoo-win-in-bogota","url_text":"\"Kipsang and Jeptoo win in Bogota\""}]},{"reference":"Mulkeen, Jon (15 February 2013). \"Tsegay breaks course record at Delhi Half Marathon\". IAAF. Retrieved 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/delhi-half-marathon-atsedu-tsegay-florence-ki","url_text":"\"Tsegay breaks course record at Delhi Half Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Pat (29 September 2013). \"Kipsang sets World record of 2:03:23 at Berlin Marathon\". IAAF. Retrieved 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/wilson-kipsang-sets-world-record-of-20323-in","url_text":"\"Kipsang sets World record of 2:03:23 at Berlin Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cross Guiyang senior men Kamworor\". www.iaaf.org. Retrieved 4 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-cross-country-championships/iaaf-world-cross-country-championships-2015-5540/news/report/men/senior-race/final","url_text":"\"World Cross Guiyang senior men Kamworor\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA's Shalane Flanagan, Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor, and Switzerland's Marcel Hug and Manuela Schär Win 2017 TCS New York City Marathon\". The Run On. Retrieved 6 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.nyrr.org/home/2017/11/5/flanagan-kamworor-schar-hug-win-tcs-new-york-city-marathon?_ga=2.138281776.1000386619.1509957611-1144591850.1509957611","url_text":"\"USA's Shalane Flanagan, Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor, and Switzerland's Marcel Hug and Manuela Schär Win 2017 TCS New York City Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAAF: Half Marathon Result \| IAAF/Trinidad Alfonso World Half Marathon Championships Valencia 2018 \| iaaf.org\". iaaf.org. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships/iaaftrinidad-alfonso-world-half-marathon-cham-6023/results/men/half-marathon/final/result#resultheader","url_text":"\"IAAF: Half Marathon Result \| IAAF/Trinidad Alfonso World Half Marathon Championships Valencia 2018 \| iaaf.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kamworor breaks world half marathon record in Copenhagen with 58:01\". www.iaaf.org. Retrieved 29 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/geoffrey-kamworor-world-record-copenhagen-hal","url_text":"\"Kamworor breaks world half marathon record in Copenhagen with 58:01\""}]},{"reference":"Crouse, Lindsay (3 November 2019). \"Kenyan Runners Dominate in N.Y.C. Marathon\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/03/sports/joyciline-jepkosgei-geoffrey-kamworor-win-nyc-marathon-2019.html","url_text":"\"Kenyan Runners Dominate in N.Y.C. Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 New York City Marathon Results\". NBC Sports. 3 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/11/03/new-york-city-marathon-results-nyc/","url_text":"\"2019 New York City Marathon Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191112071810/https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/11/03/new-york-city-marathon-results-nyc/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Geoffrey Kamworor hit by motorcycle, suffers fractured tibia\". 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://runningmagazine.ca/the-scene/geoffrey-kamworor-hit-by-motorcycle-suffers-fractured-tibia/","url_text":"\"Geoffrey Kamworor hit by motorcycle, suffers fractured tibia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geoffrey Kamworor wins 2021 Kenya Police Cross Country Championships\". 29 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://runningmagazine.ca/the-scene/geoffrey-kamworor-wins-2021-kenya-police-cross-country-championships/","url_text":"\"Geoffrey Kamworor wins 2021 Kenya Police Cross Country Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics: Geoffrey Kamworor books Tokyo 2020 spot in 10,000m by winning at Kenyan trials\".","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/news/geoffrey-kamworor-tokyo-2020-10000m-kenyan-trials-olympics","url_text":"\"Athletics: Geoffrey Kamworor books Tokyo 2020 spot in 10,000m by winning at Kenyan trials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya's Kamworor pulls out of Olympics with injury\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/africa/57936782","url_text":"\"Kenya's Kamworor pulls out of Olympics with injury\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/49710148","external_links_name":"\"Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor smashes half marathon world record\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kipsang-upsets-the-odds-mens-junior-race-re","external_links_name":"\"Kipsang upsets the odds – Men's Junior Race Report – Punta Umbria 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.diamondleague.com/athletes/14423680.htm","external_links_name":"Kipsang Geoffrey"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/jepleting-and-kipsang-take-discovery-kenya-xc","external_links_name":"\"Jepleting and Kipsang take Discovery Kenya XC titles in Eldoret\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/mutai-and-masai-take-hard-fought-wins-in-nair","external_links_name":"\"Mutai and Masai take hard fought wins in Nairobi; reigning World champs Ebuya and Chebet won't 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original"},{"Link":"http://en.omriyadat.com/african-athletics/kamworor-wins-half-marathon-gold-as-kenya-dominates","external_links_name":"\"Kamworor wins half marathon gold as Kenya dominates\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kipsang-and-masai-reign-in-rainy-seville","external_links_name":"\"Kipsang and Masai reign in rainy Seville\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tanui-and-wude-yimer-take-the-spoils-at-elgoi","external_links_name":"\"Tanui and Wude Yimer take the spoils at Elgoibar Cross Country\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/five-runners-under-60-minutes-in-the-hague","external_links_name":"\"Five runners under 60 minutes in The Hague\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/spectacular-double-ethiopian-success-brings-h","external_links_name":"\"Spectacular double Ethiopian success brings home 2:04 and 2:18 victories in Rotterdam\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kipsang-and-kiprop-lead-kenyan-double-podium","external_links_name":"\"Kipsang and Kiprop lead Kenyan double podium sweep in Bangalore\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/close-victory-for-mutai-but-more-straightforw-1","external_links_name":"\"Close victory for Mutai but more straightforward for Kebede in Berlin – REPORT\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kabuu-and-kipsang-triumph-in-high-quality-rac","external_links_name":"\"Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kipsang-and-jeptoo-win-in-bogota","external_links_name":"\"Kipsang and Jeptoo win in Bogota\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/delhi-half-marathon-atsedu-tsegay-florence-ki","external_links_name":"\"Tsegay breaks course record at Delhi Half Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/wilson-kipsang-sets-world-record-of-20323-in","external_links_name":"\"Kipsang sets World record of 2:03:23 at Berlin 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iaaf.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/geoffrey-kamworor-world-record-copenhagen-hal","external_links_name":"\"Kamworor breaks world half marathon record in Copenhagen with 58:01\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/03/sports/joyciline-jepkosgei-geoffrey-kamworor-win-nyc-marathon-2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Kenyan Runners Dominate in N.Y.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station	Wrocław Główny railway station	["1 Structure","2 History","3 Train services","3.1 Long Distance International","3.2 Domestic Passenger Services","4 Railway lines stemming from or ending at the station","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°05′56″N 17°02′11″E / 51.0988°N 17.0365°E / 51.0988; 17.0365Railway station in Wrocław, Poland Wrocław GłównyRailway stationThe renovated Tudor Revival station buildingGeneral informationLocationPiłsudskiego 10550-085 WrocławPrzedmieście Świdnickie/Huby, WrocławPolandCoordinates51°05′56″N 17°02′11″E / 51.0988°N 17.0365°E / 51.0988; 17.0365Owned byPKP S.A. (main building)PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. (platforms and tunnels)Operated byPKP Polskie Linie KolejowePlatforms6Tracks11Train operatorsPKP IntercityPolregioKoleje DolnośląskieConnections PKP Intercity: EIP, EIC, IC, TLK Polregio: REG Koleje Dolnośląskie: D1, D3, D4, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, D16, D25, D28, D29, D70, D99 Trams: 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 15, 31, 32, 70 Buses: A, K, N, 106, 110, 112, 113, 114, 120, 122, 125, 145, 146, 148, 206, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 325, 602 ConstructionArchitectWilhelm GrapowArchitectural styleTudor RevivalOther informationWebsitepkp.pl/pl/dworceHistoryOpened12 October 1857; 166 years ago (1857-10-12)Previous names1857–1904: Breslau Oberschlesischer Bahnhof1904–1945: Breslau HauptbahnhofPassengers58,000 per day LocationWrocław GłównyLocation within WrocławShow map of WrocławWrocław GłównyLocation within PolandShow map of PolandWrocław GłównyLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe Wrocław Główny is the largest and most important passenger train station in the city of Wrocław, in southwestern Poland. Situated at the junction of several important routes, it is the largest railway station in the Lower Silesia Voivodeship, as well as in Poland in terms of the number of passengers serviced. In 2018, the station served over 21,200,000 passengers. In 2022 it served 26,400,000 passengers. Structure Railway station square The main gate is located north of the station, on Piłsudski street (Polish: ulica Piłsudskiego), with two additional entrances located at either end of the main hall. The back gate is located on the far side of the tracks, in the south facing Sucha street. The station has six parallel platforms (platforms I through IV with two tracks, platform V with one track and one short one, platform VI with one track). Each has two subway exits, which lead to the main hall. Since all platforms and tracks are above the street level, the tunnels are located at the same level as outside pavements. History Dobry wieczór we Wrocławiu (Good evening in Wrocław) neon in front of the station (designed in 1960) The interior of the station The station was built in 1855–1857, as the starting point of the Oberschlesische Eisenbahn (Upper Silesian Railway), as well as the line from Breslau to Glogau via Posen. It replaced the earlier complex of the Oberschlesischer Bahnhof (Upper Silesian Railway Station, built 1841–1842). Its designer was the royal Prussian architect Wilhelm Grapow, and in the mid-19th century, it was located near the southern outskirts of the city, as the areas to the south had not yet been urbanized. The original concourse was located where the passenger hall now is and was adjacent to the station yard. When construction finished in the mid-19th century, the station only had one platform, but the platform hall was some 200 meters long, and it was regarded as one of the biggest structures of this kind in Europe. By the entrances were luggage lockers, telephone, and telegraph facilities. In the station complex were a restaurant and three waiting rooms (1st, 2nd, and 3rd class). There was also a special room and a separate hallway for VIPs. In the late 19th century, when the government of the German Empire heavily invested in railway construction, the station was extended. Prices of real estate around the station grew, as the city began to develop southwards. In 1899, the construction of five new platforms began, four of them covered by a large roof. The number of passenger platforms within the station grew to 13 and all were elevated. The façade of the main hall was remodeled in 1899–1904. During World War II, Polish resistance from the group Zagra-Lin successfully attacked a Nazi troop transport on the station on 23 April 1943. A commemorative plate honoring their actions was placed after Nazi Germany was defeated and Breslau, together with Silesia, was incorporated into Poland, its German population expelled. After the war, Breslau Central (Breslau Hauptbahnhof) was renamed Wroclaw Central (Wrocław Główny). On 8 January 1967, the popular Polish actor Zbigniew Cybulski died on platform 3. Cybulski was trying to jump into a train that was already departing, but fell instead under its wheels. On the 30th anniversary of this event, Andrzej Wajda unveiled a plaque on the platform in memory of Cybulski. In 2010–2012 the station was extensively refurbished for the Euro 2012 championships. Train services Train services are operated by PKP Intercity, Polregio and Koleje Dolnośląskie. Until mid-December 2014 the station was also served by EuroCity "Wawel", which used to run once daily between Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Wrocław Główny, formerly even further to Kraków Główny. The service has been re-established since 2020, now extending further East to Przemyśl near the Ukrainian border. Long Distance International NJ ÖBB Nightjet Berlin-Charlottenburg – Berlin Hbf – Berlin Ostbahnhof – Frankfurt (Oder) – Wrocław – Ostrava – Vienna (One train pair daily) EN Berlin Hbf – Wroclaw Glowny – Budapest-Keleti LEO Praha hl. n. – Pardubice – Wrocław – Friday, Saturday, Sunday EuroCity services (EC) (EC 95 by DB) (IC by PKP) Berlin - Frankfurt (Oder) - Rzepin - Wrocław – Katowice – Kraków – Rzeszów – Przemyśl Domestic Passenger Services The station is served by the following service(s): Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Warsaw - Wrocław Express Intercity services (EIC) Warsaw - Wrocław Intercity services (IC) Wrocław- Opole - Częstochowa - Warszawa Intercity services (IC) Wrocław - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Łódź - Warszawa Intercity services (IC) Zgorzelec - Legnica - Wrocław - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Łódź - Warszawa Intercity services (IC) Białystok - Warszawa - Częstochowa - Opole - Wrocław Intercity services (IC) Białystok - Warszawa - Łódź - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Wrocław Intercity services (IC) Ełk - Białystok - Warszawa - Łódź - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Wrocław Intercity services (IC) Zielona Góra - Wrocław - Opele - Częstochowa - Kraków - Rzeszów - Przemyśl Intercity services (IC) Swinoujscie - Szczecin - Kostrzyn - Rzepin - Zielona Gora - Wroclaw - Katowice - Kraków Intercity services (IC) Ustka - Koszalin - Poznań - Wrocław - Opole - Bielsko-Biała Intercity services (IC) Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Leszno - Wrocław - Opole - Rybnik - Bielsko-Biała - Zakopane Intercity services (TLK) Lublin Główny — Świnoujście Regional services (PR) Wrocław - Głogów - Zielona Góra Główna Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Leszno - Poznań Główny Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Strzelin - Ziębice Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Jelenia Góra - Szklarska Poręba Górna Regional services (PR) Wrocław - Oleśnica - Ostrów Wielkopolski Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oleśnica - Kluczbork Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oleśnica - Kluczbork - Lubliniec Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa - Kędzierzyn-Koźle Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle - Racibórz Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Gliwice Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Jelcz-Laskowice Preceding station PKP Intercity Following station Legnicatowards Berlin Hbf EuroCityEC 95 IC Opole Głównetowards Przemyśl Główny Brzegtowards Warszawa Wschodnia EIP Terminus Opole Głównetowards Warszawa Wschodnia EIC Oławatowards Warszawa Gdańska or Warszawa Wschodnia ICVia Częstochowa Oławatowards Białystok Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Białystok ICVia Łódź Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Ełk IC Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Warszawa Wschodnia Wrocław Leśnicatowards Zgorzelec Legnicatowards Zielona Góra Główna Oławatowards Przemyśl Główny Legnicatowards Świnoujście Oławatowards Kraków Główny Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Ustka Oławatowards Bielsko-Biała Główna Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Bydgoszcz Główna Oławatowards Zakopane Wrocław Leśnicatowards Świnoujście TLK Oławatowards Lublin Główny Preceding station Polregio Following station Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Poznań Główny PR Terminus Wrocław Muchobórtowards Zielona Góra Główna Iwinytowards Ziębice Wrocław Grabiszyntowards Szklarska Poręba Górna Terminus Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Ostrów Wielkopolski Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Kluczbork or Lubliniec Wrocław Brochówtowards Brzeg, Nysa, Opole Główne, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Racibórz or Gliwice Wrocław Brochówtowards Jelcz-Laskowice Preceding station KD Following station Terminus D1 Wrocław Muchobórtowards Lubań Śląski D3 Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Rawicz D6 Wrocław Grabiszyntowards Szklarska Poręba Górna Wrocław Brochówtowards Jelcz-Laskowice D7 Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Krotoszyn Terminus D8 Wrocław Mikołajówtowards Trzebnica D9 Iwinytowards Lichkov D10 Wrocław Muchobórtowards Dresden Hauptbahnhof D11 Wrocław Muchobórtowards Głogów D16 Wrocław Grabiszyntowards Dzierżoniów Śląski D25 Wrocław Muchobórtowards Forst (Lausitz) D28 Wrocław Grabiszyntowards Adršpach D29 Smardzów Wrocławskitowards Kudowa-Zdrój D99 Legnicatowards Berlin-Lichtenberg Preceding station Leo Express Following station Terminus Leo Express Lichkovtoward Praha hlavní nádraží Railway lines stemming from or ending at the station Railway line 132 Bytom–Wrocław Główny Railway line 271 Wrocław Główny–Poznań Główny Railway line 273 Wrocław Główny–Szczecin Główny Railway line 276 Wrocław Główny–Międzylesie Railway line 285 Wrocław Główny–Jedlina-Zdrój Gallery Front view Main Hall of the station Aerial view Platform 2 Zbigniew Cybulski commemorative plaque See also Rail transport in Poland List of busiest railway stations in Poland References ^ a b Kolejowego, Urząd Transportu. "Wrocław, Poznań, Warszawa - największe dworce kolejowe w Polsce". Urząd Transportu Kolejowego (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ Kolejowego, Urząd Transportu. "Wrocław Główny trzeci rok z rzędu najpopularniejszą stacją w Polsce". Urząd Transportu Kolejowego (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-11-07. ^ Wywiad, sabotaż, dywersja:polski ruch oporu w Berlinie, 1939-1945 Juliusz Pollack page 141 Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1991 ^ Jak Polacy żołnierzy w Breslau zabili Gazeta Wrocławska 2010-05-21 ^ Wojskowy przeglad historyczny , Volume 40, Issues 3-4 1995 page 264 ^ Historia Wrocławia: Od twierdzy fryderycjańskiej do twierdzy hitlerowskiej Cezary Buśko, Włodzimierz Suleja, Teresa Kulak, Wydawnictwo Dolnoślaskie, 2001 , page 334 ^ "Wyborcza.pl". wroclaw.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ "Renowacja dworca kolejowego Wrocław Główny ze stropami zespolonymi Cofrastra®". constructalia.arcelormittal.com. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ a b "Poland". Nightjet. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ SYMBIO, Leo Express &. "Wrocław - Prague \| Leo Express". www.leoexpress.com. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ PKP EIC Warszawa Wschodnia — Wrocław Główny Timetable. https://koleo.pl/en/pociag/EIC/1600-PANORAMA ^ Koleo. PKP IC 6124 FREDRO Wrocław Główny — Warszawa Wschodnia. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/6124-FREDRO/ ^ Koleo. PKP IC 6122 BACZYŃSKI Wrocław Główny — Warszawa Wschodnia https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/6122-BACZY%C5%83SKI/ ^ Koleo. PKP IC 1626 ŁUŻYCE Warszawa Wschodnia — Zgorzelec. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/1626-%C5%81U%C5%BBYCE/ ^ Koleo. PKP IC 16104 NAŁKOWSKA Białystok — Wrocław Główny. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/16104-NA%C5%81KOWSKA/ ^ Koleo. PKP IC 16102 DĄBROWSKA Białystok — Wrocław Główny. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/16102-D%C4%84BROWSKA/ ^ Koleo. PKP IC 6520 SŁOWACKI Białystok — Wrocław Główny. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/6520-S%C5%81OWACKI/ ^ Koleo. PKP IC 73104 MEHOFFER Zielona Góra Główna — Przemyśl Główny. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/73104-MEHOFFER/ ^ PKP IC 38104 CHEŁMOŃSKI Timetable of train in relation Kraków Główny — Świnoujście https://koleo.pl/en/pociag/IC/38104-CHE%C5%81MO%C5%83SKI ^ Koleo. PKP IC 84102 SZYNDZIELNIA Ustka — Bielsko-Biała Główna. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/84102-SZYNDZIELNIA/ ^ Koleo. PKP IC 35150 HALNY Zakopane — Bydgoszcz Główna. Timetable. https://koleo.pl/pociag/IC/35150-HALNY/ ^ TLK 28102 WYCZÓŁKOWSKI Lublin Główny — Świnoujście Timetable https://koleo.pl/en/pociag/TLK/28102-WYCZ%C3%93%C5%81KOWSKI ^ Polregio. Wrocław - Głogów - Zielona Góra Główna. Timetable (2022/2023) https://polregio.pl/media/21096/wroclaw-glogow-zielonagora-gl.pdf ^ Koleo. PR 66372 Timetable of train in relation Głogów — Wrocław Główny https://koleo.pl/en/pociag/REG/66372 ^ Polregio. Poznań Główny - Wrocław Główny (Greater Poland). Timetable valid from 2022.12.11 to 2023.03.11 https://polregio.pl/media/20944/330-pozna%C5%84-wroc%C5%82aw-pozna%C5%84-20221211-20230311.pdf ^ Polregio. Wrocław Główny - Poznań Główny (Lower Silesia). Timetable (2022/2023). https://polregio.pl/media/20993/wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82-pozna%C5%84-g%C5%82-wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82.pdf ^ Polregio. WROCŁAW GŁÓWNY - ZIĘBICE. Timetable (2022/2023) https://polregio.pl/media/20989/wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82-zi%C4%99bice-wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82.pdf ^ Polregio. Wrocław Główny - Jelenia Góra - Szklarska Poręba Górna. Timetable (2022/2023) https://polregio.pl/media/20987/wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82-szklarska-por%C4%99ba-g%C3%B3rna-wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82.pdf ^ Polregio. Wrocław Główny - Ostrów Wielkopolski. Timetable https://polregio.pl/media/20986/wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82-ostr%C3%B3w-wlkp-wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82.pdf ^ Polregio. PR 76532 Ostrów Wielkopolski — Wrocław Główny. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/76532 ^ Polregio. Wrocław Główny - Kluczbork. Timetable (2022/2023) https://polregio.pl/media/20984/wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82-kluczbork-wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82.pdf ^ Polregio. PR 46542 Lubliniec — Wrocław Główny. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/46542/ ^ Polregio. PR 60410 Wrocław Główny — Brzeg. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/60410 ^ Polreio. PR 60616 Wrocław Główny — Nysa. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/60616 ^ Polregio. PR 64200 ELSNER Wrocław Główny — Kędzierzyn-Koźle. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/64200-ELSNER ^ Polregio. Wrocław Główny - Opole Główne. Timetable (2022/2023) https://polregio.pl/media/20985/wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82-opole-g%C5%82-wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82.pdf ^ Polregio. PR 66326 Wrocław Główny — Opole Główne. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/66326 ^ Polregio. PR 64400 Wrocław Główny — Kędzierzyn-Koźle. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/64400/ ^ Polregio. PR 64202 Wrocław Główny — Racibórz. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/64202 ^ Polregio. PR 64336 Wrocław Główny — Gliwice. Timetable. https://bilety.polregio.pl/pociag/REG/64336 ^ Polregio. Wrocław Główny - Jelcz-Laskowice. Timetable (2022/2023) https://polregio.pl/media/20983/wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82-jelcz-laskowice-wroc%C5%82aw-g%C5%82.pdf External links Media related to Wrocław Główny train station at Wikimedia Commons Transport in Wroclaw vteWrocławBoroughs Old Town Downtown Krzyki Fabryczna Psie Pole AttractionsHistoriccity center Racławice Panorama Renoma Wrocław Dwarfs Wrocław Old Town Market Square Wrocław Town Hall Bear Fountain Aleksander Fredro Monument St. Elizabeth's Church Cathedral Island Wrocław Cathedral Sand Island Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene Four Denominations District White Stork Synagogue Wrocław University Royal Palace Cupid on the Pegasus National Forum of Music Elsewhere Sky Tower Szczytnicki Park Wrocław Exhibition Grounds Centennial Hall Wrocław Multimedia Fountain Wrocław Zoo Africarium Wroclavia Wrocław Stadium Museums Hydropolis Museum of Architecture Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław Museum of the University of Wrocław National Museum Ossolineum Transport Wrocław Airport Trams in Wrocław Wrocław Główny railway station Wrocław central bus station Other History of Wrocław Timeline Siege of Breslau Authority control databases Geographic Structurae Other Deutsche Bahn	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passenger train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_station"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkp-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Railway station in Wrocław, PolandWrocław Główny is the largest and most important passenger train station in the city of Wrocław, in southwestern Poland. Situated at the junction of several important routes, it is the largest railway station in the Lower Silesia Voivodeship, as well as in Poland in terms of the number of passengers serviced.In 2018, the station served over 21,200,000 passengers.[1] In 2022 it served 26,400,000 passengers.[2]","title":"Wrocław Główny railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WK14_Panorama_dzienna_dworca_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny.JPG"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"}],"text":"Railway station squareThe main gate is located north of the station, on Piłsudski street (Polish: ulica Piłsudskiego), with two additional entrances located at either end of the main hall. The back gate is located on the far side of the tracks, in the south facing Sucha street. The station has six parallel platforms (platforms I through IV with two tracks, platform V with one track and one short one, platform VI with one track). Each has two subway exits, which lead to the main hall. Since all platforms and tracks are above the street level, the tunnels are located at the same level as outside pavements.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WK14_Neon_naprzeciwko_dworca_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_sign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_(Breslau_Hauptbahnhof)_by_night.JPG"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Glogau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Posen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Grapow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Grapow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Zagra-Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagra-Lin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Cybulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Cybulski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Wajda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda"},{"link_name":"Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dobry wieczór we Wrocławiu (Good evening in Wrocław) neon in front of the station (designed in 1960)The interior of the stationThe station was built in 1855–1857, as the starting point of the Oberschlesische Eisenbahn (Upper Silesian Railway), as well as the line from Breslau to Glogau via Posen. It replaced the earlier complex of the Oberschlesischer Bahnhof (Upper Silesian Railway Station, built 1841–1842). Its designer was the royal Prussian architect Wilhelm Grapow, and in the mid-19th century, it was located near the southern outskirts of the city, as the areas to the south had not yet been urbanized.The original concourse was located where the passenger hall now is and was adjacent to the station yard. When construction finished in the mid-19th century, the station only had one platform, but the platform hall was some 200 meters long, and it was regarded as one of the biggest structures of this kind in Europe. By the entrances were luggage lockers, telephone, and telegraph facilities. In the station complex were a restaurant and three waiting rooms (1st, 2nd, and 3rd class). There was also a special room and a separate hallway for VIPs.In the late 19th century, when the government of the German Empire heavily invested in railway construction, the station was extended. Prices of real estate around the station grew, as the city began to develop southwards. In 1899, the construction of five new platforms began, four of them covered by a large roof. The number of passenger platforms within the station grew to 13 and all were elevated. The façade of the main hall was remodeled in 1899–1904.During World War II, Polish resistance from the group Zagra-Lin successfully attacked a Nazi troop transport on the station on 23 April 1943. A commemorative plate honoring their actions was placed after Nazi Germany was defeated and Breslau, together with Silesia, was incorporated into Poland,[3][4][5][6] its German population expelled. After the war, Breslau Central (Breslau Hauptbahnhof) was renamed Wroclaw Central (Wrocław Główny).On 8 January 1967, the popular Polish actor Zbigniew Cybulski died on platform 3.[7] Cybulski was trying to jump into a train that was already departing, but fell instead under its wheels. On the 30th anniversary of this event, Andrzej Wajda unveiled a plaque on the platform in memory of Cybulski.In 2010–2012 the station was extensively refurbished for the Euro 2012 championships.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PKP Intercity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKP_Intercity"},{"link_name":"Polregio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polregio"},{"link_name":"Koleje Dolnośląskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleje_Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie"},{"link_name":"EuroCity \"Wawel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawel_(train)"},{"link_name":"Berlin Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Kraków Główny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"}],"text":"Train services are operated by PKP Intercity, Polregio and Koleje Dolnośląskie.Until mid-December 2014 the station was also served by EuroCity \"Wawel\", which used to run once daily between Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Wrocław Główny, formerly even further to Kraków Główny. The service has been re-established since 2020, now extending further East to Przemyśl near the Ukrainian border.","title":"Train services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ÖBB Nightjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96BB_Nightjet"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Charlottenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Charlottenburg_station"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt (Oder)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)_station"},{"link_name":"Ostrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrava"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Berlin Hbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Budapest-Keleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Keleti_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Praha hl. n.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praha_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Pardubice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardubice_main_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"PKP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_State_Railways"}],"sub_title":"Long Distance International","text":"NJ ÖBB Nightjet Berlin-Charlottenburg – Berlin Hbf – Berlin Ostbahnhof – Frankfurt (Oder) – Wrocław – Ostrava – Vienna (One train pair daily)[9]\nEN Berlin Hbf – Wroclaw Glowny – Budapest-Keleti[9]\nLEO Praha hl. n. – Pardubice – Wrocław – Friday, Saturday, Sunday[10]\nEuroCity services (EC) (EC 95 by DB) (IC by PKP) Berlin - Frankfurt (Oder) - Rzepin - Wrocław – Katowice – Kraków – Rzeszów – Przemyśl","title":"Train services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Domestic Passenger Services","text":"The station is served by the following service(s):Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Warsaw - Wrocław\nExpress Intercity services (EIC) Warsaw - Wrocław [11]\nIntercity services (IC) Wrocław- Opole - Częstochowa - Warszawa[12]\nIntercity services (IC) Wrocław - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Łódź - Warszawa[13]\nIntercity services (IC) Zgorzelec - Legnica - Wrocław - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Łódź - Warszawa[14]\nIntercity services (IC) Białystok - Warszawa - Częstochowa - Opole - Wrocław[15]\nIntercity services (IC) Białystok - Warszawa - Łódź - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Wrocław[16]\nIntercity services (IC) Ełk - Białystok - Warszawa - Łódź - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Wrocław[17]\nIntercity services (IC) Zielona Góra - Wrocław - Opele - Częstochowa - Kraków - Rzeszów - Przemyśl[18]\nIntercity services (IC) Swinoujscie - Szczecin - Kostrzyn - Rzepin - Zielona Gora - Wroclaw - Katowice - Kraków[19]\nIntercity services (IC) Ustka - Koszalin - Poznań - Wrocław - Opole - Bielsko-Biała[20]\nIntercity services (IC) Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Leszno - Wrocław - Opole - Rybnik - Bielsko-Biała - Zakopane[21]\nIntercity services (TLK) Lublin Główny — Świnoujście[22]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław - Głogów - Zielona Góra Główna [23][24]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Leszno - Poznań Główny [25][26]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Strzelin - Ziębice[27]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Jelenia Góra - Szklarska Poręba Górna[28]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław - Oleśnica - Ostrów Wielkopolski[29][30]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oleśnica - Kluczbork[31]\nRegional service (PR) Wrocław - Oleśnica - Kluczbork - Lubliniec [32]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg[33]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa[34]\nRegional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa - Kędzierzyn-Koźle[35]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne[36][37]\nRegional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle[38]\nRegional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle - Racibórz[39]\nRegional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Gliwice[40]\nRegional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Jelcz-Laskowice [41]","title":"Train services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Railway line 132 Bytom–Wrocław Główny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom-Wroc%C5%82aw_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Railway line 271 Wrocław Główny–Poznań Główny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw%E2%80%93Pozna%C5%84_railway"},{"link_name":"Railway line 273 Wrocław Główny–Szczecin Główny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw%E2%80%93Szczecin_railway"},{"link_name":"Railway line 276 Wrocław Główny–Międzylesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw%E2%80%93Mi%C4%99dzylesie_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Railway line 285 Wrocław Główny–Jedlina-Zdrój","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw%E2%80%93Jedlina-Zdr%C3%B3j_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Railway line 132 Bytom–Wrocław Główny\nRailway line 271 Wrocław Główny–Poznań Główny\nRailway line 273 Wrocław Główny–Szczecin Główny\nRailway line 276 Wrocław Główny–Międzylesie\nRailway line 285 Wrocław Główny–Jedlina-Zdrój","title":"Railway lines stemming from or ending at the station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_05_2012_(7479138542).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroclaw-_Dworzec,_perony.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny,_peron_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cybulski.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Cybulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Cybulski"}],"text":"Front view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain Hall of the station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlatform 2\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZbigniew Cybulski commemorative plaque","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Railway station square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/WK14_Panorama_dzienna_dworca_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny.JPG/260px-WK14_Panorama_dzienna_dworca_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dobry wieczór we Wrocławiu (Good evening in Wrocław) neon in front of the station (designed in 1960)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WK14_Neon_naprzeciwko_dworca_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28cropped%29.JPG/260px-WK14_Neon_naprzeciwko_dworca_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The interior of the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28Breslau_Hauptbahnhof%29_by_night.JPG/260px-Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28Breslau_Hauptbahnhof%29_by_night.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Rail transport in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Poland"},{"title":"List of busiest railway stations in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_railway_stations_in_Poland"}]	[{"reference":"Kolejowego, Urząd Transportu. \"Wrocław, Poznań, Warszawa - największe dworce kolejowe w Polsce\". Urząd Transportu Kolejowego (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://utk.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/15682,Wroclaw-Poznan-Warszawa-najwieksze-dworce-kolejowe-w-Polsce.html","url_text":"\"Wrocław, Poznań, Warszawa - największe dworce kolejowe w Polsce\""}]},{"reference":"Kolejowego, Urząd Transportu. \"Wrocław Główny trzeci rok z rzędu najpopularniejszą stacją w Polsce\". Urząd Transportu Kolejowego (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://utk.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/20253,Wroclaw-Glowny-trzeci-rok-z-rzedu-najpopularniejsza-stacja-w-Polsce.html","url_text":"\"Wrocław Główny trzeci rok z rzędu najpopularniejszą stacją w Polsce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyborcza.pl\". wroclaw.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2020-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://wroclaw.wyborcza.pl/wroclaw/7,35771,25577930,zbyszek-cybulski-53-lata-temu-zginal-na-dworcu-we-wroclawiu.html?disableRedirects=true","url_text":"\"Wyborcza.pl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renowacja dworca kolejowego Wrocław Główny ze stropami zespolonymi Cofrastra®\". constructalia.arcelormittal.com. Retrieved 2020-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://constructalia.arcelormittal.com/pl/projekty/polska/dworzec-kolejowy-wroclaw-glowny","url_text":"\"Renowacja dworca kolejowego Wrocław Główny ze stropami zespolonymi Cofrastra®\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poland\". Nightjet. Retrieved 2020-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nightjet.com/en/reiseziele/polen","url_text":"\"Poland\""}]},{"reference":"SYMBIO, Leo Express &. \"Wrocław - Prague \| Leo Express\". www.leoexpress.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanjaa	Yanjaa	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Notable competitions","3.1 2014","3.2 2015","3.3 2016","3.4 2017","3.5 2018","4 Records","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Mongolian-Swedish memory athlete YanjaaPersonal informationBornUlaanbaatar, MongoliaAlma materStockholm Business School (Bachelor of Economics)Occupation(s)Mnemonist, television personalityYears active2014–2015, 2017-18Websitewww.wintersoul.orgSportSportMemoryRankNo. 8 (Dec. 2018), International Grand Master of MemoryAchievements and titlesWorld finals18th overall (2014), 8th place (2015), 3rd overall (2017)National finalsBronze medal (2014), Silver medal (2015)Highest world rankingNo. 7 (September 2018)Personal bests15 min Names & Faces: 212 names (2017, WR, NR)5 min Random Images: 360 images (2018, WR, NR)5 min Random Words: 145 words (2018, WR, NR)15 min Random Words: 289 words (2017, NR)15 min Abstract Images: 422 images (2015, NR)Speed Cards: 22.03 sec (2018, former NR)5 min Names & Faces: 75 names (2015, NR) Yänjaa Wintersoul, sometimes known as simply Yanjaa, is a Mongolian–Swedish triple world record-breaking memory champion & Polyglot. She is one of only 22 international grandmasters of memory. She first rose to prominence in memory sports in 2014 by winning the team gold medal as well as first place in names and faces at the World Memory Championships 2014 in Haikou, China during her first year of memory training. In December 2017, she broke two world records at the 2017 World Memory Championships in Jakarta, Indonesia by memorizing 212 names and faces in 15 minutes and 354 random images in 5 minutes. In August 2018, Yanjaa broke a third world record at the Korean Memory Championships 2018 by memorizing 145 random words in 5 minutes. Yanjaa and Mongolian teammate Munkhshur Narmandakh became the first women in history to place at the world event, placing in bronze and silver position respectively out of over 130 contestants. Early life and education Yanjaa was born in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia to a Buryat-Mongolian mother and a Khalkha-Mongolian father. She grew up in Mongolia, Stockholm, Tokyo and attended boarding school in Kenya at the Swedish School of Nairobi where she studied Swahili and philosophy. Yanjaa graduated from Stockholm Business School with a degree in Business and Economics, where she was an active member of the student council marketing team. She also attended the University of Uppsala to study art history during this time. Career Yanjaa was originally inspired to compete in memory after reading Moonwalking with Einstein by American author and former US memory champion Joshua Foer. She entered her first memory competition two months after reading it, receiving the newcomer award and placing first in the discipline names and faces at a German Open Memory competition in Munich, Germany. She has since medalled in a number of competitions as well as broken numerous memory records (see Records). In 2015 Yanjaa was invited as one of the top 200 Leaders of Tomorrow at the 46th St. Gallen Symposium in St. Gallen, Switzerland for her achievements in memory sports at a young age. In 2015 Yanjaa starred in the Swedish documentary Masterminds, following the moments leading up to the Swedish Memory Championships 2014 where she placed second overall. Yanjaa was featured in the 2016 documentary How to Remember Everything, which covered the 2014 World Memory Championships in Haikou, China. Yanjaa was invited to speak at Investor AB's 100th anniversary, where she demonstrated recall of 10 of the 100 names and faces she had to memorize. She has also been interviewed and featured for memory training and language learning on Today, The Guardian, Wired as well as numerous national media publications in Sweden, China and Mongolia. Yanjaa was a contestant on the final season of the Chinese television program The Brain in 2017, defeating her opponent Yu Yipei by memorizing more synthesized images winning on accuracy over speed. She was a contestant on the 2017 comeback season of the talent show Talang, the Swedish version of Got Talent. In the audition round, Yanjaa received the golden buzzer from judge Alexander Bard and immediately advanced to the semi-finals by memorizing twenty names and faces in 90 seconds. After a successful semi-finals round in which she memorized 30 digits in 30 seconds, she advanced to the finals where she ended up in fifth place. In September 2017 Yanjaa was featured as the "IKEA Human Catalogue 2018", having memorized the entire catalogue in just a week before the launch of the new catalogue. The campaign was a success landing press conferences in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore and multiple appearances on the Steve Harvey show and other talk shows. In May 2018, the campaign was voted as people's voice and the official jury's Webby Award for best social media ad campaign. In 2017, she began production for a documentary called Memory Games with Emmy Award-winning director Janet Tobias. The documentary premiered in New York in November 2018. An additional screening was scheduled because the premiere sold out. Memory Games was bought by Netflix and launched on June 19, 2019. Yanjaa was featured in her second Netflix project on September 11, 2019. The Mind, Explained is a limited series narrated by Emma Stone in collaboration with Vox Media. Notable competitions 2014 3rd Regional German Open Memory Championship (Apr. 4–5, Neubiberg, Germany) 18th place overall. First competition entered, Yanjaa medaled in shared first place in the discipline names and faces. Gothenburg Open Memory Championship (May. 10–11, Gothenburg, Sweden) Bronze medal overall. 1st Spanish Open Memory Championship (Oct 18, Madrid, Spain): Bronze medal overall. World Memory Championships (Dec. 11–14, Haikou, China): Team gold medal, gold medalist in 15-minute names and faces as well as bronze in 15-minute abstract images. 2015 Extreme Memory Tournament (May. 2–3, San Diego, USA): Yanjaa made it to the round of 16. Hong Kong Open Memory Championship (Aug. 22–23, Hong Kong, China): Silver medal overall. Yanjaa broke the world record for memorizing the most names and faces in 15 minutes: 187 names. UK Open Memory Championship (Aug. 27–28, London, UK): Silver medal overall. Yanjaa broke the national record for memorizing the most words in 15 minutes: 256 words. World Memory Championships (Dec. 16–18, Chengdu, China): 8th place overall out of 275 contestants. 2016 Extreme Memory Tournament (June. 24–26, San Diego, USA): Yanjaa made it to the round of 16. 2017 World Memory Championships (Dec. 1–3, Jakarta, Indonesia): Bronze overall, double international grandmaster of memory and team gold. Yanjaa broke two world records, in Names & Faces and Random Images, the most world records broken at the event – second only to overall champion Alex Mullen. Gold in names and faces as well as images, silver in speed cards and words. 2018 Japan Open Memory Championship (Apr. 29–30, Tokyo, Japan): Gold medal overall. Korea Open Memory Championship (Aug. 25–26, Seoul, South Korea): Broke two world records. Broke the world record in 5-minute random words by memorizing 145 random words. Beat own world record in random images by memorizing 360 random images in 5 minutes. Records As of September 11, 2018, Yanjaa holds 3 world records, 6 national records and ranks 7th in the world as a memory athlete. See also World Memory Championships List of Swedish sportspeople Grand Master of Memory Memory sport Mnemonist Polyglot References ^ "How to avoid losing your memory in the digital age \| Memory \| The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ "Special Title". iam-stats.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Så förbättrar du minnet". NÖJESGUIDEN (in Swedish). Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ a b AE Mind Academy \| Luis Angel (December 18, 2016), 🔥 Yanjaa – Names and Faces World Record \| Memory Experts with Luis Angel \| Memory Training Coach, retrieved April 18, 2017 ^ a b c "Yanjaa: Jag minns vartenda ansikte och namn". Året Runt. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ a b Radio, Sveriges (August 14, 2015). "Yanjaa är minnesvärldsmästare – Kossornas planet". Sveriges Radio. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ Radio, Sveriges (September 18, 2014). "Yanjaa tävlar i Minnes-SM – P4 Stockholm". Sveriges Radio. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "2014 World Memory Championships ~ 12th–14th December – Dominic O'Brien". Dominic O'Brien. October 22, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ a b "World Memory Championships 2017 in Jakarta, Indonesia". ^ "AMA African living in Africa. Ask me anything you need to know about living in the 3rd World. Been here all my life. • r/IAmA". reddit. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Yanjaa". The SBS Student Blog. September 6, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "3rd Regional German Open Memory Championship 2014". iam-stats.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Yanjaa". www.facebook.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "St. Gallen Symposium Magazine 46". issuu. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ Linus Lindahl (October 18, 2015), Masterminds (Sveriges bästa minnen), retrieved April 18, 2017 ^ "How to Remember Everything! New ITV film – The World Memory Championships". The World Memory Championships. December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ Corporate Relations And Communications (October 19, 2016), Transforming the mind – Training a new generation of 21st century leaders, retrieved April 18, 2017 ^ "Svensk 21-åring satte världsrekord i minnestävling – DN.SE". DN.SE (in Swedish). August 24, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ a b "Yanjaa Wintersoul får det omöjliga att hända i Talang". www.msn.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ Nyheter, SVT. "Två världsrekord för minnesmästaren från Stockholm". svt.se (in Swedish). Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ 最强大脑第四季 2017 (April 2, 2017), 《最强大脑第四季》20170331 妍佳VS余奕沛：挑战项目基因密码 – 2017.03.31, retrieved April 2, 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "《最强大脑》妍佳，这个女人不简单！-兴趣部落". buluo.qq.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "最强大脑第四季国际赛余奕沛对阵妍佳结果谁赢了最强大脑第四季挑战基因密码项目解析". www.chinazwh.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "最强大脑第四季余奕沛赢了妍佳了吗瑞典选手妍佳资料介绍". www.temai123.com. April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "最强大脑第四季国际赛余奕沛PK妍佳什么项目结果如何谁赢了最强大脑第四季挑战基因密码项目解析_体育小百科". www.gz2010.cn. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Yanjaa Wintersoul får det omöjliga att hända i Talang 2017 – Talang – tv4.se" (in Swedish). Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ hermes (October 16, 2017). "2,000 items in Ikea catalogue too easy for memory champion Yanjaa Wintersoul". The Straits Times. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ "Exam study tips from a two-time world memory champ who's also IKEA's first human catalogue". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ Tan, Yvette. "This woman only needed a week to memorise all 328 pages of Ikea's catalogue". Mashable. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ "The IKEA Human Catalogue \| The Webby Awards". Retrieved June 5, 2018. ^ "Memory Games – Momentofilm". momentofilm.se. April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Memory Games". www.sfi.se. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "In Production". Sierra Tango. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Memory Games \| Netflix". www.netflix.com. Retrieved July 2, 2019. ^ "Vox's Explained Returns to Netflix with Emma Stone-narrated Limited Series". Vox Media. September 12, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2019. ^ "1st Spanish Open Memory Championship 2014". iam-stats.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Japan Open Statistics and Final Results". ^ Fong, Andy (September 11, 2018). "2nd Korea OPEN Champs 2018 Overall Results". Global Alliance of Memory Results & Statistics. ^ "World Records". iam-stats.com. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ "Ranking – Mongolia Records". iam-stats.com. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ "World Ranking". iam-stats.com. Retrieved December 6, 2017. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People"},{"link_name":"memory champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_sport"},{"link_name":"Polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism"},{"link_name":"international grandmasters of memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_of_Memory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World Memory Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Memory_Championships"},{"link_name":"Haikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikou"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Munkhshur Narmandakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munkhshur_Narmandakh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"text":"Yänjaa Wintersoul, sometimes known as simply Yanjaa,[1] is a Mongolian–Swedish triple world record-breaking memory champion & Polyglot. She is one of only 22 international grandmasters of memory.[2] She first rose to prominence in memory sports in 2014 by winning the team gold medal as well as first place in names and faces at the World Memory Championships 2014 in Haikou, China during her first year of memory training.[3][4][5][6][7][8]In December 2017, she broke two world records at the 2017 World Memory Championships in Jakarta, Indonesia by memorizing 212 names and faces in 15 minutes and 354 random images in 5 minutes. In August 2018, Yanjaa broke a third world record at the Korean Memory Championships 2018 by memorizing 145 random words in 5 minutes.Yanjaa and Mongolian teammate Munkhshur Narmandakh became the first women in history to place at the world event, placing in bronze and silver position respectively out of over 130 contestants.[9]","title":"Yanjaa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Buryat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryats"},{"link_name":"Khalkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Business_School"},{"link_name":"Business and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"University of Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University"},{"link_name":"art history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"}],"text":"Yanjaa was born in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia to a Buryat-Mongolian mother and a Khalkha-Mongolian father. She grew up in Mongolia, Stockholm, Tokyo and attended boarding school in Kenya at the Swedish School of Nairobi where she studied Swahili and philosophy.[5][10] Yanjaa graduated from Stockholm Business School with a degree in Business and Economics, where she was an active member of the student council marketing team.[11] She also attended the University of Uppsala to study art history during this time.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moonwalking with Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalking_with_Einstein"},{"link_name":"US memory champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Memory_Championship"},{"link_name":"Joshua Foer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Foer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iam-stats_sgomc2014-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Records"},{"link_name":"46th St. Gallen Symposium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen_Symposium"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Investor AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor_AB"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Yu Yipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yu_Yipei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Talang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talang_Sverige"},{"link_name":"Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_Talent"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bard"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-26"},{"link_name":"IKEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA"},{"link_name":"Steve Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Harvey"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Webby Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Award"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Janet Tobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Tobias"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"The Mind, Explained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mind,_Explained"},{"link_name":"Emma Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Stone"},{"link_name":"Vox Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Yanjaa was originally inspired to compete in memory after reading Moonwalking with Einstein by American author and former US memory champion Joshua Foer.[4][5] She entered her first memory competition two months after reading it, receiving the newcomer award and placing first in the discipline names and faces at a German Open Memory competition in Munich, Germany.[12][13] She has since medalled in a number of competitions as well as broken numerous memory records (see Records). In 2015 Yanjaa was invited as one of the top 200 Leaders of Tomorrow at the 46th St. Gallen Symposium in St. Gallen, Switzerland for her achievements in memory sports at a young age.[14]In 2015 Yanjaa starred in the Swedish documentary Masterminds, following the moments leading up to the Swedish Memory Championships 2014 where she placed second overall.[15] Yanjaa was featured in the 2016 documentary How to Remember Everything, which covered the 2014 World Memory Championships in Haikou, China.[16] Yanjaa was invited to speak at Investor AB's 100th anniversary, where she demonstrated recall of 10 of the 100 names and faces she had to memorize.[17] She has also been interviewed and featured for memory training and language learning on Today, The Guardian, Wired as well as numerous national media publications in Sweden, China and Mongolia.[18][19][6][20]Yanjaa was a contestant on the final season of the Chinese television program The Brain in 2017, defeating her opponent Yu Yipei by memorizing more synthesized images winning on accuracy over speed.[21][22][23][24][25] She was a contestant on the 2017 comeback season of the talent show Talang, the Swedish version of Got Talent.[19] In the audition round, Yanjaa received the golden buzzer from judge Alexander Bard and immediately advanced to the semi-finals by memorizing twenty names and faces in 90 seconds. After a successful semi-finals round in which she memorized 30 digits in 30 seconds, she advanced to the finals where she ended up in fifth place.[26]In September 2017 Yanjaa was featured as the \"IKEA Human Catalogue 2018\", having memorized the entire catalogue in just a week before the launch of the new catalogue. The campaign was a success landing press conferences in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore and multiple appearances on the Steve Harvey show and other talk shows.[27][28][29] In May 2018, the campaign was voted as people's voice and the official jury's Webby Award for best social media ad campaign.[30] In 2017, she began production for a documentary called Memory Games with Emmy Award-winning director Janet Tobias.[31][32][33] The documentary premiered in New York in November 2018. An additional screening was scheduled because the premiere sold out. Memory Games was bought by Netflix and launched on June 19, 2019.[34] Yanjaa was featured in her second Netflix project on September 11, 2019. The Mind, Explained is a limited series narrated by Emma Stone in collaboration with Vox Media.[35]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neubiberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubiberg"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"World Memory Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Memory_Championships"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"3rd Regional German Open Memory Championship (Apr. 4–5, Neubiberg, Germany) 18th place overall. First competition entered, Yanjaa medaled in shared first place in the discipline names and faces.\nGothenburg Open Memory Championship (May. 10–11, Gothenburg, Sweden) Bronze medal overall.\n1st Spanish Open Memory Championship (Oct 18, Madrid, Spain): Bronze medal overall.[36]\nWorld Memory Championships (Dec. 11–14, Haikou, China): Team gold medal, gold medalist in 15-minute names and faces as well as bronze in 15-minute abstract images.","title":"Notable competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Extreme Memory Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Memory_Tournament"},{"link_name":"World Memory Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Memory_Championships"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"Extreme Memory Tournament (May. 2–3, San Diego, USA): Yanjaa made it to the round of 16.\nHong Kong Open Memory Championship (Aug. 22–23, Hong Kong, China): Silver medal overall. Yanjaa broke the world record for memorizing the most names and faces in 15 minutes: 187 names.\nUK Open Memory Championship (Aug. 27–28, London, UK): Silver medal overall. Yanjaa broke the national record for memorizing the most words in 15 minutes: 256 words.\nWorld Memory Championships (Dec. 16–18, Chengdu, China): 8th place overall out of 275 contestants.","title":"Notable competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Extreme Memory Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Memory_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"Extreme Memory Tournament (June. 24–26, San Diego, USA): Yanjaa made it to the round of 16.","title":"Notable competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Memory Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Memory_Championships"},{"link_name":"Alex Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Mullen_(memory_athlete)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"World Memory Championships (Dec. 1–3, Jakarta, Indonesia): Bronze overall, double international grandmaster of memory and team gold. Yanjaa broke two world records, in Names & Faces and Random Images, the most world records broken at the event – second only to overall champion Alex Mullen. Gold in names and faces as well as images, silver in speed cards and words.[9]","title":"Notable competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"Japan Open Memory Championship (Apr. 29–30, Tokyo, Japan): Gold medal overall.[37]\nKorea Open Memory Championship (Aug. 25–26, Seoul, South Korea): Broke two world records. Broke the world record in 5-minute random words by memorizing 145 random words. Beat own world record in random images by memorizing 360 random images in 5 minutes.[38]","title":"Notable competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"As of September 11, 2018, Yanjaa holds 3 world records, 6 national records and ranks 7th in the world as a memory athlete.[39][40][41]","title":"Records"}]	[]	[{"title":"World Memory Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Memory_Championships"},{"title":"List of Swedish sportspeople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_sportspeople"},{"title":"Grand Master of Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_of_Memory"},{"title":"Memory sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_sport"},{"title":"Mnemonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonist"},{"title":"Polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglotism"}]	[{"reference":"\"How to avoid losing your memory in the digital age \| Memory \| The Guardian\". amp.theguardian.com. 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Retrieved April 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://momentofilm.se/films/memory-games/","url_text":"\"Memory Games – Momentofilm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memory Games\". www.sfi.se. Retrieved April 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=85830","url_text":"\"Memory Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Production\". Sierra Tango. Retrieved April 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sierratangoproductions.com/in-production/","url_text":"\"In Production\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memory Games \| Netflix\". www.netflix.com. Retrieved July 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81105525","url_text":"\"Memory Games \| Netflix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vox's Explained Returns to Netflix with Emma Stone-narrated Limited Series\". Vox Media. September 12, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voxmedia.com/2019/9/12/20863352/vox-explained-emma-stone-netflix","url_text":"\"Vox's Explained Returns to Netflix with Emma Stone-narrated Limited Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"1st Spanish Open Memory Championship 2014\". iam-stats.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://iam-stats.com/competition.php?id=spomc2014","url_text":"\"1st Spanish Open Memory Championship 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Open Statistics and Final Results\".","urls":[{"url":"http://iam-stats.com/competition.php?id=tfomc2018","url_text":"\"Japan Open Statistics and Final Results\""}]},{"reference":"Fong, Andy (September 11, 2018). \"2nd Korea OPEN Champs 2018 Overall Results\". Global Alliance of Memory Results & Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asia-memory.org/stats/competition.php?id=kromc2018","url_text":"\"2nd Korea OPEN Champs 2018 Overall Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Records\". iam-stats.com. Retrieved December 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://iam-stats.com/records.php","url_text":"\"World Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking – Mongolia Records\". iam-stats.com. Retrieved December 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://iam-stats.com/records_other.php?cid=Mongolia","url_text":"\"Ranking – Mongolia Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Ranking\". iam-stats.com. 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Ask me anything you need to know about living in the 3rd World. Been here all my life. • r/IAmA\""},{"Link":"https://studentblogsusb.wordpress.com/bloggers/past-bloggers/yanjaa/","external_links_name":"\"Yanjaa\""},{"Link":"http://iam-stats.com/competition.php?id=sgomc2014","external_links_name":"\"3rd Regional German Open Memory Championship 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=875276992511295&set=a.606507046054959.1073741829.100000870075391&type=3&theater","external_links_name":"\"Yanjaa\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/st.gallensymposium/docs/st_gallen_symposium_magazine_46/70","external_links_name":"\"St. Gallen Symposium Magazine 46\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlApuSd1Xz4","external_links_name":"Masterminds (Sveriges bästa minnen)"},{"Link":"http://www.worldmemorychampionships.com/remember-everything-new-itv-film/","external_links_name":"\"How to Remember Everything! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Catalan_Songs	Traditional Catalan Songs	["1 Track listing","2 References","3 External links"]	Not to be confused with Music of Catalonia. 1991 studio album by Victoria de los ÁngelesCatalan SongsStudio album by Victoria de los ÁngelesReleased1991 (1991)RecordedAbbey Road Studios,London, EnglandGenreCatalanLabelCollins Classics, Brilliant Classics Cançons Tradicionals Catalanes (Traditional Catalan songs) is a 1991 album of Catalan music by Victoria de los Ángeles, accompanied by Geoffrey Parsons. Recorded at the Abbey Road Studios, London, it was originally released on Collins Classics in 1992, and later re-released with the original texts and translations by Brilliant Classics. Track listing El cant dels ocells Muntanyes regalades El mariner El mestre Mariagneta Muntanyes del Canigó El rossinyol El bon caçador La filla del marxant L’hereu Riera Els estudiantes de Tolosa La ploma de perdiu Els fadrins de Sant Boi Caterina d’Alió La Margarideta La Mare de Déu Josep i Maria El noi de la mare El desembre congelat La dama d’Aragó El testament d’Amèlia La muller del gavatxot La filadora La presó de Lleida Cançó del lladre Els pobres traginers La filla del carmesí Els tres tambors Els segadors References ^ Vincenzo Ramón Bisogni: Victoria de los Ángeles: Nella Musica per Vivere (e Sopravvivere), 2008, p. 256 External links Music web review	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Catalan music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Victoria de los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parsons_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"Collins Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Classics"},{"link_name":"Brilliant Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilliant_Classics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Music of Catalonia.1991 studio album by Victoria de los ÁngelesCançons Tradicionals Catalanes (Traditional Catalan songs) is a 1991 album of Catalan music by Victoria de los Ángeles, accompanied by Geoffrey Parsons. Recorded at the Abbey Road Studios, London, it was originally released on Collins Classics in 1992, and later re-released with the original texts and translations by Brilliant Classics.[1]","title":"Traditional Catalan Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El cant dels ocells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_cant_dels_ocells"},{"link_name":"El noi de la mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_noi_de_la_mare"},{"link_name":"Els segadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els_segadors"}],"text":"El cant dels ocells\nMuntanyes regalades\nEl mariner\nEl mestre\nMariagneta\nMuntanyes del Canigó\nEl rossinyol\nEl bon caçador\nLa filla del marxant\nL’hereu Riera\nEls estudiantes de Tolosa\nLa ploma de perdiu\nEls fadrins de Sant Boi\nCaterina d’Alió\nLa Margarideta\nLa Mare de Déu\nJosep i Maria\nEl noi de la mare\nEl desembre congelat\nLa dama d’Aragó\nEl testament d’Amèlia\nLa muller del gavatxot\nLa filadora\nLa presó de Lleida\nCançó del lladre\nEls pobres traginers\nLa filla del carmesí\nEls tres tambors\nEls segadors","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2011/Mar11/catalan_angeles_9178.htm#ixzz2RdcZ1IcV","external_links_name":"Music web review"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_75	New York State Route 75	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	North–south state highway in Erie County, New York This article is about the current alignment of NY 75. For the former alignment of NY 75 in Chautauqua County, see New York State Route 430. New York State Route 75Map of the Buffalo area with NY 75 highlighted in red and NY 950G in blueRoute informationMaintained by NYSDOTLength20.85 mi (33.55 km)HistoryDesignated NY 18A and NY 62 in 1930; renumbered to NY 75 c. 1932Major junctionsSouth end NY 39 in CollinsMajor intersections US 62 in Hamburg village I-90 Toll / New York Thruway in Hamburg townNorth end NY 5 in Hamburg town LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountiesErie Highway system New York Highways Interstate US State Reference Parkways ← NY 74→ NY 76← NY 18→ NY 18B New York State Route 75 (NY 75) is a north–south state highway in Erie County, New York, in the United States. It extends for 20.85 miles (33.55 km) from an intersection with NY 39 in the Collins hamlet of Collins Center to an interchange with NY 5 in the town of Hamburg. The route passes through the village of Hamburg, which serves as the northern terminus of a 2-mile (3.2 km) overlap between U.S. Route 62 (US 62) and NY 75. Past Hamburg, NY 75 connects to the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90 or I-90) northwest of the village before ending a short distance from Lake Erie. The portion of NY 75 south of Hamburg is a two-lane rural highway; in contrast, the section north of the village is four lanes wide and serves commercial and residential areas. The origins of NY 75 date back to 1930 when New York State Route 62 was assigned to an alignment extending from Great Valley to Buffalo via Hamburg and Athol Springs. NY 62 was renumbered to NY 75 c. 1932 to eliminate numerical duplication with US 62, and the route was truncated to end in Hamburg in the late 1930s after most of it became part of US 219. The section of modern NY 75 south of Hamburg was initially New York State Route 18A, an alternate route of then-NY 18 through Collins and Eden created in 1930. NY 18 was truncated on January 1, 1962 to begin in Niagara County, at which time NY 18A became part of NY 75. Route description NY 75 begins at an intersection with NY 39 in Collins Center, a small hamlet in the town of Collins. It initially heads northeastward as the two-lane Sisson Highway, serving a handful of homes on the northern edge of the community prior to entering an open area dominated by farmland. About 0.5 miles (0.8 km) from NY 39, the road curves northward, taking on a due north alignment as it heads across the rolling terrain that comprises most of northern Collins. The highway serves just one community, the hamlet of Whites Corners, on its way into the adjacent town of North Collins. Here, development along NY 75 remains limited at first, consisting of only a handful of isolated farms situated among fields or one of several forested areas. It quickly passes through Marshfield, located just past the town line, on its way toward Langford. A brief stretch of homes begins about 3 miles (5 km) into the town as the route enters Langford, located 5.5 miles (8.9 km) north of Collins Center. First southbound reassurance markers along the US 62 / NY 75 overlap in Hamburg In the center of the community, NY 75 intersects Langford Road, designated as NY 249 west of the junction and County Route 39 (CR 39) east of NY 75. Past NY 249, the route exits Langford and heads across another stretch of fields and farms toward the Eden town line. NY 75 breaks from its due north routing just south of it, taking on a more westerly heading to avoid a valley surrounding the south branch of Eighteenmile Creek. It ultimately enters the valley, however, winding its way northward down the depression's southwestern side to reach the creek floor. From here, NY 75 follows the base of the valley to the northwest for 2.5 miles (4.0 km), serving a handful of homes situated along the forested creekside. The route eventually climbs out of the gully and heads due north for a short distance across more fields to a junction with US 62. At this point, NY 75 turns northeastward, overlapping with US 62 into the nearby town of Hamburg along Gowanda State Road. Development along the highway quickly rises in density from a large farm and a pocket of homes at the start of the concurrency to a series of residential streets across the town line that make up the hamlet of Water Valley. The influx of homes brings US 62 and NY 75 across the main channel of Eighteenmile Creek and into the village of Hamburg, where the highway changes names to Pierce Avenue. The two routes remain concurrent for three blocks to an intersection with Lake Avenue, where Pierce Avenue becomes Main Street. While US 62 continues east into Hamburg's central business district on Main Street, NY 75 follows Lake Street northward along the mostly residential western edge of the village. NY 75 northbound in Hamburg after the concurrency with US 62 Outside of the village, NY 75 becomes Camp Road and begins to parallel the Buffalo Southern Railroad, separated from NY 75 by only a row of homes and businesses. While on this stretch, the highway widens from two to four lanes. After 0.5 miles (0.8 km), the route makes a turn to the northwest, passing under the railroad and entering the southeastern portion of a commercial strip that follows NY 75 for 1 mile (1.6 km) to New York State Thruway (I-90) exit 57. It continues past the Thruway for another 0.5 miles (0.8 km) before ceasing at a junction with US 20. Continuing on, the highway remains four lanes wide but serves primarily residential areas located in and around Athol Springs, a hamlet on the shores of Lake Erie. Just outside Athol Springs, NY 75 passes under two railroad bridges, carrying the Norfolk Southern Railway-owned Lake Erie District line and the CSX Transportation-owned Lake Shore Subdivision line over the highway. On the other side of the overpasses, NY 75 curves northeastward as it becomes Saint Francis Drive, leaving Camp Road to continue northwestward to the lake as a two-lane street. The route continues on, passing south of Saint Francis High School before ending shortly afterward at a partial interchange with NY 5. NY 75 northbound merges directly into NY 5 eastbound, a limited-access highway, while NY 75 southbound begins as an offshoot of NY 5 westbound. The remaining connections are made by way of a loop road leading from Big Tree Road, which NY 5 and NY 75 both intersect just south of the interchange. History New York State Route 18ALocationCollins Center–HamburgExisted1930–January 1, 1962 A former alignment of Camp Road (NY 75) in Athol Springs All of what is now NY 75 was state-maintained by 1926. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the portion of modern NY 75 north of the village of Hamburg was designated as part of NY 62, a highway extending from Great Valley north to Buffalo. The section between Collins Center and Eden gained a designation in 1930 when it became part of NY 18A, an alternate route of then-NY 18 between Collins and Eden. NY 18A overlapped with NY 39 between the hamlets of Collins (where NY 18A began at NY 18) and Collins Center, from where the route followed Sisson Highway north to rejoin NY 18 in Eden. US 62 was extended into New York c. 1932. As a result, the portion of NY 62 south of the hamlet of Athol Springs was renumbered to NY 75 to eliminate numerical duplication with the new U.S. Highway. The remainder of old NY 62 became part of an extended NY 5. When US 219 was extended into New York c. 1935, it was overlaid on the pre-existing NY 75 from Great Valley to Hamburg, creating a lengthy overlap with the route. The overlap was eliminated in the late 1930s when NY 75 was truncated on its southern end to the village of Hamburg. Similarly, NY 18A was truncated to Collins Center on its southern end in the 1950s, eliminating its overlap with NY 39. NY 18 continued to extend south of Niagara County until on January 1, 1962 when it was truncated to begin 35 miles (56 km) north of Hamburg in Lewiston. NY 18A, now separated from its parent route, became an extension of NY 75, which connected to NY 18A's former routing by way of an overlap with US 62 between Hamburg and Eden. Major intersections The entire route is in Erie County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Collins0.000.00 NY 39 – Springville, GowandaSouthern terminus; hamlet of Collins Center Town of North Collins6.6210.65 NY 249 (Langford Road) – North Collins, FarnhamHamlet of Langford; eastern terminus of NY 249 Town of Eden14.3523.09 US 62 south (Gowanda State Road)Southern terminus of US 62 / NY 75 overlap Village of Hamburg16.2926.22 US 62 north (Main Street) to NY 391Northern terminus of US 62 / NY 75 overlap Town of Hamburg18.2229.32 I-90 Toll / New York Thruway – Buffalo, ErieExit 57 (I-90 / Thruway) 18.9730.53 US 20 (Southwestern Boulevard) – Depew, Silver Creek 20.8533.55 NY 5 / LECT (Lake Shore Road) – Dunkirk, Buffalo Outer HarborNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Electronic toll collection See also U.S. roads portal References ^ a b "2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. June 16, 2009. p. 209. Retrieved January 26, 2010. ^ a b c "Weekly Report On Road Conditions In This District" (PDF). Lockport Union-Sun and Journal. June 10, 1930. p. 2. Retrieved December 16, 2018. ^ a b Road Map of New York (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Standard Oil Company of New York. 1930. ^ a b c d New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Kendall Refining Company. 1931. ^ a b c Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1932. ^ a b c d e Microsoft; Nokia. "overview map of NY 75" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved July 12, 2015. ^ a b "Double Road Marking to End". Buffalo Courier-Express. December 21, 1961. p. 7. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ Official Map Showing State Highways and other important roads (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Public Works. 1926. ^ New York Info-Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Gulf Oil Company. 1940. ^ Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1934. ^ Road Map & Historical Guide – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sun Oil Company. 1935. ^ Shell Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1937. ^ Map of New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1940. ^ New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sunoco. 1952. ^ New York and New Jersey Tourgide Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Gulf Oil Company. 1958. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York State Route 75. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/New York State Route 75KML is from Wikidata New York State Route 75 at New York Routes New York State Route 18A at New York Routes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Route 430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_430"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Erie County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"town of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"village of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"overlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap_(road)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway"},{"link_name":"Interstate 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Great Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Athol Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"US 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_219_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_18"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Niagara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York"}],"text":"North–south state highway in Erie County, New YorkThis article is about the current alignment of NY 75. For the former alignment of NY 75 in Chautauqua County, see New York State Route 430.New York State Route 75 (NY 75) is a north–south state highway in Erie County, New York, in the United States. It extends for 20.85 miles (33.55 km) from an intersection with NY 39 in the Collins hamlet of Collins Center to an interchange with NY 5 in the town of Hamburg. The route passes through the village of Hamburg, which serves as the northern terminus of a 2-mile (3.2 km) overlap between U.S. Route 62 (US 62) and NY 75. Past Hamburg, NY 75 connects to the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90 or I-90) northwest of the village before ending a short distance from Lake Erie. The portion of NY 75 south of Hamburg is a two-lane rural highway; in contrast, the section north of the village is four lanes wide and serves commercial and residential areas.The origins of NY 75 date back to 1930 when New York State Route 62 was assigned to an alignment extending from Great Valley to Buffalo via Hamburg and Athol Springs. NY 62 was renumbered to NY 75 c. 1932 to eliminate numerical duplication with US 62, and the route was truncated to end in Hamburg in the late 1930s after most of it became part of US 219. The section of modern NY 75 south of Hamburg was initially New York State Route 18A, an alternate route of then-NY 18 through Collins and Eden created in 1930. NY 18 was truncated on January 1, 1962 to begin in Niagara County, at which time NY 18A became part of NY 75.","title":"New York State Route 75"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins,_New_York"},{"link_name":"town of North Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Collins_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Marshfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshfield,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langford,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bing-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_62-NY_75_south_in_Hamburg.jpg"},{"link_name":"reassurance markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reassurance_marker"},{"link_name":"NY 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_249"},{"link_name":"County Route 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_39_(Erie_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_New_York"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bing-6"},{"link_name":"overlapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap_(road)"},{"link_name":"town of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Water Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"village of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bing-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY_75_north_in_Hamburg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Southern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Southern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New York State Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"US 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Athol Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bing-6"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"CSX Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Lake Shore Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_High_School_(Athol_Springs)"},{"link_name":"NY 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bing-6"}],"text":"NY 75 begins at an intersection with NY 39 in Collins Center, a small hamlet in the town of Collins. It initially heads northeastward as the two-lane Sisson Highway, serving a handful of homes on the northern edge of the community prior to entering an open area dominated by farmland. About 0.5 miles (0.8 km) from NY 39, the road curves northward, taking on a due north alignment as it heads across the rolling terrain that comprises most of northern Collins. The highway serves just one community, the hamlet of Whites Corners, on its way into the adjacent town of North Collins. Here, development along NY 75 remains limited at first, consisting of only a handful of isolated farms situated among fields or one of several forested areas. It quickly passes through Marshfield, located just past the town line, on its way toward Langford. A brief stretch of homes begins about 3 miles (5 km) into the town as the route enters Langford, located 5.5 miles (8.9 km) north of Collins Center.[6]First southbound reassurance markers along the US 62 / NY 75 overlap in HamburgIn the center of the community, NY 75 intersects Langford Road, designated as NY 249 west of the junction and County Route 39 (CR 39) east of NY 75. Past NY 249, the route exits Langford and heads across another stretch of fields and farms toward the Eden town line. NY 75 breaks from its due north routing just south of it, taking on a more westerly heading to avoid a valley surrounding the south branch of Eighteenmile Creek. It ultimately enters the valley, however, winding its way northward down the depression's southwestern side to reach the creek floor. From here, NY 75 follows the base of the valley to the northwest for 2.5 miles (4.0 km), serving a handful of homes situated along the forested creekside. The route eventually climbs out of the gully and heads due north for a short distance across more fields to a junction with US 62.[6]At this point, NY 75 turns northeastward, overlapping with US 62 into the nearby town of Hamburg along Gowanda State Road. Development along the highway quickly rises in density from a large farm and a pocket of homes at the start of the concurrency to a series of residential streets across the town line that make up the hamlet of Water Valley. The influx of homes brings US 62 and NY 75 across the main channel of Eighteenmile Creek and into the village of Hamburg, where the highway changes names to Pierce Avenue. The two routes remain concurrent for three blocks to an intersection with Lake Avenue, where Pierce Avenue becomes Main Street. While US 62 continues east into Hamburg's central business district on Main Street, NY 75 follows Lake Street northward along the mostly residential western edge of the village.[6]NY 75 northbound in Hamburg after the concurrency with US 62Outside of the village, NY 75 becomes Camp Road and begins to parallel the Buffalo Southern Railroad, separated from NY 75 by only a row of homes and businesses. While on this stretch, the highway widens from two to four lanes. After 0.5 miles (0.8 km), the route makes a turn to the northwest, passing under the railroad and entering the southeastern portion of a commercial strip that follows NY 75 for 1 mile (1.6 km) to New York State Thruway (I-90) exit 57. It continues past the Thruway for another 0.5 miles (0.8 km) before ceasing at a junction with US 20. Continuing on, the highway remains four lanes wide but serves primarily residential areas located in and around Athol Springs, a hamlet on the shores of Lake Erie.[6]Just outside Athol Springs, NY 75 passes under two railroad bridges, carrying the Norfolk Southern Railway-owned Lake Erie District line and the CSX Transportation-owned Lake Shore Subdivision line over the highway. On the other side of the overpasses, NY 75 curves northeastward as it becomes Saint Francis Drive, leaving Camp Road to continue northwestward to the lake as a two-lane street. The route continues on, passing south of Saint Francis High School before ending shortly afterward at a partial interchange with NY 5. NY 75 northbound merges directly into NY 5 eastbound, a limited-access highway, while NY 75 southbound begins as an offshoot of NY 5 westbound. The remaining connections are made by way of a loop road leading from Big Tree Road, which NY 5 and NY 75 both intersect just south of the interchange.[6]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_NY_18A_alignment_in_Athol_Springs.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1930 renumbering of state highways in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_state_highway_renumbering_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"village of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_62_(1930%E2%80%931932)"},{"link_name":"Great Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1930map-3"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_18"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18a1930-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1931map-4"},{"link_name":"overlapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap_(road)"},{"link_name":"NY 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940map-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1932map-5"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Athol Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1931map-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1932map-5"},{"link_name":"US 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_219_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Niagara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lewiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962changes-7"}],"text":"A former alignment of Camp Road (NY 75) in Athol SpringsAll of what is now NY 75 was state-maintained by 1926.[8] In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the portion of modern NY 75 north of the village of Hamburg was designated as part of NY 62, a highway extending from Great Valley north to Buffalo.[3] The section between Collins Center and Eden gained a designation in 1930 when it became part of NY 18A, an alternate route of then-NY 18 between Collins and Eden.[2][4] NY 18A overlapped with NY 39 between the hamlets of Collins (where NY 18A began at NY 18) and Collins Center,[9] from where the route followed Sisson Highway north to rejoin NY 18 in Eden.[5] US 62 was extended into New York c. 1932. As a result, the portion of NY 62 south of the hamlet of Athol Springs was renumbered to NY 75 to eliminate numerical duplication with the new U.S. Highway. The remainder of old NY 62 became part of an extended NY 5.[4][5]When US 219 was extended into New York c. 1935, it was overlaid on the pre-existing NY 75 from Great Valley to Hamburg, creating a lengthy overlap with the route.[10][11] The overlap was eliminated in the late 1930s when NY 75 was truncated on its southern end to the village of Hamburg.[12][13] Similarly, NY 18A was truncated to Collins Center on its southern end in the 1950s, eliminating its overlap with NY 39.[14][15] NY 18 continued to extend south of Niagara County until on January 1, 1962 when it was truncated to begin 35 miles (56 km) north of Hamburg in Lewiston. NY 18A, now separated from its parent route, became an extension of NY 75, which connected to NY 18A's former routing by way of an overlap with US 62 between Hamburg and Eden.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York"}],"text":"The entire route is in Erie County.","title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"First southbound reassurance markers along the US 62 / NY 75 overlap in Hamburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_62-NY_75_south_in_Hamburg.jpg/220px-US_62-NY_75_south_in_Hamburg.jpg"},{"image_text":"NY 75 northbound in Hamburg after the concurrency with US 62","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NY_75_north_in_Hamburg.jpg/220px-NY_75_north_in_Hamburg.jpg"},{"image_text":"A former alignment of Camp Road (NY 75) in Athol Springs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Former_NY_18A_alignment_in_Athol_Springs.jpg/220px-Former_NY_18A_alignment_in_Athol_Springs.jpg"}]	[{"title":"U.S. roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._roads"}]	[{"reference":"\"2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State\" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. June 16, 2009. p. 209. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/Traffic%20Data%20Report%202008.pdf","url_text":"\"2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New York State Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly Report On Road Conditions In This District\" (PDF). Lockport Union-Sun and Journal. June 10, 1930. p. 2. Retrieved December 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/Lockport%20NY%20Union%20Sun%20Journal/Lockport%20NY%20Union%20Sun%20Journal%201930/Lockport%20NY%20Union%20Sun%20Journal%201930%20-%201526.pdf","url_text":"\"Weekly Report On Road Conditions In This District\""}]},{"reference":"Road Map of New York (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Standard Oil Company of New York. 1930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Drafting","url_text":"General Drafting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company_of_New_York","url_text":"Standard Oil Company of New York"}]},{"reference":"New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Kendall Refining Company. 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M._Gousha_Company","url_text":"H.M. Gousha Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Refining_Company","url_text":"Kendall Refining Company"}]},{"reference":"Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally_and_Company","url_text":"Rand McNally and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Oil_Company","url_text":"Texas Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"Microsoft; Nokia. \"overview map of NY 75\" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved July 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia","url_text":"Nokia"},{"url":"http://binged.it/1eUWkuQ","url_text":"\"overview map of NY 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Maps","url_text":"Bing Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Double Road Marking to End\". Buffalo Courier-Express. December 21, 1961. p. 7. Retrieved December 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%25201961%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%25201961%2520b%2520-%25205085.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2Fa503517705b4a6e8df15b2e81390dcc5#page=1","url_text":"\"Double Road Marking to End\""}]},{"reference":"Official Map Showing State Highways and other important roads (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Public Works. 1926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_New_York_Department_of_Public_Works","url_text":"State of New York Department of Public Works"}]},{"reference":"New York Info-Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Gulf Oil Company. 1940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Oil_Company","url_text":"Gulf Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1934.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Road Map & Historical Guide – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sun Oil Company. 1935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Oil_Company","url_text":"Sun Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"Shell Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1937.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company","url_text":"Shell Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"Map of New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1940.","urls":[]},{"reference":"New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sunoco. 1952.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunoco","url_text":"Sunoco"}]},{"reference":"New York and New Jersey Tourgide Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Gulf Oil Company. 1958.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/Traffic%20Data%20Report%202008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State\""},{"Link":"http://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/Lockport%20NY%20Union%20Sun%20Journal/Lockport%20NY%20Union%20Sun%20Journal%201930/Lockport%20NY%20Union%20Sun%20Journal%201930%20-%201526.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Weekly Report On Road Conditions In This District\""},{"Link":"http://binged.it/1eUWkuQ","external_links_name":"\"overview map of NY 75\""},{"Link":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%25201961%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%25201961%2520b%2520-%25205085.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2Fa503517705b4a6e8df15b2e81390dcc5#page=1","external_links_name":"\"Double Road Marking to End\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/New_York_State_Route_75&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/New_York_State_Route_75&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorkroutes.net/jct/075.htm","external_links_name":"New York Routes"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorkroutes.net/jct/018a.htm","external_links_name":"New York Routes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_FA_Charity_Shield	1956 FA Charity Shield	["1 Match details","2 See also","3 References"]	Football match1956 FA Charity ShieldEventFA Charity Shield Manchester City Manchester United 0 1 Date24 October 1956VenueMaine Road, ManchesterAttendance30,495← 1955 1957 → The 1956 FA Charity Shield was the 34th FA Charity Shield, an annual football match held between the winners of the previous season's Football League and FA Cup competitions. The match was contested by Manchester United, who had won the 1955–56 Football League, and Manchester City, who had won the 1955–56 FA Cup, at Maine Road, Manchester, on 24 October 1956. Manchester United won the match 1–0, with Dennis Viollet scoring the winning goal. United goalkeeper David Gaskell made his debut for the club during the game, taking the place of injured goalkeeper Ray Wood, and, at the age of 16 years and 19 days, became the youngest player ever to play for the club. This game was the first competitive floodlit Manchester derby. The game was a break with tradition as Charity Shield matches were typically played at the home ground of the league champions, but as Old Trafford had yet to install lights, the game was played at Maine Road. Prior to this, the first floodlit Manchester derby was played on 26 February 1889 at the Belle Vue Athletic Ground. The match was played in aid of the Hyde Coal Mine disaster. Match details 24 October 1956 Manchester City0–1Manchester United Viollet 75' Maine Road, ManchesterAttendance: 30,495 Manchester City Manchester United 1 John Savage 2 Bill Leivers 3 Roy Little 4 Roy Clarke 5 Dave Ewing 6 Roy Paul (c) 7 Jack Dyson 8 Joe Hayes 9 Don Revie 10 Bobby Johnstone 11 Paddy Fagan Manager: Les McDowall GK 1 Ray Wood RB 2 Bill Foulkes LB 3 Roger Byrne (c) RH 4 Eddie Colman CH 5 Mark Jones LH 6 Duncan Edwards OR 7 Johnny Berry IR 8 Billy Whelan CF 9 Tommy Taylor IL 10 Dennis Viollet OL 11 David Pegg Manager: Matt Busby See also 1955–56 Football League 1955–56 FA Cup 2011 FA Community Shield – contested by the same teams References ^ Steve Cawley & Gary James, The Pride of Manchester – A History of the Manchester Derby (ACL & Polar Publishing, 1991), p 320. ^ Gary James & Keith Mellor, From Maine Men To Banana Citizens (Temple Press, 1989), p 8. vteFA Charity / Community ShieldFA Charity Shield(1908–2001) 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 FA Community Shield(2002–present) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of matches vteManchester City F.C. matchesDomesticFA CupFinals 1904 1926 1933 1934 1955 1956 1969 1981 2011 2013 2019 2023 2024 Other vs Tottenham Hotspur 4–3 (2004) Premier League vs Manchester United 3–4 (2009) vs Manchester United 6–1 (2011) vs Queens Park Rangers 3–2 (2012) EFL Cup Finals 1970 1974 1976 2014 2016 2018 2019 2020 2021 Full Members' Cup Final 1986 FA Community Shield 1934 1937 1956 1968 1969 1972 1973 2011 2012 2014 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 EFL play-offs 1999 Second Division InternationalUEFA Champions League Finals 2021 2023 European Cup Winners' Cup Final 1970 UEFA Super Cup 2023 FIFA Club World Cup Final 2023 vteManchester United F.C. matchesNationalFA CupFinals 1909 1948 1957 1958 1963 1976 1977 1979 1983 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1999 2004 2005 2007 2016 2018 2023 2024 Other 2–1 v Arsenal (1999) League Cup Finals 1983 1991 1992 1994 2003 2006 2009 2010 2017 2023 FA Community Shields 1908 1911 1948 1952 1956 1957 1963 1965 1967 1977 1983 1985 1990 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2016 2024 Notable league matches 3–5 v West Bromwich Albion (1978) Arsenal brawl (1990) 9–0 v Ipswich Town (1995) 8–1 v Nottingham Forest (1999) Battle of Old Trafford (2003) Battle of the Buffet (2004) 4–3 v Manchester City (2009) 8–2 v Arsenal (2011) 1–6 v Manchester City (2011) 9–0 v Southampton (2021) InternationalUEFA Champions LeagueFinals 1968 1999 2008 2009 2011 Other 3–2 v Juventus (1999) European Cup Winners' Cup Finals 1991 UEFA Europa League Finals 2017 2021 UEFA Super Cups 1991 1999 2008 2017 Intercontinental Cups 1968 1999 FIFA Club World Cup Finals 2008 Other matches UEFA Celebration Match (2007) 2010 MLS All-Star 2011 MLS All-Star 2013 A-League All Stars vte1956–57 in English football « 1955–56 1957–58 » FA competitions FA Cup Qualifying rounds Final Charity Shield FA Amateur Cup Football League Football League Lower leagues Hellenic League Isthmian League Northern League Southern League Spartan League Western League European competitions European Cup Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Related to national team Walter Winterbottom Home Championship Club seasonsFirst Division Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Burnley Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Chelsea Everton Leeds United Luton Town Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Portsmouth Preston North End Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Barnsley Blackburn Rovers Bristol City Bristol Rovers Bury Doncaster Rovers Fulham Grimsby Town Huddersfield Town Leicester City Leyton Orient Lincoln City Liverpool Middlesbrough Nottingham Forest Notts County Port Vale Rotherham United Sheffield United Stoke City Swansea Town West Ham United Third DivisionNorth Accrington Stanley Barrow Bradford City Bradford Park Avenue Carlisle United Chester Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Darlington Derby County Gateshead Halifax Town Hartlepools United Hull City Mansfield Town Oldham Athletic Rochdale Scunthorpe & Lindsey United Southport Stockport County Tranmere Rovers Workington Wrexham York City South Aldershot Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Colchester United Coventry City Crystal Palace Exeter City Gillingham Ipswich Town Millwall Newport County Northampton Town Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Queens Park Rangers Reading Shrewsbury Town Southampton Southend United Swindon Town Torquay United Walsall Watford	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"1955–56 Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"1955–56 FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Maine Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Road"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Dennis Viollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Viollet"},{"link_name":"David Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"Ray Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Wood"},{"link_name":"Manchester derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_derby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Football matchThe 1956 FA Charity Shield was the 34th FA Charity Shield, an annual football match held between the winners of the previous season's Football League and FA Cup competitions. The match was contested by Manchester United, who had won the 1955–56 Football League, and Manchester City, who had won the 1955–56 FA Cup, at Maine Road, Manchester, on 24 October 1956. Manchester United won the match 1–0, with Dennis Viollet scoring the winning goal. United goalkeeper David Gaskell made his debut for the club during the game, taking the place of injured goalkeeper Ray Wood, and, at the age of 16 years and 19 days, became the youngest player ever to play for the club.This game was the first competitive floodlit Manchester derby.[1] The game was a break with tradition as Charity Shield matches were typically played at the home ground of the league champions, but as Old Trafford had yet to install lights, the game was played at Maine Road. Prior to this, the first floodlit Manchester derby was played on 26 February 1889 at the Belle Vue Athletic Ground. The match was played in aid of the Hyde Coal Mine disaster.[2]","title":"1956 FA Charity Shield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Viollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Viollet"},{"link_name":"Maine Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Road"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"}],"text":"24 October 1956\nManchester City0–1Manchester United\n\n\nViollet 75'\nMaine Road, ManchesterAttendance: 30,495","title":"Match details"}]	[]	[{"title":"1955–56 Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Football_League"},{"title":"1955–56 FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_FA_Cup"},{"title":"2011 FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FA_Community_Shield"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helv%C3%A9cio_Martins	Helvécio Martins	[]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Helvécio Martins" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Helvécio MartinsHelvécio Martins in 1990 Second Quorum of the Seventy31 March 1990 (1990-03-31) – 30 September 1995 (1995-09-30)Called byEzra Taft BensonEnd reasonHonorably released Personal detailsBorn(1930-07-27)27 July 1930Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDied14 May 2005(2005-05-14) (aged 74)Santo André, São Paulo, BrazilSpouse(s)Rudá Tourinho de AssisChildren4 Biography portal LDS movement portal Helvécio Martins (27 July 1930 – 14 May 2005) was the first person of Black African descent to be called as a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born to descendants of African slaves in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Martins joined the LDS Church in 1972, despite his knowledge that the LDS Church did not then allow members of Black African descent to hold the priesthood or to receive temple ordinances. On 9 June 1978, Martins and his family heard of the announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins was honorably released as a general authority on 30 September 1995. He died in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil at age 74. Martins dictated his life story which was published as The Autobiography of Elder Helvecio Martins. Martins' son, Marcus, is the chair of the religion department at Brigham Young University–Hawaii. See also 1978 Revelation on Priesthood Blacks and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Joseph W. Sitati Notes ^ Helvecio Martins and Mark Grover, The Autobiography of Elder Helvecio Martins (Aspen Books, 1994, ISBN 1-56236-218-6). References "Elder Helvécio Martins of the Seventy", Ensign, May 1990, p. 106. External links Obituary by LDS Genesis Group Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Helvécio Martins Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_African"},{"link_name":"descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Brazilian"},{"link_name":"general authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_authority"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"ordinances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"announcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Declaration%E2%80%942"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"stake president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stake_president"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_president"},{"link_name":"Fortaleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortaleza"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"church president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Ezra Taft Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson"},{"link_name":"Second Quorum of the Seventy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Quorum_of_the_Seventy"},{"link_name":"Santo André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Martins"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University–Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii"}],"text":"Helvécio Martins (27 July 1930 – 14 May 2005) was the first person of Black African descent to be called as a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).Born to descendants of African slaves in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Martins joined the LDS Church in 1972, despite his knowledge that the LDS Church did not then allow members of Black African descent to hold the priesthood or to receive temple ordinances.On 9 June 1978, Martins and his family heard of the announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission.In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church.After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins was honorably released as a general authority on 30 September 1995. He died in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil at age 74.Martins dictated his life story which was published as The Autobiography of Elder Helvecio Martins.[1]Martins' son, Marcus, is the chair of the religion department at Brigham Young University–Hawaii.","title":"Helvécio Martins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Mark Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Grover"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56236-218-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56236-218-6"}],"text":"^ Helvecio Martins and Mark Grover, The Autobiography of Elder Helvecio Martins (Aspen Books, 1994, ISBN 1-56236-218-6).","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"1978 Revelation on Priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Revelation_on_Priesthood"},{"title":"Blacks and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacks_and_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"title":"Joseph W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscapular_vein	Subscapular artery	["1 Additional images","2 References","3 External links"]	Large blood vessel This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Subscapular arteryAxillary artery and its branches, including subscapular artery - anterior view of right upper limb and thorax.The scapular and circumflex arteries.DetailsSourceAxillary arteryBranchesCircumflex scapular artery, thoracodorsal arterySuppliesLatissimus dorsiIdentifiersLatinarteria subscapularisTA98A12.2.09.013TA24627FMA22677Anatomical terminology The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises from the third part of the axillary artery at the lower border of the subscapularis muscle, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries, and with the descending branch of the dorsal scapular artery (a.k.a. deep branch of the transverse cervical artery if it arises from the cervical trunk), and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. From the thoracodorsal artery it supplies latissimus dorsi, while the scapular circumflex artery participates in the scapular anastamosis. It terminates in an anastomosis with the dorsal scapular artery. Additional images Subscapular artery References ^ Moore, Keith (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy Seventh Edition. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 716–717. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 588 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) External links Illustration at microsurgeon.org Photo at mvm.ed.ac.uk lesson3axillaryart&vein at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) vteArteries of the human armAxillaryShoulderbefore teres minor1st part Superior thoracic artery 2nd part Thoracoacromial artery pectoral branch acromial branch clavicular branch deltoid branch Lateral thoracic artery 3rd part Subscapular artery scapular anastomosis circumflex scapular artery thoracodorsal artery anterior humeral circumflex artery posterior humeral circumflex artery BrachialArmbefore cubital fossa profunda brachii radial collateral medial collateral ulnar collateral superior inferior Radial arteryforearm radial recurrent wrist/carpus Dorsal carpal branch dorsal carpal arch Palmar carpal branch deep palmar arch hand Superficial palmar branch princeps pollicis radialis indicis artery superficial palmar arch Median artery median artery Ulnar arteryforearm ulnar recurrent anterior posterior common interosseous anterior posterior interosseous recurrent wrist/carpus Dorsal carpal branch dorsal carpal arch Palmar carpal branch superficial palmar arch Arterial ArchesDorsal carpal arch dorsal metacarpal dorsal digital Palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch common palmar digital proper palmar digital deep palmar arch palmar metacarpal Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axillary artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axillary_artery"},{"link_name":"subscapularis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle"},{"link_name":"scapula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula"},{"link_name":"anastomoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomoses"},{"link_name":"lateral thoracic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thoracic"},{"link_name":"intercostal arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_arteries"},{"link_name":"dorsal scapular artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_scapular_artery"},{"link_name":"scapular circumflex artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapular_circumflex_artery"},{"link_name":"thoracodorsal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracodorsal_artery"},{"link_name":"thoracodorsal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracodorsal_artery"},{"link_name":"latissimus dorsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle"},{"link_name":"scapular circumflex artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapular_circumflex_artery"},{"link_name":"scapular anastamosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapular_anastomosis"},{"link_name":"dorsal scapular artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_scapular_artery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Large blood vesselThe subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises from the third part of the axillary artery at the lower border of the subscapularis muscle, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries, and with the descending branch of the dorsal scapular artery (a.k.a. deep branch of the transverse cervical artery if it arises from the cervical trunk), and ends in the neighboring muscles.About 4 cm from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery.From the thoracodorsal artery it supplies latissimus dorsi, while the scapular circumflex artery participates in the scapular anastamosis. It terminates in an anastomosis with the dorsal scapular artery.[1]","title":"Subscapular artery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide13SSS.JPG"}],"text":"Subscapular artery","title":"Additional images"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Moore, Keith (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy Seventh Edition. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 716–717. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Wilson_(composer)	Stanley Wilson (composer)	["1 Early life","2 Motion picture career","2.1 MGM Studios","2.2 Republic Studios","3 Television career","3.1 Revue Studios","3.2 Universal Studios","4 Death and legacy","5 Selected filmography","5.1 Films","5.2 Serials","5.3 TV shows","6 Discography","6.1 As conductor","7 References","8 External links"]	American composer (1915-1970) For the British composer, see Stanley Herbert Wilson. Stanley WilsonBorn(1917-11-25)November 25, 1917New York City, United StatesDiedJuly 12, 1970(1970-07-12) (aged 52)Aspen, Colorado, United StatesGenresFilm and television music scoringOccupation(s)Arranger, composer, conductor, directorYears active1947–1970Musical artist Stanley Wilson (November 25, 1917 – July 12, 1970) was an American musical conductor, arranger and film composer. Wilson was one of the most prolific collaborators in the Hollywood music industry for more than three decades. The creator of original themes and incidental music for several TV series, he also composed, arranged, or orchestrated more than 100 films. Wilson is considered "truly outstanding and most deservedly well loved of all the music directors". Early life Stanley James Wilson was born on November 25, 1917, in Long Beach, New York, the youngest of Regina (née Reiman) and Philip Wilson's four children: Nancy, Ruth, Mitchell, Stanley. Wilson's father had emigrated from Russia, his mother emigrated from Vienna, Austria. Wilson's parents had a brief career in the Yiddish Shakespeare Theatre. Wilson had his first trumpet recital at the age of five and was a trumpet player in a police band at 7. Wilson graduated early from Townsend Harris High School at the age of 14. He attended City College of New York, enrolling in a pre-med program. By the age of 16 he was playing trumpet on 52nd Street with Bobby Hackett and Nick's in Greenwich Village with Spud Murphy. During the latter part of his third year at City College, at the age of 17, Wilson decided he wanted to make music, not medicine, his career, dropping out in 1937. Wilson was influenced by Edwin Franko Goldman of the Goldman band, Walter Damrosch, then conductor of the New York Symphony Orchestra and studied orchestration with Nathan Van Cleave. Wilson was playing and arranging for Art Paulsen's band at the New Yorker Hotel when he met his future wife Gertrud who was from New Jersey and had been working at the World's Fair as a hostess. A month after their marriage in 1941 he auditioned for Glenn Miller. He received a call to join the Miller orchestra. By that time Wilson had joined the Eddie Brandt band. Wilson joined Herbie Holmes' orchestra in 1941, making his first trip to the West Coast with that group. He joined two uncles who had left New York for the film business in Hollywood. One of the uncles and his godfather, Joseph Ruttenberg was an Oscar-winning MGM cinematographer (The Great Waltz, Mrs. Miniver, Somebody Up There Likes Me, Gigi). Wilson was with the Freddie Martin Orchestra for three years, playing trumpet and arranging at the Coconut Grove in Los Angeles. Motion picture career Wilson was one of the most prolific collaborators in the Hollywood music industry for more than three decades. The creator of original themes and incidental music for several TV series, he also composed, arranged, or orchestrated more than 100 films. MGM Studios Following World War II, he joined the MGM music department in 1945. Moving to Republic Pictures a year later, Wilson composed the film soundtracks for all Republic Westerns and serials in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Wilson was in charge of supplying music for every Republic production. Republic Studios Wilson wrote scores for countless B-movies and serials for the next twelve years. While at Republic, he provided the music support for classic serials as King of the Rocket Men and Zombies of the Stratosphere, as well in exciting adventures featuring western heroes as Rex Allen, Wild Bill Elliott, Allan Lane and Roy Rogers. Television career Revue Studios In 1953, Wilson became the music supervisor of Revue Studios production unit. Wilson stayed on when it became Universal Studios. As head of creative activities, Wilson was in charge of overseeing the creation of the music for all of the studio's productions. Wilson hired and assigned projects to different composers, arrangers, orchestrators and conductors. Wilson was one of the first to hire composers and musicians without regard to their cultural diversity. Wilson integrated television music. As an executive, Wilson employed significant composers as Pete Rugolo, John Williams, Elmer Bernstein, Juan García Esquivel, Dave Grusin, Quincy Jones, Henry Mancini, Oliver Nelson and Lalo Schifrin, among others. Composer Jerry Goldsmith worked within Wilson's creative environment at Revue. Goldsmith said of the time there that Wilson allowed him much creative latitude. He said "Stanley was great and he loved all of us...They were all trying to outdo each other, and he gave us...free rein to do whatever we wanted to do and the crazier and the wilder we got...again, it was the same old thing. If you didn’t do it this week...next week. One week you’d hit a home run and then next week you’d strike out, but we were always trying something different." Quick turnarounds were a constant concern and a constant challenge. Goldsmith said “On Thriller, you’d get the show on Friday and have to record it Monday morning". Universal Studios The composer John Williams remembered working for Wilson, saying "In 1960, at Universal Studios, (music supervisor) Stanley Wilson had a music department. In the hallway there, there were five or six rooms, little rooms with no windows. And each room had a little piano and on any given day I would be in one room, Jerry Goldsmith in the next one, Lalo Schifrin in the next one, Quincy Jones in the next one, Morty Stevens, also Conrad Salinger and the late Bernard Hermann, who made it his home for a couple of years and wrote some great music and drove everyone crazy. It was a situation where we taught each other and learned from each other and it was a group effort that produced the results that each one of us was able to accomplish.” In 1964, MCA formed Universal City Studios, Inc., merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions. Toward the end of his career with Universal, as head of creative activities of the Motion Picture and Television Music Department of Universal City Studios, he began to dedicate more of his own time to specific shows, composing themes and much of the background music for It Takes A Thief, The Bold Ones, Ironsides, Columbo, Marcus Welby MD, among others. In 1955, Wilson wrote an arrangement of Gounod's "Funeral March of a Marionette" as the theme music for Alfred Hitchcock Presents. Wilson also was the music director for M Squad, the police series starring Lee Marvin, working in collaboration with Count Basie, Sonny Burke, Pete Carpenter, Benny Carter and John Williams. Wilson composed the theme music for the first season, winning the 1959 Grammy Award for the Best Soundtrack Album and Background Score from Motion Picture or Television. Wilson said at the time, "There is nothing new about jazz. But there is plenty new about using it to underscore exciting action on the TV screen. A show like M Squad is supposed to move; jazz moves. I feel we have the best marriage of drama and jazz music in show business". For the second and third seasons, he entrusted Basie to compose a new theme. Wilson, along with Esquivel, composed the now famous Revue Studios/Universal Television fanfare, which lasted for nearly three decades. Wilson traveled to France in 1963 to record the soundtrack to the television special, Princess Grace's Monaco. After the shooting was finished, he arranged and conducted The World of Sights and Sounds, Stop One: Paris, an album of French standards. This time Wilson was accompanied by a small jazz combo fronted by M Squad colleague and jazz legend, Benny Carter, and included a string section orchestra and a wordless vocal choir led by Michel Legrand's sister, Christiane. In 1967 Wilson co-produced, with Robert Wagner, a documentary film of the International Music Festival in Rio de Janeiro, entitled The World Goes On. It was to be a pilot for the documentation of music festivals worldwide. In 1969, Wilson collaborated with composer, arranger Oliver Nelson on the album, Black, Brown and Beautiful, described as, 'A stirring tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King that is as searching and angry as it is contemplative and compassionate'. Death and legacy Wilson died of a heart attack in Aspen, Colorado, at the age of 52, moments after addressing the 1970 Aspen Music Festival on the subject of composing for films and television. He was survived by Gertrud, his wife of 29 years and their three children: Phyllis Wilson Paul (Westlake Village CA.), Philip Wilson (Kaneohe Hawaii), Peter Wilson. In 2014 'Stanley Wilson Avenue' was named on the Universal City lot. It is at the location of Stanley's office. John Williams inscribed a commemorative plaque which is installed on Stanley Wilson Avenue to honor his mentor. Selected filmography Films The Kid from Cleveland (1949) Belle of Old Mexico (1950) Federal Agent at Large (1950) Gunmen of Abilene (1950) Tarnished (1950) Twilight in the Sierras (1950) Code of the Silver Sage (1950) Harbor of Missing Men (1950) The Arizona Cowboy (1950) Women from Headquarters (1950) Salt Lake Raiders (1950) The Invisible Monster (1950) The Showdown (1950) Cuban Fireball (1951) The Dakota Kid (1951) Havana Rose (1951) Insurance Investigator (1951) Missing Women (1951) Secrets of Monte Carlo (1951) Tropical Heat Wave (1952) The Fabulous Senorita (1952) Down Laredo Way (1953) Woman They Almost Lynched (1953) Missile Monsters (1958) The Killers (1964) Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970) Serials Federal Agents vs. Underworld, Inc. (1949) King of the Rocket Men (1949) The James Brothers of Missouri (1949) Radar Patrol vs Spy King (1949) Desperadoes of the West (1950) Flying Disc Man from Mars (1950) Don Daredevil Rides Again (1951) Radar Men from the Moon (1952) Zombies of the Stratosphere (1952) Canadian Mounties vs. Atomic Invaders (1953) King of the Carnival (1955) Ghost of Zorro (1959) TV shows The Adventures of Kit Carson (1951) Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe (1953) The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse (1955) The Millionaire (1955-1957) General Electric Theater (1956-1957) Tales of Wells Fargo (1957) Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955-1957) M Squad (1957) Schlitz Playhouse of Stars (1957–1959) Leave It to Beaver (1957–1963) Wagon Train (1957–1961, 1963–1964) Cimarron City (1958–1959) Broken Arrow (1958) Buckskin (1958) Shotgun Slade (1959) Johnny Staccato (1959–1960) Riverboat (1959–1961) Overland Trail (1960) Bachelor Father (1957–1961) Boris Karloff's Thriller (1960–1962) Checkmate (1960–1962) The New Bob Cummings Show (1961-1962) Ripcord (1961) 87th Precinct (1962) The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962–1965) The Jack Benny Program (1962–1965) McHale's Navy (1962–1966) The Virginian (1962–1970) Arrest and Trial (1963–1964) Kraft Suspense Theatre (1963–1965) The Munsters (1964–1966) Laredo (1965–1967) Run for Your Life (1965–1967) Pistols 'n' Petticoats (1966) Dragnet 1967 (1967-1969) Ironside (1967-1970) Adam-12 (1968-1969) It Takes a Thief (1968-1970) The Bold Ones: The Lawyers (1969-1970) The Bold Ones: The New Doctors (1969-1970) The Bold Ones: The Protectors (1969-1970) Marcus Welby, M.D. (1969-1970) Laramie (1959-1962) Discography Wilson rarely featured his talent on records, but today some of his albums are classics of space age pop and exotica audiences. This list include: Wagon Train (1957) The Music From M Squad (1959) Themes to Remember (1962) The Lost Man (The Original Soundtrack Album) (1960) Pagan Love (1961) The Great Waltz - American Continental (1961) The World of Sights and Sounds - Stop One: Paris - Charter Records Corp (1963) Alfred Hitchcock Presents Music To Be Murdered By (1980) As conductor With Quincy Jones The Lost Man (soundtrack) (Uni, 1969) With Oliver Nelson Black, Brown and Beautiful (Flying Dutchman, 1969) References ^ Karlin, Fred (1994). Listening to Movies - The Film Lover's Guide to Film Music. Schirmer Books. p. 190. ISBN 9780028733159. ^ a b c "Stanley Wilson Rites Today, Film Figure". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. July 15, 1970. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ Burlingame, Jon (March 17, 2012). "Studio honors career-making composer". www.variety.com. Variety. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ Gassi, Vincent (May 2019). "The Forbidden Zone, Escaping Earth And Tonality: An Examination Of Jerry Goldsmith's Twelve-Tone Score For Planet Of The Apes" (PDF). www.core.ac.uk. York University. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2021. ^ Newman, Melinda (May 10, 2018). "John Williams Honored With Namesake Award At BMI Film, TV & Visual Media Awards". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "Stanley Wilson, 53, TV-Film Composer". The New York Times. July 18, 1970. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2021. 9. Cool Jazz For Hot Shows, TV Guide, June 15, 1959 McNeil, Alex. Total Television (1996). Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-024916-8 Lentz, Robert J. Lee Marvin: his films and career (2000). McFarland & Company ISBN 0-7864-0723-9. External links Stanley Wilson at IMDb Stanley Wilson at Allmusic Stanley Wilson at Gemm Stanley Wilson at Space Age Pop Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Artists Grammy Awards	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Herbert Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Herbert_Wilson"},{"link_name":"musical conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"film composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_music"},{"link_name":"incidental music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_music"},{"link_name":"TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the British composer, see Stanley Herbert Wilson.Musical artistStanley Wilson (November 25, 1917 – July 12, 1970) was an American musical conductor, arranger and film composer. Wilson was one of the most prolific collaborators in the Hollywood music industry for more than three decades. The creator of original themes and incidental music for several TV series, he also composed, arranged, or orchestrated more than 100 films. Wilson is considered \"truly outstanding and most deservedly well loved of all the music directors\".[1]","title":"Stanley Wilson (composer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-2"},{"link_name":"Townsend Harris High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_Harris_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bobby Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Hackett"}],"text":"Stanley James Wilson was born on November 25, 1917, in Long Beach, New York,[2] the youngest of Regina (née Reiman) and Philip Wilson's four children: Nancy, Ruth, Mitchell, Stanley. Wilson's father had emigrated from Russia, his mother emigrated from Vienna, Austria. Wilson's parents had a brief career in the Yiddish Shakespeare Theatre.Wilson had his first trumpet recital at the age of five and was a trumpet player in a police band at 7.[2] Wilson graduated early from Townsend Harris High School at the age of 14. He attended City College of New York, enrolling in a pre-med program. By the age of 16 he was playing trumpet on 52nd Street with Bobby Hackett and Nick's in Greenwich Village with Spud Murphy. During the latter part of his third year at City College, at the age of 17, Wilson decided he wanted to make music, not medicine, his career, dropping out in 1937.Wilson was influenced by Edwin Franko Goldman of the Goldman band, Walter Damrosch, then conductor of the New York Symphony Orchestra and studied orchestration with Nathan Van Cleave. Wilson was playing and arranging for Art Paulsen's band at the New Yorker Hotel when he met his future wife Gertrud who was from New Jersey and had been working at the World's Fair as a hostess. A month after their marriage in 1941 he auditioned for Glenn Miller. He received a call to join the Miller orchestra. By that time Wilson had joined the Eddie Brandt band. Wilson joined Herbie Holmes' orchestra in 1941, making his first trip to the West Coast with that group. He joined two uncles who had left New York for the film business in Hollywood.\nOne of the uncles and his godfather, Joseph Ruttenberg was an Oscar-winning MGM cinematographer (The Great Waltz, Mrs. Miniver, Somebody Up There Likes Me, Gigi). Wilson was with the Freddie Martin Orchestra for three years, playing trumpet and arranging at the Coconut Grove in Los Angeles.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_music"},{"link_name":"incidental music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_music"},{"link_name":"TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program"}],"text":"Wilson was one of the most prolific collaborators in the Hollywood music industry for more than three decades. The creator of original themes and incidental music for several TV series, he also composed, arranged, or orchestrated more than 100 films.","title":"Motion picture career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro%E2%80%93Goldwyn%E2%80%93Mayer"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-3"}],"sub_title":"MGM Studios","text":"Following World War II, he joined the MGM music department in 1945. Moving to Republic Pictures a year later, Wilson composed the film soundtracks for all Republic Westerns and serials in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Wilson was in charge of supplying music for every Republic production.[3]","title":"Motion picture career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B-movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"link_name":"serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film"},{"link_name":"King of the Rocket Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Rocket_Men"},{"link_name":"Zombies of the Stratosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombies_of_the_Stratosphere"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Rex Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Allen"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Allan Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Lane"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers"}],"sub_title":"Republic Studios","text":"Wilson wrote scores for countless B-movies and serials for the next twelve years. While at Republic, he provided the music support for classic serials as King of the Rocket Men and Zombies of the Stratosphere, as well in exciting adventures featuring western heroes as Rex Allen, Wild Bill Elliott, Allan Lane and Roy Rogers.","title":"Motion picture career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revue Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-2"},{"link_name":"Elmer Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Juan García Esquivel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Esquivel"},{"link_name":"Dave Grusin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grusin"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Henry Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mancini"},{"link_name":"Oliver Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Lalo Schifrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin"},{"link_name":"Jerry Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Revue Studios","text":"In 1953, Wilson became the music supervisor of Revue Studios production unit. Wilson stayed on when it became Universal Studios.[2] As head of creative activities, Wilson was in charge of overseeing the creation of the music for all of the studio's productions. Wilson hired and assigned projects to different composers, arrangers, orchestrators and conductors. Wilson was one of the first to hire composers and musicians without regard to their cultural diversity. Wilson integrated television music. As an executive, Wilson employed significant composers as Pete Rugolo, John Williams, Elmer Bernstein, Juan García Esquivel, Dave Grusin, Quincy Jones, Henry Mancini, Oliver Nelson and Lalo Schifrin, among others.Composer Jerry Goldsmith worked within Wilson's creative environment at Revue. Goldsmith said of the time there that Wilson allowed him much creative latitude. He said \"Stanley was great and he loved all of us...They were all trying to outdo each other, and he gave us...free rein to do whatever we wanted to do and the crazier and the wilder we got...again, it was the same old thing. If you didn’t do it this week...next week. One week you’d hit a home run and then next week you’d strike out, but we were always trying something different.\"[4] \nQuick turnarounds were a constant concern and a constant challenge. Goldsmith said “On Thriller, you’d get the show on Friday and have to record it Monday morning\".","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"M Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Squad"},{"link_name":"Lee Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Marvin"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"Sonny Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Burke"},{"link_name":"Pete Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Benny Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Carter"},{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"},{"link_name":"1959 Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Score_Soundtrack_Album_for_a_Motion_Picture,_Television_or_Other_Visual_Media#1950s"},{"link_name":"Revue Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_Studios"},{"link_name":"Universal Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Television"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Michel Legrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Legrand"},{"link_name":"Christiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Legrand"}],"sub_title":"Universal Studios","text":"The composer John Williams remembered working for Wilson, saying \"In 1960, at Universal Studios, (music supervisor) Stanley Wilson had a music department. In the hallway there, there were five or six rooms, little rooms with no windows. And each room had a little piano and on any given day I would be in one room, Jerry Goldsmith in the next one, Lalo Schifrin in the next one, Quincy Jones in the next one, Morty Stevens, also Conrad Salinger and the late Bernard Hermann, who made it his home for a couple of years and wrote some great music and drove everyone crazy. It was a situation where we taught each other and learned from each other and it was a group effort that produced the results that each one of us was able to accomplish.”[5]In 1964, MCA formed Universal City Studios, Inc., merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions.Toward the end of his career with Universal, as head of creative activities of the Motion Picture and Television Music Department of Universal City Studios,[6] he began to dedicate more of his own time to specific shows, composing themes and much of the background music for It Takes A Thief, The Bold Ones, Ironsides, Columbo, Marcus Welby MD, among others. In 1955, Wilson wrote an arrangement of Gounod's \"Funeral March of a Marionette\" as the theme music for Alfred Hitchcock Presents.Wilson also was the music director for M Squad, the police series starring Lee Marvin, working in collaboration with Count Basie, Sonny Burke, Pete Carpenter, Benny Carter and John Williams. Wilson composed the theme music for the first season, winning the 1959 Grammy Award for the Best Soundtrack Album and Background Score from Motion Picture or Television. Wilson said at the time, \"There is nothing new about jazz. But there is plenty new about using it to underscore exciting action on the TV screen. A show like M Squad is supposed to move; jazz moves. I feel we have the best marriage of drama and jazz music in show business\".For the second and third seasons, he entrusted Basie to compose a new theme. Wilson, along with Esquivel, composed the now famous Revue Studios/Universal Television fanfare, which lasted for nearly three decades.Wilson traveled to France in 1963 to record the soundtrack to the television special, Princess Grace's Monaco. After the shooting was finished, he arranged and conducted The World of Sights and Sounds, Stop One: Paris, an album of French standards. This time Wilson was accompanied by a small jazz combo fronted by M Squad colleague and jazz legend, Benny Carter, and included a string section orchestra and a wordless vocal choir led by Michel Legrand's sister, Christiane.In 1967 Wilson co-produced, with Robert Wagner, a documentary film of the International Music Festival in Rio de Janeiro, entitled The World Goes On. It was to be a pilot for the documentation of music festivals worldwide.In 1969, Wilson collaborated with composer, arranger Oliver Nelson on the album, Black, Brown and Beautiful, described as, 'A stirring tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King that is as searching and angry as it is contemplative and compassionate'.","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aspen, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Aspen Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Music_Festival_and_School"}],"text":"Wilson died of a heart attack in Aspen, Colorado, at the age of 52, moments after addressing the 1970 Aspen Music Festival on the subject of composing for films and television. He was survived by Gertrud, his wife of 29 years and their three children: Phyllis Wilson Paul (Westlake Village CA.), Philip Wilson (Kaneohe Hawaii), Peter Wilson.In 2014 'Stanley Wilson Avenue' was named on the Universal City lot. It is at the location of Stanley's office. John Williams inscribed a commemorative plaque which is installed on Stanley Wilson Avenue to honor his mentor.","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Kid from Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kid_from_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Belle of Old Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_of_Old_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Federal Agent at Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agent_at_Large"},{"link_name":"Gunmen of Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunmen_of_Abilene"},{"link_name":"Tarnished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnished"},{"link_name":"Twilight in the Sierras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_in_the_Sierras"},{"link_name":"Code of the Silver Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_the_Silver_Sage"},{"link_name":"Harbor of Missing Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_of_Missing_Men"},{"link_name":"The Arizona Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Women from Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_from_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Raiders"},{"link_name":"The Invisible Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Monster"},{"link_name":"The Showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showdown_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Cuban Fireball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Fireball"},{"link_name":"The Dakota Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dakota_Kid"},{"link_name":"Havana Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Rose"},{"link_name":"Insurance Investigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Investigator_(film)"},{"link_name":"Missing Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_Women_(film)"},{"link_name":"Secrets of Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Tropical Heat Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Heat_Wave"},{"link_name":"The Fabulous Senorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fabulous_Senorita"},{"link_name":"Down Laredo Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Laredo_Way"},{"link_name":"Woman They Almost Lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_They_Almost_Lynched"},{"link_name":"Missile Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Disc_Man_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"The Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killers_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Two Mules for Sister Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Mules_for_Sister_Sara"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"The Kid from Cleveland (1949)\nBelle of Old Mexico (1950)\nFederal Agent at Large (1950)\nGunmen of Abilene (1950)\nTarnished (1950)\nTwilight in the Sierras (1950)\nCode of the Silver Sage (1950)\nHarbor of Missing Men (1950)\nThe Arizona Cowboy (1950)\nWomen from Headquarters (1950)\nSalt Lake Raiders (1950)\nThe Invisible Monster (1950)\nThe Showdown (1950)\nCuban Fireball (1951)\nThe Dakota Kid (1951)\nHavana Rose (1951)\nInsurance Investigator (1951)\nMissing Women (1951)\nSecrets of Monte Carlo (1951)\nTropical Heat Wave (1952)\nThe Fabulous Senorita (1952)\nDown Laredo Way (1953)\nWoman They Almost Lynched (1953)\nMissile Monsters (1958)\nThe Killers (1964)\nTwo Mules for Sister Sara (1970)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Agents vs. Underworld, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agents_vs._Underworld,_Inc."},{"link_name":"King of the Rocket Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Rocket_Men"},{"link_name":"The James Brothers of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_James_Brothers_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Radar Patrol vs Spy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_Patrol_vs_Spy_King"},{"link_name":"Desperadoes of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperadoes_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Flying Disc Man from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Disc_Man_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"Don Daredevil Rides Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Daredevil_Rides_Again"},{"link_name":"Radar Men from the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_Men_from_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Zombies of the Stratosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombies_of_the_Stratosphere"},{"link_name":"Canadian Mounties vs. Atomic Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Mounties_vs._Atomic_Invaders"},{"link_name":"King of the Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Ghost of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_of_Zorro"}],"sub_title":"Serials","text":"Federal Agents vs. Underworld, Inc. (1949)\nKing of the Rocket Men (1949)\nThe James Brothers of Missouri (1949)\nRadar Patrol vs Spy King (1949)\nDesperadoes of the West (1950)\nFlying Disc Man from Mars (1950)\nDon Daredevil Rides Again (1951)\nRadar Men from the Moon (1952)\nZombies of the Stratosphere (1952)\nCanadian Mounties vs. Atomic Invaders (1953)\nKing of the Carnival (1955)\nGhost of Zorro (1959)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Adventures of Kit Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_Cody:_Sky_Marshal_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pepsi-Cola_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"The Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Millionaire_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"General Electric Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Theater"},{"link_name":"Tales of Wells Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Wells_Fargo"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"M Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Squad"},{"link_name":"Schlitz Playhouse of Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlitz_Playhouse_of_Stars"},{"link_name":"Leave It to Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver"},{"link_name":"Wagon Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_Train"},{"link_name":"Cimarron City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimarron_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Broken Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Buckskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckskin_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Shotgun Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_Slade"},{"link_name":"Johnny Staccato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Staccato"},{"link_name":"Riverboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboat_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Overland Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Trail_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bachelor Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_Father_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff's Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The New Bob Cummings Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Bob_Cummings_Show"},{"link_name":"Ripcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripcord_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"87th Precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Precinct_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"The Jack Benny Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jack_Benny_Program"},{"link_name":"McHale's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McHale%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"The Virginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Arrest and Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_and_Trial"},{"link_name":"Kraft Suspense Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Suspense_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Munsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters"},{"link_name":"Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laredo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Run for Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_for_Your_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pistols 'n' Petticoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistols_%27n%27_Petticoats"},{"link_name":"Dragnet 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragnet_(series)"},{"link_name":"Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironside_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Adam-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam-12"},{"link_name":"It Takes a Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Takes_a_Thief_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Bold Ones: The Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_Ones:_The_Lawyers"},{"link_name":"The Bold Ones: The New Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_Ones:_The_New_Doctors"},{"link_name":"The Bold Ones: The Protectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_Ones:_The_Protectors"},{"link_name":"Marcus Welby, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Welby,_M.D."},{"link_name":"Laramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"TV shows","text":"The Adventures of Kit Carson (1951)\nCommando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe (1953)\nThe Pepsi-Cola Playhouse (1955)\nThe Millionaire (1955-1957)\nGeneral Electric Theater (1956-1957)\nTales of Wells Fargo (1957)\nAlfred Hitchcock Presents (1955-1957)\nM Squad (1957)\n Schlitz Playhouse of Stars (1957–1959)\nLeave It to Beaver (1957–1963)\nWagon Train (1957–1961, 1963–1964)\nCimarron City (1958–1959)\nBroken Arrow (1958)\nBuckskin (1958)\nShotgun Slade (1959)\nJohnny Staccato (1959–1960)\nRiverboat (1959–1961)\nOverland Trail (1960)\nBachelor Father (1957–1961)\nBoris Karloff's Thriller (1960–1962)\nCheckmate (1960–1962)\nThe New Bob Cummings Show (1961-1962)\nRipcord (1961)\n87th Precinct (1962)\nThe Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962–1965)\nThe Jack Benny Program (1962–1965)\nMcHale's Navy (1962–1966)\nThe Virginian (1962–1970)\nArrest and Trial (1963–1964)\nKraft Suspense Theatre (1963–1965)\nThe Munsters (1964–1966)\nLaredo (1965–1967)\nRun for Your Life (1965–1967)\nPistols 'n' Petticoats (1966)\nDragnet 1967 (1967-1969)\nIronside (1967-1970)\nAdam-12 (1968-1969)\nIt Takes a Thief (1968-1970)\nThe Bold Ones: The Lawyers (1969-1970)\nThe Bold Ones: The New Doctors (1969-1970)\nThe Bold Ones: The Protectors (1969-1970)\nMarcus Welby, M.D. (1969-1970)\nLaramie (1959-1962)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"space age pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_age_pop"},{"link_name":"exotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rateyourmusic.com/release/album/stanley_wilson/wagon_train/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.discogs.com/Stanley-Wilson-The-Music-From-M-Squad/release/1101216"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mahawa.jw-music.net/early/wilson_themes.htm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.discogs.com/Quincy-Jones-The-Lost-Man-The-Original-Soundtrack-Album/release/525365"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rateyourmusic.com/release/album/stanley_wilson/pagan_love/"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rateyourmusic.com/release/album/stanley_wilson/the_great_waltz___american_continental/"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.discogs.com/artist/Stanley+Wilson+And+His+Orchestra"}],"text":"Wilson rarely featured his talent on records, but today some of his albums are classics of space age pop and exotica audiences. This list include:\nWagon Train [1] (1957)\nThe Music From M Squad [2] (1959)\nThemes to Remember [3] (1962)\nThe Lost Man (The Original Soundtrack Album) [4] (1960)\nPagan Love [5] (1961)\nThe Great Waltz - American Continental [6] (1961)\nThe World of Sights and Sounds - Stop One: Paris - Charter Records Corp (1963)\nAlfred Hitchcock Presents Music To Be Murdered By [7] (1980)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"The Lost Man (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Man#Musical_score_and_soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Oliver Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Black, Brown and Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black,_Brown_and_Beautiful"}],"sub_title":"As conductor","text":"With Quincy JonesThe Lost Man (soundtrack) (Uni, 1969)With Oliver NelsonBlack, Brown and Beautiful (Flying Dutchman, 1969)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Karlin, Fred (1994). Listening to Movies - The Film Lover's Guide to Film Music. Schirmer Books. p. 190. ISBN 9780028733159.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028733159","url_text":"9780028733159"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanley Wilson Rites Today, Film Figure\". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. July 15, 1970. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/385621129/","url_text":"\"Stanley Wilson Rites Today, Film Figure\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230206030112/https://www.newspapers.com/image/385621129/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burlingame, Jon (March 17, 2012). \"Studio honors career-making composer\". www.variety.com. Variety. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2012/film/news/studio-honors-career-making-composer-1118051560/","url_text":"\"Studio honors career-making composer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210617063703/https://variety.com/2012/film/news/studio-honors-career-making-composer-1118051560/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gassi, Vincent (May 2019). \"The Forbidden Zone, Escaping Earth And Tonality: An Examination Of Jerry Goldsmith's Twelve-Tone Score For Planet Of The Apes\" (PDF). www.core.ac.uk. York University. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/240115149.pdf","url_text":"\"The Forbidden Zone, Escaping Earth And Tonality: An Examination Of Jerry Goldsmith's Twelve-Tone Score For Planet Of The Apes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307220131/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/240115149.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Melinda (May 10, 2018). \"John Williams Honored With Namesake Award At BMI Film, TV & Visual Media Awards\". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8455362/john-williams-honored-bmi-film-tv-visual-media-awards/","url_text":"\"John Williams Honored With Namesake Award At BMI Film, TV & Visual Media Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422131430/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8455362/john-williams-honored-bmi-film-tv-visual-media-awards","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanley Wilson, 53, TV-Film Composer\". The New York Times. July 18, 1970. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/18/archives/stanley-wilson-53-tvfilm-composer.html","url_text":"\"Stanley Wilson, 53, TV-Film Composer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230206030102/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/18/archives/stanley-wilson-53-tvfilm-composer.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/stanley_wilson/wagon_train/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Stanley-Wilson-The-Music-From-M-Squad/release/1101216","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://mahawa.jw-music.net/early/wilson_themes.htm","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Quincy-Jones-The-Lost-Man-The-Original-Soundtrack-Album/release/525365","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/stanley_wilson/pagan_love/","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/stanley_wilson/the_great_waltz___american_continental/","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Stanley+Wilson+And+His+Orchestra","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/385621129/","external_links_name":"\"Stanley Wilson Rites Today, Film Figure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230206030112/https://www.newspapers.com/image/385621129/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2012/film/news/studio-honors-career-making-composer-1118051560/","external_links_name":"\"Studio honors career-making composer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210617063703/https://variety.com/2012/film/news/studio-honors-career-making-composer-1118051560/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/240115149.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Forbidden Zone, Escaping Earth And Tonality: An Examination Of Jerry Goldsmith's Twelve-Tone Score For Planet Of The Apes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307220131/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/240115149.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8455362/john-williams-honored-bmi-film-tv-visual-media-awards/","external_links_name":"\"John Williams Honored With Namesake Award At BMI Film, TV & Visual Media Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422131430/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8455362/john-williams-honored-bmi-film-tv-visual-media-awards","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/18/archives/stanley-wilson-53-tvfilm-composer.html","external_links_name":"\"Stanley Wilson, 53, TV-Film Composer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230206030102/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/18/archives/stanley-wilson-53-tvfilm-composer.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0934161/","external_links_name":"Stanley Wilson"},{"Link":"http://www.allmovie.com/artist/stanley-wilson-117009","external_links_name":"Stanley Wilson at Allmusic"},{"Link":"http://gemm.com/q.cgi?rb=SPACEAGEPOP&wild=Stanley+Wilson","external_links_name":"Stanley Wilson at Gemm"},{"Link":"http://www.spaceagepop.com/wilson.htm","external_links_name":"Stanley Wilson at Space Age Pop"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1722269/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000382514277","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/264519003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcBq3MmTC8VcWmCDY773","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1545646","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148436756","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148436756","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011287176805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86140073","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/stanley-wilson/7366","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adedayo_Agarau	Adedayo Agarau	["1 Work","2 Bibliography","3 Awards and nominations","4 References"]	Nigerian poet Adedayo Agarau is Nigerian poet, essayist and art administrator. Agarau is a member of the UnSerious Collective. He is the editor-in-chief of Agbowo, an African literary magazine. He was a founding editor at IceFloe Press, Canada as the New International Voices editor and African Chapbook Acquisition manager. Agarau curated and edited Memento: An Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry. Adedayo is a Cave Canem Fellow and a Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University '25. Work Agarau is the author of three poetry chapbooks: For Boys Who Went, 2016, The Origin of Name which was selected for a chapbook box edited by Kwame Dawes and Chris Abani in 2020, and The Arrival of Rain, published in 2020 by Vegetarian Alcoholic Press. His writing is leading conversations on the possibilities of a wave of the new generation Nigerian writers and have attracted wide review from magazines like Open Country, YesPoetry, and AfroCritik. Agarau's poems have been featured in online and print literary journals including Poetry Magazine, World Literature Today, Iowa Review, Poet Lore, Poetry Society of America, Frontier Poetry, Lolwe, Olongo Africa, Anmly, TheShore Poetry, Giallo Lit. His essay has been published in Isele Magazine, Trampset, Icefloe Press and YesPoetry. He has been profiled or interviewed on international platforms including Africritik, Africa in Dialogue, Literature Voices, Nanty Greens, Libretto, Poets in Nigeria, Isele Magazine, Splash FM, Shamsrumi. Agarau was shortlisted for the Brunel African Poetry Prize in 2022, recipient of the Stanley Award for International Research and the Robert Hayden Fellowship. Agarau curated Memento: An Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry and the Nigerian National Poetry Prize. Bibliography For Boys Who Went, Words Rhymes & Rhythm, 2016 So Righteous We Go Flying, Elisabeth Horan, 2019 Memento: An Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry (ed.) The Arrival Of Rain, Vegetarian Alcoholic Press, 2020 The Origin Of Name, Awards and nominations Finalist, Sillerman First Book Poetry Prize 2021 Frontier Poetry: THE 2020 INDUSTRY PRIZE, 3RD PLACE WINNER: BAD DREAM WITH MY GRANDMOTHER'S STROKE BY ADEDAYO AGARAU Longlist, The Emerging Poet Prize 2020: Palette Poetry SEVHAGE/Angya Poetry Prize 2019 - Adedayo Agarau 'the origin of a name' Shortlist, Babishai Niwe Poetry Prize 2018 Eriata Oribhabor Poetry Prize (EOPP) 2017 References ^ "Unserious Collective – the unserious collective". Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Inside a Nigerian Literary and Arts Hub". Open Country. 13 September 2021. ^ "IceFloe Press". IceFloe Press. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b c Memento : an anthology of contemporary Nigerian poetry. Adedayo Adeyemi Agarau. Thetford Center, Vermont. 2020. ISBN 978-1-6781-6155-2. OCLC 1281795687.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "FOR BOYS WHO WENT BY ADEDAYO ADEYEMI AGARAU – AUTHORPEDIA". Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "The State of the African Poetry Book Fund: A Conversation with Chris Abani and Kwame Dawes, by Erik Gleibermann". World Literature Today. 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "NEW-GENERATION AFRICAN POETS (SABA)". Poetry Society of America. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b "Book Review \| Adedayo Agarau's The Arrival of Rain \| Michael Chiedoziem Chukwudera". brittlepaper.com. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Finding the Boy: A Review of Adedayo Agarau's 'The Arrival of Rain'". Yes, Poetry. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "The Origin of Name by Adedayo Agarau Review—Narrating Grief". Open Country Mag. 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ Foundation, Poetry (2022-10-10). "Adedayo Agarau". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Adedayo Agarau – ANMLY". Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Ibadan, by Adedayo Agarau". World Literature Today. 2022-02-14. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ Agarau, Adedayo (2020-11-18). "The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau \| Frontier Poetry - Exploring the Edges of Contemporary Poetry". Frontier Poetry. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Short Essay on Music \| Adedayo Agarau". Isele Magazine. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ trampset (2021-03-12). "Voidness and Other Things That Were in the Beginning and Beyond: A Review of Isaura Ren's..." Medium. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "On Processing Grief: A Review of Nome Patrick's "The Body Walks Through Grief Towards God" – A Review Essay by Adedayo Agarau w/ A Digital Collage by Robert Frede Kenter". IceFloe Press. 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ The Arrival of Rain - Adedayo Agarau with Michael Olatunbosun #BooksSplash, retrieved 2022-10-11 ^ "Darlington Chibueze Anuonye in Conversation With Adedayo Agarau". Isele Magazine. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ nantygreens (2019-02-04). "Conversation with Adedayo Agarau, author of For Boys Who Went - Interviews". Nantygreens. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ Litvo (2021-08-18). "New Contemporary Poets are Inventing Structures \| ADEDAYO ADEYEMI AGARAU". Litvo. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Adedayo Agarau's Poetic Heart and Vision for African Poetry - Afrocritik". 2021-12-29. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Meet the recipients of the 2022 Stanley Award for International Research \| International Programs - The University of Iowa". international.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Writers' Conference Scholarships". Winter Poetry & Prose Getaway. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ "Homepage". Nigerian Poetry Prize. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ Agarau, Adedayo (2020). The arrival of rain : poems. Stephanie Gibart. . ISBN 978-1-952055-00-3. OCLC 1202418965.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ New-generation African poets : a chapbook box set. Kwame Senu Neville Dawes, Chris Abani, Sadia Hassan, Jamila Osman, Michelle K. Angwenyi, Nadra Mabrouk. Brooklyn, New York. 2020. ISBN 978-1-61775-816-4. OCLC 1133127726.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Shenoda wins Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets". news.unl.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-16. ^ "The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau \| Frontier Poetry - Exploring the Edges of Contemporary Poetry". Frontier Poetry. 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2021-12-16. ^ "Winners of the 2020 Emerging Poet Prize!". Palette Poetry. 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2021-12-16. ^ "Winners Of Sevhage Literary Prizes". Mammoth Spectrum Media. 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2021-12-16. ^ "CONGRATULATIONS: THE #BABISHAI2018 SHORTLIST". BABISHAI NIWE POETRY FOUNDATION. 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2021-12-16. ^ admin (2017-12-12). "MESIOYE, AGARAU, OGWIJI WIN ERIATA ORIBHABOR POETRY PRIZE 2017". Words Rhymes & Rhythm. Retrieved 2021-12-16.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agbowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbowo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Cave Canem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Canem_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Wallace Stegner Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stegner_Fellowship_in_Creative_Writing"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"}],"text":"Adedayo Agarau is Nigerian poet, essayist and art administrator. Agarau is a member of the UnSerious Collective. He is the editor-in-chief of Agbowo, an African literary magazine. He was a founding editor at IceFloe Press, Canada as the New International Voices editor and African Chapbook Acquisition manager. Agarau curated and edited Memento: An Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry.[1][2][3][4]Adedayo is a Cave Canem Fellow and a Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University '25.","title":"Adedayo Agarau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapbook"},{"link_name":"Kwame Dawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Dawes"},{"link_name":"Chris Abani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Abani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brittle-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brittle-8"},{"link_name":"Poetry 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Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isele_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Isele Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isele_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Splash FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash_FM_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Brunel African Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_African_Poetry_Prize"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Agarau is the author of three poetry chapbooks: For Boys Who Went, 2016, The Origin of Name which was selected for a chapbook box edited by Kwame Dawes and Chris Abani in 2020, and The Arrival of Rain, published in 2020 by Vegetarian Alcoholic Press.[5][6][7][8] His writing is leading conversations on the possibilities of a wave of the new generation Nigerian writers and have attracted wide review from magazines like Open Country, YesPoetry, and AfroCritik.[9][10][8]Agarau's poems have been featured in online and print literary journals including Poetry Magazine, World Literature Today, Iowa Review, Poet Lore, Poetry Society of America, Frontier Poetry, Lolwe, Olongo Africa, Anmly, TheShore Poetry, Giallo Lit.[11][12][13][14] His essay has been published in Isele Magazine, Trampset, Icefloe Press and YesPoetry.[15][16][17] He has been profiled or interviewed on international platforms including Africritik, Africa in Dialogue, Literature Voices, Nanty Greens, Libretto, Poets in Nigeria, Isele Magazine, Splash FM, Shamsrumi.[18][19][20][21][22] Agarau was shortlisted for the Brunel African Poetry Prize in 2022, recipient of the Stanley Award for International Research and the Robert Hayden Fellowship.[23][24] Agarau curated Memento: An Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry and the Nigerian National Poetry Prize.[25][4]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Vegetarian Alcoholic Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vegetarianalcoholicpress.com/titles/the-arrival-of-rain-adedayo-agarau"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"For Boys Who Went, Words Rhymes & Rhythm, 2016\nSo Righteous We Go Flying, Elisabeth Horan, 2019\nMemento: An Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry (ed.)[4]\nThe Arrival Of Rain,[26] Vegetarian Alcoholic Press, 2020\nThe Origin Of Name,[27]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Frontier Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Poetry"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Finalist, Sillerman First Book Poetry Prize 2021[28]\nFrontier Poetry: THE 2020 INDUSTRY PRIZE, 3RD PLACE WINNER: BAD DREAM WITH MY GRANDMOTHER'S STROKE BY ADEDAYO AGARAU[29]\nLonglist, The Emerging Poet Prize 2020: Palette Poetry[30]\nSEVHAGE/Angya Poetry Prize 2019 - Adedayo Agarau 'the origin of a name' [1st Runner Up][31]\nShortlist, Babishai Niwe Poetry Prize 2018[32]\nEriata Oribhabor Poetry Prize (EOPP) 2017[33]","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Unserious Collective – the unserious collective\". Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://unseriouscollective.com/","url_text":"\"Unserious Collective – the unserious collective\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside a Nigerian Literary and Arts Hub\". Open Country. 13 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opencountrymag.com/inside-a-nigerian-literary-and-arts-hub/","url_text":"\"Inside a Nigerian Literary and Arts Hub\""}]},{"reference":"\"IceFloe Press\". IceFloe Press. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://icefloepress.net/","url_text":"\"IceFloe Press\""}]},{"reference":"Memento : an anthology of contemporary Nigerian poetry. Adedayo Adeyemi Agarau. Thetford Center, Vermont. 2020. ISBN 978-1-6781-6155-2. OCLC 1281795687.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1281795687","url_text":"Memento : an anthology of contemporary Nigerian poetry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6781-6155-2","url_text":"978-1-6781-6155-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1281795687","url_text":"1281795687"}]},{"reference":"\"FOR BOYS WHO WENT BY ADEDAYO ADEYEMI AGARAU – AUTHORPEDIA\". Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://authorpedia.net/product/for-boys-who-went-by-adedayo-adeyemi-agarau/","url_text":"\"FOR BOYS WHO WENT BY ADEDAYO ADEYEMI AGARAU – AUTHORPEDIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"The State of the African Poetry Book Fund: A Conversation with Chris Abani and Kwame Dawes, by Erik Gleibermann\". World Literature Today. 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2022/march/state-african-poetry-book-fund-conversation-chris-abani-and-kwame-dawes-erik-gleibermann","url_text":"\"The State of the African Poetry Book Fund: A Conversation with Chris Abani and Kwame Dawes, by Erik Gleibermann\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW-GENERATION AFRICAN POETS (SABA)\". Poetry Society of America. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://poetrysociety.org/poems-essays/in-their-own-words/new-generation-african-poets-saba","url_text":"\"NEW-GENERATION AFRICAN POETS (SABA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book Review \| Adedayo Agarau's The Arrival of Rain \| Michael Chiedoziem Chukwudera\". brittlepaper.com. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://brittlepaper.com/2020/02/book-review-adedayo-agaraus-the-arrival-of-rain-michael-chiedoziem-chukwudera/","url_text":"\"Book Review \| Adedayo Agarau's The Arrival of Rain \| Michael Chiedoziem Chukwudera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finding the Boy: A Review of Adedayo Agarau's 'The Arrival of Rain'\". Yes, Poetry. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yespoetry.com/news/finding-the-boy-a-review-of-adedayo-agaraus-the-arrival-of-rain","url_text":"\"Finding the Boy: A Review of Adedayo Agarau's 'The Arrival of Rain'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Origin of Name by Adedayo Agarau Review—Narrating Grief\". Open Country Mag. 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://opencountrymag.com/the-origin-of-name-by-adedayo-agarau-review-narrating-grief/","url_text":"\"The Origin of Name by Adedayo Agarau Review—Narrating Grief\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Poetry (2022-10-10). \"Adedayo Agarau\". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau","url_text":"\"Adedayo Agarau\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adedayo Agarau – ANMLY\". Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://anmly.org/ap34/adedayo-agarau/","url_text":"\"Adedayo Agarau – ANMLY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibadan, by Adedayo Agarau\". World Literature Today. 2022-02-14. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2022/march/ibadan-adedayo-agarau","url_text":"\"Ibadan, by Adedayo Agarau\""}]},{"reference":"Agarau, Adedayo (2020-11-18). \"The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau \| Frontier Poetry - Exploring the Edges of Contemporary Poetry\". Frontier Poetry. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frontierpoetry.com/2020/11/18/poetry-adedayo-agarau/","url_text":"\"The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau \| Frontier Poetry - Exploring the Edges of Contemporary Poetry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Short Essay on Music \| Adedayo Agarau\". Isele Magazine. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://iselemagazine.com/2022/09/15/short-essay-on-music-adedayo-agarau/","url_text":"\"Short Essay on Music \| Adedayo Agarau\""}]},{"reference":"trampset (2021-03-12). \"Voidness and Other Things That Were in the Beginning and Beyond: A Review of Isaura Ren's...\" Medium. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://trampset.org/voidness-and-other-things-that-were-in-the-beginning-and-beyond-a-review-of-isaura-rens-5a2e4603a1ca","url_text":"\"Voidness and Other Things That Were in the Beginning and Beyond: A Review of Isaura Ren's...\""}]},{"reference":"\"On Processing Grief: A Review of Nome Patrick's \"The Body Walks Through Grief Towards God\" – A Review Essay by Adedayo Agarau w/ A Digital Collage by Robert Frede Kenter\". IceFloe Press. 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://icefloepress.net/on-processing-grief-a-review-of-nome-patricks-the-body-walks-through-grief-towards-god-a-review-essay-by-adedayo-agarau-w-a-digital-collage-by-robert-frede-kenter/","url_text":"\"On Processing Grief: A Review of Nome Patrick's \"The Body Walks Through Grief Towards God\" – A Review Essay by Adedayo Agarau w/ A Digital Collage by Robert Frede Kenter\""}]},{"reference":"The Arrival of Rain - Adedayo Agarau with Michael Olatunbosun #BooksSplash, retrieved 2022-10-11","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSKRR8ZVD8E","url_text":"The Arrival of Rain - Adedayo Agarau with Michael Olatunbosun #BooksSplash"}]},{"reference":"\"Darlington Chibueze Anuonye in Conversation With Adedayo Agarau\". Isele Magazine. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://iselemagazine.com/2022/09/15/darlington-chibueze-anuonye-in-conversation-with-adedayo-agarau/","url_text":"\"Darlington Chibueze Anuonye in Conversation With Adedayo Agarau\""}]},{"reference":"nantygreens (2019-02-04). \"Conversation with Adedayo Agarau, author of For Boys Who Went - Interviews\". Nantygreens. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://nantygreens.com/interviews/conversation-adedayo-agarau/","url_text":"\"Conversation with Adedayo Agarau, author of For Boys Who Went - Interviews\""}]},{"reference":"Litvo (2021-08-18). \"New Contemporary Poets are Inventing Structures \| ADEDAYO ADEYEMI AGARAU\". Litvo. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://literaturevoices.com.ng/new-contemporary-poets-are-inventing-structures-adedayo-adeyemi-agarau/","url_text":"\"New Contemporary Poets are Inventing Structures \| ADEDAYO ADEYEMI AGARAU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adedayo Agarau's Poetic Heart and Vision for African Poetry - Afrocritik\". 2021-12-29. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afrocritik.com/adedayo-agarau-africa/","url_text":"\"Adedayo Agarau's Poetic Heart and Vision for African Poetry - Afrocritik\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the recipients of the 2022 Stanley Award for International Research \| International Programs - The University of Iowa\". international.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://international.uiowa.edu/news/2022/04/meet-recipients-2022-stanley-award-international-research","url_text":"\"Meet the recipients of the 2022 Stanley Award for International Research \| International Programs - The University of Iowa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writers' Conference Scholarships\". Winter Poetry & Prose Getaway. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://wintergetaway.com/registration/writers-conference-scholarships/","url_text":"\"Writers' Conference Scholarships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Nigerian Poetry Prize. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpoetryprize.ng/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"Agarau, Adedayo (2020). The arrival of rain : poems. Stephanie Gibart. [Place of publication not identified]. ISBN 978-1-952055-00-3. OCLC 1202418965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1202418965","url_text":"The arrival of rain : poems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-952055-00-3","url_text":"978-1-952055-00-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1202418965","url_text":"1202418965"}]},{"reference":"New-generation African poets : a chapbook box set. Kwame Senu Neville Dawes, Chris Abani, Sadia Hassan, Jamila Osman, Michelle K. Angwenyi, Nadra Mabrouk. Brooklyn, New York. 2020. ISBN 978-1-61775-816-4. OCLC 1133127726.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1133127726","url_text":"New-generation African poets : a chapbook box set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61775-816-4","url_text":"978-1-61775-816-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1133127726","url_text":"1133127726"}]},{"reference":"\"Shenoda wins Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets\". news.unl.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/shenoda-wins-sillerman-first-book-prize-for-african-poets/","url_text":"\"Shenoda wins Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau \| Frontier Poetry - Exploring the Edges of Contemporary Poetry\". Frontier Poetry. 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2021-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frontierpoetry.com/2020/11/18/poetry-adedayo-agarau/","url_text":"\"The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau \| Frontier Poetry - Exploring the Edges of Contemporary Poetry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of the 2020 Emerging Poet Prize!\". Palette Poetry. 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2021-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palettepoetry.com/2020/07/10/winners-and-finalists-of-the-2020-emerging-poet-prize/","url_text":"\"Winners of the 2020 Emerging Poet Prize!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners Of Sevhage Literary Prizes\". Mammoth Spectrum Media. 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2021-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://mammothspectrummedia.wordpress.com/2019/06/23/winners-of-sevhage-literary-prizes/","url_text":"\"Winners Of Sevhage Literary Prizes\""}]},{"reference":"\"CONGRATULATIONS: THE #BABISHAI2018 SHORTLIST\". BABISHAI NIWE POETRY FOUNDATION. 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2021-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://babishainiwe.com/2018/07/19/congratulations-the-babishai2018-shortlist/","url_text":"\"CONGRATULATIONS: THE #BABISHAI2018 SHORTLIST\""}]},{"reference":"admin (2017-12-12). \"MESIOYE, AGARAU, OGWIJI WIN ERIATA ORIBHABOR POETRY PRIZE 2017\". Words Rhymes & Rhythm. Retrieved 2021-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrr.ng/news/eopp-2017-mesioye-wins/","url_text":"\"MESIOYE, AGARAU, OGWIJI WIN ERIATA ORIBHABOR POETRY PRIZE 2017\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://vegetarianalcoholicpress.com/titles/the-arrival-of-rain-adedayo-agarau","external_links_name":"Vegetarian Alcoholic Press"},{"Link":"https://unseriouscollective.com/","external_links_name":"\"Unserious Collective – the unserious collective\""},{"Link":"https://opencountrymag.com/inside-a-nigerian-literary-and-arts-hub/","external_links_name":"\"Inside a Nigerian Literary and Arts Hub\""},{"Link":"https://icefloepress.net/","external_links_name":"\"IceFloe Press\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1281795687","external_links_name":"Memento : an anthology of contemporary Nigerian poetry"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1281795687","external_links_name":"1281795687"},{"Link":"https://authorpedia.net/product/for-boys-who-went-by-adedayo-adeyemi-agarau/","external_links_name":"\"FOR BOYS WHO WENT BY ADEDAYO ADEYEMI AGARAU – AUTHORPEDIA\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2022/march/state-african-poetry-book-fund-conversation-chris-abani-and-kwame-dawes-erik-gleibermann","external_links_name":"\"The State of the African Poetry Book Fund: A Conversation with Chris Abani and Kwame Dawes, by Erik Gleibermann\""},{"Link":"https://poetrysociety.org/poems-essays/in-their-own-words/new-generation-african-poets-saba","external_links_name":"\"NEW-GENERATION AFRICAN POETS (SABA)\""},{"Link":"https://brittlepaper.com/2020/02/book-review-adedayo-agaraus-the-arrival-of-rain-michael-chiedoziem-chukwudera/","external_links_name":"\"Book Review \| Adedayo Agarau's The Arrival of Rain \| Michael Chiedoziem Chukwudera\""},{"Link":"https://www.yespoetry.com/news/finding-the-boy-a-review-of-adedayo-agaraus-the-arrival-of-rain","external_links_name":"\"Finding the Boy: A Review of Adedayo Agarau's 'The Arrival of Rain'\""},{"Link":"https://opencountrymag.com/the-origin-of-name-by-adedayo-agarau-review-narrating-grief/","external_links_name":"\"The Origin of Name by Adedayo Agarau Review—Narrating Grief\""},{"Link":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau","external_links_name":"\"Adedayo Agarau\""},{"Link":"https://anmly.org/ap34/adedayo-agarau/","external_links_name":"\"Adedayo Agarau – ANMLY\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2022/march/ibadan-adedayo-agarau","external_links_name":"\"Ibadan, by Adedayo Agarau\""},{"Link":"https://www.frontierpoetry.com/2020/11/18/poetry-adedayo-agarau/","external_links_name":"\"The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau \| Frontier Poetry - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1	Russia-1	["1 History","1.1 Soviet period","1.2 Russian Federation","2 Viewership","3 Criticism","4 Logo history","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Russian television channel Not to be confused with Channel One Russia.Television channel Russia-1Россия-1CountryRussiaBroadcast areaNationwideNetworkVGTRKHeadquarters5th Yamskogo Polya Street, 19-21, Moscow, RussiaProgrammingLanguage(s)RussianPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 576i for the SDTV feed)Timeshift serviceRussia-1 +2, Russia-1 +4, Russia-1 +6, Russia-1 +8OwnershipOwnerRussian GovernmentSister channelsRussia-K, Russia-24, RTR-PlanetaHistoryLaunched13 May 1991; 33 years ago (1991-05-13) at 5pmReplacedProgramme Two (1956–1991)Former names1991: Russian Television1991–2002: RTR1997–1998: RTR12002–2010: RussiaLinksWebsiterussia.tvAvailabilityTerrestrialDigital terrestrial televisionChannel 2Streaming mediavgtrk.ru/russiatv Russia-1 (Russian: Россия-1) is a state-owned Russian television channel, first aired on 14 February 1956 as Programme Two in the Soviet Union. It was relaunched as RTR on 13 May 1991, and is known today as Russia-1. It is the flagship channel of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company (VGTRK). In 2008 Russia-1 had the second largest audience in Russian television. In a typical week, it was viewed by 75% of urban Russians, compared to 83% for the leading channel, Channel One. The two channels are similar in their politics, and they compete directly in entertainment. Russia-1 has many regional variations and broadcasts in many languages. History Soviet period Russia-1 started broadcasting as The Second Moscow Programme (Programme Two) in 1956. From the very start, it only hosted programs produced by the Ministry of Education of the Soviet Union, as well as children's programming, in monochrome. The move to a new channel frequency resulted in it being renamed Program 2 and becoming the second home of the national newscast Vremya since 1968. Program 2 officially renamed itself All-Union Program 2 in 1972 and converted to color in 1975, and two years later became a nationwide station, being broadcast all over the Soviet Union. On January 1, 1982 AUP2 officially began to broadcast, not just educational and children's programming but also culture and arts programming and sports, as it was officially permitted to take greater account of the needs and tastes of spectators in a changing era. In addition, it broadcast also documentaries, music videos and programming, and movies. Starting New Year's Day 1984, All Union Program 2 was renamed All-Union Channel 2 (AUC2), and it pioneered the first ever rhythmic gymnastics broadcast the following year. By 1987, it was also the first channel to adopt sign language interpretation in the USSR and later supplemented by subtitles for the hard of hearing, all for its Vremya broadcast. The official identification package for the channel was the star of the second antenna on a blue background with moving rings, symbolizing the radio waves, and the signature at the bottom of "II program", which then changed to "TV USSR." Around February 1988, a new ident replaced it: circles were fixed, disappeared inscription "TV USSR", and the background was light blue with a white gradient. Since 1989, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) implemented the organization of the Russian national TV channel. By this time all the Union republics, with the exception of Russia, had their own TV channels. In 1990, the creator of the program "The Fifth Wheel", People's Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Bella Kurkova requested the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, Boris Yeltsin to create a separate Russian television station for the RSFSR, due to the fact that the central television channels reflect the views of the federal authorities. At that time, the country experienced a confrontation between the union and republican authorities. On July 13, 1990 a decision of the Supreme Soviet of Russia ended the national monopoly on radio and television broadcasting in the RSFSR, clearing the way for it to launch its own TV and radio stations. Prior to September 15, 1990, according to the decree, the Cabinet of Ministers of the RSFSR, Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and the CM Committee on the media, communications with public organizations, mass movements of citizens and public opinion research should address the issue of the ownership of the material-technical base of AUC2. On July 14, 1990 decree № 107-1 of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR officially established the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR Ivan Silaev helped acquire the building and the equipment for the future station. Thus, Russia-1 is the successor to the Soviet Second Programme launched in 1956. As of 2000, it is headed by Oleg Dobrodeyev , who was a founder of the original NTV. Russian Federation After 27 years, the All-Union State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company turned over the operations of AUC2 on March 6, 1991 to the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, with Oleg Poptsov as its founding chairman. At the same time, the leadership of the company had been promised at least a 6-hour broadcast day as a national blocktimer for viewers within Russia, including a brand-new 20-minute newscast to be aired twice daily on the new channel. Due to the opposition views of the Republican team, the new management staff, led by the new GM for the soon to be re-branded Russian Television, Sergei Podgorbunsky, faced difficulties ranging from an inability to rent a studio in the telecentre "Ostankino" to failure to provide the promised before air time for new programs. At the same time, there were problems with the recruitment of new employees, program presenters and staff for the new station. Many presenters left the Union STRC free from TV censorship. As a result, the station management started to brainstorm and conceptualize its programming from scratch, including news and current affairs. Thus, "Vesti", the news program of RTV, was born, with airing time being at 18:00 and 20:00, twice nightly on weekdays (The 2nd edition was to be aired before its simulcast of Vremya). Most of the staff of "Vesti" on "Russian Television" were former presenters and staff of Central Television program "Television News Service", their experience would help the new channel in its news services. Four studios - "News" for newscasts, "Republic" for current affairs, "Lad" for arts and culture and "Artel" for entertainment and lifestyle were created. On May 13, 1991 recently appointed to the post of deputy general manager of the State Television and Radio Valentin Lazutkin officially launched the brand new ARSTV Channel 2 with air times from 11.35 to 13.35, from 17.00 to 19.00 and from 21.45 to 23.45, weekdays and weekends, with AUC2 filling the rest of the schedule. It was given a new corporate logo and a new brand name: "Russian Television". At 17.00 "Vesti" made its premiere telecast, with Svetlana Sorokina hosting. From this time on Russian Television aired programming not only from the All-Union State Television and Radio but also from the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Compared with "Vremya", "Vesti" became the acute, short, specific and operational newscast Russians watched, without any censorship or bias. In the first week of broadcasting, "Good Night, Little Ones!" (beginning in 2002) And Odesa "Gentleman show " made their premiere telecasts. Two weeks later, "RTR" ("Russian Television and Radio") became the new name of the channel, and a new logo debuted. In August 1991, RTR stopped broadcasting in Latvia and was replaced by LTV2 (now LTV7). During the August coup, on August 19, 1991 the Emergency Committee stopped the broadcast of RTR, and AUC2 officially returned in the evening slots, with its planned programs including the great ballet "Swan Lake". Unknown to the coup leaders, RTR secretly organized a broadcast to the United States and other countries, as well as all over the USSR, so that all Soviets saw a special edition of "Vesti" with the latest events in Moscow during the coup. Studio "Vesti" in the "Ostankino" Center was blocked by AUC2 management, the transfer was recorded on video tape to "Shabolovke" for emergency situations has been prepared by an OB van and outside mobile facilities that the young channel had. The Emergency Committee blocked RTR headquarters on Yamskov field. In less than a few days, RTR had Clandestine broadcasts nationwide till the coup had failed. After the August Coup "RTR" by order of Valentin Lazutkin, its deputy GM for operations, officially resumed broadcasting this time from 19.00 to 00.00 (instead of 17.00 to 19.00 and 21.45 to 23.45). On September 16, 1991 AUC2 ended its operations and RTR absorbed several of its staff and programs, therefore beginning the next day it began to broadcast from the very morning till late at midnight. On 30 December 1991 the program "Vesti" began to appear three times a day, and from 20 January 1992 to four times a day. In 1993, the channel changed its logo 2 times. In February 1992, utilizing the frequencies of RTR in Ukraine, channel UT-2 (now 1 +1) was launched. During the political crisis of 1993 RTR aired interviews from the different sides of the spectrum, from politicians to ordinary people. During the shooting of the White House, the director of the channel had violated the order to conduct the bombing broadcast live on that point, as long as the line of fire to avoid civilian casualties among the citizens of Moscow. After the police pushed the townspeople, "RTR" started broadcasting "CNN". At that time the building was shelled, which housed the studio of "Vesti". In a hole punched in the building of a grenade launcher, armed men broke into the studios and began shelling the building on fire. The director of the program "Vesti" Irina Vinogradova was able to save the footage. Technical Director Stanislav Bunevich able to carry TV broadcasts control of the country in building the All-Russian STRC on Yamskov field. Broadcasting channel was restored, "RTR" was the only television channel, remaining on the air and which showed the 1993 First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Shumeyko "Vesti" were donated to the mantel clock. events. Broadcasting was done in a hurry equipped studio in the basement with the lights off. Later, in a building opposite were found maturation snipers. For coverage of Showing important events, "Vesti" become the most influential program on RTR. In the same year, Yuri Rostov, Vladislav Flyarkovsky and Aleksandr Gurnov started their jobs as field reporters for the channel under then head of news programming Alexander Nekhoroshev. Since 1994, the program began to leave a comment, "Details", which became a leading political commentator Nikolai Svanidze news. In October 1995, the RTR with ORT program went "Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov." In 1996 Oleg Poptsov, Anatoly Lysenko, Alexander and Alexander Podgorbunsky Nekhoroshev were relieved of their posts, and Details was pulled off. The new chairman of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company Eduard Sagalaev was appointed, and Cyril Legat chosen as the new GM for television, editor in chief of information programs of Russian Television Boris Forgetful. The channel will have emerged a number of new programs - information-analytical program "Mirror", which became a leading Nikolai Svanidze, the actual interview "VIP", talk show "Open News", which became the leading Edward Sagalaev, Svetlana Sorokina and Oksana Naychuk a manufacturer of private television ATV. In 1997, the chairman of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company was Nikolai Svanidze. Programs "VIP" and "Open News" were closed, she was dismissed leading "Vesti" Svetlana Sorokina. On November of that year, "RTR" changed to "RTR-1" has changed the logo. The reason for the name change - the creation of a new TV channel "RTR-2" (now "Russia-Culture"). On May 8, 1998 in the RTR includes regional television and radio. Since then, "RTR" broadcasts in 54 languages of the peoples of Russia, RTR became the largest media group in Europe. The general is not only the design of the channel, but the editorial policy. On 7 September of that year, on the air for the first time block out the morning program "Good Morning, Russia!" . September 14, 1998 "RTR-1" again changed its name to "RTR", changed the logo. At that time there were many Latin American television series production and a lot of new TV shows: Two piano Household chores , Schedule, Purple haze, and Hakuna matata. The show Hundred to One also joined the channel, thus leaving TVC-Moskva. Similarly, programs Musical Ring , 50x50 , talk show My Family , and Love from the First Sight , that were previously aired on ORT moved to RTR as well. In 1999, the channel disbanded the sports program "Arena" and instead was established the program "Studio", headed by Vladimir Gomelsky. The daily "Vesti" began to be broadcast at 13:00, 17:00, 19:00, 21:00, 23:00. Up to 1999, the national channel was plagued by broadcasting problems resulting from its dependence on its local state affiliates (GTRKs) for retransmission of its signal. GTRKs had no incentive to consistently broadcast only federal programming on their local frequencies and would often mix in programming they had produced themselves or acquired from other sources, thus hampering the national channel’s ability to control its own programming schedule at the regional level. The first step leading to the solution of this problem was the creation of the state holding company VGTRK, which united 89 state-owned regional studios under the aegis of the Moscow-based Channel 2. In February 2004, the Russian government issued a resolution on the reorganization of VGTRK through affiliation of subsidiaries, including regional GTRK companies. By the end of 2004, the scale of the reorganization became obvious. Local news programmes were organized on network principles and local companies turned into "re-transmitters" of the Moscow-produced content: VGTRK management had decided to cut all types of broadcasting in the regions, except news. This decision caused an inevitable reduction of GTRK broadcasting volume from 900 - 1,200 to 590 hours, the closure of whole subdivisions and departments and the dismissal of hundreds of employees in each of the 89 companies. Viewership According to Mediascope, by 2020, Russia-1 was the most popular TV channel in Russia with an average daily audience of 1,338,000, exceeding the audience of its closest rival Channel One Russia by almost 9%. Criticism On 23 May 2015, Russia-1 aired Warsaw Pact: Declassified Pages, a documentary that presented the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia as protection against a NATO coup. Slovakia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the film "attempts to rewrite history and to falsify historical truths about such a dark chapter of our history." Czech Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek said that it "grossly distorts" the facts. The channel, like many other state-owned television channels, has been criticized for strong pro-government bias and propaganda. In 2017, Dmitry Skorobutov, a long-term editor at the channel, published a periodically-updated guide for journalists that contains a list of topics, the coverage of which is forbidden. It included topics such as anti-government protests, the downing of MH17 over Donbas, Nadia Savchenko, Crimean Tatars, and even Queen Elizabeth II's anniversary. In June 2017, researchers of Atlantic Council published a detailed analysis of one fake story propagated by Russia-1, about a Russian warplane deploying an electronic warfare system so powerful that it was able to completely disable defence systems of US Navy destroyer. The original story was traced to a satirical piece written by a Russian author Dmitry Sedov, in a form of a panicked letter from American navy sailor to his wife. The story was then picked up by Russia-1 as a description of a real incident and aired with a made-up video demonstrating the advantages of Russian weapons. In spite of the Russian weapon manufacturer denying the report and calling it "a fake", Russian media continued to repeated the story, adding further invented details such as fake statement from a former United States Air Force commander in Europe. On 8 May 2022, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions on Russia-1 pursuant to Executive Order 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of Russia. The channel's news programming has been noted for the frequency with which its presenters propose Russian nuclear attack on Western countries, including the United Kingdom and United States of America. Logo history December 1991 January 1992 to October 1993 November 1993 to September 1998 November 1997 to September 1998 (not used on air) September 1998 to September 2001 September 2001 to August 2002 September 2002 to December 2008 December 2008 to December 2009 January 2010 to March 2012 March to September 2012 Since October 2012 The channel logo during the COVID-19 pandemic. References ^ a b c d Shiraev, E. (2013). Russian Government and Politics. Comparative Government and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-137-26960-7. Retrieved March 7, 2015. ^ "Как это было. Подпольные новости превратились в федеральный канал". Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 2011-04-29. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2020-05-02. ^ a b c Alexei Bessudnov, "Media Map" (183–189), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 184. ^ Вести". Первые двадцать лет". Документальный фильм, 2011. ^ Россия HD ^ "Канал "Россия HD" — на "Континент ТВ" и "Телекарте"! \| Континент ТВ". Archived from the original on 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-01-03. ^ Официальная регистрация свидетельства о СМИ телеканал «Россия HD» \| Роскомнадзор РФ ^ Наталия Ростова (May 13, 1991). "Рождение российских СМИ" (in Russian). gorbymedia.com. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ "Джентльмены прощаются, но не уходят" (in Russian). utro.ru. February 16, 2001. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ "НОВОСТИ БЕЗ ПЕРЕДЫШКИ. Весь день - "Вести", вечером - "Подробности"" (in Russian). aif.ru. February 2, 1994. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ Наталия Ростова (April 8, 2016). "Телезвезды: Николай Сванидзе Интервью бывшего руководителя ВГТРК" (in Russian). meduza.io. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ Юрате Гураускайте (February 11, 1997). "Николай Сванидзе возглавит Российское телевидение" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ ИЛЬЯ БУЛАВИНОВ, АРИНА БОРОДИНА (January 27, 2009). "Человек неотсюда" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ Елена Милашина (September 7, 1998). "Для РТР ноу вопроса "хау?"" (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ "20 сюрпризов от РТР" (in Russian). aif.ru. May 6, 1998. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ "МНОГОКАНАЛЬНЫЕ НОВОСТИ" (in Russian). Moskovsky Komsomolets. January 22, 1998. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ Лариса Кислинская (August 1, 1999). "Секреты Миши - агитпропа" (in Russian). sovsekretno.ru. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ Ksenia Vorontsova (25 December 2020). "Телеканал "Россия 1" стал лидером по аудитории в 2020 году" (in Russian). Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Russian TV doc on 1968 invasion angers Czechs and Slovaks". BBC News. 1 June 2015. ^ "Russian Documentary On 'Helpful' 1968 Invasion Angers Czechs". Radio Free Europe. 1 June 2015. ^ a b Mortkowitz Bauerova, Ladka; Ponikelska, Lenka (1 June 2015). "Russian 1968 Prague Spring Invasion Film Angers Czechs, Slovaks". bloomberg.com. ^ "Statement of the Speaker of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic on the documentary film of the Russian television about the 1968 invasion". Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic. 31 May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. ^ "Ministr Zaorálek si předvolal velvyslance Ruské federace". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (in Czech). 2 June 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ ""We don't promote the English Queen's anniversary!!!" \| EU vs Disinformation". euvsdisinfo.eu. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ Macfarquhar, Neil; Rossback, Andrew (7 June 2017). "How Russian Propaganda Spread From a Parody Website to Fox News". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ "U.S. Treasury Takes Sweeping Action Against Russia's War Efforts". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ Bella, Timothy (4 May 2022). "Russian state TV shows simulation of Britain and Ireland wiped out by nuke". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ Gault, Matthew (22 April 2022). "Russian TV Is Musing About Nuking New York City". Vice.com. Retrieved 6 October 2022. Further reading Oates, P.P.C.S.; Oates, S. (2006). Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-134-17847-6. 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TV (HD) Zvezda Plus RU.TV (HD) RBC TV (HD) MIR 24 (HD) RTVI1 RTVI Retro1 Internet andsatellite only TV Rain (HD) Svoboda (HD) Svoboda News (HD) Euronews Russian (HD) Current Time TV (HD) DW Russian (HD) Vot Tak TV (programm blocks) (HD) FreeDom (HD) Defunct Life Life78 A-One AMC Russia Russia-2 Telenyanya Bibigon MGM Russia TV-6 TVS Seven DTV Rambler Teleset Otkrytyi Mir M1 TeleExpo 4Multimania (in Russia) Nashe TV Tsargrad TV MIR Premium RT America RT UK Euronovosti Sony Channel Sony Turbo Sony Sci-Fi UFC TV FOX FOX Life National Geographic National Geographic Wild BabyTV Kanal Disney Discovery Animal Planet Discovery Science Travel Channel ID DTX TLC HGTV Food Network Motor Trend Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Eurosport Gold Eurosport 4K Discovery Ultra CNN International Cartoon Network Boomerang VH1 Russia VH1 Europe Club MTV MTV Hits MTV Russia Paramount Comedy Paramount Channel Nickelodeon Nickelodeon HD Nick Jr. Nicktoons Zee TV Russia 1Channels don't broadcast in Russia, 2Joint venture Channel One and VGTRK, 3Joint venture National Media Group and Rostelecom vteMembers of the European Broadcasting UnionActivemembersCurrent ARD BR DLR DW HR MDR NDR RB RBB SR SWR WDR ARMR ARMTV BBC BHRT BNR BNT ČRo ČT CyBC DR ENRS EPTV ERR ER ETV ERSL ERT ERA GPB GRF FMM FTV RF HRT HR İCTI İR İTV JRTV KAN LNC LRT LSM LR LTV MMD MRT MTVA Duna NPO AVROTROS BNNVARA EO HUMAN KRO-NCRV MAX NOS NTR ON PowNed Ster VPRO WNL Zwart NRK NTU ORF PBS PR RAI ROR RTBF RTCG RTÉ RTL RTP RTS RTSH RTT RT TT RTVA RTVE RNE TVE RTVS RTVSLO RÚV SMRTV SNRT SRG SSR SRT SR SVT UR SU TDA TG4 TL TRM TRT TVM (MC) TV 2 (DK) TV 2 (NO) TVP TVR UKIB C4 ITV S4C STV VR VRT Yle ZDF Suspended BTRC C1R RDO MK OP VGTRK Former A3R C+ C1O COPE CRCA ČST E1 ERTT GRMC RMC TMC IBA (GB) IBA (IL) ITA ITCA JRT LJBC MBA MR MTV (FI) MTV (HU) NERIT OFRT ORTF RTF SER SRo STV TDF TF1 TMC TV4 UJRT Associate membersCurrent ABC (AU) ABC (US) ACORAB APM C13 (CL) CBC/SRC (CA) CBS CMG CCTV CGTN CNR CRI FPA Free ICRT IRIB KA KBS MBC (MU) NBAB NBC (US) NHK NPR ORTAS PART RB RNZ RTHK RTM SBS SMG TBS TEME TVNZ WFMT Former 4TA ABERT AFMN AIR AMÉRICA ANB ATEC ATV BCB C7 C12 C13 (AR) CBC (BB) CBC (LK) CMRT CNN CPB CTV DA EBC EMI EURT FTN GBC GBS GLOBO GRTS IBB IRV JBC JCC IBTE KBTS KNR LBC MBC (MW) MBC (KR) MBS MPR NACB NAEB NBC (NG) NBC (PNG) NET NTV NTVC NYPR ORTN PANTEL PBC PTV QR QTBC RCR RCTV RD REI RN RNT RP RRI RTC RTG RTI RTM RTS RTV SABC SABTVS SLBC STS T2 TBC TCM TFM/JOAU-FM TH TIM TIME TSM TSN TVA TVB TVM (MR) TVN TVRI UAERTVD USIA VK VV VZ WGBH ZBC ApprovedparticipantsCurrent Arte CAT Cellnex Euronews JPMRD RTV TV5Monde Former Abertis AH MEBC RETE RTRN SNTC URTI Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Other MusicBrainz label	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel One Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"television channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian-language_television_channels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiraev_2013_p._195-1"},{"link_name":"Programme Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Two"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"All-Russia State Television and Radio Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bessudnov-3"},{"link_name":"Channel One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bessudnov-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Channel One Russia.Television channelRussia-1 (Russian: Россия-1) is a state-owned Russian television channel,[1] first aired on 14 February 1956 as Programme Two in the Soviet Union. It was relaunched as RTR on 13 May 1991, and is known today as Russia-1. It is the flagship channel of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company (VGTRK).[3]In 2008 Russia-1 had the second largest audience in Russian television. In a typical week, it was viewed by 75% of urban Russians, compared to 83% for the leading channel, Channel One. The two channels are similar in their politics, and they compete directly in entertainment.[3] Russia-1 has many regional variations and broadcasts in many languages.","title":"Russia-1"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vremya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vremya"},{"link_name":"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bella Kurkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Kurkova"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oleg Dobrodeyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Dobrodeyev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTV_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bessudnov-3"}],"sub_title":"Soviet period","text":"Russia-1 started broadcasting as The Second Moscow Programme (Programme Two) in 1956. From the very start, it only hosted programs produced by the Ministry of Education of the Soviet Union, as well as children's programming, in monochrome. The move to a new channel frequency resulted in it being renamed Program 2 and becoming the second home of the national newscast Vremya since 1968.Program 2 officially renamed itself All-Union Program 2 in 1972 and converted to color in 1975, and two years later became a nationwide station, being broadcast all over the Soviet Union. On January 1, 1982 AUP2 officially began to broadcast, not just educational and children's programming but also culture and arts programming and sports, as it was officially permitted to take greater account of the needs and tastes of spectators in a changing era. In addition, it broadcast also documentaries, music videos and programming, and movies.Starting New Year's Day 1984, All Union Program 2 was renamed All-Union Channel 2 (AUC2), and it pioneered the first ever rhythmic gymnastics broadcast the following year. By 1987, it was also the first channel to adopt sign language interpretation in the USSR and later supplemented by subtitles for the hard of hearing, all for its Vremya broadcast.The official identification package for the channel was the star of the second antenna on a blue background with moving rings, symbolizing the radio waves, and the signature at the bottom of \"II program\", which then changed to \"TV USSR.\" Around February 1988, a new ident replaced it: circles were fixed, disappeared inscription \"TV USSR\", and the background was light blue with a white gradient.Since 1989, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) implemented the organization of the Russian national TV channel. By this time all the Union republics, with the exception of Russia, had their own TV channels. In 1990, the creator of the program \"The Fifth Wheel\", People's Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Bella Kurkova requested the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, Boris Yeltsin to create a separate Russian television station for the RSFSR, due to the fact that the central television channels reflect the views of the federal authorities. At that time, the country experienced a confrontation between the union and republican authorities.[4]On July 13, 1990 a decision of the Supreme Soviet of Russia ended the national monopoly on radio and television broadcasting in the RSFSR, clearing the way for it to launch its own TV and radio stations. Prior to September 15, 1990, according to the decree, the Cabinet of Ministers of the RSFSR, Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and the CM Committee on the media, communications with public organizations, mass movements of citizens and public opinion research should address the issue of the ownership of the material-technical base of AUC2. On July 14, 1990 decree № 107-1 of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR officially established the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR Ivan Silaev helped acquire the building and the equipment for the future station.[5]Thus, Russia-1 is the successor to the Soviet Second Programme launched in 1956. As of 2000, it is headed by Oleg Dobrodeyev [ru], who was a founder of the original NTV.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Svetlana Sorokina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Sorokina"},{"link_name":"Vremya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vremya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Good Night, Little Ones!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Night,_Little_Ones!"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Gentleman show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gentleman_show&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"LTV7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvijas_Telev%C4%ABzija"},{"link_name":"August coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Emergency Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Flyarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Flyarkovsky"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Gurnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Gurnov"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Svanidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Svanidze"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Lysenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Lysenko"},{"link_name":"Eduard Sagalaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sagalaev"},{"link_name":"Oksana Naychuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oksana_Naychuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA,_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"\"Good Morning, Russia!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Good_Morning,_Russia!%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Two piano Household chores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two_piano_Household_chores&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"Hundred to One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_to_One_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"TVC-Moskva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Centre_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Musical Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_Ring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3"},{"link_name":"50x50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50x50&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/50%D1%8550_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"talk show My Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk_show_My_Family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"Love from the First Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_from_the_First_Sight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"ORT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_Russia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Gomelsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Gomelsky"},{"link_name":"Russian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Government_of_Russia"}],"sub_title":"Russian Federation","text":"After 27 years, the All-Union State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company turned over the operations of AUC2 on March 6, 1991 to the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, with Oleg Poptsov as its founding chairman. At the same time, the leadership of the company had been promised at least a 6-hour broadcast day as a national blocktimer for viewers within Russia, including a brand-new 20-minute newscast to be aired twice daily on the new channel. Due to the opposition views of the Republican team, the new management staff, led by the new GM for the soon to be re-branded Russian Television, Sergei Podgorbunsky, faced difficulties ranging from an inability to rent a studio in the telecentre \"Ostankino\" to failure to provide the promised before air time for new programs.[6]At the same time, there were problems with the recruitment of new employees, program presenters and staff for the new station. Many presenters left the Union STRC free from TV censorship. As a result, the station management started to brainstorm and conceptualize its programming from scratch, including news and current affairs. Thus, \"Vesti\", the news program of RTV, was born, with airing time being at 18:00 and 20:00, twice nightly on weekdays (The 2nd edition was to be aired before its simulcast of Vremya). Most of the staff of \"Vesti\" on \"Russian Television\" were former presenters and staff of Central Television program \"Television News Service\", their experience would help the new channel in its news services. Four studios - \"News\" for newscasts, \"Republic\" for current affairs, \"Lad\" for arts and culture and \"Artel\" for entertainment and lifestyle were created.[7]On May 13, 1991 recently appointed to the post of deputy general manager of the State Television and Radio Valentin Lazutkin officially launched the brand new ARSTV Channel 2 with air times from 11.35 to 13.35, from 17.00 to 19.00 and from 21.45 to 23.45, weekdays and weekends, with AUC2 filling the rest of the schedule. It was given a new corporate logo and a new brand name: \"Russian Television\".At 17.00 \"Vesti\" made its premiere telecast, with Svetlana Sorokina hosting. From this time on Russian Television aired programming not only from the All-Union State Television and Radio but also from the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Compared with \"Vremya\", \"Vesti\" became the acute, short, specific and operational newscast Russians watched, without any censorship or bias.[8] In the first week of broadcasting, \"Good Night, Little Ones!\" (beginning in 2002)[citation needed] And Odesa \"Gentleman show [ru]\" made their premiere telecasts.[9] Two weeks later, \"RTR\" (\"Russian Television and Radio\") became the new name of the channel, and a new logo debuted.In August 1991, RTR stopped broadcasting in Latvia and was replaced by LTV2 (now LTV7).During the August coup, on August 19, 1991 the Emergency Committee stopped the broadcast of RTR, and AUC2 officially returned in the evening slots, with its planned programs including the great ballet \"Swan Lake\". Unknown to the coup leaders, RTR secretly organized a broadcast to the United States and other countries, as well as all over the USSR, so that all Soviets saw a special edition of \"Vesti\" with the latest events in Moscow during the coup. Studio \"Vesti\" in the \"Ostankino\" Center was blocked by AUC2 management, the transfer was recorded on video tape to \"Shabolovke\" for emergency situations has been prepared by an OB van and outside mobile facilities that the young channel had. The Emergency Committee blocked RTR headquarters on Yamskov field. In less than a few days, RTR had Clandestine broadcasts nationwide till the coup had failed. After the August Coup \"RTR\" by order of Valentin Lazutkin, its deputy GM for operations, officially resumed broadcasting this time from 19.00 to 00.00 (instead of 17.00 to 19.00 and 21.45 to 23.45).On September 16, 1991 AUC2 ended its operations and RTR absorbed several of its staff and programs, therefore beginning the next day it began to broadcast from the very morning till late at midnight. On 30 December 1991 the program \"Vesti\" began to appear three times a day, and from 20 January 1992 to four times a day. In 1993, the channel changed its logo 2 times.In February 1992, utilizing the frequencies of RTR in Ukraine, channel UT-2 (now 1 +1) was launched.During the political crisis of 1993 RTR aired interviews from the different sides of the spectrum, from politicians to ordinary people. During the shooting of the White House, the director of the channel had violated the order to conduct the bombing broadcast live on that point, as long as the line of fire to avoid civilian casualties among the citizens of Moscow. After the police pushed the townspeople, \"RTR\" started broadcasting \"CNN\". At that time the building was shelled, which housed the studio of \"Vesti\". In a hole punched in the building of a grenade launcher, armed men broke into the studios and began shelling the building on fire.The director of the program \"Vesti\" Irina Vinogradova was able to save the footage. Technical Director Stanislav Bunevich able to carry TV broadcasts control of the country in building the All-Russian STRC on Yamskov field. Broadcasting channel was restored, \"RTR\" was the only television channel, remaining on the air and which showed the 1993 First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Shumeyko \"Vesti\" were donated to the mantel clock. events. Broadcasting was done in a hurry equipped studio in the basement with the lights off. Later, in a building opposite were found maturation snipers. For coverage ofShowing important events, \"Vesti\" become the most influential program on RTR. In the same year, Yuri Rostov, Vladislav Flyarkovsky and Aleksandr Gurnov started their jobs as field reporters for the channel under then head of news programming Alexander Nekhoroshev.Since 1994, the program began to leave a comment, \"Details\", which became a leading political commentator Nikolai Svanidze news.[10][11] In October 1995, the RTR with ORT program went \"Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov.\"In 1996 Oleg Poptsov, Anatoly Lysenko, Alexander and Alexander Podgorbunsky Nekhoroshev were relieved of their posts, and Details was pulled off. The new chairman of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company Eduard Sagalaev was appointed, and Cyril Legat chosen as the new GM for television, editor in chief of information programs of Russian Television Boris Forgetful. The channel will have emerged a number of new programs - information-analytical program \"Mirror\", which became a leading Nikolai Svanidze, the actual interview \"VIP\", talk show \"Open News\", which became the leading Edward Sagalaev, Svetlana Sorokina and Oksana Naychuk [ru] a manufacturer of private television ATV.In 1997, the chairman of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company was Nikolai Svanidze.[12][13] Programs \"VIP\" and \"Open News\" were closed, she was dismissed leading \"Vesti\" Svetlana Sorokina. On November of that year, \"RTR\" changed to \"RTR-1\" has changed the logo. The reason for the name change - the creation of a new TV channel \"RTR-2\" (now \"Russia-Culture\").On May 8, 1998 in the RTR includes regional television and radio. Since then, \"RTR\" broadcasts in 54 languages of the peoples of Russia, RTR became the largest media group in Europe. The general is not only the design of the channel, but the editorial policy. On 7 September of that year, on the air for the first time block out the morning program \"Good Morning, Russia!\" [ru].[14]September 14, 1998 \"RTR-1\" again changed its name to \"RTR\", changed the logo. At that time there were many Latin American television series production and a lot of new TV shows: Two piano Household chores [ru], Schedule, Purple haze, and Hakuna matata. The show Hundred to One also joined the channel, thus leaving TVC-Moskva. Similarly, programs Musical Ring [ru], 50x50 [ru], talk show My Family [ru], and Love from the First Sight [ru], that were previously aired on ORT moved to RTR as well.[15][16][17]In 1999, the channel disbanded the sports program \"Arena\" and instead was established the program \"Studio\", headed by Vladimir Gomelsky. The daily \"Vesti\" began to be broadcast at 13:00, 17:00, 19:00, 21:00, 23:00.Up to 1999, the national channel was plagued by broadcasting problems resulting from its dependence on its local state affiliates (GTRKs) for retransmission of its signal. GTRKs had no incentive to consistently broadcast only federal programming on their local frequencies and would often mix in programming they had produced themselves or acquired from other sources, thus hampering the national channel’s ability to control its own programming schedule at the regional level. The first step leading to the solution of this problem was the creation of the state holding company VGTRK, which united 89 state-owned regional studios under the aegis of the Moscow-based Channel 2. In February 2004, the Russian government issued a resolution on the reorganization of VGTRK through affiliation of subsidiaries, including regional GTRK companies. By the end of 2004, the scale of the reorganization became obvious. Local news programmes were organized on network principles and local companies turned into \"re-transmitters\" of the Moscow-produced content: VGTRK management had decided to cut all types of broadcasting in the regions, except news. This decision caused an inevitable reduction of GTRK broadcasting volume from 900 - 1,200 to 590 hours, the closure of whole subdivisions and departments and the dismissal of hundreds of employees in each of the 89 companies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel One Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_Russia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiraev_2013_p._195-1"}],"text":"According to Mediascope, by 2020, Russia-1 was the most popular TV channel in Russia with an average daily audience of 1,338,000, exceeding the audience of its closest rival Channel One Russia by almost 9%.[18]\n[1]","title":"Viewership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFE150601-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB150601-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lubomír Zaorálek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubom%C3%ADr_Zaor%C3%A1lek"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB150601-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"MH17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17"},{"link_name":"Nadia Savchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadiya_Savchenko"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Office of Foreign Assets Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Executive Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"14024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14024"},{"link_name":"Government of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"On 23 May 2015, Russia-1 aired Warsaw Pact: Declassified Pages, a documentary that presented the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia as protection against a NATO coup.[19][20][21] Slovakia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the film \"attempts to rewrite history and to falsify historical truths about such a dark chapter of our history.\"[22] Czech Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek said that it \"grossly distorts\" the facts.[21][23]The channel, like many other state-owned television channels, has been criticized for strong pro-government bias and propaganda. In 2017, Dmitry Skorobutov, a long-term editor at the channel, published a periodically-updated guide for journalists that contains a list of topics, the coverage of which is forbidden. It included topics such as anti-government protests, the downing of MH17 over Donbas, Nadia Savchenko, Crimean Tatars, and even Queen Elizabeth II's anniversary.[24]In June 2017, researchers of Atlantic Council published a detailed analysis of one fake story propagated by Russia-1, about a Russian warplane deploying an electronic warfare system so powerful that it was able to completely disable defence systems of US Navy destroyer. The original story was traced to a satirical piece written by a Russian author Dmitry Sedov, in a form of a panicked letter from American navy sailor to his wife. The story was then picked up by Russia-1 as a description of a real incident and aired with a made-up video demonstrating the advantages of Russian weapons. In spite of the Russian weapon manufacturer denying the report and calling it \"a fake\", Russian media continued to repeated the story, adding further invented details such as fake statement from a former United States Air Force commander in Europe.[25]On 8 May 2022, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions on Russia-1 pursuant to Executive Order 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of Russia.[26] The channel's news programming has been noted for the frequency with which its presenters propose Russian nuclear attack on Western countries, including the United Kingdom and United States of America.[27][28]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%A0.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%A0.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%A0.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rtr_logo_1997.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%A0.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%A0.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-1.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rossiya-1_Logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11-%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-1.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0.png"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia"}],"text":"December 1991\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJanuary 1992 to October 1993\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNovember 1993 to September 1998\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNovember 1997 to September 1998 (not used on air)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeptember 1998 to September 2001\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeptember 2001 to August 2002\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeptember 2002 to December 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecember 2008 to December 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJanuary 2010 to March 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarch to September 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSince October 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe channel logo during the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Logo history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9l8VHrTrMpwC&pg=PA18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-134-17847-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17847-6"}],"text":"Oates, P.P.C.S.; Oates, S. (2006). Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-134-17847-6.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Shiraev, E. (2013). Russian Government and Politics. Comparative Government and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-137-26960-7. Retrieved March 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2SgdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195","url_text":"Russian Government and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26960-7","url_text":"978-1-137-26960-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Как это было. Подпольные новости превратились в федеральный канал\". Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 2011-04-29. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2020-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726160002/https://www.ng.ru/tv/2011-04-29/10_vesti.html","url_text":"\"Как это было. Подпольные новости превратились в федеральный канал\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisimaya_Gazeta","url_text":"Nezavisimaya Gazeta"},{"url":"http://www.ng.ru/tv/2011-04-29/10_vesti.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Канал \"Россия HD\" — на \"Континент ТВ\" и \"Телекарте\"! \| Континент ТВ\". Archived from the original on 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805122816/http://www.continent-tv.ru/continent-tv/news/3667165/","url_text":"\"Канал \"Россия HD\" — на \"Континент ТВ\" и \"Телекарте\"! \| Континент ТВ\""},{"url":"http://www.continent-tv.ru/continent-tv/news/3667165/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Наталия Ростова (May 13, 1991). \"Рождение российских СМИ\" (in Russian). gorbymedia.com. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gorbymedia.com/post/05-13-1991","url_text":"\"Рождение российских СМИ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Джентльмены прощаются, но не уходят\" (in Russian). utro.ru. February 16, 2001. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://utro.ru/articles/2001/02/16/511.shtml","url_text":"\"Джентльмены прощаются, но не уходят\""}]},{"reference":"\"НОВОСТИ БЕЗ ПЕРЕДЫШКИ. Весь день - \"Вести\", вечером - \"Подробности\"\" (in Russian). aif.ru. February 2, 1994. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.aif.ru/archive/1642032","url_text":"\"НОВОСТИ БЕЗ ПЕРЕДЫШКИ. Весь день - \"Вести\", вечером - \"Подробности\"\""}]},{"reference":"Наталия Ростова (April 8, 2016). \"Телезвезды: Николай Сванидзе Интервью бывшего руководителя ВГТРК\" (in Russian). meduza.io. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://meduza.io/feature/2016/04/08/telezvezdy-nikolay-svanidze","url_text":"\"Телезвезды: Николай Сванидзе Интервью бывшего руководителя ВГТРК\""}]},{"reference":"Юрате Гураускайте (February 11, 1997). \"Николай Сванидзе возглавит Российское телевидение\" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/172200","url_text":"\"Николай Сванидзе возглавит Российское телевидение\""}]},{"reference":"ИЛЬЯ БУЛАВИНОВ, АРИНА БОРОДИНА (January 27, 2009). \"Человек неотсюда\" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/360883","url_text":"\"Человек неотсюда\""}]},{"reference":"Елена Милашина (September 7, 1998). \"Для РТР ноу вопроса \"хау?\"\" (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200216085021/http://viperson.ru/uploads/attachment/file/789206/nv897026.txt","url_text":"\"Для РТР ноу вопроса \"хау?\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"20 сюрпризов от РТР\" (in Russian). aif.ru. May 6, 1998. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.aif.ru/archive/1637097","url_text":"\"20 сюрпризов от РТР\""}]},{"reference":"\"МНОГОКАНАЛЬНЫЕ НОВОСТИ\" (in Russian). Moskovsky Komsomolets. January 22, 1998. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20191217125834/http://viperson.ru/uploads/attachment/file/446759/mk81m045.txt","url_text":"\"МНОГОКАНАЛЬНЫЕ НОВОСТИ\""}]},{"reference":"Лариса Кислинская (August 1, 1999). \"Секреты Миши - агитпропа\" (in Russian). sovsekretno.ru. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sovsekretno.ru/articles/sekrety-mishi-agitpropa/","url_text":"\"Секреты Миши - агитпропа\""}]},{"reference":"Ksenia Vorontsova (25 December 2020). \"Телеканал \"Россия 1\" стал лидером по аудитории в 2020 году\" [Russia-1 TV channel became the leader by audience in 2020] (in Russian). Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rg.ru/2020/12/25/telekanal-rossiia-1-stal-liderom-po-auditorii-v-2020-godu.html","url_text":"\"Телеканал \"Россия 1\" стал лидером по аудитории в 2020 году\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian TV doc on 1968 invasion angers Czechs and Slovaks\". BBC News. 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32959054","url_text":"\"Russian TV doc on 1968 invasion angers Czechs and Slovaks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Documentary On 'Helpful' 1968 Invasion Angers Czechs\". Radio Free Europe. 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rferl.org/content/russian-documentary-on-helpful-1968-invasion-angers-czechs/27047867.html","url_text":"\"Russian Documentary On 'Helpful' 1968 Invasion Angers Czechs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe","url_text":"Radio Free Europe"}]},{"reference":"Mortkowitz Bauerova, Ladka; Ponikelska, Lenka (1 June 2015). \"Russian 1968 Prague Spring Invasion Film Angers Czechs, Slovaks\". bloomberg.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-01/slovaks-condemn-russian-documentary-on-1968-warsaw-pact-invasion","url_text":"\"Russian 1968 Prague Spring Invasion Film Angers Czechs, Slovaks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of the Speaker of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic on the documentary film of the Russian television about the 1968 invasion\". Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic. 31 May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925213521/http://www.mzv.sk/servlet/content?MT=%2FApp%2FWCM%2Fmain.nsf%2Fvw_ByID%2FID_C0B1D004B5A332B2C1257627003301E7_EN&OpenDocument=Y&LANG=EN&TG=BlankMaster&URL=%2FApp%2FWCM%2FAktualit.nsf%2F%28vw_ByID%29%2FID_4E6407DFBF0FFE00C1257E570023F671","url_text":"\"Statement of the Speaker of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic on the documentary film of the Russian television about the 1968 invasion\""},{"url":"http://www.mzv.sk/servlet/content?MT=/App/WCM/main.nsf/vw_ByID/ID_C0B1D004B5A332B2C1257627003301E7_EN&OpenDocument=Y&LANG=EN&TG=BlankMaster&URL=/App/WCM/Aktualit.nsf/%28vw_ByID%29/ID_4E6407DFBF0FFE00C1257E570023F671","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ministr Zaorálek si předvolal velvyslance Ruské federace\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (in Czech). 2 June 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/zpravy/tiskovezpravy/Ministr-Zaoralek-si-predvolal-velvyslance-Ruske-federace-377799","url_text":"\"Ministr Zaorálek si předvolal velvyslance Ruské federace\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"We don't promote the English Queen's anniversary!!!\" \| EU vs Disinformation\". euvsdisinfo.eu. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://euvsdisinfo.eu/we-dont-promote-the-english-queens-anniversary/","url_text":"\"\"We don't promote the English Queen's anniversary!!!\" \| EU vs Disinformation\""}]},{"reference":"Macfarquhar, Neil; Rossback, Andrew (7 June 2017). \"How Russian Propaganda Spread From a Parody Website to Fox News\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/07/world/europe/anatomy-of-fake-news-russian-propaganda.html","url_text":"\"How Russian Propaganda Spread From a Parody Website to Fox News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Treasury Takes Sweeping Action Against Russia's War Efforts\". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0771","url_text":"\"U.S. Treasury Takes Sweeping Action Against Russia's War Efforts\""}]},{"reference":"Bella, Timothy (4 May 2022). \"Russian state TV shows simulation of Britain and Ireland wiped out by nuke\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/300579666/russian-state-tv-shows-simulation-of-britain-and-ireland-wiped-out-by-nuke","url_text":"\"Russian state TV shows simulation of Britain and Ireland wiped out by nuke\""}]},{"reference":"Gault, Matthew (22 April 2022). \"Russian TV Is Musing About Nuking New York City\". Vice.com. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/dypbvm/russian-tv-is-musing-about-nuking-new-york-city","url_text":"\"Russian TV Is Musing About Nuking New York City\""}]},{"reference":"Oates, P.P.C.S.; Oates, S. (2006). Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-134-17847-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9l8VHrTrMpwC&pg=PA18","url_text":"Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17847-6","url_text":"978-1-134-17847-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://russia.tv/","external_links_name":"russia.tv"},{"Link":"https://vgtrk.ru/russiatv","external_links_name":"vgtrk.ru/russiatv"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2SgdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"Russian Government and Politics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726160002/https://www.ng.ru/tv/2011-04-29/10_vesti.html","external_links_name":"\"Как это было. Подпольные новости превратились в федеральный канал\""},{"Link":"http://www.ng.ru/tv/2011-04-29/10_vesti.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rkn.gov.ru/mass-communications/reestr/media/?id=405802&page=","external_links_name":"Россия HD"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805122816/http://www.continent-tv.ru/continent-tv/news/3667165/","external_links_name":"\"Канал \"Россия HD\" — на \"Континент ТВ\" и \"Телекарте\"! \| Континент ТВ\""},{"Link":"http://www.continent-tv.ru/continent-tv/news/3667165/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rsoc.ru/mass-communications/reestr/media/?id=405802&page=","external_links_name":"Официальная регистрация свидетельства о СМИ телеканал «Россия HD» \| Роскомнадзор РФ"},{"Link":"https://gorbymedia.com/post/05-13-1991","external_links_name":"\"Рождение российских СМИ\""},{"Link":"https://utro.ru/articles/2001/02/16/511.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Джентльмены прощаются, но не уходят\""},{"Link":"https://archive.aif.ru/archive/1642032","external_links_name":"\"НОВОСТИ БЕЗ ПЕРЕДЫШКИ. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_grants_(USA)	Federal grants in the United States	["1 American definition","2 Types of grants","3 Information provided in grant applications","4 Criticism","5 Examples of grants by type","5.1 Block","5.2 Formulary","5.3 Categorical","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	United States federal government funding to state and local projects In the United States, federal grants are economic aid issued by the United States government out of the general federal revenue. A federal grant is an award of financial assistance from a federal agency to a recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States. Grants are federal assistance to individuals, benefits or entitlements. A grant is not used to acquire property or services for the federal government's direct benefit. Grants may also be issued by private non-profit organizations such as foundations, not-for-profit corporations or charitable trusts which are all collectively referred to as charities. Outside the United States grants, subventions or subsidies are used to in similar fashion by government or private charities to subsidize programs and projects that fit within the funding criteria of the grant-giving entity or donor. Grants can be unrestricted, to be used by the recipient in any fashion within the perimeter of the recipient organization's activities or they may be restricted to a specific purpose by the benefactor. American definition Federal grants are defined and governed by the Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act of 1977, as incorporated in Title 31 Section 6304 of the U.S. Code. A Federal grant is a: "...legal instrument reflecting the relationship between the United States Government and a State, a local government, or other entity when 1) the principal purpose of the relationship is to transfer a thing of value to the State or local government or other recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States instead of acquiring (by purchase, lease, or barter) property or services for the direct benefit or use of the United States Government; and 2) substantial involvement is not expected between the executive agency and the State, local government, or other recipient when carrying out the activity contemplated in the agreement." When an awarding agency expects to be substantially involved in a project (beyond routine monitoring and technical assistance), the law requires use of a cooperative agreement instead. When the government is procuring goods or services for its own direct benefit, and not for a broader public purpose, the law requires use of a federal contract. The preference for use of goods, products, and materials produced in, and services offered in, the United States which applies to federal procurement policy is also applied to the use of federal grants. Types of grants Categorical grants may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes and recipients often must match a portion of the federal funds. 33% of categorical grants are considered to be formula grants. About 90% of federal aid dollars are spent for categorical grants. Project grants are grants given by the government to fund research projects, such as a research project for medical purposes. An individual must acquire certain qualifications before applying for such a grant and the normal duration for project grants is three years. Formula grants provide funds as dictated by a law. Block grants are large grants provided from the federal government to state or local governments for use in a general purpose. Earmark grants are explicitly specified in appropriations of the U.S. Congress. They are not competitively awarded and have become highly controversial because of the heavy involvement of paid political lobbyists used in securing them. In FY1996 appropriations, the Congressional Research Service found 3,023 earmarks totaling $19.5 billion, while in FY2006 it found 12,852 earmarks totaling $64 billion. For charitable grants and funds for schools and organizations see: Grant writing and Grants. There are over 900 grant programs offered by the 26 federal grant-making agencies. These programs fall into 20 categories: Agriculture Arts Business and Commerce Community Development Consumer Protection Disaster Prevention and Relief Education Regional Development Employment, Labor, and Training Energy Environmental Quality Food and Nutrition Health Housing Humanities Information and Statistics Law, Justice, and Legal Services Natural Resources Science and Technology Social Services and Income Security Transportation Information provided in grant applications Award information in grants generally includes: Estimated funding Expected number of awards Anticipated award size Period of performance Eligibility information includes: Eligible applicants Cost sharing Criticism Federal and state grants frequently receive criticism due to what are perceived to be excessive regulations and not include opportunities for small business, as well as for often giving more money per person to smaller states regardless of population or need. These criticisms include problems of overlap, duplication, excessive categorization, insufficient information, varying requirements, arbitrary federal decision-making, and grantsmanship (a funding bias toward entities most familiar with how to exploit the system, rather than to those most in need). Research also suggests that federal grants are often allocated politically, with more money going to areas represented by the political party commanding a majority in Congress or that controls the presidency. Examples of grants by type Block Community Development Block Grant Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant (ADMS) Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant (SABG or SAPT) Community Mental Health Services Block Grant (MHBG or CMHS) Local Law Enforcement Block Grant National Institutes of Health for bioscience research National Science Foundation for physical science research Formulary Aid to Families with Dependent Children Job Training Partnership Act Categorical Head Start Program Magnet Schools Assistance Program See also Grant writing Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) Funding Opportunity Announcement Small Business Administration National Grants Management Association (NGMA) References ^ "31 U.S. Code § 6305 - Using cooperative agreements". LII / Legal Information Institute. ^ Biden, J., Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of America by All of America's Workers, Executive Order 14005, published 28 January 2021, accessed 3 November 2023 ^ - FederalGrants.com; definition of "block grant" ^ Jonathan Weisman (March 27, 2006). "Proposals Call For Disclosure of Ties to Lobbyists". Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2010. ^ Dynes, Adam M., and Gregory A. Huber. 2015. “Partisanship and the Allocation of Federal Spending: Do Same-Party Legislators or Voters Benefit from Shared Party Affiliation with the President and House Majority?” American Political Science Review 109 (1). Cambridge University Press: 172–86. doi:10.1017/S000305541400063X. ^ Kriner, Douglas L., and Andrew Reeves. 2015. The Particularistic President: Executive Branch Politics and Political Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139839341. ^ Napolio, Nicholas G. 2021. “Implementing Presidential Particularism: Bureaucracy and the Distribution of Federal Grants.” Political Science Research and Methods. Cambridge University Press, 1–11. doi:10.1017/psrm.2021.29. External links Grants.gov: Official U.S. government site for finding grants for non-profits Business.gov Loans and Grants Search: Find small business grants and loans from government agencies Presidential Initiative: Grants Management Line of Business ED.gov Federal Pell Grant Program: Official site for the federal pell grant	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government"},{"link_name":"grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"federal assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_assistance"},{"link_name":"benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"entitlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entitlement"},{"link_name":"Grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"non-profit organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(charity)"},{"link_name":"not-for-profit corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit_corporation"},{"link_name":"charitable trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust"},{"link_name":"charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charities"},{"link_name":"benefactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactor_(law)"}],"text":"United States federal government funding to state and local projectsIn the United States, federal grants are economic aid issued by the United States government out of the general federal revenue. A federal grant is an award of financial assistance from a federal agency to a recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States.Grants are federal assistance to individuals, benefits or entitlements. A grant is not used to acquire property or services for the federal government's direct benefit.Grants may also be issued by private non-profit organizations such as foundations, not-for-profit corporations or charitable trusts which are all collectively referred to as charities.Outside the United States grants, subventions or subsidies are used to in similar fashion by government or private charities to subsidize programs and projects that fit within the funding criteria of the grant-giving entity or donor. Grants can be unrestricted, to be used by the recipient in any fashion within the perimeter of the recipient organization's activities or they may be restricted to a specific purpose by the benefactor.","title":"Federal grants in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Title 31 Section 6304 of the U.S. Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/6304-"},{"link_name":"procuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Federal grants are defined and governed by the Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act of 1977, as incorporated in Title 31 Section 6304 of the U.S. Code. A Federal grant is a:\"...legal instrument reflecting the relationship between the United States Government and a State, a local government, or other entity when 1) the principal purpose of the relationship is to transfer a thing of value to the State or local government or other recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States instead of acquiring (by purchase, lease, or barter) property or services for the direct benefit or use of the United States Government; and 2) substantial involvement is not expected between the executive agency and the State, local government, or other recipient when carrying out the activity contemplated in the agreement.\"When an awarding agency expects to be substantially involved in a project (beyond routine monitoring and technical assistance), the law requires use of a cooperative agreement instead. When the government is procuring goods or services for its own direct benefit, and not for a broader public purpose, the law requires use of a federal contract.[1]The preference for use of goods, products, and materials produced in, and services offered in, the United States which applies to federal procurement policy is also applied to the use of federal grants.[2]","title":"American definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Categorical grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_grant"},{"link_name":"Formula grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_grant"},{"link_name":"Block grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_grant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Earmark grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)"},{"link_name":"appropriations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(law)"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"political lobbyists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"Congressional Research Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service"},{"link_name":"billion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Grant writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_writing"},{"link_name":"Grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"}],"text":"Categorical grants may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes and recipients often must match a portion of the federal funds. 33% of categorical grants are considered to be formula grants. About 90% of federal aid dollars are spent for categorical grants.\nProject grants are grants given by the government to fund research projects, such as a research project for medical purposes. An individual must acquire certain qualifications before applying for such a grant and the normal duration for project grants is three years.\nFormula grants provide funds as dictated by a law.\nBlock grants are large grants provided from the federal government to state or local governments for use in a general purpose.[3]\nEarmark grants are explicitly specified in appropriations of the U.S. Congress. They are not competitively awarded and have become highly controversial because of the heavy involvement of paid political lobbyists used in securing them. In FY1996 appropriations, the Congressional Research Service found 3,023 earmarks totaling $19.5 billion, while in FY2006 it found 12,852 earmarks totaling $64 billion.[4]For charitable grants and funds for schools and organizations see: Grant writing and Grants.There are over 900 grant programs offered by the 26 federal grant-making agencies. These programs fall into 20 categories:Agriculture\nArts\nBusiness and Commerce\nCommunity Development\nConsumer Protection\nDisaster Prevention and Relief\nEducation Regional Development\nEmployment, Labor, and Training\nEnergy\nEnvironmental Quality\nFood and Nutrition\nHealth\nHousing\nHumanities\nInformation and Statistics\nLaw, Justice, and Legal Services\nNatural Resources\nScience and Technology\nSocial Services and Income Security\nTransportation","title":"Types of grants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award"}],"text":"Award information in grants generally includes:Estimated funding\nExpected number of awards\nAnticipated award size\nPeriod of performanceEligibility information includes:Eligible applicants\nCost sharing","title":"Information provided in grant applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"small business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Federal and state grants frequently receive criticism due to what are perceived to be excessive regulations and not include opportunities for small business, as well as for often giving more money per person to smaller states regardless of population or need. These criticisms include problems of overlap, duplication, excessive categorization, insufficient information, varying requirements, arbitrary federal decision-making, and grantsmanship (a funding bias toward entities most familiar with how to exploit the system, rather than to those most in need). Research also suggests that federal grants are often allocated politically, with more money going to areas represented by the political party commanding a majority in Congress or that controls the presidency.[5][6][7]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples of grants by type"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community Development Block Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Development_Block_Grant"},{"link_name":"Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol,_Drug_Abuse,_and_Mental_Health_Services_Block_Grant"},{"link_name":"Local Law Enforcement Block Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Law_Enforcement_Block_Grant"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"}],"sub_title":"Block","text":"Community Development Block Grant\nAlcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant (ADMS)\nSubstance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant (SABG or SAPT)\nCommunity Mental Health Services Block Grant (MHBG or CMHS)\nLocal Law Enforcement Block Grant\nNational Institutes of Health for bioscience research\nNational Science Foundation for physical science research","title":"Examples of grants by type"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children"},{"link_name":"Job Training Partnership Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Training_Partnership_Act"}],"sub_title":"Formulary","text":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children\nJob Training Partnership Act","title":"Examples of grants by type"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Head Start Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Start_Program"},{"link_name":"Magnet Schools Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_Schools_Assistance_Program"}],"sub_title":"Categorical","text":"Head Start Program\nMagnet Schools Assistance Program","title":"Examples of grants by type"}]	[]	[{"title":"Grant writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_writing"},{"title":"Federally Funded Research and Development Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Funded_Research_and_Development_Center"},{"title":"Funding Opportunity Announcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_Opportunity_Announcement"},{"title":"Small Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Administration"},{"title":"National Grants Management Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grants_Management_Association"}]	[{"reference":"\"31 U.S. Code § 6305 - Using cooperative agreements\". 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Retrieved May 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/26/AR2006032600884.html","url_text":"\"Proposals Call For Disclosure of Ties to Lobbyists\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/6304-","external_links_name":"Title 31 Section 6304 of the U.S. Code"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/6305-","external_links_name":"\"31 U.S. Code § 6305 - Using cooperative agreements\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/28/2021-02038/ensuring-the-future-is-made-in-all-of-america-by-all-of-americas-workers","external_links_name":"Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of America by All of America's Workers"},{"Link":"http://www.federalgrants.com/block-grants.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/26/AR2006032600884.html","external_links_name":"\"Proposals Call For Disclosure of Ties to Lobbyists\""},{"Link":"http://www.grants.gov/","external_links_name":"Grants.gov"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081022135952/http://search.business.gov/startLoans.html","external_links_name":"Business.gov Loans and Grants Search"},{"Link":"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/omb/egov/c-6-3-grants.html","external_links_name":"Presidential Initiative:"},{"Link":"http://www.ed.gov/programs/fpg/","external_links_name":"ED.gov Federal Pell Grant Program"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_(2009_film)	Skin (2008 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Awards","4.1 Nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	2008 filmSkinTheatrical posterDirected byAnthony FabianWritten by Helen Crawley Anthony Fabian Jessie Keyt Helena Kriel Produced by Anthony Fabian Genevieve Hofmeyr Margaret Matheson Starring Sophie Okonedo Sam Neill Alice Krige CinematographyDewald AukemaJonathan PartridgeEdited bySt. John O'RorkeMusic byHelene MuddimanDistributed byBBC Films (United Kingdom)Release dates 7 September 2008 (2008-09-07) (TIFF) 24 July 2009 (2009-07-24) (United Kingdom) Running time107 minutesCountries South Africa United Kingdom LanguageEnglish Skin is a 2008 biographical drama film directed by Anthony Fabian. It is based on the book When She Was White: The True Story of a Family Divided by Race by Judith Stone, and the life of Sandra Laing, a South African woman born to white parents, who was classified as "Coloured" during the apartheid era, presumably due to a genetic case of atavism. Skin had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2008, and was released in the United Kingdom on 24 July 2009. Plot In 1965, 10-year-old Sandra Laing lives with her parents, Abraham and Sannie, who are white Afrikaners. They are shopkeepers in a remote area of the Eastern Transvaal and, despite Sandra's mixed-race appearance, have lovingly brought her up as their own. Sandra is sent to a boarding school in the neighbouring town of Piet Retief, where her brother Leon is also studying, but parents of other students and teachers complain that she does not belong there. She is examined by State officials, reclassified as coloured, and expelled from the school following a severe beating by one of the teachers. Sandra's parents are shocked, but Abraham fights through the courts to have the classification reversed. The story becomes an international scandal and media pressure forces the law to change so that Sandra is classified as officially white. At age 17, Sandra realizes she is never going to be accepted by the community. She falls in love with Petrus, a young black man and the local vegetable seller, and begins an illicit love affair. After Abraham threatens to shoot Petrus and disown Sandra, Sannie is torn between her husband's rage and her daughter's predicament. Sandra elopes with Petrus to Swaziland but Abraham alerts the police and has them arrested and put in prison for the illegal border crossing. Sandra is released by the local magistrate to return home with her parents, but she decides to return to Petrus, as she is pregnant with his child. Her father disowns her. Now Sandra must live her life as a coloured woman in South Africa for the first time, restricted to housing with no running water and no sanitation, and struggling on little income. Although she feels more at home in this community, she desperately misses her parents and yearns for a reunion. She and her mother make attempts to communicate but are consistently thwarted by Sandra's father. Late in his life, when he is too sick to act on his own, he reconsiders and asks his wife to take him to visit Sandra. Sandra's mother, angry that his new-found guilt had surfaced only after he had for 10 years stubbornly ignored her own emotional torment and longing for a reunion, refuses his request and says that neither of them deserves Sandra's forgiveness. Eventually, Sandra's marriage to Petrus deteriorates and he becomes physically abusive. She leaves him, taking their two children with her. Sandra looks for her parents but finds they had since moved from her childhood home. Not knowing where they are, Sandra continues with her life, raising her children by herself. When the country's apartheid government comes to an end, there is renewed interest in her story by the media. Sandra's mother sees Sandra interviewed on television and writes to her to tell her of her father's death two years earlier. The letter provides no return address nor any other clue as to Sannie's whereabouts, but receiving it prompts Sandra to renew her search. Eventually, she finds her mother living in a nursing home and the two are happily reunited. An epilogue tells that Sandra's mother died in 2001, and her two brothers continue to refuse to see her or her family. Cast Sophie Okonedo as Sandra Laing Ella Ramangwane as young Sandra Laing Sam Neill as Abraham Laing Alice Krige as Sannie Laing Tony Kgoroge as Petrus Zwane Terri Ann Eckstein as Elsie Laing Bongani Masondo as Henry Laing Jonathan Pienaar as Van Niekerk Hannes Brummer as Leon Laing Onida Cowan as Miss Van Uys Lauren Das Neves as Elize Reception Roger Ebert gave the film four stars. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three out of five stars. Awards Skin has won 19 international festival awards, including: Santa Barbara International Film Festival (Audience Award), Los Angeles Pan African Film Festival (Audience and Jury Awards), AFI Dallas International Film Festival (Audience Award), Palm Beach International Film Festival (Jury Award, Best Film), Rochester High Falls International Film Festival (Audience Award), Tri-Continental, South Africa (Audience Award), Bordeaux Cinema Science Film Festival (Grand Jury Prize, Best Film), Mediterrante Film Festival (Bari), Italy (Best Film), Belize International Film Festival (Audience Award), Moondance International Film Festival, USA (Best Score, Hélène Muddiman), Accolade Award For Excellence (Original Score Hélène Muddiman), United Nations Time For Peace Award (Voted by 21 UN Ambassadors), Amnesty International Humanitarian Award (Italy), Griffon Environmental Award, Giffoni Film Festival, Italy, Orange Film Prize, Ability Media International Awards, MAE Moseac Award for Best Independent Film, MAE Moseac Award for Best Actress (Sophie Okonedo), Bahamas International Film Festival, Rising Star Award, Sophie Okonedo. Nominations British Independent Film Awards 2009, Best Actress (Sophie Okonedo) NAACP Image Awards 2010 (Outstanding Foreign Film and Best Actress, Sophie Okonedo) Black Reel Awards 2010 (Sophie Okonedo, Best Actress) Political Film Society, (Best Film) Ivor Novello Awards (Best Score), Hélène Muddiman References ^ Dargis, Manohla (29 October 2009). "White to Colored and Back Again in Apartheid's Maze". The New York Times. ^ "Interview with Sandra Laing- Real Life Subject of Skin". ^ "Skin and Jesus and the Giant to screen at Toronto". ^ "Movie shows apartheid's cruelty and contradictions". Reuters. 12 September 2008. ^ "Skin movie review & film summary (2009) \| Roger Ebert". ^ "Film review: Skin". TheGuardian.com. 23 July 2009. External links Skin at IMDb Skin at Rotten Tomatoes Official website vteFilms directed by Anthony Fabian Skin (2008) Louder Than Words (2013) Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris (2022)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biographical drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_drama"},{"link_name":"Anthony Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fabian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sandra Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Laing"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_people"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_African"},{"link_name":"Coloured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coloureds"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"atavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"2008 filmSkin is a 2008 biographical drama film directed by Anthony Fabian. It is based on the book When She Was White: The True Story of a Family Divided by Race by Judith Stone,[1] and the life of Sandra Laing, a South African woman born to white parents, who was classified as \"Coloured\" during the apartheid era, presumably due to a genetic case of atavism.[2]Skin had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2008, and was released in the United Kingdom on 24 July 2009.[3][4]","title":"Skin (2008 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrikaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner"},{"link_name":"Eastern Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Transvaal"},{"link_name":"Piet Retief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief,_Mpumalanga"},{"link_name":"Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"}],"text":"In 1965, 10-year-old Sandra Laing lives with her parents, Abraham and Sannie, who are white Afrikaners. They are shopkeepers in a remote area of the Eastern Transvaal and, despite Sandra's mixed-race appearance, have lovingly brought her up as their own.Sandra is sent to a boarding school in the neighbouring town of Piet Retief, where her brother Leon is also studying, but parents of other students and teachers complain that she does not belong there. She is examined by State officials, reclassified as coloured, and expelled from the school following a severe beating by one of the teachers. Sandra's parents are shocked, but Abraham fights through the courts to have the classification reversed. The story becomes an international scandal and media pressure forces the law to change so that Sandra is classified as officially white.At age 17, Sandra realizes she is never going to be accepted by the community. She falls in love with Petrus, a young black man and the local vegetable seller, and begins an illicit love affair. After Abraham threatens to shoot Petrus and disown Sandra, Sannie is torn between her husband's rage and her daughter's predicament. Sandra elopes with Petrus to Swaziland but Abraham alerts the police and has them arrested and put in prison for the illegal border crossing. Sandra is released by the local magistrate to return home with her parents, but she decides to return to Petrus, as she is pregnant with his child. Her father disowns her.Now Sandra must live her life as a coloured woman in South Africa for the first time, restricted to housing with no running water and no sanitation, and struggling on little income. Although she feels more at home in this community, she desperately misses her parents and yearns for a reunion. She and her mother make attempts to communicate but are consistently thwarted by Sandra's father. Late in his life, when he is too sick to act on his own, he reconsiders and asks his wife to take him to visit Sandra. Sandra's mother, angry that his new-found guilt had surfaced only after he had for 10 years stubbornly ignored her own emotional torment and longing for a reunion, refuses his request and says that neither of them deserves Sandra's forgiveness.Eventually, Sandra's marriage to Petrus deteriorates and he becomes physically abusive. She leaves him, taking their two children with her. Sandra looks for her parents but finds they had since moved from her childhood home. Not knowing where they are, Sandra continues with her life, raising her children by herself.When the country's apartheid government comes to an end, there is renewed interest in her story by the media. Sandra's mother sees Sandra interviewed on television and writes to her to tell her of her father's death two years earlier. The letter provides no return address nor any other clue as to Sannie's whereabouts, but receiving it prompts Sandra to renew her search. Eventually, she finds her mother living in a nursing home and the two are happily reunited.An epilogue tells that Sandra's mother died in 2001, and her two brothers continue to refuse to see her or her family.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"},{"link_name":"Sandra Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Laing"},{"link_name":"Ella Ramangwane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ella_Ramangwane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Neill"},{"link_name":"Alice Krige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Krige"},{"link_name":"Tony Kgoroge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kgoroge"},{"link_name":"Terri Ann Eckstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terri_Ann_Eckstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bongani Masondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bongani_Masondo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pienaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pienaar"},{"link_name":"Hannes Brummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannes_Brummer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onida Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onida_Cowan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lauren Das Neves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Das_Neves&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Sophie Okonedo as Sandra Laing\nElla Ramangwane as young Sandra Laing\nSam Neill as Abraham Laing\nAlice Krige as Sannie Laing\nTony Kgoroge as Petrus Zwane\nTerri Ann Eckstein as Elsie Laing\nBongani Masondo as Henry Laing\nJonathan Pienaar as Van Niekerk\nHannes Brummer as Leon Laing\nOnida Cowan as Miss Van Uys\nLauren Das Neves as Elize","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Roger Ebert gave the film four stars.[5] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three out of five stars.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Barbara International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Pan African Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Dallas International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Rochester High Falls International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_High_Falls_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Moondance International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondance_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"Giffoni Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giffoni_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"},{"link_name":"Bahamas International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"}],"text":"Skin has won 19 international festival awards, including:Santa Barbara International Film Festival (Audience Award),\nLos Angeles Pan African Film Festival (Audience and Jury Awards),\nAFI Dallas International Film Festival (Audience Award),\nPalm Beach International Film Festival (Jury Award, Best Film),\nRochester High Falls International Film Festival (Audience Award),\nTri-Continental, South Africa (Audience Award),\nBordeaux Cinema Science Film Festival (Grand Jury Prize, Best Film),\nMediterrante Film Festival (Bari), Italy (Best Film),\nBelize International Film Festival (Audience Award),\nMoondance International Film Festival, USA (Best Score, Hélène Muddiman),\nAccolade Award For Excellence (Original Score Hélène Muddiman),\nUnited Nations Time For Peace Award (Voted by 21 UN Ambassadors),\nAmnesty International Humanitarian Award (Italy),\nGriffon Environmental Award,\nGiffoni Film Festival, Italy,\nOrange Film Prize,\nAbility Media International Awards,\nMAE Moseac Award for Best Independent Film, MAE Moseac Award for Best Actress (Sophie Okonedo),\nBahamas International Film Festival, Rising Star Award, Sophie Okonedo.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Independent Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards"},{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"},{"link_name":"Black Reel Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Reel_Awards"},{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"},{"link_name":"Ivor Novello Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards"}],"sub_title":"Nominations","text":"British Independent Film Awards 2009, Best Actress (Sophie Okonedo)\nNAACP Image Awards 2010 (Outstanding Foreign Film and Best Actress, Sophie Okonedo)\nBlack Reel Awards 2010 (Sophie Okonedo, Best Actress)\nPolitical Film Society, (Best Film)\nIvor Novello Awards (Best Score), Hélène Muddiman","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dargis, Manohla (29 October 2009). \"White to Colored and Back Again in Apartheid's Maze\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/30/movies/30skin.html","url_text":"\"White to Colored and Back Again in Apartheid's Maze\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Sandra Laing- Real Life Subject of Skin\".","urls":[{"url":"https://womenandhollywood.com/interview-with-sandra-laing-real-life-subject-of-skin-bc003afd4ec0/","url_text":"\"Interview with Sandra Laing- Real Life Subject of Skin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skin and Jesus and the Giant to screen at Toronto\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2008/september-2008/305-skin-and-jesus-and-the-giant-to-screen-at-toronto","url_text":"\"Skin and Jesus and the Giant to screen at Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Movie shows apartheid's cruelty and contradictions\". Reuters. 12 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toronto-skin-idUSN1126524220080912","url_text":"\"Movie shows apartheid's cruelty and contradictions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skin movie review & film summary (2009) \| Roger Ebert\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/skin-2009","url_text":"\"Skin movie review & film summary (2009) \| Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film review: Skin\". TheGuardian.com. 23 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jul/24/film-review-skin","url_text":"\"Film review: Skin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/30/movies/30skin.html","external_links_name":"\"White to Colored and Back Again in Apartheid's Maze\""},{"Link":"https://womenandhollywood.com/interview-with-sandra-laing-real-life-subject-of-skin-bc003afd4ec0/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Sandra Laing- Real Life Subject of Skin\""},{"Link":"http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2008/september-2008/305-skin-and-jesus-and-the-giant-to-screen-at-toronto","external_links_name":"\"Skin and Jesus and the Giant to screen at Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toronto-skin-idUSN1126524220080912","external_links_name":"\"Movie shows apartheid's cruelty and contradictions\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/skin-2009","external_links_name":"\"Skin movie review & film summary (2009) \| Roger Ebert\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jul/24/film-review-skin","external_links_name":"\"Film review: Skin\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0964586/","external_links_name":"Skin"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10011284-skin","external_links_name":"Skin"},{"Link":"http://www.skinthemovie.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Science	Chico Science	["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Legacy","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]	For the Filipino rock group, see Chicosci. "Loustal" redirects here. For the French comics artist, see Jacques de Loustal. Chico ScienceChico Science in 1993.Background informationBirth nameFrancisco de Assis FrançaBorn(1966-03-13)March 13, 1966Olinda, Pernambuco, BrazilOriginOlinda, BrazilDiedFebruary 2, 1997(1997-02-02) (aged 30)Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilGenresManguebeat, post-punk, brazilian rock, punk rockOccupation(s)Singer, songwriterInstrument(s)VoiceYears active1980–1997LabelsSony MusicMusical artist Francisco de Assis França (March 13, 1966 – February 2, 1997), better known as Chico Science, was a Brazilian singer and composer and one of the founders of the manguebeat cultural movement. He died in a car accident in 1997 in Recife, Pernambuco, at the age of 30. Biography Francisco de Assis França was born in the Rio Doce neighbourhood of Olinda, Pernambuco, in Brazil's Northeast Region. As a little boy he would sell crabs that he caught himself in the city's mangrove swamps. He became the lead singer and major creative driving force of the groundbreaking Mangue Bit band called Chico Science & Nação Zumbi (CSNZ). Influenced by such musicians as James Brown, Grandmaster Flash and Kurtis Blow, their music cleverly fused rock, funk, and hip hop with maracatu and other traditional rhythms of Brazil's Northeast. World music critics found his music "original and distinctive of his region." Chico had a powerful stage presence that was compared by some to that of Jimi Hendrix. Around 1991, Chico Science, along with singer Fred 04 of the band Mundo Livre S/A, founded the Mangue Bit cultural movement in response to dire economic and cultural stagnation in Recife and Olinda. CSNZ made their US debut at New York's Central Park Summerstage in 1995, opening for Gilberto Gil, with whom he collaborated during the encore. While in NY, they also performed additional shows at CBGB's, SOB's and at Bryant Park as part of the JVC Jazz Festival, on a bill with the Ohio Players. Chico Science & Nação Zumbi toured several times in Europe and brought massive attention to the new generation of Brazilian artists in the 1990s. With only two full albums released during his lifetime, 'Da Lama Ao Caos' ('From Mud To Chaos) and 'Afrociberdelia', his influence and vision became the foundation to a whole new generation of musicians in Brazil. At the time of his death, The New York Times said he was "widely hailed as the future of Brazilian music." The Governor of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco declared three days of mourning. In 1996, Chico Science contributed Maracatu Atômico along with Nação Zumbi to the AIDS-Benefit Album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. Nação Zumbi have continued to record and tour internationally after Chico's death. Death Chico Science died in a car accident on February 2, 1997. He lost control of his Fiat Uno and hit a side light post after another car cut him off. He was rescued alive but he did not survive his injuries. He was buried on February 3 in Cemitério de Santo Amaro located in Recife. 10 years after his death, his family was compensated by Fiat due to a failure in the seatbelt that could have saved his life. Legacy In 2008, Rolling Stone Brasil ranked Chico Science as the 16th greatest Brazilian artist in their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time in Brazilian music Discography 1994: Da lama ao caos 1996: Afrociberdelia 1998: CSNZ (posthumous) References ^ "Chico Science". Cliquemusic (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ L, Renato. "Biografia". Memorial Chico Science (in Portuguese). Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ Sweeney, Philip (February 12, 1997). "Obituary: Chico Science". The Independent. ^ a b Pareles, Jon (February 5, 1997). "Chico Science, 30, Brazilian Pop Music Star". The New York Times. ^ "Chico Science Died in a Car Accident". UOL. Retrieved March 4, 2020. ^ "Chico Science é enterrado em Recife". Folha Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 4, 2020. ^ "Dez anos após morte, família de Chico Science recebe indenização". Folha Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved December 10, 2021. ^ Snowder, Don. "Da lama ao caos". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ Snowder, Don. "Afrociberdelia". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ Snowder, Don. "CSNZ". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2010. Sneed, P. M. (2019). The Coexistentialism of Chico Science and Brazil's Manguebeat. Latin American Research Review, 54(3), 651–664. DOI: http://doi.org/10.25222/larr.451 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chico Science. Channel Chico Science Memorial Chico Science Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicosci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicosci"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Loustal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Loustal"},{"link_name":"manguebeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manguebeat"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cliquemusic-1"}],"text":"For the Filipino rock group, see Chicosci.\"Loustal\" redirects here. For the French comics artist, see Jacques de Loustal.Musical artistFrancisco de Assis França (March 13, 1966 – February 2, 1997), better known as Chico Science, was a Brazilian singer and composer and one of the founders of the manguebeat cultural movement. He died in a car accident in 1997 in Recife, Pernambuco, at the age of 30.[1]","title":"Chico Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio Doce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Doce,_Olinda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinda"},{"link_name":"Northeast Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renatol-2"},{"link_name":"Mangue Bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangue_Bit"},{"link_name":"Chico Science & Nação Zumbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Science_%26_Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Zumbi"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash"},{"link_name":"Kurtis Blow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtis_Blow"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"maracatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracatu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Fred 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_04"},{"link_name":"Mundo Livre S/A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Livre_S/A"},{"link_name":"Mangue Bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangue_Bit"},{"link_name":"Summerstage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerstage"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil"},{"link_name":"CBGB's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBGB%27s"},{"link_name":"Bryant Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_Park"},{"link_name":"Ohio Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Players"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Nação Zumbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Zumbi"},{"link_name":"Red Hot + Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_%2B_Rio"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization"},{"link_name":"Nação Zumbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Zumbi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Francisco de Assis França was born in the Rio Doce neighbourhood of Olinda, Pernambuco, in Brazil's Northeast Region. As a little boy he would sell crabs that he caught himself in the city's mangrove swamps.[2]He became the lead singer and major creative driving force of the groundbreaking Mangue Bit band called Chico Science & Nação Zumbi (CSNZ). Influenced by such musicians as James Brown, Grandmaster Flash and Kurtis Blow, their music cleverly fused rock, funk, and hip hop with maracatu and other traditional rhythms of Brazil's Northeast. World music critics found his music \"original and distinctive of his region.\"[3] Chico had a powerful stage presence that was compared by some to that of Jimi Hendrix.[who?]Around 1991, Chico Science, along with singer Fred 04 of the band Mundo Livre S/A, founded the Mangue Bit cultural movement in response to dire economic and cultural stagnation in Recife and Olinda. CSNZ made their US debut at New York's Central Park Summerstage in 1995, opening for Gilberto Gil, with whom he collaborated during the encore. While in NY, they also performed additional shows at CBGB's, SOB's and at Bryant Park as part of the JVC Jazz Festival, on a bill with the Ohio Players.[citation needed]Chico Science & Nação Zumbi toured several times in Europe and brought massive attention to the new generation of Brazilian artists in the 1990s. With only two full albums released during his lifetime, 'Da Lama Ao Caos' ('From Mud To Chaos) and 'Afrociberdelia', his influence and vision became the foundation to a whole new generation of musicians in Brazil.[citation needed] At the time of his death, The New York Times said he was \"widely hailed as the future of Brazilian music.\"[4] The Governor of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco declared three days of mourning.[4]In 1996, Chico Science contributed Maracatu Atômico along with Nação Zumbi to the AIDS-Benefit Album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. Nação Zumbi have continued to record and tour internationally after Chico's death.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiat Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Uno"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chico_science_death-5"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chico_science_buried-6"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chico_science_seatbelt_failure-7"}],"text":"Chico Science died in a car accident on February 2, 1997. He lost control of his Fiat Uno and hit a side light post after another car cut him off. He was rescued alive but he did not survive his injuries.[5] He was buried on February 3 in Cemitério de Santo Amaro located in Recife.[6] 10 years after his death, his family was compensated by Fiat due to a failure in the seatbelt that could have saved his life.[7]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2008, Rolling Stone Brasil ranked Chico Science as the 16th greatest Brazilian artist in their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time in Brazilian music","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Da lama ao caos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_lama_ao_caos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalamaaocaos-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afrociberdelia-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"1994: Da lama ao caos[8]\n1996: Afrociberdelia[9]\n1998: CSNZ (posthumous)[10]","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chico Science\". Cliquemusic (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014072420/http://cliquemusic.uol.com.br/artistas/ver/chico-science","url_text":"\"Chico Science\""},{"url":"http://cliquemusic.uol.com.br/artistas/ver/chico-science","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"L, Renato. \"Biografia\". Memorial Chico Science (in Portuguese). Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/chicoscience","url_text":"\"Biografia\""}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Philip (February 12, 1997). \"Obituary: Chico Science\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/obituary-chico-science-1278220.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Chico Science\""}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (February 5, 1997). \"Chico Science, 30, Brazilian Pop Music Star\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/05/arts/chico-science-30-brazilian-pop-music-star.html","url_text":"\"Chico Science, 30, Brazilian Pop Music Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chico Science Died in a Car Accident\". UOL. Retrieved March 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/cult/cu02022.htm","url_text":"\"Chico Science Died in a Car Accident\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chico Science é enterrado em Recife\". Folha Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/cult/cu03021.htm","url_text":"\"Chico Science é enterrado em Recife\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dez anos após morte, família de Chico Science recebe indenização\". Folha Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved December 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u131283.shtml","url_text":"\"Dez anos após morte, família de Chico Science recebe indenização\""}]},{"reference":"Snowder, Don. \"Da lama ao caos\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r273512","url_text":"\"Da lama ao caos\""}]},{"reference":"Snowder, Don. \"Afrociberdelia\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r273511","url_text":"\"Afrociberdelia\""}]},{"reference":"Snowder, Don. \"CSNZ\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r515333","url_text":"\"CSNZ\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014072420/http://cliquemusic.uol.com.br/artistas/ver/chico-science","external_links_name":"\"Chico Science\""},{"Link":"http://cliquemusic.uol.com.br/artistas/ver/chico-science","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/chicoscience","external_links_name":"\"Biografia\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/obituary-chico-science-1278220.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Chico Science\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/05/arts/chico-science-30-brazilian-pop-music-star.html","external_links_name":"\"Chico Science, 30, Brazilian Pop Music Star\""},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/cult/cu02022.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chico Science Died in a Car Accident\""},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/cult/cu03021.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chico Science é enterrado em Recife\""},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u131283.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Dez anos após morte, família de Chico Science recebe indenização\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r273512","external_links_name":"\"Da lama ao caos\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r273511","external_links_name":"\"Afrociberdelia\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r515333","external_links_name":"\"CSNZ\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.451","external_links_name":"http://doi.org/10.25222/larr.451"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/evertonestevao","external_links_name":"Channel Chico Science"},{"Link":"http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/chicoscience/","external_links_name":"Memorial Chico Science"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/460016/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000117473339","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/16869310","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd3gDJCM73FhJv4KqJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1693024","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142941077","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001017411","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d4b0112d-f8aa-4880-a6c3-ab0ea94943a9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_redistricting_cycle	1980 United States redistricting cycle	["1 U.S. House districts","2 References","3 See also"]	The 1980 United States redistricting cycle took place following the completion of the 1980 United States census. In all fifty states, various bodies re-drew state legislative and congressional districts. States that are apportioned more than one seat in the United States House of Representatives also drew new districts for that legislative body. The resulting new districts were first implemented for the 1981 and 1982 elections. U.S. House districts Eliminated districts Created districts Illinois 23 Illinois 24 Indiana 11 Massachusetts 12 Michigan 19 Missouri 10 Nevada at-large New Jersey 15 New York 35 New York 36 New York 37 New York 38 New York 39 Ohio 22 Ohio's 23 Pennsylvania 24 Pennsylvania 25 South Dakota 1 South Dakota 2 Arizona 5 California 44 California 45 Colorado 6 Florida 16 Florida 17 Florida 18 Florida 19 New Mexico 3 Nevada 1 Nevada 2 Oregon 5 South Dakota at-large Tennessee 9 Texas 25 Texas 26 Texas 27 Utah 3 Washington 8 References ^ Roberts, Steven V. (November 4, 1982). "DEMOCRATS REGAIN CONTROL IN HOUSE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 29, 2022. See also Redistricting in the United States vteRedistricting in the United StatesBy cycle 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 By state Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Georgia Michigan North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Texas (2003) Virginia Washington Wisconsin Organizations National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Republican Redistricting Trust REDMAP Related articles Case law Congressional apportionment Gerrymandering Redistricting commission	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1980 United States redistricting cycle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U.S. House districts"}]	[]	[{"title":"Redistricting in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Redistricting_(US)"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Redistricting_(US)"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Redistricting_(US)"},{"title":"Redistricting in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting"},{"title":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"title":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"title":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"title":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"title":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"title":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"title":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Alabama"},{"title":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Arizona"},{"title":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Arkansas"},{"title":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_California"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"title":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Michigan"},{"title":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_North_Carolina"},{"title":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Ohio"},{"title":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Pennsylvania"},{"title":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Texas"},{"title":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Texas_redistricting"},{"title":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Virginia"},{"title":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Redistricting_Commission"},{"title":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin"},{"title":"National Democratic Redistricting Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee"},{"title":"National Republican Redistricting Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust"},{"title":"REDMAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REDMAP"},{"title":"Case law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_electoral_redistricting_case_law"},{"title":"Congressional apportionment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment"},{"title":"Gerrymandering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Redistricting commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_commission"}]	[{"reference":"Roberts, Steven V. (November 4, 1982). \"DEMOCRATS REGAIN CONTROL IN HOUSE\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/04/us/democrats-regain-control-in-house.html","url_text":"\"DEMOCRATS REGAIN CONTROL IN HOUSE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/04/us/democrats-regain-control-in-house.html","external_links_name":"\"DEMOCRATS REGAIN CONTROL IN HOUSE\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trev%C3%A9lez	Trevélez	["1 Photo gallery","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°0′N 3°16′W / 37.000°N 3.267°W / 37.000; -3.267For the river, see Trevélez (river). Municipality in Andalusia, SpainTrevélezMunicipalityThe approach to Trevélez from the west FlagCoat of armsLocation of TrevélezTrevélezLocation in SpainCoordinates: 37°0′N 3°16′W / 37.000°N 3.267°W / 37.000; -3.267Country SpainAutonomous community AndalusiaProvinceGranadaComarcaAlpujarrasJudicial districtÓrgivaGovernment • AlcaldeAntonio González Álvarez (2007) (PSOE)Area • Total91 km2 (35 sq mi)Elevation1,476 m (4,843 ft)Population (2018) • Total742 • Density8.2/km2 (21/sq mi)Demonym(s)Treveleño, -ñaTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code18417Official language(s)Spanish Trevélez (pronounced ) is a village in the province of Granada, Spain. Its population in 2011 was estimated at 823. The river Trevélez flows through the village. They are located in the western part of the Alpujarras region. Two of the highest mountains in Spain, Mulhacén and Alcazaba, are just to the north of the village, a few hours' walk away. Located at a height of 1486 metres, Trevélez is not the highest recognised municipality in Spain. That honour goes to Valdelinares located in the Sierra de Gúdar range of the Sistema Ibérico, in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. It lies at the confluence of the Río Trevélez with a smaller stream, to the southwest of Mulhacén, the highest peak of the Sierra Nevada and of the Iberian peninsula. The village lies to the west of the Río Trevélez. It is divided into three parts, the Barrios Bajo, Medio and Alto (lower, mid and upper quarters), with 200 metres of altitude difference between the highest and lowest points. The only bridge over the river is in the Barrio Bajo. The Barrio Bajo is a significant tourist centre, while the Barrios Medio and Alto are more typically Alpujarran in style, though tourism is important to the economy of the entire village. To the west, the nearest village is Busquístar; the road through the Bajo Barrio continues to the east and south to Juviles and Torvizcón. There is a regular bus service along this road, linking the village to the regional centres of Lanjarón and Órgiva as well as the provincial capital, Granada. Trevélez is famous for the quality of its air-cured hams, a speciality throughout the Alpujarras but particularly associated with the village, because the dry climate due to its altitude makes for ideal conditions for storing them. Trevélez celebrates the day of the Virgen de Las Nieves (Virgin of the Snows - see article in external links) in the summer months. On this day the virgin is carried to the summit of Mulhacén and a mass is celebrated. The traditional belief is that this will keep travellers safe in the Sierra Nevada for another year. Photo gallery Mirador de Trevélez: view from the West View from the North Terrace housing Trevelez as seen from the west side Shops in Trevelez Trevelez from Peñabon mountain One of streets in Trevelez References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trevélez. vteMunicipalities in the province of Granada Agrón Alamedilla Albolote Albondón Albuñán Albuñol Albuñuelas Aldeire Alfacar Algarinejo Alhama de Granada Alhendín Alicún de Ortega Almegíjar Almuñécar Alpujarra de la Sierra Alquife Arenas del Rey Armilla Atarfe Baza Beas de Granada Beas de Guadix Benalúa Benalúa de las Villas Benamaurel Bérchules Bubión Busquístar Cacín Cádiar Cájar La Calahorra Calicasas Campotéjar Cáñar Caniles Capileira Carataunas Cástaras Castilléjar Castril Cenes de la Vega Chauchina Chimeneas Churriana de la Vega Cijuela Cogollos de Guadix Cogollos Vega Colomera Cortes de Baza Cortes y Graena Cuevas del Campo Cúllar Cúllar Vega Darro Dehesas de Guadix Dehesas Viejas Deifontes Diezma Dílar Dólar Domingo Pérez de Granada Dúdar Dúrcal Escúzar Ferreira Fonelas Fornes Freila Fuente Vaqueros Las Gabias Galera Gobernador Gójar Gor Gorafe Granada Guadahortuna Guadix Los Guájares Gualchos Güéjar Sierra Güevéjar Huélago Huéneja Huéscar Huétor Santillán Huétor-Tájar Huétor Vega Íllora Ítrabo Iznalloz Játar Jayena Jérez del Marquesado Jete Jun Juviles Láchar Lanjarón Lanteira Lecrín Lentegí Lobras Loja Lugros Lújar La Malahá Maracena Marchal Moclín Molvízar Monachil Montefrío Montejícar Montillana Moraleda de Zafayona Morelábor Motril Murtas Nevada Nigüelas Nívar Ogíjares Orce Órgiva Otívar El Padul Pampaneira Pedro Martínez Peligros La Peza El Pinar Píñar Pinos Genil Pinos Puente Polícar Polopos Pórtugos Puebla de Don Fadrique Pulianas Purullena Quéntar Rubite Salar Salobreña Santa Cruz del Comercio Santa Fe Soportújar Sorvilán La Taha Torre-Cardela Torrenueva Costa Torvizcón Trevélez Turón Ugíjar Valderrubio El Valle Valle del Zalabí Válor Vegas del Genil Vélez de Benaudalla Ventas de Huelma Villa de Otura Villamena Villanueva Mesía Villanueva de las Torres Víznar Zafarraya Zagra La Zubia Zújar Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain This article about a location in the province of Granada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trevélez (river)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trev%C3%A9lez_(river)"},{"link_name":"[tɾeˈβeleθ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"province of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Trevélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trev%C3%A9lez_(river)"},{"link_name":"Alpujarras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpujarras"},{"link_name":"Mulhacén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Alcazaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcazaba_(Sierra_Nevada)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Río Trevélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Trev%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Busquístar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busqu%C3%ADstar"},{"link_name":"Juviles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juviles"},{"link_name":"Torvizcón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torvizc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Lanjarón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanjar%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Órgiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rgiva"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"hams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham#Spain"}],"text":"For the river, see Trevélez (river).Municipality in Andalusia, SpainTrevélez (pronounced [tɾeˈβeleθ]) is a village in the province of Granada, Spain. Its population in 2011 was estimated at 823. The river Trevélez flows through the village. They are located in the western part of the Alpujarras region.\nTwo of the highest mountains in Spain, Mulhacén and Alcazaba, are just to the north of the village, a few hours' walk away.Located at a height of 1486 metres[citation needed], Trevélez is not the highest recognised municipality in Spain[citation needed]. That honour goes to Valdelinares[citation needed] located in the Sierra de Gúdar range of the Sistema Ibérico, in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. It lies at the confluence of the Río Trevélez with a smaller stream, to the southwest of Mulhacén, the highest peak of the Sierra Nevada and of the Iberian peninsula. The village lies to the west of the Río Trevélez. It is divided into three parts, the Barrios Bajo, Medio and Alto (lower, mid and upper quarters), with 200 metres of altitude difference between the highest and lowest points. The only bridge over the river is in the Barrio Bajo. The Barrio Bajo is a significant tourist centre, while the Barrios Medio and Alto are more typically Alpujarran in style, though tourism is important to the economy of the entire village. To the west, the nearest village is Busquístar; the road through the Bajo Barrio continues to the east and south to Juviles and Torvizcón. There is a regular bus service along this road, linking the village to the regional centres of Lanjarón and Órgiva as well as the provincial capital, Granada.Trevélez is famous for the quality of its air-cured hams, a speciality throughout the Alpujarras but particularly associated with the village, because the dry climate due to its altitude makes for ideal conditions for storing them.Trevélez celebrates the day of the Virgen de Las Nieves (Virgin of the Snows - see article in external links) in the summer months. On this day the virgin is carried to the summit of Mulhacén and a mass is celebrated. The traditional belief is that this will keep travellers safe in the Sierra Nevada for another year.","title":"Trevélez"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirador_de_Trev%C3%A9lez_(DSCF5028-DSCF5043).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trev%C3%A9lez_viewed_from_the_North_(DSCF4927).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoyLindmanTrevelez_004.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoyLindmanTrevelez_006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trevelez_03.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trevelez_18.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trevelez_11.JPG"}],"text":"Mirador de Trevélez: view from the West\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from the North\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTerrace housing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrevelez as seen from the west side\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShops in Trevelez\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrevelez from Peñabon mountain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of streets in Trevelez","title":"Photo gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trev%C3%A9lez&params=37_0_N_3_16_W_region:ES_type:city","external_links_name":"37°0′N 3°16′W / 37.000°N 3.267°W / 37.000; -3.267"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trev%C3%A9lez&params=37_0_N_3_16_W_region:ES_type:city","external_links_name":"37°0′N 3°16′W / 37.000°N 3.267°W / 37.000; -3.267"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316734990","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX461505","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trev%C3%A9lez&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrabati_Devi	Chandrabati Devi	["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Indian actress Chandrabati DeviChandrabati Devi and Pramathesh Barua in Devdas (1935)Born(1909-10-19)19 October 1909Bihar, IndiaDied29 April 1992(1992-04-29) (aged 82)Kolkata, IndiaOccupationActressKnown forPujarin (1936) Agni Pareeksha (1954)Raja-Saja (1960)SpouseBimal Pal Chandrabati Devi (19 October 1909 – 29 April 1992) was an Indian actress who appeared in Hindi as well as Bengali cinema. She is best known for her role as Chandramukhi in the 1935 cult classic Devdas. Chandrabati Devi made her film debut in a 1929 silent film Piyari and was catapulted to stardom after she portrayed the role of Meera in Debaki Bose's cult classic Meerabai (1933). Filmography Ami Ratan (1979) Praner Thakur Ramkrishna (1977) as Bhairabi Maa Rodanbhara Basanta (1974) Kayahiner Kahini (1973) Agnibhramar (1973) Ami Sirajer Begam (1973) Bigyan O Bidhata (1973) Chhinnapatra (1972) Naya Michhil (1972) Jiban Jigyasa (1971) Atattar Din Pare (1971) Fariyad (1971) Rajkanya (1965) Kantatar (1964) Sakher Chor (1960) Raja Saja (1960) Indradhanu (1960) Bicharak (1959) Marutirtha Hinglaj (1959) as Jogini Maa Deep Jwele Jai (1959) E Jahar Se Jahar Noy (1959) Raater Andhakare (1959) Sashibabur Sansar (1959) Indrani (1958) Parash Pathar (1958) as herself(guest appearance) Lilakanka (1958) Marmabani (1958) Jiban Trishna (1957) Pathe Holo Deri (1957) Chandranath (1957) Harano Sur (1957) Taser Ghar (1957) Prithibi Amare Chay (1957) Abhishek (1957) Madhabir Janya (1957) Panchatapa (1957) Srimatir Sansar (1957) Tamasa (1957) Tapasi (1957) Putrabadhu (1956) Trijama (1956) Ekti Raat (1956) Laksha Heera (1956) Dui Purush (1945) Priyo Bandhobi (1943) Protishruti (1941)- as Sumitra,a society woman Shuktara (1940) Devdas (1935) -as Chandramukhi Meerabai (1933)-as Meera References ^ "Chandrabati Devi profile". in.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Chandrabati Devi movies". onlinewatchmovies.co. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Chandrabati Devi Movies Online". ibollytv.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Movies of Chandrabati Devi". fridaycinemas.co. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Artist Chandrabati Debi". Saregama. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Chandrabati Devi movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ^ "Chandrabati Devi". filmweb.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Actress Chandrabati Devi". moviebuff.com. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Chandrabati Debi artist". flipkart.com. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Filmografia di Chandrabati Devi". mymovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Chandrabati Devi". mubi.com. Retrieved 1 October 2015. External links Chandrabati Devi at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Devdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Meera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meera"},{"link_name":"Debaki Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debaki_Bose"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chandrabati Devi (19 October 1909 – 29 April 1992)[citation needed] was an Indian actress who appeared in Hindi as well as Bengali cinema.[4][5][6] She is best known for her role as Chandramukhi in the 1935 cult classic Devdas.[citation needed]Chandrabati Devi made her film debut in a 1929 silent film Piyari and was catapulted to stardom after she portrayed the role of Meera in Debaki Bose's cult classic Meerabai (1933).[citation needed]","title":"Chandrabati Devi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rajkanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkanya_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Sakher Chor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakher_Chor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Raja Saja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Saja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bicharak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicharak"},{"link_name":"Marutirtha Hinglaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marutirtha_Hinglaj"},{"link_name":"Indrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrani_(film)"},{"link_name":"Parash Pathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parash_Pathar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jiban Trishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiban_Trishna"},{"link_name":"Pathe Holo Deri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathe_Holo_Deri"},{"link_name":"Harano Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harano_Sur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Putrabadhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrabadhu"},{"link_name":"Trijama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijama"},{"link_name":"Ekti Raat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekti_Raat"},{"link_name":"Laksha Heera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laksha_Heera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Protishruti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protishruti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Devdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Chandramukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandramukhi"},{"link_name":"Meerabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerabai"}],"text":"Ami Ratan (1979)\nPraner Thakur Ramkrishna (1977)[7] as Bhairabi Maa\nRodanbhara Basanta (1974)\nKayahiner Kahini (1973)\nAgnibhramar (1973)\nAmi Sirajer Begam (1973)\nBigyan O Bidhata (1973)\nChhinnapatra (1972)\nNaya Michhil (1972)\nJiban Jigyasa (1971)\nAtattar Din Pare (1971)\nFariyad (1971)\nRajkanya (1965)\nKantatar (1964)\nSakher Chor (1960)[8]\nRaja Saja (1960)\nIndradhanu (1960)\nBicharak (1959)\nMarutirtha Hinglaj (1959) as Jogini Maa\nDeep Jwele Jai (1959)\nE Jahar Se Jahar Noy (1959)\nRaater Andhakare (1959)\nSashibabur Sansar (1959)\nIndrani (1958)\nParash Pathar (1958)[9] as herself(guest appearance)\nLilakanka (1958)\nMarmabani (1958)\nJiban Trishna (1957)\nPathe Holo Deri (1957)\nChandranath (1957)\nHarano Sur (1957)\nTaser Ghar (1957)\nPrithibi Amare Chay (1957)\nAbhishek (1957)\nMadhabir Janya (1957)[10]\nPanchatapa (1957)\nSrimatir Sansar (1957)[11]\nTamasa (1957)\nTapasi (1957)\nPutrabadhu (1956)\nTrijama (1956)\nEkti Raat (1956)\nLaksha Heera (1956)\nDui Purush (1945)\nPriyo Bandhobi (1943)\nProtishruti (1941)- as Sumitra,a society woman\nShuktara (1940)\nDevdas (1935) -as Chandramukhi\nMeerabai (1933)-as Meera","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chandrabati Devi profile\". in.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Faces_of_Dr._Jekyll	The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 Potential Remake","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	1960 British film by Terence Fisher This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Two Faces of Dr. JekyllAustralian theatrical release posterDirected byTerence FisherScreenplay byWolf MankowitzBased onStrange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hydeby Robert Louis StevensonProduced byMichael CarrerasStarringPaul MassieDawn AddamsChristopher LeeDavid KossoffFrancis de WolffCinematographyJack AsherEdited byEric Boyd-PerkinsJames NeedsMusic byDavid HenekerJohn HollingsworthMonty NormanProductioncompanyHammer Film ProductionsDistributed byColumbia Pictures (U.K.)American International Pictures (U.S.)Release dates 24 October 1960 (1960-10-24) (U.K.) 3 May 1961 (1961-05-03) (U.S.) Running time88 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget£146,417 The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (also known as Doctor Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. U.S. titles: House of Fright and Jekyll's Inferno) is a 1960 British horror film directed by Terence Fisher and starring Paul Massie, Dawn Addams, Christopher Lee and David Kossoff. It was produced by Michael Carreras for Hammer Film Productions. The screenplay was by Wolf Mankowitz, based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. In contrast to other film versions, Jekyll was portrayed as a rather bland and faceless person, while Hyde was presented as suave and handsome. This reflects director Fisher's belief in what critics (such as biographer Wheeler Winston Dixon) called "the charm of evil". The film is unusual in that it was one of the few adaptations of the story where the Jekyll/Hyde character does not die in the story's conclusion. It is also set 12 years before the publication of Stevenson's novella. The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll was released in North America to theaters by American International Pictures under the titles House of Fright and Jekyll's Inferno and on American TV under its original British title. Plot In London in 1874, Dr. Henry Jekyll's wife, Kitty, is secretly involved with his friend Paul Allen (who frequently borrows money from Jekyll). Ignoring the warnings of his colleague and friend Dr. Ernst Littauer, the middle-aged, mild-mannered Jekyll concocts a chemical potion which he hopes will help him learn the depths of the human mind. By testing the potion on himself, he transforms into Mr. Edward Hyde, a young and handsome but also murderous and lecherous man. Soon, Hyde becomes bored with conventional debauchery and when he sets his eyes on Kitty, he decides he must have her. When Kitty rejects him, Hyde rapes her and leaves her unconscious. When Kitty wakes up in the bed, she immediately notices that Hyde has scratched her neck in various places. Distressed, Kitty walks over to the table, where she finds a note written to her. When Kitty goes into the other room looking for Paul, she looks in to find out that her lover has been bitten by a venomous snake, which Hyde had locked in a room with him. To Kitty's misfortune, Paul is dead. Kitty walks over to the patio, puts her leg over the balcony, covers her ears in response to the loud music playing from the party and allows herself to fall off the balcony and through the glass roof covering the party guests. Hyde then kills Maria, an exotic dancer he had been having an affair with, in Jekyll's house. The next day, Jekyll is horrified to learn of what Hyde has done. After speaking to his other half via a mirror, Jekyll turns uncontrollably into Hyde. Hyde then kills a man in Jekyll's laboratory by shooting him in the back and sets his body up at a desk in order to frame his other self for his crimes. Hyde then sets fire to the laboratory as the police arrive. Via a window, Hyde pretends that Jekyll is trying to kill him as the building burns. After escaping the building, Hyde claims Jekyll tried to kill Hyde and ended up shooting himself due to madness as the innocent man and Jekyll's laboratory burns. Some time later, Hyde, Littauer and the police attend the coroner's court, where it is found that Jekyll was responsible for the deaths due to his dangerous experimentation with drugs, and that he then took his own life. Hyde tries to leave the building, but at the last minute Jekyll fights him from the inside and takes over again. As Dr Littauer recognises his old friend, Dr. Jekyll sits on a bench and is surrounded by astonished people. With tears in his eyes, he says that only he could stop Hyde, and that he has now destroyed him. The police move forward and arrest him for his alleged crimes. Cast Paul Massie as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde Dawn Addams as Kitty Jekyll Christopher Lee as Paul Allen David Kossoff as Dr. Littauer Francis de Wolff as Inspector Norma Marla as Maria Magda Miller as Sphinx Girl (uncredited) Oliver Reed as nightclub bouncer (uncredited) William Kendall as clubman (uncredited) Helen Goss as nanny (uncredited) Pauline Shepherd as prostitute (uncredited) Percy Cartwright as coroner (uncredited) Joe Robinson as Corinthian (uncredited) Arthur Lovegrove as cabby (uncredited) Felix Felton as first gambler (uncredited) Production The film was to star Louis Jourdan. Argentinian actress Isabel Sarli was offered a role in the film. Filming occurred at Bray Studios in Berkshire. Dr. Jekyll has brown eyes and wears a full beard with rather long hair and bushy eyebrows, whereas Mr. Hyde is blue-eyed, clean shaven and has a shorter haircut. Beyond this, their physical appearance is nearly identical, making this portrayal different than the bulk of film adaptations of the novel. However, the story is presented as though Hyde looks different enough from Jekyll that even Mrs. Jekyll notices no resemblance. Reception The Monthly Film Bulletin of the U.K. wrote that the film "may be forgiven for tampering with a classic, but not for doing so with such a depressing lack of either wit or competence ...Silliness, in fact, has got the better of the film to such an extent that even its most calculatedly vicious episodes appear only mildly grotesque. The production, which uses up colour film lavishly on such episodes as a cancan sequence, is otherwise hard-up for ideas." Variety gave the film a good review, praising Paul Massie for an "interesting performance" and Jack Asher for "colorful and sure" camerawork. Eugene Archer of The New York Times called the film "lurid", and Massie "frankly ridiculous." Harrison's Reports graded the film as "Fair", adding, "Horror fans will hardly be scared by this well-mounted British import... Paul Massie does the best he can in the poorly written twin role." The film lost Hammer an estimated £30,000. Potential Remake In the mid-nineties, Denis Meikle wrote a potential remake under the suggestion of producer Michael Carreras. The script, titled Hyde: Monster of Desire, was briefly considered at 20th Century Fox before being revived at Dreamscape Pictures, with the idea of it being a $50 million picture with Sean Connery as Jekyll/Hyde. Ultimately, the critical and commercial flop of Mary Reilly (1996), TriStar Pictures' own Jekyll and Hyde film, and the dissolution of Dreamscape ended the project. The script is currently available on Meikle's website. See also The Face of Another (1966), another film about a man who has an affair with his estranged wife by changing his face. References ^ Marcus Hearn and Alan Barnes, The Hammer Story: The Authorised History of Hammer Films, Titan Books 2007, p. 49 ^ "Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) - Terence Fisher - Cast and Crew - AllMovie". AllMovie. ^ "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 12 February 2024. ^ "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. ^ "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1961) - Articles - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. ^ Wheeler Winston Dixon The Charm of Evil: The Films of Terence Fisher (with an introduction by John Carpenter). Metuchen N. J. and London: Scarecrow Press 1991. 574 pages. ^ Entertainment Films Stage Music: Louis Jourdan Will Star in 'Mr. Jekyll' Los Angeles Times 15 Oct 1959: C12. ^ Howard Maxford (8 November 2019). Hammer Complete: The Films, the Personnel, the Company. McFarland. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-4766-2914-8. ^ "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 27 (#322): 153. November 1960. ^ "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll". Variety: 6. 19 October 1960. ^ Archer, Eugene (24 August 1961). "New Jekyll and Hyde". The New York Times: 25. ^ "'House of Fright' with Paul Massie, Dawn Addams and Christopher Lee". Harrison's Reports: 100. 24 June 1961. ^ Marcus Hearn, The Hammer Vault, Titan Books 2011, p. 38 ^ "Denis Meikle - Writer \| Author \| Designer \| Publisher". External links Wikiquote has quotations related to The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll. The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll at IMDb The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll at AllMovie The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll at the TCM Movie Database vteRobert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Character Adaptations Films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Paramount) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Haydon) Der Januskopf (1920) Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951) Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953) Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957) The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959) The Ugly Duckling (1959) My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) The Nutty Professor (1963) Karutha Rathrikal (1967) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971) I, Monster (1971) Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972) Engal Thanga Raja (1973) Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976) Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979) Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980) Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981) Chehre Pe Chehra (1981) Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986) Edge of Sanity (1989) The Pagemaster (1994) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995) Mary Reilly (1996) The Nutty Professor (1996) Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000) Jekyll & Hyde: Direct from Broadway (2001) Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) Van Helsing (2004) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (2008) The Nutty Professor (2008) The Mummy (2017) Doctor Jekyll (2023) Theatre Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897) Jekyll & Hyde (1990) Television Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998) Jekyll (2007) Once Upon a Time (2011–2018) Do No Harm (2013) Penny Dreadful (2014–2016) Jekyll and Hyde (2015) Animation The Impatient Patient (1942) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947) Motor Mania (1950) Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954) Hyde and Hare (1955) Hyde and Go Tweet (1960) Mad Monster Party? (1967) Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters (1972) The Pagemaster (1994) The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004) Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004) The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein (2008) Hotel Transylvania (2012) Video games Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988) Jekyll and Hyde (2001) Van Helsing (2004) Music "Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983) "Bubba Hyde" (1995) Jekyll and Hyde (2003) Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004) "Mz. Hyde" (2014) Comics Mister Hyde (introduced 1963) Batman: Two Faces (1998) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999–2019) Novels The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824) Mary Reilly (1990) Jekyll and Heidi (1999) vteHammer HorrorFilmsQuatermass The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) Quatermass 2 (1957) Quatermass and the Pit (1967) Frankenstein The Curse of Frankenstein (1957) The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958) The Evil of Frankenstein (1964) Frankenstein Created Woman (1967) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969) The Horror of Frankenstein (1970) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974) Dracula Dracula (1958) The Brides of Dracula (1960) Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968) Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970) Scars of Dracula (1970) Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972) The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (1974) The Mummy The Mummy (1959) The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb (1964) The Mummy's Shroud (1967) Blood from the Mummy's Tomb (1971) Jekyll & Hyde The Ugly Duckling (1959) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971) Doctor Jekyll (2023) She She (1965) The Vengeance of She (1968) Cave Girl One Million Years B.C. (1966) Prehistoric Women (1967) When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (1970) Creatures the World Forgot (1971) The Karnstein Trilogy The Vampire Lovers (1970) Lust for a Vampire (1971) Twins of Evil (1971) The Woman in Black The Woman in Black (2012) Angel of Death (2014) Other films X the Unknown (1956) The Abominable Snowman (1957) The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959) The Man Who Could Cheat Death (1959) The Stranglers of Bombay (1959) The Curse of the Werewolf (1961) The Shadow of the Cat (1961) The Phantom of the Opera (1962) The Damned (1963) Kiss of the Vampire (1963) The Old Dark House (1963) The Gorgon (1964) Nightmare (1964) Fanatic (1965) The Plague of the Zombies (1966) Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966) The Reptile (1966) The Witches (1966) The Devil Rides Out (1968) Crescendo (1970) Countess Dracula (1971) Hands of the Ripper (1971) Vampire Circus (1972) Fear in the Night (1972) Demons of the Mind (1972) Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter (1974) To the Devil a Daughter (1976) Beyond the Rave (2008) Wake Wood (2009) Let Me In (2010) The Resident (2011) The Quiet Ones (2014) The Lodge (2019) Television Journey to the Unknown Hammer House of Horror Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense Category vteFilms directed by Terence Fisher A Song for Tomorrow (1948) Colonel Bogey (1948) To the Public Danger (1948) Portrait from Life (1948) Marry Me! (1949) The Astonished Heart (1950) So Long at the Fair (1950) Home to Danger (1951) The Last Page (1952) Wings of Danger (1952) Stolen Face (1952) Distant Trumpet (1952) Mantrap (1953) Four Sided Triangle (1953) Spaceways (1953) Blood Orange (1953) Face the Music (1954) Murder by Proxy (1954) A Stranger Came Home (1954) Final Appointment (1954) Mask of Dust (1954) Children Galore (1955) Stolen Assignment (1955) The Flaw (1955) The Gelignite Gang (1956) The Last Man to Hang (1956) Kill Me Tomorrow (1957) The Curse of Frankenstein (1957) Dracula (1958) The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958) The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959) The Man Who Could Cheat Death (1959) The Mummy (1959) The Stranglers of Bombay (1960) The Brides of Dracula (1960) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960) The Curse of the Werewolf (1961) The Phantom of the Opera (1962) Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace (1962) The Horror of It All (1963) The Gorgon (1964) The Earth Dies Screaming (1964) Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966) Island of Terror (1966) Frankenstein Created Woman (1967) Night of the Big Heat (1967) The Devil Rides Out (1968) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Terence Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Paul Massie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Massie"},{"link_name":"Dawn Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Addams"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee"},{"link_name":"David Kossoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kossoff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Michael Carreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Carreras"},{"link_name":"Hammer Film Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFIsearch-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wolf Mankowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Mankowitz"},{"link_name":"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Winston Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Winston_Dixon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American International Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Pictures"}],"text":"The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (also known as Doctor Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. U.S. titles: House of Fright and Jekyll's Inferno) is a 1960 British horror film directed by Terence Fisher and starring Paul Massie, Dawn Addams, Christopher Lee and David Kossoff.[2] It was produced by Michael Carreras for Hammer Film Productions.[3][4] The screenplay was by Wolf Mankowitz, based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson.[5]In contrast to other film versions, Jekyll was portrayed as a rather bland and faceless person, while Hyde was presented as suave and handsome. This reflects director Fisher's belief in what critics (such as biographer Wheeler Winston Dixon) called \"the charm of evil\".[6] The film is unusual in that it was one of the few adaptations of the story where the Jekyll/Hyde character does not die in the story's conclusion. It is also set 12 years before the publication of Stevenson's novella.The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll was released in North America to theaters by American International Pictures under the titles House of Fright and Jekyll's Inferno and on American TV under its original British title.","title":"The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Henry Jekyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"rapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"}],"text":"In London in 1874, Dr. Henry Jekyll's wife, Kitty, is secretly involved with his friend Paul Allen (who frequently borrows money from Jekyll). Ignoring the warnings of his colleague and friend Dr. Ernst Littauer, the middle-aged, mild-mannered Jekyll concocts a chemical potion which he hopes will help him learn the depths of the human mind.By testing the potion on himself, he transforms into Mr. Edward Hyde, a young and handsome but also murderous and lecherous man. Soon, Hyde becomes bored with conventional debauchery and when he sets his eyes on Kitty, he decides he must have her. When Kitty rejects him, Hyde rapes her and leaves her unconscious. When Kitty wakes up in the bed, she immediately notices that Hyde has scratched her neck in various places. Distressed, Kitty walks over to the table, where she finds a note written to her. When Kitty goes into the other room looking for Paul, she looks in to find out that her lover has been bitten by a venomous snake, which Hyde had locked in a room with him. To Kitty's misfortune, Paul is dead. Kitty walks over to the patio, puts her leg over the balcony, covers her ears in response to the loud music playing from the party and allows herself to fall off the balcony and through the glass roof covering the party guests. Hyde then kills Maria, an exotic dancer he had been having an affair with, in Jekyll's house.The next day, Jekyll is horrified to learn of what Hyde has done. After speaking to his other half via a mirror, Jekyll turns uncontrollably into Hyde. Hyde then kills a man in Jekyll's laboratory by shooting him in the back and sets his body up at a desk in order to frame his other self for his crimes. Hyde then sets fire to the laboratory as the police arrive. Via a window, Hyde pretends that Jekyll is trying to kill him as the building burns. After escaping the building, Hyde claims Jekyll tried to kill Hyde and ended up shooting himself due to madness as the innocent man and Jekyll's laboratory burns.Some time later, Hyde, Littauer and the police attend the coroner's court, where it is found that Jekyll was responsible for the deaths due to his dangerous experimentation with drugs, and that he then took his own life. Hyde tries to leave the building, but at the last minute Jekyll fights him from the inside and takes over again. As Dr Littauer recognises his old friend, Dr. Jekyll sits on a bench and is surrounded by astonished people. With tears in his eyes, he says that only he could stop Hyde, and that he has now destroyed him. The police move forward and arrest him for his alleged crimes.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Massie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Massie"},{"link_name":"Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"Dawn Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Addams"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee"},{"link_name":"David Kossoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kossoff"},{"link_name":"Francis de Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Magda Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Miller"},{"link_name":"Oliver Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Reed"},{"link_name":"William Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kendall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Helen Goss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Goss"},{"link_name":"Joe Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Robinson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lovegrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lovegrove"},{"link_name":"Felix Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Felton"}],"text":"Paul Massie as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde\nDawn Addams as Kitty Jekyll\nChristopher Lee as Paul Allen\nDavid Kossoff as Dr. Littauer\nFrancis de Wolff as Inspector\nNorma Marla as Maria\nMagda Miller as Sphinx Girl (uncredited)\nOliver Reed as nightclub bouncer (uncredited)\nWilliam Kendall as clubman (uncredited)\nHelen Goss as nanny (uncredited)\nPauline Shepherd as prostitute (uncredited)\nPercy Cartwright as coroner (uncredited)\nJoe Robinson as Corinthian (uncredited)\nArthur Lovegrove as cabby (uncredited)\nFelix Felton as first gambler (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Jourdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jourdan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Isabel Sarli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Sarli"},{"link_name":"Bray Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Studios_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxford_2019_70-8"}],"text":"The film was to star Louis Jourdan.[7] Argentinian actress Isabel Sarli was offered a role in the film. Filming occurred at Bray Studios in Berkshire.[8]Dr. Jekyll has brown eyes and wears a full beard with rather long hair and bushy eyebrows, whereas Mr. Hyde is blue-eyed, clean shaven and has a shorter haircut. Beyond this, their physical appearance is nearly identical, making this portrayal different than the bulk of film adaptations of the novel. However, the story is presented as though Hyde looks different enough from Jekyll that even Mrs. Jekyll notices no resemblance.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Harrison's Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vault-13"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin of the U.K. wrote that the film \"may be forgiven for tampering with a classic, but not for doing so with such a depressing lack of either wit or competence ...Silliness, in fact, has got the better of the film to such an extent that even its most calculatedly vicious episodes appear only mildly grotesque. The production, which uses up colour film lavishly on such episodes as a cancan sequence, is otherwise hard-up for ideas.\"[9]Variety gave the film a good review, praising Paul Massie for an \"interesting performance\" and Jack Asher for \"colorful and sure\" camerawork.[10]Eugene Archer of The New York Times called the film \"lurid\", and Massie \"frankly ridiculous.\"[11]Harrison's Reports graded the film as \"Fair\", adding, \"Horror fans will hardly be scared by this well-mounted British import... Paul Massie does the best he can in the poorly written twin role.\"[12]The film lost Hammer an estimated £30,000.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Studios"},{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"Mary Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Reilly_(film)"},{"link_name":"TriStar Pictures'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriStar_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In the mid-nineties, Denis Meikle wrote a potential remake under the suggestion of producer Michael Carreras. The script, titled Hyde: Monster of Desire, was briefly considered at 20th Century Fox before being revived at Dreamscape Pictures, with the idea of it being a $50 million picture with Sean Connery as Jekyll/Hyde. Ultimately, the critical and commercial flop of Mary Reilly (1996), TriStar Pictures' own Jekyll and Hyde film, and the dissolution of Dreamscape ended the project. The script is currently available on Meikle's website.[14]","title":"Potential Remake"}]	[]	[{"title":"The Face of Another","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_of_Another_(film)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) - Terence Fisher - Cast and Crew - AllMovie\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://allmovie.com/movie/two-faces-of-dr-jekyll-v114782/cast-crew","url_text":"\"Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) - Terence Fisher - Cast and Crew - AllMovie\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll\". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 12 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150045861","url_text":"\"The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)\". 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ISBN 978-1-4766-2914-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lfp1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70","url_text":"Hammer Complete: The Films, the Personnel, the Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2914-8","url_text":"978-1-4766-2914-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll\". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 27 (#322): 153. November 1960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin","url_text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll\". Variety: 6. 19 October 1960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Archer, Eugene (24 August 1961). \"New Jekyll and Hyde\". The New York Times: 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"'House of Fright' with Paul Massie, Dawn Addams and Christopher Lee\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Sing-ny%C5%8Fm	Wang Sing-nyŏm	["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 References"]	Korean military leader (fl. 10th century) In this Korean name, the family name is Wang. Wang Sing-nyŏmHangul왕식렴Hanja王式廉Revised RomanizationWang Sik-ryeomMcCune–ReischauerWang Sing-nyŏmPosthumous nameHangul위정Hanja威靜Revised RomanizationWijeongMcCune–ReischauerWichŏng Wang Sing-nyŏm (Korean: 왕식렴; Hanja: 王式廉; ? – February 7, 949) was the younger first cousin of Taejo Wang Kŏn who served the Goryeo dynasty. He was entrusted by his cousin as the commander of the Pyongyang Regional Military Command. After Taejo's death, Wang Sing-nyom was a major factor in the succession struggles that followed, stopping Wang Kyu's attempts to enthrone his grandson, and was a strong supporter of his nephews, Wang Yo and Wang So. Biography Wang Sing-nyom was the son of Wang P'yŏng-dal. In 918, he was appointed as the commander (대도호부사; 大都護府使) of the Pyongyang Regional Military Command. He would be promoted to junior vice councilor (좌승; 佐丞; chwasŭng). After the death of his cousin, King Taejo, Wang Sing-nyom partnered with his nephews, Wang Yo and Wang So, in the struggles for succession. In 945, Wang Kyu, a father-in-law of both Taejo and the then reigning King Hyejong, attempted to enthrone his maternal grandson, Prince Gwangjuwon. Military forces from Pyongyang under Wang Sing-nyom's command were able to stop and eliminate Wang Kyu. He later died in February 7, 949 and was posthumously honoured with the name of Wichŏng. Notes ^ In the Korean calendar (lunar), he died on the 7th day of the 1st Lunar month. References ^ "왕식렴(王式廉)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 12 November 2023. ^ Kang, H. W. (May 1977). "The First Succession Struggle of Koryŏ, in 945: A Reinterpretation". The Journal of Asian Studies. 36 (3): 411–428. doi:10.2307/2054091. JSTOR 2054091. Retrieved 12 November 2023. ^ Lee, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Seoul: Ilchokak. p. 104. ISBN 89-337-0204-0. ^ "대광 왕식렴이 죽다". 고려시대 (in Korean). This Korean biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Taejo Wang Kŏn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo"},{"link_name":"Wang Yo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeongjong,_3rd_monarch_of_Goryeo"},{"link_name":"Wang So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangjong_of_Goryeo"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Wang.Wang Sing-nyŏm (Korean: 왕식렴; Hanja: 王式廉; ? – February 7, 949[a]) was the younger first cousin of Taejo Wang Kŏn who served the Goryeo dynasty. He was entrusted by his cousin as the commander of the Pyongyang Regional Military Command. After Taejo's death, Wang Sing-nyom was a major factor in the succession struggles that followed, stopping Wang Kyu's attempts to enthrone his grandson, and was a strong supporter of his nephews, Wang Yo and Wang So.","title":"Wang Sing-nyŏm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King Hyejong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyejong_of_Goryeo"},{"link_name":"Prince Gwangjuwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gwangjuwon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kang1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wang Sing-nyom was the son of Wang P'yŏng-dal. In 918, he was appointed as the commander (대도호부사; 大都護府使) of the Pyongyang Regional Military Command. He would be promoted to junior vice councilor (좌승; 佐丞; chwasŭng).[1]After the death of his cousin, King Taejo, Wang Sing-nyom partnered with his nephews, Wang Yo and Wang So, in the struggles for succession. In 945, Wang Kyu, a father-in-law of both Taejo and the then reigning King Hyejong, attempted to enthrone his maternal grandson, Prince Gwangjuwon.[2] Military forces from Pyongyang under Wang Sing-nyom's command were able to stop and eliminate Wang Kyu.[3] He later died in February 7, 949[4] and was posthumously honoured with the name of Wichŏng.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Korean calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_calendar"}],"text":"^ In the Korean calendar (lunar), he died on the 7th day of the 1st Lunar month.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"왕식렴(王式廉)\". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0039114","url_text":"\"왕식렴(王式廉)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Korean Culture"}]},{"reference":"Kang, H. W. (May 1977). \"The First Succession Struggle of Koryŏ, in 945: A Reinterpretation\". The Journal of Asian Studies. 36 (3): 411–428. doi:10.2307/2054091. JSTOR 2054091. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/first-succession-struggle-of-koryo-in-945-a-reinterpretation/FB90F46A34FE00E5FDC8E0E2EC5331A8#article","url_text":"\"The First Succession Struggle of Koryŏ, in 945: A Reinterpretation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054091","url_text":"10.2307/2054091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054091","url_text":"2054091"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Seoul: Ilchokak. p. 104. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtah%C4%B1	Reşid Mehmed Pasha	["1 Early life","2 Operations in Epirus – First Siege of Missolonghi","3 Campaign in Thessaly","4 Third Siege of Missolonghi","5 Campaign in Attica","6 Campaign against Bosnia Eyalet","7 After the Greek Revolution","8 Campaign in the Diyarbakir Eyalet","9 Notes and sources"]	Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1829 to 1833 In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Reşid Mehmed, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.Reşid MehmedPashaGrand VizierIn officeJanuary 1829 – 17 February 1833Preceded byTopal Izzet Mehmed PashaSucceeded byMehmed Emin Rauf Pasha Personal detailsBorn1780Died1836 (aged 55–56) Reşid Mehmed Pasha, also known as Kütahı (Greek: Μεχμέτ Ρεσίτ πασάς Κιουταχής, 1780–1836), was an Ottoman statesman and general who reached the post of Grand Vizier in the first half of the 19th century, playing an important role in the Greek War of Independence. Early life Reşid Mehmed was born in Georgia, the son of a Greek Orthodox priest. As a child, he was captured as a slave by the Ottomans, and brought to the service of the then Kapudan Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha. His intelligence and ability impressed his master and secured his rapid rise. He was stationed in Karađorđe's Serbia for a short time. At only 29 years, he was appointed governor of Kütahya, from where he acquired his sobriquet. In 1820, he was sent by Sultan Mahmud II, along with many other pashas, to quell the rebellion of Ali Pasha of Yannina against the Porte. At the same time, the Greeks were preparing their own uprising, which broke out in March 1821. Thus, after the defeat and death of Ali Pasha in 1822, he was at hand to campaign against the Greek rebels. Operations in Epirus – First Siege of Missolonghi Further information: First Siege of Missolonghi Having been appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman forces in Epirus, he marched south, to meet the Greek forces under Alexandros Mavrokordatos, which were campaigning towards Arta. He inflicted a crushing defeat upon them in the Battle of Peta, on 4 July 1822, and proceeded southwards, to the strategically important town of Missolonghi. There he was met by Omer Vrioni, and their joint force of 8,000 besieged the city for two months, from 25 October to 31 December 1822. Omer Vrioni, contrary to Reşid Mehmed's view, initially tried to take the town by negotiations, which the besieged Greeks took advantage of, dragging them out until November 8, when they were reinforced by sea, at which point they refused to negotiate further. The siege began in earnest, and the two pashas scheduled their main assault for Christmas night, December 24, calculating that the Greeks would be caught by surprise. The plan was leaked to the defenders, and the attack failed. Six days later, the siege was lifted. Campaign in Thessaly After the failure at Missolonghi, Reşid Mehmed moved against the mountainous region of Pelion, which he managed to subdue. For his success, he was appointed governor of the sanjak of Trikala, and was finally appointed commander-in-chief of all Ottoman forces in Rumelia. Third Siege of Missolonghi Further information: Third Siege of Missolonghi From this position he was tasked by the Porte with taking Missolonghi and thus securing western Greece. Reşid Mehmed assembled an army of more than 35,000 and in February 1825 he set out for Missolonghi. On arriving there on April 20, he immediately invested the town with earthworks and subjected it to heavy bombardment. However, despite his efforts, the Greek garrison, aided by raids from the Greek bands behind his lines and resupplied by the Greek fleet despite the Ottoman naval blockade, resisted effectively. In the end, he was forced to call upon the assistance of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, whose army had been victorious against Greek forces in the Morea. The Egyptian forces arrived in early November, but a split occurred between the presumptuous Ibrahim and Reşid Mehmed, who withdrew his forces. After the Egyptians failed too in their assaults, Ibrahim acknowledged his error. The two pashas now cooperated, and the siege was intensified. The seaward supply route was cut, forcing threatening the defenders with starvation. Finally, they attempted a desperate escape, breaking out through the besieging forces, on the night of 10 April 1826. The sortie resulted in a massacre of the defenders, and Missolonghi fell to the Ottoman forces. Campaign in Attica After this success, Reşid Mehmed turned towards Attica and Athens, where he arrived in July. He besieged the Greek garrison on the Acropolis of Athens unsuccessfully for ten months, until his unexpected victory over a Greek relief force at the Battle of Phaleron on 24 April 1827 forced the Greeks to surrender the fort. Campaign against Bosnia Eyalet Main article: Bosnian uprising (1831–32) The Ottoman Bosnian leadership led by Husein Gradaščević were outraged when Sultan Mahmud II granted Serbia autonomy and subsequently six districts from the Bosnia Eyalet with the Treaty of Adrianople. Husein Gradaščević had already begun to support the cause of the fallen Janissary after the Auspicious Incident and would not allow Mahmud II to further disintegrate Bosnian society. Instead of negotiating with Husein Gradaščević, the Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha (already engaged in an aggressive campaign against Albanian pashas and beys) mobilized his Ottoman army towards Travnik. Disappointed by Reşid Pasha's move, Gradaščević marched forward with an army of 52,000 into Priština, and later fought and defeated Reşid Pasha at Shtime. A Bosnian delegation reached the Grand Vizier's camp in Skopje in November of that year. The Grand Vizier promised this delegation that he would insist to the Sultan that he accept the Bosniak demands. His true intentions, however, were manifested by early December when his cannons attacked Bosnian units stationed on the outskirts of Novi Pazar. Reşid Mehmed Pasha later began an aggressive campaign into Bosnia with the assistance of the renegade kapetan Ali-paša Rizvanbegović and defeated the entire army of Bosnia Eyalet led by Husein Gradaščević outside the town of Stup. After the Greek Revolution A very distinguished general, Reşid Mehmed fought in the Russo-Turkish War, where he was defeated by General Diebitsch at the Battle of Kulevicha. Subsequently, he was appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, a post he held from January 1829 to 17 February 1833. From that position, he orchestrated the Monastir massacre of 1830 of the Albanian beys killing hundreds. He led the Ottoman armies in Anatolia in the Egyptian-Ottoman War. He was captured by the forces of his old antagonist, Ibrahim Pasha, at the war's decisive Battle of Konya in 1832. Campaign in the Diyarbakir Eyalet He was appointed the Wāli of Diyarbakir Eyalet and Raqqa Eyalet in 1834 and onwards led military campaigns against the local Kurdish tribes Garzan, Bedir Khan and Milli and the Yazidi in Sincar. In 1835 he subdued the Milli tribe in Mardin. In 1836, he defeated, Mire Kor, the ruler from the Emirate of Soran. He died in 1836. Notes and sources ^ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish) ^ a b Aydın, Suavi; Verheij, Jelle (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9789004225183. ^ Ates, Sabri (2021), Gunes, Cengiz; Bozarslan, Hamit; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.), "The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire", The Cambridge History of the Kurds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–78, ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4, retrieved 2021-12-15 Preceded byTopal Izzet Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier January 1829 - 17 February 1833 Succeeded byMehmed Emin Rauf Pasha vte Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453) Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (1320–1331) Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1331–1348) Hacı Pasha (1348–1349) Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (1349–1364) Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1364–1387) Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (1387–1406) Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (1406–1413) Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (1413–1421) Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (1421–1429) Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (1429–1439) Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (1439–1453) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550) Zagan Pasha (1453–1456) Veli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466) Rum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469) Ishak Pasha (1469–1472) Veli Mahmud Pasha (1472–1474) Gedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477) Karamani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481) Ishak Pasha (1481–1482) Koca Davud Pasha (1482–1497) Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498) Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1498–1499) Yakub Pasha (1499–1501) Mesih Pasha (1501) Hadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503) Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1503–1506) Hadim Ali Pasha (1509–1511) Koca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512) Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515) Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1515–1516) Hadım Sinan Pasha (1516–1517) Yunus Pasha (1517) Piri Mehmed Pasha (1517–1523) Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536) Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539) Lütfi Pasha (1539–1541) Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544) Rüstem Pasha (1544–1553) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700) Kara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555) Rüstem Pasha (1555–1561) Semiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565) Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579) Semiz Ahmed Pasha (1579–1580) Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580) Koca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582) Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1582–1584) Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585) Hadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586) Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1586–1589) Koca Sinan Pasha (1589–1591) Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592) Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1592–1593) Koca Sinan Pasha (1593–1595) Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1595) Lala Mehmed Pasha (1595) Koca Sinan Pasha (1595–1596) Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596) Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596) Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597) Hadım Hasan Pasha (1597–1598) Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599) Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1599–1601) Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603) Yavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604) Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606) Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1606) Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611) Nasuh Pasha (1611–1614) Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616) Damat Halil Pasha (1616–1619) Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1619–1619) Güzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621) Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621) Dilaver Pasha (1621–1622) Kara Davud Pasha (1622) Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1622) Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622) Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623) Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1623) Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624) Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625) Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626) Damat Halil Pasha (1626–1628) Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631) Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632) Topal Recep Pasha (1632) Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637) Bayram Pasha (1637–1638) Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638) Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644) Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645) Nevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647) Kara Musa Pasha (1647) Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648) Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649) Kara Murat Pasha (1649–1650) Melek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651) Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1651) Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652) Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653) Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654) Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655) Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1655) Ermeni Süleyman Pasha (1655) Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656) Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656) Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1656) Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656) Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661) Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676) Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683) Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685) Sarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687) Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II (1687–1688) Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha (1688) Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689) Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691) Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692) Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693) Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694) Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695) Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697) Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789) Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703) Rami Mehmed Pasha (1703) Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703) Damat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704) Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704) Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1704–1706) Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710) Köprülü Numan Pasha (1710) Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1710–1711) Ağa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712) Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713) Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713) Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716) Hacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717) Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718) Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730) Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (1730–1731) Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731) Topal Osman Pasha (1731–1732) Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735) Gürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736) Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737) Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737) Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739) Ivaz Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740) Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742) Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1742–1743) Seyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746) Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747) Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750) Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752) Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755) Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755) Naili Abdullah Pasha (1755) Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755) Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756) Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1756–1757) Koca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763) Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763) Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1763–1765) Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768) Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768) Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769) Moldovancı Ali Pasha (1769) Ivazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770) Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771) Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1774) Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775) Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777) Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778) Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779) Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781) Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1781–1782) Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782) Halil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785) Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786) Koca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789) Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and Modernization (1789–1922) Hassan Pasha of Algiers (1789–1790) Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791) Koca Yusuf Pasha (1791–1792) Melek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794) Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1794–1798) Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805) Hafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806) Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807) Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808) Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808) Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809) Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1809–1811) Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812) Hurshid Pasha (1812–1815) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818) Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820) Seyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821) Benderli Ali Pasha (1821) Hacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822) Deli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823) Silahdar Ali Pasha (1823) Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824) Mehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828) Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829) Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1833–1839) Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1839–1840) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1840–1841) Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1841–1842) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1842–1846) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1846–1848) Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1848) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1848–1852) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1852) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1852) Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853) Mustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854) Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1854–1855) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1855–1856) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1856–1857) Mustafa Naili Pasha (1857) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1857–1858) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1858–1859) Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1859) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860) Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1861) Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866) Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1863) Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1863–1866) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1866–1871) Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872) Midhat Pasha (1872) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1872–1873) Ahmed Esad Pasha (1873) Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874) Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875) Ahmed Esad Pasha (1875) Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1875–1876) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1876–1876) Midhat Pasha (1876–1877) Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878) Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878) Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878) Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1878) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878) Saffet Pasha (1878) Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879) Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1879) Mehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880) Kadri Pasha (1880) Mehmed Said Pasha (1880–1882) Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882) Mehmed Said Pasha (1882) Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1882) Mehmed Said Pasha (1882–1885) Kâmil Pasha (1885–1891) Ahmed Cevad Pasha (1891–1895) Mehmed Said Pasha (1895) Kâmil Pasha (1895) Halil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901) Mehmed Said Pasha (1901–1903) Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908) Mehmed Said Pasha (1908) Kâmil Pasha (1908–1909) Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909) Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1909) Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910) Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911) Mehmed Said Pasha (1911–1912) Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912) Kâmil Pasha (1912–1913) Mahmud Shevket Pasha (1913) Said Halim Pasha (1913–1917) Mehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918) Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1918) Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919) Damat Ferid Pasha (1919) Ali Rıza Pasha (1919–1920) Salih Hulusi Pasha (1920) Damat Ferid Pasha (1920) Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1920–1922) vteGreek War of Independence (1821–1829)BackgroundOttoman GreecePeople Armatoles Proestoi Klephts Dionysius the Philosopher Daskalogiannis Panagiotis Benakis Nikolaos Galatis Konstantinos Kolokotronis Lambros Katsonis Cosmas of Aetolia Ali Pasha Maniots Phanariots Rum Millet Souliotes Gregory V of Constantinople Events Orlov Revolt Souliote War (1789–1793) Souliote War (1803) Greek EnlightenmentPeople John Caradja Athanasios Christopoulos Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Anthimos Gazis Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Eugenios Voulgaris Organizations Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio Filiki Eteria Nikolaos Skoufas Athanasios Tsakalov Emmanuil Xanthos Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos Philomuse Society Society of the Phoenix Publications Adelphiki Didaskalia Asma Polemistirion Hellenic Nomarchy Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios Salpisma Polemistirion Thourios or Patriotic hymn European intervention andGreek involvement inthe Napoleonic Wars Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Greek Plan of Catherine the Great Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars Fall of the Republic of Venice Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands Septinsular Republic Greek Legion Imperial French rule in the Ionian Islands Albanian Regiment Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry United States of the Ionian Islands Ideas Greek nationalism Eastern Orthodox Christianity Liberalism Constitutionalism Monarchism EventsSieges Patras Salona Navarino Livadeia 1st Acropolis Tripolitsa Arta Acrocorinth Nauplia 1st Messolonghi 2nd Messolonghi 3rd Messolonghi 2nd Acropolis Battles Kalamata Wallachian uprising Alamana Gravia Valtetsi Doliana Lalas Vasilika Drăgășani Sculeni Vasilika Trench Peta Dervenakia Karpenisi Greek civil wars Sphacteria Maniaki Morea Lerna Mills Mani Distomo Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Chios expedition Martino Koronisia Petra Massacres Constantinople Thessaloniki Navarino Tripolitsa Naousa Samothrace Chios Psara Kasos Cyprus Naval conflicts Eresos Chios Nauplia Samos Andros Sphacteria Gerontas Souda Alexandria Volos Itea Navarino Ships Agamemnon Aris Hellas Karteria Greek regional councils and statutes Messenian Senate Directorate of Achaea Peloponnesian Senate Senate of Western Continental Greece Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece Provisional Regime of Crete Military-Political System of Samos Greek national assemblies First (Epidaurus) (Executive of 1822) Second (Astros) Third (Troezen) Fourth (Argos) Fifth (Nafplion) International Conferences,treaties and protocols Congress of Laibach Congress of Verona Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826) Treaty of London Conference of Poros London Protocol of 1828 London Protocol of 1829 Treaty of Adrianople London Protocol of 1830 London Conference Treaty of Constantinople Related Greek expedition to Syria (1825) Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) PersonalitiesGreece Chian Committee Odysseas Androutsos Fotos Bomporis Kostas Botsaris Markos Botsaris Notis Botsaris Tousias Botsaris Laskarina Bouboulina Constantin Denis Bourbaki Stefanos Chalis Sotiris Charalampis Giannis Chondrogiannis Dimitrios Christidis Panagiotis Danglis Hatzimichalis Dalianis Dimitrios Deligeorgis Dimitrakis Deligiannis Kanellos Deligiannis Athanasios Diakos Dionysis Diakos Konstantinos Dimidis Ioannis Dimoulitsas Adam Doukas Georgios Drakos Yiannis Dyovouniotis Georgios Filippopoulos Asimakis Fotilas Panagiotakis Fotilas Angelis Gatsos Antonios Georgantas Germanos III of Old Patras Georgios Gevidis Konstantinos Gofas Vasileios Goudas Ioannis Gouras Dimitrios Gouvelis Konstantinos Gouvelis Angelis Govios Dimitrios Indares Isaiah of Salona Antonios Kalamogdartis George Kalaras Dimitrios Kallergis Athanasios Kampetis Athanasios Kanakaris Konstantinos Kanaris Stefanos Kanellos Ioannis Kapodistrias Viaros Kapodistrias Stamatios Kapsas Georgakis Kapsokalyvas Anastasios Karatasos Panagiotis Karatzas Georgios Karaiskakis Aristeidis Karnalis Nikolaos Kasomoulis Ioannis Kolettis Apostolis Kolokotronis Ioannis Kolokotronis Panos Kolokotronis Theodoros Kolokotronis Michail Komninos Afentoulief Alexandros Kontostavlos Panos Koronaios Georgios Kountouriotis Lazaros Kountouriotis Michalis Kourmoulis Ioannis Krestenitis Lykourgos Krestenitis Stamatis Krestenitis Antonios Kriezis Nikolaos Kriezotis Kyprianos of Cyprus Konstantinos Lagoumitzis Georgios Lassanis Georgios Lechouritis Leonardos Leonardopoulos Georgios Liologlou Lykourgos Logothetis Andreas Londos Yiannis Makriyiannis Ioannis Mamouris Anastasios Manakis Manto Mavrogenous Alexandros Mavrokordatos Antonios Mavromichalis Demetrios Mavromichalis Georgios Mavromichalis Konstantinos Mavromichalis Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis Petrobey Mavromichalis Dimitrios Meletopoulos Andreas Metaxas Konstantinos Metaxas Hatzigiannis Mexis Andreas Miaoulis Antonios Miaoulis Panagiotis Michanidis Spyros Milios Nikolaos Mykonios Zachos Milios Alexander Negris Konstantinos Negris Theodoros Negris Diamantis Nikolaou Konstantinos Nikolopoulos Ioannis Notaras Antonis Oikonomou Ioannis Orlandos Andronikos Paikos Georgios Panou Dimitrios Panourgias Nakos Panourgias Grigorios Papaflessas Anagnostis Papageorgiou Dimitrios Papanikolis Emmanouel Pappas Christoforos Perraivos Nikolaos Petimezas Vasileios Petimezas Dionysios Petrakis Andreas Pipinos Kyriakos Pittakis Anastasios Polyzoidis Konstantinos Rados Ioannis Rangos Panagiotis Rodios Dionysios Romas Georgios Sachtouris Georgios Sekeris Theofanis Siatisteus Georgios Sisinis Ioannis Skandalidis Zisis Sotiriou Nikitas Stamatelopoulos Georgios Stavros Joseph Stephanini Ioannis Stratos Sotirios Theocharopoulos Zafeirakis Theodosiou Emmanouil Tombazis Iakovos Tombazis Ioannis Trikoupis Anastasios Tsamados Melchisedek Tsouderos Kitsos Tzavellas Theodoros Tzinis Loukas Vagias Thanasoulas Valtinos Dimitrios Varis Meletis Vasileiou Domna Visvizi Alexakis Vlachopoulos Konstantinos Vlachopoulos Pieros Voidis Liolios Xirolivaditis Demetrios Ypsilantis Christoforos Zachariadis Andreas Zaimis Germanos Zapheiropoulos Evangelos Zappas Marigo Zarafopoula Nikolaos Zervas Philhellenes António Figueira d'Almeida Joseph Balestra Samuel Barff Paul Marie Bonaparte Karl Rudolf Brommy Lord Byron François-René de Chateaubriand Richard Church Giuseppe Chiappe Lord Cochrane Giacinto Collegno Charles Fabvier Adam Friedel Vincenzo Gallina Thomas Gordon Constantin Guys Emmanuel Han Frank Abney Hastings Carl von Heideck Samuel Gridley Howe George Jarvis Karl Krazeisen Henrik Nikolai Krøyer Ludwig I of Bavaria Ernst Michael Mangel Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance Vasos Mavrovouniotis Johann Jakob Meyer Ellinika Chronika Jonathan Miller Julius Michael Millingen August Myhrberg Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels Hadži-Prodan Maurice Persat Theobald Piscatory Maxime Raybaud Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély Giuseppe Rosaroll Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa Friedrich Thiersch Auguste Hilarion Touret Edward John Trelawny German Legion Serbs David Urquhart Olivier Voutier James Jakob Williams Moldavia and Wallachia(Danubian Principalities)Sacred Band Athanasios Agrafiotis Anastasios Christopoulos Diamandi Djuvara Stefanos Kanellos Alexandros Kantakouzinos Georgios Kantakouzinos Rallou Karatza Stamatios Kleanthis Georgios Lassanis Constantine Levidis Dimitrie Macedonski Anastasios Manakis Giorgakis Olympios Yiannis Pharmakis Michael Soutzos Roxani Soutzos Athanasios Tsakalov Tudor Vladimirescu Konstantinos Xenokratis Alexander Ypsilantis Demetrios Ypsilantis Nikolaos Ypsilantis Christoforos Zachariadis Ottoman Empire, Algeria, and Egypt Sultan Mahmud II Hurshid Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha Ismael Gibraltar Omer Vrioni Kara Mehmet Mahmud Dramali Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Yussuf Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi Britain, France and Russia George Canning Stratford Canning Edward Codrington Henri de Rigny Lodewijk van Heiden Alexander I of Russia Nicholas I of Russia Financial aid London Philhellenic Committee Ludwig I of Bavaria Jean-Gabriel Eynard Lazaros Kountouriotis Ioannis Papafis Georgios Stavros Ioannis Varvakis Rothschild & Co Morea expeditionMilitary Nicolas Joseph Maison Antoine Simon Durrieu Antoine Virgile Schneider Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély Camille Alphonse Trézel Scientific Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois Pierre Peytier Stamatis Voulgaris Guillaume-Abel Blouet Gabriel Bibron Prosper Baccuet Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval Pierre-Narcisse Guérin Charles Lenormant Edgar Quinet Historians/Memoirists Dimitrios Ainian Fotis Chrysanthopoulos Ioannis Filimon George Finlay Ambrosios Frantzis Lambros Koutsonikas Konstantinos Metaxas Panoutsos Notaras Panagiotis Papatsonis Anastasios Polyzoidis Georgios Tertsetis Spyridon Trikoupis Art Eugène Delacroix Louis Dupré Peter von Hess Victor Hugo François Pouqueville Alexander Pushkin Karl Krazeisen Andreas Kalvos Dionysios Solomos Theodoros Vryzakis Hellas The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi Le siège de Corinthe The Massacre at Chios The Free Besieged Hymn to Liberty The Archipelago on Fire Loukis Laras The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos Remembrance 25 March (Independence Day) Hymn to Liberty Eleftheria i thanatos Pedion tou Areos Propylaea (Munich) Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi) Royal Phalanx Evzones (Presidential Guard) Authority control databases İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations"},{"link_name":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turkbook-1"}],"text":"In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Reşid Mehmed, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.Reşid Mehmed Pasha, also known as Kütahı (Greek: Μεχμέτ Ρεσίτ πασάς Κιουταχής, 1780[citation needed]–1836), was an Ottoman statesman and general who reached the post of Grand Vizier in the first half of the 19th century, playing an important role in the Greek War of Independence.[1]","title":"Reşid Mehmed Pasha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Kapudan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koca_H%C3%BCsrev_Mehmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Karađorđe's Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e%27s_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kütahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya"},{"link_name":"sobriquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobriquet"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"},{"link_name":"Ali Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Yannina"},{"link_name":"Yannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannina"},{"link_name":"Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Porte"}],"text":"Reşid Mehmed was born in Georgia, the son of a Greek Orthodox priest. As a child, he was captured as a slave by the Ottomans, and brought to the service of the then Kapudan Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha. His intelligence and ability impressed his master and secured his rapid rise. He was stationed in Karađorđe's Serbia for a short time. At only 29 years, he was appointed governor of Kütahya, from where he acquired his sobriquet.In 1820, he was sent by Sultan Mahmud II, along with many other pashas, to quell the rebellion of Ali Pasha of Yannina against the Porte. At the same time, the Greeks were preparing their own uprising, which broke out in March 1821. Thus, after the defeat and death of Ali Pasha in 1822, he was at hand to campaign against the Greek rebels.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Siege of Missolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Siege_of_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Mavrokordatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos"},{"link_name":"Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Battle of Peta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peta"},{"link_name":"Missolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Omer Vrioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_Vrioni"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"}],"text":"Further information: First Siege of MissolonghiHaving been appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman forces in Epirus, he marched south, to meet the Greek forces under Alexandros Mavrokordatos, which were campaigning towards Arta. He inflicted a crushing defeat upon them in the Battle of Peta, on 4 July 1822, and proceeded southwards, to the strategically important town of Missolonghi. There he was met by Omer Vrioni, and their joint force of 8,000 besieged the city for two months, from 25 October to 31 December 1822. Omer Vrioni, contrary to Reşid Mehmed's view, initially tried to take the town by negotiations, which the besieged Greeks took advantage of, dragging them out until November 8, when they were reinforced by sea, at which point they refused to negotiate further. The siege began in earnest, and the two pashas scheduled their main assault for Christmas night, December 24, calculating that the Greeks would be caught by surprise. The plan was leaked to the defenders, and the attack failed. Six days later, the siege was lifted.","title":"Operations in Epirus – First Siege of Missolonghi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelion"},{"link_name":"sanjak of Trikala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Trikala"},{"link_name":"Rumelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia"}],"text":"After the failure at Missolonghi, Reşid Mehmed moved against the mountainous region of Pelion, which he managed to subdue. For his success, he was appointed governor of the sanjak of Trikala, and was finally appointed commander-in-chief of all Ottoman forces in Rumelia.","title":"Campaign in Thessaly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Siege of Missolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea"}],"text":"Further information: Third Siege of MissolonghiFrom this position he was tasked by the Porte with taking Missolonghi and thus securing western Greece. Reşid Mehmed assembled an army of more than 35,000 and in February 1825 he set out for Missolonghi. On arriving there on April 20, he immediately invested the town with earthworks and subjected it to heavy bombardment. However, despite his efforts, the Greek garrison, aided by raids from the Greek bands behind his lines and resupplied by the Greek fleet despite the Ottoman naval blockade, resisted effectively. In the end, he was forced to call upon the assistance of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, whose army had been victorious against Greek forces in the Morea. The Egyptian forces arrived in early November, but a split occurred between the presumptuous Ibrahim and Reşid Mehmed, who withdrew his forces. After the Egyptians failed too in their assaults, Ibrahim acknowledged his error. The two pashas now cooperated, and the siege was intensified. The seaward supply route was cut, forcing threatening the defenders with starvation. Finally, they attempted a desperate escape, breaking out through the besieging forces, on the night of 10 April 1826. The sortie resulted in a massacre of the defenders, and Missolonghi fell to the Ottoman forces.","title":"Third Siege of Missolonghi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"besieged the Greek garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)"},{"link_name":"Acropolis of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Battle of Phaleron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Phaleron"}],"text":"After this success, Reşid Mehmed turned towards Attica and Athens, where he arrived in July. He besieged the Greek garrison on the Acropolis of Athens unsuccessfully for ten months, until his unexpected victory over a Greek relief force at the Battle of Phaleron on 24 April 1827 forced the Greeks to surrender the fort.","title":"Campaign in Attica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Husein Gradaščević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)"},{"link_name":"Janissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary"},{"link_name":"Auspicious Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auspicious_Incident"},{"link_name":"Husein Gradaščević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"pashas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"beys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"Travnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travnik"},{"link_name":"Priština","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina"},{"link_name":"Shtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtime"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Novi Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Pazar"},{"link_name":"Ali-paša Rizvanbegović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-pa%C5%A1a_Rizvanbegovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bosnia Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet"}],"text":"The Ottoman Bosnian leadership led by Husein Gradaščević were outraged when Sultan Mahmud II granted Serbia autonomy and subsequently six districts from the Bosnia Eyalet with the Treaty of Adrianople. Husein Gradaščević had already begun to support the cause of the fallen Janissary after the Auspicious Incident and would not allow Mahmud II to further disintegrate Bosnian society. Instead of negotiating with Husein Gradaščević, the Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha (already engaged in an aggressive campaign against Albanian pashas and beys) mobilized his Ottoman army towards Travnik. Disappointed by Reşid Pasha's move, Gradaščević marched forward with an army of 52,000 into Priština, and later fought and defeated Reşid Pasha at Shtime. A Bosnian delegation reached the Grand Vizier's camp in Skopje in November of that year. The Grand Vizier promised this delegation that he would insist to the Sultan that he accept the Bosniak demands. His true intentions, however, were manifested by early December when his cannons attacked Bosnian units stationed on the outskirts of Novi Pazar. Reşid Mehmed Pasha later began an aggressive campaign into Bosnia with the assistance of the renegade kapetan Ali-paša Rizvanbegović and defeated the entire army of Bosnia Eyalet led by Husein Gradaščević outside the town of Stup.","title":"Campaign against Bosnia Eyalet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)"},{"link_name":"Diebitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Karl_von_Diebitsch"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kulevicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kulevicha"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"Monastir massacre of 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir_massacre_of_1830"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Egyptian-Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Konya"}],"text":"A very distinguished general, Reşid Mehmed fought in the Russo-Turkish War, where he was defeated by General Diebitsch at the Battle of Kulevicha. Subsequently, he was appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, a post he held from January 1829 to 17 February 1833. From that position, he orchestrated the Monastir massacre of 1830 of the Albanian beys killing hundreds. He led the Ottoman armies in Anatolia in the Egyptian-Ottoman War. He was captured by the forces of his old antagonist, Ibrahim Pasha, at the war's decisive Battle of Konya in 1832.","title":"After the Greek Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81li#Ottoman_Empire_term"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Raqqa Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Bedir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohtan"},{"link_name":"Yazidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0222-2"},{"link_name":"Mire Kor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Pasha_of_Rawanduz"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Soran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran_Emirate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0222-2"}],"text":"He was appointed the Wāli of Diyarbakir Eyalet and Raqqa Eyalet in 1834 and onwards led military campaigns against the local Kurdish tribes Garzan, Bedir Khan and Milli and the Yazidi in Sincar. In 1835 he subdued the Milli tribe in Mardin.[2] In 1836, he defeated, Mire Kor, the ruler from the Emirate of Soran.[3] He died in 1836.[2]","title":"Campaign in the Diyarbakir Eyalet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-turkbook_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0222_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0222_2-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004225183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225183"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-kurds/end-of-kurdish-autonomy/9FA3CB919480C3748DA40C082FC2E5BF"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University 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Rigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny"},{"link_name":"Lodewijk van Heiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_van_Heiden"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"London Philhellenic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philhellenic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Ludwig I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Jean-Gabriel Eynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Gabriel_Eynard"},{"link_name":"Lazaros Kountouriotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaros_Kountouriotis"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Papafis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Papafis"},{"link_name":"Georgios Stavros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Stavros"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Varvakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Varvakis"},{"link_name":"Rothschild & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"Morea expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea_expedition"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Joseph Maison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison"},{"link_name":"Antoine Simon Durrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Simon_Durrieu"},{"link_name":"Antoine Virgile Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Virgile_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Regnaud_de_Saint-Jean_d%27Ang%C3%A9ly"},{"link_name":"Camille Alphonse Trézel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Alphonse_Tr%C3%A9zel"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent"},{"link_name":"Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on-Jean-Joseph_Dubois"},{"link_name":"Pierre Peytier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Peytier"},{"link_name":"Stamatis Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamatis_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Guillaume-Abel Blouet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Abel_Blouet"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Bibron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bibron"},{"link_name":"Prosper Baccuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Baccuet"},{"link_name":"Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Emmanuel_Amaury_Duval"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Narcisse Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Narcisse_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"Charles Lenormant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lenormant"},{"link_name":"Edgar Quinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Quinet"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Ainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD"},{"link_name":"Fotis Chrysanthopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Filimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Filimon"},{"link_name":"George Finlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finlay"},{"link_name":"Ambrosios Frantzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%82_(%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B2%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)"},{"link_name":"Lambros Koutsonikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambros_Koutsonikas"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"Panoutsos Notaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoutsos_Notaras"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Papatsonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Anastasios Polyzoidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasios_Polyzoidis"},{"link_name":"Georgios Tertsetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Tertsetis"},{"link_name":"Spyridon Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Louis Dupré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dupr%C3%A9_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Peter von Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Hess"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"François Pouqueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin"},{"link_name":"Karl Krazeisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Krazeisen"},{"link_name":"Andreas Kalvos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Kalvos"},{"link_name":"Dionysios Solomos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos"},{"link_name":"Theodoros Vryzakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis"},{"link_name":"Hellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_(poem)"},{"link_name":"The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reception_of_Lord_Byron_at_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_on_the_Ruins_of_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Le siège de Corinthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Corinthe"},{"link_name":"The Massacre at Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Chios"},{"link_name":"The Free Besieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Besieged"},{"link_name":"Hymn to Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty"},{"link_name":"The Archipelago on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archipelago_on_Fire"},{"link_name":"Loukis Laras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loukis_Laras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Athanasios_Diakos"},{"link_name":"Hymn to Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Eleftheria i thanatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos"},{"link_name":"Pedion tou Areos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedion_tou_Areos"},{"link_name":"Propylaea (Munich)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylaea_(Munich)"},{"link_name":"Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garden_of_Heroes_(Missolonghi)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Phalanx"},{"link_name":"Evzones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evzones"},{"link_name":"Presidential Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3123755#identifiers"},{"link_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/resid-mehmed-pasa"}],"text":"^ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)\n\n^ a b Aydın, Suavi; Verheij, Jelle (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9789004225183.\n\n^ Ates, Sabri (2021), Gunes, Cengiz; Bozarslan, Hamit; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.), \"The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire\", The Cambridge History of the Kurds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–78, ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4, retrieved 2021-12-15vte Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453)\nHacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (1320–1331)\nMahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1331–1348)\nHacı Pasha (1348–1349)\nSinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (1349–1364)\nÇandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1364–1387)\nÇandarlızade Ali Pasha (1387–1406)\nOsmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (1406–1413)\nAmasyalı Bayezid Pasha (1413–1421)\nÇandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (1421–1429)\nOsmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (1429–1439)\nÇandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (1439–1453)\nvteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550)\nZagan Pasha (1453–1456)\nVeli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466)\nRum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469)\nIshak Pasha (1469–1472)\nVeli Mahmud Pasha (1472–1474)\nGedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477)\nKaramani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481)\nIshak Pasha (1481–1482)\nKoca Davud Pasha (1482–1497)\nHersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498)\nÇandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1498–1499)\nYakub Pasha (1499–1501)\nMesih Pasha (1501)\nHadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503)\nHersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1503–1506)\nHadim Ali Pasha (1509–1511)\nKoca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512)\nDukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515)\nHersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1515–1516)\nHadım Sinan Pasha (1516–1517)\nYunus Pasha (1517)\nPiri Mehmed Pasha (1517–1523)\nPargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536)\nAyas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539)\nLütfi Pasha (1539–1541)\nHadım Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544)\nRüstem Pasha (1544–1553)\nvteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700)\nKara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555)\nRüstem Pasha (1555–1561)\nSemiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565)\nSokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579)\nSemiz Ahmed Pasha (1579–1580)\nLala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580)\nKoca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582)\nKanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1582–1584)\nÖzdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585)\nHadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586)\nKanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1586–1589)\nKoca Sinan Pasha (1589–1591)\nSerdar Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592)\nKanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1592–1593)\nKoca Sinan Pasha (1593–1595)\nSerdar Ferhad Pasha (1595)\nLala Mehmed Pasha (1595)\nKoca Sinan Pasha (1595–1596)\nDamat Ibrahim Pasha (1596)\nCigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596)\nDamat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597)\nHadım Hasan Pasha (1597–1598)\nCerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599)\nDamat Ibrahim Pasha (1599–1601)\nYemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603)\nYavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604)\nSokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606)\nBoşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1606)\nKuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611)\nNasuh Pasha (1611–1614)\nÖküz Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616)\nDamat Halil Pasha (1616–1619)\nÖküz Mehmed Pasha (1619–1619)\nGüzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621)\nOhrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621)\nDilaver Pasha (1621–1622)\nKara Davud Pasha (1622)\nMere Hüseyin Pasha (1622)\nLefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622)\nGürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623)\nMere Hüseyin Pasha (1623)\nKemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624)\nÇerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625)\nFilibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626)\nDamat Halil Pasha (1626–1628)\nGazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631)\nHafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632)\nTopal Recep Pasha (1632)\nTabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637)\nBayram Pasha (1637–1638)\nTayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638)\nKemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644)\nCivankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645)\nNevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647)\nKara Musa Pasha (1647)\nHezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648)\nSofu Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649)\nKara Murat Pasha (1649–1650)\nMelek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651)\nAbaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1651)\nGürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652)\nTarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653)\nBıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654)\nIbşir Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655)\nKara Dev Murad Pasha (1655)\nErmeni Süleyman Pasha (1655)\nGazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656)\nZurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656)\nAbaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1656)\nBoynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656)\nKöprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661)\nKöprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676)\nMerzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683)\nBayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685)\nSarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687)\nAbaza Siyavuş Pasha II (1687–1688)\nAyaşlı Ismail Pasha (1688)\nTekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689)\nKöprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691)\nBahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692)\nMerzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693)\nBozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694)\nSürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695)\nElmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697)\nKöprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702)\nvteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789)\nDaltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703)\nRami Mehmed Pasha (1703)\nSührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703)\nDamat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704)\nKalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704)\nBaltaji Mehmet Pasha (1704–1706)\nÇorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710)\nKöprülü Numan Pasha (1710)\nBaltaji Mehmet Pasha (1710–1711)\nAğa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712)\nNişancı Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713)\nKel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713)\nSilahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716)\nHacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717)\nTevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718)\nNevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730)\nSilahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (1730–1731)\nKabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731)\nTopal Osman Pasha (1731–1732)\nHekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735)\nGürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736)\nSilahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737)\nMuhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737)\nYeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739)\nIvaz Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740)\nNişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742)\nHekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1742–1743)\nSeyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746)\nTiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747)\nSeyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750)\nDivitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752)\nKöse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755)\nHekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755)\nNaili Abdullah Pasha (1755)\nSilahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755)\nYirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756)\nKöse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1756–1757)\nKoca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763)\nTevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763)\nKöse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1763–1765)\nMuhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768)\nSilahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768)\nYağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769)\nMoldovancı Ali Pasha (1769)\nIvazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770)\nSilahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771)\nMuhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1774)\nIzzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775)\nMoralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777)\nDarendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778)\nKalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779)\nSilahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781)\nIzzet Mehmed Pasha (1781–1782)\nYeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782)\nHalil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785)\nHazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786)\nKoca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789)\nKethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789)\nvteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)\nHassan Pasha of Algiers (1789–1790)\nÇelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791)\nKoca Yusuf Pasha (1791–1792)\nMelek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794)\nSafranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1794–1798)\nKör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805)\nHafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806)\nIbrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807)\nÇelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808)\nAlemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808)\nÇavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809)\nKör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1809–1811)\nLaz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812)\nHurshid Pasha (1812–1815)\nMehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818)\nDervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820)\nSeyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821)\nBenderli Ali Pasha (1821)\nHacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822)\nDeli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823)\nSilahdar Ali Pasha (1823)\nMehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824)\nMehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828)\nTopal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829)\nReşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833)\nMehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1833–1839)\nKoca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1839–1840)\nMehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1840–1841)\nTopal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1841–1842)\nMehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1842–1846)\nMustafa Reşid Pasha (1846–1848)\nIbrahim Sarim Pasha (1848)\nMustafa Reşid Pasha (1848–1852)\nMehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852)\nMustafa Reşid Pasha (1852)\nMehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1852)\nDamat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853)\nMustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854)\nKıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854)\nMustafa Reşid Pasha (1854–1855)\nMehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1855–1856)\nMustafa Reşid Pasha (1856–1857)\nMustafa Naili Pasha (1857)\nMustafa Reşid Pasha (1857–1858)\nMehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1858–1859)\nKıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1859)\nMehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860)\nKıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)\nMehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1861)\nMehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866)\nYusuf Kamil Pasha (1863)\nMehmed Fuad Pasha (1863–1866)\nMehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867)\nMehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1866–1871)\nMahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872)\nMidhat Pasha (1872)\nMehmed Rushdi Pasha (1872–1873)\nAhmed Esad Pasha (1873)\nŞirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874)\nHüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875)\nAhmed Esad Pasha (1875)\nMahmud Nedim Pasha (1875–1876)\nMehmed Rushdi Pasha (1876–1876)\nMidhat Pasha (1876–1877)\nIbrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878)\nAhmed Hamdi Pasha (1878)\nAhmed Vefik Pasha (1878)\nMehmed Sadık Pasha (1878)\nMehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878)\nSaffet Pasha (1878)\nHayreddin Pasha (1878–1879)\nAhmed Arifi Pasha (1879)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880)\nKadri Pasha (1880)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1880–1882)\nAbdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1882)\nAhmed Vefik Pasha (1882)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1882–1885)\nKâmil Pasha (1885–1891)\nAhmed Cevad Pasha (1891–1895)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1895)\nKâmil Pasha (1895)\nHalil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1901–1903)\nMehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1908)\nKâmil Pasha (1908–1909)\nHüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909)\nAhmet Tevfik Pasha (1909)\nHüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910)\nIbrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911)\nMehmed Said Pasha (1911–1912)\nGazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912)\nKâmil Pasha (1912–1913)\nMahmud Shevket Pasha (1913)\nSaid Halim Pasha (1913–1917)\nMehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918)\nAhmed Izzet Pasha (1918)\nAhmet Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919)\nDamat Ferid Pasha (1919)\nAli Rıza Pasha (1919–1920)\nSalih Hulusi Pasha (1920)\nDamat Ferid Pasha (1920)\nAhmet Tevfik Pasha (1920–1922)vteGreek War of Independence (1821–1829)BackgroundOttoman GreecePeople\nArmatoles\nProestoi\nKlephts\nDionysius the Philosopher\nDaskalogiannis\nPanagiotis Benakis\nNikolaos Galatis\nKonstantinos Kolokotronis\nLambros Katsonis\nCosmas of Aetolia\nAli Pasha\nManiots\nPhanariots\nRum Millet\nSouliotes\nGregory V of Constantinople\nEvents\nOrlov Revolt\nSouliote War (1789–1793)\nSouliote War (1803)\nGreek EnlightenmentPeople\nJohn Caradja\nAthanasios Christopoulos\nTheoklitos Farmakidis\nRigas Feraios\nAnthimos Gazis\nTheophilos Kairis\nAdamantios Korais\nEugenios Voulgaris\nOrganizations\nEllinoglosso Xenodocheio\nFiliki Eteria\nNikolaos Skoufas\nAthanasios Tsakalov\nEmmanuil Xanthos\nPanagiotis Anagnostopoulos\nPhilomuse Society\nSociety of the Phoenix\nPublications\nAdelphiki Didaskalia\nAsma Polemistirion\nHellenic Nomarchy\nPamphlet of Rigas Feraios\nSalpisma Polemistirion\nThourios or Patriotic hymn\nEuropean intervention andGreek involvement inthe Napoleonic Wars\nRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774)\nTreaty of Küçük Kaynarca\nGreek Plan of Catherine the Great\nRusso-Turkish War (1787–1792)\nFrench Revolution and Napoleonic Wars\nFall of the Republic of Venice\nRepublican French rule in the Ionian Islands\nSeptinsular Republic\nGreek Legion\nImperial French rule in the Ionian Islands\nAlbanian Regiment\nAdriatic campaign of 1807–1814\n1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry\nUnited States of the Ionian Islands\nIdeas\nGreek nationalism\nEastern Orthodox Christianity\nLiberalism\nConstitutionalism\nMonarchism\nEventsSieges\nPatras\nSalona\nNavarino\nLivadeia\n1st Acropolis\nTripolitsa\nArta\nAcrocorinth\nNauplia\n1st Messolonghi\n2nd Messolonghi\n3rd Messolonghi\n2nd Acropolis\nBattles\nKalamata\nWallachian uprising\nAlamana\nGravia\nValtetsi\nDoliana\nLalas\nVasilika\nDrăgășani\nSculeni\nVasilika\nTrench\nPeta\nDervenakia\nKarpenisi\nGreek civil wars\nSphacteria\nManiaki\nMorea\nLerna Mills\nMani\nDistomo\nArachova\nKamatero\nPhaleron\nChios expedition\nMartino\nKoronisia\nPetra\nMassacres\nConstantinople\nThessaloniki\nNavarino\nTripolitsa\nNaousa\nSamothrace\nChios\nPsara\nKasos\nCyprus\nNaval conflicts\nEresos\nChios\nNauplia\nSamos\nAndros\nSphacteria\nGerontas\nSouda\nAlexandria\nVolos\nItea\nNavarino\nShips\nAgamemnon\nAris\nHellas\nKarteria\nGreek regional councils and statutes\nMessenian Senate\nDirectorate of Achaea\nPeloponnesian Senate\nSenate of Western Continental Greece\nAreopagus of Eastern Continental Greece\nProvisional Regime of Crete\nMilitary-Political System of Samos\nGreek national assemblies\nFirst (Epidaurus) (Executive of 1822)\nSecond (Astros)\nThird (Troezen)\nFourth (Argos)\nFifth (Nafplion)\nInternational Conferences,treaties and protocols\nCongress of Laibach\nCongress of Verona\nProtocol of St. Petersburg (1826)\nTreaty of London\nConference of Poros\nLondon Protocol of 1828\nLondon Protocol of 1829\nTreaty of Adrianople\nLondon Protocol of 1830\nLondon Conference\nTreaty of Constantinople\nRelated\nGreek expedition to Syria (1825)\nRusso-Turkish War (1828–29)\nPersonalitiesGreece\nChian Committee\nOdysseas Androutsos\nFotos Bomporis\nKostas Botsaris\nMarkos Botsaris\nNotis Botsaris\nTousias Botsaris\nLaskarina Bouboulina\nConstantin Denis Bourbaki\nStefanos Chalis\nSotiris Charalampis\nGiannis Chondrogiannis\nDimitrios Christidis\nPanagiotis Danglis\nHatzimichalis Dalianis\nDimitrios Deligeorgis\nDimitrakis Deligiannis\nKanellos Deligiannis\nAthanasios Diakos\nDionysis Diakos\nKonstantinos Dimidis\nIoannis Dimoulitsas\nAdam Doukas\nGeorgios Drakos\nYiannis Dyovouniotis\nGeorgios Filippopoulos\nAsimakis Fotilas\nPanagiotakis Fotilas\nAngelis Gatsos\nAntonios Georgantas\nGermanos III of Old Patras\nGeorgios Gevidis\nKonstantinos Gofas\nVasileios Goudas\nIoannis Gouras\nDimitrios Gouvelis\nKonstantinos Gouvelis\nAngelis Govios\nDimitrios Indares\nIsaiah of Salona\nAntonios Kalamogdartis\nGeorge Kalaras\nDimitrios Kallergis\nAthanasios Kampetis\nAthanasios Kanakaris\nKonstantinos Kanaris\nStefanos Kanellos\nIoannis Kapodistrias\nViaros Kapodistrias\nStamatios Kapsas\nGeorgakis Kapsokalyvas\nAnastasios Karatasos\nPanagiotis Karatzas\nGeorgios Karaiskakis\nAristeidis Karnalis\nNikolaos Kasomoulis\nIoannis Kolettis\nApostolis Kolokotronis\nIoannis Kolokotronis\nPanos Kolokotronis\nTheodoros Kolokotronis\nMichail Komninos Afentoulief\nAlexandros Kontostavlos\nPanos Koronaios\nGeorgios Kountouriotis\nLazaros Kountouriotis\nMichalis Kourmoulis\nIoannis Krestenitis\nLykourgos Krestenitis\nStamatis Krestenitis\nAntonios Kriezis\nNikolaos Kriezotis\nKyprianos of Cyprus\nKonstantinos Lagoumitzis\nGeorgios Lassanis\nGeorgios Lechouritis\nLeonardos Leonardopoulos\nGeorgios Liologlou\nLykourgos Logothetis\nAndreas Londos\nYiannis Makriyiannis\nIoannis Mamouris\nAnastasios Manakis\nManto Mavrogenous\nAlexandros Mavrokordatos\nAntonios Mavromichalis\nDemetrios Mavromichalis\nGeorgios Mavromichalis\nKonstantinos Mavromichalis\nKyriakoulis Mavromichalis\nPetrobey Mavromichalis\nDimitrios Meletopoulos\nAndreas Metaxas\nKonstantinos Metaxas\nHatzigiannis Mexis\nAndreas Miaoulis\nAntonios Miaoulis\nPanagiotis Michanidis\nSpyros Milios\nNikolaos Mykonios\nZachos Milios\nAlexander Negris\nKonstantinos Negris\nTheodoros Negris\nDiamantis Nikolaou\nKonstantinos Nikolopoulos\nIoannis Notaras\nAntonis Oikonomou\nIoannis Orlandos\nAndronikos Paikos\nGeorgios Panou\nDimitrios Panourgias\nNakos Panourgias\nGrigorios Papaflessas\nAnagnostis Papageorgiou\nDimitrios Papanikolis\nEmmanouel Pappas\nChristoforos Perraivos\nNikolaos Petimezas\nVasileios Petimezas\nDionysios Petrakis\nAndreas Pipinos\nKyriakos Pittakis\nAnastasios Polyzoidis\nKonstantinos Rados\nIoannis Rangos\nPanagiotis Rodios\nDionysios Romas\nGeorgios Sachtouris\nGeorgios Sekeris\nTheofanis Siatisteus\nGeorgios Sisinis\nIoannis Skandalidis\nZisis Sotiriou\nNikitas Stamatelopoulos\nGeorgios Stavros\nJoseph Stephanini\nIoannis Stratos\nSotirios Theocharopoulos\nZafeirakis Theodosiou\nEmmanouil Tombazis\nIakovos Tombazis\nIoannis Trikoupis\nAnastasios Tsamados\nMelchisedek Tsouderos\nKitsos Tzavellas\nTheodoros Tzinis\nLoukas Vagias\nThanasoulas Valtinos\nDimitrios Varis\nMeletis Vasileiou\nDomna Visvizi\nAlexakis Vlachopoulos\nKonstantinos Vlachopoulos\nPieros Voidis\nLiolios Xirolivaditis\nDemetrios Ypsilantis\nChristoforos Zachariadis\nAndreas Zaimis\nGermanos Zapheiropoulos\nEvangelos Zappas\nMarigo Zarafopoula\nNikolaos Zervas\nPhilhellenes\nAntónio Figueira d'Almeida\nJoseph Balestra\nSamuel Barff\nPaul Marie Bonaparte\nKarl Rudolf Brommy\nLord Byron\nFrançois-René de Chateaubriand\nRichard Church\nGiuseppe Chiappe\nLord Cochrane\nGiacinto Collegno\nCharles Fabvier\nAdam Friedel\nVincenzo Gallina\nThomas Gordon\nConstantin Guys\nEmmanuel Han\nFrank Abney Hastings\nCarl von Heideck\nSamuel Gridley Howe\nGeorge Jarvis\nKarl Krazeisen\nHenrik Nikolai Krøyer\nLudwig I of Bavaria\nErnst Michael Mangel\nSophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance\nVasos Mavrovouniotis\nJohann Jakob Meyer\nEllinika Chronika\nJonathan Miller\nJulius Michael Millingen\nAugust Myhrberg\nKarl von Normann-Ehrenfels\nHadži-Prodan\nMaurice Persat\nTheobald Piscatory\nMaxime Raybaud\nAuguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély\nGiuseppe Rosaroll\nAnnibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa\nFriedrich Thiersch\nAuguste Hilarion Touret\nEdward John Trelawny\nGerman Legion [el]\nSerbs\nDavid Urquhart\nOlivier Voutier\nJames Jakob Williams\nMoldavia and Wallachia(Danubian Principalities)Sacred Band\nAthanasios Agrafiotis\nAnastasios Christopoulos\nDiamandi Djuvara\nStefanos Kanellos\nAlexandros Kantakouzinos\nGeorgios Kantakouzinos\nRallou Karatza\nStamatios Kleanthis\nGeorgios Lassanis\nConstantine Levidis\nDimitrie Macedonski\nAnastasios Manakis\nGiorgakis Olympios\nYiannis Pharmakis\nMichael Soutzos\nRoxani Soutzos\nAthanasios Tsakalov\nTudor Vladimirescu\nKonstantinos Xenokratis\nAlexander Ypsilantis\nDemetrios Ypsilantis\nNikolaos Ypsilantis\nChristoforos Zachariadis\nOttoman Empire, Algeria, and Egypt\nSultan Mahmud II\nHurshid Pasha\nNasuhzade Ali Pasha\nIsmael Gibraltar\nOmer Vrioni\nKara Mehmet\nMahmud Dramali Pasha\nKoca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha\nReşid Mehmed Pasha\nYussuf Pasha\nIbrahim Pasha\nSoliman Pasha al-Faransawi\nBritain, France and Russia\nGeorge Canning\nStratford Canning\nEdward Codrington\nHenri de Rigny\nLodewijk van Heiden\nAlexander I of Russia\nNicholas I of Russia\nFinancial aid\nLondon Philhellenic Committee\nLudwig I of Bavaria\nJean-Gabriel Eynard\nLazaros Kountouriotis\nIoannis Papafis\nGeorgios Stavros\nIoannis Varvakis\nRothschild & Co\nMorea expeditionMilitary\nNicolas Joseph Maison\nAntoine Simon Durrieu\nAntoine Virgile Schneider\nAuguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély\nCamille Alphonse Trézel\nScientific\nJean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent\nLéon-Jean-Joseph Dubois\nPierre Peytier\nStamatis Voulgaris\nGuillaume-Abel Blouet\nGabriel Bibron\nProsper Baccuet\nEugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval\nPierre-Narcisse Guérin\nCharles Lenormant\nEdgar Quinet\nHistorians/Memoirists\nDimitrios Ainian\nFotis Chrysanthopoulos\nIoannis Filimon\nGeorge Finlay\n Ambrosios Frantzis\nLambros Koutsonikas\nKonstantinos Metaxas\nPanoutsos Notaras\nPanagiotis Papatsonis\nAnastasios Polyzoidis\nGeorgios Tertsetis\nSpyridon Trikoupis\nArt\nEugène Delacroix\nLouis Dupré\nPeter von Hess\nVictor Hugo\nFrançois Pouqueville\nAlexander Pushkin\nKarl Krazeisen\nAndreas Kalvos\nDionysios Solomos\nTheodoros Vryzakis\nHellas\nThe Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi\nGreece on the Ruins of Missolonghi\nLe siège de Corinthe\nThe Massacre at Chios\nThe Free Besieged\nHymn to Liberty\nThe Archipelago on Fire\nLoukis Laras\nThe Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos\nRemembrance\n25 March (Independence Day)\nHymn to Liberty\nEleftheria i thanatos\nPedion tou Areos\nPropylaea (Munich)\nGarden of Heroes (Missolonghi)\nRoyal Phalanx\nEvzones (Presidential Guard)Authority control databases \nİslâm Ansiklopedisi","title":"Notes and sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Aydın, Suavi; Verheij, Jelle (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9789004225183.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225183","url_text":"9789004225183"}]},{"reference":"Ates, Sabri (2021), Gunes, Cengiz; Bozarslan, Hamit; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.), \"The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire\", The Cambridge History of the Kurds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–78, ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4, retrieved 2021-12-15","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-kurds/end-of-kurdish-autonomy/9FA3CB919480C3748DA40C082FC2E5BF","url_text":"\"The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47335-4","url_text":"978-1-108-47335-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-kurds/end-of-kurdish-autonomy/9FA3CB919480C3748DA40C082FC2E5BF","external_links_name":"\"The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire\""},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/resid-mehmed-pasa","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkei_Corporation	Enkei Corporation	["1 Motorsport involvement","2 References","3 External links"]	Japanese wheel manufacturer Enkei CorporationNative nameエンケイ株式会社Romanized nameEnkei Kabushiki-gaishaCompany typePrivate KKIndustryAutomotiveFoundedOctober 5, 1950; 73 years ago (1950-10-05)HeadquartersNaka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture 430-7726, JapanArea servedWorldwideKey peopleJunichi Suzuki(President)ProductsMotorcycle and automobile wheelsAuto accessoriesAluminium ingotsAluminium raw materialsAluminium partsDies for casting and moldingNumber of employees8,160 (consolidated, as of March 31, 2018)Websitewww.enkei.co.jpFootnotes / references Enkei Corporation (エンケイ株式会社, Enkei Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese motorcycle and passenger car wheel manufacturer for both motorsport and street use. The company was founded in 1950 and it is also an OEM manufacturer of wheels for production vehicles, mainly in Aluminium wheels for sporty models. The name Enkei is an abbreviation of its original name at the time of foundation in 1950, Ensyu Keigoukin (lit. Enshu lightweight alloy), where Enshu is a historical name for Shizuoka prefecture of Japan. Motorsport involvement Enkei has been involved in motorsport, most famously in Formula 1 since 1995, supplying wheels for the McLaren F1 Team and in Super GT series. References ^ "Corporate Outline". Enkei Corporation. Archived from the original on September 15, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2018. ^ "Company Overview of Enkei Corporation". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 5, 2018. ^ Brad Bowling (December 1, 2003). Complete Wheel and Tire Buyer's Guide. Krause Publications. p. 125. ISBN 0-87349-661-2. ^ "沿革｜会社概要｜Enkei Wheels". ^ "Vodafone McLaren Mercedes celebrates 300 grands prix with Mobil 1, Mercedes-Benz and Enkei". Motorsport.com. June 10, 2012. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018. ^ "Top 10 Aftermarket Car Wheels You Can Buy Right Now". Interesting Engineering. July 16, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2018. External links Official website Portals: Japan Engineering Companies vte Automotive industry in Japan Automotive industry Economy of Japan Transport in Japan CompaniesVehicle producersNativemanufacturers Aspark ASL Duesen Bayern GLM Honda Acura Marusho Isuzu UD Trucks Jiotto Kawasaki Kawasaki Motors Mazda Amati Autozam Ẽfini Eunos M2 Xedos Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsubishi Motors (66%) Mitsubishi Fuso (10.71%) Mitsuoka Nissan Cony Datsun Infiniti Kurogane Ohta Otomo Prince Shatai Tama Sony Honda Mobility Subaru Corporation Blitzen Subaru Suzuki Hope Takeoka Toyota Daihatsu Scion Lexus Hino WiLL Yamaha Foreign subsidiaries Ford General Motors Active factories Toyota Factories Defunct factories Zama Components Aisin Akebono Brake BluE Nexus Bridgestone Clarion Denso Denso Ten GS Yuasa Hitachi Astemo Keihin Nissin Showa HKS IHI Corporation Jatco JECS JTEKT Kawasaki Kayaba Industry Mabuchi Motor Marelli Holdings Mikuni Mitsuba Corporation Nachi-Fujikoshi NHK Spring Nidec Nisshinbo Niterra NSK NTN Corporation PIAA Shindengen Electric Manufacturing Stanley Electric Sumitomo Riko Sumitomo Rubber Industries Takata Corporation THK Tokico Topre Topy Industries Toyo Tire & Rubber Company Toyota Boshoku Tsubakimoto Chain Yanmar Yazaki Corporation Yokohama Rubber Company Zexel Motorsport andtuners Autech Blitz Dome Enkei GReddy HKS Honda Racing Impul JUN Auto Kojima Mazdaspeed Mine's Mugen Motorsports Nismo Ralliart Rays Wheels RE Amemiya SARD Spoon Sports SSR Wheels Subaru Tecnica International Tein Toda Racing Tommykaira Top Secret TOM'S Toyota Gazoo Racing Toyota Racing Development Veilside WedsSport Work Wheels Services Autobacs Seven Yanase Imported Cars Related topics Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Tokyo Motor Show Tokyo Auto Salon Used vehicle exporting National Highway Expressways Note: Defunct companies and marques above are shown in italics Category Commons This article about a Japanese corporation- or company-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Enshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dmi_Province"}],"text":"Enkei Corporation (エンケイ株式会社, Enkei Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese motorcycle and passenger car wheel manufacturer for both motorsport and street use.[2][3]The company was founded in 1950 and it is also an OEM manufacturer of wheels for production vehicles, mainly in Aluminium wheels for sporty models.The name Enkei is an abbreviation of its original name at the time of foundation in 1950, Ensyu Keigoukin [4] (lit. Enshu lightweight alloy), where Enshu is a historical name for Shizuoka prefecture of Japan.","title":"Enkei Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1"},{"link_name":"McLaren F1 Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Super GT series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_GT"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Enkei has been involved in motorsport, most famously in Formula 1 since 1995, supplying wheels for the McLaren F1 Team and in Super GT series.[5][6]","title":"Motorsport involvement"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Corporate Outline\". Enkei Corporation. Archived from the original on September 15, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190915002758/http://www.enkei.co.jp/eng/corporate/","url_text":"\"Corporate Outline\""},{"url":"http://www.enkei.co.jp/eng/corporate/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Company Overview of Enkei Corporation\". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5533647","url_text":"\"Company Overview of Enkei Corporation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg L.P."}]},{"reference":"Brad Bowling (December 1, 2003). Complete Wheel and Tire Buyer's Guide. Krause Publications. p. 125. ISBN 0-87349-661-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krause_Publications","url_text":"Krause Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87349-661-2","url_text":"0-87349-661-2"}]},{"reference":"\"沿革｜会社概要｜Enkei Wheels\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enkei.co.jp/corporate/overview/history/","url_text":"\"沿革｜会社概要｜Enkei Wheels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vodafone McLaren Mercedes celebrates 300 grands prix with Mobil 1, Mercedes-Benz and Enkei\". Motorsport.com. June 10, 2012. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708075218/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/vodafone-mclaren-mercedes-celebrates-300-grands-prix-with-mobil-1-mercedes-benz-and-enkei/","url_text":"\"Vodafone McLaren Mercedes celebrates 300 grands prix with Mobil 1, Mercedes-Benz and Enkei\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport.com","url_text":"Motorsport.com"},{"url":"https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/vodafone-mclaren-mercedes-celebrates-300-grands-prix-with-mobil-1-mercedes-benz-and-enkei/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Aftermarket Car Wheels You Can Buy Right Now\". Interesting Engineering. July 16, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/wish-list-top-10-car-wheels-want-buy","url_text":"\"Top 10 Aftermarket Car Wheels You Can Buy Right Now\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.enkei.co.jp/","external_links_name":"www.enkei.co.jp"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190915002758/http://www.enkei.co.jp/eng/corporate/","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Outline\""},{"Link":"http://www.enkei.co.jp/eng/corporate/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5533647","external_links_name":"\"Company Overview of Enkei Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://www.enkei.co.jp/corporate/overview/history/","external_links_name":"\"沿革｜会社概要｜Enkei Wheels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708075218/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/vodafone-mclaren-mercedes-celebrates-300-grands-prix-with-mobil-1-mercedes-benz-and-enkei/","external_links_name":"\"Vodafone McLaren Mercedes celebrates 300 grands prix with Mobil 1, Mercedes-Benz and Enkei\""},{"Link":"https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/vodafone-mclaren-mercedes-celebrates-300-grands-prix-with-mobil-1-mercedes-benz-and-enkei/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://interestingengineering.com/wish-list-top-10-car-wheels-want-buy","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Aftermarket Car Wheels You Can Buy Right Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.enkei.co.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enkei_Corporation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Java_Game_Library	LWJGL	["1 History","2 Bindings","3 Notable uses","4 References","5 External links"]	Open-source Java software game library This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "LWJGL" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "LWJGL" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lightweight Java Game Library (LWJGL)Original author(s)Caspian PrinceDeveloper(s)Ioannis TsakpinisInitial release4 February 2007; 17 years ago (2007-02-04)Stable release3.3.3 / 16 September 2023; 8 months ago (2023-09-16) Repositorygithub.com/lwjglWritten inJava, C, KotlinOperating systemLinux, macOS, Windows, FreeBSDPlatformJava platformTypeFree computer libraryLicenseBSD, some bindings under different licensesWebsitelwjgl.org The Lightweight Java Game Library (LWJGL) is an open-source software library that provides bindings to a variety of C libraries for video game developers to Java. It exposes cross-platform libraries commonly used in developing video games and multimedia titles, such as Vulkan, OpenGL, OpenAL and OpenCL. The primary goal of the project is to provide a way for Java developers to get access to resources that are otherwise unavailable or poorly implemented on the existing Java platform. The main philosophy is to expose underlying technology as a thin wrapper, thus creating an API close to the original. It is also the basis of many high-level Java game engines and libraries, such as libGDX or the jMonkeyEngine. History Development of the library began in 2002 with the release of J2SE 1.4, making use of the newly-added non-blocking I/O operations and off-heap memory access. These additions to the JDK allowed for better access to native memory and libraries not a part of the JDK. The first official release of the library was on 4 February 2007. On 13 November 2014, version 3 was announced, which was released in the alpha version on 27 April 2015 and is a complete rewrite of LWJGL. Many new bindings, including GLFW, EGL and Objective-C, were added. Support for Oculus Rift development was also added with LibOVR bindings. The new version was released on 4 June 2016, after more than 3 and a half years in development. Bindings The library accesses native C code through the Java Native Interface (JNI). Bindings to each of the native libraries exist as different modules so developers can make custom builds with only the things they need in a certain program. While utility classes are written in pure Java, most of the binding classes are automatically generated by a custom generator implemented in Kotlin. Since version 3.1, LWJGL is fully split into 51 modules that can be downloaded and used separately. To make this process easier, the project provides an online build configurator, which allows users to download custom combinations of modules and automatically generates Maven and Gradle configuration files to ease their use with existing projects. Provided bindings Binding Category Description Notes EGL Khronos APIs Interface between Khronos rendering APIs and the underlying native platform window system. OpenCL API for cross-platform parallel computing. OpenGL 3D graphics specification implemented by most GPU vendors. Most extensions are supported, but less popular ones will be added on request. OpenGL ES OpenGL for embedded systems like mobile phones, tablets, or consoles. Vulkan Upcoming cross-platform 3D graphics API. GLFW Display and Input Window management library needed for handling OpenGL and Vulkan contexts as well as user input. JAWT AWT native interface. nfd Small cross-platform native file dialogs library. tinyfd Small native dialog library. OpenAL Audio Three-dimensional audio API. ALC and other extensions are supported. Specifically bundles the OpenAL Soft implementation. Opus Open, royalty-free audio codec. Assimp Graphics Portable open source library to import various 3D model formats. bgfx Cross-platform rendering library supporting multiple graphics backends. DriftFX Library to render OpenGL content into JavaFX nodes. LibOVR API of the Oculus Rift SDK. meshoptimizer A mesh optimization library that makes meshes smaller and faster to render NanoSVG Simple SVG parser. NanoVG 2D vector graphics rendering library using OpenGL. Nuklear Simple GUI library. par_shapes Generator for parametric and other simple shapes. par_streamlines Triangulate wide lines and curves. OpenVR An API runtime that allows access to VR hardware from multiple vendors without requiring applications have specific knowledge of the type of hardware they are targeting. Shaderc A collection of libraries for shader compilation SPIRV-Cross A library for performing reflection on SPIR-V and disassembling SPIR-V back to high level languages. OpenEXR A small, single-header library to load and save OpenEXR (.exr) images. Tootle (AMD) A 3D triangle mesh optimization library that improves on existing mesh preprocessing techniques. Vulkan Memory Allocator An easy to integrate Vulkan memory allocation library. Yoga An open-source, cross-platform layout library that implements CSS Flexbox. STB STB Lightweight single-file libraries for loading images, sounds and fonts. Bullet Physics Other Real-time collision detection and multi-physics simulation for VR, games, visual effects, robotics, machine-learning, etc. CUDA A parallel computing platform and programming model developed by NVIDIA for general computing on GPUs. dyncall Library for dynamically calling C functions in a portable way. Set to be removed. jemalloc Low-level memory management. libffi A portable, high level programming interface to various calling conventions. Replaces dyncall. libdivide A library that replaces expensive integer divides with comparatively cheap multiplication and bitshifts. LLVM A collection of modular and reusable compiler and toolchain technologies. LMDB Fast database library using memory-mapped files. LZ4 A lossless data compression algorithm that is focused on speed. Meow Hash Fast non-cryptographic hash. ODBC A C-language interface that makes it possible for applications to access data from a variety of database management systems. Remotery Realtime CPU/GPU profiler. rpmalloc Cross-platform thread caching memory allocator. xxHash Fast hash algorithm. Zstandard A fast lossless compression algorithm. Notable uses Minecraft: Java Edition Project Zomboid References ^ a b Matzon, Brian (4 February 2007). "LWJGL 1.0 Released". LWJGL Forum. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ a b c d "LWJGL/lwjgl3". github.com. Retrieved 13 August 2016. ^ a b "lwjgl3/doc – Generator". github.com. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ a b c d e "Official website". Retrieved 14 August 2015. ^ Tsakpinis, Ioannis (13 November 2014). "Welcome to LWJGL 3". blog.lwjgl.org. ^ a b "LWJGL 3 Roadmap". github.com. Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ a b c Tsakpinis, Ioannis (27 April 2015). "LWJGL 3.0.0a released". blog.lwjgl.org. ^ "LWJGL 3.0.0 Released!". blog.lwjgl.org. 4 June 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ "Bindings FAQ". github.com. 27 December 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2015. ^ "LWJGL 3.1.0 Released!". blog.lwjgl.org. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016. ^ "Minecraft unblocked". Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Download – LWJGL". lwjgl.org. Retrieved 11 November 2016. ^ "Minecraft Attributions \| Minecraft". Minecraft.net. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ "APZDTISA #3: This time with LIVE MULTIPLAYER!". Project Zomboid. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2022. External links Official website vteJava desktopAPIs Java Foundation Classes Abstract Window Toolkit Java AWT Native Interface Standard Widget Toolkit Java 2D Java 3D Swing SwingWorker Pluggable look and feel synth Look and Feel Deprecated APIs Java applet Lightweight User Interface Toolkit Open-source JavaFX Java OpenGL Java Bindings for OpenGL Lightweight Java Game Library libGDX Application Foundation Classes Qt Jambi QuickTime for Java swingLabs vteGame engines (list) Source port First-person shooter engine list Game engine recreation list Game creation system Game IDE List of visual novel engines id Tech Proprietary1980s Filmation Freescape Gold Box SCUMM 1990s 3D GameStudio Clickteam Dark Engine GameMaker Genie Engine GoldSrc Jedi LithTech Mugen Pie in the Sky Reality Lab RenderWare RPG Maker Sim RPG Maker Unreal Engine Virtual Theatre Voxel Space Zero Zillions of Games 2000s Anvil C4 Engine Chrome Engine CryEngine Crystal Tools Diesel Ego Essence Engine Euphoria Flare3D Frostbite Gamebryo GameSalad HeroEngine IW Leadwerks Marmalade MT Framework PhyreEngine Q RAGE Retro Engine SAGE Shark 3D Silent Storm engine Source Titan Unigine Unity Vicious Engine Vision Visual3D Game Engine 2010s 4A Engine Amazon Lumberyard Bitsquid Buildbox Construct Creation Engine Decima Defold Felgo Fox Engine id Tech 5 id Tech 6 Ignite Kynapse Luminous Engine Nvidia GameWorks Panta Rhei Pixel Game Maker MV RE Engine Snowdrop Stencyl Source 2 UbiArt Framework 2020s id Tech 7 Free andopen-source1970s Z-machine 1990s Adventure Game Studio Build Crystal Space Doom engine Game-Maker OHRRPGCE Quake engine Quake II engine Stratagus 2000s Away3D Blender Game Engine Bork3D Game Engine Cocos2d Dim3 Game Editor GDevelop id Tech 3 id Tech 4 Irrlicht Engine jMonkeyEngine Lightweight Java Game Library Löve OGRE Open Wonderland Panda3D Papervision3D Plasma Platinum Arts Sandbox Pygame Ren'Py Scratch Solar2D Spring Engine Thousand Parsec Torque Vassal Engine Wintermute Engine 2010s Delta3D Godot GPUOpen Horde3D libGDX Moai OpenFL ORX PlayCanvas Raylib Snap! Stencyl Stride 2020s Open 3D Engine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"software library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"},{"link_name":"bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_binding"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"video game developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"cross-platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform"},{"link_name":"Vulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan_(API)"},{"link_name":"OpenGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL"},{"link_name":"OpenAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAL"},{"link_name":"OpenCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL"},{"link_name":"API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"libGDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibGDX"},{"link_name":"jMonkeyEngine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMonkeyEngine"}],"text":"The Lightweight Java Game Library (LWJGL) is an open-source software library that provides bindings to a variety of C libraries for video game developers to Java. It exposes cross-platform libraries commonly used in developing video games and multimedia titles, such as Vulkan, OpenGL, OpenAL and OpenCL.The primary goal of the project is to provide a way for Java developers to get access to resources that are otherwise unavailable or poorly implemented on the existing Java platform. The main philosophy is to expose underlying technology as a thin wrapper, thus creating an API close to the original. 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These additions to the JDK allowed for better access to native memory and libraries not a part of the JDK. 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Bindings to each of the native libraries exist as different modules so developers can make custom builds with only the things they need in a certain program.[4][7][9]While utility classes are written in pure Java, most of the binding classes are automatically generated by a custom generator implemented in Kotlin.[2][3]Since version 3.1, LWJGL is fully split into 51 modules that can be downloaded and used separately. To make this process easier, the project provides an online build configurator, which allows users to download custom combinations of modules and automatically generates Maven and Gradle configuration files to ease their use with existing projects.[10][11][12]","title":"Bindings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minecraft: Java Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Project Zomboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Zomboid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Minecraft: Java Edition[13]\nProject Zomboid[14]","title":"Notable uses"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Matzon, Brian (4 February 2007). \"LWJGL 1.0 Released\". LWJGL Forum. Retrieved 23 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://forum.lwjgl.org/index.php?topic=2202.msg12233#msg12233","url_text":"\"LWJGL 1.0 Released\""}]},{"reference":"\"LWJGL/lwjgl3\". github.com. 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Retrieved 11 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.lwjgl.org/lwjgl-3-1-0-released/","url_text":"\"LWJGL 3.1.0 Released!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minecraft unblocked\". Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://minecraftforfreex.com/","url_text":"\"Minecraft unblocked\""}]},{"reference":"\"Download – LWJGL\". lwjgl.org. Retrieved 11 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lwjgl.org/download","url_text":"\"Download – LWJGL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minecraft Attributions \| Minecraft\". Minecraft.net. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://minecraft.net/en-us/attribution/","url_text":"\"Minecraft Attributions \| Minecraft\""}]},{"reference":"\"APZDTISA #3: This time with LIVE MULTIPLAYER!\". Project Zomboid. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://projectzomboid.com/blog/news/2014/02/apzdtisa-3-this-time-with-live-multiplayer/","url_text":"\"APZDTISA #3: This time with LIVE MULTIPLAYER!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22LWJGL%22","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22LWJGL%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22LWJGL%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22LWJGL%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22LWJGL%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22LWJGL%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22LWJGL%22","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22LWJGL%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22LWJGL%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22LWJGL%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22LWJGL%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22LWJGL%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://github.com/lwjgl","external_links_name":"github.com/lwjgl"},{"Link":"http://lwjgl.org/","external_links_name":"lwjgl.org"},{"Link":"http://forum.lwjgl.org/index.php?topic=2202.msg12233#msg12233","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL 1.0 Released\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/LWJGL/lwjgl3","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL/lwjgl3\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/LWJGL/lwjgl3/tree/master/doc#generator","external_links_name":"\"lwjgl3/doc – Generator\""},{"Link":"https://www.lwjgl.org/","external_links_name":"\"Official website\""},{"Link":"https://blog.lwjgl.org/welcome-to-lwjgl-3/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to LWJGL 3\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/LWJGL/lwjgl3-wiki/wiki/1.3.-Roadmap","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL 3 Roadmap\""},{"Link":"https://blog.lwjgl.org/lwjgl-3-0a-released/","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL 3.0.0a released\""},{"Link":"https://blog.lwjgl.org/lwjgl-3-0-0-released/","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL 3.0.0 Released!\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/LWJGL/lwjgl3-wiki/wiki/1.5.-Bindings-FAQ","external_links_name":"\"Bindings FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://blog.lwjgl.org/lwjgl-3-1-0-released/","external_links_name":"\"LWJGL 3.1.0 Released!\""},{"Link":"https://minecraftforfreex.com/","external_links_name":"\"Minecraft unblocked\""},{"Link":"https://www.lwjgl.org/download","external_links_name":"\"Download – LWJGL\""},{"Link":"https://minecraft.net/en-us/attribution/","external_links_name":"\"Minecraft Attributions \| Minecraft\""},{"Link":"https://projectzomboid.com/blog/news/2014/02/apzdtisa-3-this-time-with-live-multiplayer/","external_links_name":"\"APZDTISA #3: This time with LIVE MULTIPLAYER!\""},{"Link":"https://www.lwjgl.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100135	WAY-100135	["1 See also","2 References"]	Chemical compound WAY-100135Clinical dataATC codeNoneIdentifiers IUPAC name (S)-N-tert-Butyl-3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide CAS Number133025-23-7 YPubChem CID115111IUPHAR/BPS79ChemSpider103008 NChEMBLChEMBL38288 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID80927903 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC24H33N3O2Molar mass395.547 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES c2ccccc2C(C(=O)NC(C)(C)C)CN(CC3)CCN3c1ccccc1OC InChI InChI=1S/C24H33N3O2/c1-24(2,3)25-23(28)20(19-10-6-5-7-11-19)18-26-14-16-27(17-15-26)21-12-8-9-13-22(21)29-4/h5-13,20H,14-18H2,1-4H3,(H,25,28) NKey:UMTDAKAAYOXIKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N NY (what is this?) (verify) WAY-100135 is a serotonergic drug of the phenylpiperazine family which is used in scientific research. It acts as potent 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and was originally believed to be highly selective, but further studies have demonstrated that it also acts as a partial agonist of the 5-HT1D receptor (pKi = 7.58; virtually the same affinity for 5-HT1A), and to a much lesser extent, of the 5-HT1B receptor (pKi = 5.82). These findings may have prompted the development of the related compound WAY-100635, another purportedly selective and even more potent 5-HT1A antagonist, which was synthesized shortly thereafter. However, WAY-100635 turned out to be non-selective as well, having been shown to act additionally as a potent D4 receptor agonist later on. See also WAY-100635 References ^ Fletcher A, Bill DJ, Bill SJ, et al. (June 1993). "WAY100135: a novel, selective antagonist at presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors". European Journal of Pharmacology. 237 (2–3): 283–91. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(93)90280-u. PMID 8365456. ^ Cliffe IA, Brightwell CI, Fletcher A, et al. (May 1993). "(S)-N-tert-butyl-3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide : a selective antagonist at presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (10): 1509–10. doi:10.1021/jm00062a028. PMID 8496920. ^ Davidson C, Ho M, Price GW, Jones BJ, Stamford JA (June 1997). "(+)-WAY 100135, a partial agonist, at native and recombinant 5-HT1B/1D receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 121 (4): 737–42. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701197. PMC 1564750. PMID 9208142. ^ Fornal CA, Metzler CW, Gallegos RA, Veasey SC, McCreary AC, Jacobs BL (August 1996). "WAY-100635, a potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine1A antagonist, increases serotonergic neuronal activity in behaving cats: comparison with (S)-WAY-100135". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 278 (2): 752–62. PMID 8768728. ^ Chemel BR, Roth BL, Armbruster B, Watts VJ, Nichols DE (October 2006). "WAY-100635 is a potent dopamine D4 receptor agonist". Psychopharmacology. 188 (2): 244–51. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0490-4. PMID 16915381. S2CID 24194034. vteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11,461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15,599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24,969 S-14,506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92,016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7,378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649,915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24,969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15,572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin 5-HT25-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–75-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67,333 RS-67,506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12,233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24,969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12,233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215,840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vtePiperazinesSimple piperazines(no additional rings) Aminoethylpiperazine Diethylcarbamazine HEPPS Midafotel Piperazine PIPES Phenylpiperazines 2C-B-PP 3,4-CFP Acaprazine Antrafenine Aripiprazole Batoprazine Bifeprunox BRL-15,572 Ciprofloxacin CSP-2503 Dapiprazole DCPP DMPP Diphenylpiperazine Dropropizine EGIS-12,233 Elopiprazole Eltoprazine Enpiprazole Ensaculin Etoperidone Flesinoxan Fluanisone Flibanserin Fluprazine Itraconazole Ketoconazole Levodropropizine Lorpiprazole mCPP Mefway MeOPP Mepiprazole Naftopidil Naluzotan Naphthylpiperazine Nefazodone Niaprazine Oxypertine Pardoprunox pCPP pFPP Posaconazole S-14,506 S-14,671 S-15,535 SB-258,585 SB-271,046 SB-357,134 SB-399,885 Sonepiprazole TFMPP Tolpiprazole Trazodone Urapidil Vesnarinone Vilazodone Vortioxetine WAY-100,135 WAY-100,635 Benzylpiperazines 2C-B-BZP 3-Methylbenzylpiperazine Befuraline Bifeprunox Buclizine BZP Chlorbenzoxamine DBZP Fipexide Imatinib MBZP MDBZP Meclozine Methoxypiperamide NSI-189 Piberaline Piribedil RN-1747 Sunifiram Trimetazidine Vesnarinone Diphenylalkylpiperazines(benzhydrylalkylpiperazines) AD-1211 Almitrine Amperozide BRL-15,572 Buclizine BW373U86 Cetirizine Chlorbenzoxamine Chlorcyclizine Cinnarizine Clocinizine Cyclizine DBL-583 Diphenpipenol Diphenylmethylpiperazine Dotarizine DPI-221 DPI-287 DPI-3290 GBR-12,783 GBR-12,935 GBR-13,069 GBR-13,098 GBR-13,119 Hydroxyzine Lidoflazine Manidipine Meclozine MT-45 Oxatomide SNC-80 Vanoxerine Pyrimidinylpiperazines Buspirone Dasatinib Eptapirone Gepirone Ipsapirone Piribedil Prazitone Pyrimidinylpiperazine Revospirone Tandospirone Tirilazad Trimazosin Umespirone Zalospirone Pyridinylpiperazines Atevirdine Azaperone Delavirdine Mirtazapine ORG-12962 Pyridinylpiperazine Benzo(iso)thiazolylpiperazines Lurasidone Perospirone Revospirone Tiospirone Ziprasidone Tricyclics(piperazine attached via side chain) Amoxapine Clopenthixol Clorotepine Clozapine Cyanothepin Doclothepin Docloxythepin Flupentixol Fluphenazine Isofloxythepin Loxapine Meperathiepin Metitepine Octomethothepin Olanzapine Opipramol Oxyclothepin Oxyprothepin Peradithiepin Perathiepin Perazine Perphenazine Pirenzepine Prochlorperazine Thiethylperazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine Trifluthepin Zuclopenthixol Others/Uncategorized 6-Nitroquipazine AP-238 Azimilide Bucinnazine Cinepazet Cinepazic acid Cinepazide CPD-1 Cyclohexylpiperazine EGIS-7625 Hexocyclium Indinavir JNJ-7777120 Lodenafil MK-212 Mirodenafil PB-28 Quipazine Ranolazine SA-4503 Sildenafil Tadalafil Vardenafil VUF-6002 WY-46824 Zipeprol This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serotonergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"phenylpiperazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiperazine"},{"link_name":"scientific research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8365456-1"},{"link_name":"potent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"5-HT1A receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8496920-2"},{"link_name":"selective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity"},{"link_name":"partial agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_agonist"},{"link_name":"5-HT1D receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1D"},{"link_name":"5-HT1B receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9208142-3"},{"link_name":"WAY-100635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100635"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8768728-4"},{"link_name":"D4 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D4_receptor"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16915381-5"}],"text":"WAY-100135 is a serotonergic drug of the phenylpiperazine family which is used in scientific research.[1] It acts as potent 5-HT1A receptor antagonist,[2] and was originally believed to be highly selective, but further studies have demonstrated that it also acts as a partial agonist of the 5-HT1D receptor (pKi = 7.58; virtually the same affinity for 5-HT1A), and to a much lesser extent, of the 5-HT1B receptor (pKi = 5.82).[3] These findings may have prompted the development of the related compound WAY-100635, another purportedly selective and even more potent 5-HT1A antagonist, which was synthesized shortly thereafter.[4] However, WAY-100635 turned out to be non-selective as well, having been shown to act additionally as a potent D4 receptor agonist later on.[5]","title":"WAY-100135"}]	[]	[{"title":"WAY-100635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100635"}]	[{"reference":"Fletcher A, Bill DJ, Bill SJ, et al. (June 1993). \"WAY100135: a novel, selective antagonist at presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors\". European Journal of Pharmacology. 237 (2–3): 283–91. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(93)90280-u. PMID 8365456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-2999%2893%2990280-u","url_text":"10.1016/0014-2999(93)90280-u"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8365456","url_text":"8365456"}]},{"reference":"Cliffe IA, Brightwell CI, Fletcher A, et al. (May 1993). \"(S)-N-tert-butyl-3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide [(S)-WAY-100135]: a selective antagonist at presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (10): 1509–10. doi:10.1021/jm00062a028. PMID 8496920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00062a028","url_text":"10.1021/jm00062a028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8496920","url_text":"8496920"}]},{"reference":"Davidson C, Ho M, Price GW, Jones BJ, Stamford JA (June 1997). \"(+)-WAY 100135, a partial agonist, at native and recombinant 5-HT1B/1D receptors\". British Journal of Pharmacology. 121 (4): 737–42. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701197. PMC 1564750. PMID 9208142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564750","url_text":"\"(+)-WAY 100135, a partial agonist, at native and recombinant 5-HT1B/1D receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Pharmacology","url_text":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0701197","url_text":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0701197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564750","url_text":"1564750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9208142","url_text":"9208142"}]},{"reference":"Fornal CA, Metzler CW, Gallegos RA, Veasey SC, McCreary AC, Jacobs BL (August 1996). \"WAY-100635, a potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine1A antagonist, increases serotonergic neuronal activity in behaving cats: comparison with (S)-WAY-100135\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 278 (2): 752–62. PMID 8768728.","urls":[{"url":"http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8768728","url_text":"\"WAY-100635, a potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine1A antagonist, increases serotonergic neuronal activity in behaving cats: comparison with (S)-WAY-100135\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8768728","url_text":"8768728"}]},{"reference":"Chemel BR, Roth BL, Armbruster B, Watts VJ, Nichols DE (October 2006). \"WAY-100635 is a potent dopamine D4 receptor agonist\". Psychopharmacology. 188 (2): 244–51. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0490-4. PMID 16915381. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_fire	Flash fire	["1 Definition","2 Characterization","3 Surgical","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Sudden, intense fire caused by the ignition of flammable substances in the air This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flash fire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A flash fire is a sudden, intense fire caused by ignition of a mixture of air and a dispersed flammable substance such as a solid (including dust), flammable or combustible liquid (such as an aerosol or fine mist), or a flammable gas. It is characterized by high temperature, short duration, and a rapidly moving flame front. Definition A flash fire is defined by NFPA 2112 (Standard on Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Short-Duration Thermal Exposures from Fire) as: "A type of short-duration fire that spreads by means of a flame front rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as dust, gas, or the vapors of an ignitable liquid, without the production of damaging pressure." Characterization Flash fires may occur in environments where fuel, typically flammable gas or dust, is mixed with air in concentrations suitable for combustion. In a flash fire, the flame spreads at subsonic velocity, so the overpressure damage is usually negligible and the bulk of the damage comes from the thermal radiation and secondary fires. When inhaled, the heated air resulting from a flash fire can cause serious damage to the tissue of the lungs, possibly leading to death by asphyxiation. Flash fires can lead to smoke burns. Flash fire is a particular danger in enclosed spaces, as even a relatively small fire can consume enough oxygen and produce enough smoke to cause death of the persons present, whether by asphyxiation or by smoke inhalation. Protective clothing made of fire-retardant materials (e.g. Nomex) reduces or prevents thermal injury in the body areas that are covered by the fire-retardant material. Even normal clothing can provide partial protection. Surgical Small flash fires can occur in the operating room during surgery where the presence of ignition sources such as electrical instruments or lasers, an oxygen-rich environment, and flammable vapors (e.g. alcohol-based disinfectants) may set the stage for such an accident. While apparently smaller fires go unreported, surgical flash fires have led to burn injuries and fatalities. Incidents of surgical fires are "significantly under-reported", according to The Joint Commission. More than half of surgical fires happen inside a patient's airway or on the patient's upper body; around 10 percent of surgical fires actually happen within the body cavity, and a quarter of surgical fires happen on other parts of the body. About 70 percent are ignited by electrosurgical tools commonly known as Bovies, devices that use a high-frequency electric current to cut tissue or stop bleeding. 20 percent of fires are sparked by hot wires, light sources, burrs or defibrillators. Another 10 percent are touched off by lasers. As far as the patients are concerned, some recover with scars and emotional damage. Some die from burns and smoke inhalation. See also 1996 Garley Building fire Air Canada Flight 797 Apollo 1 Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion Explosion Flash flood Flashover Fuel-air explosive The Station nightclub fire Trench effect References ^ NFPA 2112, Standard on Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Short-Duration Thermal Exposures from Fire, 2018. ^ "Titan II Accident Searcy AR, August 9 1965". themilitarystandard.com. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ Kit R. Roane (August 10, 2003). "'I'm On Fire...' Blazes sparked in surgery are on the rise". U.S. News. Retrieved October 15, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flash fire. Explosion Hazard Assessment Flash fire exposure analysis Archived 2005-07-23 at the Wayback Machine vteFirefightingPersonnel and organization Battalion chief Chief fire officer Fire captain Fire chief Station officer Retained firefighter Fire marshal Fire police Firefighter assist and search team Handcrew Special operations firefighter Volunteer fire department Women in firefighting Fire department ranks by country Facilities Drill tower Fire department list Fire lookout tower Fire station Hose tower Apparatus Airport crash tender Fire command vehicle Fire engine Fire motorcycle Fireboat Firefighting apparatus Hazardous materials apparatus Light and air unit Quint Rescue vehicle Water tender Equipment Bunker gear Escape chair Fire blanket Fire brigade keys Fire bucket Fire extinguisher Fire hose Fire hydrant Fire proximity suit Fire retardant Fire shelter Fireman's pole Fireman's switch Flame retardant Fog nozzle Halligan bar Hard suction hose Hazmat suit Heat detector Hose bridge Hydraulic rescue tool ("Jaws of life") Kelly tool Nomex New York roof hook PASS device The pig Portable water tank Rotary saw Secure information box Self-contained breathing apparatus Siren Smoke detector Thermal imaging camera Terminology Backdraft Barn fire Chimney fire Dead man zone Deluge gun Door breaching Draft False alarm Fire class Fire control Fire safety Fire triangle Fireman's carry Firewall Flash fire Flashover Gaseous fire suppression Multiple-alarm fire Rollover Stop, drop and roll Structure fire Two-in, two-out Ventilation Miscellaneous Candidate Physical Ability Test Fire camp Fire engine red Fire photography Fire protection engineering Geography of firefighting History of firefighting International Association of Fire Fighters International Firefighters' Day List of firefighting films Muster Saint Florian World Firefighters Games World Police and Fire Games WildfiresGeneral Wildfire emergency management Wildfire suppression Equipment and tactics Aerial firefighting Controlled burn Driptorch Fire flapper Fire hose Fire lookout tower Fire rake Fire retardant Fire retardant gel Fire trail Firebreak Firefighting apparatus Firefighting foam Helicopter bucket Hose pack McLeod Modular Airborne FireFighting System Pulaski Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel Wildland fire engine Wildland water tender Personnel Fire lookout Handcrew Helitack Hotshot crew Smokejumper Wildland fire module By location Ancient Rome Australia United States History California Washington Lists Glossary of wildfire terms List of wildfires See also Template:Fire Template:Fire protection Category Commons Glossary Index Outline	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust"},{"link_name":"rapidly moving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_speed"},{"link_name":"flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame"}],"text":"A flash fire is a sudden, intense fire caused by ignition of a mixture of air and a dispersed flammable substance such as a solid (including dust), flammable or combustible liquid (such as an aerosol or fine mist), or a flammable gas. It is characterized by high temperature, short duration, and a rapidly moving flame front.","title":"Flash fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NFPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A flash fire is defined by NFPA 2112 (Standard on Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Short-Duration Thermal Exposures from Fire)[1] as:\"A type of short-duration fire that spreads by means of a flame front rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as dust, gas, or the vapors of an ignitable liquid, without the production of damaging pressure.\"","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"},{"link_name":"subsonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"overpressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpressure"},{"link_name":"thermal radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"asphyxiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiation"},{"link_name":"smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke"},{"link_name":"smoke inhalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_inhalation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Protective clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_clothing"},{"link_name":"fire-retardant materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-retardant_fabric"},{"link_name":"Nomex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomex"}],"text":"Flash fires may occur in environments where fuel, typically flammable gas or dust, is mixed with air in concentrations suitable for combustion.In a flash fire, the flame spreads at subsonic velocity, so the overpressure damage is usually negligible and the bulk of the damage comes from the thermal radiation and secondary fires. When inhaled, the heated air resulting from a flash fire can cause serious damage to the tissue of the lungs, possibly leading to death by asphyxiation. Flash fires can lead to smoke burns.Flash fire is a particular danger in enclosed spaces, as even a relatively small fire can consume enough oxygen and produce enough smoke to cause death of the persons present, whether by asphyxiation or by smoke inhalation.[2]Protective clothing made of fire-retardant materials (e.g. Nomex) reduces or prevents thermal injury in the body areas that are covered by the fire-retardant material. Even normal clothing can provide partial protection.","title":"Characterization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operating room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_room"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Bovies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Small flash fires can occur in the operating room during surgery where the presence of ignition sources such as electrical instruments or lasers, an oxygen-rich environment, and flammable vapors (e.g. alcohol-based disinfectants) may set the stage for such an accident. While apparently smaller fires go unreported, surgical flash fires have led to burn injuries and fatalities.Incidents of surgical fires are \"significantly under-reported\", according to The Joint Commission. More than half of surgical fires happen inside a patient's airway or on the patient's upper body; around 10 percent of surgical fires actually happen within the body cavity, and a quarter of surgical fires happen on other parts of the body. About 70 percent are ignited by electrosurgical tools commonly known as Bovies, devices that use a high-frequency electric current to cut tissue or stop bleeding. 20 percent of fires are sparked by hot wires, light sources, burrs or defibrillators. Another 10 percent are touched off by lasers.As far as the patients are concerned, some recover with scars and emotional damage. Some die from burns and smoke inhalation. [3]","title":"Surgical"}]	[]	[{"title":"1996 Garley Building fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Garley_Building_fire"},{"title":"Air Canada Flight 797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada_Flight_797"},{"title":"Apollo 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1"},{"title":"Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion"},{"title":"Explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion"},{"title":"Flash flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood"},{"title":"Flashover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashover"},{"title":"Fuel-air explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel-air_explosive"},{"title":"The Station nightclub fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Station_nightclub_fire"},{"title":"Trench effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_effect"}]	[{"reference":"\"Titan II Accident Searcy AR, August 9 1965\". themilitarystandard.com. Retrieved September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://themilitarystandard.com/missile/titan2/accident_373-4.php","url_text":"\"Titan II Accident Searcy AR, August 9 1965\""}]},{"reference":"Kit R. Roane (August 10, 2003). \"'I'm On Fire...' Blazes sparked in surgery are on the rise\". U.S. News. Retrieved October 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/030818/18fires.htm","url_text":"\"'I'm On Fire...' 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Blazes sparked in surgery are on the rise\""},{"Link":"http://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/strategy/flash.htm","external_links_name":"Explosion Hazard Assessment"},{"Link":"http://www.westexinc.com/flash_fire_exposure_analysis.htm","external_links_name":"Flash fire exposure analysis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050723080532/http://www.westexinc.com/flash_fire_exposure_analysis.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasium	Gymnasium (school)	["1 School structure","2 History","3 By country","3.1 Albania","3.2 Austria","3.3 Belarus","3.4 Czech Republic and Slovakia","3.5 Germany","3.6 Italy","3.7 Netherlands","3.8 Nordic and Baltic countries","3.9 Switzerland","3.10 Former Yugoslav countries","4 Countries with gymnasium systems","5 Final degree","6 Relationship with other education facilities","7 See also","8 Explanatory notes","9 Citations","10 External links"]	Type of school providing advanced secondary education in Europe This article is about the European secondary education program. For the variant in Germany, see Gymnasium (Germany). For the variant in Denmark, see Gymnasium (Denmark). Gymnasium Theodorianum in Paderborn, Germany, one of the oldest schools in the world Stiftsgymnasium Melk, the oldest continuously operating school in Austria Gymnasium (and variations of the word; pl. gymnasia) is a term in various European languages for a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university. It is comparable to the US English term preparatory high school or the British term grammar school. Before the 20th century, the gymnasium system was a widespread feature of educational systems throughout many European countries. The word γυμνάσιον (gumnásion), from Greek γυμνός (gumnós) 'naked' or 'nude', was first used in Ancient Greece, in the sense of a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men. The latter meaning of a place of intellectual education persisted in many European languages (including Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, Estonian, Greek, German, Hungarian, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Scandinavian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak and Slovenian), whereas in other languages, like English (gymnasium, gym) and Spanish (gimnasio), the former meaning of a place for physical education was retained. School structure Because gymnasia prepare students for university study, they are thus meant for the more academically minded students, who are sifted out between the ages of 10 and 13. In addition to the usual curriculum, students of a gymnasium often study Latin and Ancient Greek. Some gymnasia provide general education, while others have a specific focus. (This also differs from country to country.) The four traditional branches are: humanities (specializing in classical languages, such as Latin and Greek) modern languages (students are required to study at least three languages) mathematics and physical sciences economics and other social sciences (students are required to study economics, world history, social studies or business informatics) Curricula differ from school to school but generally include literature, mathematics, informatics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art (as well as crafts and design), music, history, philosophy, civics/citizenship, social sciences, and several foreign languages. Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but also on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. For example, the German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all. Today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasia specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, with the rights to continue education in a gymnasium. Here, the prefix pro- is equivalent to pre-, indicating that this curriculum precedes normal gymnasium studies. History In Central European, Nordic, Benelux and Baltic countries, this meaning for "gymnasium" (that is a secondary school preparing the student for higher education at a university) has been the same at least since the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. The term was derived from the classical Greek word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion), which was originally applied to an exercising ground in ancient Athens. Here teachers gathered and gave instruction between the hours devoted to physical exercises and sports, and thus the term became associated with and came to mean an institution of learning. This use of the term did not prevail among the Romans, but was revived during the Renaissance in Italy, and from there passed into the Netherlands and Germany during the 15th century. In 1538, Johannes Sturm founded at Strasbourg the school which became the model of the modern German gymnasium. In 1812, a Prussian regulation ordered all schools with the right to send their students to the university to bear the name of gymnasium. By the 20th century, this practice was followed in almost the entire Austrian-Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires. In the modern era, many countries which have gymnasia were once part of these three empires. By country Albania In Albania, a gymnasium (Albanian: Gjimnaz) education takes three years following a compulsory nine-year elementary education and ending with a final aptitude test called Albanian: Matura Shtetërore. The final test is standardized at the state level and serves as an entrance qualification for universities. These can be either public (state-run, tuition-free) or private (fee-paying). The subjects taught are mathematics, Albanian language, one to three foreign languages, history, geography, computer science, the natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics), history of art, music, philosophy, logic, physical education, and the social sciences (sociology, ethics, psychology, politics and economy). The gymnasium is generally viewed as a destination for the best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university, while other students go to technical/vocational schools. Therefore, gymnasia often base their admittance criteria on an entrance exam, elementary school grades, or some combination of the two. Austria In Austria the Gymnasium has two stages, from the age of 11 to 14, and from 15 to 18, concluding with Matura. Historically, three types existed. The Humanistisches Gymnasium focuses on Ancient Greek and Latin. The Neusprachliches Gymnasium puts its focus on actively spoken languages. The usual combination is English, French, and Latin; sometimes French can be swapped with another foreign language (like Italian, Spanish or Russian). The Realgymnasium emphasizes the sciences. In the last few decades, more autonomy has been granted to schools, and various types have been developed, focusing on sports, music, or economics, for example. Belarus In Belarus, gymnasium is the highest variant of secondary education, which provides advanced knowledge in various subjects. The number of years of instruction at a gymnasium is 11. However, it is possible to cover all required credits in 11 years, by taking additional subjects each semester. In Belarus, gymnasium is generally viewed as a destination for the best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university. Czech Republic and Slovakia See also: Education in Slovakia § Secondary education In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, gymnázium (also spelled gymnasium) is a type of school that provides secondary education. Secondary schools, including gymnázium, lead to the maturita exam. There are different types of gymnázium distinguished by the length of study. In the Czech Republic there are eight-year, six-year, and four-year types, and in Slovakia there are eight-year and four-year types, of which the latter is more common. In both countries, there are also bilingual (Czech or Slovak with English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, or Russian; in Slovakia, bilingual gymnáziums are five-year) and private gymnáziums. Germany Main article: Gymnasium (Germany) Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren – picture showing church and courtyard Chemistry lesson, Bonn, 1988 German gymnasia are selective schools. They offer the most academically promising youngsters a quality education that is free in all state-run schools (and generally not above €50/month cost in Church-run schools, though there are some expensive private schools). Gymnasia may expel students who academically under-perform their classmates or behave in a way that is often seen as undesirable and unacceptable. Historically, the German Gymnasium also included in its overall accelerated curriculum post-secondary education at college level and the degree awarded substituted for the bachelor's degree (Baccalaureate) previously awarded by a college or university so that universities in Germany became exclusively graduate schools. In the United States, the German Gymnasium curriculum was used at a number of prestigious universities, such as the University of Michigan, as a model for their undergraduate college programs. Pupils study subjects such as German, mathematics, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, arts, music, physical education, religion, history and civics/citizenship/social sciences and computer science. They are also required to study at least two foreign languages. The usual combinations are English and French or English and Latin, although many schools make it possible to combine English with another language, most often Spanish, Ancient Greek, or Russian. Religious education classes are a part of the curricula of all German schools, yet not compulsory; a student or their parents or guardians can conscientiously object to taking them, in which case the student (along with those whose religion is not being taught in the school) is taught ethics or philosophy. In-state schools, a student who is not baptized into either the Catholic or Protestant faiths is allowed to choose which of these classes to take. The only exception to this is in the state of Berlin, where the subject ethics is mandatory for all students and (Christian) religious studies can only be chosen additionally. A similar situation is found in Brandenburg where the subject life skills, ethics, and religious education (Lebensgestaltung, Ethik, Religionskunde, LER) is the primary subject but parents/guardians or students older than 13 can choose to replace it with (Christian) religious studies or take both. The intention behind LER is that students should get an objective insight on questions of personal development and ethics as well as on the major world religions. For younger students nearly the entire curriculum of a gymnasium is compulsory; in higher years additional subjects are available and some of the hitherto compulsory subjects can be dropped, but the choice is not as wide as in other school systems, such as US high schools. Although some specialist gymnasia have English or French as the language of instruction, at most gymnasia lessons (apart from foreign language courses) are conducted in Standard German. The number of years of instruction at a gymnasium differs between the states. It varies between six and seven years in Berlin and Brandenburg (primary school is six years in both as opposed to four years in the rest of Germany) and eight in Bavaria, Hesse and Baden-Württemberg among others. While in Saxony and Thuringia students have never been taught more than eight years in Gymnasium (by default), nearly all states now conduct the Abitur examinations, which complete the Gymnasium education, after 13 years of primary school and Gymnasium combined. In addition, some states offer a 12-year curriculum leading to the Abitur. These final examinations are now centrally drafted and controlled (Zentralabitur) in all German states except for Rhineland-Palatinate and provide a qualification to attend any German university. Italy This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (February 2019) In Italy originally the ginnasio indicated a type of five-year junior high school (age 11 to 16) and preparing to the three year Classical Lyceum (age 16 to 19), a high school focusing on classical studies and humanities. After the school reform that unified the junior high school system, the term ginnasio stayed to indicate the first two year of Liceo Classico, now five years long. An Italian high school student who enrolls in Liceo Classico follows this study path: Quarta Ginnasio (gymnasium fourth year, age 14), Quinta Ginnasio (gymnasium fifth year, age 15), Prima Liceo (lyceum first year, age 16), Seconda Liceo (lyceum second year, age 17) and Terza Liceo (lyceum third year, age 18). Some believe this still has some sense, since the two-year ginnasio has a differently oriented curriculum from the Liceo. Ginnasio students spend the majority of their schooling studying Greek and Latin grammar, laying the bases for the "higher" and more in depth set of studies of the Liceo, such as Greek and Latin literature and philosophy. In July 1940 the fascist Minister of National Education Giuseppe Bottai got a bill of law approved that abolished the first three years of the gymnasium and instituted a unique path of studies for children aged from 12 to 14. The last two years of the gymnasium kept the previous denomination and the related scholastic curriculum for the following decades. Netherlands In the Netherlands, gymnasium is the highest variant of secondary education, offering the academically most promising youngsters (top 5%) a quality education that is in most cases free (and in other cases at low cost). It consists of six years, after eight years (including kindergarten) of primary school, in which pupils study the same subjects as their German counterparts, with the addition of compulsory Ancient Greek, Latin and Klassieke Culturele Vorming (Classical Cultural Education), history of the Ancient Greek and Roman culture and literature. Schools have some freedom in choosing their specific curriculum, with for example Spanish, Philosophy and Technasium, a very technical and highly demanding course, being available as final exams. Usually, schools will have all classes mandatory in switching combinations for the first three or so years (with the exception of Technasium which is a free choice from the second year onward), after which students will choose their subjects in the directions of Economics and Society, Culture and Society, Nature and Health, Nature and Technology or Technology. The equivalent without classical languages is called Atheneum, and gives access to the same university studies (although some extra classes are needed when starting a degree in classical languages or theology). All are government-funded. See Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (in English) for the full article on Dutch "preparatory scientific education". Nordic and Baltic countries Kuopio Lyceum (Kuopion Lyseo), a gymnasium in Kuopio, Finland Tallinn Õismäe Gymnasium in Tallinn, Estonia In Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, gymnasium consists of three years, usually starting at the year the students turn 16 years old after nine or ten years of primary school. In Lithuania, the gymnasium usually consists of four years of schooling starting at the age of 15–16, the last year roughly corresponding to the first year of college. Most gymnasia in the Nordic countries are free. Universal student grants are also available in certain countries for students over 18. In Denmark (see also Gymnasium (Denmark)), there are four kinds of gymnasia: STX (Regular Examination Programme), HHX (Higher Business Examination Programme), HTX (Higher Technical Examination Programme) and HF (Higher Preparatory Examination Programme). HF is only two years, instead of the three required for STX, HHX, and HTX. All different types of gymnasia (except for HF) theoretically gives the same eligibility for university. However, because of the different subjects offered, students may be better qualified in an area of further study. E.g. HHX students have subjects that make them more eligible for studies such as business studies or economics at university, while HTX offer applied science and mathematics that benefit studies in Science or Engineering. There is also EUX, which takes four to five years and ends with both the HTX (or HHX for EUX-business) exam and status as a journeyman of a craft. Compared to the somewhat equivalent A-levels in the UK, Danish gymnasia have more mandatory subjects. The subjects are divided into levels, where A-levels usually run through all three years, B-levels usually two years and C-levels one year (apart from PE which exists as a C-level lasting tree years). In Sweden, there are two different kinds of branches of studies: the first branch focuses on giving a vocational education while the second branch focuses on giving preparation for higher education. While students from both branches can go on to study at a university, students of the vocational branch graduate with a degree within their attended program. There are 18 national programs, 12 vocational and 6 preparatory. In the Faroe Islands, there are also four kinds of gymnasia, which are the equivalents of the Danish programmes: Studentaskúli (equivalent to STX), Handilsskúli (HHX), Tekniski skúli (HTX) and HF (HF). Studentaskúli and HF are usually located at the same institutions as can be seen in the name of the institute in Eysturoy: Studentaskúlin og HF-skeiðið í Eysturoy. In Greenland, there is a single kind of gymnasium, Den Gymnasiale Uddannelse (Ilinniarnertuunngorniarneq), that replaced the earlier Greenlandic Secondary Education Programme (GU), the Greenland Higher Commercial Examination Programme (HHX) and the Greenland education to Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX), which were based on the Danish system. This program allows a more flexible Greenland gymnasium, where students based on a common foundation course can choose between different fields of study that meet the individual student's abilities and interests. The course is offered in Aasiaat, Nuuk, Sisimiut and Qaqortoq, with one in Ilulissat to be opened in 2015, latest in 2016 if approved by Inatsisartut. In Finland, the admissions to gymnasia are competitive, the accepted people comprising 51% of the age group. The gymnasia concludes with the matriculation examination, an exam whose grades are the main criteria for university admissions. Switzerland In Switzerland, gymnasia (Gymnasien, gymnases) are selective schools that provide a three- to six-year (depending on the canton) course of advanced secondary education intended to prepare students to attend university. They conclude with a nationally standardized exam, the maturité or Maturität, often shortened to "Matura or Matur", which if passed allows students to attend a Swiss university. The gymnasia are operated by the cantons of Switzerland, and accordingly in many cantons they are called Kantonsschule (cantonal school). Former Yugoslav countries Karlovci Gymnasium in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia V Gymnasium in Zagreb, Croatia In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia, a gymnasium education takes four years following a compulsory eight or nine-year elementary education and ending with a final aptitude test called Matura. In these countries, the final test is standardized at the state level and can serve as an entrance qualification for universities. There are either public (state-run and tuition-free), religious (church-run with secular curriculum and tuition-free) or private (fee-paying) gymnasium schools in these countries. The subjects taught are mathematics, the native language, one to three foreign languages, history, geography, informatics (computers), the natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics), history of art, music, philosophy, logic, physical education, and the social sciences (sociology, ethics or religious education, psychology, politics, and economy). Religious studies are optional. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia, Latin is also a mandatory subject in all gymnasia, just as Ancient Greek is, with Latin, in a certain type of gymnasia called Classical Gymnasia (klasična gimnazija). In all of the countries, the gymnasium (gimnazija/gjimnazi) is generally viewed as a destination for best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university studies, while other students go to technical/vocational schools. Therefore, gymnasia often base their admittance criteria on an entrance exam, elementary school grades, or a combination of the two. Countries with gymnasium systems This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) Albania: Gjimnazi three years, after nine years (four years primary school and five years lower high school) of education, ends with Matura Shtetërore at the age of 18. Argentina: Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, 6 years; Rafael Hernández National College of La Plata, five years (formerly 6 years), after 7 years of primary school; and Gymnasium UNT eight years, ends at the age of 18. Austria: eight years, after four years of primary school; or four years, after primary school and four years of Hauptschule; ending in matura at the age 18. Belarus: 7 years, after four years of primary school. Belgium: 6 years, starting at age 11/13, after 6 years of primary school, ends at the age of 18 where students progress to a university. Bolivia: Deutsche Schule Mariscal Braun La Paz, 6 years, ends with Abitur. Bosnia and Herzegovina: four years, starting at age 14/15 after nine years in elementary school, ends with Matura. Brazil: Humboldt Schule of São Paulo is a German school in São Paulo. There are more Gymnasia in the country and some of them receive resources from the German government. Bulgaria: five years, after 7 years of primary school. Currently graduation after passing at least two Maturas. Colombia: Gimnasio Moderno (all-male, traditional Pre-K to 11th grade private school located in Bogotá, Colombia. Its founders were inspired by the original Greek to name the first "Gimnasio" in Colombia). Croatia: four years, starting at age 14/15 after eight years in elementary school, five different educational tracks: opća gimnazija (general education), klasična gimnazija (focused on Latin and Ancient Greek), jezična gimnazija (focused on modern languages), prirodoslovna gimnazija (biology, chemistry, physics) and prirodoslovno-matematička gimnazija (mathematics, physics and computer science), ends with Matura exam. Students of all tracks have compulsory classes in Latin and English as well as in at least one additional foreign language (most commonly German, Italian, Spanish and French). Cyprus: three years, starting at age 12 and following 6 years of elementary school. Compulsory for all students. Followed by the non-mandatory Lyceum (ages 15 to 18) for students with academic aspirations or Secondary Technical and Vocational Lyceum TVE for students who prefer vocational training. After successfully completing the program, students of TVE are awarded a School Leaving Certificate, which is recognized as equivalent to a Lyceum School Leaving Certificate (three-grade Senior Secondary School). Czech Republic: four years, starting at age 15 or 16; 6 years, starting at age 13 or 14 (not usual); eight years, starting at age 11 or 12; all ending in matura. Denmark: three years, or four years for athletes who are part of the Team Danmark elite sports program, and musicians, artists and actors who have chosen MGK ("Musical Elementary Course"), BGK ("Visual Arts Elementary Course") or SGK ("Performing Arts Elementary Course"), usually starting after 10 or 11 years of primary school. This is more like a prep school or the first years of college than high school. Everyone is eligible to go to a US high school, but one needs to be deemed competent to get into a gymnasium. (For more information, see Gymnasium (Denmark).) Gymnasium is also available in an intensive 2-year program leading to the Højere Forberedelseseksamen ("Higher Preparatory Exam"), which doesn't give the same eligibility for university. Estonia: three years, after nine years of primary school. Faroe Islands: three years, usually starting after 9 or 10 years of primary school. The system is similar to the Danish system. A gymnasium-level education is also available in an intensive 2-year programme leading to Hægri fyrireikingarpróvtøka ("Higher Preparatory Exam"). Finland: lukio (educational language is Finnish) or gymnasium (educational language is Swedish) takes two–five years (most students spend three years), after nine years of primary school (Finnish: peruskoulu, Swedish: grundskola); lukio starts usually in the autumn of the year when the student turns 16 and ends with abitur after passing the matriculation examination; lukio is not compulsory and its entrance is competitive. France: the French equivalent of a gymnasium is called a lycée (three years, after 5 years of primary school and 4 years of secondary school, age 15/18). The last year (called terminale) ends with passing the baccalauréat, an examination to enter university. Germany: formerly eight–nine years depending on the state—now being changed to eight years nationwide, starting at 5th (at age 11), Abitur in 12th or 13th grade; for more information, see Gymnasium (Germany). Greece: three years, starting at age 12 after six years of primary school. Compulsory for all children, it is followed by the non-mandatory Geniko Lykeio (Γενικό Λύκειο), (Lyceum, ages 15–18), or the Vocational Lyceum (EPAL). The EPAL School Leaving Certificate is recognized equally as a Senior Secondary School Leaving Certificate (high school). Hungary: four/six/eight years, starting after eight/six/four years of primary school, ends with Matura; see Education in Hungary Iceland: usually 3–4 years, starting at age 15 or 16 after 10 years of elementary school. Israel: five schools termed "gymnasium" located in Tel Aviv, Rishon LeZion, Jerusalem, and Haifa. Italy: ginnasio is the name of the two first years of Liceo Classico Kyrgyzstan: 7 years, after 5 years of primary school Latvia: three or six years, depending if you start from the 7th or 10th grade. Liechtenstein: ends with Matura. Lithuania: gimnazija—usually 4 years: 2 years of basic school after 4 years of basic school and 2 years of secondary school, sometimes eight years: 6 of basic school and 2 of secondary school, 12 years in rural areas or in art/music gymnasia. Luxembourg: usually 7 years, starting at age 12–13 after six years of primary school. Montenegro: 4 years, starting at age 14/15 after nine years in elementary school,ends with Matura. Netherlands: six years, starting at age 11–13, after eight years of primary school. Prepares for admission to university. Gymnasia in the Netherlands have compulsory classes in Ancient Greek and/or Latin; the same high level secondary school without the classical languages is called Atheneum. They are both variants of VWO. Norway: the traditional but now discontinued gymnasium led to the completion of examen artium. This has now been succeeded by a 2-, 3-, or 4-year program (videregående skole), depending on course path taken, starting at the age of 15/16, culminating with an exam that qualifies for university matriculation (studiekompetanse). Poland: gimnazjum was the name of the 3-year Polish compulsory middle school, starting for pupils aged 12 or 13, following six years of primary school. Gimnazjum ended with a standardized test. Further education was encouraged but optional, consisting of either 3-year liceum, 4-year technikum, or 2 to three years of vocational school (potentially followed by a supplementary liceum or technikum). In 2017, Poland reverted to a compulsory 8-year primary school, optionally followed by a 4-year liceum, a 5-year technikum, or 2 to three years of vocational school. Romania: 4 years, starting at age 10 ends with Diploma de Capacitate at the age of 14. Primary education lasts for four years. Secondary education consists of: 1) lower secondary school education organized in a gymnasium for grades 5 to 8 and lower cycle of high school or arts and trades schools (vocational) for grades 9 and 10; 2) upper secondary school education organized in Ciclul superior al liceului for grades 11, 12, and 13 followed, if necessary, by an additional high school year for those who want to move from vocational training (grade 10) to upper secondary school education. High school education (lower cycle of high school and upper secondary school education) offers three different orientations (academic, technological, specialization). Russia Imperial Russia: since 1726, eight years since 1871. Women's gymnasia since 1862; 7 years plus an optional 8th for specialisation in pedagogy. Progymnasia: equivalent to 4 first years of gymnasium. Russian Federation: full 11 or 6–7 years after primary school. There are very few classical gymnasia in modern Russia. The notable exception is the St Petersburg Classical Gymnasium where Latin, Ancient Greek, and mathematics are the three core subjects. In the majority of other cases, Russian Gymnasia are schools specialised in a certain subject (or several subjects) in the humanities (e.g. Chelyabinsk School No. 1). Serbia: 4 years, starting at age 14/15 after eight years in elementary/primary school. There are three most common types of gymnasia: 1) general gymnasium (општа гимназија) which offers broad education in all sciences; 2) natural sciences (природно-математички смер); and 3) social studies (друштвено-језички смер), available all over Serbia, and a few specialised ones, e.g. mathematics (математичка гимназија)—only one in all of Serbia, in Belgrade; sports (спортска гиманзија)—just two in Serbia; language (филолошка гимназија)—a total of four in Serbia; and military gymnasium (војна гимназија)—only one in all of Serbia. In the end, all students take a final exam—a Matura. Completion of the Gymnasium is a prerequisite for enrollment into a university. English and another foreign language (from the selection of German, French, Russian (most common languages), Italian or Spanish (far less common) or Chinese and Japanese (only philological gymnasia have these two) in addition to the mother tongue, and in case of minorities also Serbian) are compulsory throughout. Slovakia: 4 years starting at age 15/16 after completing nine years of elementary school (more common); eight years starting at age 11/12 after completing 5 years of elementary school; both end with Maturita. Slovenia: 4 years, starting at age 14/15; ends with Matura. South Africa: Paul Roos Gymnasium is a well-known gymnasium for boys in the town of Stellenbosch. The school is a boarding school, based on the classic British boarding schools; however, it was more influenced by the Protestant faith, hence the German Gymnasium. Foreign languages such as French, German, Mandarin, and Latin are studied; Afrikaans and English are compulsory. School in South Africa: 5 years, starting at age 13/14, at a secondary institution, after 7 years of primary school, ends with Matric. Sweden: Upper secondary school in Sweden lasts for three years (formerly four years on some programmes). "Gymnasium" is the word used to describe this stage of the education system in Sweden. The National Agency for Education has decided that gymnasium is equivalent to the international upper secondary school. The gymnasium is optional and follows after nine years in elementary school. However, the Swedish term högskola ("high school") may cause some confusion. In Swedish it is used almost synonymously with "university," with the only difference being that universities have the right to issue doctoral examinations. In the case of technical universities, these could also be called högskola even when they have right to issue doctoral examinations (e.g., Chalmers tekniska högskola, officially named a "Technical University" in English; Lunds tekniska högskola, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University; and Kungliga tekniska högskolan, Royal Institute of Technology"). A högskola is often located in cities with lower population, except for the technical ones that can be found also in the largest cities. Switzerland: usually 4 years after nine years of compulsory schooling (primary and secondary I); it is also possible to attend a so-called Langzeitgymnasium which lasts 6 years, following a six-year primary schooling; the Gymnasium ends with Matura at the age of 18/19. Ukraine: eight years, starting after four years of primary school. United Kingdom: historically, grammar schools have been the English equivalent of the gymnasium, selecting pupils on the basis of academic ability (usually through the 11+ entrance examination in year 6, at the age of 10 or 11) and educating them with the assumption that they would go on to study at a university; such schools were largely phased out from 1965 under the Wilson and Heath governments, and less than 5% of pupils now attend the remaining 146 grammar schools. The UK therefore no longer has a widespread equivalent of the gymnasium. The exception is Northern Ireland and some parts of England within the counties of Buckinghamshire, Lincolnshire, and Kent, which have retained the system. Grammar schools are also to be found in some London boroughs, North Yorkshire, Essex, Lancashire, Warwickshire, and Devon in varying degrees. Many private, fee-paying private schools, including all those commonly referred to as "public" schools, seek to fulfill a similar role to the state grammar school if the scholar has the ability (and thus to the gymnasium in other countries) and, most importantly, the money to attend them. United States Public school: As school districts continue to experiment with educational styles, the magnet school has become a popular type of high school. Boston Latin School and Central High School in Philadelphia are the two oldest public schools in the country and the oldest magnet schools. As the concept has not become entrenched in the various American educational systems, due partly to the federal—rather than unitary—style of education in the United States, the term may vary among states. Private school: The equivalent among private schools is the preparatory school. Final degree Depending on country, the final degree (if any) is called Abitur, Artium, Diploma, Matura, Maturita or Student and it usually opens the way to professional schools directly. However, these degrees are occasionally not fully accredited internationally, so students wanting to attend a foreign university often have to submit to further exams to be permitted access to them. Relationship with other education facilities In countries like Austria, most university faculties only accept students from secondary schools that last four years (rather than three). This includes all Gymnasium students but only a part of vocational high schools, in effect making Gymnasium the preferred choice for all pupils aiming for university diplomas. In Germany, other types of secondary school are called Realschule, Hauptschule and Gesamtschule. These are attended by about two thirds of the students and the first two are practically unknown in other parts of the world. A Gesamtschule largely corresponds to a British or American comprehensive school. However, it offers the same school-leaving certificates as the other three types—the Hauptschulabschluss (school-leaving certificate of a Hauptschule after 9th grade or in Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia after 10th grade), the Realschulabschluss (also called Mittlere Reife, school-leaving certificate of a Realschule after 10th Grade) and Abitur (also called Hochschulreife, school-leaving certificate after 12th Grade). Students who graduate from Hauptschule or Realschule may continue their schooling at a vocational school until they have full job qualifications. It is also possible to get an erweiterter Realschulabschluss after 10th grade that allows the students to continue their education at the Oberstufe of a gymnasium and get an Abitur. There are two types of vocational school in Germany: the Berufsschule, a part-time vocational school and a part of Germany's dual education system, and the Berufsfachschule, a full-time vocational school outside the dual education system. Students who graduate from a vocational school and students who graduate with a good grade point average from a Realschule can continue their schooling at another type of German secondary school, the Fachhochschulreife, a vocational high school. The school leaving exam of this type of school, the Fachhochschulreife, enables the graduate to start studying at a Fachhochschule (polytechnic) and in Hesse also at a university within the state. Students who have graduated from vocational school and have been working in a job for at least three years can go to Berufsoberschule to get either a Fachabitur (meaning they may go to university, but they can only study the subjects belonging to the "branch" (economical, technical, social) they studied in at Berufschule) after one year, or the normal Abitur (after two years), which gives them complete access to universities. See also Schools portalEurope portal Comparison of US and UK Education Educational stage Gymnasium (ancient Greece) Gymnasium (Germany) Lyceum Lyceum (classical) Realschule Explanatory notes ^ a b This subject has different names in the different states of Germany. See de:Gemeinschaftskunde. Citations ^ "Definition of GYMNASIUM". www.merriam-webster.com. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ a b Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Gymnasia and Real-gymnasia" . Encyclopedia Americana. ^ Moore, John C. (2019). A Brief History of Universities. Springer Nature. p. 45. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01319-6. ISBN 978-3-030-01318-9. S2CID 189137386. ^ PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches Ehmke et al., 2004, In: PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.): PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches, Münster/New York: Waxmann, S. 244 ^ de:Bakkalaureat section 'Geschichte' ('History') accessed 3/14/2012 ^ John Seiler Brubacher, Willis Rudy, Higher education in transition: a history of American colleges and universities, 4th Edition, 1997, New Brunswick, New Jersey, pp. 157–158. ^ "Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasium – Die Homepage des Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasiums Neu-Ulm". www.bvsg-nu.de. ^ "Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Federal State of Brandenburg – Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde (L-E-R)". Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. ^ "§ 57.4.22 – L. 1 luglio 1940, n. 899. Istituzione della scuola media" (in Italian). 1 July 1940. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ "UddannelsesGuiden (in Danish)". ^ "Om program på gymansiet". Gymnasium.se. Educations Media Group. Retrieved 3 September 2018. ^ "Nationella program på gymnasiet". Gymnasium.se. Educations Media Group. Retrieved 3 September 2018. ^ "1 250 opiskelijapaikan lisääminen ammatillisen peruskoulutuksen järjestämislupiin 1.1.2010 lukien" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011. ^ "General upper secondary education". Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ^ Harðardóttir, Halla. "Stytting framhaldsskóla: Enginn tími til að anda". Fréttatíminn. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ^ e.g., the Belgrade Philological Gymnasium: q.v.: http://filoloska.edu.rs/filoloska/sites/default/files//Usvojena%20Lista_udzbenika_za_sk._2018-2019._godinu.pdf ^ "Upper Secondary School 2011". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012. External links Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Gymnasia" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. vteSchool typesBy educational stageEarly childhood Preschool Pre-kindergarten Kindergarten Primary First school Infant school Junior school Primary school / Elementary school Secondary Adult high school Cadet college College-preparatory school Collegiate institute Comprehensive high school Comprehensive school Continuation high school Grammar school Gymnasium Hauptschule Lyceum Maths school Minor seminary Secondary school / High school Sixth form college Studio school University technical college Upper school Tertiary Professional school Technical school Vocational school Higher Academy College Community college Graduate school Institute of technology Junior college Liberal arts college Research university Residential college Seminary University Collegiate Upper division college Vocational university Combined All-through school Middle school One-room school Ranch school By funding / eligibility Academy (England) Charter school Community day school Comprehensive school (British) For-profit education Free education Free school (England) Institute Private school UK private school preparatory public University private public international Selective school Separate school Sink school Specialist school (United Kingdom) State or public school State-integrated school (New Zealand) By style / purpose Alternative school Democratic education Anarchistic free school Sudbury school International school Magnet school Music school Single-sex education Specialist school Vocal school Progressive Free school movement Folk high school Laboratory school Montessori school Waldorf school Religious Bible college Catholic school Christian school Female seminary Gurukula Parochial school Madrasa Yeshiva By location Boarding school Day school Distance education Homeschooling Prison education Virtual school By scope College preparatory Compensatory education Compulsory education Continuing education Further education Gifted education Inclusive education Remedial education Special education Historical Ancient higher-learning institutions Platonic Academy Lyceum Monastic school Cathedral school Medieval university Schools imposed onindigenous peoples in Canada in New Zealand in South Africa in the United States Informal or illegal in Ireland in Greece in South Tyrol Related topics K–12 Educational institution Schools portal Category Commons Authority control databases National Germany Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gymnasium (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium (Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderborn_-_2016-09-14_-_Theodorianum_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium Theodorianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_Theodorianum"},{"link_name":"Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melk_-_Stift_(0).JPG"},{"link_name":"Stiftsgymnasium Melk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftsgymnasium_Melk"},{"link_name":"variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#By_country"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"preparatory high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"}],"text":"This article is about the European secondary education program. For the variant in Germany, see Gymnasium (Germany). For the variant in Denmark, see Gymnasium (Denmark).Gymnasium Theodorianum in Paderborn, Germany, one of the oldest schools in the worldStiftsgymnasium Melk, the oldest continuously operating school in AustriaGymnasium (and variations of the word; pl. gymnasia[1]) is a term in various European languages for a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university. It is comparable to the US English term preparatory high school or the British term grammar school. Before the 20th century, the gymnasium system was a widespread feature of educational systems throughout many European countries.The word γυμνάσιον (gumnásion), from Greek γυμνός (gumnós) 'naked' or 'nude', was first used in Ancient Greece, in the sense of a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men. The latter meaning of a place of intellectual education persisted in many European languages (including Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, Estonian, Greek, German, Hungarian, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Scandinavian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak and Slovenian), whereas in other languages, like English (gymnasium, gym) and Spanish (gimnasio), the former meaning of a place for physical education was retained.","title":"Gymnasium (school)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"world history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history_(field)"},{"link_name":"social studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_studies"},{"link_name":"business informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics"},{"link_name":"informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)"},{"link_name":"civics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-2"},{"link_name":"non-denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational"},{"link_name":"prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix"}],"text":"Because gymnasia prepare students for university study, they are thus meant for the more academically minded students, who are sifted out between the ages of 10 and 13. In addition to the usual curriculum, students of a gymnasium often study Latin and Ancient Greek.Some gymnasia provide general education, while others have a specific focus. (This also differs from country to country.) The four traditional branches are:humanities (specializing in classical languages, such as Latin and Greek)\nmodern languages (students are required to study at least three languages)\nmathematics and physical sciences\neconomics and other social sciences (students are required to study economics, world history, social studies or business informatics)Curricula differ from school to school but generally include literature, mathematics, informatics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art (as well as crafts and design), music, history, philosophy, civics/citizenship,[note 1] social sciences, and several foreign languages.Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but also on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. For example, the German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all.Today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasia specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, with the rights to continue education in a gymnasium. Here, the prefix pro- is equivalent to pre-, indicating that this curriculum precedes normal gymnasium studies.","title":"School structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_countries"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"classical Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americana-3"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Renaissance in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Johannes Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sturm"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"school which became the model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sturm_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore-4"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Austrian-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russian Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americana-3"}],"text":"In Central European, Nordic, Benelux and Baltic countries, this meaning for \"gymnasium\" (that is a secondary school preparing the student for higher education at a university) has been the same at least since the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. The term was derived from the classical Greek word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion), which was originally applied to an exercising ground in ancient Athens. Here teachers gathered and gave instruction between the hours devoted to physical exercises and sports, and thus the term became associated with and came to mean an institution of learning.[2]This use of the term did not prevail among the Romans, but was revived during the Renaissance in Italy, and from there passed into the Netherlands and Germany during the 15th century. In 1538, Johannes Sturm founded at Strasbourg the school which became the model of the modern German gymnasium.[3] In 1812, a Prussian regulation ordered all schools with the right to send their students to the university to bear the name of gymnasium. By the 20th century, this practice was followed in almost the entire Austrian-Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires.[2] In the modern era, many countries which have gymnasia were once part of these three empires.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"}],"sub_title":"Albania","text":"In Albania, a gymnasium (Albanian: Gjimnaz) education takes three years following a compulsory nine-year elementary education and ending with a final aptitude test called Albanian: Matura Shtetërore. The final test is standardized at the state level and serves as an entrance qualification for universities.These can be either public (state-run, tuition-free) or private (fee-paying). The subjects taught are mathematics, Albanian language, one to three foreign languages, history, geography, computer science, the natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics), history of art, music, philosophy, logic, physical education, and the social sciences (sociology, ethics, psychology, politics and economy).The gymnasium is generally viewed as a destination for the best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university, while other students go to technical/vocational schools. Therefore, gymnasia often base their admittance criteria on an entrance exam, elementary school grades, or some combination of the two.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"In Austria the Gymnasium has two stages, from the age of 11 to 14, and from 15 to 18, concluding with Matura. Historically, three types existed. The Humanistisches Gymnasium focuses on Ancient Greek and Latin. The Neusprachliches Gymnasium puts its focus on actively spoken languages. The usual combination is English, French, and Latin; sometimes French can be swapped with another foreign language (like Italian, Spanish or Russian). The Realgymnasium emphasizes the sciences. In the last few decades, more autonomy has been granted to schools, and various types have been developed, focusing on sports, music, or economics, for example.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Belarus","text":"In Belarus, gymnasium is the highest variant of secondary education, which provides advanced knowledge in various subjects. \nThe number of years of instruction at a gymnasium is 11. However, it is possible to cover all required credits in 11 years, by taking additional subjects each semester.\nIn Belarus, gymnasium is generally viewed as a destination for the best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Slovakia § Secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia#Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"maturita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturita"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic and Slovakia","text":"See also: Education in Slovakia § Secondary educationIn the Czech Republic and Slovakia, gymnázium (also spelled gymnasium) is a type of school that provides secondary education. Secondary schools, including gymnázium, lead to the maturita exam.\nThere are different types of gymnázium distinguished by the length of study. In the Czech Republic there are eight-year, six-year, and four-year types, and in Slovakia there are eight-year and four-year types, of which the latter is more common. In both countries, there are also bilingual (Czech or Slovak with English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, or Russian; in Slovakia, bilingual gymnáziums are five-year) and private gymnáziums.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Seminaries_of_Maulbronn_and_Blaubeuren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079063-0034,_Bonn,_Gymnasium,_Chemieunterricht.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"civics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-2"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren – picture showing church and courtyardChemistry lesson, Bonn, 1988German gymnasia are selective schools. They offer the most academically promising youngsters a quality education[4] that is free in all state-run schools (and generally not above €50/month cost in Church-run schools, though there are some expensive private schools). Gymnasia may expel students who academically under-perform their classmates or behave in a way that is often seen as undesirable and unacceptable.Historically, the German Gymnasium also included in its overall accelerated curriculum post-secondary education at college level and the degree awarded substituted for the bachelor's degree (Baccalaureate)[5] previously awarded by a college or university so that universities in Germany became exclusively graduate schools. In the United States, the German Gymnasium curriculum was used at a number of prestigious universities, such as the University of Michigan, as a model for their undergraduate college programs.[6]Pupils study subjects such as German, mathematics, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, arts, music, physical education, religion, history and civics/citizenship/social sciences[note 1] and computer science. They are also required to study at least two foreign languages. The usual combinations are English and French or English and Latin, although many schools make it possible to combine English with another language, most often Spanish, Ancient Greek, or Russian. Religious education classes are a part of the curricula of all German schools, yet not compulsory; a student or their parents or guardians can conscientiously object to taking them, in which case the student (along with those whose religion is not being taught in the school) is taught ethics or philosophy. In-state schools, a student who is not baptized into either the Catholic or Protestant faiths is allowed to choose which of these classes to take.[7] The only exception to this is in the state of Berlin, where the subject ethics is mandatory for all students and (Christian) religious studies can only be chosen additionally. A similar situation is found in Brandenburg where the subject life skills, ethics, and religious education (Lebensgestaltung, Ethik, Religionskunde, LER) is the primary subject but parents/guardians or students older than 13 can choose to replace it with (Christian) religious studies or take both. The intention behind LER is that students should get an objective insight on questions of personal development and ethics as well as on the major world religions.[8]For younger students nearly the entire curriculum of a gymnasium is compulsory; in higher years additional subjects are available and some of the hitherto compulsory subjects can be dropped, but the choice is not as wide as in other school systems, such as US high schools.Although some specialist gymnasia have English or French as the language of instruction, at most gymnasia lessons (apart from foreign language courses) are conducted in Standard German.[citation needed]The number of years of instruction at a gymnasium differs between the states. It varies between six and seven years in Berlin and Brandenburg (primary school is six years in both as opposed to four years in the rest of Germany) and eight in Bavaria, Hesse and Baden-Württemberg among others. While in Saxony and Thuringia students have never been taught more than eight years in Gymnasium (by default), nearly all states now conduct the Abitur examinations, which complete the Gymnasium education, after 13 years of primary school and Gymnasium combined. In addition, some states offer a 12-year curriculum leading to the Abitur. These final examinations are now centrally drafted and controlled (Zentralabitur) in all German states except for Rhineland-Palatinate and provide a qualification to attend any German university.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"junior high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_high_school"},{"link_name":"Classical Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceo_Classico"},{"link_name":"classical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_studies"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Bottai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"In Italy originally the ginnasio indicated a type of five-year junior high school (age 11 to 16) and preparing to the three year Classical Lyceum (age 16 to 19), a high school focusing on classical studies and humanities. After the school reform that unified the junior high school system, the term ginnasio stayed to indicate the first two year of Liceo Classico, now five years long. An Italian high school student who enrolls in Liceo Classico follows this study path: Quarta Ginnasio (gymnasium fourth year, age 14), Quinta Ginnasio (gymnasium fifth year, age 15), Prima Liceo (lyceum first year, age 16), Seconda Liceo (lyceum second year, age 17) and Terza Liceo (lyceum third year, age 18). Some believe this still has some sense, since the two-year ginnasio has a differently oriented curriculum from the Liceo. Ginnasio students spend the majority of their schooling studying Greek and Latin grammar, laying the bases for the \"higher\" and more in depth set of studies of the Liceo, such as Greek and Latin literature and philosophy.In July 1940 the fascist Minister of National Education Giuseppe Bottai got a bill of law approved that abolished the first three years of the gymnasium and instituted a unique path of studies for children aged from 12 to 14. The last two years of the gymnasium kept the previous denomination and the related scholastic curriculum for the following decades.[9]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Technasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technasium"},{"link_name":"Atheneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs"},{"link_name":"Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"In the Netherlands, gymnasium is the highest variant of secondary education, offering the academically most promising youngsters (top 5%) a quality education that is in most cases free (and in other cases at low cost).[citation needed] It consists of six years, after eight years (including kindergarten) of primary school, in which pupils study the same subjects as their German counterparts, with the addition of compulsory Ancient Greek, Latin and Klassieke Culturele Vorming (Classical Cultural Education), history of the Ancient Greek and Roman culture and literature. Schools have some freedom in choosing their specific curriculum, with for example Spanish, Philosophy and Technasium, a very technical and highly demanding course, being available as final exams. Usually, schools will have all classes mandatory in switching combinations for the first three or so years (with the exception of Technasium which is a free choice from the second year onward), after which students will choose their subjects in the directions of Economics and Society, Culture and Society, Nature and Health, Nature and Technology or Technology. The equivalent without classical languages is called Atheneum, and gives access to the same university studies (although some extra classes are needed when starting a degree in classical languages or theology). All are government-funded. See Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (in English) for the full article on Dutch \"preparatory scientific education\".","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuopion_Lyseon_lukio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuopio Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio_Lyceum"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinna_%C3%95ism%C3%A4e_G%C3%BCmnaasium.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"Universal student grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium (Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"STX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"HHX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HHX&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Technical_Examination_Programme"},{"link_name":"HF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Preparatory_Examination_(HF)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Eysturoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysturoy"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"HHX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HHX&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Technical_Examination_Programme"},{"link_name":"Aasiaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasiaat"},{"link_name":"Nuuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuuk"},{"link_name":"Sisimiut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisimiut"},{"link_name":"Qaqortoq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqortoq"},{"link_name":"Ilulissat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilulissat"},{"link_name":"Inatsisartut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Greenland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"matriculation examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation_exam_(Finland)"}],"sub_title":"Nordic and Baltic countries","text":"Kuopio Lyceum (Kuopion Lyseo), a gymnasium in Kuopio, FinlandTallinn Õismäe Gymnasium in Tallinn, EstoniaIn Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, gymnasium consists of three years, usually starting at the year the students turn 16 years old after nine or ten years of primary school. In Lithuania, the gymnasium usually consists of four years of schooling starting at the age of 15–16, the last year roughly corresponding to the first year of college.Most gymnasia in the Nordic countries are free. Universal student grants are also available in certain countries for students over 18.In Denmark (see also Gymnasium (Denmark)), there are four kinds of gymnasia: STX (Regular Examination Programme), HHX (Higher Business Examination Programme), HTX (Higher Technical Examination Programme) and HF (Higher Preparatory Examination Programme). HF is only two years, instead of the three required for STX, HHX, and HTX. All different types of gymnasia (except for HF) theoretically gives the same eligibility for university. However, because of the different subjects offered, students may be better qualified in an area of further study. E.g. HHX students have subjects that make them more eligible for studies such as business studies or economics at university, while HTX offer applied science and mathematics that benefit studies in Science or Engineering. There is also EUX, which takes four to five years and ends with both the HTX (or HHX for EUX-business) exam and status as a journeyman of a craft.[10] Compared to the somewhat equivalent A-levels in the UK, Danish gymnasia have more mandatory subjects. The subjects are divided into levels, where A-levels usually run through all three years, B-levels usually two years and C-levels one year (apart from PE which exists as a C-level lasting tree years).In Sweden, there are two different kinds of branches of studies: the first branch focuses on giving a vocational education while the second branch focuses on giving preparation for higher education. While students from both branches can go on to study at a university, students of the vocational branch graduate with a degree within their attended program. There are 18 national programs, 12 vocational and 6 preparatory.[11][12]In the Faroe Islands, there are also four kinds of gymnasia, which are the equivalents of the Danish programmes: Studentaskúli (equivalent to STX), Handilsskúli (HHX), Tekniski skúli (HTX) and HF (HF). Studentaskúli and HF are usually located at the same institutions as can be seen in the name of the institute in Eysturoy: Studentaskúlin og HF-skeiðið í Eysturoy.In Greenland, there is a single kind of gymnasium, Den Gymnasiale Uddannelse (Ilinniarnertuunngorniarneq), that replaced the earlier Greenlandic Secondary Education Programme (GU), the Greenland Higher Commercial Examination Programme (HHX) and the Greenland education to Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX), which were based on the Danish system. This program allows a more flexible Greenland gymnasium, where students based on a common foundation course can choose between different fields of study that meet the individual student's abilities and interests. The course is offered in Aasiaat, Nuuk, Sisimiut and Qaqortoq, with one in Ilulissat to be opened in 2015, latest in 2016 if approved by Inatsisartut.In Finland, the admissions to gymnasia are competitive, the accepted people comprising 51% of the age group.[13] The gymnasia concludes with the matriculation examination, an exam whose grades are the main criteria for university admissions.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura#Switzerland"},{"link_name":"cantons of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"In Switzerland, gymnasia (Gymnasien, gymnases) are selective schools that provide a three- to six-year (depending on the canton) course of advanced secondary education intended to prepare students to attend university. They conclude with a nationally standardized exam, the maturité or Maturität, often shortened to \"Matura or Matur\", which if passed allows students to attend a Swiss university. The gymnasia are operated by the cantons of Switzerland, and accordingly in many cantons they are called Kantonsschule (cantonal school).","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnasium_of_Karlovci_8196_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karlovci Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovci_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Sremski Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peta_Gimnazija_u_Zagrebu.JPG"},{"link_name":"V Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"}],"sub_title":"Former Yugoslav countries","text":"Karlovci Gymnasium in Sremski Karlovci, SerbiaV Gymnasium in Zagreb, CroatiaIn Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia, a gymnasium education takes four years following a compulsory eight or nine-year elementary education and ending with a final aptitude test called Matura. In these countries, the final test is standardized at the state level and can serve as an entrance qualification for universities.There are either public (state-run and tuition-free), religious (church-run with secular curriculum and tuition-free) or private (fee-paying) gymnasium schools in these countries.The subjects taught are mathematics, the native language, one to three foreign languages, history, geography, informatics (computers), the natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics), history of art, music, philosophy, logic, physical education, and the social sciences (sociology, ethics or religious education, psychology, politics, and economy). Religious studies are optional. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia, Latin is also a mandatory subject in all gymnasia, just as Ancient Greek is, with Latin, in a certain type of gymnasia called Classical Gymnasia (klasična gimnazija).In all of the countries, the gymnasium (gimnazija/gjimnazi) is generally viewed as a destination for best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university studies, while other students go to technical/vocational schools. Therefore, gymnasia often base their admittance criteria on an entrance exam, elementary school grades, or a combination of the two.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Matura Shtetërore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura_Shtet%C3%ABrore"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Rafael Hernández National College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Hern%C3%A1ndez_National_College"},{"link_name":"La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plata"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium UNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_UNT&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Hauptschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptschule"},{"link_name":"matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Maturas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Gimnasio Moderno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasio_Moderno"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum"},{"link_name":"TVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Team Danmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Danmark"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Folkeskole_Education"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium (Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Højere Forberedelseseksamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Preparatory_Examination_(HF)"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Hægri fyrireikingarpróvtøka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Preparatory_Examination_(HF)"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finminedu-15"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_France"},{"link_name":"lycée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France"},{"link_name":"baccalauréat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum"},{"link_name":"Vocational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Education in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Rishon LeZion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_LeZion"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Liceo Classico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceo_Classico"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"VWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"examen artium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examen_artium"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"standardized test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_test"},{"link_name":"liceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceum_og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce"},{"link_name":"technikum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technikum_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russia"},{"link_name":"pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"St Petersburg Classical Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg_Classical_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Chelyabinsk School No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chelschool1.ru"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Maturita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Paul Roos Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Roos_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Stellenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"National Agency for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agency_for_Education_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chalmers tekniska högskola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Lunds tekniska högskola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Engineering_(LTH),_Lund_University"},{"link_name":"Kungliga tekniska högskolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"grammar schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"11+ entrance examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven-plus"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"private schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"magnet school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Boston Latin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School"},{"link_name":"Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_High_School_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"Private school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"}],"text":"Albania: Gjimnazi three years, after nine years (four years primary school and five years lower high school) of education, ends with Matura Shtetërore at the age of 18.\nArgentina: Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, 6 years; Rafael Hernández National College of La Plata, five years (formerly 6 years), after 7 years of primary school; and Gymnasium UNT eight years, ends at the age of 18.\nAustria: eight years, after four years of primary school; or four years, after primary school and four years of Hauptschule; ending in matura at the age 18.\nBelarus: 7 years, after four years of primary school.\nBelgium: 6 years, starting at age 11/13, after 6 years of primary school, ends at the age of 18 where students progress to a university.\nBolivia: Deutsche Schule Mariscal Braun La Paz, 6 years, ends with Abitur.\nBosnia and Herzegovina: four years, starting at age 14/15 after nine years in elementary school, ends with Matura.\nBrazil: Humboldt Schule of São Paulo is a German school in São Paulo. There are more Gymnasia in the country and some of them receive resources[further explanation needed] from the German government.\nBulgaria: five years, after 7 years of primary school. Currently graduation after passing at least two Maturas.\nColombia: Gimnasio Moderno (all-male, traditional Pre-K to 11th grade private school located in Bogotá, Colombia. Its founders were inspired by the original Greek to name the first \"Gimnasio\" in Colombia).\nCroatia: four years, starting at age 14/15 after eight years in elementary school, five different educational tracks: opća gimnazija (general education), klasična gimnazija (focused on Latin and Ancient Greek), jezična gimnazija (focused on modern languages), prirodoslovna gimnazija (biology, chemistry, physics) and prirodoslovno-matematička gimnazija (mathematics, physics and computer science), ends with Matura exam. Students of all tracks have compulsory classes in Latin and English as well as in at least one additional foreign language (most commonly German, Italian, Spanish and French).\nCyprus: three years, starting at age 12 and following 6 years of elementary school. Compulsory for all students. Followed by the non-mandatory Lyceum (ages 15 to 18) for students with academic aspirations or Secondary Technical and Vocational Lyceum TVE for students who prefer vocational training. After successfully completing the program, students of TVE are awarded a School Leaving Certificate, which is recognized as equivalent to a Lyceum School Leaving Certificate (three-grade Senior Secondary School).\nCzech Republic: four years, starting at age 15 or 16; 6 years, starting at age 13 or 14 (not usual); eight years, starting at age 11 or 12; all ending in matura.\nDenmark: three years, or four years for athletes who are part of the Team Danmark elite sports program, and musicians, artists and actors who have chosen MGK (\"Musical Elementary Course\"), BGK (\"Visual Arts Elementary Course\") or SGK (\"Performing Arts Elementary Course\"), usually starting after 10 or 11 years of primary school. This is more like a prep school or the first years of college than high school. Everyone is eligible to go to a US high school, but one needs to be deemed competent to get into a gymnasium. (For more information, see Gymnasium (Denmark).) Gymnasium is also available in an intensive 2-year program leading to the Højere Forberedelseseksamen (\"Higher Preparatory Exam\"), which doesn't give the same eligibility for university.\nEstonia: three years, after nine years of primary school.\nFaroe Islands: three years, usually starting after 9 or 10 years of primary school. The system is similar to the Danish system. A gymnasium-level education is also available in an intensive 2-year programme leading to Hægri fyrireikingarpróvtøka (\"Higher Preparatory Exam\").\nFinland: lukio (educational language is Finnish) or gymnasium (educational language is Swedish) takes two–five years (most students spend three years),[14] after nine years of primary school (Finnish: peruskoulu, Swedish: grundskola); lukio starts usually in the autumn of the year when the student turns 16 and ends with abitur after passing the matriculation examination; lukio is not compulsory and its entrance is competitive.\nFrance: the French equivalent of a gymnasium is called a lycée (three years, after 5 years of primary school and 4 years of secondary school, age 15/18). The last year (called terminale) ends with passing the baccalauréat, an examination to enter university.\nGermany: formerly eight–nine years depending on the state—now being changed to eight years nationwide, starting at 5th (at age 11), Abitur in 12th or 13th grade; for more information, see Gymnasium (Germany).\nGreece: three years, starting at age 12 after six years of primary school. Compulsory for all children, it is followed by the non-mandatory Geniko Lykeio (Γενικό Λύκειο), (Lyceum, ages 15–18), or the Vocational Lyceum (EPAL). The EPAL School Leaving Certificate is recognized equally as a Senior Secondary School Leaving Certificate (high school).\nHungary: four/six/eight years, starting after eight/six/four years of primary school, ends with Matura; see Education in Hungary\nIceland: usually 3–4 years, starting at age 15 or 16 after 10 years of elementary school.[15]\nIsrael: five schools termed \"gymnasium\" located in Tel Aviv, Rishon LeZion, Jerusalem, and Haifa.\nItaly: ginnasio is the name of the two first years of Liceo Classico\nKyrgyzstan: 7 years, after 5 years of primary school\nLatvia: three or six years, depending if you start from the 7th or 10th grade.\nLiechtenstein: ends with Matura.\nLithuania: gimnazija—usually 4 years: 2 years of basic school after 4 years of basic school and 2 years of secondary school, sometimes eight years: 6 of basic school and 2 of secondary school, 12 years in rural areas or in art/music gymnasia.\nLuxembourg: usually 7 years, starting at age 12–13 after six years of primary school.\nMontenegro: 4 years, starting at age 14/15 after nine years in elementary school,ends with Matura.\nNetherlands: six years, starting at age 11–13, after eight years of primary school. Prepares for admission to university. Gymnasia in the Netherlands have compulsory classes in Ancient Greek and/or Latin; the same high level secondary school without the classical languages is called Atheneum. They are both variants of VWO.\nNorway: the traditional but now discontinued gymnasium led to the completion of examen artium. This has now been succeeded by a 2-, 3-, or 4-year program (videregående skole), depending on course path taken, starting at the age of 15/16, culminating with an exam that qualifies for university matriculation (studiekompetanse).\nPoland: gimnazjum was the name of the 3-year Polish compulsory middle school, starting for pupils aged 12 or 13, following six years of primary school. Gimnazjum ended with a standardized test. Further education was encouraged but optional, consisting of either 3-year liceum, 4-year technikum, or 2 to three years of vocational school (potentially followed by a supplementary liceum or technikum). In 2017, Poland reverted to a compulsory 8-year primary school, optionally followed by a 4-year liceum, a 5-year technikum, or 2 to three years of vocational school.\nRomania: 4 years, starting at age 10 ends with Diploma de Capacitate at the age of 14. Primary education lasts for four years. Secondary education consists of: 1) lower secondary school education organized in a gymnasium for grades 5 to 8 and lower cycle of high school or arts and trades schools (vocational) for grades 9 and 10; 2) upper secondary school education organized in Ciclul superior al liceului for grades 11, 12, and 13 followed, if necessary, by an additional high school year for those who want to move from vocational training (grade 10) to upper secondary school education. High school education (lower cycle of high school and upper secondary school education) offers three different orientations (academic, technological, specialization).\nRussia\nImperial Russia: since 1726, eight years since 1871. Women's gymnasia since 1862; 7 years plus an optional 8th for specialisation in pedagogy. Progymnasia: equivalent to 4 first years of gymnasium.\nRussian Federation: full 11 or 6–7 years after primary school. There are very few classical gymnasia in modern Russia. The notable exception is the St Petersburg Classical Gymnasium where Latin, Ancient Greek, and mathematics are the three core subjects. In the majority of other cases, Russian Gymnasia are schools specialised in a certain subject (or several subjects) in the humanities (e.g. Chelyabinsk School No. 1).\nSerbia: 4 years, starting at age 14/15 after eight years in elementary/primary school. There are three most common types of gymnasia: 1) general gymnasium (општа гимназија) which offers broad education in all sciences; 2) natural sciences (природно-математички смер); and 3) social studies (друштвено-језички смер), available all over Serbia, and a few specialised ones, e.g. mathematics (математичка гимназија)—only one in all of Serbia, in Belgrade; sports (спортска гиманзија)—just two in Serbia; language (филолошка гимназија)—a total of four in Serbia; and military gymnasium (војна гимназија)—only one in all of Serbia. In the end, all students take a final exam—a Matura. Completion of the Gymnasium is a prerequisite for enrollment into a university. English and another foreign language (from the selection of German, French, Russian (most common languages), Italian or Spanish (far less common) or Chinese and Japanese (only philological gymnasia have these two[16]) in addition to the mother tongue, and in case of minorities also Serbian) are compulsory throughout.\nSlovakia: 4 years starting at age 15/16 after completing nine years of elementary school (more common); eight years starting at age 11/12 after completing 5 years of elementary school; both end with Maturita.\nSlovenia: 4 years, starting at age 14/15; ends with Matura.\nSouth Africa: Paul Roos Gymnasium is a well-known gymnasium for boys in the town of Stellenbosch. The school is a boarding school, based on the classic British boarding schools; however, it was more influenced by the Protestant faith, hence the German Gymnasium. Foreign languages such as French, German, Mandarin, and Latin are studied; Afrikaans and English are compulsory. School in South Africa: 5 years, starting at age 13/14, at a secondary institution, after 7 years of primary school, ends with Matric.\nSweden: Upper secondary school in Sweden lasts for three years (formerly four years on some programmes). \"Gymnasium\" is the word used to describe this stage of the education system in Sweden. The National Agency for Education has decided that gymnasium is equivalent to the international upper secondary school.[17] The gymnasium is optional and follows after nine years in elementary school. However, the Swedish term högskola (\"high school\") may cause some confusion. In Swedish it is used almost synonymously with \"university,\" with the only difference being that universities have the right to issue doctoral examinations. In the case of technical universities, these could also be called högskola even when they have right to issue doctoral examinations (e.g., Chalmers tekniska högskola, officially named a \"Technical University\" in English; Lunds tekniska högskola, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University; and Kungliga tekniska högskolan, Royal Institute of Technology\"). A högskola is often located in cities with lower population, except for the technical ones that can be found also in the largest cities.\nSwitzerland: usually 4 years after nine years of compulsory schooling (primary and secondary I); it is also possible to attend a so-called Langzeitgymnasium which lasts 6 years, following a six-year primary schooling; the Gymnasium ends with Matura at the age of 18/19.\nUkraine: eight years, starting after four years of primary school.\nUnited Kingdom: historically, grammar schools have been the English equivalent of the gymnasium, selecting pupils on the basis of academic ability (usually through the 11+ entrance examination in year 6, at the age of 10 or 11) and educating them with the assumption that they would go on to study at a university; such schools were largely phased out from 1965 under the Wilson and Heath governments, and less than 5% of pupils now attend the remaining 146 grammar schools. The UK therefore no longer has a widespread equivalent of the gymnasium. The exception is Northern Ireland and some parts of England within the counties of Buckinghamshire, Lincolnshire, and Kent, which have retained the system. Grammar schools are also to be found in some London boroughs, North Yorkshire, Essex, Lancashire, Warwickshire, and Devon in varying degrees. Many private, fee-paying private schools, including all those commonly referred to as \"public\" schools, seek to fulfill a similar role to the state grammar school if the scholar has the ability (and thus to the gymnasium in other countries) and, most importantly, the money to attend them.\nUnited States\nPublic school: As school districts continue to experiment with educational styles, the magnet school has become a popular type of high school. Boston Latin School and Central High School in Philadelphia are the two oldest public schools in the country and the oldest magnet schools. As the concept has not become entrenched in the various American educational systems, due partly to the federal—rather than unitary—style of education in the United States, the term may vary among states.\nPrivate school: The equivalent among private schools is the preparatory school.","title":"Countries with gymnasium systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"final degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation_examination"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Artium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artium"},{"link_name":"Diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma"},{"link_name":"Matura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura"},{"link_name":"Maturita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturita"},{"link_name":"Student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_(degree)"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"}],"text":"Depending on country, the final degree (if any) is called Abitur, Artium, Diploma, Matura, Maturita or Student and it usually opens the way to professional schools directly. However, these degrees are occasionally not fully accredited internationally, so students wanting to attend a foreign university often have to submit to further exams to be permitted access to them.","title":"Final degree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Realschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realschule"},{"link_name":"Hauptschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptschule"},{"link_name":"Gesamtschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtschule"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"comprehensive school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"vocational school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school"},{"link_name":"Berufsschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berufsschule"},{"link_name":"dual education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_education_system"},{"link_name":"Berufsfachschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berufsfachschule"},{"link_name":"grade point average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_in_education"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschulreife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschulreife"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology#German_language_areas_%E2%80%93_Technische_Universit%C3%A4ten_and_Fachhochschulen"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Berufsoberschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berufsoberschule"}],"text":"In countries like Austria, most university faculties only accept students from secondary schools that last four years (rather than three). This includes all Gymnasium students but only a part of vocational high schools, in effect making Gymnasium the preferred choice for all pupils aiming for university diplomas.In Germany, other types of secondary school are called Realschule, Hauptschule and Gesamtschule. These are attended by about two thirds of the students and the first two are practically unknown in other parts of the world.[citation needed] A Gesamtschule largely corresponds to a British or American comprehensive school. However, it offers the same school-leaving certificates as the other three types—the Hauptschulabschluss (school-leaving certificate of a Hauptschule after 9th grade or in Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia after 10th grade), the Realschulabschluss (also called Mittlere Reife, school-leaving certificate of a Realschule after 10th Grade) and Abitur (also called Hochschulreife, school-leaving certificate after 12th Grade). Students who graduate from Hauptschule or Realschule may continue their schooling at a vocational school until they have full job qualifications. It is also possible to get an erweiterter Realschulabschluss after 10th grade that allows the students to continue their education at the Oberstufe of a gymnasium and get an Abitur. There are two types of vocational school in Germany: the Berufsschule, a part-time vocational school and a part of Germany's dual education system, and the Berufsfachschule, a full-time vocational school outside the dual education system. Students who graduate from a vocational school and students who graduate with a good grade point average from a Realschule can continue their schooling at another type of German secondary school, the Fachhochschulreife, a vocational high school. The school leaving exam of this type of school, the Fachhochschulreife, enables the graduate to start studying at a Fachhochschule (polytechnic) and in Hesse also at a university within the state. Students who have graduated from vocational school and have been working in a job for at least three years can go to Berufsoberschule to get either a Fachabitur (meaning they may go to university, but they can only study the subjects belonging to the \"branch\" (economical, technical, social) they studied in at Berufschule) after one year, or the normal Abitur (after two years), which gives them complete access to universities.","title":"Relationship with other education facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_2-1"},{"link_name":"de:Gemeinschaftskunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaftskunde"}],"text":"^ a b This subject has different names in the different states of Germany. See de:Gemeinschaftskunde.","title":"Explanatory notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Definition of GYMNASIUM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gymnasium"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-americana_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-americana_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gymnasia and Real-gymnasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Gymnasia_and_Real-gymnasia"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Moore_4-0"},{"link_name":"A Brief History of Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01319-6"},{"link_name":"Springer Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-030-01319-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-01319-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-030-01318-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-01318-9"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"189137386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189137386"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"de:Bakkalaureat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkalaureat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Higher education in transition: a history of American colleges and universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0O1yXnXkWIsC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasium – Die Homepage des Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasiums Neu-Ulm\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bvsg-nu.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91:neu-am-gymnasium&catid=11:eltern&Itemid=36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Federal State of Brandenburg – Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde (L-E-R)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101103035952/http://www.mbjs.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php/120349"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mbjs.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php/120349"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"§ 57.4.22 – L. 1 luglio 1940, n. 899. Istituzione della scuola media\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.edizionieuropee.it/LAW/HTML/30/zn57_04_022.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"UddannelsesGuiden (in Danish)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ug.dk/uddannelser/erhvervsuddannelser/eux"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Om program på gymansiet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gymnasium.se/om-gymnasiet/om-program-gymnasiet-5143"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Nationella program på gymnasiet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gymnasium.se/om-gymnasiet/nationella-program-3020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"1 250 opiskelijapaikan lisääminen ammatillisen peruskoulutuksen järjestämislupiin 1.1.2010 lukien\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110927133901/http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Koulutus/ammatillinen_koulutus/hallinto_ohjaus_ja_rahoitus/liitteet/PM__1250_opiskelijapaikan_lisxminen_01012010.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Koulutus/ammatillinen_koulutus/hallinto_ohjaus_ja_rahoitus/liitteet/PM__1250_opiskelijapaikan_lisxminen_01012010.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-finminedu_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"General upper secondary education\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120109180525/http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/yleissivistaevae_koulutus/lukiokoulutus/?lang=en"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/yleissivistaevae_koulutus/lukiokoulutus/?lang=en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Stytting framhaldsskóla: Enginn tími til að anda\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170323235155/http://www.frettatiminn.is/stytting-framhaldsskola-engin-timi-til-ad-anda-i-skolanum/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.frettatiminn.is/stytting-framhaldsskola-engin-timi-til-ad-anda-i-skolanum/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"http://filoloska.edu.rs/filoloska/sites/default/files//Usvojena%20Lista_udzbenika_za_sk._2018-2019._godinu.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//filoloska.edu.rs/filoloska/sites/default/files//Usvojena%20Lista_udzbenika_za_sk._2018-2019._godinu.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Upper Secondary School 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120609020615/http://www.skolverket.se/2.3894/publicerat/2.5006?_xurl_=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.skolverket.se%3A8080%2Fwtpub%2Fws%2Fskolbok%2Fwpubext%2Ftrycksak%2FRecord%3Fk%3D2801"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skolverket.se/2.3894/publicerat/2.5006?_xurl_=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.skolverket.se%3A8080%2Fwtpub%2Fws%2Fskolbok%2Fwpubext%2Ftrycksak%2FRecord%3Fk%3D2801"}],"text":"^ \"Definition of GYMNASIUM\". www.merriam-webster.com. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.\n\n^ a b Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). \"Gymnasia and Real-gymnasia\" . Encyclopedia Americana.\n\n^ Moore, John C. (2019). A Brief History of Universities. Springer Nature. p. 45. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01319-6. ISBN 978-3-030-01318-9. S2CID 189137386.\n\n^ PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches Ehmke et al., 2004, In: PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.): PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches, Münster/New York: Waxmann, S. 244\n\n^ de:Bakkalaureat section 'Geschichte' ('History') accessed 3/14/2012\n\n^ John Seiler Brubacher, Willis Rudy, Higher education in transition: a history of American colleges and universities, 4th Edition, 1997, New Brunswick, New Jersey, pp. 157–158.\n\n^ \"Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasium – Die Homepage des Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasiums Neu-Ulm\". www.bvsg-nu.de.\n\n^ \"Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Federal State of Brandenburg – Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde (L-E-R)\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2010.\n\n^ \"§ 57.4.22 – L. 1 luglio 1940, n. 899. Istituzione della scuola media\" (in Italian). 1 July 1940. Retrieved 12 May 2021.\n\n^ \"UddannelsesGuiden (in Danish)\".\n\n^ \"Om program på gymansiet\". Gymnasium.se. Educations Media Group. Retrieved 3 September 2018.\n\n^ \"Nationella program på gymnasiet\". Gymnasium.se. Educations Media Group. Retrieved 3 September 2018.\n\n^ \"1 250 opiskelijapaikan lisääminen ammatillisen peruskoulutuksen järjestämislupiin 1.1.2010 lukien\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.\n\n^ \"General upper secondary education\". Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.\n\n^ Harðardóttir, Halla. \"Stytting framhaldsskóla: Enginn tími til að anda\". Fréttatíminn. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.\n\n^ e.g., the Belgrade Philological Gymnasium: q.v.: http://filoloska.edu.rs/filoloska/sites/default/files//Usvojena%20Lista_udzbenika_za_sk._2018-2019._godinu.pdf\n\n^ \"Upper Secondary School 2011\". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"Gymnasium Theodorianum in Paderborn, Germany, one of the oldest schools in the world","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Paderborn_-_2016-09-14_-_Theodorianum_%284%29.jpg/250px-Paderborn_-_2016-09-14_-_Theodorianum_%284%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stiftsgymnasium Melk, the oldest continuously operating school in Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG/250px-Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren – picture showing church and courtyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg/220px-Maulbronn_Hof_und_Kirche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chemistry lesson, Bonn, 1988","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079063-0034%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium%2C_Chemieunterricht.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079063-0034%2C_Bonn%2C_Gymnasium%2C_Chemieunterricht.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kuopio Lyceum (Kuopion Lyseo), a gymnasium in Kuopio, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kuopion_Lyseon_lukio.jpg/220px-Kuopion_Lyseon_lukio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tallinn Õismäe Gymnasium in Tallinn, Estonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tallinna_%C3%95ism%C3%A4e_G%C3%BCmnaasium.JPG/220px-Tallinna_%C3%95ism%C3%A4e_G%C3%BCmnaasium.JPG"},{"image_text":"Karlovci Gymnasium in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gymnasium_of_Karlovci_8196_01.jpg/220px-Gymnasium_of_Karlovci_8196_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"V Gymnasium in Zagreb, Croatia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peta_Gimnazija_u_Zagrebu.JPG/220px-Peta_Gimnazija_u_Zagrebu.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"Europe portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe"},{"title":"Comparison of US and UK Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English#Education"},{"title":"Educational stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_stage"},{"title":"Gymnasium (ancient Greece)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)"},{"title":"Gymnasium (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"title":"Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum"},{"title":"Lyceum (classical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)"},{"title":"Realschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realschule"}]	[{"reference":"\"Definition of GYMNASIUM\". www.merriam-webster.com. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gymnasium","url_text":"\"Definition of GYMNASIUM\""}]},{"reference":"Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). \"Gymnasia and Real-gymnasia\" . Encyclopedia Americana.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Gymnasia_and_Real-gymnasia","url_text":"\"Gymnasia and Real-gymnasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"Moore, John C. (2019). A Brief History of Universities. Springer Nature. p. 45. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01319-6. ISBN 978-3-030-01318-9. S2CID 189137386.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01319-6","url_text":"A Brief History of Universities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature","url_text":"Springer Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-01319-6","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-01319-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-01318-9","url_text":"978-3-030-01318-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189137386","url_text":"189137386"}]},{"reference":"\"Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasium – Die Homepage des Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasiums Neu-Ulm\". www.bvsg-nu.de.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bvsg-nu.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91:neu-am-gymnasium&catid=11:eltern&Itemid=36","url_text":"\"Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasium – Die Homepage des Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasiums Neu-Ulm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Federal State of Brandenburg – Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde (L-E-R)\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101103035952/http://www.mbjs.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php/120349","url_text":"\"Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Federal State of Brandenburg – Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde (L-E-R)\""},{"url":"http://www.mbjs.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php/120349","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"§ 57.4.22 – L. 1 luglio 1940, n. 899. Istituzione della scuola media\" (in Italian). 1 July 1940. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edizionieuropee.it/LAW/HTML/30/zn57_04_022.html","url_text":"\"§ 57.4.22 – L. 1 luglio 1940, n. 899. Istituzione della scuola media\""}]},{"reference":"\"UddannelsesGuiden (in Danish)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ug.dk/uddannelser/erhvervsuddannelser/eux","url_text":"\"UddannelsesGuiden (in Danish)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Om program på gymansiet\". Gymnasium.se. Educations Media Group. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gymnasium.se/om-gymnasiet/om-program-gymnasiet-5143","url_text":"\"Om program på gymansiet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nationella program på gymnasiet\". Gymnasium.se. Educations Media Group. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gymnasium.se/om-gymnasiet/nationella-program-3020","url_text":"\"Nationella program på gymnasiet\""}]},{"reference":"\"1 250 opiskelijapaikan lisääminen ammatillisen peruskoulutuksen järjestämislupiin 1.1.2010 lukien\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927133901/http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Koulutus/ammatillinen_koulutus/hallinto_ohjaus_ja_rahoitus/liitteet/PM__1250_opiskelijapaikan_lisxminen_01012010.pdf","url_text":"\"1 250 opiskelijapaikan lisääminen ammatillisen peruskoulutuksen järjestämislupiin 1.1.2010 lukien\""},{"url":"http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Koulutus/ammatillinen_koulutus/hallinto_ohjaus_ja_rahoitus/liitteet/PM__1250_opiskelijapaikan_lisxminen_01012010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"General upper secondary education\". Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120109180525/http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/yleissivistaevae_koulutus/lukiokoulutus/?lang=en","url_text":"\"General upper secondary education\""},{"url":"http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/yleissivistaevae_koulutus/lukiokoulutus/?lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harðardóttir, Halla. \"Stytting framhaldsskóla: Enginn tími til að anda\". Fréttatíminn. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170323235155/http://www.frettatiminn.is/stytting-framhaldsskola-engin-timi-til-ad-anda-i-skolanum/","url_text":"\"Stytting framhaldsskóla: Enginn tími til að anda\""},{"url":"http://www.frettatiminn.is/stytting-framhaldsskola-engin-timi-til-ad-anda-i-skolanum/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Upper Secondary School 2011\". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_magazine	Cosmopolitan (magazine)	["1 History","1.1 Acquisition by Hearst","1.2 Hearst's International","1.3 Helen Gurley Brown arrives","2 Today","3 Awards and features","3.1 Fun, Fearless Male of the Year","3.2 Fun, Fearless Female of the Year","3.3 Cosmopolitan Men – The Making of the World's Sexiest Calendar","3.4 Anniversary Male Centerfolds","3.5 Bachelor of the Year","3.6 Practice Safe Sun","3.7 Cosmo Blog Awards","3.8 Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance","4 Politics","4.1 Seventeenth Amendment","4.2 Candidate endorsement","4.3 Campaigns against Cosmopolitan","5 Editor in chief (American edition)","6 Other editions","6.1 Cosmopolitan Italy","7 References","8 External links"]	American fashion and culture magazine CosmopolitanDecember 2020 cover featuring a pregnant Emma RobertsEditorJessica GilesCategoriesFemaleFrequencyQuarterly (formerly monthly)Total circulation(2016)3 millionFirst issueMarch 1886; 138 years ago (1886-03)CompanyHearst CommunicationsCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York CityLanguageEnglish, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, French, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Dutch, Slovenian, UkrainianWebsitewww.cosmopolitan.comISSN0010-9541 Cosmopolitan (stylized in all caps) is an American quarterly fashion and entertainment magazine for women, first published based in New York City in March 1886 as a family magazine; it was later transformed into a literary magazine and, since 1965, has become a women's magazine. Cosmopolitan is one of the best-selling magazines. Jessica Giles (formerly Pels) is the magazine's editor-in-chief since 2018. Formerly titled The Cosmopolitan and often referred to as Cosmo, Cosmopolitan has adapted its style and content. Its current incarnation was originally marketed as a woman's fashion magazine with articles on home, family, and cooking. For some time it focused more on new fiction and written work, which included short stories, novels, and articles. Now it is more targeted towards women's fashion, sports and modern interests. Eventually, editor-in-chief Helen Gurley Brown changed its attention to more of a women's empowerment magazine. Nowadays, its content includes articles discussing relationships, sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, fashion, horoscopes, and beauty. Cosmopolitan is published by New York City-based Hearst Corporation. The magazine's office in the Hearst Tower, 300 West 57th Street near Columbus Circle in Manhattan in New York City. Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions, including, Australia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Latin America, Malaysia, the Middle East, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom and is printed in 35 different languages and distributed in over 110 countries. History See also: Irvington, New York § Cosmopolitan Building This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) March 1894 issue of The CosmopolitanNovember 1917 issue of Cosmopolitan, cover by Harrison Fisher Cosmopolitan originally began as a family and women's magazine, first published based in New York City in March 1886 by Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan. Paul Schlicht told his first-issue readers inside of the front cover that his publication was a "first-class family magazine". Adding on, "There will be a department devoted exclusively to the concerns of women, with articles on fashions, on household decoration, on cooking, and the care and management of children. There was also a department for the younger members of the family." Cosmopolitan's circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by November 1888, Schlicht & Field were no longer in business. Ownership was acquired by John Brisben Walker in 1889. That same year, he dispatched Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against Nellie Bly to draw attention to the magazine. Under John Brisben Walker's ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harper's Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing color illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a leading market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Willa Cather, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Edith Wharton, and H. G. Wells. The magazine's press run climbed to 100,000 by 1892. In 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free correspondence school: "No charge of any kind will be made to the student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the Cosmopolitan. No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of hours of study." When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not fund the school and students were then asked to contribute 20 dollars a year. Also in 1897, H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his The First Men in the Moon (1900). Olive Schreiner contributed a lengthy two-part article about the Boer War in the September and October issues of 1900. Acquisition by Hearst In 1905, William Randolph Hearst purchased the magazine for US$400,000 (equivalent to $13,564,000 in 2023) and brought in journalist Charles Edward Russell, who contributed a series of investigative articles, including "The Growth of Caste in America" (March 1907), "At the Throat of the Republic" (December 1907 – March 1908) and "What Are You Going to Do About It?" (July 1910 – January 1911). Other contributors during this period included O. Henry, A. J. Cronin, Alfred Henry Lewis, Bruno Lessing, Sinclair Lewis, O. O. McIntyre, David Graham Phillips, George Bernard Shaw, Upton Sinclair, and Ida Tarbell. Jack London's novella, "The Red One", was published in the October 1918 issue (two years after London's death), and a constant presence from 1910 to 1918 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the "scientific detective". Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg. Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Productions (also known as Cosmopolitan Pictures), a film company based in New York City from 1918 to 1923, then Hollywood until 1938. The vision for this film company was to make films from stories published in the magazine. Hearst's International Cosmopolitan magazine was officially titled as Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan from 1925 until 1952, but was simply referred to as Cosmopolitan. In 1911, Hearst had bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day and renamed it Hearst's Magazine in April 1912. In June 1914 it was shortened to Hearst's and was ultimately titled Hearst's International in May 1922. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged the magazine Hearst's International with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925. But while the Cosmopolitan title on the cover remained at a typeface of eighty-four points, over time span the typeface of the Hearst's International decreased to thirty-six points and then to a barely legible twelve points. After Hearst died in 1951, the Hearst's International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952. With a circulation of 1,700,000 in the 1930s, Cosmopolitan had an advertising income of $5,000,000. Emphasizing fiction in the 1940s, it was subtitled The Four-Book Magazine since the first section had one novelette, six or eight short stories, two serials, six to eight articles and eight or nine special features, while the other three sections featured two novels and a digest of current non-fiction books. During World War II, sales peaked at 2,000,000. The magazine began to run less fiction during the 1950s. Circulation dropped to slightly over a million by 1955, a time when magazines were overshadowed during the rise of paperbacks and television. The Golden Age of magazines came to an end as mass market, general interest publications gave way to special interest magazines targeting specialized audiences. Helen Gurley Brown arrives Cosmopolitan's circulation continued to decline for another decade until Helen Gurley Brown became chief editor in 1965 and radically changed the magazine. Brown remodeled and re-invented it as a magazine for modern single career women, completely transforming the magazine into a racy, contentious, and successful magazine. As the editor for 32 years, Brown spent this time using the magazine as an outlet to erase stigma around unmarried women not only having sex, but also enjoying it. Known as a "devout feminist", Brown was often attacked by critics due to her progressive views on women and sex. She believed that women were allowed to enjoy sex without shame in all cases. She died in 2012 at the age of 90. Her vision is still evident in the design of the magazine. The magazine eventually adopted a cover format consisting of a usually young female model (or prominent female celebrity), typically in a low cut dress, bikini, or some other revealing outfit. The magazine set itself apart by frankly discussing sexuality from the point of view that women could and should enjoy sex without guilt. The first issue under Helen Gurley Brown, July 1965, featured an article on the birth control pill, which had gone on the market exactly five years earlier. This was not Brown's first publication dealing with sexually liberated women. Her 1962 advice book, Sex and the Single Girl, had been a bestseller. Fan mail begging for Brown's advice on many subjects concerning women's behavior, sexual encounters, health, and beauty flooded her after the book was released. Brown sent the message that a woman should have men complement her life, not take it over. Enjoying sex without shame was also a message she incorporated in both publications. In Brown's early years as editor, the magazine received heavy criticism. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included copies of Cosmopolitan and Playboy magazines. Cosmopolitan also ran a near-nude centerfold of actor Burt Reynolds in April 1972, causing great controversy and attracting much attention. The Latin American edition of Cosmopolitan was launched in March 1973. In April 1978, a single edition of Cosmopolitan Man was published as a trial, targeted to appeal to men. Its cover featured Jack Nicholson and Aurore Clément. It was published twice in 1989 as a supplement to Cosmopolitan. In its January 1988 issue, Cosmopolitan ran a feature claiming that women had almost no reason to worry about contracting HIV long after the best available medical science indicated otherwise. The piece claimed that unprotected sex with an HIV-positive man did not put women at risk of infection and went on to state that "most heterosexuals are not at risk" and that it was impossible to transmit HIV in the missionary position. This article angered many educated people, including AIDS and gay rights activists. The protests organised in response to the article's publication were turned into a 30-minute documentary titled "Doctors, Liars and Women: AIDS Activists Say NO to Cosmo" by two members of ACTUP, a New York City based collective of HIV/AIDS activists. One of the articles in its October 1989 issue, "The Risky Business of Bisexual Love", promoted the 'bisexual bridge' theory. The 'bisexual bridge' theory suggests that heterosexual women are unknowingly put at risk for contracting HIV through sexual contact with bisexual men who covertly have sex with other men (colloquially described as being "on the down low"). The New York Area Bisexual Network performed a successful letter-writing campaign against Cosmopolitan. Today Since the 1960s, Cosmopolitan has discussed such topics as health, fitness, and fashion, as well as sex. The magazine has also featured a section called "Ask Him Anything", where a male writer answers readers' questions about men and dating. Cosmopolitan stand at The Brandery fashion show (Barcelona, 2010) The magazine, in particular its cover stories, has become increasingly sexually explicit in tone. In 2000, the grocery chain Kroger, at the time the second largest in the US after Walmart, began covering up Cosmopolitan at checkout stands because of complaints about sexually inappropriate headlines. The UK edition of Cosmopolitan, which began in 1972, was the first Cosmopolitan magazine to be branched out to another country. It was well known for sexual explicitness, with strong sexual language, male nudity, and coverage of such subjects as rape. In 1999, CosmoGIRL!, a spinoff magazine targeting a teenage female audience, was created for international readership. It shut down in December 2008. There are 64 worldwide editions of Cosmopolitan, and the magazine is published in 35 languages, with distribution in more than 100 countries making Cosmopolitan the largest-selling young women's magazine in the world. Some international editions are published in partnerships, such as licenses or joint ventures, with established publishing houses in each local market. During 2015, Cosmopolitan found popularity in a then-newfound medium, the "discover" section on Snapchat. At the time, Cosmopolitan's "discover" had over 3 million readers a day. In October 2018, Bauer Media Group announced that after 45 years, publication of the Australian edition of Cosmopolitan would stop due to the commercial viability of the magazine no longer being sustainable. In March 2022 the Russian edition, Cosmopolitan Russia, changed its title to Voice after Hearst revoked its affiliation following the invasion of Ukraine. On the cover of its October 2018 issue, Cosmopolitan featured plus-sized model Tess Holliday. Some people, such as TV presenter Piers Morgan, criticized this choice, arguing that it amounted to promoting obesity. Editor of Cosmopolitan Farrah Storr called the cover choice a bold stance in favor of body positivity. In December 2020, actress Emma Roberts became the first pregnant celebrity to appear on the cover of the magazine. Awards and features Fun, Fearless Male of the Year For over a decade, the February issue has featured this award. In 2011, Russell Brand received the magazine's Fun, Fearless Male of the Year Award, joining Kellan Lutz and Paul Wesley (2010), John Mayer (2008), Nick Lachey (2007), Patrick Dempsey (2006), Josh Duhamel (2005), Matthew Perry (2004), and Jon Bon Jovi (2003). Fun, Fearless Female of the Year The Fun, Fearless Female of the Year award was awarded to Kayla Itsines (2015), Nicole Scherzinger (2012), Mila Kunis (2011), Anna Faris (2010), Ali Larter (2009), Katherine Heigl (2008), Eva Mendes (2007), Beyoncé (2006), Ashlee Simpson (2005), Alicia Silverstone (2004), Sandra Bullock (2003), Britney Spears (2002), Debra Messing (2001), Jennifer Love Hewitt (2000), Shania Twain (1999), and Ashley Judd (1998). Cosmopolitan Men – The Making of the World's Sexiest Calendar Cosmopolitan Men released a video on The Making of the World's Sexiest Calendar in 1994 followed by a stunning 14-month Cosmopolitan Men Calendar. Photographer Richard Reinsdorf shot the entire Calendar and helped direct the video. Anniversary Male Centerfolds Cosmopolitan releases a Male Centerfold issue every few years that features hot male celebrities from the United States. Here is a partial list of the men that have appeared in Cosmopolitan's Centerfold Editions over the years: Burt Reynolds 1972, Jim Brown 1973, John Davidson 1975, Arnold Schwarzenegger 1977, Scott Brown 1982, David Hasselhoff 1990. Male super-model Tracy James was named Cosmopolitan's 25th Anniversary Centerfold in 1995: his centerfold garnered so much attention that Cosmopolitan printed an extra 500,000 copies to meet demand. Cosmopolitan's Editor-in-Chief Helen Gurley Brown sat with James for interviews on America's Talking and on Oprah with Oprah Winfrey, on how the magazine's editors and scouts searched America over the course of a year, seeing thousands of men before deciding on James. Bachelor of the Year Cosmopolitan's November issue features the hottest bachelors from all 50 states. Pictures and profiles of all the bachelors are posted on www.cosmopolitan.com, where readers view and vote for their favorite, narrowing it down to six finalists. A team of Cosmopolitan editors then selects the Bachelor of the Year, who is announced at an annual party and media event in New York. The 50 bachelors generally appear on programs such as The Today Show. Past winners include: Ryan Anderson 2017 Ryan Chenevert 2012 Chris Van Vliet 2011 Ryan "Mickey" McLean 2010 Brad Ludden 2008 Brian Watkins 2007 Matt Wood 2006 Practice Safe Sun In the May 2006 issue of Cosmopolitan, the magazine launched the Practice Safe Sun campaign, an initiative aimed at fighting skin cancer by asking readers to stop all forms of tanning other than tanning from a bottle. In conjunction with the campaign, Cosmopolitan's editor-in-chief, Kate White, approached Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, known for her support of women's health issues, with concerns that women were not fully aware of the dangers of indoor tanning and the effectiveness of the current warning labels. After careful review, the Congresswoman agreed that it was necessary to recommend that the FDA take a closer look. She and Representative Ginny Brown-Waite introduced the Tanning Accountability and Notification Act (TAN Act – H.R. 4767) on February 16, 2006. President Bush signed the act in September 2007, and the new federal law requires the FDA to scrutinize the warning labels on tanning beds and issue a report by September 2008. Cosmo Blog Awards Cosmopolitan UK launched the Cosmo Blog Awards in 2010. The awards attracted more than 15,000 entries and winning and highly commended blogs were voted for in several categories including beauty, fashion, lifestyle, and celebrity. The 2011 awards launched in August 2011 and nominations are open until August 31, 2011. All UK-based bloggers and blogs written by British bloggers abroad with a British perspective can be entered. Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance In May 2015, Cosmopolitan UK announced they were launching their first ever fragrance. This is considered a first in the magazine industry. Named 'Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance', the perfume takes on the notion of their much-loved phrase 'Fun, Fearless Female' and was set to launch in September. Politics Seventeenth Amendment Cosmopolitan played a role in passing the Seventeenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which allowed for the popular election of US Senators (previously they were elected by state legislatures). In 1906, William Randolph Hearst hired David Graham Phillips to write a series of articles entitled "The Treason of the Senate". These articles, which were largely sensationalized, helped galvanize public support for this cause. Candidate endorsement In September 2014, Cosmopolitan began endorsing political candidates. The endorsements are based on "established criteria" agreed upon by the magazine's editors. Specifically, Cosmopolitan will only endorse candidates that support equal pay laws, legal abortion, free contraceptives, gun control, and oppose voter identification laws. Amy Odell, editor of Cosmopolitan.com, has stated that under no circumstances will the magazine endorse a political candidate that is anti-abortion: "We're not going to endorse someone who is pro-life because that's not in our readers' best interest." According to Joanna Coles, the magazine's editor-in-chief, the endorsements of Cosmopolitan will focus on "candidates in swing states or candidates who are strongly in favor of issues like contraception coverage or gun control." In the 2014 U.S. elections, Cosmopolitan officially endorsed twelve Democratic candidates. However, only two of them won their respective political campaigns. Campaigns against Cosmopolitan Victoria Hearst, a granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst (founder of Cosmopolitan's parent company) and sister of Patty Hearst, has lent her support to a campaign which seeks to classify Cosmopolitan as harmful under the guidelines of "Material Harmful to Minors" laws. Hearst, the founder of an evangelical Colorado church called Praise Him Ministries, states that "the magazine promotes a lifestyle that can be dangerous to women's emotional and physical well being. It should never be sold to anyone under 18". According to former model Nicole Weider, who is also part of this campaign, the magazine's marketing is subtly targeting children. Billboards have been hung in states such as Utah urging the state to ban sales of the magazine. In 2018, Walmart announced that Cosmopolitan would be removed from checkout lines after the anti-pornography organization National Center on Sexual Exploitation, formerly known as Morality in Media, labeled the magazine as "sexually explicit material". Editor in chief (American edition) Frank P. Smith (1886–1888) E. D. Walker (1888) John Brisben Walker (1889–1905) Bailey Millard (1905–1907) S. S. Chamberlain (1907–1908) C. P. Narcross (1908–1913) Sewell Haggard (1914) Edgar Grant Sisson (1914–1917) Douglas Z. Doty (1917–1918) Ray Long (1918–1931) Harry Payne Burton (1931–1942) Frances Whiting (1942–1945) Arthur Gordon (1946–1948) Herbert R. Mayes (1948–1951) John J. O'Connell (1951–1959) Robert C. Atherton (1959–1965) Helen Gurley Brown (1965–1997) Bonnie Fuller (1997–1998) Kate White (1998–2012) Joanna Coles (2012–2016) Michele Promaulayko (2016–2018) Jessica Giles (formerly Pels, 2018 – present) Other editions Cosmopolitan Italy In 1973 there was a merger between Cosmopolitan and the Italian magazine Arianna, published by Mondadori since in 1957, assuming the name Cosmopolitan Arianna. From January 1976 the masthead changed to the current Cosmopolitan. In 1996 the magazine, owned by Della Schiava Editore, ended its publication, which resumed with Mondadori in 2000, with the editor Silvia Brena. In July 2010 Cosmopolitan passed to the editorial Hearst Magazines Italia, becoming a monthly magazine. References ^ Samantha Kubota (November 11, 2020). "Emma Roberts featured as first pregnant woman on cover of Cosmo". TODAY.com. ^ a b "Hey You, Meet the Cosmo Team". Cosmopolitan. January 28, 2024. ^ "Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826219060. Retrieved February 10, 2023. ^ "Why Cosmopolitan Magazine is a Best Selling Magazine / How the Internet Helps in Building a Cosmopolitan World". www.global2ki.org. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018. ^ Jerde, S. (2018). Jessica Pels. In Adweek (2003) (Vol. 59, Issue 18, pp. 40–40). Adweek LLC. ^ a b c "Evolution of Cosmopolitan". ^ "About Us". cosmopolitan.com. May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "The Hottest Cosmo Covers You've Never Seen". Cosmopolitan. June 30, 2011. ^ a b "Cosmopolitan: "Fun, Fearless, Female"". hearst.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013. ^ Tassin, Algernon (December 1915). "The Magazine In America, Part X: The End Of The Century". The Bookman: An Illustrated Magazine of Literature and Life. XLII (4). Dodd, Mead and Co.: 396–412. Retrieved August 3, 2008. ^ "Announcement". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 1, no. 1. March 1886. ^ "Westchester Chronicles". www.westchestermagazine.com. February 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2019. ^ Marks, Jason (1993). Around the World in 72 Days: The race between Pulitzer's Nellie Bly and Cosmopolitan's Elizabeth Bisland. Gemittarius Press. ISBN 978-0-9633696-2-8. ^ Ruiz, Michelle (September 2013). "Remembering Cosmo's Legendary Literary All-Stars". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved September 17, 2013. ^ Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8262-1906-0. ^ "The Cosmopolitan, Volume 29, Schlicht & Field, 1900". March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2020. ^ "The Cosmopolitan, Volume 14, Schlicht & Field, 1892". July 8, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2020. ^ "The Cosmopolitan, Volume 17, Schlicht & Field, 1894". February 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2020. ^ Schreiner, Olive (September 1900). "The African Boer". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 29, no. 5. pp. 451–468. ^ Schreiner, Olive (October 1900). "The African Boer, II". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 29, no. 6. pp. 593–602. ^ Russell, Charles (March 1907). "The Growth of Caste in America". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 42, no. 5. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 524–534. ^ Russell, Charles (December 1907). "At the Throat of the Republic: No. 1, Before the Election". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 2. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 146–156. ^ Russell, Charles (January 1908). "At the Throat of the Republic: No. 2, At the Election". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 3. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 259–271. ^ Russell, Charles (March 1908). "At the Throat of the Republic 3. After the Election". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 4. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 361–369. ^ Russell, Charles (April 1908). "At the Throat of the Republic 4. Postscript—The Election of 1907". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 4. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 475–480. ^ Russell, Charles (July 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 1. Legislative Graft and the Albany Scandal". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 2. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 147–160. ^ Russell, Charles (August 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 2. Graft as an Expert Trade in Pittsburg". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 3. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 283–292. ^ Russell, Charles (September 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 3. The 'Jack-Pot' in Illinois Legislation". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 4. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 466–478. ^ Russell, Charles (October 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 4. The Man the Interests Wanted". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 5. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 592–601. ^ Russell, Charles (December 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 5. Colorado—New Tricks in an Old Game". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 50, no. 1. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 45–58. ^ Russell, Charles (January 1911). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 6. Senator Gore's Strange Bribe Story". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 50, no. 2. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 151–162. ^ "Cosmopolitan, Volume 53, Hearst Corporation, 1912". January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2020. ^ Henry, O. "Dream". Read Book Online website. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ "Fiction of Jack London". Jacklondons.net. p. 31. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "On This Day: November 23, 1916: OBITUARY – Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ "Cosmopolitan". Vol. 55. Schlicht & Field. 1913. Retrieved March 3, 2020. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires \|magazine= (help) ^ Cunningham, Guy Patrick (2013). "Hearst, William Randolph (1863–1951)". In Ciment, James (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Jazz Age: From the End of World War I to the Great Crash. pp. 344–345. ^ Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. University of Missouri Press. pp. 169–213. ISBN 9780826272331. ^ Stovall, James Glen. "Magazines and Photojournalism's Golden Age". Journalism: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2019. ^ "Cosmopolitan \| magazine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 23, 2017. ^ a b Jaramillo, Juliana (August 12, 2014). "A Brief History of Cosmo Covers". Slate. ^ a b Benjamin, Jennifer (September 2009). "How Cosmo Changed the World". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved January 13, 2013. ^ a b Fox, Margalit (August 13, 2012). "Helen Gurley Brown, Who Gave 'Single Girl' a Life in Full, Dies at 90". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024. ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (August 19, 2012). "Helen Gurley Brown's Complicated Feminist Legacy". CNN. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. ^ "Cosmopolitan Celebrates 40 Years as the World's Favorite Women's Magazine". Business Wire (Press release). August 16, 2005. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. ^ Marks, Lara (2001). Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08943-1. ^ Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel (1998). On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950–1970. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5876-5. ^ Ouellette, Laurie. "Inventing the Cosmo Girl: Class Identity and Girl-Style American Dreams". Media, Culture & Society 21 (1999): 361. Retrieved August 19, 2012. ^ Scanlon, Jennifer. "Sensationalist Literature or Expert Advice?". Feminist Media Studies 9:1 (2009): 12. Retrieved February 14, 2010. ^ Gianoulis, Tina (2002). "Cosmopolitan". In Pendergast, Sara; Pendergast, Tom (eds.). Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. Gale Virtual Reference Library. pp. 867–868. ^ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (September 5, 2008). "Pageant Protest Sparked Bra-Burning Myth". NPR. Retrieved February 6, 2012. ^ Willett, Julie (May 11, 2010). The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-35949-1. Retrieved January 13, 2013. ^ "Men's magazines: an A to Z". Archived November 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Magforum. Accessed October 27, 2023. ^ "AIDS in New York: A Biography". New York Magazine. June 5, 2006. Archived from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved November 16, 2011. ^ "Editorials & Opinion – Cosmo's Deadly Advice To Women About Aids". Seattle Times. ^ Rossi (June 1, 1998). "Cosmo Confessions". Retrieved July 30, 2016. ^ "Chronology 1988". ACT UP/NY. ^ jeancarlomusto.com, actupny.org Archived August 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ Carlomusto, Jean (December 17, 2012). "Doctors, Liars and Women:AIDS Activists Say No To Cosmo" – via Vimeo. ^ Gerrard, Susan; Halperin, James (October 1989). "The Risky Business of Bisexual Love". Cosmopolitan. pp. 202–205. ^ Malebranche, David J.; Arriola, Kimberly Jacob; Jenkins, Tyrrell R.; Dauria, Emily; Patel, Shilpa N. (September 20, 2011). "Exploring the 'Bisexual Bridge': A Qualitative Study of Risk Behavior and Disclosure of Same-Sex Behavior Among Black Bisexual Men". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (1): 159–164. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158725. PMC 2791236. PMID 19910348. This 'bisexual bridge' theory proposes that heterosexual women are unknowingly put at risk for contracting HIV through sexual contact with bisexual men who covertly have sex with other men. Such men are colloquially described as being 'on the down low'. ^ Raymond, Danielle; Highleyman, Liz A. (June 11, 2014). "Appendix A: Brief Timeline of Bisexual Activism in the United States". In Tucker, Naomi S. (ed.). Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, and Visions. Haworth Gay and Lesbian Studies (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1560238690. New York Area Bisexual Network (founded 1987) initiates successful letter-writing campaign against a defamatory article in Cosmpolitan (October 1989) which had maliciously stereotyped bisexual men as dishonest spreaders of AIDS. ^ "KROGER TAKES ACTION ON COSMO COVER HEADLINES". Supermarket News. January 17, 2000. Retrieved March 4, 2024. ^ "Cosmo is getting 3 million readers a day on Snapchat Discover". Digiday. October 14, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2018. ^ Donoughue, Paul (October 16, 2018). "Cosmopolitan magazine to stop publishing its Australian edition after 45 years". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ Pjotr Sauer (May 20, 2022). "Cosmopolitan no more: Russians feel sting of cultural and economic rift". The Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2022. ^ O'Connell, Jennifer. "Cosmopolitan magazine cover criticised for 'promoting obesity'". The Irish Times. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ "Emma Roberts becomes first pregnant Cosmopolitan cover star". CNN. November 12, 2020 ^ "Biography". www.tracyjames.com. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ "Portfolio". www.tracyjames.com. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ a b "Video". www.tracyjames.com. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ "Brian Watkins – Cosmo Bachelor of the Year 2007". Cosmopolitan. Archived March 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Meet the Cosmo Bachelor of the Year". News.com.au. February 2, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2019. ^ "The Hottest Bachelor in America". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ "2011 Cosmo Bachelor of The Year – Interview with Chris Van Vliet". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved November 16, 2011. ^ "Ryan Mickey McLean Interview – Ohio Bachelor Ryan McLean Quotes". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved November 16, 2011. ^ a b "Cosmo to Promote 'Safe Skin'". AllBusiness.com. Archived March 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Cosmo to Promote 'Safe Skin'". Mediaweek. April 10, 2006. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved November 16, 2011 – via AllBusiness.com. ^ "American Academy Of Dermatology Association Commends President Bush For Signing Tanning Accountability And Notification (TAN) Act". ^ "Cosmo Blog Awards". Cosmopolitan UK. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. ^ "The Home of Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance". Cosmo Fragrance. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015. ^ "Cosmopolitan launches Cosmopolitan The Fragrance – Hearst UKHearst UK". Hearst.co.uk. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015. ^ "U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution". United States Senate. Retrieved July 30, 2017. ^ Gold, Hadas (September 4, 2014). "The new Cosmo: Love, sex, politics?". Politico. Retrieved February 10, 2016. ^ Schow, Ashe. > "The 8 biggest losers of the war on women". Washington Examiner. ^ "Praise Him Ministries". Praise Him Ministries. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. ^ a b McKay, Hollie (September 6, 2012). "Victoria Hearst says her family's Cosmopolitan magazine "pornographic", joins campaign to get it brown bagged". Fox News. ^ Lam, Katherine (March 27, 2018). "Walmart to remove Cosmopolitan magazine from checkout lines". Fox News. Retrieved April 5, 2018. ^ DAVID CARR and CHRISTINE HAUGHNEY (September 4, 2012). "New Editor at Cosmopolitan: Joanna Coles Replaces Kate White". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ "Michele Promaulayko Named Editor-in-Chief of Cosmopolitan and Editorial Director of Seventeen". Retrieved September 25, 2018. ^ a b c "SIUSA Archive - Cosmopolitan Arianna". Ministry of Culture. Retrieved September 19, 2023. ^ "Mondadori, nomine: dal 14 settembre Annalisa Monfreda direttore di Cosmopolitan". Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (in Italian). September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosmopolitan (magazine). Official website American History: "Cosmopolitan Magazine" at Spartacus Educational The Cosmopolitan at the HathiTrust Hearst's international combined with Cosmopolitan at the HathiTrust vteHearst CommunicationsDaily newspapers The Advocate Times Union Beaumont Enterprise Connecticut Post The Courier (Conroe, Texas) Edwardsville Intelligencer Greenwich Time The Hour Houston Chronicle Huron Daily Tribune Journal-Courier Laredo Morning Times Manistee News Advocate The Middletown Press Midland Daily News Midland Reporter-Telegram New Haven Register The News-Times The Pioneer Plainview Daily Herald The Register Citizen San Antonio Express-News San Francisco Chronicle seattlepi.com SFGATE The Telegraph Connecticut Magazine Weekly newspapers Cleveland Advocate Eastex Advocate Examiner Newspapers (Bellaire, Memorial, River Oaks, West University) The Lake Houston Observer The Potpourri (Magnolia and Tomball) Sugar Land Sun The Villager (The Woodlands, Texas) La Voz de Houston MagazinesUnited States Autoweek Best Products Bicycling Bring a Trailer Car and Driver Cosmopolitan Country Living Delish Elle Elle Decor Esquire First Finds Food Network Magazine Good Housekeeping Harper's Bazaar House Beautiful HGTV Men's Health Oprah Daily Popular Mechanics Prevention Redbook Road & Track Runner's World Seventeen Shondaland The Pioneer Woman Town & Country Woman's Day Women's Health International Bicycling Car and Driver Cosmopolitan Country Living Delish Elle Elle Decor Esquire Good Housekeeping Harper's Bazaar House Beautiful Men's Health Prevention Runner's World Women's Health Best (UK) Digital Spy (UK) Inside Soap (UK) Prima (UK) RED (UK) Gente (Italy) Marie Claire (Italy) Marie Claire Maison (Italy) JAN (Netherlands) Quest (Netherlands) Quest Junior (Netherlands) Quote (Netherlands) Fotogramas (Spanin) 25Ans (Japan) 25Ans Wedding (Japan) ELLE Girl (Japan) Fujingaho (Japan) Hodinkee (Japan) Men's Club (Japan) Modern Living (Japan) Richesse (Japan) Hearst Television(Hearst MediaProduction Group)Stations affiliatedABC KETV KHBS / KHOG KMBC KOAT KOCO KSBW-DT2 WAPT WCVB / WMUR WISN WJCL WMTW WPBF WTAE WZVN 1 The CW KCWE KHBS-DT2 / KHOG-DT2 KQCA WCWG WKCF WNNE WPXT NBC KCRA KSBW WBAL WBBH WDSU WESH WGAL WLWT WPTZ WVTM WXII WYFF CBS KCCI WLKY Other Independent WMOR MyNetworkTV KQCA2 Radio stations WBAL WIYY Entertainment& syndication A&E Networks (50%) ESPN Inc. (20%) King Features Syndicate NorthSouth Productions (50%) Reed Brennan Media Associates Business media Black Book First Databank Fitch Ratings BMI Research Motor Real estate Hearst Tower Hearst Service Center Hearst Ranch 1 Owned by Montclair Communications and operated by Hearst under an LMA. 2 Carries the network in a secondary status. Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"literary magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_magazine"},{"link_name":"women's magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women%27s_magazines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jessica Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Giles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Helen Gurley Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Hearst Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_(media)"},{"link_name":"Hearst Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"West 57th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Columbus Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Circle"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hearst.com-aboutcosmo-10"}],"text":"Cosmopolitan (stylized in all caps) is an American quarterly fashion and entertainment magazine for women, first published based in New York City in March 1886 as a family magazine; it was later transformed into a literary magazine and, since 1965, has become a women's magazine. Cosmopolitan is one of the best-selling magazines.[4][5] Jessica Giles (formerly Pels) is the magazine's editor-in-chief since 2018.[6]Formerly titled The Cosmopolitan and often referred to as Cosmo, Cosmopolitan has adapted its style and content. Its current incarnation was originally marketed as a woman's fashion magazine with articles on home, family, and cooking. For some time it focused more on new fiction and written work, which included short stories, novels, and articles.[7] Now it is more targeted towards women's fashion, sports and modern interests.[7] Eventually, editor-in-chief Helen Gurley Brown changed its attention to more of a women's empowerment magazine.[7] Nowadays, its content includes articles discussing relationships, sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, fashion, horoscopes, and beauty.Cosmopolitan is published by New York City-based Hearst Corporation. The magazine's office in the Hearst Tower, 300 West 57th Street near Columbus Circle in Manhattan in New York City.[8] Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions, including, Australia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Latin America, Malaysia, the Middle East, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom[9] and is printed in 35 different languages and distributed in over 110 countries.[10]","title":"Cosmopolitan (magazine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irvington, New York § Cosmopolitan Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvington,_New_York#Cosmopolitan_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CosmopolitanMagazineMarch1894.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosmopolitan-FC-November-1917.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harrison Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Fisher"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Brisben Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brisben_Walker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bisland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bisland"},{"link_name":"Nellie Bly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Bly"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marksbook-14"},{"link_name":"Annie Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Bierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce"},{"link_name":"Willa Cather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willa_Cather"},{"link_name":"Theodore Dreiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"Edith Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds"},{"link_name":"The First Men in the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Men_in_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Olive Schreiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Schreiner"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"See also: Irvington, New York § Cosmopolitan BuildingMarch 1894 issue of The CosmopolitanNovember 1917 issue of Cosmopolitan, cover by Harrison FisherCosmopolitan originally began as a family and women's magazine, first published based in New York City in March 1886 by Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan.[11]Paul Schlicht told his first-issue readers inside of the front cover that his publication was a \"first-class family magazine\". Adding on, \"There will be a department devoted exclusively to the concerns of women, with articles on fashions, on household decoration, on cooking, and the care and management of children. There was also a department for the younger members of the family.\"[12]Cosmopolitan's circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by November 1888, Schlicht & Field were no longer in business. Ownership was acquired by John Brisben Walker in 1889.[13] That same year, he dispatched Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against Nellie Bly to draw attention to the magazine.[14]Under John Brisben Walker's ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harper's Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing color illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a leading market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Willa Cather, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Edith Wharton, and H. G. Wells.[15] The magazine's press run climbed to 100,000 by 1892.[16][17][18][19]In 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free correspondence school: \"No charge of any kind will be made to the student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the Cosmopolitan. No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of hours of study.\" When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not fund the school and students were then asked to contribute 20 dollars a year. Also in 1897, H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his The First Men in the Moon (1900). Olive Schreiner contributed a lengthy two-part article about the Boer War in the September[20] and October[21] issues of 1900.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"O. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"A. J. Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Cronin"},{"link_name":"Alfred Henry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Henry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Bruno Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Lessing"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis"},{"link_name":"O. O. McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._O._McIntyre"},{"link_name":"David Graham Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graham_Phillips"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Upton Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Ida Tarbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Tarbell"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"The Red One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_One"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Arthur B. Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Reeve"},{"link_name":"Craig Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Dean Cornwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cornwell"},{"link_name":"Harrison Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Fisher"},{"link_name":"James Montgomery Flagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Productions"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Acquisition by Hearst","text":"In 1905, William Randolph Hearst purchased the magazine for US$400,000 (equivalent to $13,564,000 in 2023) and brought in journalist Charles Edward Russell, who contributed a series of investigative articles, including \"The Growth of Caste in America\" (March 1907),[22] \"At the Throat of the Republic\" (December 1907 – March 1908)[23][24][25][26] and \"What Are You Going to Do About It?\" (July 1910 – January 1911).[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]Other contributors during this period included O. Henry,[34] A. J. Cronin, Alfred Henry Lewis, Bruno Lessing, Sinclair Lewis, O. O. McIntyre, David Graham Phillips, George Bernard Shaw, Upton Sinclair, and Ida Tarbell. Jack London's novella, \"The Red One\", was published in the October 1918 issue[35] (two years after London's death[36]), and a constant presence from 1910 to 1918 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the \"scientific detective\".[37] Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg.[citation needed]Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Productions (also known as Cosmopolitan Pictures), a film company based in New York City from 1918 to 1923, then Hollywood until 1938. The vision for this film company was to make films from stories published in the magazine.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Castle"},{"link_name":"typeface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mass market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_market"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Hearst's International","text":"Cosmopolitan magazine was officially titled as Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan from 1925 until 1952, but was simply referred to as Cosmopolitan. In 1911, Hearst had bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day and renamed it Hearst's Magazine in April 1912. In June 1914 it was shortened to Hearst's and was ultimately titled Hearst's International in May 1922. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged the magazine Hearst's International with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925. But while the Cosmopolitan title on the cover remained at a typeface of eighty-four points, over time span the typeface of the Hearst's International decreased to thirty-six points and then to a barely legible twelve points. After Hearst died in 1951, the Hearst's International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952.[39]With a circulation of 1,700,000 in the 1930s, Cosmopolitan had an advertising income of $5,000,000. Emphasizing fiction in the 1940s, it was subtitled The Four-Book Magazine since the first section had one novelette, six or eight short stories, two serials, six to eight articles and eight or nine special features, while the other three sections featured two novels and a digest of current non-fiction books. During World War II, sales peaked at 2,000,000.[citation needed]The magazine began to run less fiction during the 1950s. Circulation dropped to slightly over a million by 1955, a time when magazines were overshadowed during the rise of paperbacks and television. The Golden Age of magazines came to an end as mass market, general interest publications gave way to special interest magazines targeting specialized audiences.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Gurley Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changed-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"birth control pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_pill"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changed-43"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marks-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watkins-48"},{"link_name":"Sex and the Single Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Single_Girl"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Miss America protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_protest"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenfieldboyce-52"},{"link_name":"Burt Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willett2010-53"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Aurore Clément","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurore_Cl%C3%A9ment"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"HIV-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-positive"},{"link_name":"missionary position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_position"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"covertly have sex with other men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"New York Area Bisexual Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Area_Bisexual_Network"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Helen Gurley Brown arrives","text":"Cosmopolitan's circulation continued to decline for another decade until Helen Gurley Brown became chief editor in 1965[41] and radically changed the magazine.[42] Brown remodeled and re-invented it as a magazine for modern single career women,[43] completely transforming the magazine into a racy, contentious, and successful magazine. As the editor for 32 years, Brown spent this time using the magazine as an outlet to erase stigma around unmarried women not only having sex, but also enjoying it.[44] Known as a \"devout feminist\",[45] Brown was often attacked by critics due to her progressive views on women and sex. She believed that women were allowed to enjoy sex without shame in all cases. She died in 2012 at the age of 90.[44] Her vision is still evident in the design of the magazine.[42] The magazine eventually adopted a cover format consisting of a usually young female model (or prominent female celebrity), typically in a low cut dress, bikini, or some other revealing outfit.The magazine set itself apart by frankly discussing sexuality from the point of view that women could and should enjoy sex without guilt. The first issue under Helen Gurley Brown, July 1965,[46] featured an article on the birth control pill,[43] which had gone on the market exactly five years earlier.[47][48]This was not Brown's first publication dealing with sexually liberated women. Her 1962 advice book, Sex and the Single Girl, had been a bestseller.[49][50] Fan mail begging for Brown's advice on many subjects concerning women's behavior, sexual encounters, health, and beauty flooded her after the book was released. Brown sent the message that a woman should have men complement her life, not take it over. Enjoying sex without shame was also a message she incorporated in both publications.[51]In Brown's early years as editor, the magazine received heavy criticism. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a \"Freedom Trash Can\". These included copies of Cosmopolitan and Playboy magazines.[52] Cosmopolitan also ran a near-nude centerfold of actor Burt Reynolds in April 1972, causing great controversy and attracting much attention.[53] The Latin American edition of Cosmopolitan was launched in March 1973.In April 1978, a single edition of Cosmopolitan Man was published as a trial, targeted to appeal to men. Its cover featured Jack Nicholson and Aurore Clément. It was published twice in 1989 as a supplement to Cosmopolitan.[54]In its January 1988 issue, Cosmopolitan ran a feature claiming that women had almost no reason to worry about contracting HIV long after the best available medical science indicated otherwise. The piece claimed that unprotected sex with an HIV-positive man did not put women at risk of infection and went on to state that \"most heterosexuals are not at risk\" and that it was impossible to transmit HIV in the missionary position.[55] This article angered many educated people, including AIDS and gay rights activists.[56][57] The protests organised in response to the article's publication were turned into a 30-minute documentary titled \"Doctors, Liars and Women: AIDS Activists Say NO to Cosmo\" by two members of ACTUP, a New York City based collective of HIV/AIDS activists.[58][59][60]One of the articles in its October 1989 issue, \"The Risky Business of Bisexual Love\", promoted the 'bisexual bridge' theory.[61] The 'bisexual bridge' theory suggests that heterosexual women are unknowingly put at risk for contracting HIV through sexual contact with bisexual men who covertly have sex with other men (colloquially described as being \"on the down low\").[62] The New York Area Bisexual Network performed a successful letter-writing campaign against Cosmopolitan.[63]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COSMOPOLITAN_magazine_at_The_Brandery_Summer_Edition_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Brandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brandery"},{"link_name":"Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"CosmoGIRL!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoGirl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hearst.com-aboutcosmo-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Bauer Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Russia"},{"link_name":"invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Tess Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_Holliday"},{"link_name":"Piers Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Farrah Storr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrah_Storr"},{"link_name":"body positivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_positivity"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Emma Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Since the 1960s, Cosmopolitan has discussed such topics as health, fitness, and fashion, as well as sex. The magazine has also featured a section called \"Ask Him Anything\", where a male writer answers readers' questions about men and dating.Cosmopolitan stand at The Brandery fashion show (Barcelona, 2010)The magazine, in particular its cover stories, has become increasingly sexually explicit in tone. In 2000, the grocery chain Kroger, at the time the second largest in the US after Walmart, began covering up Cosmopolitan at checkout stands because of complaints about sexually inappropriate headlines.[64] The UK edition of Cosmopolitan, which began in 1972, was the first Cosmopolitan magazine to be branched out to another country. It was well known for sexual explicitness, with strong sexual language, male nudity, and coverage of such subjects as rape. In 1999, CosmoGIRL!, a spinoff magazine targeting a teenage female audience, was created for international readership. It shut down in December 2008.There are 64 worldwide editions of Cosmopolitan, and the magazine is published in 35 languages, with distribution in more than 100 countries making Cosmopolitan the largest-selling young women's magazine in the world.[10][citation needed] Some international editions are published in partnerships, such as licenses or joint ventures, with established publishing houses in each local market.During 2015, Cosmopolitan found popularity in a then-newfound medium, the \"discover\" section on Snapchat. At the time, Cosmopolitan's \"discover\" had over 3 million readers a day.[65]In October 2018, Bauer Media Group announced that after 45 years, publication of the Australian edition of Cosmopolitan would stop due to the commercial viability of the magazine no longer being sustainable.[66] In March 2022 the Russian edition, Cosmopolitan Russia, changed its title to Voice after Hearst revoked its affiliation following the invasion of Ukraine.[67]On the cover of its October 2018 issue, Cosmopolitan featured plus-sized model Tess Holliday. Some people, such as TV presenter Piers Morgan, criticized this choice, arguing that it amounted to promoting obesity. Editor of Cosmopolitan Farrah Storr called the cover choice a bold stance in favor of body positivity.[68] In December 2020, actress Emma Roberts became the first pregnant celebrity to appear on the cover of the magazine.[69]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Brand"},{"link_name":"Kellan Lutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellan_Lutz"},{"link_name":"Paul Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wesley"},{"link_name":"John Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Nick Lachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lachey"},{"link_name":"Patrick Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Josh Duhamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Duhamel"},{"link_name":"Matthew Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry"},{"link_name":"Jon Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi"}],"sub_title":"Fun, Fearless Male of the Year","text":"For over a decade, the February issue has featured this award. In 2011, Russell Brand received the magazine's Fun, Fearless Male of the Year Award, joining Kellan Lutz and Paul Wesley (2010), John Mayer (2008), Nick Lachey (2007), Patrick Dempsey (2006), Josh Duhamel (2005), Matthew Perry (2004), and Jon Bon Jovi (2003).","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kayla Itsines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayla_Itsines"},{"link_name":"Nicole Scherzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Scherzinger"},{"link_name":"Mila Kunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Kunis"},{"link_name":"Anna Faris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Faris"},{"link_name":"Ali Larter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Larter"},{"link_name":"Katherine Heigl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Heigl"},{"link_name":"Eva Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ashlee Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Alicia Silverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone"},{"link_name":"Sandra Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Bullock"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Debra Messing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Messing"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Love Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Love_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Shania Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shania_Twain"},{"link_name":"Ashley Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Judd"}],"sub_title":"Fun, Fearless Female of the Year","text":"The Fun, Fearless Female of the Year award was awarded to Kayla Itsines (2015), Nicole Scherzinger (2012), Mila Kunis (2011), Anna Faris (2010), Ali Larter (2009), Katherine Heigl (2008), Eva Mendes (2007), Beyoncé (2006), Ashlee Simpson (2005), Alicia Silverstone (2004), Sandra Bullock (2003), Britney Spears (2002), Debra Messing (2001), Jennifer Love Hewitt (2000), Shania Twain (1999), and Ashley Judd (1998).","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cosmopolitan Men – The Making of the World's Sexiest Calendar","text":"Cosmopolitan Men released a video on The Making of the World's Sexiest Calendar in 1994 followed by a stunning 14-month Cosmopolitan Men Calendar. Photographer Richard Reinsdorf shot the entire Calendar and helped direct the video.","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burt Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown"},{"link_name":"John Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davidson_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Scott Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)"},{"link_name":"David Hasselhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hasselhoff"},{"link_name":"super-model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-model"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Helen Gurley Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown"},{"link_name":"America's Talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Talking"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracy_James-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracy_James-72"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Anniversary Male Centerfolds","text":"Cosmopolitan releases a Male Centerfold issue every few years that features hot male celebrities from the United States. Here is a partial list of the men that have appeared in Cosmopolitan's Centerfold Editions over the years: Burt Reynolds 1972, Jim Brown 1973, John Davidson 1975, Arnold Schwarzenegger 1977, Scott Brown 1982, David Hasselhoff 1990. Male super-model Tracy James[70] was named Cosmopolitan's 25th Anniversary Centerfold[71] in 1995: his centerfold garnered so much attention that Cosmopolitan printed an extra 500,000 copies to meet demand. Cosmopolitan's Editor-in-Chief Helen Gurley Brown sat with James for interviews on America's Talking[72] and on Oprah[72] with Oprah Winfrey, on how the magazine's editors and scouts searched America over the course of a year, seeing thousands of men before deciding on James.[citation needed]","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Chris Van Vliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Van_Vliet"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Brad Ludden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Ludden"}],"sub_title":"Bachelor of the Year","text":"Cosmopolitan's November issue features the hottest bachelors from all 50 states. Pictures and profiles of all the bachelors are posted on www.cosmopolitan.com, where readers view and vote for their favorite, narrowing it down to six finalists. A team of Cosmopolitan editors then selects the Bachelor of the Year, who is announced at an annual party and media event in New York. The 50 bachelors generally appear on programs such as The Today Show.[73]Past winners include:Ryan Anderson 2017[74]\nRyan Chenevert 2012[75]\nChris Van Vliet 2011[76]\nRyan \"Mickey\" McLean 2010[77]\nBrad Ludden 2008\nBrian Watkins 2007\nMatt Wood 2006","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skin cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer"},{"link_name":"tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_tanning"},{"link_name":"tanning from a bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunless_tanning"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allbusiness.com-78"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney"},{"link_name":"dangers of indoor tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_tanning#Risks"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Ginny Brown-Waite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginny_Brown-Waite"},{"link_name":"Tanning Accountability and Notification Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanning_Accountability_and_Notification_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allbusiness.com-78"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"tanning beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_bed"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Practice Safe Sun","text":"In the May 2006 issue of Cosmopolitan, the magazine launched the Practice Safe Sun campaign, an initiative aimed at fighting skin cancer by asking readers to stop all forms of tanning other than tanning from a bottle.[78] In conjunction with the campaign, Cosmopolitan's editor-in-chief, Kate White, approached Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, known for her support of women's health issues, with concerns that women were not fully aware of the dangers of indoor tanning and the effectiveness of the current warning labels.[79] After careful review, the Congresswoman agreed that it was necessary to recommend that the FDA take a closer look. She and Representative Ginny Brown-Waite introduced the Tanning Accountability and Notification Act (TAN Act – H.R. 4767) on February 16, 2006.[78] President Bush signed the act in September 2007, and the new federal law requires the FDA to scrutinize the warning labels on tanning beds and issue a report by September 2008.[80]","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Cosmo Blog Awards","text":"Cosmopolitan UK launched the Cosmo Blog Awards[81] in 2010. The awards attracted more than 15,000 entries and winning and highly commended blogs were voted for in several categories including beauty, fashion, lifestyle, and celebrity. The 2011 awards launched in August 2011 and nominations are open until August 31, 2011. All UK-based bloggers and blogs written by British bloggers abroad with a British perspective can be entered.","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance","text":"In May 2015, Cosmopolitan UK announced they were launching their first ever fragrance. This is considered a first in the magazine industry. Named 'Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance', the perfume takes on the notion of their much-loved phrase 'Fun, Fearless Female' and was set to launch in September.[82][83]","title":"Awards and features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seventeenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"US Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"David Graham Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graham_Phillips"},{"link_name":"The Treason of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Treason_of_the_Senate"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Seventeenth Amendment","text":"Cosmopolitan played a role in passing the Seventeenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which allowed for the popular election of US Senators (previously they were elected by state legislatures). In 1906, William Randolph Hearst hired David Graham Phillips to write a series of articles entitled \"The Treason of the Senate\". These articles, which were largely sensationalized, helped galvanize public support for this cause.[84]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equal pay laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"contraceptives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptives"},{"link_name":"gun control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control"},{"link_name":"voter identification laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_identification_law"},{"link_name":"anti-abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"swing states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico-85"},{"link_name":"2014 U.S. elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_2014"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"political campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Candidate endorsement","text":"In September 2014, Cosmopolitan began endorsing political candidates. The endorsements are based on \"established criteria\" agreed upon by the magazine's editors. Specifically, Cosmopolitan will only endorse candidates that support equal pay laws, legal abortion, free contraceptives, gun control, and oppose voter identification laws. Amy Odell, editor of Cosmopolitan.com, has stated that under no circumstances will the magazine endorse a political candidate that is anti-abortion: \"We're not going to endorse someone who is pro-life because that's not in our readers' best interest.\" According to Joanna Coles, the magazine's editor-in-chief, the endorsements of Cosmopolitan will focus on \"candidates in swing states or candidates who are strongly in favor of issues like contraception coverage or gun control.\"[85] In the 2014 U.S. elections, Cosmopolitan officially endorsed twelve Democratic candidates. However, only two of them won their respective political campaigns.[86]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"Patty Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Hearst"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FN-88"},{"link_name":"Nicole Weider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Weider&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FN-88"},{"link_name":"National Center on Sexual Exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_on_Sexual_Exploitation"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Campaigns against Cosmopolitan","text":"Victoria Hearst, a granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst (founder of Cosmopolitan's parent company) and sister of Patty Hearst, has lent her support to a campaign which seeks to classify Cosmopolitan as harmful under the guidelines of \"Material Harmful to Minors\" laws. Hearst, the founder of an evangelical Colorado church called Praise Him Ministries,[87] states that \"the magazine promotes a lifestyle that can be dangerous to women's emotional and physical well being. It should never be sold to anyone under 18\".[88] According to former model Nicole Weider, who is also part of this campaign, the magazine's marketing is subtly targeting children.[88] Billboards have been hung in states such as Utah urging the state to ban sales of the magazine.In 2018, Walmart announced that Cosmopolitan would be removed from checkout lines after the anti-pornography organization National Center on Sexual Exploitation, formerly known as Morality in Media, labeled the magazine as \"sexually explicit material\".[89][better source needed]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Brisben Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brisben_Walker"},{"link_name":"S. S. Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Ray Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Long"},{"link_name":"Herbert R. Mayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Mayes"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Atherton"},{"link_name":"Helen Gurley Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Kate White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_White"},{"link_name":"Joanna Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Coles"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Editor_at_Cosmopolitan:_Joanna_Coles_Replaces_Kate_White-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Jessica Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Giles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-team-2"}],"text":"Frank P. Smith (1886–1888)\nE. D. Walker (1888)\nJohn Brisben Walker (1889–1905)\nBailey Millard (1905–1907)\nS. S. Chamberlain (1907–1908)\nC. P. Narcross (1908–1913)\nSewell Haggard (1914)\nEdgar Grant Sisson (1914–1917)\nDouglas Z. Doty (1917–1918)\nRay Long (1918–1931)\nHarry Payne Burton (1931–1942)\nFrances Whiting (1942–1945)\nArthur Gordon (1946–1948)\nHerbert R. Mayes (1948–1951)\nJohn J. O'Connell (1951–1959)\nRobert C. Atherton (1959–1965)\nHelen Gurley Brown (1965–1997)\nBonnie Fuller (1997–1998)\nKate White (1998–2012)\nJoanna Coles (2012–2016)[90]\nMichele Promaulayko (2016–2018)[91]\nJessica Giles (formerly Pels, 2018 – present)[2]","title":"Editor in chief (American edition)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mondadori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondadori"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"Cosmopolitan Italy","text":"In 1973 there was a merger between Cosmopolitan and the Italian magazine Arianna, published by Mondadori since in 1957, assuming the name Cosmopolitan Arianna.[92] From January 1976 the masthead changed to the current Cosmopolitan.[92] In 1996 the magazine, owned by Della Schiava Editore, ended its publication, which resumed with Mondadori in 2000, with the editor Silvia Brena.[92] In July 2010 Cosmopolitan passed to the editorial Hearst Magazines Italia, becoming a monthly magazine.[93]","title":"Other editions"}]	[{"image_text":"Cosmopolitan stand at The Brandery fashion show (Barcelona, 2010)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COSMOPOLITAN_magazine_at_The_Brandery_Summer_Edition_2010.jpg/220px-COSMOPOLITAN_magazine_at_The_Brandery_Summer_Edition_2010.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Samantha Kubota (November 11, 2020). \"Emma Roberts featured as first pregnant woman on cover of Cosmo\". TODAY.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.today.com/parents/emma-roberts-featured-first-visibly-pregnant-woman-cover-cosmo-t198718","url_text":"\"Emma Roberts featured as first pregnant woman on cover of Cosmo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hey You, Meet the Cosmo Team\". Cosmopolitan. January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/about/a26950060/about-us-contact-information-masthead/","url_text":"\"Hey You, Meet the Cosmo Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Magazines\". Alliance for Audited Media. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170123200306/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","url_text":"\"Consumer Magazines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Audited_Media","url_text":"Alliance for Audited Media"},{"url":"http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826219060. Retrieved February 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?ISBN=9780826219060","url_text":"The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826219060","url_text":"9780826219060"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Cosmopolitan Magazine is a Best Selling Magazine / How the Internet Helps in Building a Cosmopolitan World\". www.global2ki.org. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215846/https://www.global2ki.org/archives1/margin7.html","url_text":"\"Why Cosmopolitan Magazine is a Best Selling Magazine / How the Internet Helps in Building a Cosmopolitan World\""},{"url":"https://www.global2ki.org/archives1/margin7.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution of Cosmopolitan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/04/26/guest-post-the-evolution-of-cosmopolitan-magazine/","url_text":"\"Evolution of Cosmopolitan\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". cosmopolitan.com. May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/about/a26950060/about-us-contact-information-masthead/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hottest Cosmo Covers You've Never Seen\". Cosmopolitan. June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/news/g1447/cosmo-international-covers/?slide=9","url_text":"\"The Hottest Cosmo Covers You've Never Seen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cosmopolitan: \"Fun, Fearless, Female\"\". hearst.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130826005506/http://www.hearst.com/magazines/cosmopolitan.php","url_text":"\"Cosmopolitan: \"Fun, Fearless, Female\"\""},{"url":"http://www.hearst.com/magazines/cosmopolitan.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tassin, Algernon (December 1915). \"The Magazine In America, Part X: The End Of The Century\". The Bookman: An Illustrated Magazine of Literature and Life. XLII (4). Dodd, Mead and Co.: 396–412. Retrieved August 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d04DAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA396","url_text":"\"The Magazine In America, Part X: The End Of The Century\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcement\". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 1, no. 1. March 1886.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Westchester Chronicles\". www.westchestermagazine.com. February 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/February-2007/Westchester-Chronicles/","url_text":"\"Westchester Chronicles\""}]},{"reference":"Marks, Jason (1993). Around the World in 72 Days: The race between Pulitzer's Nellie Bly and Cosmopolitan's Elizabeth Bisland. Gemittarius Press. ISBN 978-0-9633696-2-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aroundworldin72d0000mark","url_text":"Around the World in 72 Days: The race between Pulitzer's Nellie Bly and Cosmopolitan's Elizabeth Bisland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9633696-2-8","url_text":"978-0-9633696-2-8"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Michelle (September 2013). \"Remembering Cosmo's Legendary Literary All-Stars\". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved September 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/news/famous-authors-cosmopolitan","url_text":"\"Remembering Cosmo's Legendary Literary All-Stars\""}]},{"reference":"Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8262-1906-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/improbablefirstc0000land","url_text":"The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/improbablefirstc0000land/page/68","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1906-0","url_text":"978-0-8262-1906-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cosmopolitan, Volume 29, Schlicht & Field, 1900\". March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=62hAAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Cosmopolitan, Volume 29, Schlicht & Field, 1900\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cosmopolitan, Volume 14, Schlicht & Field, 1892\". July 8, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=67dPAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"The Cosmopolitan, Volume 14, Schlicht & Field, 1892\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cosmopolitan, Volume 17, Schlicht & Field, 1894\". February 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oK8_AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Cosmopolitan, Volume 17, Schlicht & Field, 1894\""}]},{"reference":"Schreiner, Olive (September 1900). \"The African Boer\". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 29, no. 5. pp. 451–468.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schreiner, Olive (October 1900). \"The African Boer, II\". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 29, no. 6. pp. 593–602.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (March 1907). \"The Growth of Caste in America\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 42, no. 5. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 524–534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (December 1907). \"At the Throat of the Republic: No. 1, Before the Election\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 2. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 146–156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (January 1908). \"At the Throat of the Republic: No. 2, At the Election\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 3. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 259–271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (March 1908). \"At the Throat of the Republic 3. After the Election\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 4. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 361–369.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (April 1908). \"At the Throat of the Republic 4. Postscript—The Election of 1907\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 4. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 475–480.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (July 1910). \"What Are You Going to Do About It? 1. Legislative Graft and the Albany Scandal\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 2. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 147–160.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (August 1910). \"What Are You Going to Do About It? 2. Graft as an Expert Trade in Pittsburg\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 3. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 283–292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (September 1910). \"What Are You Going to Do About It? 3. The 'Jack-Pot' in Illinois Legislation\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 4. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 466–478.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (October 1910). \"What Are You Going to Do About It? 4. The Man the Interests Wanted\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 5. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 592–601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (December 1910). \"What Are You Going to Do About It? 5. Colorado—New Tricks in an Old Game\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 50, no. 1. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 45–58.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Charles (January 1911). \"What Are You Going to Do About It? 6. Senator Gore's Strange Bribe Story\". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 50, no. 2. New York City: International Magazine Company. pp. 151–162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Charles"}]},{"reference":"\"Cosmopolitan, Volume 53, Hearst Corporation, 1912\". January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fWajDHQX98wC","url_text":"\"Cosmopolitan, Volume 53, Hearst Corporation, 1912\""}]},{"reference":"Henry, O. \"Dream\". Read Book Online website. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. 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ISBN 9780826272331.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/improbablefirstc0000land","url_text":"The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press","url_text":"University of Missouri Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/improbablefirstc0000land/page/169","url_text":"169–213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826272331","url_text":"9780826272331"}]},{"reference":"Stovall, James Glen. \"Magazines and Photojournalism's Golden Age\". Journalism: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. 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Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08943-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sexualchemistryh00mark","url_text":"Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08943-1","url_text":"978-0-300-08943-1"}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel (1998). On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950–1970. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5876-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5876-5","url_text":"978-0-8018-5876-5"}]},{"reference":"Gianoulis, Tina (2002). \"Cosmopolitan\". In Pendergast, Sara; Pendergast, Tom (eds.). Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. 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Seattle Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930731&slug=1713646","url_text":"\"Editorials & Opinion – Cosmo's Deadly Advice To Women About Aids\""}]},{"reference":"Rossi (June 1, 1998). \"Cosmo Confessions\". Retrieved July 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poz.com/article/Cosmo-Confessions-7133-9692","url_text":"\"Cosmo Confessions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology 1988\". ACT UP/NY.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.actupny.org/documents/cron-88.html","url_text":"\"Chronology 1988\""}]},{"reference":"Carlomusto, Jean (December 17, 2012). \"Doctors, Liars and Women:AIDS Activists Say No To Cosmo\" – via Vimeo.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/55793020","url_text":"\"Doctors, Liars and Women:AIDS Activists Say No To Cosmo\""}]},{"reference":"Gerrard, Susan; Halperin, James (October 1989). \"The Risky Business of Bisexual Love\". Cosmopolitan. pp. 202–205.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Malebranche, David J.; Arriola, Kimberly Jacob; Jenkins, Tyrrell R.; Dauria, Emily; Patel, Shilpa N. (September 20, 2011). \"Exploring the 'Bisexual Bridge': A Qualitative Study of Risk Behavior and Disclosure of Same-Sex Behavior Among Black Bisexual Men\". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (1): 159–164. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158725. PMC 2791236. PMID 19910348. This 'bisexual bridge' theory proposes that heterosexual women are unknowingly put at risk for contracting HIV through sexual contact with bisexual men who covertly have sex with other men. Such men are colloquially described as being 'on the down low'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791236","url_text":"\"Exploring the 'Bisexual Bridge': A Qualitative Study of Risk Behavior and Disclosure of Same-Sex Behavior Among Black Bisexual Men\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2008.158725","url_text":"10.2105/AJPH.2008.158725"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791236","url_text":"2791236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19910348","url_text":"19910348"}]},{"reference":"Raymond, Danielle; Highleyman, Liz A. (June 11, 2014). \"Appendix A: Brief Timeline of Bisexual Activism in the United States\". In Tucker, Naomi S. (ed.). Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, and Visions. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_State_University	Tver State University	["1 History","2 Faculties","3 Notable alumni and staff","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 External links","7 References"]	Coordinates: 53°51′16″N 35°54′40″E / 53.8544°N 35.9111°E / 53.8544; 35.9111Tver State UniversityТверской государственный университетFormer nameMaksimovich School, Kalinin State Pedagogical InstituteMottoТвГУ — Твой гарант успехаMotto in EnglishTvGU — Your guarantor of successTypePublicEstablished1870 (1971 in current form)FounderP. MaksimovichRectorSergey Smirnov, actingStudents6 500Postgraduates150AddressZhelyabova 33, Tver, Russia53°51′16″N 35°54′40″E / 53.8544°N 35.9111°E / 53.8544; 35.9111CampusUrbanNicknameTvGUWebsiteen.tversu.ru BuildingBuilding details Tver State University (Russian: Тверской государственный университет) is university in the city of Tver, the oldest and one of the largest universities in the Tver region. Tver State University was founded in 1870 by public figure and teacher P.P. Maksimovich as the Tver Women's Teachers' School, which in June 1917 was transformed by order of the Minister of Public Education into the Tver Teachers' Institute. As a result, he was transferred in 1971 to Tver State University. In 2020, the university was included in the top 600 best universities in the world according to the Times THE World University Rankings 2020 and in the Top of the best universities in the world according to the Round University Ranking. History On December 1, 1870, it was originally opened as P. Maksimovich Tver private teachers school. In 1917 it was renamed to Tver Teachers Institute, and later - to Kalinin Pedagogical Institute. On September 1, 1971, it was reorganized into Kalinin State University. On February 18, 1972, in Kalinin Drama Theater saw the inauguration of Kalinin State University. In 1991, Kalinin State University was renamed to its current name. Faculties See also: Botanical Garden of Tver State University The university includes 2 institutes, 12 faculties and 68 departments. TvGU has 20 scientific schools, 6 dissertation centers, the largest university library in the region and a botanical garden. The university implements 76 bachelor's degree programs, 10 specialty programs, 48 master's programs and 34 postgraduate programs. Faculty of Foreign Languages and International Communication Faculty of Philology Faculty of History Faculty of Law Faculty of Psychology Faculty of Mathematics Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Cybernetic Physico-Technical Faculty Faculty of Geography and Geoecology Faculty of Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Biology Faculty of Physical Education Institute of Economics and Management Institute of Pedagogical Education and Social Technology Notable alumni and staff Andrey Dementyev, poet. Natalya Terentyeva, cross-country skiing, gold medalist of the 2018 Olympic Games. Winnie Apiyo, Kenyan electrical engineer. Yekaterina Duntsova, politician and journalist. Leonid Dushkin, rocket engineer. Andrey A. Fedorov, biologist, botanist, taxonomist and phytogeographer. Irina Popova, photographer. Adakhan Madumarov, Kyrgyz lawyer, historian, and politician. Lyudmila Skakovskaya, politician. Nikolay Kun, historian, writer, and educator. Dmitry Mishin, physicist. Alexei Pavlov, geologist and paleontologist. Gallery TvGU main building under construction University laboratory Maksimovich School, now — Faculty of History University pool «Parus» Institute of Pedagogical Education and Social Technology See also Botanical Garden of Tver State University Category:Tver State University alumni External links Media related to Tver State University at Wikimedia Commons Tver State University References ^ "Tver State University". en.tversu.ru. Retrieved 2023-12-29. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2023-12-29. ^ "ТвГУ в рейтингах - Тверской государственный университет". tversu.ru. Retrieved 2023-12-29. ^ "Научная библиотека ТвГУ". library.tversu.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-12-29. ^ "Ботанический сад Тверского гос. университета – Главная". www.gardentver.ru. Retrieved 2023-12-29. ^ "История - Тверской государственный университет". tversu.ru. Retrieved 2023-12-29. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Tver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver"},{"link_name":"Tver region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tver State University (Russian: Тверской государственный университет) is university in the city of Tver, the oldest and one of the largest universities in the Tver region.Tver State University was founded in 1870 by public figure and teacher P.P. Maksimovich as the Tver Women's Teachers' School, which in June 1917 was transformed by order of the Minister of Public Education into the Tver Teachers' Institute. As a result, he was transferred in 1971 to Tver State University.[1] In 2020, the university was included in the top 600 best universities in the world according to the Times THE World University Rankings 2020[2] and in the Top of the best universities in the world according to the Round University Ranking.[3]","title":"Tver State University"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On December 1, 1870, it was originally opened as P. Maksimovich Tver private teachers school.\nIn 1917 it was renamed to Tver Teachers Institute, and later - to Kalinin Pedagogical Institute.\nOn September 1, 1971, it was reorganized into Kalinin State University.\nOn February 18, 1972, in Kalinin Drama Theater saw the inauguration of Kalinin State University.\nIn 1991, Kalinin State University was renamed to its current name.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botanical Garden of Tver State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_Tver_State_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_Oblast"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_Tver_State_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"specialty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_degree"},{"link_name":"master's programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"postgraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Botanical Garden of Tver State UniversityThe university includes 2 institutes, 12 faculties and 68 departments. TvGU has 20 scientific schools, 6 dissertation centers, the largest university library[4] in the region and a botanical garden.[5] The university implements 76 bachelor's degree programs, 10 specialty programs, 48 master's programs and 34 postgraduate programs.[6]Faculty of Foreign Languages and International Communication\nFaculty of Philology\nFaculty of History\nFaculty of Law\nFaculty of Psychology\nFaculty of Mathematics\nFaculty of Applied Mathematics and Cybernetic\nPhysico-Technical Faculty\nFaculty of Geography and Geoecology\nFaculty of Chemistry and Technology\nFaculty of Biology\nFaculty of Physical Education\nInstitute of Economics and Management\nInstitute of Pedagogical Education and Social Technology","title":"Faculties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrey Dementyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Dementyev_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Natalya Terentyeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Terentyeva"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"2018 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Winnie Apiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Apiyo"},{"link_name":"Kenyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Yekaterina Duntsova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Duntsova"},{"link_name":"Leonid Dushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Dushkin"},{"link_name":"Andrey A. Fedorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_A._Fedorov"},{"link_name":"taxonomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomist"},{"link_name":"phytogeographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeographer"},{"link_name":"Irina Popova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Popova"},{"link_name":"Adakhan Madumarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adakhan_Madumarov"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Skakovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Skakovskaya"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Kun"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Mishin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Mishin"},{"link_name":"Alexei Pavlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich_Pavlov"}],"text":"Andrey Dementyev, poet.\nNatalya Terentyeva, cross-country skiing, gold medalist of the 2018 Olympic Games.\nWinnie Apiyo, Kenyan electrical engineer.\nYekaterina Duntsova, politician and journalist.\nLeonid Dushkin, rocket engineer.\nAndrey A. Fedorov, biologist, botanist, taxonomist and phytogeographer.\nIrina Popova, photographer.\nAdakhan Madumarov, Kyrgyz lawyer, historian, and politician.\nLyudmila Skakovskaya, politician.\nNikolay Kun, historian, writer, and educator.\nDmitry Mishin, physicist.\nAlexei Pavlov, geologist and paleontologist.","title":"Notable alumni and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TVGU_main_corp_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laboratory_building_Tver_State_University.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parus_pool_Tver_State_University_2013-09.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9th_building_Tver_State_University_2013-09.jpg"}],"text":"TvGU main building under construction\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUniversity laboratory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaksimovich School, now — Faculty of History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUniversity pool «Parus»\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInstitute of Pedagogical Education and Social Technology","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Botanical Garden of Tver State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_Tver_State_University"},{"title":"Category:Tver State University alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tver_State_University_alumni"}]	[{"reference":"\"Tver State University\". en.tversu.ru. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviciate	Novitiate	["1 References"]	Period of training and preparation that a Christian novice undergoes For the 2017 film, see Novitiate (film). This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Novitiate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) A novice is at the left. The habit of a novice often differs from that of the full professed sisters. The novitiate, also called the noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a Christian novice (or prospective) monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious order undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether they are called to vowed religious life. It often includes times of intense study, prayer, living in community, studying the vowed life, deepening one's relationship with God, and deepening one's self-awareness. The canonical time of the novitiate is one year; in case of additional length, it must not be extended over two years. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the novitiate is officially set at three years before one may be tonsured a monk or nun, though this requirement may be waived. The novitiate is in any case a time both for the novice to get to know the community and the community to get to know the novice. The novice should aspire to deepening their relationship to God and discovering the community's charism. The novitiate in many communities includes a concentrated program of prayer, study, reflection and limited ministerial engagement. The novitiate, through which life in an institute is begun, is arranged so that the novices better understand their divine vocation, and indeed one which is proper to the institute, experience the manner of living of the institute, and form their mind and heart in its spirit, and so that their intention and suitability are tested. —CIC, can. 646 In some novitiate communities, mostly monastic, the novice often wears clothing that is distinct from secular dress but is not the full habit worn by professed members of the community. The novices' day normally includes participation in the canonical hours, manual labor, and classes about the religious life. Spiritual exercises and tests of humility are common features of a novitiate. A superior should ideally appoint an experienced member of the community to serve as novice master or mistress. Different religious communities have varying requirements for the duration of the novitiate. The novice must complete a postulancy before being admitted to the novitiate, the duration of which can be short or extend up to three years. A novice is free to leave the novitiate at any time and in most communities, the superiors are free to dismiss them with or without cause. At the end of the novitiate, the novices are either admitted to temporary vows or asked to leave. The binding, life-long commitment to consecrated life comes at a later point. The term novitiate also refers to the building, house, or complex devoted to the novices' cells or dormitory and other needs, such as study and education. References ^ CIC, canon 648 vteConsecrated life in the Catholic ChurchTypes Consecrated virgin Hermit Religious institute Orders Monastic Cenobitic Chapter Enclosed Idiorrhythmic Canons regular Mendicants Second orders Cleric regular Congregations Secular institute Society of apostolic life Vows Evangelical counsels Poverty Chastity Obedience Profession Solemn vow Vow of silence Vow of enclosure Monastery(List) Abbey Chapter house Cloister Convent Double Hermitage Priory Refectory Prayer Contemplation Liturgy of the Hours Mass Meditation Mysticism Rosary Habit Clerical clothing Coif Cornette Scapular Vestment Members Superior General Provincial Abbot/Abbess Prior/Prioress Grand master Rector Brother Friar Monk Sister Nun Hermit Anchorite Novice Master Oblate Postulant Lay brother Porter Other Asceticism Tonsure Vocational discernment Monastic cell List of religious institutes Catholicism portal Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novitiate (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zusters_in_Sevilla.JPG"},{"link_name":"novice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice"},{"link_name":"monastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"religious order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order"},{"link_name":"vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_vows"},{"link_name":"discern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discernment_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"called","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_calling"},{"link_name":"prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_prayer"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"tonsured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"charism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gift"},{"link_name":"CIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_habit"},{"link_name":"professed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_profession"},{"link_name":"canonical hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_hours"},{"link_name":"novice master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice_master"},{"link_name":"postulancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulant"},{"link_name":"temporary vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_vows"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_cell"}],"text":"For the 2017 film, see Novitiate (film).A novice is at the left. The habit of a novice often differs from that of the full professed sisters.The novitiate, also called the noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a Christian novice (or prospective) monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious order undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether they are called to vowed religious life. It often includes times of intense study, prayer, living in community, studying the vowed life, deepening one's relationship with God, and deepening one's self-awareness. The canonical time of the novitiate is one year; in case of additional length, it must not be extended over two years.[1] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the novitiate is officially set at three years before one may be tonsured a monk or nun, though this requirement may be waived. The novitiate is in any case a time both for the novice to get to know the community and the community to get to know the novice. The novice should aspire to deepening their relationship to God and discovering the community's charism. The novitiate in many communities includes a concentrated program of prayer, study, reflection and limited ministerial engagement.The novitiate, through which life in an institute is begun, is arranged so that the novices better understand their divine vocation, and indeed one which is proper to the institute, experience the manner of living of the institute, and form their mind and heart in its spirit, and so that their intention and suitability are tested.\n—CIC, can. 646In some novitiate communities, mostly monastic, the novice often wears clothing that is distinct from secular dress but is not the full habit worn by professed members of the community. The novices' day normally includes participation in the canonical hours, manual labor, and classes about the religious life. Spiritual exercises and tests of humility are common features of a novitiate.A superior should ideally appoint an experienced member of the community to serve as novice master or mistress.Different religious communities have varying requirements for the duration of the novitiate. The novice must complete a postulancy before being admitted to the novitiate, the duration of which can be short or extend up to three years.A novice is free to leave the novitiate at any time and in most communities, the superiors are free to dismiss them with or without cause. At the end of the novitiate, the novices are either admitted to temporary vows or asked to leave. The binding, life-long commitment to consecrated life comes at a later point.The term novitiate also refers to the building, house, or complex devoted to the novices' cells or dormitory and other needs, such as study and education.","title":"Novitiate"}]	[{"image_text":"A novice is at the left. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Campo_de_Marte	El Campo de Marte	["1 History","2 Landmarks","2.1 Monument to the Defenders of the Border","2.2 Monument to the mother","2.3 Evangelisation Mural","2.4 Monument to Jorge Chávez","2.5 The fellowship tree","2.6 Monument to Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra","2.7 The Eye that Cries","2.8 Monument to Pets","3 Avenue","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 12°04′06″S 77°02′29″W / 12.06833°S 77.04139°W / -12.06833; -77.04139Park in Lima, Peru This article is about the park in Lima, Peru. For other uses, see Campo Marte (disambiguation). El Campo de MarteTypePublic parkLocationJesús María District, LimaArea68,850 m2Created1938 The Campo de Marte, also known as the Plaza de la Revolución, is a public park in Jesús María District, Lima, Peru. It is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of the city, and similar in size to the Park of the Exhibition and the Park of the Reserve. It was originally part of the Santa Beatriz area of Lima District and, from 1903 to 1938, housed the Santa Beatriz Hippodrome until its replacement by the one in San Felipe estate, located further south in the district. The racetrack was eventually paved over with asphalt and given the street name Peruvianness Avenue (Spanish: Avenida de la Peruanidad). The stands, which remained after the racecourse was disestablished, are currently used for spectators watching the Great Military Parade of Peru, held annually on July 29, the day after Independence Day. Considered the "lung" of the district (and the city), it is located near the headquarters of a number of government institutions, including the National Office of Electoral Processes, the ministries of Health, Labour and Defence, as well as of the Peruvian Air Force. It also houses an acoustical shell. History Preceded by the first airport in the city from 1924, and the Santa Beatriz racetrack, where president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro was assassinated in 1933, it was inaugurated in 1938. A lagoon popular among locals that existed in the area's corner with a monument to Jorge Chávez was drained three years later to make way for the park. A concert by Grupo Niche gathered over four hundred thousand people in 1989. Landmarks Monument to the Defenders of the Border Main article: Monument to the Defenders of the Border The monument in 2014. The western part of the park houses a monument dedicated to the members of the Peruvian Army who fought in the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941. The work of the sculptor Artemio Ocaña , inaugurated on June 24, 1966, the quarry granite pedestal is 25 m high from its base and 28 human figures. Work began during the first presidency of Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, continuing under the presidencies of José Luis Bustamante y Rivero and General Manuel A. Odría, and concluding in 1966, during Prado's second term and coinciding with the silver jubilee of the Battle of Zarumilla. The park houses a monument to the war fought in 1941 between Peru and Ecuador, along with a monument from the Japanese immigrant community in Peru. The former celebrates the ability to establish peace between the two countries, the latter resembles a bridge to symbolize the cultural connection between Peru and Japan. The park also houses the municipal stadium of Jesús María. Monument to the mother Made in tribute to the mother by the Municipality of Jesús María, the work made of bronze and granite, represents a woman with two children, one in her arms and the other on her haunches, surrounding her in an attitude of asking her to be held in her arms. It was inaugurated on July 25, 1969, with its sculptor Rafael Castillo Rodríguez. Evangelisation Mural It was executed by more than five hundred people from various Departmental Clubs, as well as many supporters, being advised by the Municipality of Lima, cooperating with private companies that donated enough material for the work. Various Peruvian artists collaborated with the mural, highlighting the most characteristic of each department and with a single purpose, to leave imprint the apostolic visit of John Paul II to Peru carried out from February 1 to 5, 1985. The coats of arms of each department are located from left to right in alphabetical order. Monument to Jorge Chávez Made in memory of the "First Promoter of Peruvian Aviation," who flew over the Swiss Alps on September 23, 1910. Bronze and pink granite were used for its elaboration, it is the work of the sculptor Eugenio Baroni, it was a gift from the Italian Colony, and it was inaugurated on September 23, 1937, marking the twenty-seventh anniversary of his death. The fellowship tree The fellowship tree (El árbol de la confraternidad) was planted by then president Augusto B. Leguía and the Venezuelan delegation, on December 9, 1924 on the first block of Avenida 28 de Julio on the occasion of the centenary of the Battle of Ayacucho. Monument to Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra The work of Peruvian sculptor Carlos Huertas, it was inaugurated on April 24, 1932. The Eye that Cries Main article: The Eye that Cries The monument in 2017. The Eye that Cries (El Ojo que Llora in Spanish) is a memorial dedicated to the victims of terrorist violence and state repression during the era of terrorism in Peru between the years 1980 and 2000, intended to strengthen the collective memory of all Peruvians and to promote peace and reconciliation in the country. It is part of a larger project called The Memory Alameda which will incorporate other art pieces, large extensions of green areas and the Museum of Memory (Yuyanapaq). The monument (in the form of a monolith) was vandalised in 2007 by supporters of Fujimorism. Monument to Pets In the eastern part, next to the aforementioned memorial, there is a giant kennel, called the Pet Park, in which a veterinary medicine area can be found, as well as an agility play area for pets and an area that belongs to the canine police. In a roundabout that divides the veterinary and canine police area from the free area for neighbours' pets to play, a monument has been erected in honor of the household pet, represented by the Peruvian hairless dog. Avenue Avenida de la PeruanidadPart ofCampo de MarteFromÓvalo Jorge ChávezToJirón Nazca Peruvianness Avenue (Spanish: Avenida de la Peruanidad) is the thoroughfare that divides the park in two. Its path was originally that of the racetrack, paved over after its disestablishment and integrated into the city's street network. The avenue is the location of the Great Military Parade of Peru, held annually on July 29. See also Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz Centennial of the Independence of Peru References ^ a b "Después 30 años buscan que Grupo Niche tenga récord Ginness en Perú". El Tiempo. 2019-04-29. ^ Coloma Porcari, César (2000-07-21). "Los 60 años de la Concha Acústica del Campo de Marte". El Comercio. pp. A18. ^ Córdova Tábori, Lilia (2020-12-11). "El Campo de Marte como nunca antes visto". El Comercio. ^ "Así lucía el Campo de Marte hace 50 años". El Comercio. 2017-12-06. ^ García, Miguel (2021-11-06). "Campo de Marte: ¿Qué grandes sucesos ocurrieron en el gran parque limeño a lo largo de su historia?". El Comercio. ^ "La Historia de la laguna de Campo de Marte que fue drenado a finales de 1941". El Popular. 2022-07-27. ^ Angulo, Jazmine (2023-09-30). "Grupo Niche, El Tri, Pedro Suárez Vértiz y Cristian Meier: íconos de una inolvidable década musical en la Lima de los años 90". Infobae. ^ Lerner, S. et al Final Report for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru) (2003) ^ Hite, Katherine (1 August 2007). "'The Eye that Cries': The Politics of Representing Victims in Contemporary Peru". A Contracorriente. 5 (1): 108–134. ^ "Avenida de La Peruanidad va quedando lista para ser escenario de Gran Parada Cívico-Militar". Andina. 2008-07-23. vteLima landmarksPre-Columbian buildings Huaca Huallamarca Huaca Pucllana Huaca Santa Catalina Pachacamac Puruchuco Colonial buildings Balconies of Lima Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced Monument Plazoleta Basilica and Convent of San Francisco Catacombs Basilica and Convent of San Pedro Basilica of Santo Domingo Plazuela Casa de Aliaga Casa de Divorciadas Casa de Osambela Casa de Pilatos Casa del Oidor Casa Goyeneche Casa Hacienda Punchauca Casa Matusita Casa O'Higgins Casa Riva-Agüero Casona of the National University of San Marcos Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Museum of Art Theatre Cathedral Basilica of Lima Sanctuary Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro Cripta de los Héroes Church of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph Church of Saint Catherine of Siena Church of Saint Lazarus Church of the Good Death Church of the Holy Christ of Wonders Church of the Orphans Church of Our Lady of Copacabana Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church of Our Lady of Patronage Church of Saint Anne Church of Saint Augustine Church of Saint Liberata Church of Saint Mary Magdalene Convent of Our Lady of the Angels Cuartel Barbones Fort of Santa Catalina Iglesia de la Recoleta Mogrovejo Hospital Monastery of Saint Rose of Lima National Mint of Peru Palacio de la Magdalena Palacio de Torre Tagle Panteón de los Próceres Plaza de toros de Acho Real Felipe Fortress Royal College of the University of San Marcos Royal Hospital of Saint Andrew Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas Sanctuary of Saint Rose of Lima Seminario de Lima St. Clare's Monastery Mill St. Sebastian's Church Trinitarian Church Walls of Lima Other touristic buildings Archbishop's Palace Association of Amateur Artists Atlas Building Bar Cordano BBVA Building Begonias Tower Casa Arenas Loayza Casa de Correos y Telégrafos Casa de las Trece Monedas Casa del Pueblo Casa Fernandini, Lima Casa Fernandini, Santa María del Mar Casa Roosevelt Casa Rusa Casa Sal y Rosas Casa Suárez Chinatown Arch Chocavento Tower Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken Club de la Unión Club Nacional Country Club Lima Hotel Cristo del Pacífico Delfines Hotel & Convention Center Desamparados station Diez de Octubre School Eduardo Dibos Colosseum El Ángel Cemetery Gamarra Government Palace Obelisk Gran Hotel Bolívar Gran Hotel Maury Guadalupe College Hermitage of Barranco Hospital Civil de la Misericordia Hotel Crillón Immaculate Heart of Mary Church Monument Institute of Hygiene Interbank Building Javier Alzamora Valdez Building La Atarjea La Colmena Building La Rosa Náutica Larcomar Teatro La Plaza Library of Congress Lima Civic Center Legislative Palace Lima Convention Center Lima Stock Exchange Building Luis Gálvez Chipoco Stadium Mesa Redonda Monumental Stadium Morro Solar War Monument Mosque of Lima National Geographic Institute National Library of Peru National Maternal Perinatal Institute National Stadium of Peru Palacio de la Exposición Palacio de Miraflores Palacio Municipal Palace of Justice Petroperú Building Public Ministry of Peru Quinta Heeren Quinta Leuro Quinta Presa Rospigliosi Castle Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus Church Sheraton Lima Historic Center Stone of Taulichusco The Westin Lima Hotel & Convention Center Torre Banco de la Nación Museums and theatres Aeronautical Museum Bodega y Quadra Museum Canout Theatre Casa Grau Naval Museum Combatants of the Morro de Arica Museum DIRCOTE Museum Gold Museum of Peru and Arms of the World Gran Teatro Nacional José Carlos Mariátegui Museum Larco Museum Lima Art Museum Metropolitan Museum Morro Solar Planetarium Municipal Theatre Museum Museum of Congress and the Inquisition Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of the Brain Museum of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru Museum of Elections and Democracy Museum of Italian Art Museum of Natural History National Afro-Peruvian Museum National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History National Museum National Museum of Peruvian Culture Naval Museum Pinacotheca of Lima Teatro Colón Teatro Municipal Teatro Peruano Japonés Teatro Segura Squares and promenades Cinco esquinas Jirón de la Unión Pasaje Olaya Monument Paseo de los Héroes Navales Las llamas La yunta Paseo Colón Columbus Statue Pizza Blvd. Plaza de la Bandera Plaza Bolívar Plaza Bolognesi Plaza de la Democracia Plaza Dos de Mayo Plaza Francia Statue of Liberty Plaza Grau Monument Plaza Italia Plaza Manco Cápac Monument Plaza Mayor Fountain Plaza Perú Plaza Ramón Castilla Monument Plaza San Martín Lamp of the Three Graces Plazuela de las Artes Plazuela del Teatro Monument Parks and zoos Alameda Chabuca Granda Alameda de los Descalzos Museum Bridge of Sighs Campo de Marte Monument Costa Verde Pan-American Complex El Olivar Friendship Park Cultural Centre Museum Heroes of Independence Park Huachipa Zoo Malecón de Miraflores Love Park Villena Bridge Medicinal Botanical Garden Kennedy Park Lachay National Reserve Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge Parque de la Exposición Fountain Parque de La Muralla Pizarro statue Parque de la Reserva Parque de las Leyendas Paseo de Aguas Plazuela Chabuca Granda Monument Reducto № 2 Museum University Park Clock Education Antonio Ruiz de Montoya University Cayetano Heredia University Federico Villarreal National University National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts Cultural Centre National University of Engineering National University of San Marcos Officers' School of the National Police of Peru Peruvian University of Applied Sciences Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute Ricardo Palma University Technological University of Peru University of Engineering and Technology Campus University of Lima Health Archbishop Loayza National Hospital Dos de Mayo National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital San Bartolomé National Hospital Víctor Larco Herrera Hospital Nearby areas with beaches Ancón Callao Base Port Chancay Chorrillos La Herradura Miraflores La Pampilla Pucusana Former Banco Comercial Barranco Lake Barranco Zoo Cabildo of Lima Casa Alcántara Casa Marcionelli Casa Oechsle Casa Tenaud Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken Cine Tauro El Sexto Prison Gate of Lima Giacoletti Building Great Clock of Lima Hipódromo de San Felipe Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz Lima Penitentiary Limatambo Airport Limatambo Building Marsano Palace Moorish Arch Museo de la Nación National Stadium San Jorge Prison San Martín barracks Venetian Palace Saint Paul's College Viceregal Palace vteStreets of LimaAvenues 28 de Julio 9 de Diciembre (Paseo Colón) Abancay Alfonso Ugarte Alfredo Benavides Arequipa (Leguía) Arenales Arica Bolivia (Industria) Brasil (Magdalena) Caminos del Inca Emancipación Ejército España (Exhibition) Gálvez Barrenechea Guardia Civil Javier Prado Grau (Barranco) Grau (Lima) Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (Wilson) Larco Nicolás de Piérola (La Colmena) Óscar R. Benavides Peruanidad Petit Thouars Roosevelt Salaverry Tacna Túpac Amaru Uruguay (Progreso) Venezuela (Progreso) Vía Expresa Streets Abancay Amazonas Áncash Apurímac Arequipa (Riva Agüero) Azángaro Callao Camaná Carabaya (Augusto Wiese) Caylloma Chabuca Granda (Zepita) Conde de Superunda (Lima) Cotabambas (Independencia) Cuzco Gamarra Huallaga Huancavelica Ica Junín Lampa Moquegua Ocoña Olaya Puno Quilca Rufino Torrico (Arica) Santa Santa Rosa (Miró Quesada) Tarata Trujillo Ucayali Unión Promenades Chabuca Granda Cinco esquinas Descalzos Paseo de Aguas Héroes Navales Miraflores Reserva San Ramón (Pizza St.) Bridges Balta Ejército Piedra Suspiros Villena Rayitos de Sol Ricardo Palma Santa Rosa Highways Central Highway Costa Verde Highway 1 TransportCurrent Urban Transport Authority Lima Metro Metropolitano Integrated Transport System Corredores complementarios Former ENATRU Lima Tramway Italics indicate former names in common use Some streets also cross into neighbouring Callao See also: Transport in Lima 12°04′06″S 77°02′29″W / 12.06833°S 77.04139°W / -12.06833; -77.04139 This article about a Peruvian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campo Marte (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Marte_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElTiempo-1"},{"link_name":"public park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_park"},{"link_name":"Jesús María District, Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_District,_Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Park of the Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_of_the_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Park of the Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_of_the_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Santa Beatriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Beatriz"},{"link_name":"Lima District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_District"},{"link_name":"Santa Beatriz Hippodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3dromo_de_Santa_Beatriz"},{"link_name":"San Felipe estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3dromo_de_San_Felipe"},{"link_name":"Peruvianness Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Avenue"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Great Military Parade of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Military_Parade_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestas_Patrias_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"National Office of Electoral Processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Labor_and_Promotion_of_Employment"},{"link_name":"Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"acoustical shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_shell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coloma-2"}],"text":"Park in Lima, PeruThis article is about the park in Lima, Peru. For other uses, see Campo Marte (disambiguation).The Campo de Marte, also known as the Plaza de la Revolución,[1] is a public park in Jesús María District, Lima, Peru. It is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of the city, and similar in size to the Park of the Exhibition and the Park of the Reserve. It was originally part of the Santa Beatriz area of Lima District and, from 1903 to 1938, housed the Santa Beatriz Hippodrome until its replacement by the one in San Felipe estate, located further south in the district.The racetrack was eventually paved over with asphalt and given the street name Peruvianness Avenue (Spanish: Avenida de la Peruanidad). The stands, which remained after the racecourse was disestablished, are currently used for spectators watching the Great Military Parade of Peru, held annually on July 29, the day after Independence Day.Considered the \"lung\" of the district (and the city), it is located near the headquarters of a number of government institutions, including the National Office of Electoral Processes, the ministries of Health, Labour and Defence, as well as of the Peruvian Air Force. It also houses an acoustical shell.[2]","title":"El Campo de Marte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Santa Beatriz racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3dromo_de_Santa_Beatriz"},{"link_name":"Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Jorge Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"drained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Grupo Niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Niche"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElTiempo-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Preceded by the first airport in the city from 1924,[3] and the Santa Beatriz racetrack, where president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro was assassinated in 1933,[4][5] it was inaugurated in 1938. A lagoon popular among locals that existed in the area's corner with a monument to Jorge Chávez was drained three years later to make way for the park.[6]A concert by Grupo Niche gathered over four hundred thousand people in 1989.[1][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VENCEDORES_DE_LA_CAMPA%C3%91A_MILITAR_DE_1941_RECIBIERON_HOMENAJE_(14775112616).jpg"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Army"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian–Peruvian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War"},{"link_name":"Artemio Ocaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artemio_Oca%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemio_Oca%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"Manuel Prado y Ugarteche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Prado_y_Ugarteche"},{"link_name":"José Luis Bustamante y Rivero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Bustamante_y_Rivero"},{"link_name":"Manuel A. Odría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zarumilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zarumilla"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Defenders_of_the_Border"},{"link_name":"1941 between Peru and Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War"},{"link_name":"Japanese immigrant community in Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Peruvians"}],"sub_title":"Monument to the Defenders of the Border","text":"The monument in 2014.The western part of the park houses a monument dedicated to the members of the Peruvian Army who fought in the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941. The work of the sculptor Artemio Ocaña [es], inaugurated on June 24, 1966, the quarry granite pedestal is 25 m high from its base and 28 human figures. Work began during the first presidency of Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, continuing under the presidencies of José Luis Bustamante y Rivero and General Manuel A. Odría, and concluding in 1966, during Prado's second term and coinciding with the silver jubilee of the Battle of Zarumilla.The park houses a monument to the war fought in 1941 between Peru and Ecuador, along with a monument from the Japanese immigrant community in Peru. The former celebrates the ability to establish peace between the two countries, the latter resembles a bridge to symbolize the cultural connection between Peru and Japan. The park also houses the municipal stadium of Jesús María.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Jesús María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_District,_Lima"}],"sub_title":"Monument to the mother","text":"Made in tribute to the mother by the Municipality of Jesús María, the work made of bronze and granite, represents a woman with two children, one in her arms and the other on her haunches, surrounding her in an attitude of asking her to be held in her arms. It was inaugurated on July 25, 1969, with its sculptor Rafael Castillo Rodríguez.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"}],"sub_title":"Evangelisation Mural","text":"It was executed by more than five hundred people from various Departmental Clubs, as well as many supporters, being advised by the Municipality of Lima, cooperating with private companies that donated enough material for the work. Various Peruvian artists collaborated with the mural, highlighting the most characteristic of each department and with a single purpose, to leave imprint the apostolic visit of John Paul II to Peru carried out from February 1 to 5, 1985. The coats of arms of each department are located from left to right in alphabetical order.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Promoter of Peruvian Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Swiss Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps"},{"link_name":"Italian Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Peruvians"}],"sub_title":"Monument to Jorge Chávez","text":"Made in memory of the \"First Promoter of Peruvian Aviation,\" who flew over the Swiss Alps on September 23, 1910. Bronze and pink granite were used for its elaboration, it is the work of the sculptor Eugenio Baroni, it was a gift from the Italian Colony, and it was inaugurated on September 23, 1937, marking the twenty-seventh anniversary of his death.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augusto B. Leguía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan delegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Venezuela_to_Peru"},{"link_name":"Avenida 28 de Julio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_28_de_Julio"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ayacucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho"}],"sub_title":"The fellowship tree","text":"The fellowship tree (El árbol de la confraternidad) was planted by then president Augusto B. Leguía and the Venezuelan delegation, on December 9, 1924 on the first block of Avenida 28 de Julio on the occasion of the centenary of the Battle of Ayacucho.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Monument to Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra","text":"The work of Peruvian sculptor Carlos Huertas, it was inaugurated on April 24, 1932.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_El_ojo_que_llora_(panor%C3%A1mica).jpg"},{"link_name":"era of terrorism in Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fujimorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujimorism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"The Eye that Cries","text":"The monument in 2017.The Eye that Cries (El Ojo que Llora in Spanish) is a memorial dedicated to the victims of terrorist violence and state repression during the era of terrorism in Peru between the years 1980 and 2000, intended to strengthen the collective memory of all Peruvians and to promote peace and reconciliation in the country.[8] It is part of a larger project called The Memory Alameda which will incorporate other art pieces, large extensions of green areas and the Museum of Memory (Yuyanapaq).The monument (in the form of a monolith) was vandalised in 2007 by supporters of Fujimorism.[9]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennel"},{"link_name":"veterinary medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine"},{"link_name":"canine police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_dog"},{"link_name":"household pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet"},{"link_name":"Peruvian hairless dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_hairless_dog"}],"sub_title":"Monument to Pets","text":"In the eastern part, next to the aforementioned memorial, there is a giant kennel, called the Pet Park, in which a veterinary medicine area can be found, as well as an agility play area for pets and an area that belongs to the canine police. In a roundabout that divides the veterinary and canine police area from the free area for neighbours' pets to play, a monument has been erected in honor of the household pet, represented by the Peruvian hairless dog.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"thoroughfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughfare"},{"link_name":"street network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_network"},{"link_name":"Great Military Parade of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Military_Parade_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Peruvianness Avenue (Spanish: Avenida de la Peruanidad) is the thoroughfare that divides the park in two. Its path was originally that of the racetrack, paved over after its disestablishment and integrated into the city's street network. The avenue is the location of the Great Military Parade of Peru, held annually on July 29.[10]","title":"Avenue"}]	[{"image_text":"The monument in 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/VENCEDORES_DE_LA_CAMPA%C3%91A_MILITAR_DE_1941_RECIBIERON_HOMENAJE_%2814775112616%29.jpg/220px-VENCEDORES_DE_LA_CAMPA%C3%91A_MILITAR_DE_1941_RECIBIERON_HOMENAJE_%2814775112616%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The monument in 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Memorial_El_ojo_que_llora_%28panor%C3%A1mica%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_El_ojo_que_llora_%28panor%C3%A1mica%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3dromo_de_Santa_Beatriz"},{"title":"Centennial of the Independence of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru"}]	[{"reference":"\"Después 30 años buscan que Grupo Niche tenga récord Ginness en Perú\". El Tiempo. 2019-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/buscan-record-guinness-para-el-grupo-niche-por-concierto-en-peru-en-1989-353100","url_text":"\"Después 30 años buscan que Grupo Niche tenga récord Ginness en Perú\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)","url_text":"El Tiempo"}]},{"reference":"Coloma Porcari, César (2000-07-21). \"Los 60 años de la Concha Acústica del Campo de Marte\". El Comercio. pp. A18.","urls":[{"url":"https://repositorio.cultura.gob.pe/handle/CULTURA/674","url_text":"\"Los 60 años de la Concha Acústica del Campo de Marte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)","url_text":"El Comercio"}]},{"reference":"Córdova Tábori, Lilia (2020-12-11). \"El Campo de Marte como nunca antes visto\". El Comercio.","urls":[{"url":"https://elcomercio.pe/archivo-elcomercio/grafico/el-campo-de-marte-como-nunca-antes-visto-noticia/","url_text":"\"El Campo de Marte como nunca antes visto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)","url_text":"El Comercio"}]},{"reference":"\"Así lucía el Campo de Marte hace 50 años\". El Comercio. 2017-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/lucia-campo-marte-50-anos-galeria-historico-noticia-479472-noticia/?foto=2","url_text":"\"Así lucía el Campo de Marte hace 50 años\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)","url_text":"El Comercio"}]},{"reference":"García, Miguel (2021-11-06). \"Campo de Marte: ¿Qué grandes sucesos ocurrieron en el gran parque limeño a lo largo de su historia?\". El Comercio.","urls":[{"url":"https://elcomercio.pe/archivo-elcomercio/campo-de-marte-que-grandes-sucesos-ocurrieron-en-el-gran-parque-limeno-a-lo-largo-de-su-historia-magnicidio-sucesos-memorables-desfile-militar-niche-mistura-nnsp-noticia/","url_text":"\"Campo de Marte: ¿Qué grandes sucesos ocurrieron en el gran parque limeño a lo largo de su historia?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)","url_text":"El Comercio"}]},{"reference":"\"La Historia de la laguna de Campo de Marte que fue drenado a finales de 1941\". El Popular. 2022-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2022/07/27/historia-laguna-campo-marte-fue-drenado-finales-1941-141908","url_text":"\"La Historia de la laguna de Campo de Marte que fue drenado a finales de 1941\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica","url_text":"El Popular"}]},{"reference":"Angulo, Jazmine (2023-09-30). \"Grupo Niche, El Tri, Pedro Suárez Vértiz y Cristian Meier: íconos de una inolvidable década musical en la Lima de los años 90\". Infobae.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/09/30/grupo-niche-el-tri-pedro-suarez-vertiz-y-cristian-meier-iconos-de-una-inolvidable-decada-musical-en-la-lima-de-los-anos-90/","url_text":"\"Grupo Niche, El Tri, Pedro Suárez Vértiz y Cristian Meier: íconos de una inolvidable década musical en la Lima de los años 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobae","url_text":"Infobae"}]},{"reference":"Hite, Katherine (1 August 2007). \"'The Eye that Cries': The Politics of Representing Victims in Contemporary Peru\". A Contracorriente. 5 (1): 108–134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Hite","url_text":"Hite, Katherine"},{"url":"https://acontracorriente.chass.ncsu.edu/index.php/acontracorriente/article/view/354","url_text":"\"'The Eye that Cries': The Politics of Representing Victims in Contemporary Peru\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avenida de La Peruanidad va quedando lista para ser escenario de Gran Parada Cívico-Militar\". Andina. 2008-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-avenida-de-peruanidad-va-quedando-lista-para-ser-escenario-gran-parada-civicomilitar-185917.aspx","url_text":"\"Avenida de La Peruanidad va quedando lista para ser escenario de Gran Parada Cívico-Militar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andina_(news_agency)","url_text":"Andina"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Campo_de_Marte&params=12_04_06_S_77_02_29_W_region:PE_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"12°04′06″S 77°02′29″W / 12.06833°S 77.04139°W / -12.06833; -77.04139"},{"Link":"https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/buscan-record-guinness-para-el-grupo-niche-por-concierto-en-peru-en-1989-353100","external_links_name":"\"Después 30 años buscan que Grupo Niche tenga récord Ginness en Perú\""},{"Link":"https://repositorio.cultura.gob.pe/handle/CULTURA/674","external_links_name":"\"Los 60 años de la Concha Acústica del Campo de Marte\""},{"Link":"https://elcomercio.pe/archivo-elcomercio/grafico/el-campo-de-marte-como-nunca-antes-visto-noticia/","external_links_name":"\"El Campo de Marte como nunca antes visto\""},{"Link":"https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/lucia-campo-marte-50-anos-galeria-historico-noticia-479472-noticia/?foto=2","external_links_name":"\"Así lucía el Campo de Marte hace 50 años\""},{"Link":"https://elcomercio.pe/archivo-elcomercio/campo-de-marte-que-grandes-sucesos-ocurrieron-en-el-gran-parque-limeno-a-lo-largo-de-su-historia-magnicidio-sucesos-memorables-desfile-militar-niche-mistura-nnsp-noticia/","external_links_name":"\"Campo de Marte: ¿Qué grandes sucesos ocurrieron en el gran parque limeño a lo largo de su historia?\""},{"Link":"https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2022/07/27/historia-laguna-campo-marte-fue-drenado-finales-1941-141908","external_links_name":"\"La Historia de la laguna de Campo de Marte que fue drenado a finales de 1941\""},{"Link":"https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/09/30/grupo-niche-el-tri-pedro-suarez-vertiz-y-cristian-meier-iconos-de-una-inolvidable-decada-musical-en-la-lima-de-los-anos-90/","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Niche, El Tri, Pedro Suárez Vértiz y Cristian Meier: íconos de una inolvidable década musical en la Lima de los años 90\""},{"Link":"https://acontracorriente.chass.ncsu.edu/index.php/acontracorriente/article/view/354","external_links_name":"\"'The Eye that Cries': The Politics of Representing Victims in Contemporary Peru\""},{"Link":"https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-avenida-de-peruanidad-va-quedando-lista-para-ser-escenario-gran-parada-civicomilitar-185917.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Avenida de La Peruanidad va quedando lista para ser escenario de Gran Parada Cívico-Militar\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Campo_de_Marte&params=12_04_06_S_77_02_29_W_region:PE_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"12°04′06″S 77°02′29″W / 12.06833°S 77.04139°W / -12.06833; -77.04139"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Campo_de_Marte&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%27s_1st_Movie	Doug's 1st Movie	["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","2.1 Additional voice artists","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Critical reception","4.2 Box office","4.3 Awards and nominations","4.4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]	1999 animated film directed by Maurice Joyce This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Doug's 1st Movie" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Doug's 1st MovieTheatrical release posterDirected byMaurice JoyceWritten byKen ScarboroughBased onDougby Jim JinkinsProduced byJim JinkinsDavid CampbellMelanie GrisantiJack SpillumStarring Tom McHugh Fred Newman Chris Phillips Constance Shulman Frank Welker Doug Preis Guy Hadley Alice Playten Doris Belack Edited byAlysha CohenChristopher GeeMusic byMark WattersProductioncompaniesWalt Disney PicturesWalt Disney Television AnimationJumbo PicturesDistributed byBuena Vista Pictures DistributionRelease date March 26, 1999 (1999-03-26) Running time83 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$5 millionBox office$19.4 million Doug's 1st Movie is a 1999 American animated comedy film based on the Disney-produced episodes of the Nickelodeon television series Doug. The film was directed by Maurice Joyce, and stars the regular television cast of Tom McHugh, Fred Newman, Chris Phillips, Constance Shulman, Frank Welker, Alice Playten, Guy Hadley, and Doris Belack. Produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Jumbo Pictures with animation provided by Plus One Animation, it was released by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution under its Walt Disney Pictures label on March 26, 1999. The film serves as a finale for the Doug TV show. An accompanying Mickey Mouse Works short "Donald's Dynamite: Opera Box" was released with the film. The film received generally negative reviews, who criticized its story, screenplay, and characters, however, the voice acting received some praise. Despite the title and its mild success at the box office, no further films based on Doug were made. Plot BluffCo has been dumping waste into Lucky Duck Lake under the command of CEO Bill Bluff. This pollution creates a friendly creature that is discovered by Doug Funnie and Skeeter Valentine. They home the creature in Doug's house, where they name him Herman Melville after he tries to eat a copy of Moby-Dick. Not wanting him to be discovered, they disguise him as a foreign exchange student called Hermione, causing Doug's love interest Patti Mayonnaise to become jealous from all the attention he gives her, leading school paper reporter Guy Graham to make a move on her. Meanwhile, Roger Klotz and his cronies, after learning about Herman, build a robot to kidnap him, but instead it becomes very overbearing toward Roger. Doug and Skeeter show Herman to Doug's neighbor, Mayor Tippy Dink, who warns them Bluff will kill the story if they try to get it into the press. After being mocked by Guy in front of Patti, Doug calls a press announcement where he promises to expose what Bluff is doing to the lake. While initially dismissive, Guy finds a picture of Herman and realizes Doug is telling the truth. He notifies Bluff, who sends BluffCo agents to Doug's announcement posing as reporters to capture Herman. Doug sees through the ruse and calls off the conference, but Herman is kidnapped and Patti now believes Doug to be a liar. The next morning, in the school newspaper office, Doug finds an article by Guy detailing how Herman attacked students at the upcoming Valentine's Day dance and was killed by BluffCo agents. Realizing Guy and Bluff's plan, Doug and Skeeter recruit Roger and Al and Moo Sleech to help thwart it. On the night of the dance Doug has to give up his last chance to win Patti back in order to save Herman. The Sleech's reprogram Roger's robot to act like the monster in Guy's article, distracting everyone while Doug and Skeeter find Herman and sneak him out of the school in a giant Valentine's decoration. They bring Herman to Crystal Lake and release him into the fresh waters, where they are confronted and threatened by Bluff. Seeing this his daughter, Beebe, sides with her friends and Mayor Dink hints at revealing Bluff's practices to the government unless he volunteers to clean up Lucky Duck Lake himself. Defeated and threatened with a potential lawsuit that could bankrupt him, Bluff is reduced to crawling on his knees after Beebe, begging for her forgiveness. Then Herman reveals himself to Patti and she sees that Doug was right all along, and she dumps Guy and the gang says goodbye to Herman. Then Doug tries to reveal his feelings for Patti, but then Roger thanks him for reprogramming his robot, which then chases him away. The movie ends with everyone going back to the dance except for Doug, Patti, Skeeter, and Beebe, who dances with each other by the lake. Voice cast Tom McHugh as Doug Funnie, Lincoln Fred Newman as Skeeter Valentine, Mr. Dink, Porkchop, Ned Chris Phillips as Roger Klotz, Boomer, Larry, Mr. Chiminy Constance Shulman as Patti Mayonnaise Frank Welker as Herman Melville Alice Playten as Beebe Bluff, Elmo (this would be her final role in an animated movie before her death in 2011) Guy Hadley as Guy Graham Doug Preis as Mr. Funnie, Mr. Bluff, Willie, Chalky, Bluff Agent Eddie Korbich as Al & Moo Sleech, Robocrusher David O'Brien as Quailman Announcer Doris Belack as Mayor Tippi Dink Becca Lish as Judy Funnie, Mrs. Funnie, Connie Greg Lee as Principal White Bob Bottone as Bluff Assistant Bruce Bayley Johnson as Mr. Swirly Fran Brill as Mrs. Elaine Perigrew Melissa Greenspan as Briar Langolier Additional voice artists Rodger Bumpass as Green Police Officer Paul Eiding as Red Police Officer Jackie Gonneau as Kid #1 Sherry Lynn as Kid #2 Mickie McGowan as Lunch Lady Phil Proctor as Brian the A/V Nerd Brianne Siddall as Kid #3 Claudette Wells as Kid #4 Production Nickelodeon was originally making a Doug film adaptation in May 1993 when they made a deal with 20th Century Fox to make films based on their properties along with films like Rugrats and Ren & Stimpy. However, the plans evaporated when Viacom acquired Paramount Pictures in 1994, and the deal expired in the following year. Only The Rugrats Movie materialized in November 1998. In February 1996, when Disney bought Jumbo Pictures along with the cartoon, they decided to revive the project for the Doug film. This film was originally planned as a direct-to-video release under the title The First Doug Movie Ever as shown in trailers, but due to the success of The Rugrats Movie, they decided to make it a theatrical release. This is the last American theatrical animated film to use traditional cels, in which the title sequence of the film used digital ink and paint. Release The film was theatrically released with the short "Opera Box", featuring Donald and Daisy Duck, from the television series Mickey Mouse Works. Critical reception The film garnered a 26% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with 9 of a total 34 reviews being determined as positive. The critical consensus reads, "Doug's 1st Movie may entertain very young fans of its main character, but essentially amounts to a forgettable feature-length episode of his show." Critics were harsh to Doug's 1st Movie when it was released theatrically. Many noted that the film felt too much like an extended episode of the show (story and animation-wise) and many mention that the film should have stayed a direct-to-video release. Most of the criticism came from the plot, writing, and music, though they praised the animation, voice acting and ending. Screenit.com awarded the film 4 out of 10, determining that it was mediocre and did not have "that magic or cinematic feel to warrant the big screen treatment" and it felt like the regular series. Roger Ebert gave the film 1½ out of 4 stars, quoting "Doug's 1st Movie is a thin and less than thrilling feature-length version of a Saturday morning animated series, unseen by me. Chatter on the Web suggests it was originally intended to go straight to video, but was rechanneled into theaters after the startling success of The Rugrats Movie. Since Doug originally started on Nickelodeon, where Rugrats resides, the decision made sense – or would have if this had been a better movie." Box office Doug's 1st Movie opened at #5 in its opening weekend with $4,470,489, for an average of $1,971 from a very wide 2,268 theaters. While this may be deemed as low for an average Hollywood film, Doug only cost $5 million to make due to its direct-to-video budget and a somewhat low-key promotional campaign. As such, the film still managed to gross $19,421,271 in ticket sales, barely creating a large profit for Disney and making it a box office failure. Awards and nominations The film was nominated for a Stinker Award for Worst Achievement in Animation, but lost to Pokémon the First Movie. Home media The film was released on VHS on September 21, 1999, and on DVD as a Disney Movie Club exclusive on July 20, 2012. The VHS featured, after the movie, a "Never-Before-Seen Dougumentary" that featured the creators of the show offering trivia facts and answering questions from fans; also featured is voice actor Fred Newman who demonstrates his ability to make sound effects while doing the voice of Skeeter Valentine. The DVD used a TV edit, with fade-ins and fade-outs to make way for commercial breaks, as well as sped-up closing credits. As of 2024, the film has still not officially been released on Blu-ray. The film, along with Disney's Doug, was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2019, its first day of release. This used a new transfer of the film sourced from the master print, allowing the end credits to be seen at their intended speed. References ^ Doug's 1st Movie at Box Office Mojo ^ Hinman, Catherine (May 19, 1993). "Nickelodeon Adds Movies To Its Credits". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ "Nickelodeon gets into movie business". Toledo Blade. June 7, 1993. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ Burbank, Calif (January 14, 1999). "Disney and Jumbo Pictures Get Animated This March With the Theatrical Release of "Doug's 1st Movie"". Business Wire. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ Eller, Claudia (March 9, 1999). "The One That Got Away : With 'Doug,' Nickelodeon's Loss May Be Disney's Gain". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ Doug's 1st Movie at Rotten Tomatoes ^ "DOUG'S 1ST MOVIE". screenit.com. Retrieved 2008-04-03. ^ Ebert, Roger. "Doug's 1st Movie movie review (1999) \| Roger Ebert". Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved 17 June 2023. ^ "The Worst of 1999 Stinkers Winners". thestinkers.com. The Hastings Bad Cinema Society. Archived from the original on April 13, 2001. Retrieved June 11, 2020. External links Official website Doug's 1st Movie at IMDb Doug's 1st Movie at the TCM Movie Database Doug's 1st Movie at Box Office Mojo Doug's 1st Movie at Rotten Tomatoes vteDoug Characters Episodes Doug's 1st Movie vteDisney theatrical animated featuresWalt DisneyAnimation Studios Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Pinocchio (1940) Fantasia (1940) Dumbo (1941) Bambi (1942) Saludos Amigos (1942) The Three Caballeros (1944) Make Mine Music (1946) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Melody Time (1948) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949) Cinderella (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Peter Pan (1953) Lady and the Tramp (1955) Sleeping Beauty (1959) One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) The Sword in the Stone (1963) The Jungle Book (1967) The Aristocats (1970) Robin Hood (1973) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) The Rescuers (1977) The Fox and the Hound (1981) The Black Cauldron (1985) The Great Mouse Detective (1986) Oliver & Company (1988) The Little Mermaid (1989) The Rescuers Down Under (1990) Beauty and the Beast (1991) Aladdin (1992) The Lion King (1994) Pocahontas (1995) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) Hercules (1997) Mulan (1998) Tarzan (1999) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Dinosaur (2000) The Emperor's New Groove (2000) Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) Lilo & Stitch (2002) Treasure Planet (2002) Brother Bear (2003) Home on the Range (2004) Chicken Little (2005) Meet the Robinsons (2007) Bolt (2008) The Princess and the Frog (2009) Tangled (2010) Winnie the Pooh (2011) Wreck-It Ralph (2012) Frozen (2013) Big Hero 6 (2014) Zootopia (2016) Moana (2016) Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) Frozen II (2019) Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) Encanto (2021) Strange World (2022) Wish (2023) Upcoming Moana 2 (2024) Pixar Animation Studios Toy Story (1995) A Bug's Life (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Monsters, Inc. (2001) Finding Nemo (2003) The Incredibles (2004) Cars (2006) Ratatouille (2007) WALL-E (2008) Up (2009) Toy Story 3 (2010) Cars 2 (2011) Brave (2012) Monsters University (2013) Inside Out (2015) The Good Dinosaur (2015) Finding Dory (2016) Cars 3 (2017) Coco (2017) Incredibles 2 (2018) Toy Story 4 (2019) Onward (2020) Soul (2020) IR Luca (2021) IR Turning Red (2022) IR Lightyear (2022) Elemental (2023) Inside Out 2 (2024) Upcoming Elio (2025) Disneytoon Studios DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990) A Goofy Movie (1995) Return to Never Land (2002) The Jungle Book 2 (2003) Piglet's Big Movie (2003) Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005) Bambi II (2006) IR Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010) IR Secret of the Wings (2012) LR Planes (2013) The Pirate Fairy (2014) LR Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015) LR Disney Television Animation Doug's 1st Movie (1999) The Tigger Movie (2000) Recess: School's Out (2001) Teacher's Pet (2004) Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011) IR Other Disney units The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Wild (2006) A Christmas Carol (2009) Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) Mars Needs Moms (2011) Frankenweenie (2012) Strange Magic (2015) The Lion King (2019) Spies in Disguise (2019) Ron's Gone Wrong (2021) The Bob's Burgers Movie (2022) Upcoming Mufasa: The Lion King (2024) Live-action films withnon-CGI animation The Reluctant Dragon (1941) Victory Through Air Power (1943) Song of the South (1946) So Dear to My Heart (1948) Mary Poppins (1964) Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) Pete's Dragon (1977) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) James and the Giant Peach (1996) The Lizzie McGuire Movie (2003) Enchanted (2007) Mary Poppins Returns (2018) Related lists Walt Disney Animation Studios short films Academy Award Review Pixar short films Based on fairy tales Unproduced films Live-action adaptations and remakes Based on Theme Parks 20th Century Animation LR Limited release IR International release	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Doug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Fred Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Newman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chris Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Phillips_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Constance Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Shulman"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"Alice Playten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Playten"},{"link_name":"Doris Belack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Belack"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Television Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Television_Animation"},{"link_name":"Jumbo Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista Pictures Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Motion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_finale"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Works"}],"text":"Doug's 1st Movie is a 1999 American animated comedy film based on the Disney-produced episodes of the Nickelodeon television series Doug. The film was directed by Maurice Joyce, and stars the regular television cast of Tom McHugh, Fred Newman, Chris Phillips, Constance Shulman, Frank Welker, Alice Playten, Guy Hadley, and Doris Belack. Produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Jumbo Pictures with animation provided by Plus One Animation, it was released by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution under its Walt Disney Pictures label on March 26, 1999. The film serves as a finale for the Doug TV show. An accompanying Mickey Mouse Works short \"Donald's Dynamite: Opera Box\" was released with the film.The film received generally negative reviews, who criticized its story, screenplay, and characters, however, the voice acting received some praise. Despite the title and its mild success at the box office, no further films based on Doug were made.","title":"Doug's 1st Movie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"creates a friendly creature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Moby-Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick"}],"text":"BluffCo has been dumping waste into Lucky Duck Lake under the command of CEO Bill Bluff. This pollution creates a friendly creature that is discovered by Doug Funnie and Skeeter Valentine. They home the creature in Doug's house, where they name him Herman Melville after he tries to eat a copy of Moby-Dick. Not wanting him to be discovered, they disguise him as a foreign exchange student called Hermione, causing Doug's love interest Patti Mayonnaise to become jealous from all the attention he gives her, leading school paper reporter Guy Graham to make a move on her. Meanwhile, Roger Klotz and his cronies, after learning about Herman, build a robot to kidnap him, but instead it becomes very overbearing toward Roger.Doug and Skeeter show Herman to Doug's neighbor, Mayor Tippy Dink, who warns them Bluff will kill the story if they try to get it into the press. After being mocked by Guy in front of Patti, Doug calls a press announcement where he promises to expose what Bluff is doing to the lake. While initially dismissive, Guy finds a picture of Herman and realizes Doug is telling the truth. He notifies Bluff, who sends BluffCo agents to Doug's announcement posing as reporters to capture Herman. Doug sees through the ruse and calls off the conference, but Herman is kidnapped and Patti now believes Doug to be a liar.The next morning, in the school newspaper office, Doug finds an article by Guy detailing how Herman attacked students at the upcoming Valentine's Day dance and was killed by BluffCo agents. Realizing Guy and Bluff's plan, Doug and Skeeter recruit Roger and Al and Moo Sleech to help thwart it. On the night of the dance Doug has to give up his last chance to win Patti back in order to save Herman. The Sleech's reprogram Roger's robot to act like the monster in Guy's article, distracting everyone while Doug and Skeeter find Herman and sneak him out of the school in a giant Valentine's decoration.They bring Herman to Crystal Lake and release him into the fresh waters, where they are confronted and threatened by Bluff. Seeing this his daughter, Beebe, sides with her friends and Mayor Dink hints at revealing Bluff's practices to the government unless he volunteers to clean up Lucky Duck Lake himself. Defeated and threatened with a potential lawsuit that could bankrupt him, Bluff is reduced to crawling on his knees after Beebe, begging for her forgiveness. Then Herman reveals himself to Patti and she sees that Doug was right all along, and she dumps Guy and the gang says goodbye to Herman. Then Doug tries to reveal his feelings for Patti, but then Roger thanks him for reprogramming his robot, which then chases him away. The movie ends with everyone going back to the dance except for Doug, Patti, Skeeter, and Beebe, who dances with each other by the lake.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Newman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chris Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Phillips_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Constance Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Shulman"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"Alice Playten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Playten"},{"link_name":"Doug Preis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Preis"},{"link_name":"Eddie Korbich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Korbich"},{"link_name":"Doris Belack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Belack"},{"link_name":"Greg Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Fran Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Brill"},{"link_name":"Melissa Greenspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Greenspan"}],"text":"Tom McHugh as Doug Funnie, Lincoln\nFred Newman as Skeeter Valentine, Mr. Dink, Porkchop, Ned\nChris Phillips as Roger Klotz, Boomer, Larry, Mr. Chiminy\nConstance Shulman as Patti Mayonnaise\nFrank Welker as Herman Melville\nAlice Playten as Beebe Bluff, Elmo (this would be her final role in an animated movie before her death in 2011)\nGuy Hadley as Guy Graham\nDoug Preis as Mr. Funnie, Mr. Bluff, Willie, Chalky, Bluff Agent\nEddie Korbich as Al & Moo Sleech, Robocrusher\nDavid O'Brien as Quailman Announcer\nDoris Belack as Mayor Tippi Dink\nBecca Lish as Judy Funnie, Mrs. Funnie, Connie\nGreg Lee as Principal White\nBob Bottone as Bluff Assistant\nBruce Bayley Johnson as Mr. Swirly\nFran Brill as Mrs. Elaine Perigrew\nMelissa Greenspan as Briar Langolier","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodger Bumpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger_Bumpass"},{"link_name":"Paul Eiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Eiding"},{"link_name":"Sherry Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Phil Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Proctor"},{"link_name":"Brianne Siddall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianne_Siddall"}],"sub_title":"Additional voice artists","text":"Rodger Bumpass as Green Police Officer\nPaul Eiding as Red Police Officer\nJackie Gonneau as Kid #1\nSherry Lynn as Kid #2\nMickie McGowan as Lunch Lady\nPhil Proctor as Brian the A/V Nerd\nBrianne Siddall as Kid #3\nClaudette Wells as Kid #4","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Rugrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats"},{"link_name":"Ren & Stimpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show#Film_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Rugrats Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rugrats_Movie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Jumbo Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Pizza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"direct-to-video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"traditional cels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation#Traditional_ink-and-paint_and_camera"},{"link_name":"digital ink and paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation#Digital_ink-and-paint"}],"text":"Nickelodeon was originally making a Doug film adaptation in May 1993 when they made a deal with 20th Century Fox to make films based on their properties along with films like Rugrats and Ren & Stimpy. However, the plans evaporated when Viacom acquired Paramount Pictures in 1994, and the deal expired in the following year. Only The Rugrats Movie materialized in November 1998.[2][3]In February 1996, when Disney bought Jumbo Pictures along with the cartoon, they decided to revive the project for the Doug film.[4][5] This film was originally planned as a direct-to-video release under the title The First Doug Movie Ever as shown in trailers, but due to the success of The Rugrats Movie, they decided to make it a theatrical release.This is the last American theatrical animated film to use traditional cels, in which the title sequence of the film used digital ink and paint.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck"},{"link_name":"Daisy Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Duck"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Works"}],"text":"The film was theatrically released with the short \"Opera Box\", featuring Donald and Daisy Duck, from the television series Mickey Mouse Works.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenit-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The film garnered a 26% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with 9 of a total 34 reviews being determined as positive. The critical consensus reads, \"Doug's 1st Movie may entertain very young fans of its main character, but essentially amounts to a forgettable feature-length episode of his show.\"[6] Critics were harsh to Doug's 1st Movie when it was released theatrically. Many noted that the film felt too much like an extended episode of the show (story and animation-wise) and many mention that the film should have stayed a direct-to-video release. Most of the criticism came from the plot, writing, and music, though they praised the animation, voice acting and ending. Screenit.com awarded the film 4 out of 10, determining that it was mediocre and did not have \"that magic or cinematic feel to warrant the big screen treatment\" and it felt like the regular series.[7]Roger Ebert gave the film 1½ out of 4 stars, quoting \"Doug's 1st Movie is a thin and less than thrilling feature-length version of a Saturday morning animated series, unseen by me. Chatter on the Web suggests it was originally intended to go straight to video, but was rechanneled into theaters after the startling success of The Rugrats Movie. Since Doug originally started on Nickelodeon, where Rugrats resides, the decision made sense – or would have if this had been a better movie.\"[8]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Doug's 1st Movie opened at #5 in its opening weekend with $4,470,489, for an average of $1,971 from a very wide 2,268 theaters. While this may be deemed as low for an average Hollywood film, Doug only cost $5 million to make due to its direct-to-video budget and a somewhat low-key promotional campaign. As such, the film still managed to gross $19,421,271 in ticket sales, barely creating a large profit for Disney and making it a box office failure.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stinker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinkers_Bad_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"Pokémon the First Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_the_First_Movie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"The film was nominated for a Stinker Award for Worst Achievement in Animation, but lost to Pokémon the First Movie.[9]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Fred Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Newman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was released on VHS on September 21, 1999, and on DVD as a Disney Movie Club exclusive on July 20, 2012. The VHS featured, after the movie, a \"Never-Before-Seen Dougumentary\" that featured the creators of the show offering trivia facts and answering questions from fans; also featured is voice actor Fred Newman who demonstrates his ability to make sound effects while doing the voice of Skeeter Valentine. The DVD used a TV edit, with fade-ins and fade-outs to make way for commercial breaks, as well as sped-up closing credits. As of 2024, the film has still not officially been released on Blu-ray.The film, along with Disney's Doug, was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2019, its first day of release. This used a new transfer of the film sourced from the master print, allowing the end credits to be seen at their intended speed.","title":"Release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hinman, Catherine (May 19, 1993). \"Nickelodeon Adds Movies To Its Credits\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-05-19/business/9305190485_1_beece-production-facilities-nick","url_text":"\"Nickelodeon Adds Movies To Its Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nickelodeon gets into movie business\". Toledo Blade. June 7, 1993. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19930607&id=gldPAAAAIBAJ&pg=2074,1837600&hl=en","url_text":"\"Nickelodeon gets into movie business\""}]},{"reference":"Burbank, Calif (January 14, 1999). \"Disney and Jumbo Pictures Get Animated This March With the Theatrical Release of \"Doug's 1st Movie\"\". Business Wire. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210516/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Disney+and+Jumbo+Pictures+Get+Animated+This+March+With+the+Theatrical...-a053570179","url_text":"\"Disney and Jumbo Pictures Get Animated This March With the Theatrical Release of \"Doug's 1st Movie\"\""},{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Disney+and+Jumbo+Pictures+Get+Animated+This+March+With+the+Theatrical...-a053570179","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eller, Claudia (March 9, 1999). \"The One That Got Away : With 'Doug,' Nickelodeon's Loss May Be Disney's Gain\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1999/mar/09/business/fi-15344","url_text":"\"The One That Got Away : With 'Doug,' Nickelodeon's Loss May Be Disney's Gain\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOUG'S 1ST MOVIE\". screenit.com. Retrieved 2008-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenit.com/movies/1999/dougs_1st_movie.html","url_text":"\"DOUG'S 1ST MOVIE\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"Doug's 1st Movie movie review (1999) \| Roger Ebert\". Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved 17 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dougs-1st-movie-1999","url_text":"\"Doug's 1st Movie movie review (1999) \| Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Worst of 1999 Stinkers Winners\". thestinkers.com. The Hastings Bad Cinema Society. Archived from the original on April 13, 2001. Retrieved June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010413034332/http://thestinkers.com/winners99.html","url_text":"\"The Worst of 1999 Stinkers Winners\""},{"url":"http://thestinkers.com/winners99.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Doug%27s+1st+Movie%22","external_links_name":"\"Doug's 1st Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Doug%27s+1st+Movie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Doug%27s+1st+Movie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Doug%27s+1st+Movie%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Doug%27s+1st+Movie%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Doug%27s+1st+Movie%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dougsfirstmovie.htm","external_links_name":"Doug's 1st Movie"},{"Link":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-05-19/business/9305190485_1_beece-production-facilities-nick","external_links_name":"\"Nickelodeon Adds Movies To Its Credits\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19930607&id=gldPAAAAIBAJ&pg=2074,1837600&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Nickelodeon gets into movie business\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210516/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Disney+and+Jumbo+Pictures+Get+Animated+This+March+With+the+Theatrical...-a053570179","external_links_name":"\"Disney and Jumbo Pictures Get Animated This March With the Theatrical Release of \"Doug's 1st Movie\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Disney+and+Jumbo+Pictures+Get+Animated+This+March+With+the+Theatrical...-a053570179","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1999/mar/09/business/fi-15344","external_links_name":"\"The One That Got Away : With 'Doug,' Nickelodeon's Loss May Be Disney's Gain\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dougs_1st_movie","external_links_name":"Doug's 1st Movie"},{"Link":"http://www.screenit.com/movies/1999/dougs_1st_movie.html","external_links_name":"\"DOUG'S 1ST MOVIE\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dougs-1st-movie-1999","external_links_name":"\"Doug's 1st Movie movie review (1999) \| Roger Ebert\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010413034332/http://thestinkers.com/winners99.html","external_links_name":"\"The Worst of 1999 Stinkers Winners\""},{"Link":"http://thestinkers.com/winners99.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://movies.disney.com/dougs-1st-movie","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0187819/","external_links_name":"Doug's 1st Movie"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/443010/enwp","external_links_name":"Doug's 1st Movie"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dougsfirstmovie.htm","external_links_name":"Doug's 1st Movie"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dougs_1st_movie","external_links_name":"Doug's 1st Movie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Regional_Hospital	Medicine Hat Regional Hospital	["1 Services","2 Statistics","3 Educational services","4 History","4.1 Founding","4.2 Lady Aberdeen Maternity Hospital","4.3 Victoria Nurses' residence","4.4 Budget","4.5 Current location","4.6 Future development","5 References"]	Coordinates: 50°02′07″N 110°42′07″W / 50.03528°N 110.70194°W / 50.03528; -110.70194This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hospital in Alberta, CanadaMedicine Hat Regional HospitalAlberta Health ServicesMedicine Hat Regional Hospital visitor's entranceLocation in AlbertaGeographyLocationMedicine Hat, Alberta, CanadaCoordinates50°02′07″N 110°42′07″W / 50.03528°N 110.70194°W / 50.03528; -110.70194OrganizationCare systemPublic Medicare (Canada)TypeGeneral, TeachingAffiliated universityFaculty of Medicine of the University of CalgaryServicesEmergency departmentYes, Level 3 Trauma CenterBeds325HelipadsHelipadTC LID: CMH5 Number Length Surface ft m 1 86 26 Concrete HistoryOpened1889LinksWebsiteMedicine Hat Regional HospitalListsHospitals in Canada Medicine Hat Regional Hospital is a medical facility located in Medicine Hat, Alberta serving a catchment area of 117,000. It has 213 beds. Alberta Health Services is responsible for the operations of the hospital. Services Diagnostic imaging (CT, MRI and Ultrasound) Emergency Inpatient Care (Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Palliative Care, Pediatrics) Psychiatry / Mental health Respiratory Therapy (Acute care, Asthma Education, Stress Testing) Secondary and Tertiary Prevention (Cardiac Rehab, Diabetes Clinic) Surgery (General, Orthopedics, Plastics, Urology) and Preoperative Clinic Statistics In the 2011/2012 year the emergency department assessed 31,337 patients. This equates to a rate of 246.3 per thousand of population in comparison with the Alberta average of 267.5 per thousand. The inpatient separation rate is 114 per thousand population compared to the Alberta average of 88.3, the most common admitting diagnosis being ischemic heart disease, markedly higher than the overall Alberta population average. Educational services The hospital serves as a training center for multiple professions. Students from Medicine Hat College include the areas of nursing and EMS. The University of Calgary trains residents in their Rural Alberta South family medicine program and rotate medical students on elective. The Canadian Forces Medical Service in Suffield also rotates medics through the emergency department. In October 2012 the University of Alberta began rotating pharmacy students through Medicine Hat as part of an 8-week placement program. History Founding The hospital was founded in 1889 and had its formal opening June 4, 1890. It was created to service Saskatchewan, Assiniboia, Alberta and Athabasca and was the first civilian hospital in Alberta. This was partially in response to the 1888 typhoid fever epidemic in which there was no institution available to tend to the sick and also as a means of promoting the community. Initial funding was provided through government, individuals and corporations including the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Canadian Agricultural, Coal and Colonization Company and twelve lots from the Northwest Land Company. A new wing was added to the hospital in 1907. Lady Aberdeen Maternity Hospital The construction of a maternity hospital was initially suggested in 1892 as a means to move deliveries outside of the general hospital. 50 yards north of the general hospital, construction of the Lady Aberdeen Maternity Hospital was started on May 25, 1894 and finished August 19, 1895. A second story was added in 1904. An annex was later attached in 1945. Victoria Nurses' residence In that same time period that the maternity hospital was constructed, the Training School for Nurses was also established. The nurses initially stayed within the general hospital, however this ultimately resulted in a shortage of beds. As a result, the Victoria Nurses' Residence was created with fundraising by the newly formed Woman's Hospital Aid Society (WHAS). Construction started April 1904 and finished in December with a formal opening in 1905. The residence was enlarged in 1912, doubling its size. Budget In the first two decades of operation, 23% of the budget was provided by patient payments although no patients were refused. To cover reduced revenues secondary to provision of free services to the indignant, corporate donations were secured in exchange for lower hospital rates for employees and insurance tickets were sold by the hospital in exchange for coverage in the event of admission. By 1926 the hospital had expenses of $47,326.21 with a $623.52 deficit due to falling admission rates. This improved by the end of the 1930s but in the 1940s deficits again rose and by the 1950s the hospital was surrendered by its board to the City of Medicine Hat. Current location The initial Medicine Hat General Hospital and its support buildings were demolished to allow development of the city police station. As such the historic location is no longer viewable. The hospital was moved to its current location prior to this. Future development In 2016, 30,800 square foot expansion of the hospital was greenlit with a budget of $220 million. The expansion includes a larger emergency department, more space for inpatient diagnostic services and a heliport. It opened on July 25, 2018. References ^ a b Medicine Hat Regional Hospital ^ Dirk, Marcel (1989). A Healthy Outlook: The Centennial History of the Medicine Hat Regional Hospital. Holmes Printing. p. 3. ^ http://www8.albertahealthservices.ca/Medicine-Hat-Regional-Hospital.html ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2013-12-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ http://www.mhc.ab.ca/ProgramsandCourses/Academic%20Programs/Programs%20of%20Study/Nursing.aspx ^ http://www.mhc.ab.ca/ProgramsandCourses/Academic%20Programs/Programs%20of%20Study/Paramedic.aspx ^ "Overview - Alberta Rural Family Medicine Network". Archived from the original on 2013-02-10. Retrieved 2013-01-19. ^ Lisa Squires (14 February 2013). "Perfect Prescription" (PDF). Alberta Health Services Zone News: South Zone. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013. ^ Alberta Association of Registered Nurses (1942). Collection of facts for history of nursing : Alberta, 1864-1942. University of Calgary Press. p. 3. ^ Dirk, Marcel (1989). A Healthy Outlook: The Centennial History of the Medicine Hat Regional Hospital. Holmes Printing. pp. 7–12. ^ Dirk, Marcel (1989). A Healthy Outlook: The Centennial History of the Medicine Hat Regional Hospital. Holmes Printing. pp. 21–23, 51. ^ Dirk, Marcel (1989). A Healthy Outlook: The Centennial History of the Medicine Hat Regional Hospital. Holmes Printing. pp. 23–32. ^ Dirk, Marcel (1989). A Healthy Outlook: The Centennial History of the Medicine Hat Regional Hospital. Holmes Printing. pp. 17, 42–45. ^ Dirk, Marcel (1989). A Healthy Outlook: The Centennial History of the Medicine Hat Regional Hospital. Holmes Printing. p. 90. ^ http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/7450.asp vteUniversity of CalgaryAcademics Cumming School of Medicine Faculty of Arts Faculty of Law Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Haskayne School of Business School of Public Policy Schulich School of Engineering Affiliated Alberta Children's Hospital Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity Chinook Regional Hospital Foothills Medical Centre Medicine Hat Regional Hospital Peter Lougheed Centre Rockyview General Hospital South Health Campus Tom Baker Cancer Centre Athletics Calgary Dinos Women's basketball Football Women's ice hockey Campus Banff Trail Station Brentwood Station Jack Simpson Gymnasium McMahon Stadium Olympic Oval Military Museums University Station Research Arctic Institute of North America Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre Canadian Journal of Philosophy Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta Rothney Astrophysical Observatory School of Public Policy Student life CJSW-FM Gauntlet Calgary Distinguished Writers Program New University Television People Solar Team University of Calgary Press Students' Union 1988 Winter Olympics Other Calgary School Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medicine Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Alberta Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHRH-1"}],"text":"Hospital in Alberta, CanadaMedicine Hat Regional Hospital is a medical facility located in Medicine Hat, Alberta serving a catchment area of 117,000. It has 213 beds.Alberta Health Services is responsible for the operations of the hospital.[1]","title":"Medicine Hat Regional Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Diagnostic imaging (CT, MRI and Ultrasound)\nEmergency\nInpatient Care (Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Palliative Care, Pediatrics)\nPsychiatry / Mental health\nRespiratory Therapy (Acute care, Asthma Education, Stress Testing)\nSecondary and Tertiary Prevention (Cardiac Rehab, Diabetes Clinic)\nSurgery (General, Orthopedics, Plastics, Urology) and Preoperative Clinic[3]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the 2011/2012 year the emergency department assessed 31,337 patients. This equates to a rate of 246.3 per thousand of population in comparison with the Alberta average of 267.5 per thousand. The inpatient separation rate is 114 per thousand population compared to the Alberta average of 88.3, the most common admitting diagnosis being ischemic heart disease, markedly higher than the overall Alberta population average.[4]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medicine Hat College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Medical Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Medical_Service"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The hospital serves as a training center for multiple professions. Students from Medicine Hat College include the areas of nursing[5] and EMS.[6] The University of Calgary trains residents in their Rural Alberta South family medicine program and rotate medical students on elective.[7] The Canadian Forces Medical Service in Suffield also rotates medics through the emergency department. In October 2012 the University of Alberta began rotating pharmacy students through Medicine Hat as part of an 8-week placement program.[8]","title":"Educational services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Northwest Land Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Land_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"The hospital was founded in 1889 and had its formal opening June 4, 1890. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Residency	Gwalior Residency	["1 States under the residency","2 History","3 Population and Geography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Gwalior State political office Gwalior ResidencyAgency of British India1782–1947Map of Central India in 1909 with the Gwalior Residency in its northern and western sectorsArea • 190146,167 km2 (17,825 sq mi)Population • 1901 2,187,612 History • Treaty of Salbai 1782• Gwalior separated from Central India Agency 1921• Rampur and Benaras transferred to Gwalior Residency 1936• Independence of India 1947 Preceded by Succeeded by Maratha Empire India Princely state Salute state British paramountcy Chamber of Princes Jagir Agencies of British India Residencies of British India‎ Doctrine of lapse Political pensioner Privy Purse Standstill agreement Instrument of Accession Individual residencies Hyderabad Indore (Holkar) Jammu and Kashmir Mysore (Maisur) Quilon Sikkim Agencies Bagelkhand Baluchistan Baroda and Gujarat States Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Bhopawar Bundelkhand Central India Deccan States Eastern States Gilgit Gwalior Residency Jaipur Residency Madras States Mahi Kantha Malwa Mewar (Udaipur) Residency and Western Rajputana Agency North-West Frontier Palanpur Punjab States Rajputana Rewa Kantha Western India States Lists States by region States by name Rajput States Maratha States vte Gwalior Residency was a political office in the British Indian Empire, which existed from 1782 until the British withdrawal from India in 1947. The Gwalior Residency was placed under the Central India Agency in 1854, and separated from it in 1921. States under the residency The Gwalior residency dealt with a number of Princely States of Central India. Salute states, in order of precedence : principally Gwalior State, title Maharaja Scindia, Hereditary salute of 21-guns Rampur, title Nawab; Hereditary salute of 15-guns Benares (Ramnagar), title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local) Non-salute states : Bhadaura, Garha Khaniadhana Paron Raghugarh Umri Agra Barkhera. Kathaun Khiaoda Sangul Wardha Sirsi Also the Chhabra pargana (district) of Tonk State History After the Treaty of Salbai was concluded in 1782 between the British and Maharaja Mahadji Sindhia of Gwalior, David Anderson, who contributed to drafting the treaty, was appointed resident at the Gwalior court. The court was a moving camp until 1810, when Mahadji's successor Daulat Rao Sindhia permanently fixed his headquarters near the fortress of Gwalior, on the spot where Lashkar city now stands. Daulat Rao Sindhia was forced to sign a treaty of subsidiary alliance with the government of British India in 1817 at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The Resident at Gwalior answered directly to the Governor-General of India until 1854, when Gwalior Residency was placed under the authority of the Central India Agency. The fortress of Gwalior was captured by rebels during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and recaptured by British troops in 1858, who occupied the fortress until 1886. In 1860 the smaller states were made into a separate charge, under the officer commanding the Central India Horse at Guna. This arrangement was abolished in 1896, when these states were again placed under the resident, with the officer commanding at Guna continuing to act as ex officio assistant to the Resident, with very limited powers. In 1888 Khaniadhana state was transferred from the Bundelkhand Agency to the Resident at Gwalior, and in 1895 the Gwalior State districts of Bhilsa and Isagarh were transferred from Bhopal Agency to the Gwalior Residency. In 1921 Gwalior Residency was separated from the Central India Agency, and the resident again answered directly to the Governor-General. In 1936 the princely states of Benares and Rampur, which had previously been under the authority of the United Provinces, were placed under the authority of the Gwalior resident. The Resident, as the officer accredited to the Gwalior ruler, was also in all matters of general policy the channel of communication between the ruler and other political officers, such as the agents of Malwa and Bhopawar, within whose charges isolated portions of Gwalior State were situated. He exercised a close supervision over the minor holdings of the residency, all criminal cases of any importance in which were either dealt with by him personally or submitted for his sanction and approval. He also had the powers of a District and Session Judge for portions of the Midland and Bina-Baran sections of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, which passed through the states of Gwalior, Datia, Samthar, Khaniadhana, and the Chhabra pargana. The headquarters of the political officer were situated in the area known as The Residency, a piece of land measuring 1.17 square miles (3.0 km2) situated close to Morar, about four miles (6 km) to the east of Gwalior fort. The area was administered by the resident, and included three villages, the revenue from which were devoted to the upkeep of the Residency limits. In 1901 the population of the Residency was 1,391. The Great Indian Peninsula Railroad and Gwalior Light Railways and the Agra-Bombay and Bhind-Jhansi high roads traversed the charge. The Gwalior residency was abolished upon Indian Independence at the stroke of midnight on 15 August 1947, when all treaty relations between the British crown and the princely states of India were nullified. The rulers of the states acceded to the Government of India between 1947 and 1950, and most of the Gwalior Residency, including Gwalior State, were incorporated into the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat, with Rampur and Benares going to Uttar Pradesh. Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh state on 1 November 1956. Population and Geography The population of the residency was 2,187,612 in 1901, of whom Hindus numbered 1,883,038, or 86 percent; animists 170,316, or 8 percent; Muslims 103,430, or 4 percent; and Jains 30,129, or 1 percent. In 1901 the residency had an area of 17,825 square miles (46,170 km2), 17,020 square miles (44,100 km2) of which belonged to Gwalior State. The density of population was 123 persons per square mile. By 1931 the population of the areas covered by the Residency had grown to over 3.5 million. The charge contained 6820 villages and sixteen towns in 1901, of which the chief were Lashkar, Morar, Gwalior, Guna, Bhind, Bhilsa, Narwar, Ujjain and Chanderi. Bhilsa, Morena, Ujjain and Guna were the chief centres for the sale of grain, and Chanderi for the manufacture of fine cloth. See also Gwalior State List of Maratha dynasties and states References ^ Markovits, Claude (ed.) (2004). A History of Modern India: 1480-1950. Anthem Press, London. ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford. External links "Gwalior Residency" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. vteFormer princely states in Central IndiaSalute states Ajaigarh Ali Rajpur Baoni Baraundha Barwani Benares (Ramnagar) Bhopal Bijawar Charkhari Datia Dewas Junior Dewas Senior Dhar Gwalior Indore (Holkar) Jaora Jhabua Khilchipur Maihar Narsinghgarh Orchha Panna Rajgarh Rampur Ratlam Rewa Sailana Samthar Sitamau Non-salute states Alipura Bhadaura Basoda Beri (Bundelkhand) Bhaisaunda Bihat Bijairaghogarh Chhatarpur Garha Garrauli Gaurihar Jaitpur Jaso Jigni Jobat Kamta-Rajaula Kathiwara Khaniadhana Kothi Kurwai (Korwai) Lugasi Makrai Maksudangarh Mathwar Mohammadgarh Nagod(h)(e) Naigawan Rebai Pahara Paldeo Paron Pathari Piploda Raghogarh Ratanmal Sarila Sohawal Taraon Umri Agra Barkhera Kathaun Khiaoda Sangul Wardha Sirsi Jagir estates Kanda Borjhad Bakhatgarh Banka–Pahari Bhaisunda Bijna Bilheri Dhotria Dhurwai Jamnia State Kachhi-Baroda Kali-Baori Kamta-Rajaula Multhan Nimkhera Ondhwa Panth-Piploda Rajgadh Sondhwa Tori Fatehpur Extinguished (e)states Amjhera Banpur Vijayraghavgarh Chirgaon Jaitpur Jalaun Jhansi Khaddi Purwa Tiroha Shahgarh Related topics Central India Agency Bagelkhand Agency Bhopal Agency Bhopawar Agency Bundelkhand Agency Chaube Jagirs Gwalior Residency Hasht-Bhaiya List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) Malwa Agency Princely states annexed by the British Raj Saugor and Nerbudda Territories vteGwalior topicsHistory Gwalior State Gwalior Residency Tomaras of Gwalior Kachchhapaghata dynasty Gwalior campaign Geography Lashkar Gwalior West Morar Cantonment Thatipur Buildings Chaturbhuj Temple Gopachal Mountain Gwalior Fort Jai Vilas Mahal Sas-Bahu Temple Siddhachal Caves Transport Gwalior Airport Gwalior railway station Gwalior Light Railway Economy Gwalior trade fair Civic Gwalior Municipal Corporation Culture Gwalior gharana Other topics Gwalior Star Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Indian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Central India Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India_Agency"}],"text":"Gwalior Residency was a political office in the British Indian Empire, which existed from 1782 until the British withdrawal from India in 1947.The Gwalior Residency was placed under the Central India Agency in 1854, and separated from it in 1921.","title":"Gwalior Residency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princely States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_States"},{"link_name":"Salute states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute_state"},{"link_name":"Gwalior State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_State"},{"link_name":"Rampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Benares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benares"},{"link_name":"Bhadaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhadaura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Garha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garha"},{"link_name":"Khaniadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaniadhana_State"},{"link_name":"Paron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paron_State"},{"link_name":"Raghugarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghogarh_State"},{"link_name":"Umri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umri_(Central_India)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agra Barkhera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agra_Barkhera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kathaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathaun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khiaoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khiaoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sangul Wardha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangul_Wardha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sirsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirsi,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Chhabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhabra"},{"link_name":"pargana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargana"},{"link_name":"Tonk State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonk,_India"}],"text":"The Gwalior residency dealt with a number of Princely States of Central India.\nSalute states, in order of precedence :principally Gwalior State, title Maharaja Scindia, Hereditary salute of 21-guns\nRampur, title Nawab; Hereditary salute of 15-guns\nBenares (Ramnagar), title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local)Non-salute states :Bhadaura,\nGarha\nKhaniadhana\nParon\nRaghugarh\nUmri\nAgra Barkhera.\nKathaun\nKhiaoda\nSangul Wardha\nSirsiAlso the Chhabra pargana (district) of Tonk State","title":"States under the residency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Salbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Salbai"},{"link_name":"Mahadji Sindhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadji_Sindhia"},{"link_name":"Daulat Rao Sindhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulat_Rao_Sindhia"},{"link_name":"subsidiary alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Central India Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India_Agency"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Guna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna,_India"},{"link_name":"Bundelkhand Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundelkhand_Agency"},{"link_name":"Bhilsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhilsa_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isagarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isagarh_District"},{"link_name":"Bhopal Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Agency"},{"link_name":"Benares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benares"},{"link_name":"Rampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh"},{"link_name":"Malwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Agency"},{"link_name":"Bhopawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopawar"},{"link_name":"Great Indian Peninsula Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway"},{"link_name":"Datia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datia"},{"link_name":"Samthar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samthar"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Bhind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhind"},{"link_name":"Jhansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansi"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Madhya Bharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Bharat"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"After the Treaty of Salbai was concluded in 1782 between the British and Maharaja Mahadji Sindhia of Gwalior, David Anderson, who contributed to drafting the treaty, was appointed resident at the Gwalior court. The court was a moving camp until 1810, when Mahadji's successor Daulat Rao Sindhia permanently fixed his headquarters near the fortress of Gwalior, on the spot where Lashkar city now stands. Daulat Rao Sindhia was forced to sign a treaty of subsidiary alliance with the government of British India in 1817 at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The Resident at Gwalior answered directly to the Governor-General of India until 1854, when Gwalior Residency was placed under the authority of the Central India Agency. The fortress of Gwalior was captured by rebels during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and recaptured by British troops in 1858, who occupied the fortress until 1886. In 1860 the smaller states were made into a separate charge, under the officer commanding the Central India Horse at Guna. This arrangement was abolished in 1896, when these states were again placed under the resident, with the officer commanding at Guna continuing to act as ex officio assistant to the Resident, with very limited powers. In 1888 Khaniadhana state was transferred from the Bundelkhand Agency to the Resident at Gwalior, and in 1895 the Gwalior State districts of Bhilsa and Isagarh were transferred from Bhopal Agency to the Gwalior Residency. In 1921 Gwalior Residency was separated from the Central India Agency, and the resident again answered directly to the Governor-General. In 1936 the princely states of Benares and Rampur, which had previously been under the authority of the United Provinces, were placed under the authority of the Gwalior resident.The Resident, as the officer accredited to the Gwalior ruler, was also in all matters of general policy the channel of communication between the ruler and other political officers, such as the agents of Malwa and Bhopawar, within whose charges isolated portions of Gwalior State were situated. He exercised a close supervision over the minor holdings of the residency, all criminal cases of any importance in which were either dealt with by him personally or submitted for his sanction and approval. He also had the powers of a District and Session Judge for portions of the Midland and Bina-Baran sections of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, which passed through the states of Gwalior, Datia, Samthar, Khaniadhana, and the Chhabra pargana.The headquarters of the political officer were situated in the area known as The Residency, a piece of land measuring 1.17 square miles (3.0 km2) situated close to Morar, about four miles (6 km) to the east of Gwalior fort. The area was administered by the resident, and included three villages, the revenue from which were devoted to the upkeep of the Residency limits. In 1901 the population of the Residency was 1,391. The Great Indian Peninsula Railroad and Gwalior Light Railways and the Agra-Bombay and Bhind-Jhansi high roads traversed the charge.The Gwalior residency was abolished upon Indian Independence at the stroke of midnight on 15 August 1947, when all treaty relations between the British crown and the princely states of India were nullified. The rulers of the states acceded to the Government of India between 1947 and 1950, and most of the Gwalior Residency, including Gwalior State, were incorporated into the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat, with Rampur and Benares going to Uttar Pradesh. Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh state on 1 November 1956.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"Jains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jains"},{"link_name":"Lashkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar,_Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Morar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morar,_Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Guna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna,_India"},{"link_name":"Bhind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhind"},{"link_name":"Bhilsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhilsa"},{"link_name":"Narwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwar"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"link_name":"Chanderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanderi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The population of the residency was 2,187,612 in 1901, of whom Hindus numbered 1,883,038, or 86 percent; animists 170,316, or 8 percent; Muslims 103,430, or 4 percent; and Jains 30,129, or 1 percent. In 1901 the residency had an area of 17,825 square miles (46,170 km2), 17,020 square miles (44,100 km2) of which belonged to Gwalior State. The density of population was 123 persons per square mile. By 1931 the population of the areas covered by the Residency had grown to over 3.5 million.The charge contained 6820 villages and sixteen towns in 1901, of which the chief were Lashkar, Morar, Gwalior, Guna, Bhind, Bhilsa, Narwar, Ujjain and Chanderi. Bhilsa, Morena, Ujjain and Guna were the chief centres for the sale of grain, and Chanderi for the manufacture of fine cloth.[2]","title":"Population and Geography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Gwalior State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_State"},{"title":"List of Maratha dynasties and states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maratha_dynasties_and_states"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gwalior Residency\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gwalior_Residency","url_text":"\"Gwalior Residency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gwalior_Residency","external_links_name":"\"Gwalior Residency\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_provincial_highway_31	British Columbia Highway 31	["1 Highway 31A","2 External links","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "British Columbia Highway 31" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Highway 31Route informationMaintained by British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and InfrastructureExisted1973–presentHighway 31Length175 km (109 mi)South end Hwy 3A in BalfourMajor intersections Hwy 31A in KasloNorth end Hwy 23 in Galena BayHighway 31ALength47 km (29 mi)West end Hwy 6 in New DenverEast end Hwy 31 in Kaslo LocationCountryCanadaProvinceBritish Columbia Highway system British Columbia provincial highways ← Hwy 30→ Hwy 33 Highway 31 is a minor north–south highway through the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. The highway first gained its number in 1973, and it is one of the few numbered highways in the province that is not fully paved. Highway 31 has a total distance of 175 km (109 mi) — 37 km (23 mi) along Kootenay Lake between Balfour (a junction with Highway 3A) and Kaslo (a junction with Highway 31A), 106 km (66 mi) north along Kootenay Lake north of Kaslo, then the Duncan and Lardeau Rivers and the north shore of Trout Lake, and 32 km (20 mi) between the northwest end of Trout Lake and Galena Bay, where it ends at Highway 23. The highway is a gravel road between Meadow Creek at the north end of Kootenay Lake and Trout Lake. Care should be taken when driving the route as it is narrow and has drop offs into Trout Lake north of Gerrard. The section between Lardeau and Gerrard was possibly a part of a railway. The railway was converted into a highway in 1942 or early 1943 as part of a rail-to-road conversion project. The work took only two months to complete. Highway 31A Highway 31's main spur, Highway 31A, which also opened in 1973, is 47 km (29 mi) long, connecting Highway 31 at Kaslo to Highway 6 at New Denver. External links Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia by British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure References ^ a b Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. pp. 357–363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-11. Retrieved 2017-03-29. ^ British Columbia Ministry of Public Works (1944). Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year 1942/43 (Report). Victoria: Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 21 Feb 2022. \|page=32 vteRoads of British ColumbiaProvincial highways 12 1A 2 32 3A1 3B 4 4A 52 5A 6 71 7B1 8 9 101 112 12 13 14 151 161 172 17A2 18 192 19A 20 21 22 22A 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 31A 33 35 37 37A 39 41 43 49 52 62 77 912 91A2 93 95 95A 972 97A 97B 97C2 97D 992 101 113 118 395 Other provincially maintained roads Atlin Road Bridge River Road Cecil Lake Road Chilliwack Lake Road Coalmont Road Columbia Valley Highway Deltaport Way Head Bay Road Hemlock Valley Road Highway 91 Connector Horsefly Road Jesmond Road Likely Road Mission Mountain Road Nazko Road Omineca Resource Road Pavilion Mountain Road Port Mellon Highway Queen Charlotte City–Skidegate Road Strathcona Parkway Telegraph Creek Road Westside Road Former provincial highways 1A4 1B 7A 17A4 25 97E 97W 99A 99B2 4012 4992 Named highways Alaska Highway Banff–Windermere Highway Caribou Highway1 Coquihalla Highway2 Crowsnest Highway2 Don Phillips Way Heritage Highway Inland Island Highway2 International Selkirk Loop1 John Hart Highway1 Liard Highway Lougheed Highway1 Mary Hill Bypass1 Nisga'a Highway Northern Woods and Water Route Okanagan Connector2 Okanagan Highway2 Pacific Highway1 Patricia Bay Highway2 Sea to Sky Highway2 South Fraser Perimeter Road2 Southern Yellowhead Highway2 Stewart–Cassiar Highway Sunshine Coast Highway Trans-Canada Highway2 Yellowhead Highway1 Historic roads and trails Atlin Road Big Bend Highway Cariboo Road Chilkoot Trail Dewdney Trail Dewdney Trunk Road Douglas Road Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail Lillooet Cattle Trail Okanagan Trail Old Cariboo Road Old Yale Road (Grand Trunk Road) Pacific Highway River Trail Whatcom Trail 1 highways with expressway sections 2 highways with expressway and freeway sections 3 highways under construction 4 designation reassigned to new route This British Columbia road, road transport or highway-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selkirk Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_Mountains"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kootenay Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenay_Lake"},{"link_name":"Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_3A"},{"link_name":"Kaslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaslo,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Galena Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_23"},{"link_name":"Trout Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout_Lake_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Highway 31 is a minor north–south highway through the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. The highway first gained its number in 1973, and it is one of the few numbered highways in the province that is not fully paved. Highway 31 has a total distance of 175 km (109 mi) — 37 km (23 mi) along Kootenay Lake between Balfour (a junction with Highway 3A) and Kaslo (a junction with Highway 31A), 106 km (66 mi) north along Kootenay Lake north of Kaslo, then the Duncan and Lardeau Rivers and the north shore of Trout Lake, and 32 km (20 mi) between the northwest end of Trout Lake and Galena Bay, where it ends at Highway 23.The highway is a gravel road between Meadow Creek at the north end of Kootenay Lake and Trout Lake. Care should be taken when driving the route as it is narrow and has drop offs into Trout Lake north of Gerrard.The section between Lardeau and Gerrard was possibly a part of a railway. The railway was converted into a highway in 1942 or early 1943 as part of a rail-to-road conversion project. The work took only two months to complete.[2]","title":"British Columbia Highway 31"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaslo,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"New Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Denver,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"Highway 31's main spur, Highway 31A, which also opened in 1973, is 47 km (29 mi) long, connecting Highway 31 at Kaslo to Highway 6 at New Denver.","title":"Highway 31A"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. pp. 357–363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-11. Retrieved 2017-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170311044605/http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","url_text":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"},{"url":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"British Columbia Ministry of Public Works (1944). Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year 1942/43 (Report). Victoria: Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 21 Feb 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.library.ubc.ca/viewer/bcsessional/1.0319035","url_text":"Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year 1942/43"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+31%22","external_links_name":"\"British Columbia Highway 31\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+31%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+31%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+31%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+31%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Columbia+Highway+31%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/transportation-reports-and-reference/reference-information/numbered-routes","external_links_name":"Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170311044605/http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","external_links_name":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"},{"Link":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://open.library.ubc.ca/viewer/bcsessional/1.0319035","external_links_name":"Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year 1942/43"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia_Highway_31&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Mesgnien_Meninski	Franciscus a Mesgnien Meninski	["1 References","2 External links"]	Author of a Turkish-to-Latin dictionary and grammar (1623–1698) A portrait of the author of 'Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium' by Antoni Oleszczyński (1794-1879), Polish engraver. Franciscus à Mesgnien Meninski (first name spelled also Francisci, François and Franciszek) (1623–1698) was the author of a multi-volume Turkish-to-Latin dictionary and grammar of the Turkish language, first published in 1680, which was ground-breaking in its comprehensiveness at the time, and for historians and linguists today it is a valuable reference for the Turkish language of the early modern period. Mesgnien-Meninski was born in Lorraine (duchy) in today's northeastern France. He studied in Rome, where one of his teachers was a theoretical linguist, logician, and Jesuit, Giovanni Battista Giattini. Mesgnien-Meninski moved to Poland around 1647. In 1649, when aged in his late 20s, he published in Latin a grammar and tutorial for learning the Polish language. In 1653 at age 30 he accompanied the Polish ambassador to Istanbul. After two to three years of applying himself to the study of the Turkish language in Istanbul, he became the chief translator to the Polish embassy at Istanbul, and subsequently was appointed as deputy ambassador with full ambassadorial powers. Soon after that promotion, he was awarded Polish citizenship, on which occasion he added the Polish termination of "ski" to his last name, which had been Mesgnien or Menin previously. In 1661 he moved to Vienna in Austria to become interpreter of Oriental languages for the Habsburg monarchy at Vienna. He stayed at that post for the rest of his career, and died at Vienna. His great work, the Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium, was published at Vienna in 1680 in 4 volumes, consisting of a dictionary of Turkish, Arabic and Persian vocabulary translated to Latin and explained in Latin, plus a grammar and tutorial for learning the Turkish language. For his Arabic and Persian vocabulary Meninski copied much from the Arabic-Latin and Persian-Latin dictionaries of Jacobus Golius (died 1667). The Turkish was largely and essentially from Meninski himself. In 1687, Meninski published a complementary volume entitled Complementum Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium, in which the Latin words are organized alphabetically and translated into Turkish. References ^ Grammatica seu Institutio Polonicae Linguae, by Francisco Mesgnien, year 1649. The title translates as "Grammar or Tutorial on the Polish Language" and the book says on its title page that "etymology, syntax and all other aspects are carefully treated for the instruction of non-native-speakers". Published at Gdansk (Dantiscum). 140 pages. ^ Entry for MENINSKI or MENIN in The General Biographical Dictionary Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons, by Alexander Chalmers, volume XXII, year 1815. External links This English Wikipedia article has taken some information from the corresponding article in the Polish and French editions of Wikipedia at pl:Franciszek Meninski and fr:François Mesgnien. Entry for MENINSKI or MENIN in The General Biographical Dictionary Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons, by Alexander Chalmers, volume XXII, year 1815. A number of copyright-expired volumes written by F. Mesgnien-Meninski are fully readable at Books.Google.com. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oleszczynski_Antoni_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_%C3%A0_Mesgnien_-_Franciszek_Meninski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antoni Oleszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Oleszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Franciscus_a_Mesgnien_Meninski#Dubious"},{"link_name":"dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Turkish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"Lorraine (duchy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Golius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Golius"}],"text":"A portrait of the author of 'Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium' by Antoni Oleszczyński (1794-1879), Polish engraver.Franciscus à Mesgnien Meninski (first name spelled also Francisci,[dubious – discuss] François and Franciszek) (1623–1698) was the author of a multi-volume Turkish-to-Latin dictionary and grammar of the Turkish language, first published in 1680, which was ground-breaking in its comprehensiveness at the time, and for historians and linguists today it is a valuable reference for the Turkish language of the early modern period.Mesgnien-Meninski was born in Lorraine (duchy) in today's northeastern France. He studied in Rome, where one of his teachers was a theoretical linguist, logician, and Jesuit, Giovanni Battista Giattini. Mesgnien-Meninski moved to Poland around 1647. In 1649, when aged in his late 20s, he published in Latin a grammar and tutorial for learning the Polish language.[1] In 1653 at age 30 he accompanied the Polish ambassador to Istanbul. After two to three years of applying himself to the study of the Turkish language in Istanbul, he became the chief translator to the Polish embassy at Istanbul, and subsequently was appointed as deputy ambassador with full ambassadorial powers. Soon after that promotion, he was awarded Polish citizenship, on which occasion he added the Polish termination of \"ski\" to his last name, which had been Mesgnien or Menin previously.[2] In 1661 he moved to Vienna in Austria to become interpreter of Oriental languages for the Habsburg monarchy at Vienna. He stayed at that post for the rest of his career, and died at Vienna.His great work, the Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium, was published at Vienna in 1680 in 4 volumes, consisting of a dictionary of Turkish, Arabic and Persian vocabulary translated to Latin and explained in Latin, plus a grammar and tutorial for learning the Turkish language. For his Arabic and Persian vocabulary Meninski copied much from the Arabic-Latin and Persian-Latin dictionaries of Jacobus Golius (died 1667). The Turkish was largely and essentially from Meninski himself. In 1687, Meninski published a complementary volume entitled Complementum Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium, in which the Latin words are organized alphabetically and translated into Turkish.","title":"Franciscus a Mesgnien Meninski"}]	[{"image_text":"A portrait of the author of 'Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium' by Antoni Oleszczyński (1794-1879), Polish engraver.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Oleszczynski_Antoni_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_%C3%A0_Mesgnien_-_Franciszek_Meninski.jpg/220px-Oleszczynski_Antoni_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_%C3%A0_Mesgnien_-_Franciszek_Meninski.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=efvje8iRMUIC&pg=PR4","external_links_name":"Grammatica seu Institutio Polonicae Linguae"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CEhMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52","external_links_name":"MENINSKI or MENIN"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CEhMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52","external_links_name":"MENINSKI or MENIN"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?num=100&biw=1111&bih=602&tbs=bkv%3Ap&tbm=bks&q=inauthor%3AMesgnien","external_links_name":"fully readable at Books.Google.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118273726","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29885514","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/304944245","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhChDqPXkfDgV88kxqwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10688146c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10688146c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100849083","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMLV033146","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272018005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14036293","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85049371","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/wt7bg3nf3xnv70m","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record146436","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p255951620","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538418705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/175087","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/121218929","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Arutyunian	Vladimir Arutyunian	["1 Background","2 Assassination attempt","3 Aftermath","3.1 Arrest","3.2 Trial and conviction","4 See also","5 References"]	Georgian attempted presidential assassin (born 1978) Vladimir ArutyunianArutyunian waiting with a hand grenade in a handkerchiefBorn (1978-03-12) 12 March 1978 (age 46)Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet UnionNationalityGeorgian ArmenianKnown forAttempted assassination of George W. Bush and Mikheil SaakashviliCriminal penaltyLife imprisonment Vladimir Arutyunian (Georgian: ვლადიმერ არუთინიანი; Armenian: Վլադիմիր Հարությունյան; born 12 March 1978) is a Georgian national who, on 10 May 2005, attempted to assassinate United States President George W. Bush and Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili by throwing a hand grenade at both of them. The attempt failed when the grenade did not detonate. He was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison. Background Vladimir Arutyunian, a Georgian citizen and ethnic Armenian, was born on 12 March 1978 in Tbilisi, Soviet Georgia. Arutyunian lost his father at an early age and lived with his mother, who was a stall-holder at the local street market. They lived in one of the poorest suburbs of Tbilisi. After completing his secondary education, he had no fixed occupation. He joined the Democratic Union for Revival party led by Aslan Abashidze in January 2004, but soon after left the organization's ranks. He joined the Revival party in the same month Mikheil Saakashvili became president of Georgia and had led Adjara in a crisis by refusing to obey the central government authorities. Saakashvili and his party were considered to be pro-United States, while Abashidze and his party were considered to be pro-Russia. The crisis ended in 2004 without bloodshed. Assassination attempt Presidents George W. Bush (left) of the U.S. and Mikheil Saakashvili of Georgia (right) in Tbilisi on 10 May 2005 On 10 May 2005, Arutyunian waited for the United States President George W. Bush and Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili to speak in Tbilisi's central Liberty Square. When Bush began speaking, Arutyunian threw a Soviet-made RGD-5 hand grenade, wrapped in a red tartan handkerchief, toward the podium where Bush stood as he addressed the crowd. The grenade landed 18.6 metres (61 ft) from the podium, near where Saakashvili, his wife Sandra Roelofs, Laura Bush, and other officials were seated. The grenade failed to detonate. Although original reports indicated that the grenade was not live, it was later revealed that it was. After Arutyunian pulled the pin and threw the grenade, it hit a girl, cushioning its impact. The red handkerchief remained wrapped around the grenade, and it prevented the striker lever from releasing. A Georgian security officer quickly removed the grenade, and Arutyunian disappeared. Arutyunian later said that he threw the grenade "towards the heads" so that "the shrapnel would fly behind the bulletproof glass". Bush and Saakashvili did not learn of the incident until after the rally. Aftermath On 18 July 2005, Georgia's Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili issued photos of an unidentified suspect and announced a reward of 150,000 lari (US$80,000) for information leading to the suspect's identification. At the request of the Georgian government, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation began an investigation into the incident. Extra manpower was brought in from the surrounding region to help with the investigation. In one picture of the crowd, the FBI noted a man in the bleachers with a large camera. He was a visiting professor from Boise, Idaho. FBI agents contacted him and, with his photographs, were able to identify a suspect. Arrest On 20 July 2005, acting on a tip from a hotline, police raided Arutyunian's home where he lived with his mother. During an ensuing gunfight, Arutyunian killed the head of the Interior Ministry's counterintelligence department, Zurab Kvlividze. He then fled into the woods in the village of Vashlijvari on the outskirts of Tbilisi. After being wounded in the leg, he was captured by Georgia's anti-terror unit. DNA samples from Arutyunian matched the DNA samples from the handkerchief. Georgian police later found a chemical lab and a stockpile of explosives, chemicals and other material Arutyunian had built up in his apartment. Twenty liters (5.3 U.S. gallons) of sulfuric acid, several drawers full of mercury thermometers, a microscope, and "enough dangerous substances to carry out several terrorist acts" were found. Trial and conviction I don't consider myself a terrorist, I'm just a human being. —Arutyunian After his arrest, Arutyunian was shown on television admitting from his hospital bed that he had thrown the grenade. He said that he had attempted to assassinate both presidents because he hated Georgia's new government for being a "puppet" of the United States. He further stated that he did not regret what he did and would do it again if he had the chance. Arutyunian initially admitted his guilt when arrested but refused to cooperate during the trial. He pleaded not guilty, then refused to answer questions in court. His lawyer Elisabed Japaridze said after the conviction and sentencing that she would appeal. "I consider that everything was far from proved." She cited the fact that Arutyunian's fingerprints were not found on the grenade. However, prosecutor Anzor Khvadagiani said that the grenade being wrapped in cloth explained the lack of distinguishable fingerprints and also that DNA tests of material found on the cloth matched Arutyunian's. On 11 January 2006, a Georgian court sentenced Arutyunian to life imprisonment for the attempted assassination of George Bush and Mikheil Saakashvili, and the killing of Officer Kvlividze. In September 2005, a United States federal grand jury also indicted Arutyunian, and could ask to extradite him if he is ever released. He is not eligible for parole, and could only be released under a presidential pardon, but such pardons are almost never granted in Georgia. See also List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots References ^ "Пожизненный срок за попытку убить сразу двух президентов " (in Russian). Vremya.ru. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "В МВД Грузии заявляют, что напавший на Буша не связан с какими-либо группировками " (in Russian). Kavkaz-uzel.ru. 11 November 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "Georgia: A Swan Song for the Gray Fox of the Caucasus?". Stratfor. 21 November 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "Hand grenade found at Bush rally". BBC. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 9 May 2019. ^ a b c "The Case of the Failed Hand Grenade Attack: Man Who Tried to Assassinate President Convicted Overseas". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2015. ^ Terry Frieden (7 September 2005). "Alleged would-be Bush assassin indicted". CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2007. ^ a b Nick Paton Walsh (19 May 2005). "FBI says hand grenade thrown at Bush was live". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 March 2007. ^ Alfano, Sean (23 July 2005). "Man Details Failed Grenade Attack". CBS News. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ Pace, Gina (11 January 2006). "Life For Grenade Toss at Bush Rally". CBS. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ "Bush grenade suspect faces charge". BBC News. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ a b c "Georgian jailed for Bush attack". BBC. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2014. ^ "Shoot-Out Ends Georgian Manhunt For Grenade Suspect". RFE/RL. 21 July 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ "Attempted Presidential Assassin Convicted Overseas". ^ Parfitt, Tom (12 January 2006). "Bush's would-be assassin begins life term". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ a b c "Man sentenced to life for tossing grenade at Bush". USA Today. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ Chilcote, Ryan (11 January 2006). "Bush grenade attacker gets life". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ "Facing Criticism, President Suspends Pardons". Civil.ge. UNA-Georgia. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2020. 'Pardoning is not what some of you might think. This does not mean someone's guilt is nullified. This does not represent revision of any court … This is a subjective, personal decision of the President under exercising her own duties,' Zurabishvili said, adding that the pardons are based on subjective 'assessment of circumstances', which 'does not preclude mistakes' or the possibility of there being differing assessments of the same circumstances by others.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"assassinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Mikheil Saakashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili"},{"link_name":"hand grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"life in prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_prison"}],"text":"Vladimir Arutyunian (Georgian: ვლადიმერ არუთინიანი; Armenian: Վլադիմիր Հարությունյան; born 12 March 1978) is a Georgian national who, on 10 May 2005, attempted to assassinate United States President George W. Bush and Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili by throwing a hand grenade at both of them. The attempt failed when the grenade did not detonate. He was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison.","title":"Vladimir Arutyunian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Soviet Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Union for Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_Revival"},{"link_name":"Aslan Abashidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Abashidze"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mikheil Saakashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili"},{"link_name":"led Adjara in a crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Adjara_crisis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Vladimir Arutyunian, a Georgian citizen and ethnic Armenian, was born on 12 March 1978 in Tbilisi, Soviet Georgia. Arutyunian lost his father at an early age and lived with his mother, who was a stall-holder at the local street market. They lived in one of the poorest suburbs of Tbilisi. After completing his secondary education, he had no fixed occupation.[1]He joined the Democratic Union for Revival party led by Aslan Abashidze in January 2004, but soon after left the organization's ranks.[2] He joined the Revival party in the same month Mikheil Saakashvili became president of Georgia and had led Adjara in a crisis by refusing to obey the central government authorities. Saakashvili and his party were considered to be pro-United States, while Abashidze and his party were considered to be pro-Russia.[3] The crisis ended in 2004 without bloodshed.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MikhailSaakashvili_%26_GeorgeWBush_-_FreedomSquare_Tbilisi_-_2005May10.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Liberty Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"RGD-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGD-5"},{"link_name":"Sandra Roelofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Roelofs"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fbi-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fbi-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs2-9"}],"text":"Presidents George W. Bush (left) of the U.S. and Mikheil Saakashvili of Georgia (right) in Tbilisi on 10 May 2005On 10 May 2005,[4] Arutyunian waited for the United States President George W. Bush and Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili to speak in Tbilisi's central Liberty Square. When Bush began speaking, Arutyunian threw a Soviet-made RGD-5 hand grenade, wrapped in a red tartan handkerchief, toward the podium where Bush stood as he addressed the crowd. The grenade landed 18.6 metres (61 ft) from the podium, near where Saakashvili, his wife Sandra Roelofs, Laura Bush, and other officials were seated.[5]The grenade failed to detonate. Although original reports indicated that the grenade was not live, it was later revealed that it was.[6] After Arutyunian pulled the pin and threw the grenade, it hit a girl, cushioning its impact. The red handkerchief remained wrapped around the grenade, and it prevented the striker lever from releasing. A Georgian security officer quickly removed the grenade, and Arutyunian disappeared.[5][7]Arutyunian later said that he threw the grenade \"towards the heads\" so that \"the shrapnel would fly behind the bulletproof glass\".[8] Bush and Saakashvili did not learn of the incident until after the rally.[9]","title":"Assassination attempt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interior Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Vano Merabishvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vano_Merabishvili"},{"link_name":"lari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_lari"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2-10"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Boise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fbi-5"}],"text":"On 18 July 2005, Georgia's Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili issued photos of an unidentified suspect and announced a reward of 150,000 lari (US$80,000) for information leading to the suspect's identification.[10]At the request of the Georgian government, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation began an investigation into the incident. Extra manpower was brought in from the surrounding region to help with the investigation. In one picture of the crowd, the FBI noted a man in the bleachers with a large camera. He was a visiting professor from Boise, Idaho. FBI agents contacted him and, with his photographs, were able to identify a suspect.[5]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcq-11"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rferl-12"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2-14"}],"sub_title":"Arrest","text":"On 20 July 2005, acting on a tip from a hotline, police raided Arutyunian's home where he lived with his mother.[11] During an ensuing gunfight, Arutyunian killed the head of the Interior Ministry's counterintelligence department, Zurab Kvlividze. He then fled into the woods in the village of Vashlijvari on the outskirts of Tbilisi. After being wounded in the leg, he was captured by Georgia's anti-terror unit.[12]DNA samples from Arutyunian matched the DNA samples from the handkerchief. Georgian police later found a chemical lab and a stockpile of explosives, chemicals and other material Arutyunian had built up in his apartment.[13] Twenty liters (5.3 U.S. gallons) of sulfuric acid, several drawers full of mercury thermometers, a microscope, and \"enough dangerous substances to carry out several terrorist acts\" were found.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcq-11"},{"link_name":"new government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcq-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATODAY-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATODAY-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATODAY-15"},{"link_name":"life imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"presidential pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Trial and conviction","text":"I don't consider myself a terrorist, I'm just a human being.\n\n\n—Arutyunian[11]After his arrest, Arutyunian was shown on television admitting from his hospital bed that he had thrown the grenade. He said that he had attempted to assassinate both presidents because he hated Georgia's new government for being a \"puppet\" of the United States.[11] He further stated that he did not regret what he did and would do it again if he had the chance.[15]Arutyunian initially admitted his guilt when arrested but refused to cooperate during the trial. He pleaded not guilty, then refused to answer questions in court.[7] His lawyer Elisabed Japaridze said after the conviction and sentencing that she would appeal. \"I consider that everything was far from proved.\"[15] She cited the fact that Arutyunian's fingerprints were not found on the grenade. However, prosecutor Anzor Khvadagiani said that the grenade being wrapped in cloth explained the lack of distinguishable fingerprints and also that DNA tests of material found on the cloth matched Arutyunian's.[15]On 11 January 2006, a Georgian court sentenced Arutyunian to life imprisonment for the attempted assassination of George Bush and Mikheil Saakashvili, and the killing of Officer Kvlividze. In September 2005, a United States federal grand jury also indicted Arutyunian, and could ask to extradite him if he is ever released. He is not eligible for parole, and could only be released under a presidential pardon,[16] but such pardons are almost never granted in Georgia.[17]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Presidents George W. Bush (left) of the U.S. and Mikheil Saakashvili of Georgia (right) in Tbilisi on 10 May 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MikhailSaakashvili_%26_GeorgeWBush_-_FreedomSquare_Tbilisi_-_2005May10.jpg/220px-MikhailSaakashvili_%26_GeorgeWBush_-_FreedomSquare_Tbilisi_-_2005May10.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots"}]	[{"reference":"\"Пожизненный срок за попытку убить сразу двух президентов [A life sentence for attempting to kill two presidents]\" (in Russian). Vremya.ru. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vremya.ru/2006/2/5/142877.html","url_text":"\"Пожизненный срок за попытку убить сразу двух президентов [A life sentence for attempting to kill two presidents]\""}]},{"reference":"\"В МВД Грузии заявляют, что напавший на Буша не связан с какими-либо группировками [In the Georgian Interior Ministry claimed that attacked Bush is not associated with any groups]\" (in Russian). Kavkaz-uzel.ru. 11 November 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/86957/","url_text":"\"В МВД Грузии заявляют, что напавший на Буша не связан с какими-либо группировками [In the Georgian Interior Ministry claimed that attacked Bush is not associated with any groups]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia: A Swan Song for the Gray Fox of the Caucasus?\". Stratfor. 21 November 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/georgia-swan-song-gray-fox-caucasus","url_text":"\"Georgia: A Swan Song for the Gray Fox of the Caucasus?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratfor","url_text":"Stratfor"}]},{"reference":"\"Hand grenade found at Bush rally\". BBC. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 9 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4535187.stm","url_text":"\"Hand grenade found at Bush rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Case of the Failed Hand Grenade Attack: Man Who Tried to Assassinate President Convicted Overseas\". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/january/grenade_attack011106","url_text":"\"The Case of the Failed Hand Grenade Attack: Man Who Tried to Assassinate President Convicted Overseas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation","url_text":"Federal Bureau of Investigation"}]},{"reference":"Terry Frieden (7 September 2005). \"Alleged would-be Bush assassin indicted\". CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/09/07/bush.assassin/","url_text":"\"Alleged would-be Bush assassin indicted\""}]},{"reference":"Nick Paton Walsh (19 May 2005). \"FBI says hand grenade thrown at Bush was live\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/georgia/story/0,,1487041,00.html","url_text":"\"FBI says hand grenade thrown at Bush was live\""}]},{"reference":"Alfano, Sean (23 July 2005). \"Man Details Failed Grenade Attack\". CBS News. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/07/23/world/main711246.shtml","url_text":"\"Man Details Failed Grenade Attack\""}]},{"reference":"Pace, Gina (11 January 2006). \"Life For Grenade Toss at Bush Rally\". CBS. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/11/world/main1202544.shtml","url_text":"\"Life For Grenade Toss at Bush Rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bush grenade suspect faces charge\". BBC News. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4709105.stm","url_text":"\"Bush grenade suspect faces charge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgian jailed for Bush attack\". BBC. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4603802.stm","url_text":"\"Georgian jailed for Bush attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shoot-Out Ends Georgian Manhunt For Grenade Suspect\". RFE/RL. 21 July 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1060074.html","url_text":"\"Shoot-Out Ends Georgian Manhunt For Grenade Suspect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Attempted Presidential Assassin Convicted Overseas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2006/january/grenade_attack011106","url_text":"\"Attempted Presidential Assassin Convicted Overseas\""}]},{"reference":"Parfitt, Tom (12 January 2006). \"Bush's would-be assassin begins life term\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/12/usa.georgia","url_text":"\"Bush's would-be assassin begins life term\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man sentenced to life for tossing grenade at Bush\". USA Today. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-11-attack-bush_x.htm","url_text":"\"Man sentenced to life for tossing grenade at Bush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Chilcote, Ryan (11 January 2006). \"Bush grenade attacker gets life\". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131142052/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/11/georgia.grenade/","url_text":"\"Bush grenade attacker gets life\""},{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/11/georgia.grenade/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facing Criticism, President Suspends Pardons\". Civil.ge. UNA-Georgia. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2020. 'Pardoning is not what some of you might think. This does not mean someone's guilt is nullified. This does not represent revision of any court [decision]… This is a subjective, personal decision of the President under exercising her own [constitutional] duties,' Zurabishvili said, adding that the pardons are based on subjective 'assessment of circumstances', which 'does not preclude mistakes' or the possibility of there being differing assessments of the same circumstances by others.","urls":[{"url":"https://civil.ge/archives/320610","url_text":"\"Facing Criticism, President Suspends Pardons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili","url_text":"Zurabishvili"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.vremya.ru/2006/2/5/142877.html","external_links_name":"\"Пожизненный срок за попытку убить сразу двух президентов [A life sentence for attempting to kill two presidents]\""},{"Link":"http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/86957/","external_links_name":"\"В МВД Грузии заявляют, что напавший на Буша не связан с какими-либо группировками [In the Georgian Interior Ministry claimed that attacked Bush is not associated with any groups]\""},{"Link":"https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/georgia-swan-song-gray-fox-caucasus","external_links_name":"\"Georgia: A Swan Song for the Gray Fox of the Caucasus?\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4535187.stm","external_links_name":"\"Hand grenade found at Bush rally\""},{"Link":"https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/january/grenade_attack011106","external_links_name":"\"The Case of the Failed Hand Grenade Attack: Man Who Tried to Assassinate President Convicted Overseas\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/09/07/bush.assassin/","external_links_name":"\"Alleged would-be Bush assassin indicted\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/georgia/story/0,,1487041,00.html","external_links_name":"\"FBI says hand grenade thrown at Bush was live\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/07/23/world/main711246.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Man Details Failed Grenade Attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/11/world/main1202544.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Life For Grenade Toss at Bush Rally\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4709105.stm","external_links_name":"\"Bush grenade suspect faces charge\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4603802.stm","external_links_name":"\"Georgian jailed for Bush attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1060074.html","external_links_name":"\"Shoot-Out Ends Georgian Manhunt For Grenade Suspect\""},{"Link":"https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2006/january/grenade_attack011106","external_links_name":"\"Attempted Presidential Assassin Convicted Overseas\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/12/usa.georgia","external_links_name":"\"Bush's would-be assassin begins life term\""},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-11-attack-bush_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Man sentenced to life for tossing grenade at Bush\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131142052/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/11/georgia.grenade/","external_links_name":"\"Bush grenade attacker gets life\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/11/georgia.grenade/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://civil.ge/archives/320610","external_links_name":"\"Facing Criticism, President Suspends Pardons\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishoy	Pishoy	["1 Life","2 Departure and relics","3 Monastic namesakes","4 References","5 External links"]	Egyptian desert father SaintBishoy (Paisios the Great)Coptic Icon of St. Bishoy, including scenes from his lifeBishoy, Star of the Desert, Beloved of our Good SaviorBorn320Shansa, EgyptDied15 July 417Mountain of Ansena, EgyptVenerated inEastern Orthodox ChurchesEastern Catholic ChurchOriental Orthodox ChurchesMajor shrineMonastery of Saint Bishoy Scetes, EgyptFeast 8 Epip (Coptic Orthodox Church) and 30 November Eastern Catholic Church 19 June Eastern Orthodox AttributesMonk carrying Jesus, Monk washing the feet of Jesus Bishoy of Scetis (Coptic: Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲡⲓϣⲱⲓ Abba Pišoi; Greek: Ὅσιος Παΐσιος ὁ Μέγας; 320 – 417 AD), known in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria as the Star of the Desert and the Beloved of our Good Savior, was a Coptic Desert Father. He is said to have seen Jesus, and been bodily preserved to the present day via incorruptibility at the Monastery of Saint Bishoy in the Nitrian Desert, Egypt. He is venerated by the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church, and is known in the latter under the Greek version of his name, Paisios. Life Bishoy was born in 320 AD in the village of Shansa (Shensha or Shesna), currently in the Egyptian governorate of Al Minufiyah. Younger to six other brothers, he was weak and frail. His mother saw an angel in a vision asking her to give God one of her children, and pointed at Bishoy. When the mother tried to offer one of her stronger children, the angel insisted that Bishoy was the chosen one. At the age of twenty, Bishoy went to the wilderness of Scetes and became a monk by the hand of Pambo, who also ordained John the Dwarf a monk. When Pambo died, Bishoy was guided by an angel to the site of the present Monastery of Saint Bishoy, where he lived the life of a hermit. At this time, he became the spiritual father of many monks who gathered around him. He was famous for his love, wisdom, simplicity and kindness, as well as for his extremely ascetic life. He was also known to love seclusion and quietness. Bishoy's asceticism was harsh to the extent of tying his hair and hands with a rope to the ceiling of his cell, in order to resist sleeping during his night prayers. This asceticism made him so famous that he was visited by Ephrem the Syrian. The Copts believe that Bishoy saw Jesus a number of times. When Bishoy's brethren learned that Jesus was coming, they gathered at the top of a mountain so that they might see him. On the way, they met an old man that asked these monks to help him on his way but they ignored him. Bishoy saw the man and carried him on his shoulders, only to discover that the old monk was none other but Christ himself. The latter told him that, for the extent of his love, his body will not see corruption. The Copts also believe that Bishoy washed the feet of Jesus who visited him as a poor stranger. Bishoy is known as a defender of Orthodox faith against heresies. Having heard of an ascetic in the mountain of Ansena who taught that there was no Holy Spirit, Bishoy went to him carrying a weaved basket with three ears. When the old man asked him about the reason for making three ears for a basket, Bishoy replied "I have a Trinity, and everything I do is like the Trinity". After much debate from the Scriptures, the Old and New Testaments, the old ascetic reverted to Orthodoxy. Departure and relics In 407/408 AD, as the Mazices invaded the wilderness of Scetes, Bishoy left and dwelt in the mountain of Ansena. At this time, he met Paul of Tammah in Antinoöpolis and the two became very close friends. While at the mountain of Ansena, Bishoy built another monastery, the monastery of Saint Bishoy at Dayr al-Barsha, which still stands today near Mallawi. Bishoy departed on 8 Epip (July 15) 417 AD. On December 13, 841 AD (4 Koiak), Pope Joseph I of Alexandria fulfilled the desire of Saint Bishoy and moved his body (as well as that of Paul of Tammah) to the Monastery of Saint Bishoy in the wilderness of Scetes. It is said that they first attempted to move the body of Saint Bishoy only, but when they carried it to the boat on the Nile, the boat would not move until they brought in the body of Paul of Tammah as well. Today, the two bodies lie in the main church of the Coptic Orthodox Monastery of Saint Bishoy in the Natroon Desert. Eyewitnesses recount that the body of Bishoy remains in an allegedly incorruptible state to this day. Monastic namesakes There are currently three monasteries in Egypt that carry the name of Saint Bishoy: The Monastery of Saint Bishoy at the Nitrian Desert The Monastery of Saint Bishoy at Deir el-Bersha, near Mallawi The Monastery of Saint Bishoy at Armant, east of Armant The Red Monastery near Souhag is also named after an Egyptian saint called Bishay. This saint is not to be confused with Saint Bishoy. References ^ Vivian, Tim; Mikhail, Maged S. A. (2022). The Life of Bishoi: The Greek, Arabic, Syriac, and Ethiopic Lives. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-999-6. ^ "Paisios the Great" Archived 2010-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, Online Chapel, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, retrieved 12-10-2009 ^ Orthodox Monastery of St. Bishoy the Great - Wadi El-Natroun, Egypt ^ "Lives of Saints : Baba 7". www.copticchurch.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17. Coptic Orthodox Synaxarium (Book of Saints) Bishoy from Coptic.org Bishoy from copticchurch.net Bishoy from stmaryscopticorthodox.ca External links Saint Bishoy Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada Authority control databases International FAST VIAF 2 National Germany United States Netherlands Poland Vatican vteSaints in the Coptic churchPatriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Prophets Moses Job Samuel David Hosea Amos Micah Joel Obadiah Jonah Nahum Noah Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Isaiah Jeremiah Baruch Ezekiel Daniel John the Baptist Theotokos Mary, Our Lady of Assiut Belarus Poland Warraq Zeitoun Seven Archangels Michael Gabriel Raphael Suriel Zedekiel Sarathiel Ananiel Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James, son of Alphaeus James, son of Zebedee John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Disciples Apollos Barnabas Mary Magdalene Phoebe the Deaconess Philemon Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John Martyrs 21 Martyrs of Libya Abāmūn Abāmūn Abanoub Abaskhiron Alexandrian Martyrs Arianus Apollonia Barbara Bashnouna Basilides and Potamiana Catherine Chrysanthus and Daria Chiaffredo Colluthus Cosmas and Damian Cyprian and Justina Cyrus and John Dasya Demiana Dorothea Elias and companions Epimachus Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius Felix and Regula Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly Gallicanus George George Bishop of Assiut George El Mozahem Gereon Hor, Besoy, and Daydara Imbaba Martyrs Isaac of Dafra John of Senhout Kosheh martyrs Malati Marina the Martyr Maspero Martyrs Maurice Memnon Menas Mohrael Moura Nag Hammadi Otimus Philomena Philotheos Rais Sarah Sidhom Bishay Theban Legion Thecla Theoclia Theodora and Didymus Theodore Stratelates Varus Veronica Wadamoun Wanas Popes Mark I Anianus Avilius Kedron Justus Eumenes Markianos Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Theonas Felix of Rome Peter I Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Timothy II Peter III Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon Simeon I Alexander II Theodore I Michael I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Abraham Zacharias Cyril II Macarius II Matthew I Gabriel VII John XIV Cyril V Macarius III Cyril VI Bishops Abadiu of Antinoe Abraam of Faiyum Alexander of Jerusalem Amun of Scetis Basil of Caesarea Cyril of Jerusalem Epiphanius of Cyprus Eusebius of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Gregory of Neocaesarea Ignatius of Antioch Jacob of Nisibis James of Jerusalem John of Nikiû John of Jerusalem Karas of California Mikhaeil of Asyut Narcissus of Jerusalem Nicholas of Myra Paphnutius of Scetis Paphnutius of Thebes Polycarp of Smyrna Porphyrius of Gaza Psote of Ebsay Serapion of Thmuis Severian of Gabala Yousab el-Abah of Girga Monks and nuns Abdel Messih El-Makari Abib and Apollo Abraham of Farshut Abraham of Scetis Amun Anthony the Great Awgin Bashnouna Hilarion Horsiesius Hospitius Mother Irini Isaac of Nineveh Isidore of Pelusium John Climacus John the Dwarf Macarius of Alexandria Macarius of Egypt Marina the Monk Moses the Black Nilus of Sinai Pachomius the Great Pambo Parsoma Patapios Paul of Thebes Paul of Tammah Paul the Simple Petronius Pishoy Poemen Samuel the Confessor Sisoes the Great Tekle Haymanot Theodorus of Tabennese Theodora of Alexandria Anchorites Karas Mary Misael Onuphrius Paphnutius Paul Pijimi Shenouda Thomas Zosimas Other saints Ambrose Clement of Alexandria Didymus the Blind Euphrosyne Habib Girgis Candidus Simon the Tanner Three Holy Children Maximus and Domatius Verena Christianity portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts"},{"link_name":"Desert Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Father"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"incorruptibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorruptibility"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Saint Bishoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Bishoy"},{"link_name":"Nitrian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrian_Desert"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bishoy of Scetis (Coptic: Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲡⲓϣⲱⲓ Abba Pišoi; Greek: Ὅσιος Παΐσιος ὁ Μέγας; 320 – 417 AD[1]), known in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria as the Star of the Desert and the Beloved of our Good Savior, was a Coptic Desert Father. He is said to have seen Jesus, and been bodily preserved to the present day via incorruptibility at the Monastery of Saint Bishoy in the Nitrian Desert, Egypt. He is venerated by the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church, and is known in the latter under the Greek version of his name, Paisios.[2]","title":"Pishoy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Al Minufiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Minufiyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"Scetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scetes"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Pambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pambo"},{"link_name":"John the Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Dwarf"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"night prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compline"},{"link_name":"Ephrem the Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"Copts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Copts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt"},{"link_name":"Orthodox faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"heresies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresies"},{"link_name":"Ansena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansena"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"New Testaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"}],"text":"Bishoy was born in 320 AD in the village of Shansa (Shensha or Shesna), currently in the Egyptian governorate of Al Minufiyah. Younger to six other brothers, he was weak and frail. His mother saw an angel in a vision asking her to give God one of her children, and pointed at Bishoy. When the mother tried to offer one of her stronger children, the angel insisted that Bishoy was the chosen one.At the age of twenty, Bishoy went to the wilderness of Scetes and became a monk by the hand of Pambo, who also ordained John the Dwarf a monk. When Pambo died, Bishoy was guided by an angel to the site of the present Monastery of Saint Bishoy, where he lived the life of a hermit. At this time, he became the spiritual father of many monks who gathered around him. He was famous for his love, wisdom, simplicity and kindness, as well as for his extremely ascetic life. He was also known to love seclusion and quietness. Bishoy's asceticism was harsh to the extent of tying his hair and hands with a rope to the ceiling of his cell, in order to resist sleeping during his night prayers. This asceticism made him so famous that he was visited by Ephrem the Syrian.The Copts believe that Bishoy saw Jesus a number of times. When Bishoy's brethren learned that Jesus was coming, they gathered at the top of a mountain so that they might see him. On the way, they met an old man that asked these monks to help him on his way but they ignored him. Bishoy saw the man and carried him on his shoulders, only to discover that the old monk was none other but Christ himself. The latter told him that, for the extent of his love, his body will not see corruption. The Copts also believe that Bishoy washed the feet of Jesus who visited him as a poor stranger.Bishoy is known as a defender of Orthodox faith against heresies. Having heard of an ascetic in the mountain of Ansena who taught that there was no Holy Spirit, Bishoy went to him carrying a weaved basket with three ears. When the old man asked him about the reason for making three ears for a basket, Bishoy replied \"I have a Trinity, and everything I do is like the Trinity\". After much debate from the Scriptures, the Old and New Testaments, the old ascetic reverted to Orthodoxy.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazices"},{"link_name":"Scetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scetes"},{"link_name":"Paul of Tammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tammah"},{"link_name":"Antinoöpolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinopolis"},{"link_name":"Dayr al-Barsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayr_al-Barsha"},{"link_name":"Mallawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallawi"},{"link_name":"Epip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epip"},{"link_name":"Koiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiak"},{"link_name":"Pope Joseph I of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Saint Bishoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Bishoy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Natroon Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrian_Desert"}],"text":"In 407/408 AD, as the Mazices invaded the wilderness of Scetes, Bishoy left and dwelt in the mountain of Ansena. At this time, he met Paul of Tammah in Antinoöpolis and the two became very close friends. While at the mountain of Ansena, Bishoy built another monastery, the monastery of Saint Bishoy at Dayr al-Barsha, which still stands today near Mallawi. Bishoy departed on 8 Epip (July 15) 417 AD.On December 13, 841 AD (4 Koiak), Pope Joseph I of Alexandria fulfilled the desire of Saint Bishoy and moved his body (as well as that of Paul of Tammah) to the Monastery of Saint Bishoy in the wilderness of Scetes.[3] It is said that they first attempted to move the body of Saint Bishoy only, but when they carried it to the boat on the Nile, the boat would not move until they brought in the body of Paul of Tammah as well.[4] Today, the two bodies lie in the main church of the Coptic Orthodox Monastery of Saint Bishoy in the Natroon Desert. Eyewitnesses recount that the body of Bishoy remains in an allegedly incorruptible state to this day.","title":"Departure and relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Saint Bishoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Pishoy"},{"link_name":"Nitrian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrian_Desert"},{"link_name":"Deir el-Bersha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bersha"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Saint Bishoy at Armant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Bishoy_at_Armant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armant"},{"link_name":"Red Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Souhag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souhag"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"}],"text":"There are currently three monasteries in Egypt that carry the name of Saint Bishoy:The Monastery of Saint Bishoy at the Nitrian Desert\nThe Monastery of Saint Bishoy at Deir el-Bersha, near Mallawi\nThe Monastery of Saint Bishoy at Armant, east of ArmantThe Red Monastery near Souhag is also named after an Egyptian saint called Bishay. This saint is not to be confused with Saint Bishoy.","title":"Monastic namesakes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Vivian, Tim; Mikhail, Maged S. A. (2022). The Life of Bishoi: The Greek, Arabic, Syriac, and Ethiopic Lives. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-999-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TAabzQEACAAJ","url_text":"The Life of Bishoi: The Greek, Arabic, Syriac, and Ethiopic Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-999-6","url_text":"978-1-61797-999-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Lives of Saints : Baba 7\". www.copticchurch.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/2_7.html#1","url_text":"\"Lives of Saints : Baba 7\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TAabzQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Life of Bishoi: The Greek, Arabic, Syriac, and Ethiopic Lives"},{"Link":"http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints/2157","external_links_name":"\"Paisios the Great\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620203042/http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints/2157","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.coptic.net/lessons/StBishoy.txt","external_links_name":"Orthodox Monastery of St. Bishoy the Great - Wadi El-Natroun, Egypt"},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/2_7.html#1","external_links_name":"\"Lives of Saints : Baba 7\""},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/11_8.html#1","external_links_name":"Coptic Orthodox Synaxarium (Book of Saints)"},{"Link":"http://www.coptic.org/stmarkno/jul97.htm","external_links_name":"Bishoy from Coptic.org"},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/bishoy.html","external_links_name":"Bishoy from copticchurch.net"},{"Link":"http://www.stmaryscopticorthodox.ca/articles/pishoi.pdf","external_links_name":"Bishoy from stmaryscopticorthodox.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.stbishoy.ca/","external_links_name":"Saint Bishoy Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1839940/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/190577579","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316408595","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123542480","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93031804","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p173226825","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690966705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/54568","external_links_name":"Vatican"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham_railway_station	Petersham railway station	["1 History","2 Training college","3 Platforms and services","4 Transport links","5 Description","6 Heritage listing","7 References","7.1 Attribution","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°53′38″S 151°09′19″E / 33.89396°S 151.15517°E / -33.89396; 151.15517Railway station in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia PetershamWestbound view in February 2023General informationLocationTrafalgar Street, PetershamCoordinates33°53′38″S 151°09′19″E / 33.89396°S 151.15517°E / -33.89396; 151.15517Elevation34 metres (112 ft)Owned byTransport Asset Holding EntityOperated bySydney TrainsLine(s)Main SuburbanDistance5.50 kilometres (3 mi) from CentralPlatforms2 (1 island)Tracks6ConnectionsBusConstructionStructure typeGroundAccessibleYesOther informationStatus Weekdays: Staffed: 6am-7pm Weekends and public holidays: Staffed: 8am-4pmStation codePSMWebsiteTransport for NSWHistoryOpened6 January 1857ElectrifiedYesPassengers2023 1,704,870 (year) 4,671 (daily) (Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink) Services Preceding station Sydney Trains Following station Lewishamtowards Parramatta or Leppington Inner West & Leppington Line Stanmoretowards City Circle North Shore & Western Line does not stop here Northern Line does not stop here New South Wales Heritage RegisterOfficial namePetersham Railway Station groupTypeState heritage (built)Designated2 April 1999Reference no.1223TypeRailway Platform/ StationCategoryTransport - RailBuildersDepartment of Railways Petersham railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Suburban line, serving the Sydney suburb of Petersham. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Inner West & Leppington line services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. History Former Petersham station building Petersham Station was opened on 6 January 1857 as a halt. A goods yard was established in 1882 and soon afterwards plans were prepared to quadruplicate the main line from Sydney to Homebush. This resulted in a further reorganisation of the Petersham yard so that the main station building was sited "up" on the platform and a new iron footbridge was built to cross the new railway and connect up with a new island platform where the earlier building was demolished and replaced by an elegantly designed curved roof structure. The new station building and footbridge were all designed by George Cowdery who was also responsible for the design of several other large and elaborate station buildings, including Newcastle (1876), Werris Creek (1883) and Cootamundra (1887). The plan of the station was based on the standard developed by John Whitton but the design and detailing of the station buildings and footbridge were much more elaborate than most station designs used elsewhere. In 1891, the present subway was built and another island platform building constructed to serve the slow tracks. Access to the platforms from this subway closed after 1988. A turn-back siding previously located between the local tracks has now been removed. This turn back siding was located on land now used for the training college west of the station. The Main Suburban line through Petersham was quadruplicated in 1892. A pedestrian subway was provided in 1892 at the western end of the station, connecting Trafalgar and Terminus Streets. Access to the platforms from this subway closed after 1988. Additional land was purchased in 1911 for a large goods yard and, with a new goods shed built in 1913, made Petersham a major suburban station serving passengers and freight. In 1926, the addition of a further two tracks and electrification as part of a second stage of sextuplication and electrification of the Main Suburban line resulted in a major change to the way the station operated. The 1885 station building was closed and eventually became the offices of the District Signal Engineer. The other platform buildings were demolished and replaced by a brick building. The goods yard was gradually phased out and closed shortly after the second world war. In 1954 the north wing of the 1885 building was taken over by the Railways and Tramways Hospital Fund, and the present eastern wing was added. Upgrades to the station took place in the late 1990s, with the wooden steps on the footbridge being replaced due to their slipperiness in wet weather, a small but high-roofed shed at the east end of the platform being removed for security reasons, and the area under the lower part of the platform stairs also being fenced-off for similar concerns. In 2021, the station received a significant upgrade, adding lifts and ramps to provide ambulant access to the platform, new bicycle parking, and improved amenities. Trafalgar Street entrance Terminus Street entrance Training college S Set at the training college In 1967, the Department of Railways granted the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum use of the former goods sidings pending its moving to Enfield. On 6 November 1987, this site was opened by the State Rail Authority as a training college, being officially opened by Minister for Transport Ron Mulock. It was refurbished in 2008 with the two Tulloch trailers replaced with S set carriages As well as various pieces of rail signalling and track infrastructure, the training college has two S set carriages. Platforms and services Platform Line Stopping pattern Notes 1 T2 services to Central & the City Circle 2 T2 services to Homebush, Leppington & Parramatta Transport links Transit Systems operates two bus routes via Petersham station, under contract to Transport for NSW: 412: Martin Place to Campsie station via Earlwood 445: Balmain to Campsie station via Canterbury Petersham station is served by one NightRide route: N50: Liverpool station to Town Hall station Description The Petersham station complex consists of the current station building on Platform 1/2 (1926), the former station building on Terminus Street (1885 with 1954 alterations), platforms alongside each station building (1885 and 1926), a footbridge (1883), a pedestrian subway (1891), a signal box (1927), and a modern canopy. Petersham Railway Station is entered from Trafalgar Street to the south and Terminus Street to the north. The station group has a former wayside platform and station building (currently offices) and island platform accessed via the footbridge. The former station building is generally accessed from Terminus Street. To the north of the station on Terminus Street is a residential area while to the south and across Trafalgar Street by industrial and commercial buildings. Former station building (1885 with 1954 alterations) The "first class station building" is a symmetrical composition in an ornate Italianate style with a high parapeted central block, a central tower, and flanked by lower supporting buildings. The main block is fronted to the south by a platform awning supported by cast iron columns with decorative cast iron lace work. The width of this platform has been reduced since it was decommissioned. The Terminus Street elevation is accessed via sandstone steps onto a veranda, supported on cast iron columns with decorative lacework, which spans the extent of the central block. An access door under this veranda has been created off the lower landing of the stone steps to the west. The exterior walls are face brickwork with painted moulded cement decorative elements. To the eastern end of the original building is a rendered brick extension. Infill sections have been constructed between the previously separate wings to the east and west and 2 garage doors under the eastern wing (there was previously a garage door located further to the east which has subsequently been bricked up). Recent restorations have included new tuck pointing and the reinstatement of most of the doors and windows to the south elevation, although several remain non-operational. The works also saw the roof replaced in corrugated steel sheeting in place of the original slate. The oval vents to the roof were reinstated. These works have been undertaken in an appropriate and sensitive manner obviously with reference to the original architectural drawings. There have been several changes to the existing building internally, mostly as a result of changing function. There are several new openings in the partition walls, and these have been treated so as to complement the original style of the building. The doors and windows to the north elevation are for the most part, original, with the reproduced doors and windows to the south elevation to match. All mouldings such as skirtings, architrave and cornices are in keeping with the age of the building. From the garage and subfloor space it would appear that much of the timber floor structure has been replaced. These floors are carpeted above. Many of the later partition walls and fittings have been worked around the existing fabric and would for the most part be considered "reversible". There is Perspex secondary glazing to the openings on the south side in an attempt to keep out the noise of the passing trains. The former station building was in good condition at the time of heritage listing. The exterior of this building is largely intact and has been subject to extensive restoration in recent years. The offices which occupy the 1954 extension and a small section of the original 1885 building are not considered significant. While this extension to the west has little merit, it does not detract from the integrity of the main building. Likewise, infill sections are poorly executed but do not have a major impact on the integrity of the 1885 building. The interior contains many architectural features, both original and reproductions, which contribute to the significance and integrity of the building as a whole. Platform Building (1926) A rectangular face brick building (all painted) with a gabled roof and integral shallower sloped cantilevered awnings. The face brick in stretcher bond has been painted. The building is seven bays in length, with the bays defined by engaged brick piers which coincide with the awning supports. Original chimneys have been removed. The cantilever awning is on standard double bowed steel brackets supported on decorative cement cornices on engaged brick piers and bolt fixings to the station building brick walls. The soffit is the underside of the corrugated steel roof fixed to intermediate exposed purlins. There is a decorative timber fascia at the junction with the brick wall. Vertical timber boards form a valance at each end. The edge of the awning is finished with a plain timber fascia. The awning roof, as for the main roof, is corrugated steel. The window openings have brick sills and arched brick heads with original timber sashes. Security grilles have been fitted to all doors and windows and modern services fixed to the building. The canopy to the eastern end is completely modern (c. 1990s). The planter box to the western end is thought to be where the stairs once accessed the subway. The interior is much altered from original plans dated 1925. The booking office and associated functions were relocated to be housed in this building when the subway was closed. Some original features remain including the mini corrugated metal ceilings and pressed metal ceiling roses, moulded bead detail to rendered and set walls, cornices and architraves. Windows are original sashes however the doors are replacements. The floor is covered in vinyl and may have original timber floorboards under. The existing waiting room, which is currently used as a store has the original bench seating. The toilets have been relocated from the original plans to the western end of the building and these rooms now have little merit. The platform building was in good condition at the time of heritage listing. While the exterior is mainly intact, the interior has been modified to meet ever-changing operational requirements. This, coupled with the fact that there a more intact examples of this type of platform building elsewhere, has reduced the integrity of this particular building. Signal box (1927) External: A timber-framed structure with fibre cement cladding on brick base. Access is on the eastern side, via precast concrete stairs, onto cantilevered concrete platform. The small external toilet is accessed off the concrete platform to the south. To the north-east and north-west corners there are timber framed multi paned sliding casement windows with security grilles to the exterior. The building features a Dutch gable roof with fibre cement slates and decorative finials with a timber louvred vent to the gablets. Internally, it has typical ceiling detail with a raked section to perimeter and cover mouldings. The metal bracing across the ceiling is also typical in signal boxes of this period. The interior walls have fibre cement sheet and batten cladding. The original signalling equipment still remains. The signal box is mostly intact with all its signalling equipment, original fibre cement slate tiles and weatherboard walls. It was reported to require maintenance attention at the time of heritage listing. Platforms Platform 1 (Up) and Platform 2 (Down) form an island platform with asphalt surface and original brick facing. The platform to the former station (to the north) has been made narrower and is not currently used. Canopies There is a modern canopy at the edge of the stairs that leads down from the footbridge onto the platform and it provides shelter to the space between the stairs and the platform building. The canopy has a slight butterfly roof and is constructed of Colorbond steel sheets resting on steel I beams and columns. Footbridge (1883) The footbridge comprises a deck connecting both Trafalgar and Terminus Streets and stairs that lead down to the platform and the streets. The entire structure rests on original brick piers, cast iron columns, arches and steel trestles. Refurbished in 1992 the footbridge has a concrete deck and stairs with painted steel handrails and balustrades. The riveted metal lattice work to the underneath of the deck of the footbridge is original. Pedestrian Subway (1891) The subway runs from north to south under the rail tracks and accommodates the two entries into the station. It has brick walls and a ceiling made of original concrete slabs reinforced with steel joists. However, as the walls are almost entirely covered in graffiti it is difficult to ascertain original fabric. The subway originally had a booking office and stairs leading up to the platforms. However at some point both were bricked in and this has resulted in the subway having no connections with the platforms and serving as only a crossing under the tracks. Retaining walls There are brick retaining walls along Terminus Street made of English bond brickwork from the platform to former station building with an opening for stairs to footbridge. The wall continues up Terminus Street to the east for approximately 100 metres. Moveable items of heritage significance Safe in Station Manager's Office Honours Board in Station Manager's Office Photographs in Station Manager's Office & Terminus Street Building NSWGR Sink in garage of Terminus Street Building Integrity Despite the moderate integrity of the island platform buildings and the limited integrity of the subway, overall the Petersham Station Group is assessed as having a high level of integrity based on the condition and intactness of the Terminus Street former station building, the footbridge and the signal box. Heritage listing Petersham Railway Station has State significance as the station with its group of largely intact, original structures dating from the 1880s establishment of the station through to the 1891 quadruplication and the 1927 sextuplication of the line, is able to demonstrate the growth and expansion of the railways in the late 19th and early 20th century. The building serves to mark the alignment of the first railway in NSW, that being the 1855 Sydney to Parramatta line; The 1880s former station building is the largest and most elaborate 19th century station building constructed for the Sydney suburban rail system and is the only major "First Class" station building known to have been built in Sydney in the 19th century and is therefore unique in the history of the New South Wales Government Railways. It is a fine example of a late Victorian Italianate station dating from 1885, and although compromised by later alterations and additions is substantially intact and capable of restoration. The building is unusual and of significance by being reached from the street by a grand stair in the classical manner and having a landscaped forecourt to a suburban street and forms a major part of an important historic railway precinct including the bridge and signal box and is a significant landmark in this part of Petersham, which retains much of its 19th century built street character. The station is one of a select number of similar buildings designed by the office of the Engineer for the Existing Lines Branch, George Cowdery, with the 1883 iron pedestrian bridge and steps also designed by Cowdery; Petersham railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Petersham Railway Station has State significance as the station with its group of largely intact, original structures dating from the 1880s establishment of the station through to the 1891 quadruplication and the 1927 sextuplication of the line, is able to demonstrate the growth and expansion of the railways in the late 19th and early 20th century. The extant 19th and 20th century platforms, buildings, footbridge, subway and signal box are collectively able to demonstrate important historical phases of suburban railway development. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. Petersham Railway Station is significant for its association with Engineer-in-Chief George Cowdery under whose direction the extant 1880s former station building and footbridge were designed, the design and detailing of the station building and footbridge being more elaborate than most station design used elsewhere. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. Petersham Railway Station has State aesthetic significance with its 1880s "first class station building" which displays complicated roof forms, large symmetrical plan and awnings supported on cast iron columns. The building has a prominent presence to both Terminus Street and as viewed from the island platform and footbridge. The 1920s "initial island" platform building is significant with its design showing linear form, gable roof and integrated awnings. The 1880s footbridge with stairs leading down the platforms and streets has been altered considerably in terms of the recasting of the stairs and deck and installation of new handrails and balustrades. However the footbridge has a number of 1880s elements namely brick piers, cast iron columns, arches, steel trestles and latticework to the deck and overall retains is aesthetic quality. The signal box which dates from 1927 has technical significance as it contains all its signalling equipment demonstrating signalling technology of this era. The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place and can provide a connection to the local community's history. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. Petersham Railway Station has rarity in terms of its "first class station building" and the footbridge, with the station building being the only 'first class station building' in the Sydney area and the footbridge being the second oldest surviving footbridge in NSW and a unique example within the suburban network. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The building on platform 1/2 has been altered internally but it retains a high level of integrity to its exterior and is representative of a common form of standard platform building design. With seven bays the building is one of the larger examples of its type and is therefore an excellent representation of this type. The signal box at Petersham Railway Station has characteristic features of this type of signal box namely its elevated brickwork base, timber framed, fibre cement clad operating level structure and Dutch gable roof and has a high level of integrity as its original signalling equipment has been retained and it still has original fibre cement slate roof tiles, making it an excellent example. References ^ This figure is the number of entries and exits of a year combined averaged to a day. ^ "Train Station Monthly Usage". Open Data. Retrieved 26 January 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "Petersham Railway Station group". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01223. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ a b Stations & Tracks Volume 1 Main Suburban State Rail Authority 1988 ^ "Reading the Railway Landscape" Australian Railway History May 2010 Volume 61 no 871 ^ "NSW Railway Passenger Services 1880-1905" Australian Railway History Vol 56 No 810 April 2005 page 141 ^ NSW, Transport for (28 September 2021). "Petersham Station Upgrade". transport.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ "The New South Wales Rail Transport Museum: The First Thirty Years" Roundhouse January 1994 page 5 ^ "Staff Training College" Railway Digest February 1988 page 48 ^ Petersham Rail Archived 26 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Leighton Contractors ^ a b "T2: Inner West & Leppington line timetable". Transport for NSW. ^ Route 412 timetable State Transit 4 October 2015 ^ "Transit Systems route 445". Transport for NSW. ^ "\| transportnsw.info". transportnsw.info. Retrieved 28 April 2024. Attribution This Wikipedia article contains material from Petersham Railway Station group, entry number 01223 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018. External links Media related to Petersham railway station at Wikimedia Commons Petersham station details Transport for New South Wales vteTransport for NSW railway stations List of Sydney Trains railway stations List of NSW TrainLink railway stations List of Sydney Metro stations List of closed Sydney railway stations Sydney Metro services and stations Metro North West Line Sydney Trains services and stationsT2 Inner West &Leppington Line Central Museum St James Circular Quay Wynyard Town Hall Central Redfern Macdonaldtown Newtown Stanmore Petersham Lewisham Summer Hill Ashfield Croydon Burwood Strathfield Homebush Flemington Lidcombe Auburn Clyde Granville Harris Park Parramatta Merrylands Guildford Yennora Fairfield Canley Vale Cabramatta Warwick Farm Liverpool Casula Glenfield Edmondson Park Leppington North Shore & Western Inner West & Leppington Bankstown Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Cumberland Lidcombe & Bankstown Olympic Park Airport & South Northern NSW TrainLink Intercity services and stations Blue Mountains Central Coast & Newcastle Hunter South Coast Southern Highlands NSW TrainLink Regional services and stations North Coast Region North Western Region Southern Region Western Region Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction Stations in (parentheses) are uncommon stops for the listed service	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main Suburban line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Suburban_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Petersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Trains"},{"link_name":"T2 Inner West & Leppington line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_West_%26_Leppington_Line"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"}],"text":"Railway station in Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaPetersham railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Suburban line, serving the Sydney suburb of Petersham. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Inner West & Leppington line services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.[3]","title":"Petersham railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PetershamRailwayStation3.JPG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Werris Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werris_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cootamundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cootamundra"},{"link_name":"John Whitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Main Suburban line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Suburban_railway_line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"Main Suburban line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Suburban_railway_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petersham_railway_station_southern_entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petersham_railway_station_northern_entrance.jpg"}],"text":"Former Petersham station buildingPetersham Station was opened on 6 January 1857 as a halt. A goods yard was established in 1882 and soon afterwards plans were prepared to quadruplicate the main line from Sydney to Homebush. This resulted in a further reorganisation of the Petersham yard so that the main station building was sited \"up\" on the platform and a new iron footbridge was built to cross the new railway and connect up with a new island platform where the earlier building was demolished and replaced by an elegantly designed curved roof structure.[3]The new station building and footbridge were all designed by George Cowdery who was also responsible for the design of several other large and elaborate station buildings, including Newcastle (1876), Werris Creek (1883) and Cootamundra (1887). The plan of the station was based on the standard developed by John Whitton but the design and detailing of the station buildings and footbridge were much more elaborate than most station designs used elsewhere.[3]In 1891, the present subway was built and another island platform building constructed to serve the slow tracks.[3] Access to the platforms from this subway closed after 1988.[4]A turn-back siding previously located between the local tracks has now been removed.[5] This turn back siding was located on land now used for the training college west of the station.The Main Suburban line through Petersham was quadruplicated in 1892.[6] A pedestrian subway was provided in 1892 at the western end of the station, connecting Trafalgar and Terminus Streets. Access to the platforms from this subway closed after 1988.[4]Additional land was purchased in 1911 for a large goods yard and, with a new goods shed built in 1913, made Petersham a major suburban station serving passengers and freight.[3]In 1926, the addition of a further two tracks and electrification as part of a second stage of sextuplication and electrification of the Main Suburban line resulted in a major change to the way the station operated. The 1885 station building was closed and eventually became the offices of the District Signal Engineer. The other platform buildings were demolished and replaced by a brick building. The goods yard was gradually phased out and closed shortly after the second world war.[3]In 1954 the north wing of the 1885 building was taken over by the Railways and Tramways Hospital Fund, and the present eastern wing was added.[3]Upgrades to the station took place in the late 1990s, with the wooden steps on the footbridge being replaced due to their slipperiness in wet weather, a small but high-roofed shed at the east end of the platform being removed for security reasons, and the area under the lower part of the platform stairs also being fenced-off for similar concerns.In 2021, the station received a significant upgrade, adding lifts and ramps to provide ambulant access to the platform, new bicycle parking, and improved amenities.[7]Trafalgar Street entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTerminus Street entrance","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petersham_Training_College_train_set.jpg"},{"link_name":"Department of Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Railways_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Rail Transport Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Rail_Museum"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Locomotive_Depot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"State Rail Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Rail_Authority"},{"link_name":"Ron Mulock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Mulock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"S set carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Trains_S_set"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"S set carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Trains_S_set"}],"text":"S Set at the training collegeIn 1967, the Department of Railways granted the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum use of the former goods sidings pending its moving to Enfield.[8] On 6 November 1987, this site was opened by the State Rail Authority as a training college, being officially opened by Minister for Transport Ron Mulock.[9] It was refurbished in 2008 with the two Tulloch trailers replaced with S set carriages[10] As well as various pieces of rail signalling and track infrastructure, the training college has two S set carriages.","title":"Training college"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Platforms and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transit Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_Systems_NSW"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Metropolitan_Bus_Service_Contracts"},{"link_name":"Transport for NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_NSW"},{"link_name":"Martin Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Place"},{"link_name":"Campsie station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsie_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"NightRide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NightRide_(bus_service)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_railway_station,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Town Hall station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Hall_railway_station,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Transit Systems operates two bus routes via Petersham station, under contract to Transport for NSW:412: Martin Place to Campsie station via Earlwood[12]\n445: Balmain to Campsie station via Canterbury[13]Petersham station is served by one NightRide route:N50: Liverpool station to Town Hall station[14]","title":"Transport links"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"awning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awning"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columns"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"veranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda"},{"link_name":"spans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Span_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"brickwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickwork"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"skirtings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseboard"},{"link_name":"architrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave"},{"link_name":"cornices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"awnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awnings"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"chimneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneys"},{"link_name":"cantilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"brackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"soffit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soffit"},{"link_name":"fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"sashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sash_window"},{"link_name":"grilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"corrugated metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron"},{"link_name":"pressed metal ceiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressed_metal_ceiling"},{"link_name":"architraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architraves"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"casement windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_window"},{"link_name":"Dutch gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_gable"},{"link_name":"finials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finial"},{"link_name":"louvred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louver"},{"link_name":"gablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gablet_roof"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"batten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"weatherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherboard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"handrails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handrails"},{"link_name":"balustrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustrade"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latticework"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"retaining walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"}],"text":"The Petersham station complex consists of the current station building on Platform 1/2 (1926), the former station building on Terminus Street (1885 with 1954 alterations), platforms alongside each station building (1885 and 1926), a footbridge (1883), a pedestrian subway (1891), a signal box (1927), and a modern canopy.[3]Petersham Railway Station is entered from Trafalgar Street to the south and Terminus Street to the north. The station group has a former wayside platform and station building (currently offices) and island platform accessed via the footbridge. The former station building is generally accessed from Terminus Street. To the north of the station on Terminus Street is a residential area while to the south and across Trafalgar Street by industrial and commercial buildings.[3]Former station building (1885 with 1954 alterations)The \"first class station building\" is a symmetrical composition in an ornate Italianate style with a high parapeted central block, a central tower, and flanked by lower supporting buildings. The main block is fronted to the south by a platform awning supported by cast iron columns with decorative cast iron lace work. The width of this platform has been reduced since it was decommissioned. The Terminus Street elevation is accessed via sandstone steps onto a veranda, supported on cast iron columns with decorative lacework, which spans the extent of the central block. An access door under this veranda has been created off the lower landing of the stone steps to the west. The exterior walls are face brickwork with painted moulded cement decorative elements. To the eastern end of the original building is a rendered brick extension. Infill sections have been constructed between the previously separate wings to the east and west and 2 garage doors under the eastern wing (there was previously a garage door located further to the east which has subsequently been bricked up).[3]Recent restorations have included new tuck pointing and the reinstatement of most of the doors and windows to the south elevation, although several remain non-operational. The works also saw the roof replaced in corrugated steel sheeting in place of the original slate. The oval vents to the roof were reinstated. These works have been undertaken in an appropriate and sensitive manner obviously with reference to the original architectural drawings.[3]There have been several changes to the existing building internally, mostly as a result of changing function. There are several new openings in the partition walls, and these have been treated so as to complement the original style of the building. The doors and windows to the north elevation are for the most part, original, with the reproduced doors and windows to the south elevation to match. All mouldings such as skirtings, architrave and cornices are in keeping with the age of the building.[3]From the garage and subfloor space it would appear that much of the timber floor structure has been replaced. These floors are carpeted above. Many of the later partition walls and fittings have been worked around the existing fabric and would for the most part be considered \"reversible\". There is Perspex secondary glazing to the openings on the south side in an attempt to keep out the noise of the passing trains.[3]The former station building was in good condition at the time of heritage listing.[3]The exterior of this building is largely intact and has been subject to extensive restoration in recent years. The offices which occupy the 1954 extension and a small section of the original 1885 building are not considered significant. While this extension to the west has little merit, it does not detract from the integrity of the main building. Likewise, infill sections are poorly executed but do not have a major impact on the integrity of the 1885 building. The interior contains many architectural features, both original and reproductions, which contribute to the significance and integrity of the building as a whole.[3]Platform Building (1926)A rectangular face brick building (all painted) with a gabled roof and integral shallower sloped cantilevered awnings. The face brick in stretcher bond has been painted. The building is seven bays in length, with the bays defined by engaged brick piers which coincide with the awning supports. Original chimneys have been removed. The cantilever awning is on standard double bowed steel brackets supported on decorative cement cornices on engaged brick piers and bolt fixings to the station building brick walls. The soffit is the underside of the corrugated steel roof fixed to intermediate exposed purlins. There is a decorative timber fascia at the junction with the brick wall. Vertical timber boards form a valance at each end. The edge of the awning is finished with a plain timber fascia. The awning roof, as for the main roof, is corrugated steel. The window openings have brick sills and arched brick heads with original timber sashes. Security grilles have been fitted to all doors and windows and modern services fixed to the building. The canopy to the eastern end is completely modern (c. 1990s). The planter box to the western end is thought to be where the stairs once accessed the subway.[3]The interior is much altered from original plans dated 1925. The booking office and associated functions were relocated to be housed in this building when the subway was closed. Some original features remain including the mini corrugated metal ceilings and pressed metal ceiling roses, moulded bead detail to rendered and set walls, cornices and architraves. Windows are original sashes however the doors are replacements. The floor is covered in vinyl and may have original timber floorboards under. The existing waiting room, which is currently used as a store has the original bench seating. The toilets have been relocated from the original plans to the western end of the building and these rooms now have little merit.[3]The platform building was in good condition at the time of heritage listing.[3]While the exterior is mainly intact, the interior has been modified to meet ever-changing operational requirements. This, coupled with the fact that there a more intact examples of this type of platform building elsewhere, has reduced the integrity of this particular building.[3]Signal box (1927)External: A timber-framed structure with fibre cement cladding on brick base. Access is on the eastern side, via precast concrete stairs, onto cantilevered concrete platform. The small external toilet is accessed off the concrete platform to the south. To the north-east and north-west corners there are timber framed multi paned sliding casement windows with security grilles to the exterior. The building features a Dutch gable roof with fibre cement slates and decorative finials with a timber louvred vent to the gablets.[3]Internally, it has typical ceiling detail with a raked section to perimeter and cover mouldings. The metal bracing across the ceiling is also typical in signal boxes of this period. The interior walls have fibre cement sheet and batten cladding. The original signalling equipment still remains.[3]The signal box is mostly intact with all its signalling equipment, original fibre cement slate tiles and weatherboard walls. It was reported to require maintenance attention at the time of heritage listing.[3]PlatformsPlatform 1 (Up) and Platform 2 (Down) form an island platform with asphalt surface and original brick facing. The platform to the former station (to the north) has been made narrower and is not currently used.[3]CanopiesThere is a modern canopy at the edge of the stairs that leads down from the footbridge onto the platform and it provides shelter to the space between the stairs and the platform building. The canopy has a slight butterfly roof and is constructed of Colorbond steel sheets resting on steel I beams and columns.[3]Footbridge (1883)The footbridge comprises a deck connecting both Trafalgar and Terminus Streets and stairs that lead down to the platform and the streets. The entire structure rests on original brick piers, cast iron columns, arches and steel trestles. Refurbished in 1992 the footbridge has a concrete deck and stairs with painted steel handrails and balustrades. The riveted metal lattice work to the underneath of the deck of the footbridge is original.[3]Pedestrian Subway (1891)The subway runs from north to south under the rail tracks and accommodates the two entries into the station. It has brick walls and a ceiling made of original concrete slabs reinforced with steel joists. However, as the walls are almost entirely covered in graffiti it is difficult to ascertain original fabric. The subway originally had a booking office and stairs leading up to the platforms. However at some point both were bricked in and this has resulted in the subway having no connections with the platforms and serving as only a crossing under the tracks.[3]Retaining wallsThere are brick retaining walls along Terminus Street made of English bond brickwork from the platform to former station building with an opening for stairs to footbridge. The wall continues up Terminus Street to the east for approximately 100 metres.[3]Moveable items of heritage significanceSafe in Station Manager's Office\nHonours Board in Station Manager's Office\nPhotographs in Station Manager's Office & Terminus Street Building\nNSWGR Sink in garage of Terminus Street Building[3]IntegrityDespite the moderate integrity of the island platform buildings and the limited integrity of the subway, overall the Petersham Station Group is assessed as having a high level of integrity based on the condition and intactness of the Terminus Street former station building, the footbridge and the signal box.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Government Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Railways"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1223-3"}],"text":"Petersham Railway Station has State significance as the station with its group of largely intact, original structures dating from the 1880s establishment of the station through to the 1891 quadruplication and the 1927 sextuplication of the line, is able to demonstrate the growth and expansion of the railways in the late 19th and early 20th century. The building serves to mark the alignment of the first railway in NSW, that being the 1855 Sydney to Parramatta line;[3]The 1880s former station building is the largest and most elaborate 19th century station building constructed for the Sydney suburban rail system and is the only major \"First Class\" station building known to have been built in Sydney in the 19th century and is therefore unique in the history of the New South Wales Government Railways. It is a fine example of a late Victorian Italianate station dating from 1885, and although compromised by later alterations and additions is substantially intact and capable of restoration. The building is unusual and of significance by being reached from the street by a grand stair in the classical manner and having a landscaped forecourt to a suburban street and forms a major part of an important historic railway precinct including the bridge and signal box and is a significant landmark in this part of Petersham, which retains much of its 19th century built street character. The station is one of a select number of similar buildings designed by the office of the Engineer for the Existing Lines Branch, George Cowdery, with the 1883 iron pedestrian bridge and steps also designed by Cowdery;[3]Petersham railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.[3]The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.Petersham Railway Station has State significance as the station with its group of largely intact, original structures dating from the 1880s establishment of the station through to the 1891 quadruplication and the 1927 sextuplication of the line, is able to demonstrate the growth and expansion of the railways in the late 19th and early 20th century. The extant 19th and 20th century platforms, buildings, footbridge, subway and signal box are collectively able to demonstrate important historical phases of suburban railway development.[3]The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.Petersham Railway Station is significant for its association with Engineer-in-Chief George Cowdery under whose direction the extant 1880s former station building and footbridge were designed, the design and detailing of the station building and footbridge being more elaborate than most station design used elsewhere.[3]The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.Petersham Railway Station has State aesthetic significance with its 1880s \"first class station building\" which displays complicated roof forms, large symmetrical plan and awnings supported on cast iron columns. The building has a prominent presence to both Terminus Street and as viewed from the island platform and footbridge. The 1920s \"initial island\" platform building is significant with its design showing linear form, gable roof and integrated awnings. The 1880s footbridge with stairs leading down the platforms and streets has been altered considerably in terms of the recasting of the stairs and deck and installation of new handrails and balustrades. However the footbridge has a number of 1880s elements namely brick piers, cast iron columns, arches, steel trestles and latticework to the deck and overall retains is aesthetic quality.[3]The signal box which dates from 1927 has technical significance as it contains all its signalling equipment demonstrating signalling technology of this era.[3]The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place and can provide a connection to the local community's history.[3]The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.Petersham Railway Station has rarity in terms of its \"first class station building\" and the footbridge, with the station building being the only 'first class station building' in the Sydney area and the footbridge being the second oldest surviving footbridge in NSW and a unique example within the suburban network.[3]The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.The building on platform 1/2 has been altered internally but it retains a high level of integrity to its exterior and is representative of a common form of standard platform building design. With seven bays the building is one of the larger examples of its type and is therefore an excellent representation of this type. The signal box at Petersham Railway Station has characteristic features of this type of signal box namely its elevated brickwork base, timber framed, fibre cement clad operating level structure and Dutch gable roof and has a high level of integrity as its original signalling equipment has been retained and it still has original fibre cement slate roof tiles, making it an excellent example.[3]","title":"Heritage listing"}]	[{"image_text":"Former Petersham station building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PetershamRailwayStation3.JPG/220px-PetershamRailwayStation3.JPG"},{"image_text":"S Set at the training college","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Petersham_Training_College_train_set.jpg/220px-Petersham_Training_College_train_set.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Train Station Monthly Usage\". Open Data. Retrieved 26 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data","url_text":"\"Train Station Monthly Usage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petersham Railway Station group\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01223. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012133","url_text":"\"Petersham Railway Station group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"NSW, Transport for (28 September 2021). \"Petersham Station Upgrade\". transport.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/node/9939","url_text":"\"Petersham Station Upgrade\""}]},{"reference":"\"T2: Inner West & Leppington line timetable\". Transport for NSW.","urls":[{"url":"https://transportnsw.info/routes/details/sydney-trains/t2/020T2","url_text":"\"T2: Inner West & Leppington line timetable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transit Systems route 445\". Transport for NSW.","urls":[{"url":"https://transportnsw.info/routes/details/sydney-buses-network/445/74445","url_text":"\"Transit Systems route 445\""}]},{"reference":"\"\| transportnsw.info\". transportnsw.info. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraldur_Sigurdsson	Haraldur Sigurðsson	["1 Education","2 Career and research","2.1 Active blogs","2.2 Publications","3 References"]	Icelandic volcanologist and geochemist (born 1939) This is an Icelandic name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is properly referred to by the given name Haraldur. However, since he is internationally active, Sigurdsson may also be correct. Haraldur SigurðssonBornMay 31, 1939 (1939-05-31) (age 85)Stykkishólmur, IcelandNationalityIcelandicAlma materQueen's University, Belfast (BSc)University of Durham (PhD)Scientific careerFieldsVolcanologyGeochemistryInstitutionsUniversity of Rhode IslandThesisThe petrology and chemistry of the Setberg volcanic region and of the intermediate and acid rocks of Iceland (1970)Doctoral advisorGeorge Malcolm Brown Websitevulkan.blog.is/blog/vulkan Haraldur Sigurðsson or Haraldur Sigurdsson (born May 31, 1939) is an Icelandic volcanologist and geochemist. Education Sigurdsson was born in Stykkishólmur in western Iceland. He studied geology and geochemistry in the United Kingdom, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from Queen's University, Belfast, followed by a PhD under the supervision of George Malcolm Brown from Durham University in 1970. Career and research Sigurdsson worked on monitoring and research of the volcanoes of the Caribbean until 1974, when he was appointed professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. He is best known for his work on the reconstruction of major volcanic eruptions of the past, including the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD in Italy and the consequent destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. In 1991, Sigurdsson discovered tektite glass spherules at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) in Haiti, providing proof for a meteorite impact at the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In 2004 he discovered the lost town of Tambora in Indonesia, which was buried by the colossal 1815 explosive eruption of Tambora volcano. In 1999, Sigurdsson published a scholarly account of the history of volcanology. He was also editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, also published in 1999. He was awarded the Coke Medal of the Geological Society of London in 2004. Sigurdsson was a key scientist to uncover the sources of lake overturn that took the lives of entire villages nearby Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos in Cameroon. His story was popularized by the Youtuber MrBallen in an episode in January 2023. Active blogs Sigurdsson has in recent years been active in blogging in Icelandic on various issues related to his science, geology and geochemistry. There he has also been active in criticizing USA government, world capitalism and activities of Chinese companies in the Arctic. He openly supports the left movement in USA. Sigurdsson has written on the Solarsilicon Project being developed by the US Company Silicor Materials Inc. in Iceland and its pollution. As well as other environmental issues including global warming. Publications Jordan, Benjamin R.; Haraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (2008). Ignimbrites in Central America and Associated Caribbean Sea Tephra: Correlation and Petrogenesis. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. p. 224. ISBN 978-3-639-10831-6. Haraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (1990). Caribbean volcanoes a field guide. Open Library. p. 107. H. Sigurdsson; W.C. Evans (1987). Lake Nyos revisited:: a preliminary report. p. 7. Haraldur Sigursson; Paolo Laj (1990). Sulfur mass loading of the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions:: calibration of the ice core record on basis of sulfate aerosol deposition in polar regions from the 1982 El Chichon eruption, NASA grant NAG51304. Narragansett, RI; Washington, DC; Springfield, VA: University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Technical Information Service. Sigurdsson, Haraldur (1999). Melting the Earth:: the history of ideas on volcanic eruptions. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 0-19-510665-2. Haraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (2008). Volcanoes and the Environment:: Exploring the Earth System. Academic Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-12-643141-4. References ^ a b Sigurðsson, Haraldur (1970). The petrology and chemistry of the Setberg volcanic region and of the intermediate and acid rocks of Iceland. dur.ac.uk (PhD thesis). Durham University. OCLC 768299868. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.585970. ^ "Haraldur, The Volcanologist". LAVA Centre. Retrieved 2023-06-27. ^ home page Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine of Haraldur Sigurdsson at University of Rhode Island ^ Sigurdsson, Haraldur; D'Hondt, Steven; Arthur, Michael A.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Zachos, James C.; Van Fossen, Mickey; Channel, James E. T. (1991). "Glass from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in Haiti" (PDF). Nature. 349 (6309): 482–487. Bibcode:1991Natur.349..482S. doi:10.1038/349482a0. hdl:2027.42/62562. S2CID 43763504. ^ 'Pompeii of the East' discovered BBC ^ Sigurdsson, H.; Carey, S. (1989). "Plinian and Co-Igmibrite Tephra Fall from the 1815 Eruption of Tambora Volcano". Bulletin of Volcanology. 51 (4): 243–270. Bibcode:1989BVol...51..243S. doi:10.1007/BF01073515. S2CID 132160294. ^ Sigurdsson, Haraldur (1999). Melting the Earth:: the history of ideas on volcanic eruptions. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 0-19-510665-2. ^ Haraldur Sigurdsson; Bruce Houghton; Hazel Rymer; John Stix; Steve McNutt, eds. (1999). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 1417. ISBN 978-0-12-643140-7. ^ "Geological Society - 2004 Awards: Citations, Replies". Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2009-07-06., retrieved 06/07/2009 ^ Sigurdsson, H.; Devine, J. D.; Tchua, F. M.; Presser, F. M.; Pringle, M. K. W.; Evans, W. C. (1987). "Origin of the lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroun". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 31 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(87)90002-3. ISSN 0377-0273. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Krajick, Kevin. "Defusing Africa's Killer Lakes". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-06-25. ^ ENTIRE VILLAGE dropped DEAD overnight (MATURE AUDIENCES ONLY), retrieved 2023-06-25 ^ Sigurdsson supporting the left in the USA ^ Sigurdsson criticizing activities of Chinese companies in Iceland ^ Sigurdsson against the US company Silicor Materials ^ Amazon ^ Open Library ^ a b c d "Haraldur Sigurdsson". Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name"},{"link_name":"volcanologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanologist"},{"link_name":"geochemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemist"}],"text":"This is an Icelandic name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is properly referred to by the given name Haraldur. However, since he is internationally active, Sigurdsson may also be correct.Haraldur Sigurðsson or Haraldur Sigurdsson (born May 31, 1939) is an Icelandic volcanologist and geochemist.","title":"Haraldur Sigurðsson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stykkishólmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stykkish%C3%B3lmur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"geochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Queen's University, Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"George Malcolm Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Malcolm_Brown"},{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hphd-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sigurdsson was born in Stykkishólmur in western Iceland.[2] He studied geology and geochemistry in the United Kingdom, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from Queen's University, Belfast, followed by a PhD under the supervision of George Malcolm Brown from Durham University in 1970.[1][3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"University of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Vesuvius_in_79_AD"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Herculaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum"},{"link_name":"tektite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektite"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"meteorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite"},{"link_name":"impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_Crater"},{"link_name":"extinction of the dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Tambora volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"lake overturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Overturn"},{"link_name":"Lake Monoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Monoun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lake Nyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nyos_disaster"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"MrBallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MrBallen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Sigurdsson worked on monitoring and research of the volcanoes of the Caribbean until 1974, when he was appointed professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. He is best known for his work on the reconstruction of major volcanic eruptions of the past, including the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD in Italy and the consequent destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.In 1991, Sigurdsson discovered tektite glass spherules at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) in Haiti, providing proof for a meteorite impact at the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs.[4] In 2004 he discovered the lost town of Tambora in Indonesia, which was buried by the colossal 1815 explosive eruption of Tambora volcano.[5][6] In 1999, Sigurdsson published a scholarly account of the history of volcanology.[7] He was also editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes,[8] also published in 1999. He was awarded the Coke Medal of the Geological Society of London in 2004.[9]Sigurdsson was a key scientist to uncover the sources of lake overturn that took the lives of entire villages nearby Lake Monoun[10] and Lake Nyos in Cameroon.[11] His story was popularized by the Youtuber MrBallen in an episode in January 2023.[12]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Active blogs","text":"Sigurdsson has in recent[when?] years been active in blogging in Icelandic on various issues related to his science, geology and geochemistry. There he has also been active in criticizing USA government, world capitalism [13] and activities of Chinese companies in the Arctic.[14] He openly supports the left movement in USA. Sigurdsson has written on the Solarsilicon Project being developed by the US Company Silicor Materials Inc. in Iceland and its pollution.[15] As well as other environmental issues including global warming.","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VDM Verlag Dr. Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDM_Verlag_Dr._M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-639-10831-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-10831-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openlibrary-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openlibrary-18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-510665-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510665-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openlibrary-18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-12-643141-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-643141-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openlibrary-18"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Jordan, Benjamin R.; Haraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (2008). Ignimbrites in Central America and Associated Caribbean Sea Tephra: Correlation and Petrogenesis. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. p. 224. ISBN 978-3-639-10831-6.[16]\nHaraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (1990). Caribbean volcanoes a field guide. Open Library. p. 107.[17]\nH. Sigurdsson; W.C. Evans (1987). Lake Nyos revisited:: a preliminary report. p. 7.[18]\nHaraldur Sigursson; Paolo Laj (1990). Sulfur mass loading of the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions:: calibration of the ice core record on basis of sulfate aerosol deposition in polar regions from the 1982 El Chichon eruption, NASA grant NAG51304. Narragansett, RI; Washington, DC; Springfield, VA: University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Technical Information Service.[18]\nSigurdsson, Haraldur (1999). Melting the Earth:: the history of ideas on volcanic eruptions. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 0-19-510665-2.[18]\nHaraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (2008). Volcanoes and the Environment:: Exploring the Earth System. Academic Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-12-643141-4.[18]","title":"Career and research"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jordan, Benjamin R.; Haraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (2008). Ignimbrites in Central America and Associated Caribbean Sea Tephra: Correlation and Petrogenesis. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. p. 224. ISBN 978-3-639-10831-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDM_Verlag_Dr._M%C3%BCller","url_text":"VDM Verlag Dr. Müller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-10831-6","url_text":"978-3-639-10831-6"}]},{"reference":"Haraldur Sigurdsson; Steven Carey (1990). Caribbean volcanoes a field guide. Open Library. p. 107.","urls":[]},{"reference":"H. Sigurdsson; W.C. Evans (1987). 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ISSN 0377-0273.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0377027387900023","url_text":"\"Origin of the lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2887%2990002-3","url_text":"10.1016/0377-0273(87)90002-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273","url_text":"0377-0273"}]},{"reference":"Magazine, Smithsonian; Krajick, Kevin. \"Defusing Africa's Killer Lakes\". Smithsonian Magazine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coors_Field	Coors Field	["1 Construction","2 Features","2.1 Reputation as a home run-friendly park","3 Notable events","3.1 MLB","3.2 Concerts","3.3 Ice Hockey","4 The \"Voice\" of Coors Field","5 In popular culture","6 Coors Field firsts","6.1 Opening Day (April 26, 1995)","6.2 Later firsts","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°45′22″N 104°59′39″W / 39.75611°N 104.99417°W / 39.75611; -104.99417Baseball stadium in Denver, Colorado Coors FieldCoors Field in 2015Coors FieldLocation in ColoradoShow map of ColoradoCoors FieldLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesAddress2001 Blake StreetLocationDenver, ColoradoCoordinates39°45′22″N 104°59′39″W / 39.75611°N 104.99417°W / 39.75611; -104.99417Public transitRTD: A B G N E W at Denver Union StationOperatorColorado Rockies Baseball Club Ltd.Capacity46,897 (50,144 with standing room) (2018–present)50,398 (2012–2017)50,490 (2011)50,445 (2001–2010)50,381 (1999–2000)50,200 (1995–1998)Record attendance51,267 (1998 MLB All-Star Game)Field sizeLeft Field – 347 feet (106 m)Left-Center – 390 feet (119 m)Center Field – 415 feet (126 m)Right-Center – 375 feet (114 m)Right Field – 350 feet (107 m)Backstop – 56 feet (17 m) SurfaceKentucky Bluegrass/Perennial RyegrassConstructionBroke groundOctober 16, 1992 (October 16, 1992)OpenedApril 26, 1995 (April 26, 1995)Construction costUS$300 million($600 million in 2023 dollars)ArchitectHOK Sport (now Populous)Project managerCMTS, Inc.Structural engineerMartin/Martin, Inc.Services engineerM-E Engineers, Inc.General contractorMortenson/Barton MalowMain contractorsLPR ConstructionHavens SteelZimmerman MetalsZimkor IndustriesLPR ErectorsTenantsColorado Rockies (MLB) (1995–present) Coors Field is a baseball stadium in downtown Denver, Colorado. It is the ballpark of Major League Baseball's Colorado Rockies. Opened in 1995, the park is located in Denver's Lower Downtown neighborhood, two blocks from Union Station. The stadium has a capacity of 50,144 people for baseball. As an expansion team that began play in 1993, the Rockies spent their first two seasons at Mile High Stadium. During that time, Coors Field was constructed for a cost of $300 million. It includes 63 luxury suites and 4,526 club seats. Coors Field has earned a reputation as a hitter's park, due to the effect of Denver's high elevation and semi-arid climate on the distances of batted balls. To combat this, the outfield fences were positioned farther away from home plate and baseballs used in the park have been pre-stored in humidors. Coors Field has hosted the 1998 MLB All-Star Game and the 2021 MLB All-Star Game. Coors has also hosted an outdoor hockey game from the 2016 NHL Stadium Series, along with numerous concerts. In 2017, a consultant determined that Coors Field would require $200 million in capital improvements in the 2020s. To fund those improvements, the Rockies agreed to a long-term lease to develop club-owned nearby land. Construction Coors Field was the first new stadium added in a six-year period in which Denver's sports venues were upgraded, along with Ball Arena (originally Pepsi Center) and Empower Field at Mile High (originally Invesco Field). It was also the first baseball-only park in the National League since Dodger Stadium was built in 1962. As with the other new venues, Coors Field was constructed with transportation access in mind. It sits near Interstate 25 and has direct access to the 20th Street and Park Avenue exits. Nearby Union Station also provides light rail and commuter rail access. Coors Field was originally planned to be somewhat smaller, seating only 43,800. However, after the Rockies drew almost 4.5 million people in their first season at Mile High Stadium – the most in baseball history – the plans were altered during construction, and new seats in the right field upper deck were added. The center field bleacher section is named "The Rockpile". During the 1993 and 1994 seasons when the team played at Mile High Stadium, which was a hybrid football/baseball venue, the Rockpile was located next to the south stands, which were in dead center field and very distant from home plate. The same design was incorporated into Coors Field, and is located in deep center field up high. The original Rockpile seats cost a dollar each. During construction, workers discovered a number of dinosaur fossils throughout the grounds. Rumors circulated that these fossils included a 7-foot-long (2.1 m) 1,000-pound (450 kg) triceratops skull. In reality, the fossil fragments discovered were quite small, and are now housed at the Museum of Science and Nature. Because of these discoveries, "Jurassic Park" was one of the first names to be considered for the stadium. This later led to the selection of a triceratops as the Rockies' mascot, Dinger. Coors Brewing purchased naming rights to the stadium as part of their $30 million investment in the Rockies in 1991. A 2017 lease agreement that Rockies club ownership signed with the stadium district ensured that the name would remain at least through 2047. Features This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2019) Main entrance to the ballpark Extended exposure of neon lights on the northeast corner above the Blue Moon Brewery. While most of the seats in Coors Field are dark green, the seats in the 20th row of the upper deck are purple to mark the elevation of one mile (5280 ft; 1,609 m) above sea level. Coors Field sold out at night. The Blue Moon Brewery at The Sandlot is a microbrewery/restaurant that is behind the right-field stands, with an entrance from Coors Field, and from Blake Street. The brewery is operated by the Coors Brewing Company, and experiments with craft beers on a small scale. The Brewery has won multiple awards at the Great American Beer Festival in various categories. The popular Blue Moon, a Belgian-Style Wheat beer was invented here, and is now mass-produced by Coors. The restaurant is housed in a building that is attached to the stadium. Coors Field has an extensive selection of food items. Selections include Rockie dogs, Denver dogs, vegetarian dogs and burgers, and all of the usual ball park items. Behind the center field wall is a landscape decoration that reflects the typical environment of the Rocky Mountains. This landscape area consists of a waterfall, fountains, and pine trees. After a Rockies home run or win, the fountains shoot high into the air. The park has two large light emitting diode (LED) video displays and one ribbon display in the outfield from Daktronics. The top display, underneath the "Rockies" logo, measures 27 by 47 feet (8 m × 14 m). The second display measure 33 by 73 feet (10 m × 22 m) and is used to give lineups and statistics and as a scoreboard. The field also contains several Daktronics ribbon displays, totaling approximately 833 feet (254 m) in length. After the close of the 2013 season, renovations began on the right field portion of the upper deck, converted into an outdoor party deck for 2014. Reputation as a home run-friendly park At 5,200 feet (1,580 m) above sea level, Coors Field is by far the highest park in the majors. The next-highest, Chase Field in Phoenix, stands at 1,100 feet (340 m). Designers knew that the stadium would give up a lot of home runs, as the lower air density at such a high elevation would result in balls traveling farther than in other parks. To compensate for this, the outfield fences were placed at an unusually far distance from home plate, thus creating the largest outfield in Major League Baseball. In spite of the pushed-back fences, for many years Coors Field not only gave up the most home runs in baseball, but due to the resultant large field area, the most doubles and triples as well. In its first decade, the above-average number of home runs earned Coors Field a reputation as the most hitter-friendly park in Major League Baseball, earning the critical nicknames "Coors Canaveral" (a reference to Cape Canaveral, from where NASA launches spacecraft) and "Williamsport" (referring to the site of the Little League World Series, which has been traditionally dominated by batters). Prior to the 2002 baseball season, studies determined that dry air rather than thin air had a greater contribution to the increased frequency of home runs. It was found that baseballs stored in damper air are softer and therefore less elastic to the impact of the bat. To address this problem, a secure room-sized humidor was installed to have a damper place to store the baseballs prior to games. Since its introduction, the number of home runs at Coors Field has decreased and is now nearly the same as other parks. Regardless of ball humidity, elevation is still a factor in games at Coors Field. The ball does slip more easily through the thin air allowing for longer hits. In addition, the curveball tends to curve less with the thin air than at sea level leading to fewer strikeouts and fewer effective pitches for pitchers to work with. Coors Field twice broke the major league record for home runs hit in a ballpark in one season. The previous record, 248, had been set at the Angels' original home of Wrigley Field in Los Angeles in 1961, its only year for major league ball. In Coors Field's first year, the home run total fell just 7 short of that mark, despite losing 9 games from the home schedule (or 1/9 of the normal 81) due to the strike that had continued from 1994. The next season, 1996, with a full schedule finally, 271 home runs were hit at Coors Field. In 1999, the current major league record was set at 303. The annual home run figure dropped noticeably in 2002, and has dropped below 200 starting in 2005. Although the number of home runs hit per season at Coors Field is decreasing, Coors Field still remains the most hitter friendly ballpark in the Major Leagues by a wide margin. From 2012 to 2015, the Colorado Rockies led the league in runs scored in home games, while being last in the league for runs scored in away games. This demonstrates the extreme benefit that Coors Field's low air density provides to hitters. Many, however, feel that Coors Field has hurt the Rockies' success. One concern over the years has been poor adjustment when playing road games at lower altitudes. The Rockies score an average of just 3.9 runs per road game, the lowest among all teams. This has had a detrimental effect on Colorado's all-time road record, which sits at 888-1352, or 39.6%, the worst in the majors by a large margin. Additionally, many feel that pitcher development on the Rockies has suffered because of how much of an advantage opposing hitters have at Coors Field. Rockies pitchers are more likely to finish with an ERA of at least 4, if not higher, and only Ubaldo Jiménez and Jhoulys Chacín maintained sub-4 ERAs during their Rockies tenure (3.66 and 3.84 respectively). This can hurt the trade value and careers of pitchers. Some have claimed that starting pitchers such as Kyle Freeland, Jon Gray, and Germán Márquez would have developed better if they didn't play for Colorado. Additionally, notable relief pitchers such as Jake McGee and Wade Davis are cited to have suffered significant drop-offs due to playing at higher altitudes. Compounded with poor coaching and management decisions, Colorado has gained a bad reputation among the pitching community, and some pitchers have cited their reluctance to play for the Rockies. Panorama of Coors Field on the night of Game 4 of the 2007 World Series Notable events MLB Behind home plate at Coors Field in 2022 On September 17, 1996, Hideo Nomo of the Los Angeles Dodgers threw the first of his two career no-hit games as the Dodgers won 9–0. Nomo's first no-hitter at Coors Field is of special note due to the park's overwhelming hitter-friendly reputation (before the usage of the humidors, even), it being the only one thrown there through the 2022 season, as well as Nomo pitching for the visiting team; while still a fairly new park at the time, the Rockies started out in the similarly elevated Mile High Stadium and would naturally be more accustomed to Coors Field's nuances such as the larger fielding area as it is their home field. The 1998 and 2021 Major League Baseball All-Star Games took place in Coors Field. In 2011, a man fell to his death when he was attempting to slide down a stair railing during the 7th inning of a Rockies-Diamondbacks game. On April 23, 2013, Rockies and Braves played in the coldest game since MLB began tracking game time temperature in 1991, at 23 °F (−5 °C). There have been eleven 1–0 games in Coors Field history, through April 6, 2023. The first 1–0 game at Coors Field was on July 9, 2005, meaning all eleven games have occurred since Major League Baseball allowed the Rockies to start using a humidor on May 15, 2002: Panorama of Coors Field during Todd Helton's final home game. This was also the final game played at the stadium before the removal of part of the right field upper deck. July 9, 2005, Rockies beat the San Diego Padres April 16, 2006, Philadelphia Phillies beat the Rockies July 25, 2006, St. Louis Cardinals beat the Rockies August 1, 2006, Milwaukee Brewers beat the Rockies June 11, 2008, Rockies beat the San Francisco Giants September 14, 2008, Rockies beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in 10 innings September 17, 2008, Rockies beat the San Diego Padres July 6, 2009, Rockies beat the Washington Nationals June 12, 2010, Rockies beat the Toronto Blue Jays July 4, 2018, Rockies beat the San Francisco Giants April 6, 2023, Rockies beat the Washington Nationals Games 3 and 4 of the 2007 World Series between the Rockies and the Boston Red Sox were held at Coors Field. The Red Sox swept both games to win the title. On August 7, 2016, Ichiro Suzuki collected his 3,000th MLB career hit: a seventh-inning triple that was off the right field wall off Rockies pitcher Chris Rusin. Concerts Date Artist Opening act(s) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes July 3, 2015 Zac Brown Band Big Head Todd & The Monsters Jekyll and Hyde Tour 38,703 / 38,703 $2,565,497 The first major concert at the ballpark July 29, 2017 Darrell BrownMadison Ryann Ward Welcome Home Tour 39,882 / 43,897 $2,868,048 June 28, 2018 EaglesJimmy Buffett — An Evening with the Eagles 2018 — — July 21, 2018 Def LeppardJourney The Pretenders Def Leppard & Journey 2018 Tour 44,928 / 44,928 $3,820,813 August 8, 2019 Billy Joel — Billy Joel in Concert 44,744 / 44,744 $5,684,083 August 9, 2019 Zac Brown Band Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real The Owl Tour July 21, 2022 Def LeppardMötley Crüe PoisonJoan Jett & the BlackheartsTuk Smith & The Restless Hearts The Stadium Tour 42,737 / 42,737 $6,181,056 July 22, 2022 The Lumineers Gregory Alan IsakovDaniel Rodriguez Brightside World Tour TBA TBA September 6, 2024 Kane Brown Bailey ZimmermanLoCashRaeLynn In the Air Tour September 7, 2024 Green Day The Smashing PumpkinsRancidThe Linda Lindas The Saviors Tour September 8, 2024 Def LeppardJourney Cheap Trick The Summer Stadium Tour Ice Hockey Coors Field also hosted three outdoor ice hockey games in February 2016. First, on February 20, the local Denver Pioneers defeated their arch-rival Colorado College 4–1 in a college match billed as the "Battle on Blake". Then, one week later on February 27, the Colorado Avalanche lost to the Detroit Red Wings 5–3 as part of the 2016 NHL Stadium Series. The day before that also hosted the Alumni exhibition game where the Colorado Avalanche alumni defeated their Detroit Red Wings counterparts. Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Event Spectators February 20, 2016 Denver Pioneers 4–1 Colorado College Tigers Battle for the Gold Pan 35,144 February 26, 2016 Colorado Avalanche Alumni 5–2 Detroit Red Wings Alumni NHL Alumni Game 43,319 February 27, 2016 Detroit Red Wings 5–3 Colorado Avalanche 2016 NHL Stadium Series 50,095 The "Voice" of Coors Field Alan Roach was the main PA announcer since Coors Field opened in 1995. In the spring preceding the 2007 Rockies season, Roach announced his retirement from his post at Coors Field to spend more time over the summer with his family. He did come back to substitute in 2008. Roach is also the PA announcer for the nearby Colorado Avalanche hockey team of the NHL and former PA announcer for the Denver Broncos of the NFL. He also provides voice-overs for local sports introductions in the region, in addition to hosting a local sports talk radio show. He is currently the PA announcer for the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL. He is also one of the voices of the train system at Denver International Airport, and has also been heard as the PA announcer at recent Super Bowls. Reed Saunders, 23, was chosen to be the new voice of Coors Field on March 16, 2007. In popular culture This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (October 2020) Coors Field was featured in the movie The Fan (1996) starring Robert De Niro and Wesley Snipes. The ballpark was also featured in two episodes of South Park: "Professor Chaos" (2002) and "The Losing Edge" (2005). "Acclaim Sports Park", featured on All-Star Baseball 2004 and 2005, is a mirrored image of Coors Field. Coors Field firsts This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Opening Day (April 26, 1995) Statistic Player(s)/Team Score Colorado 11, New York Mets 914 innings First National Anthem Colorado Children's Chorale First Pitch 5:38 p.m., Bill Swift to Brett Butler First Plate Appearance, First At Bat, First Swing and First Hit Brett Butler, infield single, 1st inning First Batter to Ground Into Double Play José Vizcaíno (Mets), turned 6–3, Walt Weiss to Andrés Galarraga First Putout Walt Weiss put out Brett Butler at second base (during the double play mentioned above) First Extra-Base Hit and First Run Batted In Larry Walker (Rockies) double in 1st inning First Run Walt Weiss (Rockies), 1st inning First Flyout and First Sacrifice Fly Dante Bichette (Rockies), putout by David Segui, scoring Joe Girardi, 1st inning First Strikeout Bill Swift, struck out (called) David Segui, 2nd inning First Sacrifice Bunt Bobby Jones (Mets), 3rd inning First Home Run Rico Brogna (Mets), 4th inning off Swift First Base On Balls Bobby Jones (Mets) walked Bill Swift, 5th inning First Grand Slam Todd Hundley (Mets), 6th inning off Swift First Pinch Hitter John Vander Wal announced for Swift (did not appear), Eric Young pinched for Vander Wal, 6th inning First Relief Pitcher Jerry DiPoto (Mets), 6th inning First Batter to be Hit By Pitch Roberto Mejía (Rockies) by DiPoto, 6th inning First Right Field Outfield Assist Carl Everett (Mets), Vinny Castilla at second base, 6th inning First Wild Pitch Mike Munoz (Rockies), facing Rico Brogna, 7th inning First Blown Save Mike Munoz (Rockies), 7th inning; the Mets John Franco and Mike Remlinger recorded the second and third blown saves in the 9th and 14th inning of the same inaugural game First Pinch Runner Brook Fordyce (Mets), 8th inning First Foul Popfly Andrés Galarraga (Rockies), fielded by Jeff Kent First Left Field Outfield Assist Dante Bichette (Rockies), José Vizcaíno at second base, 13th inning Intentional Base On Balls Todd Hundley (Mets), by pitcher Mark Thompson First Pinch Base Hit Jim Tatum (Rockies), 13th inning First Error Tim Bogar (Mets), 14th inning First Walk-off home run (and First Rockies Home Run) Dante Bichette (Rockies), three-run home run, 14th inning First Win Mark Thompson (Rockies) Later firsts Statistic Person(s) Date First Stolen Base Eric Young and Walt Weiss (Rockies) double steal April 27, 1995 First Passed Ball Joe Girardi (Rockies) April 27, 1995 First Triple Andrés Galarraga (Rockies) April 27, 1995 First Baserunner Caught Stealing Carl Everett (Mets), by A. J. Sager / Joe Girardi April 27, 1995 First Save Bruce Ruffin (Rockies) May 3, 1995 First Back to Back Home Runs Mike Kingery and Roberto Mejía (Rockies) May 6, 1995 First Center Field Outfield Assist Raúl Mondesí (Los Angeles Dodgers), Larry Walker at second base May 6, 1995 First Baserunner Picked Off Caught Stealing Dante Bichette (Rockies) at third base, by Terry Mulholland (San Francisco Giants) May 11, 1995 First Baserunner Picked Off On Base Brian Jordan (St. Louis Cardinals), by Mark Thompson at 1st base June 6, 1995 First Balk Marvin Freeman (Rockies) June 7, 1995 First Complete Game and First Shutout Tom Glavine (Atlanta Braves) June 16, 1995 First Cycle John Mabry (St. Louis Cardinals); 11th natural cycle in MLB history May 18, 1996 First No-hitter Hideo Nomo (Los Angeles Dodgers) September 17, 1996 First Unassisted Triple Play Troy Tulowitzki (Rockies) April 29, 2007 See also List of ballparks by capacity List of current Major League Baseball stadiums Lists of stadiums Baseball portalUnited States portalColorado portal Notes ^ Being less elastic, a softer baseball experiences more deformation than a harder one, all else being equal – that is, it is less bouncy. Thus, at the time of bat-ball contact, more of the combined kinetic energy of the bat and ball is absorbed by deformation of the baseball, leaving less to impart motion to the ball in its flight away from the bat (which means that the softer baseball has a lower coefficient of restitution). But given the small change in elasticity of the balls stored in the humidor, the speed (and hardness) of the bat and the speed of the ball remain much stronger factors in the outcome of the impact event. References ^ "Sports Business Resource Guide & Fact Book" (PDF). Street's and Smith's. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2011. ^ "2018 Colorado Rockies Media Guide". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. March 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018. ^ Groke, Nick (April 2, 2014). "Rockies' Rooftop Party Deck at Coors Field "Another Dimension", Dick Monfort Says". The Denver Post. Retrieved February 9, 2016. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ "Coors Field – Denver, Colorado". CMTS, Inc. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2011. ^ a b c d e f "Miller Park Baseball Stadium" (PDF). Modern Steel Construction. April 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2011. ^ "Colorado Rockies Ballpark – Denver, Colorado". M-E Engineers, Inc. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011. ^ "Coors Field". LPR Construction. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ Huspeni, Dennis (2021-08-14). "Behind the scenes: LoDo's McGregor Square development". The Denver Gazette. Archived from the original on 2021-07-05. ^ "Dinger, Colorado Rockies mascot". August 27, 2006 – via Flickr. ^ "Why Coors Field's naming rights won't be changing anytime soon". KMGH. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2022. ^ Spedden, Zach (31 October 2019). "Coors Field Naming Rights Run in Perpetuity". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved 26 January 2022. ^ "Colorado Rockies, Coors Field". Daktronics. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "Rooftop Deck". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ "CHART: MLB Ballpark Sizes Show the Immense Difference Between Fenway Park and Coors Field". Business Insider. Retrieved April 24, 2016. ^ Lowry, Phillip (2005). Green Cathedrals. New York City: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1562-1. ^ Armstrong, Jim (June 13, 1999). "Opening Shots". The Denver Post. Retrieved June 5, 2012. ^ Renck, Troy E. (June 21, 2006). "More Humidors Likely on Horizon". The Denver Post. Retrieved June 12, 2007. ^ Kalk, Josh (June 17, 2008). "What to pack for Denver". Hardball Times. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "Coors Field in Denver, Colorado". Retrosheet. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "How do Ballpark Factors Affect Batters for MLB DFS? (part 1) – DFS STRATEGY". DFS STRATEGY. 2016-03-24. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2016-05-09. ^ "Coors Field fan dies after sliding down handrail". The Denver Post. MediaNews Group. May 26, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2018. ^ "Atlanta Braves vs. Colorado Rockies - Recap - April 23, 2013 - ESPN". ESPN. Associated Press. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2013. ^ a b "Padres vs. Rockies Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. July 9, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006. ^ a b "Rockies win Coors Field's 1st 1-0 game". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. 10 July 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ Bodley, Hal (May 14, 2002). "Baseball Gives Rockies' Humidor Its OK". USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "Phillies vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. April 16, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2006. ^ "Cardinals vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. July 25, 2006. Retrieved July 25, 2006. ^ "Brewers vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. August 1, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2006. ^ "Giants vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. June 11, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008. ^ Only scoreless game through nine innings at Coors Field. ^ "Dodgers vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2008. ^ "Padres vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008. ^ "Nationals vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009. ^ "Blue Jays vs. Rockies – Recap". ESPN. Associated Press. June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010. ^ "Anderson stellar, Iannetta homers as Rockies beat Giants 1-0". ESPN. Associated Press. July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2018. ^ "Freeland leads Rockies to 1-0 win over Nats in home opener". ESPN. Associated Press. April 6, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2023. ^ "2007 World Series". Baseball Almanac. 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Rusin gives up Ichiro's 3,000th hit, Rockies lose to Marlins". USA Today. Associated Press. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Zac Brown Band Setlist at Coors Field, Denver". setlist.fm. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Mötley Crüe Setlist at Coors Field, Denver". setlist.fm. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Kane Brown In The Air Tour \| Colorado Rockies". MLB.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Def Leppard & Journey Announce Joint Stadium Tour Joined By Steve Miller Band, Heart & Cheap Trick - Pollstar News". 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2023-12-08. ^ a b Groke, Nick (20 February 2016). "Big hockey crowd at Coors Field sees Denver play like kids vs Colorado College". The Denver Post. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Game Time, On-Sale Date for the 'Battle on Blake' Announced" (Press release). Denver Pioneers. September 14, 2015. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ Dater, Adrian (January 2, 2011). "Odds of Denver Hosting the Next Winter Classic". The Denver Post. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "NHL announces 2016 Winter Classic, Stadium Series". NHL.com. January 24, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015. ^ "Avalanche defeat Red Wings in Stadium Series alumni game". mlive. February 27, 2016. ^ Roberts, Michael (29 May 2013). "Photos: Ten biggest Hollywood movie misses filmed in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ Pahigian, Josh; O'Connell, Kevin (2012). The Ultimate Baseball Road Trip, 2nd: A Fan's Guide to Major League Stadiums. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 361–362. ISBN 978-0762783915. ^ Pichu London Account2econd (2014-12-26), All Star Baseball 2004 Fictional Stadiums, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-04-08{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b Stuart Fox (November 7, 2008). "Why Do the Colorado Rockies Keep Their Baseballs in a Humidor?". Popular Science. Retrieved May 30, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coors Field. Stadium site on MLB.com Ballpark Digest visit to Coors Field Ballparks of Baseball Coors Field images and information Events and tenants Preceded byMile High Stadium Home of theColorado Rockies 1995 – present Succeeded byCurrent Preceded byJacobs Field Host of theAll-Star Game 1998 Succeeded byFenway Park vteColorado Rockies Established in 1993 Based in Denver, Colorado Franchise History Expansion Expansion Draft Seasons Records Players First-round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Mile High Stadium Coors Field Spring training Hi Corbett Field Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Culture Dinger Blake Street Bombers "Hey! Baby" (DJ Ötzi song) "Rocky Mountain Way" (Joe Walsh song) Continental League Mike Coolbaugh "The Losing Edge" (South Park episode) "We Like to Party!" (Vengaboys song) Alan Roach Lore Rocktober 2007 NL Wild Card tie-breaker game 2018 NL West tie-breaker game MLB Mexico City Series Key personnel Owners: Charlie and Dick Monfort President: vacant General Manager: Bill Schmidt Manager: Bud Black National League pennants (1) 2007 Wild card berths (5) 1995 2007 2009 2017 2018 Minor league affiliates Albuquerque Isotopes (Triple-A) Hartford Yard Goats (Double-A) Spokane Indians (High-A) Fresno Grizzlies (Single-A) ACL Rockies (Rookie) DSL Colorado (Rookie) DSL Rockies (Rookie) BroadcastingTelevision SportsNet Rocky Mountain (defunct) Radio KOA (AM) Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Drew Goodman Jeff Huson Ryan Spilborghs Jack Corrigan Jerry Schemmel Seasons (32)1990s 1990 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteCurrent ballparks in Major League BaseballAmericanLeagueEast Fenway Park (Boston Red Sox) Oriole Park at Camden Yards (Baltimore Orioles) Rogers Centre (Toronto Blue Jays) Tropicana Field (Tampa Bay Rays) Yankee Stadium (New York Yankees) Central Comerica Park (Detroit Tigers) Guaranteed Rate Field (Chicago White Sox) Kauffman Stadium (Kansas City Royals) Progressive Field (Cleveland Guardians) Target Field (Minnesota Twins) West Angel Stadium (Los Angeles Angels) Globe Life Field (Texas Rangers) Minute Maid Park (Houston Astros) Oakland Coliseum (Oakland Athletics) T-Mobile Park (Seattle Mariners) NationalLeagueEast Citi Field (New York Mets) Citizens Bank Park (Philadelphia Phillies) LoanDepot Park (Miami Marlins) Nationals Park (Washington Nationals) Truist Park (Atlanta Braves) Central American Family Field (Milwaukee Brewers) Busch Stadium (St. Louis Cardinals) Great American Ball Park (Cincinnati Reds) PNC Park (Pittsburgh Pirates) Wrigley Field (Chicago Cubs) West Chase Field (Arizona Diamondbacks) Coors Field (Colorado Rockies) Dodger Stadium (Los Angeles Dodgers) Oracle Park (San Francisco Giants) Petco Park (San Diego Padres) vteCity and County of DenverThe Mile High CityAbout Commerce Demographics Economy Education Fire History Timeline Geography Landmarks Music Neighborhoods Notable Denverites Police Public schools Street system Radio Television Government Mayor Mike Johnston former mayors City Council Landmarks,museumsand culture 16th Street Mall Avenue Theater Empower Field at Mile High Brown Palace Hotel Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception City Park Civic Center Clyfford Still Museum Colorado Convention Center Colorado State Capitol Confluence Park Coors Field D&F Tower Denver's Downtown Aquarium Denver Art Museum Denver Botanic Gardens Denver Firefighters Museum Denver Mint Denver Museum of Miniatures, Dolls and Toys Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver Public Library Denver Zoo Elitch Gardens Theme Park Ellie Caulkins Opera House Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel Evans Memorial Chapel Forney Transportation Museum History Colorado Center Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art Mizel Museum Molly Brown House Museo de las Americas Museum of Contemporary Art Denver Pepsi Center Red Rocks Sakura Square Tattered Cover Trinity United Methodist Church Union Station Wells Fargo Center Wings Over the Rockies Museum Colleges and universities University of Colorado Denver Metropolitan State University of Denver Community College of Denver University of Denver Regis University Transportation Regional Transportation District Bustang Denver International Airport Sports franchises Denver Broncos Colorado Rockies Colorado Avalanche Denver Nuggets Colorado Rapids Colorado Mammoth Denver Outlaws Category Commons Authority control databases National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz place Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"ballpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpark"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Lower Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoDo"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Denver)"},{"link_name":"expansion team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"Mile High Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_High_Stadium"},{"link_name":"hitter's park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitter%27s_park"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"outfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfield"},{"link_name":"home plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_plate"},{"link_name":"humidors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidor"},{"link_name":"1998 MLB All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2021 MLB All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2016 NHL Stadium Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NHL_Stadium_Series"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Baseball stadium in Denver, ColoradoCoors Field is a baseball stadium in downtown Denver, Colorado. It is the ballpark of Major League Baseball's Colorado Rockies. Opened in 1995, the park is located in Denver's Lower Downtown neighborhood, two blocks from Union Station. The stadium has a capacity of 50,144 people for baseball.As an expansion team that began play in 1993, the Rockies spent their first two seasons at Mile High Stadium. During that time, Coors Field was constructed for a cost of $300 million. It includes 63 luxury suites and 4,526 club seats. Coors Field has earned a reputation as a hitter's park, due to the effect of Denver's high elevation and semi-arid climate on the distances of batted balls. To combat this, the outfield fences were positioned farther away from home plate and baseballs used in the park have been pre-stored in humidors.Coors Field has hosted the 1998 MLB All-Star Game and the 2021 MLB All-Star Game. Coors has also hosted an outdoor hockey game from the 2016 NHL Stadium Series, along with numerous concerts.In 2017, a consultant determined that Coors Field would require $200 million in capital improvements in the 2020s. To fund those improvements, the Rockies agreed to a long-term lease to develop club-owned nearby land.[9]","title":"Coors Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ball Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Arena"},{"link_name":"Empower Field at Mile High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Authority_Field_at_Mile_High"},{"link_name":"Dodger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodger_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Interstate 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"Mile High Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_High_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mile High Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_High_Stadium"},{"link_name":"triceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"naming rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Coors Field was the first new stadium added in a six-year period in which Denver's sports venues were upgraded, along with Ball Arena (originally Pepsi Center) and Empower Field at Mile High (originally Invesco Field). It was also the first baseball-only park in the National League since Dodger Stadium was built in 1962.As with the other new venues, Coors Field was constructed with transportation access in mind. It sits near Interstate 25 and has direct access to the 20th Street and Park Avenue exits. Nearby Union Station also provides light rail and commuter rail access.Coors Field was originally planned to be somewhat smaller, seating only 43,800. However, after the Rockies drew almost 4.5 million people in their first season at Mile High Stadium – the most in baseball history – the plans were altered during construction, and new seats in the right field upper deck were added.The center field bleacher section is named \"The Rockpile\". During the 1993 and 1994 seasons when the team played at Mile High Stadium, which was a hybrid football/baseball venue, the Rockpile was located next to the south stands, which were in dead center field and very distant from home plate. The same design was incorporated into Coors Field, and is located in deep center field up high. The original Rockpile seats cost a dollar each.During construction, workers discovered a number of dinosaur fossils throughout the grounds. Rumors circulated that these fossils included a 7-foot-long (2.1 m) 1,000-pound (450 kg) triceratops skull. In reality, the fossil fragments discovered were quite small, and are now housed at the Museum of Science and Nature. Because of these discoveries, \"Jurassic Park\" was one of the first names to be considered for the stadium. This later led to the selection of a triceratops as the Rockies' mascot, Dinger.[10]Coors Brewing purchased naming rights to the stadium as part of their $30 million investment in the Rockies in 1991.[11] A 2017 lease agreement that Rockies club ownership signed with the stadium district ensured that the name would remain at least through 2047.[12]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coors_Field_exterior_2022.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coors_Field_Lights,_Denver_Colorado.JPG"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coors_Crowded.jpg"},{"link_name":"microbrewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbrewery"},{"link_name":"restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"Coors Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coors_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Great American Beer Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Beer_Festival"},{"link_name":"Blue Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_(beer)"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"light emitting diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"Daktronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktronics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-field-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Main entrance to the ballparkExtended exposure of neon lights on the northeast corner above the Blue Moon Brewery.While most of the seats in Coors Field are dark green, the seats in the 20th row of the upper deck are purple to mark the elevation of one mile (5280 ft; 1,609 m) above sea level.Coors Field sold out at night.The Blue Moon Brewery at The Sandlot is a microbrewery/restaurant that is behind the right-field stands, with an entrance from Coors Field, and from Blake Street. The brewery is operated by the Coors Brewing Company, and experiments with craft beers on a small scale. The Brewery has won multiple awards at the Great American Beer Festival in various categories. The popular Blue Moon, a Belgian-Style Wheat beer was invented here, and is now mass-produced by Coors. The restaurant is housed in a building that is attached to the stadium. Coors Field has an extensive selection of food items. Selections include Rockie dogs, Denver dogs, vegetarian dogs and burgers, and all of the usual ball park items.Behind the center field wall is a landscape decoration that reflects the typical environment of the Rocky Mountains. This landscape area consists of a waterfall, fountains, and pine trees. After a Rockies home run or win, the fountains shoot high into the air.The park has two large light emitting diode (LED) video displays and one ribbon display in the outfield from Daktronics. The top display, underneath the \"Rockies\" logo, measures 27 by 47 feet (8 m × 14 m). The second display measure 33 by 73 feet (10 m × 22 m) and is used to give lineups and statistics and as a scoreboard. The field also contains several Daktronics ribbon displays, totaling approximately 833 feet (254 m) in length.[13]After the close of the 2013 season, renovations began on the right field portion of the upper deck, converted into an outdoor party deck for 2014.[14]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chase Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Field"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Business_Insider-15"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cathedrals-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Williamsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Little League World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_League_World_Series"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cnote_A"},{"link_name":"humidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"curveball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"Wrigley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Field_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ubaldo Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Jhoulys Chacín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhoulys_Chac%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Kyle Freeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Freeland"},{"link_name":"Jon Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Gray"},{"link_name":"Germán Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"Jake McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_McGee"},{"link_name":"Wade Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Davis_(baseball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coors_Field_Pano.jpg"},{"link_name":"2007 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Series"}],"sub_title":"Reputation as a home run-friendly park","text":"At 5,200 feet (1,580 m) above sea level, Coors Field is by far the highest park in the majors. The next-highest, Chase Field in Phoenix, stands at 1,100 feet (340 m). Designers knew that the stadium would give up a lot of home runs, as the lower air density at such a high elevation would result in balls traveling farther than in other parks. To compensate for this, the outfield fences were placed at an unusually far distance from home plate, thus creating the largest outfield in Major League Baseball.[15] In spite of the pushed-back fences, for many years Coors Field not only gave up the most home runs in baseball, but due to the resultant large field area, the most doubles and triples as well.[16]In its first decade, the above-average number of home runs earned Coors Field a reputation as the most hitter-friendly park in Major League Baseball, earning the critical nicknames \"Coors Canaveral\"[17] (a reference to Cape Canaveral, from where NASA launches spacecraft) and \"Williamsport\" (referring to the site of the Little League World Series, which has been traditionally dominated by batters). Prior to the 2002 baseball season, studies determined that dry air rather than thin air had a greater contribution to the increased frequency of home runs. It was found that baseballs stored in damper air are softer and therefore less elastic to the impact of the bat.[A] To address this problem, a secure room-sized humidor was installed to have a damper place to store the baseballs prior to games. Since its introduction, the number of home runs at Coors Field has decreased and is now nearly the same as other parks.[18]Regardless of ball humidity, elevation is still a factor in games at Coors Field. The ball does slip more easily through the thin air allowing for longer hits. In addition, the curveball tends to curve less with the thin air than at sea level leading to fewer strikeouts and fewer effective pitches for pitchers to work with.[19]Coors Field twice broke the major league record for home runs hit in a ballpark in one season. The previous record, 248, had been set at the Angels' original home of Wrigley Field in Los Angeles in 1961, its only year for major league ball. In Coors Field's first year, the home run total fell just 7 short of that mark, despite losing 9 games from the home schedule (or 1/9 of the normal 81) due to the strike that had continued from 1994. The next season, 1996, with a full schedule finally, 271 home runs were hit at Coors Field. In 1999, the current major league record was set at 303. The annual home run figure dropped noticeably in 2002, and has dropped below 200 starting in 2005.[20]Although the number of home runs hit per season at Coors Field is decreasing, Coors Field still remains the most hitter friendly ballpark in the Major Leagues by a wide margin. From 2012 to 2015, the Colorado Rockies led the league in runs scored in home games, while being last in the league for runs scored in away games. This demonstrates the extreme benefit that Coors Field's low air density provides to hitters.[21]Many, however, feel that Coors Field has hurt the Rockies' success. One concern over the years has been poor adjustment when playing road games at lower altitudes. The Rockies score an average of just 3.9 runs per road game, the lowest among all teams. This has had a detrimental effect on Colorado's all-time road record, which sits at 888-1352, or 39.6%, the worst in the majors by a large margin. Additionally, many feel that pitcher development on the Rockies has suffered because of how much of an advantage opposing hitters have at Coors Field. Rockies pitchers are more likely to finish with an ERA of at least 4, if not higher, and only Ubaldo Jiménez and Jhoulys Chacín\nmaintained sub-4 ERAs during their Rockies tenure (3.66 and 3.84 respectively). This can hurt the trade value and careers of pitchers. Some have claimed that starting pitchers such as Kyle Freeland, Jon Gray, and Germán Márquez would have developed better if they didn't play for Colorado. Additionally, notable relief pitchers such as Jake McGee and Wade Davis are cited to have suffered significant drop-offs due to playing at higher altitudes. Compounded with poor coaching and management decisions, Colorado has gained a bad reputation among the pitching community, and some pitchers have cited their reluctance to play for the Rockies.Panorama of Coors Field on the night of Game 4 of the 2007 World Series","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coors_Field_panorama_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hideo Nomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Nomo"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season"},{"link_name":"no-hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"Mile High Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_High_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2021 Major League Baseball All-Star Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockies_padres-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattle-25"},{"link_name":"humidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidor"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coors_Field_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Todd Helton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Helton"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_San_Diego_Padres_season"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockies_padres-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattle-25"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Philadelphia_Phillies_season"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Milwaukee_Brewers_season"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_San_Francisco_Giants_season"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_San_Diego_Padres_season"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Washington_Nationals_season"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_San_Francisco_Giants_season"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Washington_Nationals_season"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"2007 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Boston_Red_Sox_season"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Ichiro Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichiro_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Chris Rusin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rusin"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"MLB","text":"Behind home plate at Coors Field in 2022On September 17, 1996, Hideo Nomo of the Los Angeles Dodgers threw the first of his two career no-hit games as the Dodgers won 9–0. Nomo's first no-hitter at Coors Field is of special note due to the park's overwhelming hitter-friendly reputation (before the usage of the humidors, even), it being the only one thrown there through the 2022 season, as well as Nomo pitching for the visiting team; while still a fairly new park at the time, the Rockies started out in the similarly elevated Mile High Stadium and would naturally be more accustomed to Coors Field's nuances such as the larger fielding area as it is their home field.The 1998 and 2021 Major League Baseball All-Star Games took place in Coors Field.In 2011, a man fell to his death when he was attempting to slide down a stair railing during the 7th inning of a Rockies-Diamondbacks game.[22]On April 23, 2013, Rockies and Braves played in the coldest game since MLB began tracking game time temperature in 1991, at 23 °F (−5 °C).[23]There have been eleven 1–0 games in Coors Field history, through April 6, 2023. The first 1–0 game at Coors Field was on July 9, 2005,[24][25] meaning all eleven games have occurred since Major League Baseball allowed the Rockies to start using a humidor on May 15, 2002:[26]Panorama of Coors Field during Todd Helton's final home game. This was also the final game played at the stadium before the removal of part of the right field upper deck.July 9, 2005, Rockies beat the San Diego Padres[24][25]\nApril 16, 2006, Philadelphia Phillies beat the Rockies[27]\nJuly 25, 2006, St. Louis Cardinals beat the Rockies[28]\nAugust 1, 2006, Milwaukee Brewers beat the Rockies[29]\nJune 11, 2008, Rockies beat the San Francisco Giants[30]\nSeptember 14, 2008, Rockies beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in 10 innings[31][32]\nSeptember 17, 2008, Rockies beat the San Diego Padres[33]\nJuly 6, 2009, Rockies beat the Washington Nationals[34]\nJune 12, 2010, Rockies beat the Toronto Blue Jays[35]\nJuly 4, 2018, Rockies beat the San Francisco Giants[36]\nApril 6, 2023, Rockies beat the Washington Nationals[37]Games 3 and 4 of the 2007 World Series between the Rockies and the Boston Red Sox were held at Coors Field. The Red Sox swept both games to win the title.[38]On August 7, 2016, Ichiro Suzuki collected his 3,000th MLB career hit: a seventh-inning triple that was off the right field wall off Rockies pitcher Chris Rusin.[39]","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Concerts","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Pioneers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"arch-rival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_the_Gold_Pan"},{"link_name":"Colorado College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_College_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denverpost.com-44"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denverpost.com-44"},{"link_name":"2016 NHL Stadium Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NHL_Stadium_Series"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"}],"sub_title":"Ice Hockey","text":"Coors Field also hosted three outdoor ice hockey games in February 2016. First, on February 20, the local Denver Pioneers defeated their arch-rival Colorado College 4–1[44] in a college match billed as the \"Battle on Blake\".[45] Then, one week later on February 27, the Colorado Avalanche lost to the Detroit Red Wings 5–3[44] as part of the 2016 NHL Stadium Series.[46][47] The day before that also hosted the Alumni exhibition game where the Colorado Avalanche alumni defeated their Detroit Red Wings counterparts.","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Roach"},{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"train system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport_Automated_Guideway_Transit_System"},{"link_name":"Denver International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport"}],"text":"Alan Roach was the main PA announcer since Coors Field opened in 1995. In the spring preceding the 2007 Rockies season, Roach announced his retirement from his post at Coors Field to spend more time over the summer with his family. He did come back to substitute in 2008. Roach is also the PA announcer for the nearby Colorado Avalanche hockey team of the NHL and former PA announcer for the Denver Broncos of the NFL. He also provides voice-overs for local sports introductions in the region, in addition to hosting a local sports talk radio show. He is currently the PA announcer for the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL. He is also one of the voices of the train system at Denver International Airport, and has also been heard as the PA announcer at recent Super Bowls. Reed Saunders, 23, was chosen to be the new voice of Coors Field on March 16, 2007.","title":"The \"Voice\" of Coors Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fan_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Wesley Snipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Snipes"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"Professor Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Chaos"},{"link_name":"The Losing Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Losing_Edge"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Acclaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"All-Star Baseball 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Star_Baseball_2004"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Coors Field was featured in the movie The Fan (1996) starring Robert De Niro and Wesley Snipes.[49] The ballpark was also featured in two episodes of South Park: \"Professor Chaos\" (2002) and \"The Losing Edge\" (2005).[50]\"Acclaim Sports Park\", featured on All-Star Baseball 2004 and 2005, is a mirrored image of Coors Field.[51]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coors Field firsts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Opening Day (April 26, 1995)","title":"Coors Field firsts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Later firsts","title":"Coors Field firsts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A_1"},{"link_name":"deformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"bouncy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_ball"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"deformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"coefficient of restitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_restitution"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuart-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuart-52"}],"text":"^ Being less elastic, a softer baseball experiences more deformation than a harder one, all else being equal – that is, it is less bouncy. Thus, at the time of bat-ball contact, more of the combined kinetic energy of the bat and ball is absorbed by deformation of the baseball, leaving less to impart motion to the ball in its flight away from the bat (which means that the softer baseball has a lower coefficient of restitution).[52]\nBut given the small change in elasticity of the balls stored in the humidor, the speed (and hardness) of the bat and the speed of the ball remain much stronger factors in the outcome of the impact event.[52]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Main entrance to the ballpark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coors_Field_exterior_2022.jpg/250px-Coors_Field_exterior_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Extended exposure of neon lights on the northeast corner above the Blue Moon Brewery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coors_Field_Lights%2C_Denver_Colorado.JPG/220px-Coors_Field_Lights%2C_Denver_Colorado.JPG"},{"image_text":"Coors Field sold out at night.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coors_Crowded.jpg/250px-Coors_Crowded.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panorama of Coors Field on the night of Game 4 of the 2007 World Series","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coors_Field_Pano.jpg/700px-Coors_Field_Pano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Behind home plate at Coors Field in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coors_Field_panorama_2022.jpg/250px-Coors_Field_panorama_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panorama of Coors Field during Todd Helton's final home game. This was also the final game played at the stadium before the removal of part of the right field upper deck.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coors_Field_Panorama.jpg/400px-Coors_Field_Panorama.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of ballparks by capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ballparks_by_capacity"},{"title":"List of current Major League Baseball stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Major_League_Baseball_stadiums"},{"title":"Lists of stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stadiums"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"}]	[{"reference":"\"Sports Business Resource Guide & Fact Book\" (PDF). Street's and Smith's. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910212244/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/images/random/resource2006_F-3.pdf","url_text":"\"Sports Business Resource Guide & Fact Book\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/images/random/resource2006_F-3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Colorado Rockies Media Guide\". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. March 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/374441158/2018-COL-Media-Guide","url_text":"\"2018 Colorado Rockies Media Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Advanced_Media","url_text":"Major League Baseball Advanced Media"}]},{"reference":"Groke, Nick (April 2, 2014). \"Rockies' Rooftop Party Deck at Coors Field \"Another Dimension\", Dick Monfort Says\". The Denver Post. Retrieved February 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/rockies/ci_25479735/rockies-rooftop-party-deck-another-dimension-coors-field","url_text":"\"Rockies' Rooftop Party Deck at Coors Field \"Another Dimension\", Dick Monfort Says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". 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August 27, 2006 – via Flickr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/pauldineen/234327498/","url_text":"\"Dinger, Colorado Rockies mascot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Coors Field's naming rights won't be changing anytime soon\". KMGH. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedenverchannel.com/sports/rockies/why-the-coors-fields-name-wont-be-changing-anytime-soon","url_text":"\"Why Coors Field's naming rights won't be changing anytime soon\""}]},{"reference":"Spedden, Zach (31 October 2019). \"Coors Field Naming Rights Run in Perpetuity\". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballparkdigest.com/2019/10/31/coors-field-naming-rights-run-in-perpetuity/","url_text":"\"Coors Field Naming Rights Run in Perpetuity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Rockies, Coors Field\". Daktronics. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakrddaasah	Antakrddaasah	["1 References"]	AntakrddaasahInformationReligionJainism Part of a series onJainism Jains History Timeline Index Philosophy Anekantavada Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Mokṣa Kevala Jnana Dravya Tattva Brahmacarya Aparigraha Gunasthana Saṃsāra EthicsEthics of Jainism Mahavratas (major vows) Ahiṃsā (non-violence) Satya (truth) Asteya (non-stealing) Brahmacarya (chastity) Aparigraha (non-possession) Anuvratas (further vows) Sāmāyika Sallekhana Jain prayers Bhaktamara Stotra Micchami Dukkadam Ṇamōkāra mantra Jai Jinendra Major figures The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Pārśva Mahavira Arihant Ganadhara Kundakunda Siddhasena Samantabhadra Haribhadra Yashovijaya Major sectsSchools and Branches Digambara Śvetāmbara Jain literature Samayasāra (Digambara) Pravachanasara (Digambara) Agama (Śvetāmbara) Tattvartha Sutra Dravyasamgraha (Digambara) Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara) Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara) Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi Silappatikaram Valayapathi Festivals Diwali Mahavir Janma Kalyanak Paryushana Samvatsari PilgrimagesTirth Abu Palitana Girnar Shikharji Shravanabelagola Other Temples Jain flag Jain symbols Parasparopagraho Jivanam Topics list Religion portalvte Antakrddaaśāh is the eighth of the 12 Jain āgamas said to be promulgated by Māhavīra himself. Antakrddaaśāh translated as "Ten Chapters on End-Makers" is said to have been composed by Ganadhara Sudharmaswami as per the Śvetámbara tradition. It contains stories describing those who succeeded in destroying all their karmas and succeeded in attaining Moksa and putting an end to the re-births. The text contains the biographies of ten ascetics in the order of Mahāvīra: Nami, Mataṅga, Somila, Rāmaputra, Sudarśana, Yamalīka, Valīka, Kiṣkambala, Pāla, and Ambaṣṭhaputra.: 290 References ^ Tatia, Nathmal (1994). That Which Is. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-06-068985-8. vteJain literatureFourteen Purvas (The Prior Knowledge – considered totally lost)ŚvetāmbaraCanonical TextsAngāgama Ācārāṅga Sūtra Sutrakritanga Sthananga Sutra Samavayanga Sutra Vyākhyāprajñapti Jnatrdharmakathah Upasakadasah Antakrddaasah Anuttaraupapātikadaśāh Prasnavyakaranani Vipakasutra Drstivada (now extinct) Upanga āgamas Aupapatika Rājapraśnīya Jīvājīvābhigama Prajñāpana Sūryaprajñapti Jambūdvīpaprajñapti Candraprajñapti Nirayārvalī Kalpāvatamsikāh Puṣpikāh Puṣpacūlikāh Vrasnidaśāh Chedasūtra Ācāradaśāh Brhatkalpa Vyavahāra Nishitha Mahāniśītha Jītakalpa Kalpa Sūtra Mūlasūtra Daśavaikālika Uttaradhyayana Āvaśyaka Pindaniryukyti Prakīrnaka sūtra Catuhśarana Āturapratyākhyanā Bhaktaparijñā Samstāraka Tandulavaicarika Candravedhyāka Devendrastava Ganividyā Mahāpratyākhyanā Vīrastava Cūlikasūtra Nandī-sūtra Anuyogadvāra-sūtra Others Uvasaggaharam Stotra Bhaktamara Stotra Namokar Mantra Ratnakar Pachisi Bruhad Shanti Stotra Digambara TextsAgamas Satkhandagama Kasayapahuda Pratham -ānuyoga Mahapurana Ādi purāṇa Uttarapurana Harivamsa Purana Carnānuyoga Mulachara Trivarnācāra Tattvartha Sutra † Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya Karnánuyoga Gommatsāra Sūryaprajñapti Jayadhavalātikā Tiloya Panatti Lokavibhaga Dravyānuyoga Niyamasara Pancastikayasara Pravachanasara Samayasāra Aptamimamsa Dravyasamgraha Jnanarnava Commentary Sarvārthasiddhi (commentary on Tattvārthasūtra) Others Siribhoovalaya Bhaktamara Stotra Jinvani Namokar Mantra † Tattvartha Sutra is accepted by both Digambara and Śvetāmbara as their texts, although Śvetāmbaras do not include it under canonical texts. vte Jainism topicsGods Tirthankara Ganadhara Arihant Philosophy Five Vows Ahimsa Epistemology Kevala Jñāna Jaina logic Anekāntavāda Jain cosmology Siddhashila Naraka Heavenly beings Karma Types Causes Gunasthana Dravya Jīva Ajiva Pudgala Dharma Tattva Asrava Bandha Samvara Nirjara Mokṣa Death Saṃsāra Ratnatraya Kashaya BranchesDigambara Mula Sangha Balatkara Gana Kashtha Sangha Taran Panth Bispanthi Terapanth Yapaniya Kanji Panth Śvetāmbara Murtipujaka Gaccha Kharatara Tapa Tristutik Sthānakavāsī Terapanth Practices Sallekhana Meditation Sāmāyika Monasticism Vegetarianism Fasting Rituals Festivals Paryushana Kshamavani Mahamastakabhisheka Upadhan Tapas Pratikramana Literature Agama Pravachanasara Shatkhandagama Kasayapahuda Mantra Namokar Mantra Bhaktamara Stotra Tattvartha Sutra Samayasāra Aptamimamsa Kalpa Sūtra Uttaradhyayana Symbols Jain flag Siddhachakra Ashtamangala Shrivatsa Nandavarta Auspicious dreams Swastika Ascetics Digambara monk Aryika Kshullak Pattavali Acharya Scholars Nalini Balbir Colette Caillat Chandabai John E. Cort Paul Dundas Virchand Gandhi Hermann Jacobi Champat Rai Jain Padmanabh Jaini Jeffery D. Long Hampa Nagarajaiah Bal Patil Jinendra Varni Community Śrāvaka Sarak Tamil Organisations Digambar Jain Mahasabha Vishwa Jain Sangathan JAINA Jainism inIndia Bundelkhand Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Karnataka North Kerala Maharashtra Mumbai Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Overseas Africa Australia Belgium Canada Europe Hong Kong Japan Pakistan Singapore Southeast Asia United States Jainism and Buddhism Hinduism Islam Sikhism Non-creationism Dynasties and empires Chalukya Ganga Hoysala Ikshvaku Kadamba Kalinga Maurya Pandya Rashtrakuta Santara Related History Timeline Pañca-Parameṣṭhi Pratima Śalākāpuruṣa Tirtha Samavasarana Jain calendar Samvatsari Panch Kalyanaka Statue of Ahimsa Temple Stupa Sculpture Art Law Nigoda Jain terms and concepts Sexual differences Lists List of Jains List of Jain temples List of Jain ascetics List of Digambar Jain ascetics Topics List (index) Navboxes Gods Literature Monks & nuns Scholars Temples America Bengal Religion portal This article related to a book about Jainism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain"},{"link_name":"Māhavīra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira"},{"link_name":"Ganadhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganadhara"},{"link_name":"Sudharmaswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudharmaswami"},{"link_name":"Śvetámbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C3%A1mbara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"karmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"Nami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nami_(Jain_monk)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mataṅga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mata%E1%B9%85ga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Somila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rāmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81maputra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudarśana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudar%C5%9Bana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yamalīka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamal%C4%ABka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valīka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Val%C4%ABka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiṣkambala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ki%E1%B9%A3kambala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pāla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pala_(Jain_monk)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ambaṣṭhaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amba%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhaputra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThatWhichIs-1"}],"text":"Antakrddaaśāh is the eighth of the 12 Jain āgamas said to be promulgated by Māhavīra himself. Antakrddaaśāh translated as \"Ten Chapters on End-Makers\" is said to have been composed by Ganadhara Sudharmaswami as per the Śvetámbara tradition.It contains stories describing those who succeeded in destroying all their karmas and succeeded in attaining Moksa and putting an end to the re-births.The text contains the biographies of ten ascetics in the order of Mahāvīra: Nami, Mataṅga, Somila, Rāmaputra, Sudarśana, Yamalīka, Valīka, Kiṣkambala, Pāla, and Ambaṣṭhaputra.[1]: 290","title":"Antakrddaasah"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tatia, Nathmal (1994). That Which Is. Rowman & Littlefield. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Gillarduzzi	Luigi Gillarduzzi	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Austrian-Italian painter (1822–1856) Luigi Gillarduzzi or Alois Gillarduzzi (Cortina d'Ampezzo, 2 February 1822 - Vienna, 1856) was an Austrian-Italian painter. Biography Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert (1851) After studying design in Innsbruck, he attended the Academy of Venice. In 1846 he moved to Vienna. There in 1853 he exhibited: a Holy Family and Angels, The Flood, and The Bells of St. Mark announce the election of the Doge Foscari. The Ferdinandeum Museum in Innsbruck has the latter painting and The Venetian fisherman. He painted a Deposition in Nazarene style for the parish church of Cortina d'Ampezzo. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luigi Gillarduzzi. ^ Biography by Roberto Pappacena. ^ Istituto Matteucci short biography. This article about an Italian sculptor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Luigi Gillarduzzi or Alois Gillarduzzi (Cortina d'Ampezzo, 2 February 1822 - Vienna, 1856) was an Austrian-Italian painter.","title":"Luigi Gillarduzzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luigi_Alois_Gillarduzzi_Hagar_und_Ismael_in_der_W%C3%BCste_1851.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Academy of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia,_Venice"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Ferdinandeum Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrolean_State_Museum"},{"link_name":"Nazarene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert (1851)After studying design in Innsbruck, he attended the Academy of Venice. In 1846 he moved to Vienna. There in 1853 he exhibited: a Holy Family and Angels, The Flood, and The Bells of St. Mark announce the election of the Doge Foscari. The Ferdinandeum Museum in Innsbruck has the latter painting and The Venetian fisherman. He painted a Deposition in Nazarene style for the parish church of Cortina d'Ampezzo.[1][2]","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert (1851)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Luigi_Alois_Gillarduzzi_Hagar_und_Ismael_in_der_W%C3%BCste_1851.jpg/220px-Luigi_Alois_Gillarduzzi_Hagar_und_Ismael_in_der_W%C3%BCste_1851.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.polovalboite.it/liceos/giacomel/benemeriti1.htm","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.istitutomatteucci.it/it/dizionario-degli-artisti/gillarduzzi-luigi","external_links_name":"Istituto Matteucci"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Gillarduzzi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz%27s_theorem_(composition_algebras)	Hurwitz's theorem (composition algebras)	["1 Euclidean Hurwitz algebras","1.1 Definition","1.2 Classification","2 Other proofs","3 Applications to Jordan algebras","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Non-associative algebras with positive-definite quadratic form In mathematics, Hurwitz's theorem is a theorem of Adolf Hurwitz (1859–1919), published posthumously in 1923, solving the Hurwitz problem for finite-dimensional unital real non-associative algebras endowed with a nondegenerate positive-definite quadratic form. The theorem states that if the quadratic form defines a homomorphism into the positive real numbers on the non-zero part of the algebra, then the algebra must be isomorphic to the real numbers, the complex numbers, the quaternions, or the octonions, and that there are no other possibilities. Such algebras, sometimes called Hurwitz algebras, are examples of composition algebras. The theory of composition algebras has subsequently been generalized to arbitrary quadratic forms and arbitrary fields. Hurwitz's theorem implies that multiplicative formulas for sums of squares can only occur in 1, 2, 4 and 8 dimensions, a result originally proved by Hurwitz in 1898. It is a special case of the Hurwitz problem, solved also in Radon (1922). Subsequent proofs of the restrictions on the dimension have been given by Eckmann (1943) using the representation theory of finite groups and by Lee (1948) and Chevalley (1954) using Clifford algebras. Hurwitz's theorem has been applied in algebraic topology to problems on vector fields on spheres and the homotopy groups of the classical groups and in quantum mechanics to the classification of simple Jordan algebras. Euclidean Hurwitz algebras Definition A Hurwitz algebra or composition algebra is a finite-dimensional not necessarily associative algebra A with identity endowed with a nondegenerate positive definite quadratic form q such that q(a b) = q(a) q(b). If the underlying coefficient field is the reals and q is positive-definite, so that (a, b) = 1/2 is an inner product, then A is called a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra or (finite-dimensional) normed division algebra. If A is a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra and a is in A, define the involution and right and left multiplication operators by a ∗ = − a + 2 ( a , 1 ) 1 , L ( a ) b = a b , R ( a ) b = b a . {\displaystyle a^{}=-a+2(a,1)1,\quad L(a)b=ab,\quad R(a)b=ba.} Evidently the involution has period two and preserves the inner product and norm. These operators have the following properties: the involution is an antiautomorphism, i.e. (ab) = ba aa* = ‖a‖2 1 = aa L(a) = L(a), R(a) = R(a), so that the involution on the algebra corresponds to taking adjoints Re (ab) = Re (ba) if Re x = (x + x)/2 = (x, 1)1 Re (ab)c = Re a(bc) L(a2) = L(a)2, R(a2) = R(a)2, so that A is an alternative algebra. These properties are proved starting from the polarized version of the identity (ab, ab) = (a, a)(b, b): 2 ( a , b ) ( c , d ) = ( a c , b d ) + ( a d , b c ) . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {2(a,b)(c,d)=(ac,bd)+(ad,bc).}} Setting b = 1 or d = 1 yields L(a) = L(a) and R(c) = R(c). Hence Re(ab) = (ab, 1)1 = (a, b)1 = (ba, 1)1 = Re(ba). Similarly Re (ab)c = ((ab)c,1)1 = (ab, c)1 = (b, a* c)1 = (bc,a)1 = (a(bc),1)1 = Re a(bc). Hence ((ab), c) = (ab, c) = (b, ac) = (1, b(ac)) = (1, (ba)c) = (ba, c), so that (ab)* = ba. By the polarized identity ‖a‖2 (c, d) = (ac, ad) = (a* (ac), d) so L(a) L(a) = L(‖a‖2). Applied to 1 this gives aa = ‖a‖2 1. Replacing a by a* gives the other identity. Substituting the formula for a* in L(a) L(a) = L(aa) gives L(a)2 = L(a2). The formula R(a2) = R(a)2 is proved analogously. Classification It is routine to check that the real numbers R, the complex numbers C and the quaternions H are examples of associative Euclidean Hurwitz algebras with their standard norms and involutions. There are moreover natural inclusions R ⊂ C ⊂ H. Analysing such an inclusion leads to the Cayley–Dickson construction, formalized by A.A. Albert. Let A be a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra and B a proper unital subalgebra, so a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra in its own right. Pick a unit vector j in A orthogonal to B. Since (j, 1) = 0, it follows that j* = −j and hence j2 = −1. Let C be subalgebra generated by B and j. It is unital and is again a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra. It satisfies the following Cayley–Dickson multiplication laws: C = B ⊕ B j , ( a + b j ) ∗ = a ∗ − b j , ( a + b j ) ( c + d j ) = ( a c − d ∗ b ) + ( b c ∗ + d a ) j . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {C=B\oplus Bj,\,\,\,(a+bj)^{}=a^{}-bj,\,\,\,(a+bj)(c+dj)=(ac-d^{}b)+(bc^{}+da)j.}} B and Bj are orthogonal, since j is orthogonal to B. If a is in B, then j a = a* j, since by orthogonal 0 = 2(j, a) = ja − aj. The formula for the involution follows. To show that B ⊕ B j is closed under multiplication Bj = jB. Since Bj is orthogonal to 1, (bj)* = −bj. b(cj) = (cb) j since (b, j) = 0 so that, for x in A, (b(cj), x) = (b( jx), j(cj)) = −(b( jx), c) = −(cb, ( jx)) = −((cb) j, x) = ((cb) j, x). ( jc)b = j(bc) taking adjoints above. (bj)(cj) = −cb since (b, cj) = 0, so that, for x in A, ((bj)(cj), x) = −((cj)x, bj) = (bx, (cj) j) = −(cb, x). Imposing the multiplicativity of the norm on C for a + bj and c + dj gives: ( ‖ a ‖ 2 + ‖ b ‖ 2 ) ( ‖ c ‖ 2 + ‖ d ‖ 2 ) = ‖ a c − d ∗ b ‖ 2 + ‖ b c ∗ + d a ‖ 2 , {\displaystyle \displaystyle {(\\|a\\|^{2}+\\|b\\|^{2})(\\|c\\|^{2}+\\|d\\|^{2})=\\|ac-d^{}b\\|^{2}+\\|bc^{}+da\\|^{2},}} which leads to ( a c , d ∗ b ) = ( b c ∗ , d a ) . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {(ac,d^{}b)=(bc^{},da).}} Hence d(ac) = (da)c, so that B must be associative. This analysis applies to the inclusion of R in C and C in H. Taking O = H ⊕ H with the product and inner product above gives a noncommutative nonassociative algebra generated by J = (0, 1). This recovers the usual definition of the octonions or Cayley numbers. If A is a Euclidean algebra, it must contain R. If it is strictly larger than R, the argument above shows that it contains C. If it is larger than C, it contains H. If it is larger still, it must contain O. But there the process must stop, because O is not associative. In fact H is not commutative and a(bj) = (ba) j ≠ (ab) j in O. Theorem. The only Euclidean Hurwitz algebras are the real numbers, the complex numbers, the quaternions and the octonions. Other proofs The proofs of Lee (1948) and Chevalley (1954) use Clifford algebras to show that the dimension N of A must be 1, 2, 4 or 8. In fact the operators L(a) with (a, 1) = 0 satisfy L(a)2 = −‖a‖2 and so form a real Clifford algebra. If a is a unit vector, then L(a) is skew-adjoint with square −I. So N must be either even or 1 (in which case A contains no unit vectors orthogonal to 1). The real Clifford algebra and its complexification act on the complexification of A, an N-dimensional complex space. If N is even, N − 1 is odd, so the Clifford algebra has exactly two complex irreducible representations of dimension 2N/2 − 1. So this power of 2 must divide N. It is easy to see that this implies N can only be 1, 2, 4 or 8. The proof of Eckmann (1943) uses the representation theory of finite groups, or the projective representation theory of elementary abelian 2-groups, known to be equivalent to the representation theory of real Clifford algebras. Indeed, taking an orthonormal basis ei of the orthogonal complement of 1 gives rise to operators Ui = L(ei) satisfying U i 2 = − I , U i U j = − U j U i ( i ≠ j ) . {\displaystyle U_{i}^{2}=-I,\quad U_{i}U_{j}=-U_{j}U_{i}\,\,(i\neq j).} This is a projective representation of a direct product of N − 1 groups of order 2. (N is assumed to be greater than 1.) The operators Ui by construction are skew-symmetric and orthogonal. In fact Eckmann constructed operators of this type in a slightly different but equivalent way. It is in fact the method originally followed in Hurwitz (1923). Assume that there is a composition law for two forms ( x 1 2 + ⋯ + x N 2 ) ( y 1 2 + ⋯ + y N 2 ) = z 1 2 + ⋯ + z N 2 , {\displaystyle \displaystyle {(x_{1}^{2}+\cdots +x_{N}^{2})(y_{1}^{2}+\cdots +y_{N}^{2})=z_{1}^{2}+\cdots +z_{N}^{2},}} where zi is bilinear in x and y. Thus z i = ∑ j = 1 N a i j ( x ) y j {\displaystyle \displaystyle {z_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{N}a_{ij}(x)y_{j}}} where the matrix T(x) = (aij) is linear in x. The relations above are equivalent to T ( x ) T ( x ) t = x 1 2 + ⋯ + x N 2 . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {T(x)T(x)^{t}=x_{1}^{2}+\cdots +x_{N}^{2}.}} Writing T ( x ) = T 1 x 1 + ⋯ + T N x N , {\displaystyle \displaystyle {T(x)=T_{1}x_{1}+\cdots +T_{N}x_{N},}} the relations become T i T j t + T j T i t = 2 δ i j I . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {T_{i}T_{j}^{t}+T_{j}T_{i}^{t}=2\delta _{ij}I.}} Now set Vi = (TN)t Ti. Thus VN = I and the V1, ... , VN − 1 are skew-adjoint, orthogonal satisfying exactly the same relations as the Ui's: V i 2 = − I , V i V j = − V j V i ( i ≠ j ) . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {V_{i}^{2}=-I,\quad V_{i}V_{j}=-V_{j}V_{i}\,\,(i\neq j).}} Since Vi is an orthogonal matrix with square −I on a real vector space, N is even. Let G be the finite group generated by elements vi such that v i 2 = ε , v i v j = ε v j v i ( i ≠ j ) , {\displaystyle \displaystyle {v_{i}^{2}=\varepsilon ,\quad v_{i}v_{j}=\varepsilon v_{j}v_{i}\,\,(i\neq j),}} where ε is central of order 2. The commutator subgroup is just formed of 1 and ε. If N is odd this coincides with the center while if N is even the center has order 4 with extra elements γ = v1...vN − 1 and εγ. If g in G is not in the center its conjugacy class is exactly g and εg. Thus there are 2N − 1 + 1 conjugacy classes for N odd and 2N − 1 + 2 for N even. G has \| G / \| = 2N − 1 1-dimensional complex representations. The total number of irreducible complex representations is the number of conjugacy classes. So since N is even, there are two further irreducible complex representations. Since the sum of the squares of the dimensions equals \|G\| and the dimensions divide \|G\|, the two irreducibles must have dimension 2(N − 2)/2. When N is even, there are two and their dimension must divide the order of the group, so is a power of two, so they must both have dimension 2(N − 2)/2. The space on which the Vi's act can be complexified. It will have complex dimension N. It breaks up into some of complex irreducible representations of G, all having dimension 2(N − 2)/2. In particular this dimension is ≤ N, so N is less than or equal to 8. If N = 6, the dimension is 4, which does not divide 6. So N can only be 1, 2, 4 or 8. Applications to Jordan algebras Let A be a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra and let Mn(A) be the algebra of n-by-n matrices over A. It is a unital nonassociative algebra with an involution given by ( x i j ) ∗ = ( x j i ∗ ) . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {(x_{ij})^{}=(x_{ji}^{}).}} The trace Tr(X ) is defined as the sum of the diagonal elements of X and the real-valued trace by TrR(X ) = Re Tr(X ). The real-valued trace satisfies: Tr R ⁡ X Y = Tr R ⁡ Y X , Tr R ⁡ ( X Y ) Z = Tr R ⁡ X ( Y Z ) . {\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} _{\mathbf {R} }XY=\operatorname {Tr} _{\mathbf {R} }YX,\qquad \operatorname {Tr} _{\mathbf {R} }(XY)Z=\operatorname {Tr} _{\mathbf {R} }X(YZ).} These are immediate consequences of the known identities for n = 1. In A define the associator by [ a , b , c ] = a ( b c ) − ( a b ) c . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {=a(bc)-(ab)c.}} It is trilinear and vanishes identically if A is associative. Since A is an alternative algebra = 0 and = 0. Polarizing it follows that the associator is antisymmetric in its three entries. Furthermore, if a, b or c lie in R then = 0. These facts imply that M3(A) has certain commutation properties. In fact if X is a matrix in M3(A) with real entries on the diagonal then [ X , X 2 ] = a I , {\displaystyle \displaystyle {=aI,}} with a in A. In fact if Y = , then y i j = ∑ k , ℓ [ x i k , x k ℓ , x ℓ j ] . {\displaystyle \displaystyle {y_{ij}=\sum _{k,\ell }.}} Since the diagonal entries of X are real, the off-diagonal entries of Y vanish. Each diagonal entry of Y is a sum of two associators involving only off diagonal terms of X. Since the associators are invariant under cyclic permutations, the diagonal entries of Y are all equal. Let Hn(A) be the space of self-adjoint elements in Mn(A) with product X ∘Y = 1/2(X Y + Y X) and inner product (X, Y ) = TrR(X Y ). Theorem. Hn(A) is a Euclidean Jordan algebra if A is associative (the real numbers, complex numbers or quaternions) and n ≥ 3 or if A is nonassociative (the octonions) and n = 3. The exceptional Jordan algebra H3(O) is called the Albert algebra after A.A. Albert. To check that Hn(A) satisfies the axioms for a Euclidean Jordan algebra, the real trace defines a symmetric bilinear form with (X, X) = Σ ‖xij‖2. So it is an inner product. It satisfies the associativity property (Z∘X, Y ) = (X, Z∘Y ) because of the properties of the real trace. The main axiom to check is the Jordan condition for the operators L(X) defined by L(X)Y = X ∘Y: [ L ( X ) , L ( X 2 ) ] = 0. {\displaystyle \displaystyle {=0.}} This is easy to check when A is associative, since Mn(A) is an associative algebra so a Jordan algebra with X ∘Y = 1/2(X Y + Y X). When A = O and n = 3 a special argument is required, one of the shortest being due to Freudenthal (1951). In fact if T is in H3(O) with Tr T = 0, then D ( X ) = T X − X T {\displaystyle \displaystyle {D(X)=TX-XT}} defines a skew-adjoint derivation of H3(O). Indeed, Tr ⁡ ( T ( X ( X 2 ) ) − T ( X 2 ( X ) ) ) = Tr ⁡ T ( a I ) = Tr ⁡ ( T ) a = 0 , {\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} (T(X(X^{2}))-T(X^{2}(X)))=\operatorname {Tr} T(aI)=\operatorname {Tr} (T)a=0,} so that ( D ( X ) , X 2 ) = 0. {\displaystyle (D(X),X^{2})=0.} Polarizing yields: ( D ( X ) , Y ∘ Z ) + ( D ( Y ) , Z ∘ X ) + ( D ( Z ) , X ∘ Y ) = 0. {\displaystyle (D(X),Y\circ Z)+(D(Y),Z\circ X)+(D(Z),X\circ Y)=0.} Setting Z = 1 shows that D is skew-adjoint. The derivation property D(X ∘Y) = D(X)∘Y + X∘D(Y) follows by this and the associativity property of the inner product in the identity above. With A and n as in the statement of the theorem, let K be the group of automorphisms of E = Hn(A) leaving invariant the inner product. It is a closed subgroup of O(E) so a compact Lie group. Its Lie algebra consists of skew-adjoint derivations. Freudenthal (1951) showed that given X in E there is an automorphism k in K such that k(X) is a diagonal matrix. (By self-adjointness the diagonal entries will be real.) Freudenthal's diagonalization theorem immediately implies the Jordan condition, since Jordan products by real diagonal matrices commute on Mn(A) for any non-associative algebra A. To prove the diagonalization theorem, take X in E. By compactness k can be chosen in K minimizing the sums of the squares of the norms of the off-diagonal terms of k(X ). Since K preserves the sums of all the squares, this is equivalent to maximizing the sums of the squares of the norms of the diagonal terms of k(X ). Replacing X by k X, it can be assumed that the maximum is attained at X. Since the symmetric group Sn, acting by permuting the coordinates, lies in K, if X is not diagonal, it can be supposed that x12 and its adjoint x21 are non-zero. Let T be the skew-adjoint matrix with (2, 1) entry a, (1, 2) entry −a and 0 elsewhere and let D be the derivation ad T of E. Let kt = exp tD in K. Then only the first two diagonal entries in X(t) = ktX differ from those of X. The diagonal entries are real. The derivative of x11(t) at t = 0 is the (1, 1) coordinate of , i.e. a* x21 + x12 a = 2(x21, a). This derivative is non-zero if a = x21. On the other hand, the group kt preserves the real-valued trace. Since it can only change x11 and x22, it preserves their sum. However, on the line x + y = constant, x2 + y2 has no local maximum (only a global minimum), a contradiction. Hence X must be diagonal. See also Multiplicative quadratic form Radon–Hurwitz number Frobenius Theorem Notes ^ See: Lam 2005 Rajwade 1993 Shapiro 2000 ^ See: Eckmann 1989 Eckmann 1999 ^ Jordan, von Neumann & Wigner 1934 ^ Faraut & Koranyi 1994, p. 82 ^ Faraut & Koranyi 1994, pp. 81–86 ^ See: Hurwitz 1923, p. 11 Herstein 1968, pp. 141–144 ^ See: Faraut & Koranyi 1994, pp. 88–91 Postnikov 1986 References Albert, A. A. (1934), "On a certain algebra of quantum mechanics", Ann. of Math., 35 (1): 65–73, doi:10.2307/1968118, JSTOR 1968118 Chevalley, C. (1954), The algebraic theory of spinors and Clifford algebras, Columbia University Press Eckmann, Beno (1943), "Gruppentheoretischer Beweis des Satzes von Hurwitz–Radon über die Komposition quadratischer Formen", Comment. Math. Helv., 15: 358–366, doi:10.1007/bf02565652, S2CID 123322808 Eckmann, Beno (1989), "Hurwitz–Radon matrices and periodicity modulo 8", Enseign. Math., 35: 77–91, archived from the original on 2013-06-16 Eckmann, Beno (1999), "Topology, algebra, analysis—relations and missing links", Notices Amer. Math. Soc., 46: 520–527 Faraut, J.; Koranyi, A. (1994), Analysis on symmetric cones, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198534778 Freudenthal, Hans (1951), Oktaven, Ausnahmegruppen und Oktavengeometrie, Mathematisch Instituut der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht Freudenthal, Hans (1985), "Oktaven, Ausnahmegruppen und Oktavengeometrie", Geom. Dedicata, 19: 7–63, doi:10.1007/bf00233101, S2CID 121496094 (reprint of 1951 article) Herstein, I. N. (1968), Noncommutative rings, Carus Mathematical Monographs, vol. 15, Mathematical Association of America, ISBN 978-0883850152 Hurwitz, A. (1898), "Über die Composition der quadratischen Formen von beliebig vielen Variabeln", Goett. Nachr.: 309–316 Hurwitz, A. (1923), "Über die Komposition der quadratischen Formen", Math. Ann., 88 (1–2): 1–25, doi:10.1007/bf01448439, S2CID 122147399 Jacobson, N. (1968), Structure and representations of Jordan algebras, American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications, vol. 39, American Mathematical Society Jordan, P.; von Neumann, J.; Wigner, E. (1934), "On an algebraic generalization of the quantum mechanical formalism", Ann. of Math., 35 (1): 29–64, doi:10.2307/1968117, JSTOR 1968117 Lam, Tsit-Yuen (2005), Introduction to Quadratic Forms over Fields, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 67, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-1095-8, MR 2104929, Zbl 1068.11023 Lee, H. C. (1948), "Sur le théorème de Hurwitz-Radon pour la composition des formes quadratiques", Comment. Math. Helv., 21: 261–269, doi:10.1007/bf02568038, S2CID 121079375, archived from the original on 2014-05-03 Porteous, I.R. (1969), Topological Geometry, Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 978-0-442-06606-2, Zbl 0186.06304 Postnikov, M. (1986), Lie groups and Lie algebras. Lectures in geometry. Semester V, Mir Radon, J. (1922), "Lineare scharen orthogonaler matrizen", Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg, 1: 1–14, doi:10.1007/bf02940576, S2CID 120583389 Rajwade, A. R. (1993), Squares, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, vol. 171, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-42668-8, Zbl 0785.11022 Schafer, Richard D. (1995) , An introduction to non-associative algebras, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-68813-8, Zbl 0145.25601 Shapiro, Daniel B. (2000), Compositions of quadratic forms, De Gruyter Expositions in Mathematics, vol. 33, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-012629-7, Zbl 0954.11011 Further reading Baez, John C. (2002), "The octonions", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 39 (2): 145–205, arXiv:math/0105155, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X, S2CID 586512 Conway, John H.; Smith, Derek A. (2003), On quaternions and octonions: their geometry, arithmetic, and symmetry, A K Peters, ISBN 978-1568811345 Kantor, I.L.; Solodovnikov, A.S. (1989), "Normed algebras with an identity. Hurwitz's theorem.", Hypercomplex numbers. An elementary introduction to algebras, Trans. A. Shenitzer (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, p. 121, ISBN 978-0-387-96980-0, Zbl 0669.17001 Max Koecher & Reinhold Remmert (1990) "Composition Algebras. Hurwitz's Theorem — Vector-Product Algebras", chapter 10 of Numbers by Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus et al., Springer, ISBN 0-387-97202-1 Springer, T. A.; F. D. Veldkamp (2000), Octonions, Jordan Algebras and Exceptional Groups, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66337-9	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hurwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hurwitz"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_problem"},{"link_name":"finite-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(vector_space)"},{"link_name":"unital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unital_algebra"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"non-associative algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-associative_algebra"},{"link_name":"positive-definite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphism"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"quaternions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion"},{"link_name":"octonions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion"},{"link_name":"composition algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_algebra"},{"link_name":"fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"proved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_problem"},{"link_name":"Radon (1922)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRadon1922"},{"link_name":"Eckmann (1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEckmann1943"},{"link_name":"representation theory of finite groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_finite_groups"},{"link_name":"Lee (1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLee1948"},{"link_name":"Chevalley (1954)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChevalley1954"},{"link_name":"Clifford algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebra"},{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"vector fields on spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_fields_on_spheres#Radon%E2%80%93Hurwitz_numbers"},{"link_name":"homotopy groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_group"},{"link_name":"classical groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"classification of simple Jordan algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_cone#Simple_Euclidean_Jordan_algebras"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In mathematics, Hurwitz's theorem is a theorem of Adolf Hurwitz (1859–1919), published posthumously in 1923, solving the Hurwitz problem for finite-dimensional unital real non-associative algebras endowed with a nondegenerate positive-definite quadratic form. The theorem states that if the quadratic form defines a homomorphism into the positive real numbers on the non-zero part of the algebra, then the algebra must be isomorphic to the real numbers, the complex numbers, the quaternions, or the octonions, and that there are no other possibilities. Such algebras, sometimes called Hurwitz algebras, are examples of composition algebras.The theory of composition algebras has subsequently been generalized to arbitrary quadratic forms and arbitrary fields.[1] Hurwitz's theorem implies that multiplicative formulas for sums of squares can only occur in 1, 2, 4 and 8 dimensions, a result originally proved by Hurwitz in 1898. It is a special case of the Hurwitz problem, solved also in Radon (1922). Subsequent proofs of the restrictions on the dimension have been given by Eckmann (1943) using the representation theory of finite groups and by Lee (1948) and Chevalley (1954) using Clifford algebras. Hurwitz's theorem has been applied in algebraic topology to problems on vector fields on spheres and the homotopy groups of the classical groups[2] and in quantum mechanics to the classification of simple Jordan algebras.[3]","title":"Hurwitz's theorem (composition algebras)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Euclidean Hurwitz algebras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"involution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"antiautomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiautomorphism"},{"link_name":"adjoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_operator"},{"link_name":"alternative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_algebra"}],"sub_title":"Definition","text":"A Hurwitz algebra or composition algebra is a finite-dimensional not necessarily associative algebra A with identity endowed with a nondegenerate positive definite quadratic form q such that q(a b) = q(a) q(b). If the underlying coefficient field is the reals and q is positive-definite, so that (a, b) = 1/2[q(a + b) − q(a) − q(b)] is an inner product, then A is called a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra or (finite-dimensional) normed division algebra.[4]If A is a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra and a is in A, define the involution and right and left multiplication operators bya\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n −\n a\n +\n 2\n (\n a\n ,\n 1\n )\n 1\n ,\n \n L\n (\n a\n )\n b\n =\n a\n b\n ,\n \n R\n (\n a\n )\n b\n =\n b\n a\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a^{}=-a+2(a,1)1,\\quad L(a)b=ab,\\quad R(a)b=ba.}Evidently the involution has period two and preserves the inner product and norm. These operators have the following properties:the involution is an antiautomorphism, i.e. (ab) = ba\naa* = ‖a‖2 1 = aa\nL(a) = L(a), R(a) = R(a), so that the involution on the algebra corresponds to taking adjoints\nRe (ab) = Re (ba) if Re x = (x + x)/2 = (x, 1)1\nRe (ab)c = Re a(bc)\nL(a2) = L(a)2, R(a2) = R(a)2, so that A is an alternative algebra.These properties are proved starting from the polarized version of the identity (ab, ab) = (a, a)(b, b):2\n (\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n (\n c\n ,\n d\n )\n =\n (\n a\n c\n ,\n b\n d\n )\n +\n (\n a\n d\n ,\n b\n c\n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {2(a,b)(c,d)=(ac,bd)+(ad,bc).}}Setting b = 1 or d = 1 yields L(a) = L(a) and R(c) = R(c).Hence Re(ab) = (ab, 1)1 = (a, b)1 = (ba, 1)1 = Re(ba).Similarly Re (ab)c = ((ab)c,1)1 = (ab, c)1 = (b, a* c)1 = (bc,a)1 = (a(bc),1)1 = Re a(bc).Hence ((ab), c) = (ab, c) = (b, ac) = (1, b(ac)) = (1, (ba)c) = (ba, c), so that (ab)* = ba.By the polarized identity ‖a‖2 (c, d) = (ac, ad) = (a* (ac), d) so L(a) L(a) = L(‖a‖2). Applied to 1 this gives aa = ‖a‖2 1. Replacing a by a* gives the other identity.Substituting the formula for a* in L(a) L(a) = L(aa) gives L(a)2 = L(a2). The formula R(a2) = R(a)2 is proved analogously.","title":"Euclidean Hurwitz algebras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cayley–Dickson construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Dickson_construction"},{"link_name":"A.A. Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Adrian_Albert"},{"link_name":"unit vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector"},{"link_name":"Cayley–Dickson multiplication laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Dickson_construction"},{"link_name":"octonions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion"},{"link_name":"Cayley numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_number"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"It is routine to check that the real numbers R, the complex numbers C and the quaternions H are examples of associative Euclidean Hurwitz algebras with their standard norms and involutions. There are moreover natural inclusions R ⊂ C ⊂ H.Analysing such an inclusion leads to the Cayley–Dickson construction, formalized by A.A. Albert. Let A be a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra and B a proper unital subalgebra, so a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra in its own right. Pick a unit vector j in A orthogonal to B. Since (j, 1) = 0, it follows that j* = −j and hence j2 = −1. Let C be subalgebra generated by B and j. It is unital and is again a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra. It satisfies the following Cayley–Dickson multiplication laws:C\n =\n B\n ⊕\n B\n j\n ,\n \n \n \n (\n a\n +\n b\n j\n \n )\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n ∗\n \n \n −\n b\n j\n ,\n \n \n \n (\n a\n +\n b\n j\n )\n (\n c\n +\n d\n j\n )\n =\n (\n a\n c\n −\n \n d\n \n ∗\n \n \n b\n )\n +\n (\n b\n \n c\n \n ∗\n \n \n +\n d\n a\n )\n j\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {C=B\\oplus Bj,\\,\\,\\,(a+bj)^{}=a^{}-bj,\\,\\,\\,(a+bj)(c+dj)=(ac-d^{}b)+(bc^{}+da)j.}}B and Bj are orthogonal, since j is orthogonal to B. If a is in B, then j a = a* j, since by orthogonal 0 = 2(j, a) = ja − aj. The formula for the involution follows. To show that B ⊕ B j is closed under multiplication Bj = jB. Since Bj is orthogonal to 1, (bj)* = −bj.b(cj) = (cb) j since (b, j) = 0 so that, for x in A, (b(cj), x) = (b( jx), j(cj)) = −(b( jx), c) = −(cb, ( jx)) = −((cb) j, x) = ((cb) j, x).\n( jc)b = j(bc) taking adjoints above.\n(bj)(cj) = −cb since (b, cj) = 0, so that, for x in A, ((bj)(cj), x) = −((cj)x, bj) = (bx, (cj) j) = −(cb, x).Imposing the multiplicativity of the norm on C for a + bj and c + dj gives:(\n ‖\n a\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n b\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n (\n ‖\n c\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n d\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n ‖\n a\n c\n −\n \n d\n \n ∗\n \n \n b\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n b\n \n c\n \n ∗\n \n \n +\n d\n a\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {(\\\|a\\\|^{2}+\\\|b\\\|^{2})(\\\|c\\\|^{2}+\\\|d\\\|^{2})=\\\|ac-d^{}b\\\|^{2}+\\\|bc^{}+da\\\|^{2},}}which leads to(\n a\n c\n ,\n \n d\n \n ∗\n \n \n b\n )\n =\n (\n b\n \n c\n \n ∗\n \n \n ,\n d\n a\n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {(ac,d^{}b)=(bc^{},da).}}Hence d(ac) = (da)c, so that B must be associative.This analysis applies to the inclusion of R in C and C in H. Taking O = H ⊕ H with the product and inner product above gives a noncommutative nonassociative algebra generated by J = (0, 1). This recovers the usual definition of the octonions or Cayley numbers. If A is a Euclidean algebra, it must contain R. If it is strictly larger than R, the argument above shows that it contains C. If it is larger than C, it contains H. If it is larger still, it must contain O. But there the process must stop, because O is not associative. In fact H is not commutative and a(bj) = (ba) j ≠ (ab) j in O.[5]Theorem. The only Euclidean Hurwitz algebras are the real numbers, the complex numbers, the quaternions and the octonions.","title":"Euclidean Hurwitz algebras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee (1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLee1948"},{"link_name":"Chevalley (1954)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChevalley1954"},{"link_name":"Clifford algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebra"},{"link_name":"even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"complexification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexification"},{"link_name":"odd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"irreducible representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_representation"},{"link_name":"power of 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_2"},{"link_name":"Eckmann (1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEckmann1943"},{"link_name":"representation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory"},{"link_name":"finite groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group"},{"link_name":"elementary abelian 2-groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_abelian_2-group"},{"link_name":"orthonormal basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis"},{"link_name":"orthogonal complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_complement"},{"link_name":"projective representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_representation"},{"link_name":"groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_a_group"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz (1923)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHurwitz1923"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"orthogonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"commutator subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_subgroup"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"conjugacy class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugacy_class"}],"text":"The proofs of Lee (1948) and Chevalley (1954) use Clifford algebras to show that the dimension N of A must be 1, 2, 4 or 8. In fact the operators L(a) with (a, 1) = 0 satisfy L(a)2 = −‖a‖2 and so form a real Clifford algebra. If a is a unit vector, then L(a) is skew-adjoint with square −I. So N must be either even or 1 (in which case A contains no unit vectors orthogonal to 1). The real Clifford algebra and its complexification act on the complexification of A, an N-dimensional complex space. If N is even, N − 1 is odd, so the Clifford algebra has exactly two complex irreducible representations of dimension 2N/2 − 1. So this power of 2 must divide N. It is easy to see that this implies N can only be 1, 2, 4 or 8.The proof of Eckmann (1943) uses the representation theory of finite groups, or the projective representation theory of elementary abelian 2-groups, known to be equivalent to the representation theory of real Clifford algebras. Indeed, taking an orthonormal basis ei of the orthogonal complement of 1 gives rise to operators Ui = L(ei)\nsatisfyingU\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n −\n I\n ,\n \n \n U\n \n i\n \n \n \n U\n \n j\n \n \n =\n −\n \n U\n \n j\n \n \n \n U\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n ≠\n j\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U_{i}^{2}=-I,\\quad U_{i}U_{j}=-U_{j}U_{i}\\,\\,(i\\neq j).}This is a projective representation of a direct product of N − 1 groups of order 2. (N is assumed to be greater than 1.) The operators Ui by construction are skew-symmetric and orthogonal. In fact Eckmann constructed operators of this type in a slightly different but equivalent way. It is in fact the method originally followed in Hurwitz (1923).[6] Assume that there is a composition law for two forms(\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n x\n \n N\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n (\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n y\n \n N\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n z\n \n N\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {(x_{1}^{2}+\\cdots +x_{N}^{2})(y_{1}^{2}+\\cdots +y_{N}^{2})=z_{1}^{2}+\\cdots +z_{N}^{2},}}where zi is bilinear in x and y. Thusz\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n y\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {z_{i}=\\sum _{j=1}^{N}a_{ij}(x)y_{j}}}where the matrix T(x) = (aij) is linear in x. The relations above are equivalent toT\n (\n x\n )\n T\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n t\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n x\n \n N\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {T(x)T(x)^{t}=x_{1}^{2}+\\cdots +x_{N}^{2}.}}WritingT\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n T\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n T\n \n N\n \n \n \n x\n \n N\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {T(x)=T_{1}x_{1}+\\cdots +T_{N}x_{N},}}the relations becomeT\n \n i\n \n \n \n T\n \n j\n \n \n t\n \n \n +\n \n T\n \n j\n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n t\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n δ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n I\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {T_{i}T_{j}^{t}+T_{j}T_{i}^{t}=2\\delta _{ij}I.}}Now set Vi = (TN)t Ti. Thus VN = I and the V1, ... , VN − 1 are skew-adjoint, orthogonal satisfying exactly the same relations as the Ui's:V\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n −\n I\n ,\n \n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n \n V\n \n j\n \n \n =\n −\n \n V\n \n j\n \n \n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n ≠\n j\n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {V_{i}^{2}=-I,\\quad V_{i}V_{j}=-V_{j}V_{i}\\,\\,(i\\neq j).}}Since Vi is an orthogonal matrix with square −I on a real vector space, N is even.Let G be the finite group generated by elements vi such thatv\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ε\n ,\n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n v\n \n j\n \n \n =\n ε\n \n v\n \n j\n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n ≠\n j\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {v_{i}^{2}=\\varepsilon ,\\quad v_{i}v_{j}=\\varepsilon v_{j}v_{i}\\,\\,(i\\neq j),}}where ε is central of order 2. The commutator subgroup [G, G] is just formed of 1 and ε. If N is odd this coincides with the center while if N is even the center has order 4 with extra elements γ = v1...vN − 1 and εγ. If g in G is not in the center its conjugacy class is exactly g and εg. Thus there are\n2N − 1 + 1 conjugacy classes for N odd and 2N − 1 + 2 for N even. G has \| G / [G, G] \| = 2N − 1 1-dimensional complex representations. The total number of irreducible complex representations is the number of conjugacy classes. So since N is even, there are two further irreducible complex representations. Since the sum of the squares of the dimensions equals \|G\| and the dimensions divide \|G\|, the two irreducibles must have dimension 2(N − 2)/2. When N is even, there are two and their dimension must divide the order of the group, so is a power of two, so they must both have dimension 2(N − 2)/2. The space on which the Vi's act can be complexified. It will have complex dimension N. It breaks up into some of complex irreducible representations of G, all having dimension 2(N − 2)/2. In particular this dimension is ≤ N, so N is less than or equal to 8. If N = 6, the dimension is 4, which does not divide 6. So N can only be 1, 2, 4 or 8.","title":"Other proofs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"associator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associator"},{"link_name":"alternative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_algebra"},{"link_name":"cyclic permutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_permutation"},{"link_name":"Euclidean Jordan algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_Jordan_algebra"},{"link_name":"exceptional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_object"},{"link_name":"Albert algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_algebra"},{"link_name":"A.A. Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Adrian_Albert"},{"link_name":"Freudenthal (1951)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreudenthal1951"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"automorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"Freudenthal (1951)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreudenthal1951"},{"link_name":"diagonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"symmetric group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group"}],"text":"Let A be a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra and let Mn(A) be the algebra of n-by-n matrices over A. It is a unital nonassociative algebra with an involution given by(\n \n x\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n )\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n (\n \n x\n \n j\n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {(x_{ij})^{}=(x_{ji}^{}).}}The trace Tr(X ) is defined as the sum of the diagonal elements of X and the real-valued trace by\nTrR(X ) = Re Tr(X ). The real-valued trace satisfies:Tr\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n ⁡\n X\n Y\n =\n \n Tr\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n ⁡\n Y\n X\n ,\n \n \n Tr\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n ⁡\n (\n X\n Y\n )\n Z\n =\n \n Tr\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n ⁡\n X\n (\n Y\n Z\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tr} _{\\mathbf {R} }XY=\\operatorname {Tr} _{\\mathbf {R} }YX,\\qquad \\operatorname {Tr} _{\\mathbf {R} }(XY)Z=\\operatorname {Tr} _{\\mathbf {R} }X(YZ).}These are immediate consequences of the known identities for n = 1.In A define the associator by[\n a\n ,\n b\n ,\n c\n ]\n =\n a\n (\n b\n c\n )\n −\n (\n a\n b\n )\n c\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {[a,b,c]=a(bc)-(ab)c.}}It is trilinear and vanishes identically if A is associative. Since A is an alternative algebra\n[a, a, b] = 0 and [b, a, a] = 0. Polarizing it follows that the associator is antisymmetric in its three entries. Furthermore, if a, b or c lie in R then [a, b, c] = 0. These facts imply that M3(A) has certain commutation properties. In fact if X is a matrix in M3(A) with real entries on the diagonal then[\n X\n ,\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n ]\n =\n a\n I\n ,\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {[X,X^{2}]=aI,}}with a in A. In fact if Y = [X, X 2], theny\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n ,\n ℓ\n \n \n [\n \n x\n \n i\n k\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n k\n ℓ\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n ℓ\n j\n \n \n ]\n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {y_{ij}=\\sum _{k,\\ell }[x_{ik},x_{k\\ell },x_{\\ell j}].}}Since the diagonal entries of X are real, the off-diagonal entries of Y vanish. Each diagonal\nentry of Y is a sum of two associators involving only off diagonal terms of X. Since the associators are invariant under cyclic permutations, the diagonal entries of Y are all equal.Let Hn(A) be the space of self-adjoint elements in Mn(A) with product X ∘Y = 1/2(X Y + Y X) and inner product (X, Y ) = TrR(X Y ).Theorem. Hn(A) is a Euclidean Jordan algebra if A is associative (the real numbers, complex numbers or quaternions) and n ≥ 3 or if A is nonassociative (the octonions) and n = 3.The exceptional Jordan algebra H3(O) is called the Albert algebra after A.A. Albert.To check that Hn(A) satisfies the axioms for a Euclidean Jordan algebra, the real trace defines a symmetric bilinear form with (X, X) = Σ ‖xij‖2. So it is an inner product. It satisfies the associativity property (Z∘X, Y ) = (X, Z∘Y ) because of the properties of the real trace. The main axiom to check is the Jordan condition for the operators L(X) defined by L(X)Y = X ∘Y:[\n L\n (\n X\n )\n ,\n L\n (\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n ]\n =\n 0.\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {[L(X),L(X^{2})]=0.}}This is easy to check when A is associative, since Mn(A) is an associative algebra so a Jordan algebra with X ∘Y = 1/2(X Y + Y X). When A = O and n = 3 a special argument is required, one of the shortest being due to Freudenthal (1951).[7]In fact if T is in H3(O) with Tr T = 0, thenD\n (\n X\n )\n =\n T\n X\n −\n X\n T\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle {D(X)=TX-XT}}defines a skew-adjoint derivation of H3(O). Indeed,Tr\n ⁡\n (\n T\n (\n X\n (\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n )\n −\n T\n (\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n )\n )\n =\n Tr\n ⁡\n T\n (\n a\n I\n )\n =\n Tr\n ⁡\n (\n T\n )\n a\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tr} (T(X(X^{2}))-T(X^{2}(X)))=\\operatorname {Tr} T(aI)=\\operatorname {Tr} (T)a=0,}so that(\n D\n (\n X\n )\n ,\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (D(X),X^{2})=0.}Polarizing yields:(\n D\n (\n X\n )\n ,\n Y\n ∘\n Z\n )\n +\n (\n D\n (\n Y\n )\n ,\n Z\n ∘\n X\n )\n +\n (\n D\n (\n Z\n )\n ,\n X\n ∘\n Y\n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (D(X),Y\\circ Z)+(D(Y),Z\\circ X)+(D(Z),X\\circ Y)=0.}Setting Z = 1 shows that D is skew-adjoint. The derivation property D(X ∘Y) = D(X)∘Y + X∘D(Y) follows by this and the associativity property of the inner product in the identity above.With A and n as in the statement of the theorem, let K be the group of automorphisms of E = Hn(A) leaving invariant the inner product. It is a closed subgroup of O(E) so a compact Lie group. Its Lie algebra consists of skew-adjoint derivations. Freudenthal (1951) showed that given X in E there is an automorphism k in K such that k(X) is a diagonal matrix. (By self-adjointness the diagonal entries will be real.) Freudenthal's diagonalization theorem immediately implies the Jordan condition, since Jordan products by real diagonal matrices commute on Mn(A) for any non-associative algebra A.To prove the diagonalization theorem, take X in E. By compactness k can be chosen in K minimizing the sums of the squares of the norms of the off-diagonal terms of k(X ). Since K preserves the sums of all the squares, this is equivalent to maximizing the sums of the squares of the norms of the diagonal terms of k(X ). Replacing X by k X, it can be assumed that the maximum is attained at X. Since the symmetric group Sn, acting by permuting the coordinates, lies in K, if X is not diagonal, it can be supposed that x12 and its adjoint x21 are non-zero. Let T be the skew-adjoint matrix with (2, 1) entry a, (1, 2) entry −a and 0 elsewhere and let D be the derivation ad T of E. Let kt = exp tD in K. Then only the first two diagonal entries in X(t) = ktX differ from those of X. The diagonal entries are real. The derivative of x11(t) at t = 0 is the (1, 1) coordinate of [T, X], i.e. a* x21 + x12 a = 2(x21, a). This derivative is non-zero if a = x21. On the other hand, the group kt preserves the real-valued trace. Since it can only change x11 and x22, it preserves their sum. However, on the line x + y = constant, x2 + y2 has no local maximum (only a global minimum), a contradiction. Hence X must be diagonal.","title":"Applications to Jordan algebras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Lam 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLam2005"},{"link_name":"Rajwade 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRajwade1993"},{"link_name":"Shapiro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShapiro2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Eckmann 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEckmann1989"},{"link_name":"Eckmann 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEckmann1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Jordan, von Neumann & Wigner 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJordanvon_NeumannWigner1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Faraut & Koranyi 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFarautKoranyi1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Faraut & Koranyi 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFarautKoranyi1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz 1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHurwitz1923"},{"link_name":"Herstein 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHerstein1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Faraut & Koranyi 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFarautKoranyi1994"},{"link_name":"Postnikov 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPostnikov1986"}],"text":"^ See:\nLam 2005\nRajwade 1993\nShapiro 2000\n\n^ See:\nEckmann 1989\nEckmann 1999\n\n^ Jordan, von Neumann & Wigner 1934\n\n^ Faraut & Koranyi 1994, p. 82\n\n^ Faraut & Koranyi 1994, pp. 81–86\n\n^ See:\nHurwitz 1923, p. 11\nHerstein 1968, pp. 141–144\n\n^ \nSee:\nFaraut & Koranyi 1994, pp. 88–91\nPostnikov 1986","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The octonions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"math/0105155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/math/0105155"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-01-00934-X"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"586512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:586512"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1568811345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568811345"},{"link_name":"\"Normed algebras with an identity. Hurwitz's theorem.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hypercomplexnumb0000kant/page/121"},{"link_name":"Springer-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag"},{"link_name":"121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hypercomplexnumb0000kant/page/121"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-96980-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96980-0"},{"link_name":"Zbl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0669.17001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0669.17001"},{"link_name":"Max Koecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Koecher"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Remmert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Remmert"},{"link_name":"Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Dieter_Ebbinghaus"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-97202-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-97202-1"},{"link_name":"Springer, T. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._A._Springer"},{"link_name":"Springer-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-66337-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66337-9"}],"text":"Baez, John C. (2002), \"The octonions\", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 39 (2): 145–205, arXiv:math/0105155, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X, S2CID 586512\nConway, John H.; Smith, Derek A. (2003), On quaternions and octonions: their geometry, arithmetic, and symmetry, A K Peters, ISBN 978-1568811345\nKantor, I.L.; Solodovnikov, A.S. (1989), \"Normed algebras with an identity. Hurwitz's theorem.\", Hypercomplex numbers. An elementary introduction to algebras, Trans. A. Shenitzer (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, p. 121, ISBN 978-0-387-96980-0, Zbl 0669.17001\nMax Koecher & Reinhold Remmert (1990) \"Composition Algebras. Hurwitz's Theorem — Vector-Product Algebras\", chapter 10 of Numbers by Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus et al., Springer, ISBN 0-387-97202-1\nSpringer, T. A.; F. D. Veldkamp (2000), Octonions, Jordan Algebras and Exceptional Groups, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66337-9","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Multiplicative quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_quadratic_form"},{"title":"Radon–Hurwitz number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon%E2%80%93Hurwitz_number"},{"title":"Frobenius Theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_theorem_(real_division_algebras)"}]	[{"reference":"Albert, A. A. (1934), \"On a certain algebra of quantum mechanics\", Ann. of Math., 35 (1): 65–73, doi:10.2307/1968118, JSTOR 1968118","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1968118","url_text":"10.2307/1968118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1968118","url_text":"1968118"}]},{"reference":"Chevalley, C. (1954), The algebraic theory of spinors and Clifford algebras, Columbia University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eckmann, Beno (1943), \"Gruppentheoretischer Beweis des Satzes von Hurwitz–Radon über die Komposition quadratischer Formen\", Comment. Math. Helv., 15: 358–366, doi:10.1007/bf02565652, S2CID 123322808","urls":[{"url":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/dms/loader/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002053705","url_text":"\"Gruppentheoretischer Beweis des Satzes von Hurwitz–Radon über die Komposition quadratischer Formen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02565652","url_text":"10.1007/bf02565652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123322808","url_text":"123322808"}]},{"reference":"Eckmann, Beno (1989), \"Hurwitz–Radon matrices and periodicity modulo 8\", Enseign. Math., 35: 77–91, archived from the original on 2013-06-16","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130616133218/http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/view?rid=ensmat-001:1989:35::244&id=&id2=&id3=","url_text":"\"Hurwitz–Radon matrices and periodicity modulo 8\""},{"url":"http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/view?rid=ensmat-001:1989:35::244&id=&id2=&id3=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eckmann, Beno (1999), \"Topology, algebra, analysis—relations and missing links\", Notices Amer. Math. Soc., 46: 520–527","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ams.org/notices/199905/index.html","url_text":"\"Topology, algebra, analysis—relations and missing links\""}]},{"reference":"Faraut, J.; Koranyi, A. (1994), Analysis on symmetric cones, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198534778","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Kor%C3%A1nyi","url_text":"Koranyi, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198534778","url_text":"978-0198534778"}]},{"reference":"Freudenthal, Hans (1951), Oktaven, Ausnahmegruppen und Oktavengeometrie, Mathematisch Instituut der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht","urls":[]},{"reference":"Freudenthal, Hans (1985), \"Oktaven, Ausnahmegruppen und Oktavengeometrie\", Geom. Dedicata, 19: 7–63, doi:10.1007/bf00233101, S2CID 121496094","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00233101","url_text":"10.1007/bf00233101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121496094","url_text":"121496094"}]},{"reference":"Herstein, I. N. (1968), Noncommutative rings, Carus Mathematical Monographs, vol. 15, Mathematical Association of America, ISBN 978-0883850152","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0883850152","url_text":"978-0883850152"}]},{"reference":"Hurwitz, A. (1898), \"Über die Composition der quadratischen Formen von beliebig vielen Variabeln\", Goett. Nachr.: 309–316","urls":[{"url":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/dms/loader/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002498200","url_text":"\"Über die Composition der quadratischen Formen von beliebig vielen Variabeln\""}]},{"reference":"Hurwitz, A. (1923), \"Über die Komposition der quadratischen Formen\", Math. Ann., 88 (1–2): 1–25, doi:10.1007/bf01448439, S2CID 122147399","urls":[{"url":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/dms/loader/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002269074","url_text":"\"Über die Komposition der quadratischen Formen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01448439","url_text":"10.1007/bf01448439"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122147399","url_text":"122147399"}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, N. (1968), Structure and representations of Jordan algebras, American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications, vol. 39, American Mathematical Society","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jordan, P.; von Neumann, J.; Wigner, E. (1934), \"On an algebraic generalization of the quantum mechanical formalism\", Ann. of Math., 35 (1): 29–64, doi:10.2307/1968117, JSTOR 1968117","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1968117","url_text":"10.2307/1968117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1968117","url_text":"1968117"}]},{"reference":"Lam, Tsit-Yuen (2005), Introduction to Quadratic Forms over Fields, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 67, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-1095-8, MR 2104929, Zbl 1068.11023","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsit_Yuen_Lam","url_text":"Lam, Tsit-Yuen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Studies_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Graduate Studies in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1095-8","url_text":"978-0-8218-1095-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2104929","url_text":"2104929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1068.11023","url_text":"1068.11023"}]},{"reference":"Lee, H. C. (1948), \"Sur le théorème de Hurwitz-Radon pour la composition des formes quadratiques\", Comment. Math. Helv., 21: 261–269, doi:10.1007/bf02568038, S2CID 121079375, archived from the original on 2014-05-03","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140503114452/http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/view?rid=comahe-002%3A1948%3A21%3A%3A22","url_text":"\"Sur le théorème de Hurwitz-Radon pour la composition des formes quadratiques\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02568038","url_text":"10.1007/bf02568038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121079375","url_text":"121079375"},{"url":"http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/view?rid=comahe-002:1948:21::22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porteous, I.R. (1969), Topological Geometry, Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 978-0-442-06606-2, Zbl 0186.06304","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_R._Porteous","url_text":"Porteous, I.R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-06606-2","url_text":"978-0-442-06606-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0186.06304","url_text":"0186.06304"}]},{"reference":"Postnikov, M. (1986), Lie groups and Lie algebras. Lectures in geometry. Semester V, Mir","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Publishers","url_text":"Mir"}]},{"reference":"Radon, J. (1922), \"Lineare scharen orthogonaler matrizen\", Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg, 1: 1–14, doi:10.1007/bf02940576, S2CID 120583389","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1428430","url_text":"\"Lineare scharen orthogonaler matrizen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02940576","url_text":"10.1007/bf02940576"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120583389","url_text":"120583389"}]},{"reference":"Rajwade, A. R. (1993), Squares, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, vol. 171, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-42668-8, Zbl 0785.11022","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42668-8","url_text":"978-0-521-42668-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0785.11022","url_text":"0785.11022"}]},{"reference":"Schafer, Richard D. (1995) [1966], An introduction to non-associative algebras, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-68813-8, Zbl 0145.25601","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontono0000scha","url_text":"An introduction to non-associative algebras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-68813-8","url_text":"978-0-486-68813-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0145.25601","url_text":"0145.25601"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Daniel B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dunlop	Russell Dunlop	["1 1945–1967: early years","2 Career","2.1 1968–1970: Aesop's Fables / The New Aesop's Fables","2.2 1970–1972: Levi Smith's Clefs / Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly","2.3 1973–1978: Mother Earth / Johnny Rocco Band","2.4 1979–1980s: Player 1 & other bands","3 1990–2009: final years and death","4 References"]	Russell DunlopBirth nameRussell James DunlopBorn(1945-10-21)21 October 1945Paddington, New South Wales, AustraliaDied16 May 2009(2009-05-16) (aged 63)Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaOccupation(s)Musiciansinger-songwriterproducerengineerInstrument(s)DrumsvocalspercussionsynthesiserYears active1961–2009Formerly ofAesop's FablesLevi Smith's ClefsSCRAMother EarthJohnny Rocco BandAyers RockPlayer One / Player Musical artist Russell James Dunlop (21 October 1945 – 16 May 2009) was an Australian musician, singer-songwriter and record producer-engineer. From the late 1970s he collaborated with Bruce Brown in a production company for albums and singles by Australian performers including Mental As Anything, The Reels and Machinations. As a musician he was a member of various groups such as Aesop's Fables (1968–70), Levi Smith's Clefs (1971), Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly (SCRA) (1971–72) and Ayers Rock (1976). 1945–1967: early years Russell James Dunlop, was born in 1945 in Paddington, New South Wales. His father, Hector Dunlop, was an engineer and his mother was Patricia. The couple had another son, Barry, and both were educated at Bourke Street Primary and Narwee Boys' High School. After leaving secondary school Dunlop worked as a tiler's labourer and then in a pharmaceutical factory. Dunlop began playing in bands as a drummer at 16. Career 1968–1970: Aesop's Fables / The New Aesop's Fables In 1968 Aesop's Fables formed as a pop vocal group with Dunlop on drums, Sheryl Blake on lead vocals, Jimmy Doyle on guitar (ex-Telstars), Michael Lawler on bass guitar and Gary Moberly on organ (ex-Ramrods, later worked with Bee Gees). The group performed cover versions, including The 5th Dimension, before working on originals. Dunlop also worked as a session drummer and vocalist. In 1969 Aesop's Fables entered the annual Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds competition and won the New South Wales final, at the national final they finished second behind Doug Parkinson in Focus. However this version of the group separated without recording any material. In February 1970 Dunlop and Moberley formed a new line-up, initially called The New Aesop's Fables, with Owen Booth on bass guitar, Brenda Glover on lead vocals (ex-Jet Set) and Brian Holloway on guitar (ex-The Dream, Image). Holloway quit two months later and was replaced by Melbourne-based guitarist, Les Stacpool. The band moved to Melbourne in mid-year, where Charlie Tumahai replaced Booth on bass guitar. Dunlop met Judi Johnston and they married three months later. Aesop's Fables had disbanded by October 1970. The group's only single, "Little Yellow Pills", was issued posthumously in February 1971 as the first single on the Generation Records label. The A-side was a cover of a track by British singer, Jackie Lomax, and its B-side, "Sandman", was written by Stacpool. 1970–1972: Levi Smith's Clefs / Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly In 1970 Dunlop moved back to Sydney and was a member of another pop-rock group, Levi Smith's Clefs. It was fronted by Barrie "The Bear" McAskill on lead vocals and had a varied line-up including Jim Kelly on guitar (ex-Affair) and Mike Kenny on trumpet. The group held a year-long residency at The Chequers night club, Sydney. They issued two singles, "Live Like a Man" (September 1970) and "Gonna Get a Seizure" (April 1971) and followed with an extended play, Best of Whisky a Go Go. Dunlop, Kelly and Kenny formed a jazz-rock group, Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly (SCRA), in mid-1971 together with Sheryl Black on lead vocals, Ian Bloxsom on percussion, Dave Ellis on bass guitar, Greg Foster on trombone and harmonica (ex-Heart 'n' Soul), Micky Leyton on vocals, Peter Martin on guitar and vocals (ex-Little Sammy and the In People) and Don Wright on tenor sax and flute (ex-Ram Jam Big Band). In December they issued their debut album, SCRA, which Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, compared to their regular "brash, commercial sound" – he found the album was "more restrained and slickly arranged". It provided a single, "Roly Poly", which peaked at No. 28 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart in April of the following year. SCRA appeared at the inaugural Sunbury Pop Festival in January 1972 and provided a live version of "Roly Poly" for a double album, Sunbury. By April the group had relocated to the United States. Also in April Dunlop and fellow SCRA members appeared as the studio backing band for Dig Richards' album, Harlequin. SCRA recorded their second album, The Ship Album (1972), at The Hit Factory in New York; and at United Sound Studios, Sydney. McFarlane felt they had "dispensed with the lighter pop moments of the debut to concentrate on a more innovative and bluesy progressive jazz-rock sound". The group disbanded by the end of that year. During 1973 Dunlop provided drums on several tracks for the debut album, Prussian Blue, by singer-songwriter, Richard Clapton. 1973–1978: Mother Earth / Johnny Rocco Band In 1973, Dunlop and Kelly joined Mother Earth, a jazz-rock group, which had Harry Brus on bass guitar, Renée Geyer as lead singer (ex-Sun) and Mark Punch on guitar and vocals (ex-Nine Stage Horizon). In 1973 Rory O'Donoghue (of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's TV comedy series, The Aunty Jack Show) on lead guitar and lead vocals formed a band, Cool Bananas, which Dunlop joined alongside Stein Bottington on bass guitar, Wayne Findlay on keyboards and Don Reid on flute and saxophone. Cool Bananas issued a single, "Been and Gone", in October. They followed with a novelty hit single, "Farewell Aunty Jack" (December 1973), which peaked at No. 1 for three weeks in the following year. In February 1974, Dunlop and Punch founded the Johnny Rocco Band as a jazz-funk group, with Tony Buchanan on saxophone (ex-Thunderbirds, Daly-Wilson Big Band) and Tim Partridge on bass guitar (ex-Clockwork Oringe, King Harvest, Island, Mighty Kong). McFarlane declared that they were "one of the first Australian bands to incorporate funk and soul into the pub-rock forum". A fire at a night club destroyed the group's instruments and equipment three months later, however they continued to perform. They backed Grahame Bond ("Aunty Jack", from the show of that name) and O'Donoghue, on a national tour as Aunty Jack and the Gong. By late 1974, Johnny Rocco Band had added Dunlop's former bandmate, Kenny, and a new associate, Leo de Castro on lead vocals (ex-King Harvest, Flite, Friends, De Castro). The group issued a single, "Heading in the Right Direction", in August 1975 and followed with their sole album, Rocco, in the following year. Punch had left the group just after the single's appearance, to join Geyer's backing band for her solo career – Geyer released a cover version of "Heading in the Right Direction" in 1976. For Rocco Dunlop provided drums and vibraphone as well as producing the recording, he co-mixed it with Bruce C. Brown. In January 1976, Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times compared Rocco with Felix Cavaliere's second album, Destiny (1975). He found that there were "points of contact, apart from them both being soul, in the lyrics ... and the vocals" and that Dunlop's "production work is generally good, and he's roped in a solid list of session-men to add to the already highly talented band, Cavaliere shades him by a good deal." He summarised his opinion "The Johnny Rocco Band, and Dunlop in particular, could improve their already solid work by learning some lessons from Cavaliere. But the converse is true, too." In May 1976, Dunlop left Johnny Rocco Band and replaced Mark Kennedy on drums in the jazz-rock fusion band, Ayers Rock, which toured the US from May to July and included his previous bandmate, Doyle, as a member. He left that group before the end of the year. Dunlop and Doyle subsequently toured Australia in the Aussie Blue Flames, backing the British performer, Georgie Fame. Dunlop also recorded and toured with other acts, while becoming more involved in record engineering and producing. From the late 1970s, Dunlop and Brown began to collaborate at Albert Studios, where Brown had started as an audio engineer in 1974, the duo also formed their own independent production company, BAD (Brown and Dunlop). 1979–1980s: Player 1 & other bands Dunlop's credits as producer or co-producer (with Brown) include Machinations' Esteem, Mental As Anything's Cats and Dogs and Creatures of Leisure, Jon English's Words Are Not Enough and Doug Ashdown's single, "Winter in America". As well as working with local acts, Dunlop and Brown recorded as Player One for the 1979 novelty single, "Space Invaders", which was inspired by the arcade video game of the same name, for Warner Bros. Records. It peaked at No. 3 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart and was followed by the related album, Game Over, in the next year. In 1985, Dunlop contributed on the Australian supergroup Australia Too, which recorded "The Garden". The song peaked at number 22. 1990–2009: final years and death Dunlop continued to play in live bands but session work gradually dried up during the 1990s, especially for drummers, as computerised rhythm machines increasingly replaced live musicians for recording. He worked as a radio operator for a courier company for a decade, before moving with his family to Lismore in 2007, where he set up a small studio, and more recently he worked as an ensemble coach at Southern Cross University. One of his last music projects was producing and mixing the soundtrack for the Rachel Ward movie Beautiful Kate, which had its world premiere at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2009. Dunlop died on 16 May 2009 – he had collapsed after playing a drum set at his son's wedding in Sydney. He is survived by his wife, Judi, his son, Aaron and his daughter, Kane. Dunlop's funeral was held at the Northern Suburbs Crematorium on 22 May. References General McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014. Note: Archived copy has limited functionality. Specific ^ "'New Album Review' at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 10 November 2014. Note: User may have to click 'Search again' and provide details at 'Enter a title:' e.g New Album Review*; or at 'Performer:' Russell Dunlop ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sheil, Pat (19 June 2009). "A drummer for all times". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 10 November 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i McFarlane, 'Aesop's Fables' entry. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ a b Kimball, Duncan (2002). "Aesop's Fables". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ "'Sandman' at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 10 November 2014. Note: User may have to click 'Search again' and provide details at 'Enter a title:' e.g Sandman; or at 'Performer:' SGO & the Blue Horizons ^ a b c d McFarlane, 'Levi Smith's Clefs' entry. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i McFarlane, 'Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly (SCRA)' entry. Archived from the original on 22 June 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ a b c Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book Ltd. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. Note: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1974 until Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) created their own charts in mid-1988. In 1992, Kent back calculated chart positions for 1970–1974. ^ Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly (1972), The ship album, Atlantic, retrieved 11 November 2014 ^ a b McFarlane, 'Renee Geyer' entry. Archived from the original on 31 August 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ a b McFarlane, 'Grahame Bond (aka Aunty Jack) and Rory O'Donoghue (aka Thin Arthur)' entry. Archived from the original on 31 August 2004. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ a b Kimball, Duncan (2002). "Cool Bananas and Aunty Jack & The 'Gong". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 23 June 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ a b c d e f g McFarlane, 'Johnny Rocco Band' entry. Archived from the original on 31 August 2004. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ Rocco (album liner notes). Johnny Rocco Band. Ritz/Festival Records. 1976. L-35681.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b c d Catterall, Tony (5 January 1976). "Life Style: Sight and Sound: Rock Music: Australia Breeds a Funky Disco Band". The Canberra Times (ACT: 1926–1995). National Library of Australia. p. 11. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ a b McFarlane, 'Ayers Rock' entry. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ Abrahams, Colin (7 September 2011). "Studio Picture Book: Albert Studio 2, King Street, Sydney". Studio Connections. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ a b Cashmere, Paul, (17 May 2009). "Vale Russell Dunlop and Ian Miller". Undercover Media Pty Ltd. Retrieved on 7 August 2012. ^ Brown, Bruce; Dunlop, Russell (1979), Space Invaders, Warner Bros. Music. National Library of Australia, retrieved 13 November 2014 ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 22. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid-1983 and 19 June 1988. ^ "Vale Russell Dunlop, Ian Miller and Maurice Frawley". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2014.	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From the late 1970s he collaborated with Bruce Brown in a production company for albums and singles by Australian performers including Mental As Anything, The Reels and Machinations. As a musician he was a member of various groups such as Aesop's Fables (1968–70), Levi Smith's Clefs (1971), Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly (SCRA) (1971–72) and Ayers Rock (1976).","title":"Russell Dunlop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_New-1"},{"link_name":"Paddington, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Narwee Boys' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwee_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"}],"text":"Russell James Dunlop,[1] was born in 1945 in Paddington, New South Wales. His father, Hector Dunlop, was an engineer and his mother was Patricia. The couple had another son, Barry, and both were educated at Bourke Street Primary and Narwee Boys' High School.[2] After leaving secondary school Dunlop worked as a tiler's labourer and then in a pharmaceutical factory.[2] Dunlop began playing in bands as a drummer at 16.[2]","title":"1945–1967: early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aesop's Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aesop%27s_Fables_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doyle_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milesago-4"},{"link_name":"The 5th Dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_5th_Dimension"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoadley%27s_Battle_of_the_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Doug Parkinson in Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"Charlie Tumahai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Tumahai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-3"},{"link_name":"Jackie Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Lomax"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milesago-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_Sandman-5"}],"sub_title":"1968–1970: Aesop's Fables / The New Aesop's Fables","text":"In 1968 Aesop's Fables formed as a pop vocal group with Dunlop on drums, Sheryl Blake on lead vocals, Jimmy Doyle on guitar (ex-Telstars), Michael Lawler on bass guitar and Gary Moberly on organ (ex-Ramrods, later worked with Bee Gees).[3][4] The group performed cover versions, including The 5th Dimension, before working on originals.[3] Dunlop also worked as a session drummer and vocalist.[2] In 1969 Aesop's Fables entered the annual Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds competition and won the New South Wales final, at the national final they finished second behind Doug Parkinson in Focus.[3] However this version of the group separated without recording any material.[3]In February 1970 Dunlop and Moberley formed a new line-up, initially called The New Aesop's Fables, with Owen Booth on bass guitar, Brenda Glover on lead vocals (ex-Jet Set) and Brian Holloway on guitar (ex-The Dream, Image).[3] Holloway quit two months later and was replaced by Melbourne-based guitarist, Les Stacpool.[3] The band moved to Melbourne in mid-year, where Charlie Tumahai replaced Booth on bass guitar.[3] Dunlop met Judi Johnston and they married three months later. Aesop's Fables had disbanded by October 1970.[3] The group's only single, \"Little Yellow Pills\", was issued posthumously in February 1971 as the first single on the Generation Records label.[3] The A-side was a cover of a track by British singer, Jackie Lomax, and its B-side, \"Sandman\", was written by Stacpool.[4][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levi Smith's Clefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clefs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_LSC-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_LSC-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_LSC-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_LSC-6"},{"link_name":"Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Contemporary_Rock_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-8"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Pop Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Pop_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"Dig Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_Richards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLA_Ship-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_SCRA-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Clapton"}],"sub_title":"1970–1972: Levi Smith's Clefs / Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly","text":"In 1970 Dunlop moved back to Sydney and was a member of another pop-rock group, Levi Smith's Clefs.[6] It was fronted by Barrie \"The Bear\" McAskill on lead vocals and had a varied line-up including Jim Kelly on guitar (ex-Affair) and Mike Kenny on trumpet.[6] The group held a year-long residency at The Chequers night club, Sydney.[6] They issued two singles, \"Live Like a Man\" (September 1970) and \"Gonna Get a Seizure\" (April 1971) and followed with an extended play, Best of Whisky a Go Go.[6]Dunlop, Kelly and Kenny formed a jazz-rock group, Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly (SCRA), in mid-1971 together with Sheryl Black on lead vocals, Ian Bloxsom on percussion, Dave Ellis on bass guitar, Greg Foster on trombone and harmonica (ex-Heart 'n' Soul), Micky Leyton on vocals, Peter Martin on guitar and vocals (ex-Little Sammy and the In People) and Don Wright on tenor sax and flute (ex-Ram Jam Big Band).[7] In December they issued their debut album, SCRA, which Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, compared to their regular \"brash, commercial sound\" – he found the album was \"more restrained and slickly arranged\".[7] It provided a single, \"Roly Poly\", which peaked at No. 28 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart in April of the following year.[7][8]SCRA appeared at the inaugural Sunbury Pop Festival in January 1972 and provided a live version of \"Roly Poly\" for a double album, Sunbury.[7] By April the group had relocated to the United States.[7] Also in April Dunlop and fellow SCRA members appeared as the studio backing band for Dig Richards' album, Harlequin.[7] SCRA recorded their second album, The Ship Album (1972), at The Hit Factory in New York;[7] and at United Sound Studios, Sydney.[9] McFarlane felt they had \"dispensed with the lighter pop moments of the debut to concentrate on a more innovative and bluesy progressive jazz-rock sound\".[7] The group disbanded by the end of that year.[7] During 1973 Dunlop provided drums on several tracks for the debut album, Prussian Blue, by singer-songwriter, Richard Clapton.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Brus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Brus"},{"link_name":"Renée Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Geyer"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_1972"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_RG-10"},{"link_name":"Rory O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"The Aunty Jack Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aunty_Jack_Show"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_GBRD-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milesago_CB_AJ&tG-12"},{"link_name":"Farewell Aunty Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Aunty_Jack"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_GBRD-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-13"},{"link_name":"Daly-Wilson Big Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly-Wilson_Big_Band"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-13"},{"link_name":"Grahame Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahame_Bond"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milesago_CB_AJ&tG-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-13"},{"link_name":"Leo de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_RG-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocco-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterall-15"},{"link_name":"The Canberra Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times"},{"link_name":"Felix Cavaliere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Cavaliere"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterall-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterall-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterall-15"},{"link_name":"Mark Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ayers Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayers_Rock_(band)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AR-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AR-16"},{"link_name":"Georgie Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"Albert Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Studios"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abrahams-17"}],"sub_title":"1973–1978: Mother Earth / Johnny Rocco Band","text":"In 1973, Dunlop and Kelly joined Mother Earth, a jazz-rock group, which had Harry Brus on bass guitar, Renée Geyer as lead singer (ex-Sun) and Mark Punch on guitar and vocals (ex-Nine Stage Horizon).[2][10] In 1973 Rory O'Donoghue (of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's TV comedy series, The Aunty Jack Show) on lead guitar and lead vocals formed a band, Cool Bananas, which Dunlop joined alongside Stein Bottington on bass guitar, Wayne Findlay on keyboards and Don Reid on flute and saxophone.[11][12] Cool Bananas issued a single, \"Been and Gone\", in October. They followed with a novelty hit single, \"Farewell Aunty Jack\" (December 1973), which peaked at No. 1 for three weeks in the following year.[8][11][13]In February 1974, Dunlop and Punch founded the Johnny Rocco Band as a jazz-funk group, with Tony Buchanan on saxophone (ex-Thunderbirds, Daly-Wilson Big Band) and Tim Partridge on bass guitar (ex-Clockwork Oringe, King Harvest, Island, Mighty Kong).[13] McFarlane declared that they were \"one of the first Australian bands to incorporate funk and soul into the pub-rock forum\".[13] A fire at a night club destroyed the group's instruments and equipment three months later, however they continued to perform.[13] They backed Grahame Bond (\"Aunty Jack\", from the show of that name) and O'Donoghue, on a national tour as Aunty Jack and the Gong.[12][13]By late 1974, Johnny Rocco Band had added Dunlop's former bandmate, Kenny, and a new associate, Leo de Castro on lead vocals (ex-King Harvest, Flite, Friends, De Castro). The group issued a single, \"Heading in the Right Direction\", in August 1975 and followed with their sole album, Rocco, in the following year.[13] Punch had left the group just after the single's appearance, to join Geyer's backing band for her solo career – Geyer released a cover version of \"Heading in the Right Direction\" in 1976.[10][13] For Rocco Dunlop provided drums and vibraphone as well as producing the recording, he co-mixed it with Bruce C. Brown.[14][15]In January 1976, Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times compared Rocco with Felix Cavaliere's second album, Destiny (1975).[15] He found that there were \"points of contact, apart from them both being soul, in the lyrics ... and the vocals\" and that Dunlop's \"production work is generally good, and he's roped in a solid list of session-men to add to the already highly talented band, Cavaliere shades him by a good deal.\"[15] He summarised his opinion \"The Johnny Rocco Band, and Dunlop in particular, could improve their already solid work by learning some lessons from Cavaliere. But the converse is true, too.\"[15]In May 1976, Dunlop left Johnny Rocco Band and replaced Mark Kennedy on drums in the jazz-rock fusion band, Ayers Rock, which toured the US from May to July and included his previous bandmate, Doyle, as a member.[16] He left that group before the end of the year.[16] Dunlop and Doyle subsequently toured Australia in the Aussie Blue Flames, backing the British performer, Georgie Fame. Dunlop also recorded and toured with other acts, while becoming more involved in record engineering and producing.[2] From the late 1970s, Dunlop and Brown began to collaborate at Albert Studios, where Brown had started as an audio engineer in 1974, the duo also formed their own independent production company, BAD (Brown and Dunlop).[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mental As Anything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_As_Anything"},{"link_name":"Creatures of Leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatures_of_Leisure"},{"link_name":"Jon English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_English"},{"link_name":"Words Are Not Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_Are_Not_Enough_(album)"},{"link_name":"Doug Ashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ashdown"},{"link_name":"Winter in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_in_America_(song)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cashmere-18"},{"link_name":"Space Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Invaders_(Player_One_song)"},{"link_name":"arcade video game of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Invaders"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Space-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-8"},{"link_name":"The Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_(Australia_Too_song)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"1979–1980s: Player 1 & other bands","text":"Dunlop's credits as producer or co-producer (with Brown) include Machinations' Esteem, Mental As Anything's Cats and Dogs and Creatures of Leisure, Jon English's Words Are Not Enough and Doug Ashdown's single, \"Winter in America\".[18] As well as working with local acts, Dunlop and Brown recorded as Player One for the 1979 novelty single, \"Space Invaders\", which was inspired by the arcade video game of the same name, for Warner Bros. Records.[2][19] It peaked at No. 3 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart and was followed by the related album, Game Over, in the next year.[8]In 1985, Dunlop contributed on the Australian supergroup Australia Too, which recorded \"The Garden\". The song peaked at number 22.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lismore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lismore,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross_University"},{"link_name":"Rachel Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Ward"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Kate"},{"link_name":"Sydney Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cashmere-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheil-2"},{"link_name":"Northern Suburbs Crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Suburbs_Crematorium,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_News-21"}],"text":"Dunlop continued to play in live bands but session work gradually dried up during the 1990s, especially for drummers, as computerised rhythm machines increasingly replaced live musicians for recording. He worked as a radio operator for a courier company for a decade, before moving with his family to Lismore in 2007, where he set up a small studio, and more recently he worked as an ensemble coach at Southern Cross University. One of his last music projects was producing and mixing the soundtrack for the Rachel Ward movie Beautiful Kate, which had its world premiere at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2009.[2]Dunlop died on 16 May 2009 – he had collapsed after playing a drum set at his son's wedding in Sydney.[2][18] He is survived by his wife, Judi, his son, Aaron and his daughter, Kane.[2] Dunlop's funeral was held at the Northern Suburbs Crematorium on 22 May.[21]","title":"1990–2009: final years and death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Whammo Homepage\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040405231007/http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"\"Whammo Homepage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1","url_text":"1-86508-072-1"},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'New Album Review' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 10 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt?action=workSearch#New%20Album%20Review","url_text":"\"'New Album Review' at APRA search engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association","url_text":"Australasian Performing Right Association"}]},{"reference":"Sheil, Pat (19 June 2009). \"A drummer for all times\". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 10 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/a-drummer-for-all-times-20090618-clxo.html","url_text":"\"A drummer for all times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Duncan (2002). \"Aesop's Fables\". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080306130200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20080307-0002/www.milesago.com/Artists/aesops.html","url_text":"\"Aesop's Fables\""},{"url":"http://www.milesago.com/artists/aesops.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Sandman' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 10 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt?action=workSearch#Sandman","url_text":"\"'Sandman' at APRA search engine\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book Ltd. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"Southern Contemporary Rock Assembly (1972), The ship album, Atlantic, retrieved 11 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/33525285","url_text":"The ship album"}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Duncan (2002). \"Cool Bananas and Aunty Jack & The 'Gong\". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 23 June 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20030623140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20030624-0000/www.milesago.com/Artists/bananas.htm","url_text":"\"Cool Bananas and Aunty Jack & The 'Gong\""},{"url":"http://www.milesago.com/Artists/bananas.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rocco (album liner notes). Johnny Rocco Band. Ritz/Festival Records. 1976. L-35681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Records","url_text":"Festival Records"}]},{"reference":"Catterall, Tony (5 January 1976). \"Life Style: Sight and Sound: Rock Music: Australia Breeds a Funky Disco Band\". The Canberra Times (ACT: 1926–1995). National Library of Australia. p. 11. Retrieved 13 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110795333","url_text":"\"Life Style: Sight and Sound: Rock Music: Australia Breeds a Funky Disco Band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times (ACT: 1926–1995)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Abrahams, Colin (7 September 2011). \"Studio Picture Book: Albert Studio 2, King Street, Sydney\". Studio Connections. Retrieved 13 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://studioconnections.net.au/PicBk/Alberts/Alb2PicM.html","url_text":"\"Studio Picture Book: Albert Studio 2, King Street, Sydney\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Bruce; Dunlop, Russell (1979), Space Invaders, Warner Bros. Music. National Library of Australia, retrieved 13 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/30001792","url_text":"Space Invaders"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 22. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Vale Russell Dunlop, Ian Miller and Maurice Frawley\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles_Invites_You_to_Listen	Ray Charles Invites You to Listen	["1 Background and composition","2 Singles","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","5 Charts","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	1967 studio album by Ray CharlesRay Charles Invites You to ListenStudio album by Ray CharlesReleasedJune 1967GenreR&B, soulLength39:26LabelABC / TangerineProducerJoe AdamsRay Charles chronology Ray's Moods(1966) Ray Charles Invites You to Listen(1967) A Portrait of Ray(1968) Singles from Ray Charles Invites You to Listen "Here We Go Again"Released: May 1967 "Yesterday"Released: November 1967 Ray Charles Invites You to Listen (sometimes referred to as Invites You to Listen or Listen) is a studio album by American recording artist Ray Charles, released in June 1967. Made up of several standards, the album had Charles experiment with falsetto. The album received mixed response from music critics, some noting that the style of music was "old fashioned". Background and composition As Charles' 1967 greatest hits album, A Man and His Soul, was released, he returned to the recording studio to begin work on Ray Charles Invites You to Listen. The album was produced by Joe Adams. Charles used falsetto on the album "for no other reason than self-satisfaction". Ray Charles Invites You to Listen consists mostly of standards. Sid Feller chose ten songs for the album, and wrote their arrangements. A big band provided instrumentation for two of the songs, while the others were backed with fourteen string instruments, eight brass instruments, guitar, bass and drums; Feller conducted the strings, and Adams engineered the record. Ray Charles Invites You to Listen contains a cover version of The Beatles' "Yesterday"; Charles purposely recorded the song with a hoarse voice so that the title lyric sounded as "yeshh-terday". Charles also re-recorded Jule Styne's "People" with a trombone vamp. Singles "Yesterday" and "Here We Go Again" were released as singles in 1967. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicDownBeat Author Mike Evans wrote that Ray Charles Invites You to Listen is "one of the most remarkable recordings of his career". The use of falsetto received a mixed response from critics; it was called "grating and unpleasant" by DownBeat's Carol Sloane (who also described Feller's arrangements as "vapid," and Charles' performance on the whole as "lack depth and feeling"), while others praised its femininity. Track listing "She's Funny That Way (I Got a Woman Crazy for Me)" (Neil Moret, Richard Whiting) – 4:53 "How Deep Is the Ocean (How High Is the Sky)" (Irving Berlin) – 3:58 "You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Wanna Do It)" (James V. Monaco, Joseph McCarthy) – 3:20 "Yesterday" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 2:48 "I'll Be Seeing You" (Irving Kahal, Sammy Fain) – 5:34 "Here We Go Again" (Don Lanier, Red Steagall) – 3:17 "All for You" (Robert Scherman) – 5:05 "Love Walked In" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 4:26 "Gee, Baby, Ain't I Good to You" (Andy Razaf, Don Redman) – 2:56 "People" (Bob Merrill, Jule Styne) – 5:09 Charts Chart Peakposition US Billboard 200 76 US Hot R&B LPs 9 US Jazz Albums 11 References ^ Hubbard-Brown 2008, p. 77. ^ a b c Evans 2005, p. 198. ^ a b c Lydon 2004, p. 268. ^ Evans 2005, p. 199. ^ a b c d Ray Charles Invites You to Listen at AllMusic. Retrieved May 18, 2011. ^ a b Sloane, Carol. "Record Review: 'Ray Charles Invites You To Listen'". Down Beat. October 19, 1967. p. 26. Bibliography Evans, Mike (2005). Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-764-5. Lydon, Michael (2004) . Ray Charles: Man and Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97043-3. Hubbard-Brown, Janet (2008). Ray Charles: Musician. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1-60413-001-6. vteRay CharlesStudio albumsAtlantic Ray Charles (Hallelujah, I Love Her So) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed! Soul Brothers What'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I'm All Yours Baby! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message from the People Through the Eyes of Love Crossover My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Friendship From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros. Would You Believe? My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings, Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notablecompilations Do the Twist! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Ray Charles in Concert True Genius Billboard Hot 100top 10 singles "What'd I Say" "Georgia on My Mind" "Hit the Road Jack" "One Mint Julep" "Unchain My Heart" "I Can't Stop Loving You " "You Don't Know Me" "You Are My Sunshine" "Busted" "Take These Chains from My Heart" "Crying Time" Other Billboard Charts#1 singles "I Got a Woman" "A Fool for You" "Mary Ann" "Drown in My Own Tears" "Together Again" "Let's Go Get Stoned" "Seven Spanish Angels" "I'll Be Good to You" Grammy Awarded Works(not included above) "Let The Good Times Roll" "Living for the City" "A Song for You" "Heaven Help Us All" "Here We Go Again" See also Discography Tangerine Records David "Fathead" Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray soundtrack Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray "Confession Blues" Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(song)"},{"link_name":"falsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard-Brown200877-1"}],"text":"Ray Charles Invites You to Listen (sometimes referred to as Invites You to Listen or Listen) is a studio album by American recording artist Ray Charles, released in June 1967. 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Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Eyes_of_Love_(Ray_Charles_album)"},{"link_name":"My Kind of Jazz Part 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Kind_of_Jazz_Part_3"},{"link_name":"Wish You Were Here Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_(Ray_Charles_album)"},{"link_name":"From the Pages of My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Pages_of_My_Mind"},{"link_name":"Just Between Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Between_Us_(Ray_Charles_album)"},{"link_name":"Would You Believe?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Would_You_Believe%3F_(Ray_Charles_album)"},{"link_name":"My World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_World_(Ray_Charles_album)"},{"link_name":"Strong Love Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Love_Affair"},{"link_name":"Genius + Soul = Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_%2B_Soul_%3D_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Porgy and Bess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess"},{"link_name":"Genius Loves Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_Loves_Company"},{"link_name":"Genius & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Ray Sings, Basie Swings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Sings,_Basie_Swings"},{"link_name":"Rare Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Genius"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles at Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles_at_Newport"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles in Person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles_in_Person"},{"link_name":"Live in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Concert_(Ray_Charles_album)"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles_Live"},{"link_name":"Do the Twist! with Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_the_Twist!_with_Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles_Greatest_Hits"},{"link_name":"A Man and His Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_and_His_Soul"},{"link_name":"The Best of Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_(Ray_Charles_album)"},{"link_name":"The Birth of Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Soul"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"True Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Genius"},{"link_name":"What'd I Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27d_I_Say"},{"link_name":"Georgia on My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_on_My_Mind"},{"link_name":"Hit the Road Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_the_Road_Jack"},{"link_name":"One Mint Julep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Mint_Julep"},{"link_name":"Unchain My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchain_My_Heart_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Stop Loving You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You"},{"link_name":"You Don't Know Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don%27t_Know_Me_(Cindy_Walker_song)"},{"link_name":"You Are My Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_My_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Busted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busted_(Harlan_Howard_song)"},{"link_name":"Take These Chains from My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_These_Chains_from_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"Crying Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crying_Time"},{"link_name":"I Got a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_a_Woman"},{"link_name":"A Fool for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fool_for_You"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_(Ray_Charles_song)"},{"link_name":"Drown in My Own Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drown_in_My_Own_Tears"},{"link_name":"Together Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_Again_(Buck_Owens_song)"},{"link_name":"Let's Go Get Stoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Get_Stoned"},{"link_name":"Seven Spanish Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Spanish_Angels"},{"link_name":"I'll Be Good to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Good_to_You"},{"link_name":"Let The Good Times Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_the_Good_Times_Roll_(Louis_Jordan_song)"},{"link_name":"Living for the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_for_the_City"},{"link_name":"A Song for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_for_You"},{"link_name":"Heaven Help Us All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Help_Us_All"},{"link_name":"Here We Go Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_We_Go_Again_(Ray_Charles_song)"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles_discography"},{"link_name":"Tangerine Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Records_(1962)"},{"link_name":"David \"Fathead\" Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%22Fathead%22_Newman"},{"link_name":"Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathead_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hank Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Crawford"},{"link_name":"The Raelettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raelettes"},{"link_name":"Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(film)"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_We_Go_Again:_Celebrating_the_Genius_of_Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Tribute to Uncle Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_to_Uncle_Ray"},{"link_name":"Confession Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_Blues"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7297322#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/425cdbe0-d8bd-48a7-99a7-7c244df4a336"}],"text":"Evans, Mike (2005). Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-764-5.\nLydon, Michael (2004) [First published 1998]. Ray Charles: Man and Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97043-3.\nHubbard-Brown, Janet (2008). Ray Charles: Musician. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1-60413-001-6.vteRay CharlesStudio albumsAtlantic\nRay Charles (Hallelujah, I Love Her So)\nThe Great Ray Charles\nYes Indeed!\nSoul Brothers\nWhat'd I Say\nThe Genius of Ray Charles\nThe Genius Sings the Blues\nSoul Meeting\nThe Genius After Hours\nTrue to Life\nLove & Peace\nABC\nThe Genius Hits the Road\nDedicated to You\nRay Charles and Betty Carter\nModern Sounds in Country and Western Music\nModern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2\nIngredients in a Recipe for Soul\nSweet & Sour Tears\nHave a Smile with Me\nTogether Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues\nCrying Time\nRay's Moods\nRay Charles Invites You to Listen\nA Portrait of Ray\nI'm All Yours Baby!\nDoing His Thing\nMy Kind of Jazz\nLove Country Style\nVolcanic Action of My Soul\nJazz Number II\nA Message from the People\nThrough the Eyes of Love\nCrossover\nMy Kind of Jazz Part 3\nColumbia\nWish You Were Here Tonight\nFriendship\nFrom the Pages of My Mind\nJust Between Us\nWarner Bros.\nWould You Believe?\nMy World\nStrong Love Affair\nOther labels\nGenius + Soul = Jazz\nPorgy and Bess\nGenius Loves Company\nPosthumous studio creations\nGenius & Friends\nRay Sings, Basie Swings\nRare Genius\nLive albums\nRay Charles at Newport\nRay Charles in Person\nLive in Concert\nRay Charles Live\nNotablecompilations\nDo the Twist! with Ray Charles\nRay Charles Greatest Hits\nA Man and His Soul\nThe Best of Ray Charles\nAnthology\nThe Birth of Soul\nRay Charles in Concert\nTrue Genius\nBillboard Hot 100top 10 singles\n\"What'd I Say\"\n\"Georgia on My Mind\"\n\"Hit the Road Jack\"\n\"One Mint Julep\"\n\"Unchain My Heart\"\n\"I Can't Stop Loving You \"\n\"You Don't Know Me\"\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"\n\"Busted\"\n\"Take These Chains from My Heart\"\n\"Crying Time\"\nOther Billboard Charts#1 singles\n\"I Got a Woman\"\n\"A Fool for You\"\n\"Mary Ann\"\n\"Drown in My Own Tears\"\n\"Together Again\"\n\"Let's Go Get Stoned\"\n\"Seven Spanish Angels\"\n\"I'll Be Good to You\"\nGrammy Awarded Works(not included above)\n\"Let The Good Times Roll\"\n\"Living for the City\"\n\"A Song for You\"\n\"Heaven Help Us All\"\n\"Here We Go Again\"\nSee also\nDiscography\nTangerine Records\nDavid \"Fathead\" Newman\nFathead / Ray Charles Sextet\nHank Crawford\nThe Raelettes\nRay\nsoundtrack\nHere We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles\nTribute to Uncle Ray\n\"Confession Blues\"\n\n CategoryAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Mike (2005). Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-764-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-764-5","url_text":"978-1-84449-764-5"}]},{"reference":"Lydon, Michael (2004) [First published 1998]. Ray Charles: Man and Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97043-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/raycharlesmanmusi00lydon","url_text":"Ray Charles: Man and Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97043-3","url_text":"978-0-415-97043-3"}]},{"reference":"Hubbard-Brown, Janet (2008). Ray Charles: Musician. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1-60413-001-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/raycharles00hubb","url_text":"Ray Charles: Musician"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobase_Publishing","url_text":"Infobase Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60413-001-6","url_text":"1-60413-001-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r32801/charts-awards","external_links_name":"Ray Charles Invites You to Listen"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/raycharlesmanmusi00lydon","external_links_name":"Ray Charles: Man and Music"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/raycharles00hubb","external_links_name":"Ray Charles: Musician"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/425cdbe0-d8bd-48a7-99a7-7c244df4a336","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMPDH1	IMPDH1	["1 Function","2 Clinical significance","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens IMPDH1Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1JCNIdentifiersAliasesIMPDH1, IMPD, IMPD1, IMPDH-I, LCA11, RP10, sWSS2608, IMP (inosine 5'-monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1External IDsOMIM: 146690; MGI: 96567; HomoloGene: 68096; GeneCards: IMPDH1; OMA:IMPDH1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 7 (human)Band7q32.1Start128,392,277 bpEnd128,410,252 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 6 (mouse)Band6\|6 A3.3Start29,200,433 bpEnd29,216,363 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed ingranulocytemonocytebody of stomachstromal cell of endometriumbloodspleengastric mucosaapex of hearttibial nerveupper lobe of left lungTop expressed inneural layer of retinaolfactory epitheliumthymusretinal pigment epitheliummorulasuperior frontal gyruslumbar spinal gangliondentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cellprimary visual cortexembryoMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function metal ion binding catalytic activity RNA binding nucleic acid binding oxidoreductase activity DNA binding IMP dehydrogenase activity nucleotide binding Cellular component cytoplasm nucleus extracellular region cytosol secretory granule lumen azurophil granule lumen ficolin-1-rich granule lumen Biological process purine nucleotide biosynthetic process purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process lymphocyte proliferation GMP biosynthetic process GTP biosynthetic process neutrophil degranulation Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez361423917EnsemblENSG00000106348ENSMUSG00000003500UniProtP20839P50096RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000883NM_001102605NM_001142573NM_001142574NM_001142575NM_001142576NM_001304521NM_183243NM_011829NM_001302933NM_001302934RefSeq (protein)NP_000874NP_001096075NP_001136045NP_001136046NP_001136047NP_001136048NP_001291450NP_899066NP_001289862NP_001289863NP_035959Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 128.39 – 128.41 MbChr 6: 29.2 – 29.22 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1, also known as IMP dehydrogenase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IMPDH1 gene. Function IMP dehydrogenase 1 acts as a homotetramer to regulate cell growth. IMPDH1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of xanthine monophosphate (XMP) from inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP). This is the rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. Clinical significance Defects in the IMPDH1 gene are a cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 10 (RP10). See also IMP dehydrogenase References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000106348 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000003500 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1". ^ Natsumeda Y, Ohno S, Kawasaki H, Konno Y, Weber G, Suzuki K (March 1990). "Two distinct cDNAs for human IMP dehydrogenase". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (9): 5292–5. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)34120-1. PMID 1969416. ^ Kennan A, Aherne A, Palfi A, Humphries M, McKee A, Stitt A, Simpson DA, Demtroder K, Orntoft T, Ayuso C, Kenna PF, Farrar GJ, Humphries P (March 2002). "Identification of an IMPDH1 mutation in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP10) revealed following comparative microarray analysis of transcripts derived from retinas of wild-type and Rho(-/-) mice". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (5): 547–57. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.5.547. PMID 11875049. ^ Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Blanton SH, Cepko CL, Blackshaw S, Birch DG, Hughbanks-Wheaton D, Heckenlively JR, Daiger SP (March 2002). "Mutations in the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene (IMPDH1) cause the RP10 form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (5): 559–68. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.5.559. PMC 2585828. PMID 11875050. Further reading Mortimer SE, Xu D, McGrew D, et al. (2008). "IMP dehydrogenase type 1 associates with polyribosomes translating rhodopsin mRNA". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (52): 36354–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806143200. PMC 2605994. PMID 18974094. Ohmann EL, Burckart GJ, Brooks MM, et al. (2010). "Genetic polymorphisms influence mycophenolate mofetil-related adverse events in pediatric heart transplant patients". The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 29 (5): 509–516. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2009.11.602. PMID 20061166. Grover S, Fishman GA, Stone EM (2004). "A novel IMPDH1 mutation (Arg231Pro) in a family with a severe form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa". Ophthalmology. 111 (10): 1910–6. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.039. PMID 15465556. Bowne SJ, Liu Q, Sullivan LS, et al. (2006). "Why do mutations in the ubiquitously expressed housekeeping gene IMPDH1 cause retina-specific photoreceptor degeneration?". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (9): 3754–65. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0207. PMC 2581456. PMID 16936083. Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560. Schatz P, Ponjavic V, Andréasson S, et al. (2005). "Clinical phenotype in a Swedish family with a mutation in the IMPDH1 gene". Ophthalmic Genet. 26 (3): 119–24. doi:10.1080/13816810500229090. PMID 16272056. S2CID 33839722. Wada Y, Tada A, Itabashi T, et al. (2005). "Screening for mutations in the IMPDH1 gene in Japanese patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (1): 163–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.01.017. PMID 16038673. Wang J, Yang JW, Zeevi A, et al. (2008). "IMPDH1 gene polymorphisms and association with acute rejection in renal transplant patients". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83 (5): 711–7. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100347. PMID 17851563. S2CID 12718828. Gandra M, Anandula V, Authiappan V, et al. (2008). "Retinitis pigmentosa: mutation analysis of RHO, PRPF31, RP1, and IMPDH1 genes in patients from India". Mol. Vis. 14: 1105–13. PMC 2426732. PMID 18552984. Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Mortimer SE, et al. (2006). "Spectrum and frequency of mutations in IMPDH1 associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and leber congenital amaurosis". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0868. PMC 2581444. PMID 16384941. Xu D, Cobb G, Spellicy CJ, et al. (2008). "Retinal isoforms of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase type 1 are poor nucleic acid binding proteins". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 472 (2): 100–4. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.012. PMC 2366119. PMID 18295591. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Sanquer S, Maison P, Tomkiewicz C, et al. (2008). "Expression of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type I and type II after mycophenolate mofetil treatment: a 2-year follow-up in kidney transplantation". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83 (2): 328–35. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100300. PMID 17713475. S2CID 44919245. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Kozma P, Hughbanks-Wheaton DK, Locke KG, et al. (2005). "Phenotypic characterization of a large family with RP10 autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa: an Asp226Asn mutation in the IMPDH1 gene". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (5): 858–867. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.027. PMC 2771559. PMID 16214101. Wada Y, Sandberg MA, McGee TL, et al. (2005). "Screen of the IMPDH1 gene among patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa and clinical features associated with the most common mutation, Asp226Asn". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (5): 1735–41. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1197. PMID 15851576. Jin P, Fu GK, Wilson AD, et al. (2004). "PCR isolation and cloning of novel splice variant mRNAs from known drug target genes". Genomics. 83 (4): 566–71. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.023. PMID 15028279. Roberts RL, Gearry RB, Barclay ML, Kennedy MA (2007). "IMPDH1 promoter mutations in a patient exhibiting azathioprine resistance". Pharmacogenomics J. 7 (5): 312–7. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500421. PMID 17001353. S2CID 11257472. Kudo M, Saito Y, Sasaki T, et al. (2009). "Genetic variations in the HGPRT, ITPA, IMPDH1, IMPDH2, and GMPS genes in Japanese individuals". Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 24 (6): 557–64. doi:10.2133/dmpk.24.557. PMID 20045992. External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P20839 (Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1) at the PDBe-KB. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteOxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)1.1.1: NAD/NADP acceptor 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldo-keto reductase 1A1 1B1 1B10 1C1 1C3 1C4 7A2 Aldose reductase Beta-Ketoacyl ACP reductase Carbohydrate dehydrogenases Carnitine dehydrogenase D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) DXP reductoisomerase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HMG-CoA reductase IMP dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase L-threonine dehydrogenase L-xylulose reductase Malate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Sorbitol dehydrogenase Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3β 3β-HSD NSDHL 11β 11β-HSD1 11β-HSD2 17β 1.1.2: cytochrome acceptor D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 1.1.3: oxygen acceptor Glucose oxidase L-gulonolactone oxidase Xanthine oxidase Alcohol oxidase 1.1.4: disulfide as acceptor Vitamin K epoxide reductase Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive) 1.1.5: quinone/similar acceptor Malate dehydrogenase (quinone) Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase 1.1.99: other acceptors Choline dehydrogenase L2HGDH vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology This article on a gene on human chromosome 7 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1969416-6"}],"text":"Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1, also known as IMP dehydrogenase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IMPDH1 gene.[5][6]","title":"IMPDH1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"xanthine monophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"inosine-5'-monophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosinic_acid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"IMP dehydrogenase 1 acts as a homotetramer to regulate cell growth. IMPDH1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of xanthine monophosphate (XMP) from inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP). This is the rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides.[5]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11875049-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11875050-8"}],"text":"Defects in the IMPDH1 gene are a cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 10 (RP10).[5][7][8]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"IMP dehydrogenase type 1 associates with polyribosomes translating rhodopsin 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SE, Xu D, McGrew D, et al. (2008). \"IMP dehydrogenase type 1 associates with polyribosomes translating rhodopsin mRNA\". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (52): 36354–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806143200. PMC 2605994. PMID 18974094.\nOhmann EL, Burckart GJ, Brooks MM, et al. (2010). \"Genetic polymorphisms influence mycophenolate mofetil-related adverse events in pediatric heart transplant patients\". The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 29 (5): 509–516. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2009.11.602. PMID 20061166.\nGrover S, Fishman GA, Stone EM (2004). \"A novel IMPDH1 mutation (Arg231Pro) in a family with a severe form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa\". Ophthalmology. 111 (10): 1910–6. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.039. PMID 15465556.\nBowne SJ, Liu Q, Sullivan LS, et al. (2006). \"Why do mutations in the ubiquitously expressed housekeeping gene IMPDH1 cause retina-specific photoreceptor degeneration?\". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (9): 3754–65. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0207. PMC 2581456. PMID 16936083.\nKimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). \"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.\nSchatz P, Ponjavic V, Andréasson S, et al. (2005). \"Clinical phenotype in a Swedish family with a mutation in the IMPDH1 gene\". Ophthalmic Genet. 26 (3): 119–24. doi:10.1080/13816810500229090. PMID 16272056. S2CID 33839722.\nWada Y, Tada A, Itabashi T, et al. (2005). \"Screening for mutations in the IMPDH1 gene in Japanese patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa\". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (1): 163–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.01.017. PMID 16038673.\nWang J, Yang JW, Zeevi A, et al. (2008). \"IMPDH1 gene polymorphisms and association with acute rejection in renal transplant patients\". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83 (5): 711–7. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100347. PMID 17851563. S2CID 12718828.\nGandra M, Anandula V, Authiappan V, et al. (2008). \"Retinitis pigmentosa: mutation analysis of RHO, PRPF31, RP1, and IMPDH1 genes in patients from India\". Mol. Vis. 14: 1105–13. PMC 2426732. PMID 18552984.\nBowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Mortimer SE, et al. (2006). \"Spectrum and frequency of mutations in IMPDH1 associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and leber congenital amaurosis\". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0868. PMC 2581444. PMID 16384941.\nXu D, Cobb G, Spellicy CJ, et al. (2008). \"Retinal isoforms of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase type 1 are poor nucleic acid binding proteins\". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 472 (2): 100–4. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.012. PMC 2366119. PMID 18295591.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nSanquer S, Maison P, Tomkiewicz C, et al. (2008). \"Expression of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type I and type II after mycophenolate mofetil treatment: a 2-year follow-up in kidney transplantation\". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83 (2): 328–35. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100300. PMID 17713475. S2CID 44919245.\nOta T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.\nKozma P, Hughbanks-Wheaton DK, Locke KG, et al. (2005). \"Phenotypic characterization of a large family with RP10 autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa: an Asp226Asn mutation in the IMPDH1 gene\". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (5): 858–867. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.027. PMC 2771559. PMID 16214101.\nWada Y, Sandberg MA, McGee TL, et al. (2005). \"Screen of the IMPDH1 gene among patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa and clinical features associated with the most common mutation, Asp226Asn\". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (5): 1735–41. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1197. PMID 15851576.\nJin P, Fu GK, Wilson AD, et al. (2004). \"PCR isolation and cloning of novel splice variant mRNAs from known drug target genes\". Genomics. 83 (4): 566–71. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.023. PMID 15028279.\nRoberts RL, Gearry RB, Barclay ML, Kennedy MA (2007). \"IMPDH1 promoter mutations in a patient exhibiting azathioprine resistance\". Pharmacogenomics J. 7 (5): 312–7. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500421. PMID 17001353. S2CID 11257472.\nKudo M, Saito Y, Sasaki T, et al. (2009). \"Genetic variations in the HGPRT, ITPA, IMPDH1, IMPDH2, and GMPS genes in Japanese individuals\". Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 24 (6): 557–64. doi:10.2133/dmpk.24.557. PMID 20045992.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"IMP dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMP_dehydrogenase"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=3614","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=23917","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3614","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1\""}]},{"reference":"Natsumeda Y, Ohno S, Kawasaki H, Konno Y, Weber G, Suzuki K (March 1990). \"Two distinct cDNAs for human IMP dehydrogenase\". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (9): 5292–5. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)34120-1. PMID 1969416.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2934120-1","url_text":"\"Two distinct cDNAs for human IMP dehydrogenase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2934120-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)34120-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1969416","url_text":"1969416"}]},{"reference":"Kennan A, Aherne A, Palfi A, Humphries M, McKee A, Stitt A, Simpson DA, Demtroder K, Orntoft T, Ayuso C, Kenna PF, Farrar GJ, Humphries P (March 2002). \"Identification of an IMPDH1 mutation in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP10) revealed following comparative microarray analysis of transcripts derived from retinas of wild-type and Rho(-/-) mice\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (5): 547–57. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.5.547. PMID 11875049.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.5.547","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/11.5.547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11875049","url_text":"11875049"}]},{"reference":"Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Blanton SH, Cepko CL, Blackshaw S, Birch DG, Hughbanks-Wheaton D, Heckenlively JR, Daiger SP (March 2002). \"Mutations in the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene (IMPDH1) cause the RP10 form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (5): 559–68. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.5.559. PMC 2585828. PMID 11875050.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2585828","url_text":"\"Mutations in the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene (IMPDH1) cause the RP10 form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.5.559","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/11.5.559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2585828","url_text":"2585828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11875050","url_text":"11875050"}]},{"reference":"Mortimer SE, Xu D, McGrew D, et al. (2008). \"IMP dehydrogenase type 1 associates with polyribosomes translating rhodopsin mRNA\". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (52): 36354–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806143200. PMC 2605994. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Sylburg	Friedrich Sylburg	["1 Works","2 References","3 Literature and additional sources"]	German classical scholar This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Friedrich Sylburg (1536 – 17 February 1596) was a German classical scholar. The son of a farmer, he was born at Wetter near Marburg. He studied at Marburg, Jena, Geneva, and, lastly, Paris, where his teacher was Henry Estienne (Stephanus), to whose great Greek Thesaurus Sylburg afterwards made important contributions. Returning to Germany, he held educational posts at Neuhausen near Worms and at Lich near Gießen, where he edited a useful edition of the Institutiones in graecam linguam (1580) of Nicolaus Clenardus (Cleynaerts). In 1583 he resigned his post at Lich and moved to Frankfurt to act as corrector and editor of Greek texts for the enterprising publisher Johann Wechel. To his Frankfurt period belong the editions of Pausanias, Herodotus, Dionysius Halicarnassensis (one of his best pieces of work, highly praised by Carsten Niebuhr), Paeanius, Aristotle, the Greek and Latin sources for the history of the Roman emperors and the Peri syntaxeos of Apollonius Dyscolus. In 1591 he moved to Heidelberg, where he became librarian to the elector palatine. The Wechel series was continued by Hieronymus Commelinus (Jerome Commelin) of Heidelberg, for whom Sylburg edited Clement of Alexandria, Justin Martyr, the Etymologicum magnum, the Scriptores de re rustica, the Greek gnomic poets, Xenophon, Nonnus and other works. All Sylburg's editions show great critical power and indefatigable industry; the latter may well have caused his death. Works F. Sylburg (Ed.), Dionisii Halicarnassei scripta quae exstant, omnia, et historica, et rhetorica (Frankfurt: heirs of Andreas Wechel 1586) (parallel Greek and Latin), available at Google Books Notes of Sylburg in a critical edition of Aristotle, De Poetica Liber (parallel Greek and Latin), available at Google Books Ἐτυμολογικὸν τὸ Μέγα or Etymologicon Magnum (Leipzig, 1816) (in Greek), available at Google Books Various Works of Sylburg held and digitized in original editions, freely available at Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum Digitale Bibliothek List of Works in WorldCat References ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sylburg, Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.. For additional information, see article on Friedrich Sylburg in German from Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie at German Wikisource ^ See article in German by K. Steif on the Wechel family publishing enterprise, in Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliographie, at German Wikisource. ^ See article in German by Ernst Kelchner on Jerome Commelin in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie at German Wikisource Literature and additional sources J. G. Jungius, Vita Frid. Sylburgii (Berleburgi & Frankfurt, 1745). Fr. Creuzer, 'De Frid. Sylburgii vita et scriptis oratio', in Nova Acta soc. Lat. Jenensis (ed. Eichstädt), vol. I (Lips. 1806), p. 79–102. Fr. Creuzer, Frid. Sylburgi epistolae quinque ad Paulum Melissum (Five letters of Friedrich Sylburg to Paul Melissum) (Frankfurt 1827). Also in Creuzer's Selected Works (Lips. 1854), p. 195–213. K. W. Justi, 'Friedrich Sylburg', in Strieder's Hessischer Gelehrten-Geschichte, Vol. 18 (Marburg 1819), p. 481–494. Also as a separate printing, Marburg 1818. This work cites references to earlier writing about Sylburg. Schoell, Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, vol. 18 (Paris 1826), p. 301 ff. L. Kayser, 'Heidelberger Philologen im 16. Jahrhundert,' printed in the Festschrift zur Begrüßung der 24. Philologenversammlung (Leipzig 1865), p. 142–147. Sylburg's writings are listed by Joachim Jungius cited above, p. 35–38; in Christian Gottlieb Jöcher’s Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon (1750–51), Vol. IV, Sp. 956 f.; in Johann Heinrich Zedler’s Universal-Lexikon, Vol. 41, Sp. 555–57; and most fully by Karl Wilhelm Justi cited above, p. 490–92. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Henry Estienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Estienne"},{"link_name":"Neuhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Boroughs_of_Worms"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Lich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lich,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gießen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Clenardus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cleynaerts"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Johann Wechel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wechel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Dionysius Halicarnassensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Halicarnassensis"},{"link_name":"Carsten Niebuhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr"},{"link_name":"Paeanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeanius"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Apollonius Dyscolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_Dyscolus"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"librarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Commelinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hieronymus_Commelinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Clement of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Justin Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr"},{"link_name":"gnomic poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomic_poet"},{"link_name":"Xenophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon"},{"link_name":"Nonnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnus"}],"text":"Friedrich Sylburg (1536 – 17 February 1596) was a German classical scholar.[1]The son of a farmer, he was born at Wetter near Marburg. He studied at Marburg, Jena, Geneva, and, lastly, Paris, where his teacher was Henry Estienne (Stephanus), to whose great Greek Thesaurus Sylburg afterwards made important contributions.Returning to Germany, he held educational posts at Neuhausen near Worms and at Lich near Gießen, where he edited a useful edition of the Institutiones in graecam linguam (1580) of Nicolaus Clenardus (Cleynaerts). In 1583 he resigned his post at Lich and moved to Frankfurt to act as corrector and editor of Greek texts for the enterprising publisher Johann Wechel.[2] To his Frankfurt period belong the editions of Pausanias, Herodotus, Dionysius Halicarnassensis (one of his best pieces of work, highly praised by Carsten Niebuhr), Paeanius, Aristotle, the Greek and Latin sources for the history of the Roman emperors and the Peri syntaxeos of Apollonius Dyscolus.In 1591 he moved to Heidelberg, where he became librarian to the elector palatine. The Wechel series was continued by Hieronymus Commelinus (Jerome Commelin) of Heidelberg,[3] for whom Sylburg edited Clement of Alexandria, Justin Martyr, the Etymologicum magnum, the Scriptores de re rustica, the Greek gnomic poets, Xenophon, Nonnus and other works. All Sylburg's editions show great critical power and indefatigable industry; the latter may well have caused his death.","title":"Friedrich Sylburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dionisii Halicarnassei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Halicarnassensis"},{"link_name":"Andreas Wechel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Wechel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"available at Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PMgaIq4TBZEC"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"De Poetica Liber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)"},{"link_name":"available at Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=l2M-AAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"available at Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ibpAAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"freely available at Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum Digitale Bibliothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=autoren_index&l=en&ab=Sylburg,%20Friedrich"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84-77676"}],"text":"F. Sylburg (Ed.), Dionisii Halicarnassei scripta quae exstant, omnia, et historica, et rhetorica (Frankfurt: heirs of Andreas Wechel 1586) (parallel Greek and Latin), available at Google Books\nNotes of Sylburg in a critical edition of Aristotle, De Poetica Liber (parallel Greek and Latin), available at Google Books\nἘτυμολογικὸν τὸ Μέγα or Etymologicon Magnum (Leipzig, 1816) (in Greek), available at Google Books\nVarious Works of Sylburg held and digitized in original editions, freely available at Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum Digitale Bibliothek\nList of Works in WorldCat","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joachim Jungius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Jungius"},{"link_name":"Christian Gottlieb Jöcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottlieb_J%C3%B6cher"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Zedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Zedler"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5503916#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/133525/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109170928"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/76339462"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd9qbdvmRQHKtWfGfKBP"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90810981"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1132212"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120701841"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120701841"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/117391042"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/RMLV019188"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268784305171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/16937860"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84077676"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/97mpsl1t0qr6vp2"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2009510512&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36096600"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record139021"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000387531&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069907730"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810647713205606"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/122255"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/85567"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07983798?l=en"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117391042.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1211719"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/028978641"}],"text":"J. G. Jungius, Vita Frid. Sylburgii (Berleburgi & Frankfurt, 1745).\nFr. Creuzer, 'De Frid. Sylburgii vita et scriptis oratio', in Nova Acta soc. Lat. Jenensis (ed. Eichstädt), vol. I (Lips. 1806), p. 79–102.\nFr. Creuzer, Frid. Sylburgi epistolae quinque ad Paulum Melissum (Five letters of Friedrich Sylburg to Paul Melissum) (Frankfurt 1827). Also in Creuzer's Selected Works (Lips. 1854), p. 195–213.\nK. W. Justi, 'Friedrich Sylburg', in Strieder's Hessischer Gelehrten-Geschichte, Vol. 18 (Marburg 1819), p. 481–494. Also as a separate printing, Marburg 1818. This work cites references to earlier writing about Sylburg.\nSchoell, Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, vol. 18 (Paris 1826), p. 301 ff.\nL. Kayser, 'Heidelberger Philologen im 16. Jahrhundert,' printed in the Festschrift zur Begrüßung der 24. Philologenversammlung (Leipzig 1865), p. 142–147.\nSylburg's writings are listed by Joachim Jungius cited above, p. 35–38; in Christian Gottlieb Jöcher’s Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon (1750–51), Vol. IV, Sp. 956 f.; in Johann Heinrich Zedler’s Universal-Lexikon, Vol. 41, Sp. 555–57; and most fully by Karl Wilhelm Justi cited above, p. 490–92.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Literature and additional sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Sylburg, Friedrich\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_England	Philip II of Spain	["1 Early life: 1527–1544","2 Domestic policy","3 Economy","4 Foreign policy","4.1 Italy","4.2 France","4.3 Mediterranean","5 Strait of Magellan","6 Revolt in the Netherlands","7 King of Portugal","8 Relations with England and Ireland","8.1 King of England and Ireland","8.2 After Mary I's death","9 Death","10 Legacy","11 Titles, honours and styles","12 Heraldry","13 Family","13.1 First marriage","13.2 Second marriage","13.3 Third marriage","13.4 Fourth marriage","14 Ancestry","15 Male-line family tree","16 See also","17 Notes","18 References","19 Further reading","19.1 Economic and cultural history","20 External links"]	King of Spain (1556–1598) and Portugal (1580–1598) Philip IIPortrait by Sofonisba Anguissola (1565)King of Spain (more...) Reign16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598PredecessorCharles ISuccessorPhilip IIIKing of Portugal (more...) Reign12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598Acclamation16 April 1581, TomarPredecessorHenry or Anthony (disputed)SuccessorPhilip III of SpainKing of England and Ireland (jure uxoris) Reign25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558PredecessorMary ISuccessorElizabeth ICo-monarchMary IBorn21 May 1527Palacio de Pimentel, Valladolid, Crown of CastileDied13 September 1598(1598-09-13) (aged 71)El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Crown of CastileBurialEl EscorialSpouses Maria Manuela of Portugal (m. 1543; died 1545) Mary I of England (m. 1554; died 1558) Elisabeth of Valois (m. 1559; died 1568) Anna of Austria (m. 1570; died 1580) Issuemore... Carlos, Prince of Asturias Isabella Clara Eugenia, Lady of the Netherlands Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias Diego, Prince of Asturias Philip III of Spain HouseHabsburgFatherCharles V, Holy Roman EmperorMotherIsabella of PortugalReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Philip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and of the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace El Escorial in 1584. Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Huguenots. In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1596 and 1597. The Anglo-Spanish War carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death. Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands). Early life: 1527–1544 The Baptism of Philip II in Valladolid, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid) A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel, which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas, and tutored by Juan Martínez Siliceo, the future archbishop of Toledo. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father as a polyglot. While Philip was also an archduke of Austria, he was seen as a foreigner in the Holy Roman Empire. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne. In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her Portuguese ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, María and Juana, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman Rui Gomes da Silva and Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, the son of his governor. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would Antonio Pérez, his secretary from 1541. Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens, a Castilian nobleman who served as the commendador mayor of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba during the Italian Wars. Philip was present at the Siege of Perpignan in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the Dauphin of France. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes at Monzón. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the regency of the Spanish kingdoms in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the Duke of Milan in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen. Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary Francisco de los Cobos and the general, the Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised "piety, patience, modesty, and distrust". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, "he had a smile that was cut by a sword". Domestic policy This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Philip II of Spain" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a personal union of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords. Philip carried several titles as heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire, including Prince of Asturias. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was Navarre, a realm invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). War across Navarre continued until 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King Henry II of Navarre—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, Jeanne III of Navarre. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre and a prince of independent Béarn, as well as lord of a large part of southern France. However, the French nobility under Francis I opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541. Philip, in the prime of his life, by Anthonis Mor In his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (Cortes, The Three States) and the Diputación for breach of the realm specific laws (fueros)—violation of the pactum subjection is as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session. In November 1592, the Parliament (Cortes) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (Justicia) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his secretary Antonio Pérez taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in Pamplona at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the Santa Maria Cathedral. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled. Philip II wearing the order of the garter by Jooris van der Straeten, c. 1554 Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern Kingdom of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces. Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy. Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the "Spanish Golden Age", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was Sofonisba Anguissola, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist. Economy Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low Countries Charles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as Neapolitan sums). Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians. The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile, the assembly in Navarre, and one each for the four kingdoms of Aragon, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single Estates General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition. Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the Perez affair. Following a fire in Valladolid in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to Lisbon, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and Primacy seat of Toledo now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of Madrid. Except for a brief period under Philip III of Spain, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the Royal Alcázar of Madrid into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France. King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward modernity whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of El Escorial that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King Louis XIV of France would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada—motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion—had serious negative effects on the economy, particularly in that region. Foreign policy Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Empire and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his fight against heresy, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories. These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the Cologne War. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement and focus in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies. Personal guidon of Philip II In 1588, the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But war with England continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal. The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called relaciones geográficas. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively. Italy Main article: Italian Wars Charles V abdicated the throne of Naples to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially a Papal fief) on 2 October by Pope Julius III. The date of Charles' abdication of the throne of Sicily is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom on 18 November 1554 by Julius. In 1556, Philip decided to invade the Papal States and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to Pope Paul IV's anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the Church. In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556, Francisco de Vargas wrote: I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the Apostolic See, in whose name, and that of the College of Cardinals, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve! In response to the invasion, Pope Paul IV called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Viceroy of Naples met Cardinal Carlo Carafa and signed the Treaty of Cave as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the Papal States and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms. Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the Italian Wars. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the Battle of St. Quentin (1557). The French were defeated again at the Battle of Gravelines (1558). The resulting Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 secured Piedmont to the Duchy of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's control over Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under Spanish rule as part of the Crown of Aragon. In the north, Milan was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the State of Presidi in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy, whilst the grant of the Duchy of Siena to the new Grand Duchy of Tuscany, ensured it would remain a Spanish ally. The Council of Italy was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year Franco-Habsburg wars for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning of a period of peace between the Pope and Philip, as their European interests converged, although political differences remained and diplomatic contrasts eventually re-emerged. By the end of the wars in 1559, Habsburg Spain had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France. In France, Henry II was fatally wounded in a joust held during the celebrations of the peace. His death led to the accession of his 15-year-old son Francis II, who in turn soon died. The French monarchy was thrown into turmoil, which increased further with the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion that would last for several decades. The states of Italy were reduced to second-rate powers, with Spain dominating the peninsula. Mary Tudor's death in 1558 enabled Philip to seal the treaty by marrying Henry II's daughter, Elisabeth of Valois, later giving him a claim to the throne of France on behalf of his daughter by Elisabeth, Isabella Clara Eugenia. France Main article: French Wars of Religion The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Philip claimed descent from Constantine I and Charlemagne, justifying his intervention in French Wars of Religion and his continuing efforts to depose Henry IV of France. Philip signed the Treaty of Vaucelles with Henry II of France in 1556. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territory of Franche-Comté in Burgundy was to be relinquished to Philip. However, the treaty was broken shortly afterwards. France and the Spanish kingdoms waged war in northern France and Italy over the following years. Spanish victories at St. Quentin and Gravelines led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which France recognised Spanish sovereignty over Franche-Comté. During the War of the Portuguese Succession, the pretender António fled to France following his defeats and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the Azores, he sailed there with a large Anglo-French fleet under Filippo Strozzi, a Florentine exile in the service of France. The naval Battle of Terceira took place on 26 July 1582, in the sea near the Azores, off São Miguel Island, as part of the War of the Portuguese Succession and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The Spanish navy defeated the combined Anglo-French fleet that had sailed to preserve control of the Azores under António. The French naval contingent was the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV. A marble bust of Philip II of Spain by Pompeo Leoni, Metropolitan Museum of Art The Spanish victory at Terceira was followed by the Battle of the Azores between the Portuguese loyal to the claimant António, supported by French and English troops, and the Spanish-Portuguese forces loyal to Philip commanded by the admiral Don Álvaro de Bazán. Victory in Azores completed the incorporation of Portugal into the Spanish Empire. Philip financed the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion. He directly intervened in the final phases of the wars (1589–1598), ordering Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma into France in an effort to unseat Henry IV, and perhaps dreaming of placing his favourite daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, on the French throne. Elisabeth of Valois, Philip's third wife and Isabella's mother, had already ceded any claim to the French Crown with her marriage to Philip and in France the Salic law remained in effect. However, the Parlement of Paris, in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella Clara Eugenia was "the legitimate sovereign" of France. Philip's interventions in the fighting—sending the Duke of Parma to end Henry IV's siege of Paris in 1590 and the siege of Rouen in 1592—contributed in saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant monarchy. In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. By the end of 1594 certain League members were still working against Henry across the country, but all relied on the support of the Spanish Crown. In January 1595, therefore, Henry officially declared war on the Spanish Crown, to show Catholics that Philip was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state, and Protestants that he had not become a puppet of the Spanish Crown through his conversion, while hoping to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces. French victory at the Battle of Fontaine-Française in Burgundy, 5 June 1595, marked an end to the Catholic League in France. The French also made some progress during an invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. They captured Ham and massacred the small Spanish garrison, provoking anger among the Spanish ranks. The Spanish launched a concerted offensive that year, taking Doullens, Cambrai, and Le Catelet; at Doullens, they massacred 4,000 of its citizens. On 24 April 1596, the Spanish also conquered Calais. Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March 1597, the French Crown laid siege to it until it managed to reconquer Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. Henry then negotiated a peace with the Spanish Crown. The war was only drawn to an official close, however, with the Peace of Vervins in May 1598. The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France, and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith—matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king. Mediterranean Further information: Ottoman–Habsburg wars Titian; after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir Fernando to Glory in this allegory. Standard of the tercios morados of the Spanish army under Philip II In the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. In 1558, Turkish admiral Piyale Pasha captured the Balearic Islands, especially inflicting great damage on Menorca and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely the Spanish Crown and Venice, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people. In 1560, Philip II organised a Holy League between the Spanish kingdoms and the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta. The joint fleet was assembled at Messina and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral Andrea Doria. On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of Djerba, which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between Algiers and Tripoli. As a response, Suleiman sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) won an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Djerba. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria was barely able to escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. Álvaro de Sande, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. In 1565 the Ottomans sent a large expedition to Malta, which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking some of them. The Spanish sent a relief force, which finally drove the Ottoman army out of the island. The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, by the Holy League under the command of Philip's half brother, Don John of Austria. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, reconquered Tunis from the Ottomans in 1573. The Turks soon rebuilt their fleet, and in 1574 Uluç Ali Reis managed to recapture Tunis with a force of 250 galleys and a siege that lasted 40 days. Thousands of Spanish and Italian soldiers became prisoners. Nevertheless, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of Ottoman control. In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans. Strait of Magellan Further information: Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan Armour of Philip II During Philip's reign Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. To end navigation by rival powers in the Strait of Magellan Spanish viceroy Francisco de Toledo ordered Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa to explore the strait and found settlements on its shores. In 1584, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait: Nombre de Jesús, and Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe. The latter was established north of the strait with 300 settlers. The new colonies suffered from high death rates, likely as a consequence of executions, brawls, violent encounters with indigenous peoples and diseases which were rife. A contributing cause for failure of the settlement may have been poor morale, an issue that plagued the venture almost from the beginning. This can in part be explained by a series of difficulties the expedition had to go through between the departure from Spain and the arrival to the strait. Philip II's inaction despite repeated pleas by Sarmiento to aid the ailing colony has been attributed to the strain on Spain's resources that resulted from wars with England and Dutch rebels. In 1587, English corsairs renamed Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe, Puerto del Hambre, or "Port Famine". Most of the settlers had died from cold or starvation. When Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement. The Spanish failure at colonizing the Strait of Magellan caused Chiloé Archipelago to assume the role of protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions. Valdivia and Chiloé acted as sentries, being hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia. Revolt in the Netherlands Main article: Eighty Years' War Philip II berating William of Orange, by Cornelis Kruseman Philip's rule in the Seventeen Provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties, leading to open warfare in 1568. He appointed his half-sister Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands, when he left the low countries for the Spanish kingdoms in 1559, but forced her to adjust policy to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, who was greatly disliked in the Netherlands, after he insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over two weeks' ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands and the incessant persecution of Protestants. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the Iconoclast Fury; in response to growing Protestant influence, the army of the Iron Duke (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba) went on the offensive. In 1568, Alba had Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn executed in Brussels' central square, further alienating the local aristocracy. There were massacres of civilians in Mechelen, Naarden, Zutphen and Haarlem. In 1571, Alba erected at Antwerp a bronze statue of himself trampling the rebellious Dutch under his horse's hooves, cast from the melted-down cannon looted by the Spanish troops after the Battle of Jemmingen in 1568; it was modelled on medieval images of the Spanish patron Saint James "the Moorslayer" riding down Muslims and caused such outrage that Philip had it removed and destroyed. In 1572, a prominent exiled member of the Dutch aristocracy, William the Silent, Prince of Orange, invaded the Netherlands with a Protestant army, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, Holland and Zeeland. Because of the Spanish repulse in the Siege of Alkmaar (1573) led by his equally brutal son Fadrique, Alba resigned his command, replaced by Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga. Alba boasted that he had burned or executed 18,600 persons in the Netherlands, in addition to the far greater number he massacred during the war, many of them women and children; 8,000 persons were burned or hanged in one year, and the total number of Alba's Flemish victims can not have fallen short of 50,000. Under Requesens, the Army of Flanders reached a peak strength of 86,000 in 1574 and retained its battlefield superiority, destroying Louis of Nassau's German mercenary army at the Battle of Mookerheyde on 14 April 1574, killing both him and his brother Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg. Rampant inflation and the loss of treasure fleets from the New World prevented Philip from paying his soldiers consistently, leading to the so-called Spanish Fury at Antwerp in 1576, where soldiers ran amok through the streets, burning more than 1,000 homes and killing 6,000 citizens. Philip sent in Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. Farnese defeated the rebels at the Battle of Gembloux (1578), and he captured many rebel towns in the south: Maastricht (1579), Tournai (1581), Oudenaarde (1582), Dunkirk (1583), Bruges (1584), Ghent (1584), and Antwerp (1585). Reward letter of Philip II to the family of Balthasar Gerards, assassin of William the Silent, 1590 The States General of the northern provinces, united in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, passed an Act of Abjuration in 1581 declaring that they no longer recognised Philip as their king. The southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. In 1584, William the Silent was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a "pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son Maurice of Nassau, who received modest help from the Queen of England in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. The war came to an end in 1648, when the Dutch Republic was recognised by the Spanish Crown as independent; the eight decades of war came at a massive human cost, with an estimated 600,000 to 700,000 victims, of which 350,000 to 400,000 were civilians killed by disease and what would later be considered war crimes. King of Portugal Main article: Iberian Union Anthony I of Portugal In 1578 young King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir without descendants, triggering a succession crisis. His granduncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as king, but Henry had no descendants either, having taken holy orders. When Henry died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of Manuel I claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza; António, Prior of Crato; and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed King of Portugal in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to the Spanish kingdoms and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry. In 1580, Philip II marched into Portugal and defeated Prior António's troops in the Battle of Alcântara. The Portuguese suffered 4,000 killed, wounded, or captured, while the Spanish sustained only 500 casualties. The troops commanded by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure. Philip II of Spain assumed the Portuguese throne and was crowned Philip I of Portugal on 17 July 1580 (recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar) and a near sixty-year personal union under the rule of the Philippine Dynasty began. This gave Philip control of the extensive Portuguese Empire. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving prominent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government. This followed on the well-established pattern of rule by councils. Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (mare clausum) and other features Relations with England and Ireland King of England and Ireland Titian's portrait of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armour Irish groat with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraits Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year-old Queen Mary I of England, Charles' maternal first cousin. His father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to him. Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor Stephen Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, preferring Edward Courtenay. Under the terms of the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions". In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife. As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish. Philip and Mary I of England, 1558 Acts making it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed by the Parliament of Ireland and England. Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together. The coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. During their joint reign, they waged war against France, which resulted in the loss of Calais, England's last remaining possession in France. Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of King of Ireland had been created in 1542 by Mary's father, Henry VIII, after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, Pope Paul IV rectified this by issuing a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland. King's County and Philipstown in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol. However, the couple had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalise the Roman Catholic Church in England. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne (including the ancient English claims to the French throne) and ceased to be king of England, Ireland and (as claimed by them) France. Philip's great-grandson, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, married Princess Henrietta of England in 1661; in 1807, the Jacobite claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child Anne Marie d'Orléans. After Mary I's death Further information: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581 Upon Mary's death, the throne went to Elizabeth I. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a Valois alliance. Elizabeth I was the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics, who disputed the validity of both the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and of his subsequent marriage to Boleyn, and hence claimed that Mary, Queen of Scots, the Catholic great-granddaughter of Henry VII, was the rightful monarch. For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of privateering against Spain's merchant shipping and started threatening the Spanish treasure ships coming from the New World. In one instance, English ships attacked a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth in 1585—promising troops and supplies to the anti-Spanish rebels in the Netherlands. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England and return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the Spanish Armada, to rendezvous with the Army of Flanders and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. At the point of attack, a storm struck the English Channel, already known for its harsh currents and choppy waters, which devastated large numbers of the Spanish fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English Royal Navy; it was by no means a slaughter (only one Spanish ship was sunk), but the Spanish were forced into a retreat, and the overwhelming majority of the Armada was destroyed by the harsh weather. Whilst the English Royal Navy may not have destroyed the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, they had prevented it from linking up with the army it was supposed to convey across the channel. Thus whilst the English Royal Navy may have only won a slight tactical victory over the Spanish, it had delivered a major strategic one—preventing the invasion of England. Through a week of fighting the Spanish had expended 100,000 cannonballs, but no English ship was seriously damaged. However, over 7,000 English sailors died from disease during the time the Armada was in English waters. The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the Armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a counter-armada the following year failed disastrously with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost. Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and their improved intelligence networks (although Cádiz was sacked by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet). The Habsburgs also struck back with the Dunkirkers, who took an increasing toll on Dutch and English shipping. Eventually, the Spanish attempted two further Armadas, in October 1596 and October 1597. The 1596 Armada was destroyed in a storm off northern Spain; it had lost as many as 72 of its 126 ships and suffered 3,000 deaths. The 1597 Armada was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast undetected. This Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead. Some of the fighting was done on land in Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with the English sending expeditionary forces to France and the Netherlands to fight Spain, and Spain attempting to assist Irish rebellions in Ireland. Death Philip II died in El Escorial, near Madrid, on 13 September 1598, of cancer. He was succeeded by his 20-year-old son, Philip III. Legacy Main article: Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain Philip's dominions in 1598 Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the Counter-Reformation, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism, but his devotion to Catholicism would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century disdain for religious heterodoxy; he said, "Before suffering the slightest damage to religion in the service of God, I would lose all of my estates and a hundred lives, if I had them, because I do not wish nor do I desire to be the ruler of heretics." As he strove to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the Inquisition, students were barred from studying elsewhere, and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. In addition to the banning of books, Philip II authorized the burning of at least 70,000 volumes. Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop Bartolome Carranza of Toledo was jailed by the Inquisition for 17 years, for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree with Protestantism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful, and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions. Although he was deeply dedicated to rooting out heretical titles, he collected forbidden books for his own royal library at the El Escorial. His library contained 40,000 volumes (1,800 of which were Arabic titles) and several thousand manuscripts. The banned books were protected in a room on an upper floor of the library. He was passionate about rare books he personally collected from far and wide and researched and recorded information about previous owners. The School of Salamanca flourished under his reign. Martín de Azpilcueta, highly honoured at Rome by several popes and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice. Francisco Suárez, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after Thomas Aquinas and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1580–1585), where Pope Gregory XIII attended the first lecture that he gave. Luis de Molina published his De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the omniscience of God with human free will that came to be known as Molinism, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the de facto Jesuit doctrine on these matters, and is still advocated today by William Lane Craig and Alvin Plantinga, among others. Statue of Philip II at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (F. Castro, 1753) Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict, evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject. Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, responsible for inhuman cruelties and barbarism. This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called Spanish Black Legend and White Legend, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died. Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious secretary Antonio Pérez, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Pérez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged. That way, the popular image of the King that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the Counter-Reformation. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative. However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the Black Legend. In a more recent example of popular culture, Philip II's portrayal in Fire Over England (1937) is not entirely unsympathetic; he is shown as a very hardworking, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country, but who had no understanding of the English, despite his former co-monarchy there. Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality, that task has proved extremely difficult, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the King's inflexible Catholicism. English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster, minimising his military victories (Battle of Lepanto, Battle of Saint Quentin, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the Armada) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would necessitate a re-analysis of the reign of his greatest opponents, namely England's Queen Elizabeth I and the Dutch William the Silent, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favourable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments. He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman Navy. Historian Geoffrey Parker offers a management-psychological explanation, as summarized by Tonio Andrade and William Reger: One might have expected that Philip—being a dedicated, persistent, and hard-working man, and being the head of Western Europe's wealthiest and largest empire—would have succeeded in his aims. He didn't. His endeavors were doomed by his own character, or at least that's how Parker sees it. Drawing on studies in management science and organizational psychology, Parker argues that a successful manager of a large organization must keep attention on the big picture, must have a good strategy for dealing with copious information, must know how to delegate, and must be flexible. Philip failed on all counts. He was a micromanager who got bogged down in details, refusing to delegate and trying to read every dispatch that came to his desk. He obsessed and dithered, so that by the time his decisions were made and his orders reached the men meant to carry them out, the situation on the ground had changed. Philip was also inflexible, unwilling to abandon ineffective policies. Most pernicious of all was Philip's tendency toward messianic thinking, a belief that he was doing God's work and that heaven would support him with miracles. Titles, honours and styles Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and jure uxoris King of England and France Portrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by Sánchez Coello, c. 1580 Heir titles Prince of Gerona: 21 May 1527 – 16 January 1556 Prince of Asturias 1528–1556 King of Castile as Philip II: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 King of Castile, of León, of Granada, of Toledo, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Indias, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea; Lord of Molina Lord of Biscay King of Aragon as Philip I: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 King of Aragón King of the Two Sicilies King of Naples, of Jerusalem (from 25 July 1554) King of Sicily. Duke of Athens, of Neopatria King of Valencia King of Majorca King of Sardinia and of Corsica, Margrave of Oristano, Count of Goceano King of Navarre Count of Barcelona, of Roussillon, of Cerdanya King of Portugal as Philip I: 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598 King of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc. King of England de jure uxoris as Philip I: 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 King of England, France (titular); Defender of the Faith King of Ireland Imperial and Habsburg patrimonial titles: Duke of Milan: 11 October 1540 (secret donation) / 25 July 1554 (public investiture) – 13 September 1598 Imperial vicar of Siena: since 30 May 1554 Archduke of Austria Princely Count of Habsburg and of Tyrol Prince of Swabia Burgundian titles Lord of the Netherlands: 25 October 1555 – 13 September 1598 Duke of Lothier, of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders. Count of Flanders, of Artois, of Hainaut, of Holland, of Zeeland, of Namur, of Zutphen. Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechelen, the cities, towns and lands of Utrecht, Overyssel, Groningen Count Palatine of Burgundy from 10 June 1556; Count of Charolais from 21 September 1558 Duke of Burgundy Dominator in Asia, Africa Honours Knight of the Golden Fleece: 1531 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece: 23 October 1555 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Alcantara: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Santiago: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Montesa: 8 December 1587 – 13 September 1598 Philip continued his father's style of "Majesty" (Latin: Maiestas; Spanish: Majestad) in preference to that of "Highness" (Celsitudo; Alteza). In diplomatic texts, he continued the use of the title "Most Catholic" (Rex Catholicissimus; Rey Católico) first bestowed by Pope Alexander VI on Ferdinand and Isabella in 1496. Following the Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary, the couple was styled "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". Upon his inheritance of Spain in 1556, they became "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". His coinage typically bore the obverse inscription "PHS·D:G·HISP·Z·REX" (Latin: "Philip, by the grace of God King of Spain et cetera"), followed by the local title of the mint ("DVX·BRA" for Duke of Brabant, "C·HOL" for Count of Holland, "D·TRS·ISSV" for Lord of Overissel, etc.). The reverse would then bear a motto such as "PACE·ET·IVSTITIA" ("For Peace and Justice") or "DOMINVS·MIHI·ADIVTOR" ("The Lord is my helper"). A medal struck in 1583 bore the inscriptions "PHILIPP II HISP ET NOVI ORBIS REX" ("Philip II, King of Spain and the New World") and "NON SUFFICIT ORBIS" ("The world is not enough"). Heraldry Heraldry of Philip II of Spain Common versions 1556–1558(as Spanish monarch) 1558–1580 1580–1598 Spanish realms versions Kingdom of Navarre Kingdom of Galicia 1558–1580 1580–1598 1580–1598 1558–1580 1580–1598 Burgundian variants Free County of Burgundy 1556–1580 1580–1598 Italian Variants Duchy of Milan Kingdom of Sardinia Naples and Sicily 1554–1558 1558–1580 1580–1598 1580–1598 1554–1598 Ornamented versions Coat of arms at his investiture as Knight of theOrder of the Garter(in 1554) Coat of arms(with the Eagle of St John as supporter)1558–1580 / 1580–1598 Coat of arms as Spanish monarch and kingjure uxoris of England(with symbols of the Crown of Castile and León anda cap of maintenance with the crest of England imperially crowned in the top)1556–1558 Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto(with symbols of the Crowns of Castile and León and Aragon in the top)1558–1580 Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto(with symbols of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile and León and of the Kingdom of Portugal in the top)1580–1598 Coat of arms with supporters (a lion and a griffin) and crest(with symbols of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile and León and of the Kingdom of Portugal in the top)1580–1598 Family Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. He also had two long-term relationships with Isabel Osorio and Eufrasia de Guzmán. Maria Manuela of Portugal (1527–1545) Mary I of England (1516–1558), by Antonis Mor Elisabeth of Valois (1545–1568), by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz Anna of Austria (1549–1580), by Sofonisba Anguissola First marriage Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal. She was a daughter of Philip's maternal uncle, John III of Portugal, and paternal aunt, Catherine of Austria. They were married at Salamanca on 12 November 1543. The marriage produced one son in 1545, after which Maria died four days later due to haemorrhage: Carlos, Prince of Asturias (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried at the age of 23 and without issue. Second marriage Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen Mary I of England. The marriage, which took place on 25 July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral, was political. By this marriage, Philip became jure uxoris King of England and Ireland, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children, although there was a false pregnancy, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reign in England and Ireland. Third marriage Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. The original ceremony was conducted by proxy (the Duke of Alba standing in for Philip) at Notre Dame prior to Elisabeth's departure from France. The actual ceremony was conducted in Guadalajara upon her arrival in Spain. During their marriage (1559–1568) they conceived five daughters, though only two of the girls survived. Elisabeth died a few hours after the loss of her last child. Their children were: Miscarried twin daughters (August 1564) Isabella Clara Eugenia (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633, aged 67), married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria Catherine Michaela (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597, aged 30), married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and had issue Joan (3 October 1568) died shortly after birth. Fourth marriage Philip's fourth and final wife was his niece, Anna of Austria. Pope Pius V initially refused to grant Philip the dispensation needed to marry Anna, citing biblical prohibitions and the danger of birth defects. The pope reluctantly gave his permission when Philip threatened to abandon the Holy League in their fight against the Ottoman Turks. By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and one daughter. Anna died of heart failure 8 months after giving birth to Maria in 1580. Their children were: Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias (4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, aged six) Charles Laurence (12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, aged one) Diego Félix (15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, aged seven) Philip III of Spain (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621, aged 42) Maria (14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, aged three). Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at El Escorial Philip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by Alonso Sánchez Coello Ancestry Ancestors of Philip II of Spain 8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 4. Philip I, King of Castile 9. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (= 14) 5. Joanna, Queen of Castile 11. Isabella I, Queen of Castile (= 15) 1. Philip II of Spain 12. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu 6. Manuel I, King of Portugal 13. Beatrice of Portugal 3. Isabella of Portugal 14. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (= 10) 7. Maria of Aragon 15. Isabella I, Queen of Castile (= 11) Male-line family tree vteHouse of Habsburg Original line AlbertCount of Habsburgc. 1188–1239 Rudolf Iof Germanyc. 1218–1291 Albert Iof Germany1255–1308Hartmann1263–1281Rudolf IIDuke of Austria1270–1290 Rudolf Iof Bohemia1281–1307Frederickthe Fairc. 1289–1330Leopold IDuke of Austria1290–1326Albert IIDuke of Austria1298–1358Henrythe Friendly1299–1327OttoDuke of Austria1301–1339JohnParricidac. 1290–1312/1313 Albertinian line Leopoldian line Rudolf IVDuke of Austria1339–1365Frederick IIIDuke of Austria1347–1362Albert IIIDuke of Austria1349–1395Leopold IIIDuke of Austria1351–1386Frederick IIDuke of Austria1327–1344Leopold IIDuke of Austria1328–1344 Albert IVDuke of Austria1377–1404WilliamDuke of Austriac. 1370–1406Leopold IVDuke of Austria1371–1411ErnestDuke of Austria1377–1424Frederick IVDuke of Austria1382–1439 Albert IIof Germany1397–1439Frederick IIIHRE1415–1493Albert VIArchduke of Austria1418–1463SigismundArchduke of Austria1427–1496 Ladislausthe Posthumous1440–1457Maximilian IHRE1459–1519 Philip Iof Castile1478–1506 Spanish / Iberian line Austrian / HRE line Charles VHRE1500–1558Ferdinand IHRE1503–1564 Philip IIof Spain1527–1598Maximilian IIHRE1527–1576Ferdinand IIArchduke of Austria1529–1595Charles IIArchduke of Austria1540–1590 CarlosPrince of Asturias1545–1568Philip IIIof Spain1578–1621Rudolf IIHRE1552–1612Ernestof Austria1553–1595MatthiasHRE1557–1619Maximilian IIIArchduke of Austria1558–1618Albert VIIArchduke of Austria1559–1621WenceslausArchduke of Austria1561–1578AndrewMargrave of Burgau1558–1600CharlesMargrave of Burgau1560–1618Ferdinand IIHRE1578–1637Maximilian Ernestof Austria1583–1616Leopold VArchduke of Austria1586–1632Charlesof Austria1590–1624 Philip IVof Spain1605–1665Charlesof Austria1607–1632Ferdinandof Austria1609–1641John-Charlesof Austria1605–1619Ferdinand IIIHRE1608–1657Leopold Wilhelmof Austria1614–1662Ferdinand CharlesArchduke of Austria1628–1662Sigismund FrancisArchduke of Austria1630–1665 Balthasar CharlesPrince of Asturias1629–1646Charles IIof Spain1661–1700Ferdinand IVKing of the Romans1633–1654Leopold IHRE1640–1705Charles Josephof Austria1649–1664 Joseph IHRE1678–1711Charles VIHRE1685–1740 Notes: ^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023. See also Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile The empire on which the sun never sets List of Spanish monarchs Royal Armoury of Madrid Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli Notes ^ He was titled as Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I (Portuguese: Filipe I). ^ Spain was a composite monarchy, and besides being the second Philip to rule Castile, he was the first to rule Aragon, and the fourth to rule Navarre. ^ This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work ("Philip II of Spain", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of that. ^ With the incorporation of Portugal to the Monarchy the title changed to East and West Indies, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean sea. References ^ Geoffrey Parker. The Grand Strategy of Philip II (2000) ^ Garret Mattingly. The Armada pp. 22, 66. ISBN 0-395-08366-4. ^ Rowse, A. L. (1969). Tudor Cornwall: Portrait of a Society. C. Scribner, p. 400 ^ "One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Instead the King was able to use the brief respite to rebuild his naval forces and by the end of 1589 Spain once again had an Atlantic fleet strong enough to escort the American treasure ships home." The Mariner's Mirror, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research, 1990 ^ Kamen, Henry (2014). Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. p. 150. ^ "BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL". Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ James Boyden. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopaedia of the Early Modern World. ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography (2004). ^ Parker, Geoffrey, The Dutch Revolt (1977, rev. ed. 1985). London: Penguin, p. 41. ^ Parker, The Dutch Revolt, p. 42. ^ Drelichman, Mauricio; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014). Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4843-0. ^ Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization (4th ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-19-923663-3. ^ Elliott, J. H. (2002). Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (Repr. ed.). London : Penguin Books. pp. 285–291. ISBN 0-14-100703-6. ^ As Philip wrote in 1566 to Luis de Requesens: "You can assure his Holiness that rather than suffer the least injury to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and a hundred lives if I had them, for I do not intend to rule over heretics." Pettegree 2002, p. 214. ^ Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 935–936 and notes. ^ Royall Tyler, ed. (1954). "Spain: September 1556". Calendar of State Papers, Spain. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ^ Salvador Miranda (2010). "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church". Florida International University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2010. ^ Richard L. Kagan (2009). Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain. JHU Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1421401652. ^ Jan Glete p. 156 ^ Nascimiento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas p. 122 ^ Knecht, French Civil Wars p. 272 ^ Goubert, Pierre (2002). The Course of French History. Routledge. p. 103. ^ Lytle Schurz, William (1922), "The Spanish Lake", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 5 (2): 181–194, doi:10.1215/00182168-5.2.181, JSTOR 2506024 ^ "Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 30 September 2014. ^ Relación y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, según Amancio Landín, uno de sus más reputados biógrafos, nació en Pontevedra, hacia 1532. Julio Guillén—el marino-académico—, por su parte, dice que es posible fuera Colegial Mayor en la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, ciudad que fue—asegura—cuna del gran marino español. Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geográfico, pues afirmó ser natural de ambos lugares. ^ Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (1895). Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan. Translated by Clements R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society. ^ a b c Martinic 1977, p. 119. ^ Martinic 1977, p. 121. ^ "History of the Strait of Magellan". 7 April 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2019. ^ Wilson, Derek (2013). "3. The Triumph of Desire". A Brief History of Circumnavigators. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-1329-0. ^ Urbina C., M. Ximena (2013). "Expediciones a las costas de la Patagonia Occidental en el periodo colonial". Magallania (in Spanish). 41 (2): 51–84. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442013000200002. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ Urbina C., María Ximena (2017). "La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares" . Magallania. 45 (2): 11–36. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ a b Henk van Nierop, Treason in the Northern Quarter: War, Terror, and the Rule of Law in the Dutch Revolt (Princeton University Press, 2009), 69–70. ^ Henk van Nierop, Treason in the Northern Quarter: War, Terror, and the Rule of Law in the Dutch Revolt (Princeton University Press, 2009), 177. ^ a b Goodwin, Robert (2015). Spain: The Centre of the World 1519–1682. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 179–180. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. ^ Sharp Hume, Martín Andrew. The Spanish People: Their Origin, Growth and Influence. p. 372. ^ Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain (Yale University Press, 1997), 160. ^ James Tracy, The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588 (Oxford University Press, 2008), 141. ^ Black, Jeremy (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0521470339. ^ "Victimario Histórico Militar". ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). 500 Great Military Leaders. Vol. 1 & 2. p. 19. ^ Parker, Geoffrey, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars, London: Cambridge University Press, 1972 ISBN 0-521-08462-8, p. 35. ^ Kamen, Henry, The Duke of Alba, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. ^ Hatton, Barry, Queen of the Sea: A History of Lisbon, London: C. Hurst & Co., 2018, p. 89. ^ Adams, George Burton; Stephens, H. Morse, eds. (1901). "An Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain". Select Documents of English Constitutional History. MacMillan. p. 284 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press, 2006 ^ Berenguer, Gonzalo Velasco (2023). Habsburg England: Politics and Religion in the Reign of Philip I (1554–1558). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-53621-0. ^ A. F. Pollard, The History of England – From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603), Read Books, 2007 ^ Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005 ^ Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation, Taylor & Francis, 1977 ^ Treason Act 1554 ^ Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978 ^ The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971 ^ Francois Velde (25 July 2003). "Text of 1555 Bull". Heraldica.org. Retrieved 22 August 2012. ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. p. 296. ^ Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. ^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Volume III, Chapter III. Madrid. p. 51 ^ Koenigsberger, Helmut Georg (2012), Philip II, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, retrieved 31 January 2012 ^ The Myth of the Spanish Inquisition on YouTube (at 21:27 – 21:40). BBC. ^ a b c Murray, Stuart (2009). The library: an illustrated history. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4. ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7 In the introduction to this work, Felipe is mentioned as the most powerful European monarch by resources and army, depicting Europe at the time as a world full of unsolved issues and religious conflicts ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo (6th ed.). Espasa Calpe, Madrid. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. Yet again, the several points of view towards his reign are mentioned in the Introduction. ^ Kamen, Henry. Felipe de España, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1997. Cultural depictions of the King are mentioned, although Kamen tends to place himself with those favouring the King. ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. He discusses the lack of correspondence of the king because he ordered it burned, thus avoiding any chance of getting further into Philip's private life. ^ Vid. Marañón, Gregorio. Antonio Pérez: el hombre, el drama, la época. Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1951, 2 vols. Judiciously argued review on the harm Perez did to the king, analyzing the king's responsibility on the assassination of Escobedo. ^ Johonnot, James. "Ten Great Events in History – Chapter VII. The Invincible Armada". Authorama.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012. ^ Hume, Martin. Philip II of Spain, London, 1897. Martin tried to resurrect the prejudiced views concerning the king, as did Carl Bratli in his Filip of Spanien (Koebenhaven, 1909). By contrast, Ludwig Pfandl, in Felipe II. Bosquejo de una vida y un tiempo, Munich, 1938, assessed Philip's personality negatively. ^ In Felipe II (Madrid, 1943), W. T. Walsh depicts Felipe's reign as prosperous and successful. Fernández Álvarez, in España y los españoles en la Edad Moderna (Salamanca, 1979), points out how White Legend supporters flourished during the 1940s and 1950s, and how they omitted the darkest issues of Philip's reign. ^ Those kinds of adjectives can be read in M. Van Durme's 1953 El Cardenal Granvela. ^ Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II rey de España, ed. RAH, 1877, criticizes how Felipe's victories are minimised by English historians, and points out the small consequences of defeats such as the Armada. ^ Tonio Andrade and William Reger, eds., "Geoffrey Parker and Early Modern History" in The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History: Essays in Honor of Geoffrey Parker (Routledge, 2016), p. xxiii. ^ Not usually included in lists of monarchs, although legally recognized as co-monarch, as his reign ended de facto with Mary's death. ^ Rocquet, Claude-Henri. Bruegel; or The Workshop of Dreams. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991. ISBN 0226723429. ^ a b Waller, Maureen. Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. St. Martin's Press (New York), 2006. ISBN 0-312-33801-5. ^ See, inter alia, "Amberes Archived 3 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine" (in Spanish) and Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins. ^ Cremades, Checa. Felipe II. Op. cit. in "The Place of Tudor England". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th Series, Vol. 12. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. ISBN 0521815614. ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2016). "6 Incest, Blind Faith, and Conquest: The Spanish Hapsburgs and Their Enemies". In Lacey, Jim (ed.). Great Strategic Rivalries: From the Classical World to the Cold War (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0190620462. ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2014). Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0300196535. ^ a b Armstrong, Edward (1911). "Charles V. (Roman Emperor)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b c d Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 139, 279. ISBN 9780722224731. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via Wikisource. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b "Maria (D.). Rainha de Portugal". Portugal - Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico (in Portuguese). Vol. IV. pp. 823–824. Further reading Boyden, James M. The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez De Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain (University of California Press, 1995). Elliott, J. H. Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (1966). Elliott, John H. "The decline of Spain". Past & Present 20 (1961): 52–75. Grierson, Edward. The Fatal Inheritance: Philip II and the Spanish Netherlands (1969). Gwynn, Aubrey. "A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 22, no. 85 (1933), pp. 48–64. Hume, M. A. S. Philip II. of Spain (1903). Israel, Jonathan. "King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny'". Co-herencia 15.28 (2018): 137–154. Kamen, Henry. Philip of Spain (Yale University Press, 1999), a major scholarly biography. Online free to borrow Kelsey, Harry. Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011). Koenigsberger, H. G. The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516–1660 (1971). Online free to borrow López, Anna Santamaría. "'Great Faith is Necessary to Drink from this Chalice': Philip II in the Court of Mary Tudor, 1554–58." in Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer ed. by Joan-Lluis Palos and Magdalena S. Sanchez (2017) pp: 115–138. Lynch, John. Spain Under the Habsburgs: vol I: Empire and Absolutism: 1516–1598 (1965) Lynch, John. "Philip II and the Papacy". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 11 (1961): 23–42. Martinic, Mateo (1977). Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes (in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. Merriman, R. B. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 vols, 1918). Vol. 4 has in-depth coverage of Philip II. Parker, Geoffrey. Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (2014), a major scholarly biography. Parker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II (Yale University Press, 1998). online review Parker, Geoffrey. Philip II (1995), short scholarly biography Parker, Geoffrey. The World is Not Enough: The Imperial Vision of Philip II of Spain (Baylor University Press, 2001). Parker, Geoffrey. "The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (2002): 167–221. Patterson, Benton Rain. With the Heart of a King: Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain & the Fight for a Nation's Soul & Crown (2007). Petrie, Charles. Philip II of Spain (1963), short scholarly biography. Pettegree, Andrew (2002). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford, England: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20704-X.. Pierson, Peter. Philip II of Spain (1975). Prescott, William Hickling. A History of the Reign of Philip II, London, Boston, Philadelphia. 1855–1902. Redworth, Glyn. "Philip (1527–1598)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011. Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. "The Court of Philip II of Spain". In Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650. Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. (Oxford University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-19-920502-7. Samson, Alexander. Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester University Press, 2020) excerpt. Samson, Alexander. "Power Sharing: The Co-monarchy of Philip and Mary", in Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, ed. by Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010), pp. 159–172. Thomas, Hugh. World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II (Penguin UK, 2014); World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire (Random House, 2015) popular history. Waxman, Matthew C. "Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare". War in History, vol. 4, no. 3 (1997): 339–347. Williams, Patrick. Philip II (Macmillan International Higher Education, 2017), a scholarly biography; excerpt Economic and cultural history Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (2 vols., 1976) vol. 1 free to borrow Clouse, Michele L. Medicine, Government and Public Health in Philip II's Spain: Shared Interests, Competing Authorities (Ashgate, 2013). Conklin, James. "The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II". Journal of Political Economy 106.3 (1998): 483–513, statistical Drelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II (Princeton University Press, 2016). Goodman, David. "Philip II's Patronage of Science and Engineering". British Journal for the History of Science 16.1 (1983): 49–66. Henriques, Antonio, and Nuno Pedro G. Palma. "Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800" Archived 19 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. (2019), economics Kagan, Richard L. "Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17.1 (1986): 115–135. Lazure, Guy. "Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial". Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 58–93. Matthews, P. G. "Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England". Burlington Magazine 142.1162 (2000): 13–19. Miller, Stephanie R. "A Tale of Two Portraits: Titian's Seated Portraits of Philip II". Visual Resources 28.1 (2012): 103–116. Samson, Alexander. "Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554". Sixteenth Century Journal (2005): 761–784. Scully, Robert E. "'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century". Catholic Historical Review 89.4 (2003): 643–670. Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain (Yale University Press, 1993). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Felipe II de España. Wikiquote has quotations related to Philip II of Spain. Letters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592–1597, online edition at Brigham Young University "Philip II. of Spain" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. pp. 743–746. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Philip II" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Portraits of Philip II, King of Spain at the National Portrait Gallery, London Philip II of Spain House of HabsburgBorn: 21 May 1527 Died: 13 September 1598 Regnal titles Preceded byMary Ias sole monarch King of England and Ireland (jure uxoris) 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 Succeeded byElizabeth I Preceded byEmperor Charles V Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxemburg;Marquis of Namur; Count Palatine of Burgundy;Count of Artois, Flanders and Hainaut 16 January 1556 – 6 May 1598 Succeeded byIsabella Clara EugeniaAlbert Count of Charolais 21 September 1558 – 6 May 1598 Duke of Guelders;Count of Zutphen, Holland and Zeeland 16 January 1556 – 26 July 1581 Dutch Republic King of Naples and Sicily 1554–1598 Succeeded byPhilip III King of Spain and Sardinia 1556–1598 Preceded byHenry King of Portugal 1581–1598 VacantTitle last held byFrancesco II Sforza Duke of Milan 1540–1598 Spanish royalty VacantTitle last held byCharles I Prince of Asturias 1528–1556 Succeeded byCarlos Prince of Girona 1527–1556 Articles related to Philip II of Spain vteMonarchs of SpainList of monarchs \| Monarchs' family treeDynastic union Isabella I & Ferdinand V Joanna & Philip I Personal union Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II Real union Philip V Louis I Philip V Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Joseph Ferdinand VII Isabella II Amadeo Alfonso XII Alfonso XIII Juan Carlos I Felipe VI vteMonarchs of AragonHouse of Jiménez Ramiro I Sancho Peter I Alfonso I Ramiro II Petronilla House of Barcelona Alfonso II Peter II James I Peter III Alfonso III James II Alfonso IV Peter IV John I Martin House of Trastámara Ferdinand I Alfonso V John II Ferdinand II Joanna House of Habsburg Charles I Philip I Philip II Philip III Charles II Charles III House of Bourbon Philip IV vteMonarchs of CastileHouse of Jiménez Ferdinand I Sancho II Alfonso VI Urraca House of Burgundy Alfonso VII Sancho III Alfonso VIII Henry I Berengaria Ferdinand III Alfonso X Sancho IV Ferdinand IV Alfonso XI Peter House of Trastámara Henry II John I Henry III John II Henry IV Isabella I & Ferdinand V Joanna & Philip I House of Habsburg Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II House of Bourbon Philip V vteMonarchs of NavarreHouse of Íñiguez Íñigo Arista García Íñiguez Fortún Garcés House of Jiménez Sancho I Jimeno Garcés García Sánchez I Sancho II García Sánchez II Sancho III García Sánchez III Sancho IV Sancho VA Peter IA Alfonso IA García Ramírez Sancho VI Sancho VII House of Champagne Theobald I Theobald II Henry I Joan I House of Capet Philip IF Louis IF John IF Philip IIF Charles IF Joan II House of Évreux Philip III Charles II Charles III Blanche I House of Trastámara John IIA Charles IV Blanche II Eleanor House of Foix Francis Phoebus Catherine House of Albret John III House of Albret - Lower Navarre Henry II Joan III House of Bourbon - Lower Navarre Antoine Henry IIIF Louis IIF Louis IIIF Louis IVF Louis VF Louis VIF Charles VF House of Trastámara - Upper Navarre Ferdinand IA Joan IIIS House of Habsburg - Upper Navarre Charles IVS Philip IVS Philip VS Philip VIS Charles VS House of Bourbon - Upper Navarre Philip VIIS Louis IIS Ferdinand IIS Charles VIS Charles VIIS Ferdinand IIIS Isabella IS AAlso King of Aragon. FAlso King of France. SAlso King/Queen of Spain. vteSpanish EmpireTimeline–immersed Catholic Monarchs Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific Treaty of Tordesillas Italian Wars Habsburgs Golden Age War of the League of Cognac Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman–Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Bruneian–Spanish conflict Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Piracy in the Caribbean Eighty Years' War Spanish–Moro conflict Thirty Years' War Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) Portuguese Restoration War War of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne's War Bourbons Bourbon Reforms War of Jenkins' Ear Treaty of Madrid (1750) Seven Years' War Nootka Convention Napoleonic invasion Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Independence of Spanish continental Americas Adams–Onís Treaty Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish–American War German–Spanish Treaty (1899) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco Independence of Equatorial Guinea Western Sahara conflict TerritoriesEurope Spain Crown of Castille Crown of Aragon Union with Portugal Gibraltar Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia) Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France Franche-Comté Pyrénées-Orientales Asia Philippines Pacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau) Northern Taiwan Tidore North America New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico , Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean) Central America Captaincy General of Guatemala Cuba Dominican Republic Puerto Rico Trinidad Jamaica Haiti Aruba Curazao Bonaire Belize South America New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile) Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas) Africa Equatorial Guinea Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby) Antarctica Terra Australis Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Exequatur Laws of the Indies Papal bull Royal Decree of Graces Trial of residence School of Salamanca Administrative subdivisionsViceroyalties Columbian New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida La Luisiana New Andalusia (1501–1513) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Spain New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Terra Australis Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo EconomyCurrencies Dollar (Peso) Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires MilitaryArmies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Ships of the line Royalists Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Blas de Lezo Bernardo de Gálvez Mariners Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Luis Fajardo Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor García López de Cárdenas Notable battlesOld WorldWon Comuneros Bicocca Rome (1527) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna (1529) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands (1558) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Manila Bay Trafalgar Somosierra Annual Mactan New WorldWon Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Penco Mataquito Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan (1595) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros (Paraguay) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan (1797) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Curalaba Comuneros (New Granada) Trinidad (1797) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Asomante Spanish conquests Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican Codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Tapada limeña Academia Antártica Colonial universities in Hispanic America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Mustang Castas Criollos in the colonial society Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others) Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 vteMonarchs of PortugalHouse of Burgundy (1139–1383) Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Denis I Afonso IV Peter I Ferdinand I Beatrice I House of Aviz (1385–1580) John I Edward I Afonso V John II Manuel I John III Sebastian I Henry I Anthony I House of Habsburg (1581–1640) Philip I Philip II Philip III House of Braganza (1640–1910) John IV Afonso VI Peter II John V Joseph I Maria I with Peter III John VI Peter IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Ferdinand II Peter V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. vteEnglish, Scottish and British monarchsMonarchs of England until 1603Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. vteMonarchs of Naples Charles I* Charles II Robert Joanna I with Louis I Charles III Ladislaus (1st reign) Louis II Ladislaus (2nd reign) Joanna II René I Alfonso I* Ferdinand I Alfonso II Ferdinand II Frederick Louis III Ferdinand III* Joanna III* Charles IV* Philip I* Philip II* Philip III* Charles V* Charles VI* Charles VII* Ferdinand IV* (1st reign) Parthenopean Republic Ferdinand IV* (2nd reign) Joseph I Joachim I Ferdinand IV* (3rd reign) *Also Monarch of Sicily vteMonarchs of SicilyCounty of Sicily (1071–1130) Roger I Simon Roger II Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816) Roger II William I William II Tancred Roger III William III Constance I Henry I Frederick I Henry II Conrad I Conrad II Manfred Charles I Constance II Peter I James I Frederick II Peter II Louis Frederick III Maria Martin I Martin II Ferdinand I Alfonso I John Ferdinand II Joanna Charles II Philip I Philip II Philip III Charles III Philip IV Victor Amadeus Charles IV Charles V Ferdinand III vteMonarchs of LuxembourgCounty of Luxemburg (963–1354)Elder House of Luxembourg (963–1136) Siegfried (963–998) Henry I (998–1026) Henry II (1026–1047) Giselbert (1047–1059) Conrad I (1059–1086) Henry III (1086–1096) William I (1096–1131) Conrad II (1131–1136) House of Namur (1136–1189) Henry IV (1136–1189) House of Hohenstaufen (1196–1197) Otto (1196–1197) House of Namur (1197–1247) Ermesinde (1197–1247), with Theobald (1197–1214), and then Waleran (1214–1226) House of Limburg (1247–1354) Henry V (1247–1281) Henry VI (1281–1288) Henry VII (1288–1313) John I (1313–1346) Charles I (1346–1353) Wenceslaus I (1353–1354) Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794)House of Limburg (1354–1443) Wenceslaus I (1354–1383) Wenceslaus II (1383–1388) Jobst (1388–1411) Elisabeth (1411–1443) with Anthony (1411–1415), and then John II (1418–1425) House of Valois-Burgundy (1443–1482) Philip I (1443–1467) Charles II (1467–1477) Mary I (1477–1482) and Maximilian I (1477–1482) House of Habsburg (1482–1700) Philip II (1482–1506) Charles III (1506–1556) Philip III (1556–1598) Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and Albert (1598–1621) Philip IV (1621–1665) Charles IV (1665–1700) House of Bourbon (1700–1712) Philip V (1700–1712) House of Wittelsbach (1712–1713) Maximilian II (1712–1713) House of Habsburg (1713–1780) Charles V (1713–1740) Mary II (1740–1780) House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1780–1794) Joseph (1780–1790) Leopold (1790–1792) Francis (1792–1794) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815)House of Orange-Nassau (1815–1890) William I (1815–1840) William II (1840–1849) William III (1849–1890) House of Nassau-Weilburg (1890–present) Adolphe (1890–1905) William IV (1905–1912) Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919) Charlotte (1919–1964) Jean (1964–2000) Henri (since 2000) vteInfantes of SpainThe generations indicate descent from Carlos I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.1st generation Felipe II 2nd generation Carlos, Prince of Asturias Fernando, Prince of Asturias Diego, Prince of Asturias Felipe III 3rd generation Felipe IV Infante Carlos Infante Fernando Infante Alonso 4th generation Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias Carlos II 5th generation None 6th generation None 7th generation Luis I Infante Felipe Pedro Fernando VI Carlos III Felipe I, Duke of Parma Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón 8th generation Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria Carlos IV Fernando I of the Two Sicilies Infante Gabriel Infante Antonio Pascual Infante Francisco Javier Fernando I, Duke of Parma1 9th generation Fernando VII Infante Carlos, Count of Molina Infante Francisco de Paula Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal1 Luis I of Etruria2 10th generation Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier2 Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin1 Infante Juan, Count of Montizón1 Infante Fernando1 Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain1 Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville1 Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal1 Carlos II, Duke of Parma1 11th generation Alfonso XII Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti2 Infante Luis Fernando2 Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera1 Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime1 Carlos III, Duke of Parma1 12th generation Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies2 Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria2 Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera1 Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans1 Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid1 Roberto I, Duke of Parma1 13th generation Alfonso, Prince of Asturias Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona Infante Gonzalo Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria1 Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera 14th generation Juan Carlos I Infante Alfonso Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria1 15th generation Felipe VI 16th generation None 1 title granted by Royal Decree 2 consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante vteAustrian archdukesGenerations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.1st generation Frederick V Albert VI Sigismund 2nd generation Maximilian I 3rd generation Philip I of Castile 4th generation Charles I Ferdinand I 5th generation Philip II of SpainS Maximilian II Ferdinand II Charles II 6th generation Charles, Prince of AsturiasS Ferdinand, Prince of AsturiasS Diego, Prince of AsturiasSP Philip III of SpainSP Rudolf V Ernest Matthias Maximilian III Albert VII Wenceslaus Ferdinand III Maximilian Ernest Leopold V Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw 7th generation Philip IV of SpainSP CharlesSP FerdinandSP AlonsoSP Ferdinand IV Leopold Wilhelm Ferdinand Charles Sigismund Francis 8th generation Balthasar Charles, Prince of AsturiasSP Philip Prospero, Prince of AsturiasS Charles II of SpainS Ferdinand IV of Hungary Leopold VI Charles Joseph 9th generation Joseph I Leopold Joseph Charles III 11th generation Joseph IIT Charles JosephT Leopold VIIT FerdinandT Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of CologneT 12th generation Emperor Francis IT Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of TuscanyT CharlesT Alexander LeopoldT JosephT Anton VictorT JohnT Rainer JosephT LouisT Cardinal RudolfT Francis IV, Duke of ModenaM Ferdinand Karl JosephM MaximilianM Karl Ambrosius, Primate of HungaryM 13th generation Emperor Ferdinand I Joseph Franz Franz Karl Leopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyT Albrecht Karl Ferdinand Frederick Ferdinand Wilhelm Franz Stephen Joseph Karl Leopold Ludwig Ernest Sigismund Rainer Ferdinand Heinrich Anton Francis V, Duke of ModenaM Ferdinand Karl ViktorM 14th generation Emperor Franz Joseph I Maximilian I of Mexico Karl Ludwig Ludwig Viktor Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyT Karl SalvatorT Ludwig SalvatorT John SalvatorT Friedrich Charles Stephen Eugen Joseph August Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 15th generation Crown Prince Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Otto Ferdinand Karl Leopold FerdinandT Josef FerdinandT Peter FerdinandT Leopold SalvatorT Franz SalvatorT Albrecht Franz Karl Albrecht Leo Karl Wilhelm Joseph Francis 16th generation Emperor Charles I Maximilian HabsburgTuscany GottfriedT RainerT Leopold MariaT AntonT Franz JosephT Karl PiusT Franz Karl SalvatorT Hubert SalvatorT Palatinesof Hungary Joseph Árpád Géza 17th generationDescent ofCharles I Crown Prince Otto Robert Felix Carl Ludwig Rudolf Tuscany DominicT Palatines Eduard 18th generationCharles Karl Georg LorenzB Karl Philipp Simeon 19th generationCharles Ferdinand Zvonimir Károly AmedeoB S: also an infante of Spain P: also an infante of Portugal T: also a prince of Tuscany M: also a prince of Modena B: also a prince of Belgium vtePrinces and Princesses of Asturias Henry (1388–90) Maria (1402–05) John (1405–06) Catherine (1423–24) Eleanor (1424–25) Henry (1425–54) Joanna (1462–64) Alfonso (1464–68) Isabella (1468–70) Isabella (1470–78) John (1478–97) Isabella (1497–98) Michael (1498–1500) Joanna (1502–04) Charles (1504–16) Philip (1527–56) Charles (1556–68) Ferdinand (1571–78) Diego (1578–82) Philip (1582–98) Philip (1605–21) Balthasar Charles (1629–1646) Philip Prospero (1657–1661) Charles (1661–1665) Louis (1709–24) Ferdinand (1724–46) Charles (1759–88) Ferdinand (1788–1808) Isabella (1830–33) Isabella (1851–57) Alfonso (1857–68) Emanuele Filiberto (1871–73) Isabella (1875–80) Mercedes (1881–1904) Alfonso (1907–38) Felipe (1977–2014) Leonor (2014– ) vtePrinces and Princesses of Girona Infanta Leonor (2014-present) Infante Felipe (1977-2014) Infante Alfonso (1907–1931) Infante Charles (1661-1665) Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661) Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646) Philip IV (1605-1621) Infante Philip (1582-1598) Infante Diego (1578-1582) Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578) Infante Charles (1556-1568) Philip II (1527-1556) Infante Charles (1504-1516) Infanta Joanna (1509-1516) Infante John (1509) Infanta Joanna (1502-1509) Infante Michael of Portugal (1498-1500) Infante John (1479-1497) Infante Ferdinand (1461-1479) Infante Charles (1458-1461) Infante Alfonso (1416) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium 2 United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"King of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"his marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portuguese throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"of the Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ruy López de Villalobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos"},{"link_name":"Spanish Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"debt-leveraged regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt"},{"link_name":"state defaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_default"},{"link_name":"declaration of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"English Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada"},{"link_name":"1596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"1597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Philip II[note 1] (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain[note 2] from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558.[1] He was also Duke of Milan from 1540.[2] From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and of the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace El Escorial in 1584.Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Huguenots. In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1596 and 1597. The Anglo-Spanish War carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death.[3][4]Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).[5]","title":"Philip II of Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Leonor de Mascareñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_de_Mascare%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"Juan Martínez Siliceo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Siliceo"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot"},{"link_name":"archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JBE-9"},{"link_name":"Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Juana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Rui Gomes da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_y_Requesens"},{"link_name":"commendador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendador"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546"},{"link_name":"Siege of Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1542)"},{"link_name":"Dauphin of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Aragonese Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon#Early_Cortes"},{"link_name":"Monzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"regency of the Spanish kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regents"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Francisco de los Cobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_los_Cobos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Baptism of Philip II in Valladolid, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid)A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel,[6] which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas, and tutored by Juan Martínez Siliceo, the future archbishop of Toledo. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father as a polyglot. While Philip was also an archduke of Austria, he was seen as a foreigner in the Holy Roman Empire. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne.[7]In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her Portuguese ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, María and Juana, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman Rui Gomes da Silva and Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, the son of his governor. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would Antonio Pérez, his secretary from 1541.Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens, a Castilian nobleman who served as the commendador mayor of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba during the Italian Wars. Philip was present at the Siege of Perpignan in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the Dauphin of France. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes at Monzón. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the regency of the Spanish kingdoms in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the Duke of Milan in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen.Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary Francisco de los Cobos and the general, the Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised \"piety, patience, modesty, and distrust\". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, \"he had a smile that was cut by a sword\".[8]","title":"Early life: 1527–1544"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"several titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Heir_Apparent_to_the_Spanish_Throne#Titles_held_by_the_heir_apparent_to_the_Spanish_Throne"},{"link_name":"heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Spanish_throne"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre#Spanish_conquest"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"War across Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)#Madrid"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Jeanne III of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Béarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscounty_of_B%C3%A9arn"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthonis Mor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonis_Mor"},{"link_name":"realm specific laws (fueros)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueros_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"November 1592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_of_Tarazona_(1592)"},{"link_name":"secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg"},{"link_name":"order of the garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_garter"},{"link_name":"Jooris van der Straeten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooris_van_der_Straeten"},{"link_name":"Morisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco"},{"link_name":"Morisco Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Spanish Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Sofonisba Anguissola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola"}],"text":"After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign,[9] Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a personal union of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords.[10]Philip carried several titles as heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire, including Prince of Asturias. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was Navarre, a realm invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). War across Navarre continued until 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King Henry II of Navarre—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, Jeanne III of Navarre. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre and a prince of independent Béarn, as well as lord of a large part of southern France. However, the French nobility under Francis I opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541.Philip, in the prime of his life, by Anthonis MorIn his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (Cortes, The Three States) and the Diputación for breach of the realm specific laws (fueros)—violation of the pactum subjection is as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session.In November 1592, the Parliament (Cortes) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (Justicia) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his secretary Antonio Pérez taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in Pamplona at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the Santa Maria Cathedral. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled.Philip II wearing the order of the garter by Jooris van der Straeten, c. 1554Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern Kingdom of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy.Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the \"Spanish Golden Age\", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was Sofonisba Anguissola, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist.","title":"Domestic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan sums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_sums"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Estates General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Perez affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Primacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Royal Alcázar of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Moriscos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low CountriesCharles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as Neapolitan sums).[11] Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years.[12] Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians.[13]The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile, the assembly in Navarre, and one each for the four kingdoms of Aragon, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single Estates General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition.Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the Perez affair. Following a fire in Valladolid in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to Lisbon, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and Primacy seat of Toledo now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of Madrid. Except for a brief period under Philip III of Spain, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the Royal Alcázar of Madrid into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France.King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward modernity whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of El Escorial that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King Louis XIV of France would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada—motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion—had serious negative effects on the economy,[citation needed] particularly in that region.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Cologne War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"war with England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"John of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"link_name":"relaciones geográficas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_geogr%C3%A1ficas"}],"text":"Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Empire and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his fight against heresy, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories.[14] These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the Cologne War. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement and focus in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies.Personal guidon of Philip IIIn 1588, the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But war with England continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal.The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called relaciones geográficas. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively.","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"throne of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_III"},{"link_name":"throne of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vargas_y_Mexia"},{"link_name":"Apostolic See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Carlo Carafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Carafa"},{"link_name":"Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiuRebiba-19"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of St. Quentin (1557)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gravelines (1558)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"State of Presidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Presidi"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Council of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Franco-Habsburg wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Habsburg_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Charles V abdicated the throne of Naples to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially a Papal fief) on 2 October by Pope Julius III. The date of Charles' abdication of the throne of Sicily is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom on 18 November 1554 by Julius.[15] In 1556, Philip decided to invade the Papal States and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to Pope Paul IV's anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the Church.In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556, Francisco de Vargas wrote:I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the Apostolic See, in whose name, and that of the College of Cardinals, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve![16]In response to the invasion, Pope Paul IV called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Viceroy of Naples met Cardinal Carlo Carafa and signed the Treaty of Cave as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the Papal States and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms.[17]Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the Italian Wars. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the Battle of St. Quentin (1557). The French were defeated again at the Battle of Gravelines (1558). The resulting Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 secured Piedmont to the Duchy of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's control over Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under Spanish rule as part of the Crown of Aragon. In the north, Milan was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the State of Presidi in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy, whilst the grant of the Duchy of Siena to the new Grand Duchy of Tuscany, ensured it would remain a Spanish ally. The Council of Italy was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year Franco-Habsburg wars for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning of a period of peace between the Pope and Philip, as their European interests converged, although political differences remained and diplomatic contrasts eventually re-emerged.By the end of the wars in 1559, Habsburg Spain had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France. In France, Henry II was fatally wounded in a joust held during the celebrations of the peace. His death led to the accession of his 15-year-old son Francis II, who in turn soon died. The French monarchy was thrown into turmoil, which increased further with the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion that would last for several decades. The states of Italy were reduced to second-rate powers, with Spain dominating the peninsula. Mary Tudor's death in 1558 enabled Philip to seal the treaty by marrying Henry II's daughter, Elisabeth of Valois, later giving him a claim to the throne of France on behalf of his daughter by Elisabeth, Isabella Clara Eugenia.","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"House of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Vaucelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vaucelles"},{"link_name":"Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"War of the Portuguese Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession"},{"link_name":"António","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Filippo Strozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_di_Piero_Strozzi"},{"link_name":"Florentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Battle of Terceira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Terceira"},{"link_name":"São Miguel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhilipIIbust.JPG"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Leoni"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Bazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Portugal into the Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Salic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law"},{"link_name":"Parlement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"siege of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris,_1590"},{"link_name":"siege of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fontaine-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontaine-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Doullens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Doullens"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Le Catelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1595)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"conquered Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"reconquer Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Peace of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Philip claimed descent from Constantine I and Charlemagne, justifying his intervention in French Wars of Religion and his continuing efforts to depose Henry IV of France.[18]Philip signed the Treaty of Vaucelles with Henry II of France in 1556. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territory of Franche-Comté in Burgundy was to be relinquished to Philip. However, the treaty was broken shortly afterwards. France and the Spanish kingdoms waged war in northern France and Italy over the following years. Spanish victories at St. Quentin and Gravelines led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which France recognised Spanish sovereignty over Franche-Comté.During the War of the Portuguese Succession, the pretender António fled to France following his defeats and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the Azores, he sailed there with a large Anglo-French fleet under Filippo Strozzi, a Florentine exile in the service of France. The naval Battle of Terceira took place on 26 July 1582, in the sea near the Azores, off São Miguel Island, as part of the War of the Portuguese Succession and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The Spanish navy defeated the combined Anglo-French fleet that had sailed to preserve control of the Azores under António. The French naval contingent was the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV.[19]A marble bust of Philip II of Spain by Pompeo Leoni, Metropolitan Museum of ArtThe Spanish victory at Terceira was followed by the Battle of the Azores between the Portuguese loyal to the claimant António, supported by French and English troops, and the Spanish-Portuguese forces loyal to Philip commanded by the admiral Don Álvaro de Bazán. Victory in Azores completed the incorporation of Portugal into the Spanish Empire.[20]Philip financed the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion. He directly intervened in the final phases of the wars (1589–1598), ordering Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma into France in an effort to unseat Henry IV, and perhaps dreaming of placing his favourite daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, on the French throne. Elisabeth of Valois, Philip's third wife and Isabella's mother, had already ceded any claim to the French Crown with her marriage to Philip and in France the Salic law remained in effect. However, the Parlement of Paris, in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella Clara Eugenia was \"the legitimate sovereign\" of France. Philip's interventions in the fighting—sending the Duke of Parma to end Henry IV's siege of Paris in 1590 and the siege of Rouen in 1592—contributed in saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant monarchy.In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. By the end of 1594 certain League members were still working against Henry across the country, but all relied on the support of the Spanish Crown. In January 1595, therefore, Henry officially declared war on the Spanish Crown, to show Catholics that Philip was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state, and Protestants that he had not become a puppet of the Spanish Crown through his conversion, while hoping to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces.[21]French victory at the Battle of Fontaine-Française in Burgundy, 5 June 1595, marked an end to the Catholic League in France. The French also made some progress during an invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. They captured Ham and massacred the small Spanish garrison, provoking anger among the Spanish ranks.[citation needed] The Spanish launched a concerted offensive that year, taking Doullens, Cambrai, and Le Catelet; at Doullens, they massacred 4,000 of its citizens.[22] On 24 April 1596, the Spanish also conquered Calais. Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March 1597, the French Crown laid siege to it until it managed to reconquer Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. Henry then negotiated a peace with the Spanish Crown. The war was only drawn to an official close, however, with the Peace of Vervins in May 1598.The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France, and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith—matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king.","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman–Habsburg wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto"},{"link_name":"Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(flag)"},{"link_name":"tercios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercio"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Piyale Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyale_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"},{"link_name":"Hayreddin Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Knights of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Andrea Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Doria"},{"link_name":"Andrea Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Doria"},{"link_name":"Djerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerba"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Turgut Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_Reis"},{"link_name":"Battle of Djerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Sande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Sande"},{"link_name":"a large expedition to Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1565)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"John of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Uluç Ali Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Mediterranean","text":"Further information: Ottoman–Habsburg warsTitian; after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir Fernando to Glory in this allegory.Standard of the tercios morados of the Spanish army under Philip IIIn the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy.In 1558, Turkish admiral Piyale Pasha captured the Balearic Islands, especially inflicting great damage on Menorca and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely the Spanish Crown and Venice, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of \"Turkish invincibility\" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people.In 1560, Philip II organised a Holy League between the Spanish kingdoms and the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta. The joint fleet was assembled at Messina and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral Andrea Doria.On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of Djerba, which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between Algiers and Tripoli. As a response, Suleiman sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) won an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Djerba. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria was barely able to escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. Álvaro de Sande, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. In 1565 the Ottomans sent a large expedition to Malta, which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking some of them. The Spanish sent a relief force, which finally drove the Ottoman army out of the island.The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, by the Holy League under the command of Philip's half brother, Don John of Austria. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, reconquered Tunis from the Ottomans in 1573. The Turks soon rebuilt their fleet, and in 1574 Uluç Ali Reis managed to recapture Tunis with a force of 250 galleys and a siege that lasted 40 days. Thousands of Spanish and Italian soldiers became prisoners. Nevertheless, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of Ottoman control. In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans.[citation needed]","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"mare clausum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_clausum"},{"link_name":"Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lytle-25"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCLEstrecho-26"},{"link_name":"Nombre de Jesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_de_Jes%C3%BAs_(Patagonia)"},{"link_name":"Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_del_Hambre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977121-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Chiloé Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urbina2013-33"},{"link_name":"Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urbina2017-34"}],"text":"Further information: Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of MagellanArmour of Philip IIDuring Philip's reign Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships.[23] To end navigation by rival powers in the Strait of Magellan Spanish viceroy Francisco de Toledo ordered Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa to explore the strait and found settlements on its shores.[24]In 1584, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait: Nombre de Jesús, and Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe. The latter was established north of the strait with 300 settlers.[25][26] The new colonies suffered from high death rates, likely as a consequence of executions, brawls, violent encounters with indigenous peoples and diseases which were rife.[27] A contributing cause for failure of the settlement may have been poor morale, an issue that plagued the venture almost from the beginning. [27] This can in part be explained by a series of difficulties the expedition had to go through between the departure from Spain and the arrival to the strait.[27] Philip II's inaction despite repeated pleas by Sarmiento to aid the ailing colony has been attributed to the strain on Spain's resources that resulted from wars with England and Dutch rebels.[28]In 1587, English corsairs renamed Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe, Puerto del Hambre, or \"Port Famine\". Most of the settlers had died from cold or starvation.[29] When Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement.[30] The Spanish failure at colonizing the Strait of Magellan caused Chiloé Archipelago to assume the role of protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions.[31] Valdivia and Chiloé acted as sentries, being hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia.[32]","title":"Strait of Magellan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Kruseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Kruseman"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"open warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Granvelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Granvelle"},{"link_name":"persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Iconoclast Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt#1566_%E2%80%94_Iconoclasm_and_repression"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Lamoral, Count of Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Horn"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"central square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Place"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Fury_at_Mechelen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nierop69-70-35"},{"link_name":"Naarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Naarden"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutphen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nierop69-70-35"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jemmingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jemmingen"},{"link_name":"Saint James \"the Moorslayer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Matamoros"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-37"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Prince of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Zeeland"},{"link_name":"Siege of Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Alkmaar"},{"link_name":"Fadrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-37"},{"link_name":"Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Army of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Louis of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mookerheyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mookerheyde"},{"link_name":"Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Nassau-Dillenburg"},{"link_name":"treasure fleets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Spanish Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Fury"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gembloux (1578)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)"},{"link_name":"Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai"},{"link_name":"Oudenaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudenaarde"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards,_1590.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Gerards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Gerards"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"States General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Union of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Act of Abjuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration"},{"link_name":"southern Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard"},{"link_name":"Maurice of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"end in 1648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Philip II berating William of Orange, by Cornelis KrusemanPhilip's rule in the Seventeen Provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties, leading to open warfare in 1568. He appointed his half-sister Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands, when he left the low countries for the Spanish kingdoms in 1559, but forced her to adjust policy to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, who was greatly disliked in the Netherlands, after he insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over two weeks' ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands and the incessant persecution of Protestants. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the Iconoclast Fury; in response to growing Protestant influence, the army of the Iron Duke (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba) went on the offensive. In 1568, Alba had Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn executed in Brussels' central square, further alienating the local aristocracy. There were massacres of civilians in Mechelen,[33] Naarden,[34] Zutphen[33] and Haarlem. In 1571, Alba erected at Antwerp a bronze statue of himself trampling the rebellious Dutch under his horse's hooves, cast from the melted-down cannon looted by the Spanish troops after the Battle of Jemmingen in 1568; it was modelled on medieval images of the Spanish patron Saint James \"the Moorslayer\" riding down Muslims and caused such outrage that Philip had it removed and destroyed.[35]In 1572, a prominent exiled member of the Dutch aristocracy, William the Silent, Prince of Orange, invaded the Netherlands with a Protestant army, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, Holland and Zeeland. Because of the Spanish repulse in the Siege of Alkmaar (1573) led by his equally brutal son Fadrique,[35] Alba resigned his command, replaced by Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga. Alba boasted that he had burned or executed 18,600 persons in the Netherlands,[36] in addition to the far greater number he massacred during the war, many of them women and children; 8,000 persons were burned or hanged in one year, and the total number of Alba's Flemish victims can not have fallen short of 50,000.[37] Under Requesens, the Army of Flanders reached a peak strength of 86,000 in 1574 and retained its battlefield superiority, destroying Louis of Nassau's German mercenary army at the Battle of Mookerheyde on 14 April 1574, killing both him and his brother Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg.Rampant inflation and the loss of treasure fleets from the New World prevented Philip from paying his soldiers consistently, leading to the so-called Spanish Fury at Antwerp in 1576, where soldiers ran amok through the streets, burning more than 1,000 homes and killing 6,000 citizens.[38] Philip sent in Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. Farnese defeated the rebels at the Battle of Gembloux (1578),[39] and he captured many rebel towns in the south: Maastricht (1579), Tournai (1581), Oudenaarde (1582), Dunkirk (1583), Bruges (1584), Ghent (1584), and Antwerp (1585).[40]Reward letter of Philip II to the family of Balthasar Gerards, assassin of William the Silent, 1590The States General of the northern provinces, united in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, passed an Act of Abjuration in 1581 declaring that they no longer recognised Philip as their king. The southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. In 1584, William the Silent was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a \"pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race\". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son Maurice of Nassau, who received modest help from the Queen of England in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. The war came to an end in 1648, when the Dutch Republic was recognised by the Spanish Crown as independent; the eight decades of war came at a massive human cost, with an estimated 600,000 to 700,000 victims, of which 350,000 to 400,000 were civilians killed by disease and what would later be considered war crimes.[41]","title":"Revolt in the Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Sebastian of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alcácer Quibir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir"},{"link_name":"succession crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_Portuguese_succession_crisis"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Manuel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Catarina,_Duchess_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"António, Prior of Crato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alcântara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A2ntara_(1580)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes"},{"link_name":"Tomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomar"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Philippine Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Albert of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Council of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"rule by councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysynodial_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ImperioDeFelipeII.svg"}],"text":"Anthony I of PortugalIn 1578 young King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir without descendants, triggering a succession crisis. His granduncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as king, but Henry had no descendants either, having taken holy orders. When Henry died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of Manuel I claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza; António, Prior of Crato; and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed King of Portugal in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to the Spanish kingdoms and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry.In 1580, Philip II marched into Portugal and defeated Prior António's troops in the Battle of Alcântara. The Portuguese suffered 4,000 killed, wounded, or captured, while the Spanish sustained only 500 casualties.[42] The troops commanded by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba[43] imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure.[44] Philip II of Spain assumed the Portuguese throne and was crowned Philip I of Portugal on 17 July 1580[45] (recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar) and a near sixty-year personal union under the rule of the Philippine Dynasty began. This gave Philip control of the extensive Portuguese Empire. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving prominent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government. This followed on the well-established pattern of rule by councils.Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (mare clausum) and other features","title":"King of Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relations with England and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_in_Armour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg"},{"link_name":"groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groat_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Acts of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montrose-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montrose-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollard-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Groot-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montrose-49"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marks-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANA-56"},{"link_name":"loss of Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"King of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"King's County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Philipstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daingean"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England"},{"link_name":"English claims to the French throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne"},{"link_name":"Philippe I, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Princess Henrietta of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Henrietta_of_England"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"Anne Marie d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"}],"sub_title":"King of England and Ireland","text":"Titian's portrait of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armourIrish groat with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraitsPhilip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year-old Queen Mary I of England, Charles' maternal first cousin. His father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to him. Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor Stephen Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, preferring Edward Courtenay.Under the terms of the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he \"shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions\".[46] In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.[47][48] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.[47][49][50]Philip and Mary I of England, 1558Acts making it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed by the Parliament of Ireland[51] and England.[52] Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together.[47] The coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.[53][54] During their joint reign, they waged war against France, which resulted in the loss of Calais, England's last remaining possession in France.Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of King of Ireland had been created in 1542 by Mary's father, Henry VIII, after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, Pope Paul IV rectified this by issuing a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.[55] King's County and Philipstown in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol.However, the couple had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalise the Roman Catholic Church in England. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne (including the ancient English claims to the French throne) and ceased to be king of England, Ireland and (as claimed by them) France.Philip's great-grandson, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, married Princess Henrietta of England in 1661; in 1807, the Jacobite claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child Anne Marie d'Orléans.","title":"Relations with England and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"privateering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nonsuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Catholic League of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Army of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"counter-armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Cádiz was sacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Dunkirkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirkers"},{"link_name":"1596 Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"1597 Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"}],"sub_title":"After Mary I's death","text":"Further information: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581Upon Mary's death, the throne went to Elizabeth I. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a Valois alliance. Elizabeth I was the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics, who disputed the validity of both the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and of his subsequent marriage to Boleyn, and hence claimed that Mary, Queen of Scots, the Catholic great-granddaughter of Henry VII, was the rightful monarch.For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of privateering against Spain's merchant shipping and started threatening the Spanish treasure ships coming from the New World. In one instance, English ships attacked a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth in 1585—promising troops and supplies to the anti-Spanish rebels in the Netherlands. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England.The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England and return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the Spanish Armada, to rendezvous with the Army of Flanders and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. At the point of attack, a storm struck the English Channel, already known for its harsh currents and choppy waters, which devastated large numbers of the Spanish fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English Royal Navy; it was by no means a slaughter (only one Spanish ship was sunk),[56] but the Spanish were forced into a retreat, and the overwhelming majority of the Armada was destroyed by the harsh weather. Whilst the English Royal Navy may not have destroyed the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, they had prevented it from linking up with the army it was supposed to convey across the channel. Thus whilst the English Royal Navy may have only won a slight tactical victory over the Spanish, it had delivered a major strategic one—preventing the invasion of England. Through a week of fighting the Spanish had expended 100,000 cannonballs, but no English ship was seriously damaged.[57] However, over 7,000 English sailors died from disease during the time the Armada was in English waters.The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the Armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a counter-armada the following year failed disastrously with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost.[58] Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and their improved intelligence networks (although Cádiz was sacked by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet). The Habsburgs also struck back with the Dunkirkers, who took an increasing toll on Dutch and English shipping.Eventually, the Spanish attempted two further Armadas, in October 1596 and October 1597. The 1596 Armada was destroyed in a storm off northern Spain; it had lost as many as 72 of its 126 ships and suffered 3,000 deaths. The 1597 Armada was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast undetected. This Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead. Some of the fighting was done on land in Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with the English sending expeditionary forces to France and the Netherlands to fight Spain, and Spain attempting to assist Irish rebellions in Ireland.","title":"Relations with England and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"}],"text":"Philip II died in El Escorial, near Madrid, on 13 September 1598, of cancer.[59] He was succeeded by his 20-year-old son, Philip III.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"},{"link_name":"Bartolome Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolome_Carranza"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"},{"link_name":"School of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Martín de Azpilcueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta"},{"link_name":"Francisco Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"Luis de Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Molina"},{"link_name":"omniscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscience"},{"link_name":"free will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"Molinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"William Lane Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig"},{"link_name":"Alvin Plantinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sabatini Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatini_Gardens"},{"link_name":"F. Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Spanish Black Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Black_Legend"},{"link_name":"White Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Legend"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Black Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Legend"},{"link_name":"Fire Over England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Over_England"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saint Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)"},{"link_name":"Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Tonio Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonio_Andrade"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Philip's dominions in 1598Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the Counter-Reformation, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism,[citation needed] but his devotion to Catholicism would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century disdain for religious heterodoxy; he said, \"Before suffering the slightest damage to religion in the service of God, I would lose all of my estates and a hundred lives, if I had them, because I do not wish nor do I desire to be the ruler of heretics.\"[60]As he strove to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the Inquisition, students were barred from studying elsewhere, and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. In addition to the banning of books, Philip II authorized the burning of at least 70,000 volumes.[61] Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop Bartolome Carranza of Toledo was jailed by the Inquisition for 17 years, for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree with Protestantism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful, and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions.Although he was deeply dedicated to rooting out heretical titles, he collected forbidden books for his own royal library at the El Escorial. His library contained 40,000 volumes (1,800 of which were Arabic titles) and several thousand manuscripts.[61] The banned books were protected in a room on an upper floor of the library. He was passionate about rare books he personally collected from far and wide and researched and recorded information about previous owners.[61]The School of Salamanca flourished under his reign. Martín de Azpilcueta, highly honoured at Rome by several popes and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice.Francisco Suárez, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after Thomas Aquinas and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1580–1585), where Pope Gregory XIII attended the first lecture that he gave. Luis de Molina published his De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the omniscience of God with human free will that came to be known as Molinism, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the de facto Jesuit doctrine on these matters, and is still advocated today by William Lane Craig and Alvin Plantinga, among others.Statue of Philip II at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (F. Castro, 1753)Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict,[62] evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject.[63] Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, responsible for inhuman cruelties and barbarism.[64] This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called Spanish Black Legend and White Legend, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died.[65] Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious secretary Antonio Pérez, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Pérez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged.[66] That way, the popular image of the King that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the Counter-Reformation. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative.[67]However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the Black Legend. In a more recent example of popular culture, Philip II's portrayal in Fire Over England (1937) is not entirely unsympathetic; he is shown as a very hardworking, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country, but who had no understanding of the English, despite his former co-monarchy there.Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality,[68] that task has proved extremely difficult, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the King's inflexible Catholicism.[69] English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster,[70] minimising his military victories (Battle of Lepanto, Battle of Saint Quentin, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the Armada[71]) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would necessitate a re-analysis of the reign of his greatest opponents, namely England's Queen Elizabeth I and the Dutch William the Silent, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favourable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments.[note 3]He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman Navy.Historian Geoffrey Parker offers a management-psychological explanation, as summarized by Tonio Andrade and William Reger:One might have expected that Philip—being a dedicated, persistent, and hard-working man, and being the head of Western Europe's wealthiest and largest empire—would have succeeded in his aims. He didn't. His endeavors were doomed by his own character, or at least that's how Parker sees it. Drawing on studies in management science and organizational psychology, Parker argues that a successful manager of a large organization must keep attention on the big picture, must have a good strategy for dealing with copious information, must know how to delegate, and must be flexible. Philip failed on all counts. He was a micromanager who got bogged down in details, refusing to delegate and trying to read every dispatch that came to his desk. He obsessed and dithered, so that by the time his decisions were made and his orders reached the men meant to carry them out, the situation on the ground had changed. Philip was also inflexible, unwilling to abandon ineffective policies. Most pernicious of all was Philip's tendency toward messianic thinking, a belief that he was doing God's work and that heaven would support him with miracles.[72]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sánchez Coello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello"},{"link_name":"Prince of Gerona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Gerona"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"King of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Lord of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"King of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"King of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Duke of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Neopatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatras"},{"link_name":"King of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Majorcan_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sardinian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of England de jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_England"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Defender of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidei_Defensor"},{"link_name":"King of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"of Lothier, of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Limburg"},{"link_name":"of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts,_Dukes_and_Grand_Dukes_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"of Guelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Guelders"},{"link_name":"of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"of Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland"},{"link_name":"of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Namur"},{"link_name":"of Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen"},{"link_name":"Count Palatine of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Count of Charolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charolais_(county)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brug-78"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Calatrava"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Alcantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Alcantara"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Montesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Montesa"},{"link_name":"Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty"},{"link_name":"Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"Most Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Catholicismus"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand and Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Defenders of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidei_Defensor"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waller-79"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waller-79"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse"},{"link_name":"reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"The Lord is my helper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and jure uxoris King of England and FrancePortrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by Sánchez Coello, c. 1580Heir titles\nPrince of Gerona: 21 May 1527 – 16 January 1556\nPrince of Asturias 1528–1556\nKing of Castile as Philip II: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nKing of Castile, of León, of Granada, of Toledo, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Indias, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea;[note 4] Lord of Molina\nLord of Biscay\nKing of Aragon as Philip I: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nKing of Aragón\nKing of the Two Sicilies\nKing of Naples, of Jerusalem (from 25 July 1554)\nKing of Sicily. Duke of Athens, of Neopatria\nKing of Valencia\nKing of Majorca\nKing of Sardinia and of Corsica, Margrave of Oristano, Count of Goceano\nKing of Navarre\nCount of Barcelona, of Roussillon, of Cerdanya\nKing of Portugal as Philip I: 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598\nKing of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.\nKing of England de jure uxoris as Philip I: 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558[73]\nKing of England, France (titular); Defender of the Faith\nKing of Ireland\nImperial and Habsburg patrimonial titles:\nDuke of Milan: 11 October 1540 (secret donation) / 25 July 1554 (public investiture) – 13 September 1598\nImperial vicar of Siena: since 30 May 1554\nArchduke of Austria\nPrincely Count of Habsburg and of Tyrol\nPrince of Swabia\nBurgundian titles\nLord of the Netherlands: 25 October 1555 – 13 September 1598\nDuke of Lothier, of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders. Count of Flanders, of Artois, of Hainaut, of Holland, of Zeeland, of Namur, of Zutphen. Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechelen, the cities, towns and lands of Utrecht, Overyssel, Groningen\nCount Palatine of Burgundy from 10 June 1556; Count of Charolais from 21 September 1558\nDuke of Burgundy\nDominator in Asia, Africa\nHonours\nKnight of the Golden Fleece: 1531 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece:[74] 23 October 1555 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Calatrava: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Alcantara: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Santiago: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Montesa: 8 December 1587 – 13 September 1598Philip continued his father's style of \"Majesty\" (Latin: Maiestas; Spanish: Majestad) in preference to that of \"Highness\" (Celsitudo; Alteza). In diplomatic texts, he continued the use of the title \"Most Catholic\" (Rex Catholicissimus; Rey Católico) first bestowed by Pope Alexander VI on Ferdinand and Isabella in 1496.Following the Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary, the couple was styled \"Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol\".[75] Upon his inheritance of Spain in 1556, they became \"Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol\".[75]His coinage typically bore the obverse inscription \"PHS·D:G·HISP·Z·REX\" (Latin: \"Philip, by the grace of God King of Spain et cetera\"), followed by the local title of the mint (\"DVX·BRA\" for Duke of Brabant, \"C·HOL\" for Count of Holland, \"D·TRS·ISSV\" for Lord of Overissel, etc.). The reverse would then bear a motto such as \"PACE·ET·IVSTITIA\" (\"For Peace and Justice\") or \"DOMINVS·MIHI·ADIVTOR\" (\"The Lord is my helper\").[76] A medal struck in 1583 bore the inscriptions \"PHILIPP II HISP ET NOVI ORBIS REX\" (\"Philip II, King of Spain and the New World\") and \"NON SUFFICIT ORBIS\" (\"The world is not enough\").[77]","title":"Titles, honours and styles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isabel Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Osorio"},{"link_name":"Eufrasia de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrasia_de_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Manuela of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Antonis Mor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Mor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Juan Pantoja de la Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pantoja_de_la_Cruz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_reina_Ana_de_Austria,_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sofonisba Anguissola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola"}],"text":"Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. He also had two long-term relationships with Isabel Osorio and Eufrasia de Guzmán.Maria Manuela of Portugal (1527–1545)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMary I of England (1516–1558), by Antonis Mor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElisabeth of Valois (1545–1568), by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnna of Austria (1549–1580), by Sofonisba Anguissola","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"John III of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Carlos, Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias"}],"sub_title":"First marriage","text":"Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal. She was a daughter of Philip's maternal uncle, John III of Portugal, and paternal aunt, Catherine of Austria. They were married at Salamanca on 12 November 1543. The marriage produced one son in 1545, after which Maria died four days later due to haemorrhage:Carlos, Prince of Asturias (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried at the age of 23 and without issue.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"false pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pregnancy"}],"sub_title":"Second marriage","text":"Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen Mary I of England. The marriage, which took place on 25 July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral, was political. By this marriage, Philip became jure uxoris King of England and Ireland, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children, although there was a false pregnancy, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reign in England and Ireland.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(province)"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Albert VII, Archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Catherine Michaela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy"}],"sub_title":"Third marriage","text":"Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. The original ceremony was conducted by proxy (the Duke of Alba standing in for Philip) at Notre Dame prior to Elisabeth's departure from France. The actual ceremony was conducted in Guadalajara upon her arrival in Spain. During their marriage (1559–1568) they conceived five daughters, though only two of the girls survived. Elisabeth died a few hours after the loss of her last child. Their children were:Miscarried twin daughters (August 1564)\nIsabella Clara Eugenia (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633, aged 67), married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria\nCatherine Michaela (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597, aged 30), married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and had issue\nJoan (3 October 1568) died shortly after birth.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Diego Félix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alonso Sánchez Coello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello"}],"sub_title":"Fourth marriage","text":"Philip's fourth and final wife was his niece, Anna of Austria. Pope Pius V initially refused to grant Philip the dispensation needed to marry Anna, citing biblical prohibitions and the danger of birth defects. The pope reluctantly gave his permission when Philip threatened to abandon the Holy League in their fight against the Ottoman Turks.[78][79] By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and one daughter. Anna died of heart failure 8 months after giving birth to Maria in 1580.[citation needed]Their children were:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias (4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, aged six)\nCharles Laurence (12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, aged one)\nDiego Félix (15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, aged seven)\nPhilip III of Spain (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621, aged 42)\nMaria (14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, aged three).Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at El Escorial\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhilip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by Alonso Sánchez Coello","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-86"},{"link_name":"Philip I, King of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_King_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Charles_V-84"},{"link_name":"Mary, Duchess of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-86"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II, King of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_King_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Joanna-87"},{"link_name":"Joanna, Queen of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Charles_V-84"},{"link_name":"Isabella I, Queen of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Joanna-87"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Manuel I, King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I,_King_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Viseu"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II, King of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_King_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portugal-Maria-88"},{"link_name":"Maria of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Isabella I, Queen of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portugal-Maria-88"}],"text":"Ancestors of Philip II of Spain 8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor[82] 4. Philip I, King of Castile[80] 9. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy[82] 2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon[83] (= 14) 5. Joanna, Queen of Castile[80] 11. Isabella I, Queen of Castile[83] (= 15) 1. Philip II of Spain 12. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu[81] 6. Manuel I, King of Portugal[81] 13. Beatrice of Portugal[81] 3. Isabella of Portugal 14. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon[84] (= 10) 7. Maria of Aragon[81] 15. Isabella I, Queen of Castile[84] (= 11)","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Male-line family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"composite monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"}],"text":"^ He was titled as Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I (Portuguese: Filipe I).\n\n^ Spain was a composite monarchy, and besides being the second Philip to rule Castile, he was the first to rule Aragon, and the fourth to rule Navarre.\n\n^ This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work (\"Philip II of Spain\", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of that.\n\n^ With the incorporation of Portugal to the Monarchy the title changed to East and West Indies, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean sea.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The decline of Spain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/650136"},{"link_name":"\"A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30094971"},{"link_name":"Philip II. of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Oz1EAQAAMAAJ&dq=Philip+ii+spain&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"\"King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/co-herencia/article/download/5023/4145"},{"link_name":"Kamen, Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Online free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame"},{"link_name":"Online free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/search.php?query=%22%27%27The%20Habsburgs%20and%20Europe%2C%201516-1660%27%27"},{"link_name":"\"Philip II and the Papacy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3678749"},{"link_name":"Martinic, Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateo_Martinic"},{"link_name":"Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html"},{"link_name":"The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/riseofspanishemp04merruoft"},{"link_name":"Parker, Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070310203214/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/macpherson.html"},{"link_name":"\"The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3679344"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-631-20704-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20704-X"},{"link_name":"\"Philip (1527–1598)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22097"},{"link_name":"Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Jos%C3%A9_Rodriguez-Salgado"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-920502-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920502-7"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Mary-Philip-marriage-Habsburg-European/dp/1526142236/"},{"link_name":"\"Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/26004392"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Philip-II-European-History-Perspective/dp/0333630424/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Braudel, Fernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Braudel"},{"link_name":"vol. 1 free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mediterraneanthe01brau"},{"link_name":"\"The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/download/pdf/322623625.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ehes.org/EHES_171.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200719061314/http://www.ehes.org/EHES_171.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/204127"},{"link_name":"\"Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=historypub"},{"link_name":"\"Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/888764"},{"link_name":"\"Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.academia.edu/download/31290156/ChangingPlaces.pdf"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"\"'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25026461"}],"text":"Boyden, James M. The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez De Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain (University of California Press, 1995).\nElliott, J. H. Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (1966).\nElliott, John H. \"The decline of Spain\". Past & Present 20 (1961): 52–75.\nGrierson, Edward. The Fatal Inheritance: Philip II and the Spanish Netherlands (1969).\nGwynn, Aubrey. \"A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain\". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 22, no. 85 (1933), pp. 48–64.\nHume, M. A. S. Philip II. of Spain (1903).\nIsrael, Jonathan. \"King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny'\". Co-herencia 15.28 (2018): 137–154.\nKamen, Henry. Philip of Spain (Yale University Press, 1999), a major scholarly biography. Online free to borrow\nKelsey, Harry. Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011).\nKoenigsberger, H. G. The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516–1660 (1971). Online free to borrow\nLópez, Anna Santamaría. \"'Great Faith is Necessary to Drink from this Chalice': Philip II in the Court of Mary Tudor, 1554–58.\" in Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer ed. by Joan-Lluis Palos and Magdalena S. Sanchez (2017) pp: 115–138.\nLynch, John. Spain Under the Habsburgs: vol I: Empire and Absolutism: 1516–1598 (1965)\nLynch, John. \"Philip II and the Papacy\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 11 (1961): 23–42.\nMartinic, Mateo (1977). Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes (in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello.\nMerriman, R. B. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 vols, 1918). Vol. 4 has in-depth coverage of Philip II.\nParker, Geoffrey. Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (2014), a major scholarly biography.\nParker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II (Yale University Press, 1998). online review\nParker, Geoffrey. Philip II (1995), short scholarly biography\nParker, Geoffrey. The World is Not Enough: The Imperial Vision of Philip II of Spain (Baylor University Press, 2001).\nParker, Geoffrey. \"The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (2002): 167–221.\nPatterson, Benton Rain. With the Heart of a King: Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain & the Fight for a Nation's Soul & Crown (2007).\nPetrie, Charles. Philip II of Spain (1963), short scholarly biography.\nPettegree, Andrew (2002). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford, England: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20704-X..\nPierson, Peter. Philip II of Spain (1975).\nPrescott, William Hickling. A History of the Reign of Philip II, London, Boston, Philadelphia. 1855–1902.\nRedworth, Glyn. \"Philip (1527–1598)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.\nRodriguez-Salgado, M. J. \"The Court of Philip II of Spain\". In Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650. Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. (Oxford University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-19-920502-7.\nSamson, Alexander. Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester University Press, 2020) excerpt.\nSamson, Alexander. \"Power Sharing: The Co-monarchy of Philip and Mary\", in Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, ed. by Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010), pp. 159–172.\nThomas, Hugh. World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II (Penguin UK, 2014); World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire (Random House, 2015) popular history.\nWaxman, Matthew C. \"Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare\". War in History, vol. 4, no. 3 (1997): 339–347.\nWilliams, Patrick. Philip II (Macmillan International Higher Education, 2017), a scholarly biography; excerpt\nEconomic and cultural history[edit]\nBraudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (2 vols., 1976) vol. 1 free to borrow\nClouse, Michele L. Medicine, Government and Public Health in Philip II's Spain: Shared Interests, Competing Authorities (Ashgate, 2013).\nConklin, James. \"The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II\". Journal of Political Economy 106.3 (1998): 483–513, statistical\nDrelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II (Princeton University Press, 2016).\nGoodman, David. \"Philip II's Patronage of Science and Engineering\". British Journal for the History of Science 16.1 (1983): 49–66.\nHenriques, Antonio, and Nuno Pedro G. Palma. \"Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800\" Archived 19 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. (2019), economics\nKagan, Richard L. \"Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape\". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17.1 (1986): 115–135.\nLazure, Guy. \"Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial\". Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 58–93.\nMatthews, P. G. \"Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England\". Burlington Magazine 142.1162 (2000): 13–19.\nMiller, Stephanie R. \"A Tale of Two Portraits: Titian's Seated Portraits of Philip II\". Visual Resources 28.1 (2012): 103–116.\nSamson, Alexander. \"Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554\"[dead link]. Sixteenth Century Journal (2005): 761–784.\nScully, Robert E. \"'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century\". Catholic Historical Review 89.4 (2003): 643–670.\nWilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain (Yale University Press, 1993).","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Baptism of Philip II in Valladolid, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg/220px-Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip, in the prime of his life, by Anthonis Mor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg/220px-Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip II wearing the order of the garter by Jooris van der Straeten, c. 1554","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg/220px-Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low Countries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg/300px-Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg"},{"image_text":"Personal guidon of Philip II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg/220px-Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A marble bust of Philip II of Spain by Pompeo Leoni, Metropolitan Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PhilipIIbust.JPG/220px-PhilipIIbust.JPG"},{"image_text":"Titian; after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir Fernando to Glory in this allegory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/220px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Standard of the tercios morados of the Spanish army under Philip II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg/220px-Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Armour of Philip II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG/200px-Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG"},{"image_text":"Philip II berating William of Orange, by Cornelis Kruseman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/220px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reward letter of Philip II to the family of Balthasar Gerards, assassin of William the Silent, 1590","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg/220px-Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anthony I of Portugal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg/170px-Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (mare clausum) and other features","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ImperioDeFelipeII.svg/220px-ImperioDeFelipeII.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Titian's portrait of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/220px-Philip_II.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irish groat with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg/220px-Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip and Mary I of England, 1558","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg/220px-Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg/350px-Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Philip's dominions in 1598","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/300px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png"},{"image_text":"Statue of Philip II at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (F. Castro, 1753)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg/170px-Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and jure uxoris King of England and France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg/220px-Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by Sánchez Coello, c. 1580","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg/220px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_the_Monastery_of_San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial"},{"title":"Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_and_Isabella_I_of_Castile"},{"title":"The empire on which the sun never sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_empire_on_which_the_sun_never_sets"},{"title":"List of Spanish monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs"},{"title":"Royal Armoury of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid"},{"title":"Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva,_1st_Prince_of_%C3%89boli"}]	[{"reference":"\"Habsburg family tree\". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Habsburg family tree\""}]},{"reference":"Kamen, Henry (2014). Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. p. 150.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kamen","url_text":"Kamen, Henry"}]},{"reference":"\"BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL\". Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://servicios.jcyl.es/pweb/datos.do?numero=16049&tipo=Inmueble&ruta=","url_text":"\"BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL\""}]},{"reference":"Drelichman, Mauricio; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014). Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4843-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xfWKAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4843-0","url_text":"978-1-4008-4843-0"}]},{"reference":"Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization (4th ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-19-923663-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923663-3","url_text":"978-0-19-923663-3"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, J. H. (2002). Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (Repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Penguin Books. pp. 285–291. ISBN 0-14-100703-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100703-6","url_text":"0-14-100703-6"}]},{"reference":"Royall Tyler, ed. (1954). \"Spain: September 1556\". Calendar of State Papers, Spain. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol13/pp275-280","url_text":"\"Spain: September 1556\""}]},{"reference":"Salvador Miranda (2010). \"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church\". Florida International University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175609/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm","url_text":"\"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University","url_text":"Florida International University"},{"url":"http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard L. Kagan (2009). Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain. JHU Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1421401652.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lV9Xdn3c6IoC&pg=PA135","url_text":"Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421401652","url_text":"978-1421401652"}]},{"reference":"Goubert, Pierre (2002). The Course of French History. Routledge. p. 103.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lytle Schurz, William (1922), \"The Spanish Lake\", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 5 (2): 181–194, doi:10.1215/00182168-5.2.181, JSTOR 2506024","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-5.2.181","url_text":"10.1215/00182168-5.2.181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506024","url_text":"2506024"}]},{"reference":"\"Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes\". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. 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Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geográfico, pues afirmó ser natural de ambos lugares.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922103737/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm","url_text":"Relación y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes"},{"url":"http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (1895). Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan. Translated by Clements R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/narrativesofvoya00sarm","url_text":"Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Strait of Magellan\". 7 April 2017. 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(2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. p. 296.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 183.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Koenigsberger, Helmut Georg (2012), Philip II, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, retrieved 31 January 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456081/Philip-II","url_text":"Philip II"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Stuart (2009). The library: an illustrated history. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4","url_text":"978-1-60239-706-4"}]},{"reference":"Johonnot, James. \"Ten Great Events in History – Chapter VII. The Invincible Armada\". Authorama.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERCA	SERCA	["1 Function","2 Regulation","3 Paralogs","4 References","5 External links"]	Calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase SERCA, or sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, or SR Ca2+-ATPase, is a calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase. Its major function is to transport calcium from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Function SERCA is a P-type ATPase. It resides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) within myocytes. It is a Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR. This uses energy from ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation. There are 3 major domains on the cytoplasmic face of SERCA: the phosphorylation and nucleotide-binding domains, which form the catalytic site, and the actuator domain, which is involved in the transmission of major conformational changes. In addition to its calcium-transporting functions, SERCA1 generates heat in brown adipose tissue and in skeletal muscles. Along with the heat it naturally produces due to its inefficiency in pumping Ca2+ ions, when it binds to a regulator called sarcolipin it stops pumping and functions solely as an ATP hydrolase. This mechanism of thermogenesis is widespread in mammals and in endothermic fishes. Regulation The rate at which SERCA moves Ca2+ across the SR membrane can be controlled by the regulatory protein phospholamban (PLB/PLN). SERCA is not as active when PLB is bound to it. Increased β-adrenergic stimulation reduces the association between SERCA and PLB by the phosphorylation of PLB by PKA. When PLB is associated with SERCA, the rate of Ca2+ movement is reduced; upon dissociation of PLB, Ca2+ movement increases. Activity regulation of SERCA can also involve phosphorylation of SERCA itself by interaction with GSK3β. Phosphorylation of SERCA2a at S663 was shown to reduce SERCA2a activity. Another protein, calsequestrin, binds calcium within the SR and helps to reduce the concentration of free calcium within the SR, which assists SERCA so that it does not have to pump against such a high concentration gradient. The SR has a much higher concentration of Ca2+ (10,000x) inside when compared to the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. SERCA2 can be regulated by microRNAs, for instance miR-25 suppresses SERCA2 in heart failure. For experimental purposes, SERCA can be inhibited by thapsigargin and induced by istaroxime. SERCA function is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of rabbits and in rodent myocardium by thyroid hormones. This mechanism may contribute to the proarrhythmogenic effect of thyrotoxicosis. Paralogs There are 3 major paralogs, SERCA1-3, which are expressed at various levels in different cell types. ATP2A1 – SERCA1 ATP2A2 – SERCA2 ATP2A3 – SERCA3 There are additional post-translational isoforms of both SERCA2 and SERCA3, which serve to introduce the possibility of cell-type-specific Ca2+-reuptake responses as well as increasing the overall complexity of the Ca2+ signaling mechanism. References ^ a b c d Marín-García, José (2014-01-01), Marín-García, José (ed.), "Chapter 23 - Gene- and Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease", Post-Genomic Cardiology (Second Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 783–833, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404599-6.00023-8, ISBN 978-0-12-404599-6, retrieved 2020-12-28 ^ de Meis L; Oliveira GM; Arruda AP; Santos R; Costa RM; Benchimol M (2005). "The thermogenic activity of rat brown adipose tissue and rabbit white muscle Ca2+-ATPase". IUBMB Life. 57 (4–5): 337–45. doi:10.1080/15216540500092534. PMID 16036618. ^ Arruda AP; Nigro M; Oliveira GM; de Meis L (June 2007). "Thermogenic activity of Ca2+-ATPase from skeletal muscle heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum: the role of ryanodine Ca2+ channel". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1768 (6): 1498–505. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.016. PMID 17466935. ^ Bal, Naresh C.; Periasamy, Muthu (2020-03-02). "Uncoupling of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump activity by sarcolipin as the basis for muscle non-shivering thermogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 375 (1793): 20190135. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0135. PMC 7017432. PMID 31928193. ^ Legendre, Lucas J.; Davesne, Donald (2020-03-02). "The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 375 (1793): 20190136. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0136. PMC 7017440. PMID 31928191. ^ MacLennan, David H.; Kranias, Evangelia G. (July 2003). "Phospholamban: a crucial regulator of cardiac contractility". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 4 (7): 566–577. doi:10.1038/nrm1151. PMID 12838339. S2CID 3050392. ^ Gonnot, Fabrice; Boulogne, Laura; Brun, Camille; Dia, Maya; Gouriou, Yves; Bidaux, Gabriel; Chouabe, Christophe; Crola Da Silva, Claire; Ducreux, Sylvie; Pillot, Bruno; Kaczmarczyk, Andrea; Leon, Christelle; Chanon, Stephanie; Perret, Coralie; Sciandra, Franck (2023-06-08). "SERCA2 phosphorylation at serine 663 is a key regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis in heart diseases". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 3346. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39027-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10250397. PMID 37291092. ^ Arruda, AP; Oliveira, GM; Carvalho, DP; De Meis, L (November 2005). "Thyroid hormones differentially regulate the distribution of rabbit skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) isoforms in light and heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum". Molecular Membrane Biology. 22 (6): 529–37. doi:10.1080/09687860500412257. PMID 16373324. S2CID 29949157. ^ Chang, KC; Figueredo, VM; Schreur, JH; Kariya, K; Weiner, MW; Simpson, PC; Camacho, SA (1 October 1997). "Thyroid hormone improves function and Ca2+ handling in pressure overload hypertrophy. Association with increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and alpha-myosin heavy chain in rat hearts". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 100 (7): 1742–9. doi:10.1172/JCI119699. PMC 508357. PMID 9312172. ^ Kaasik, Allen; Minajeva, Ave; Paju, Kalju; Eimre, Margus; Seppet, Enn K. (1997). "Thyroid hormones differentially affect sarcoplasmic reticulum function in rat atria and ventricles". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 176 (1/2): 119–126. doi:10.1023/A:1006887231150. PMID 9406153. S2CID 8199751. ^ Müller, Patrick; Leow, Melvin Khee-Shing; Dietrich, Johannes W. (15 August 2022). "Minor perturbations of thyroid homeostasis and major cardiovascular endpoints—Physiological mechanisms and clinical evidence". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 9: 942971. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.942971. PMC 9420854. PMID 36046184. External links Sarcoplasmic+Reticulum+Calcium-Transporting+ATPases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteMembrane transport protein: ion pumps, ATPases / ATP synthase (TC 3A2-3A3)F-, V-, and A-type ATPase (3.A.2)H+ (F-type) H+ transporting, mitochondrial: ATP5A1 ATP5B ATP5C1 ATP5C2 ATP5D ATP5E ATP5F1 ATP5G1 ATP5G2 ATP5G3 ATP5H ATP5I ATP5J ATP5J2 ATP5L ATP5L2 ATP5O ATP5S H+ (V-type) H+ transporting, lysosomal: ATP6AP1 ATP6AP2 ATP6V1A ATP6V1B1 ATP6V1B2 ATP6V1C1 ATP6V1C2 ATP6V1D ATP6V1E1 ATP6V1E2 ATP6V1F ATP6V1G1 ATP6V1G2 ATP6V1G3 ATP6V1H ATP6V0A1 ATP6V0A2 ATP6V0A4 ATP6V0B ATP6V0C ATP6V0D1 ATP6V0D2 ATP6V0E ATP6V0E1 TCIRG1 A-ATPasefound in ArcheaP-type ATPase (3.A.3) 3.A.3.1.1: Na+/K+ transporting: ATP1A1 ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATP1A4 ATP1B1 ATP1B2 ATP1B3 ATP1B4 ATP1G1 3.A.3.1.2: H+/K+ H+/K+ exchanging: ATP4A ATP4B 3.A.3.1.4: H+/K+ transporting, nongastric: ATP12A 3.A.3.2: Ca2+ (SERCA, PMCA, SPCA) / Ca2+ transporting: ATP2A1 ATP2A2 ATP2A3 ATP2B1 ATP2B2 ATP2B3 ATP2B4 ATP2C1 3.A.3.5: Cu2+ transporting: ATP7A ATP7B 3.A.3.8.8: flippase: ATP8A2 Other/ungrouped: Na+/K+ – H+ Mg2+ transporting: ATP3 Class I, type 8: ATP8A1 ATP8B1 ATP8B2 ATP8B3 ATP8B4 Class II, type 9: ATP9A ATP9B Class V, type 10: ATP10A ATP10B ATP10D Class VI, type 11: ATP11A ATP11B ATP11C type 13: ATP13A1 ATP13A2 ATP13A3 ATP13A4 ATP13A5 see also ATPase disorders vteHydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6)3.6.1 Pyrophosphatase Inorganic Thiamine Apyrase Thiamine-triphosphatase 3.6.2 Adenylylsulfatase Phosphoadenylylsulfatase 3.6.3-4: ATPase3.6.3Cu++ (3.6.3.4) Menkes/ATP7A Wilson/ATP7B Ca+ (3.6.3.8) SERCA ATP2A1 ATP2A2 ATP2A3 Plasma membrane ATP2B1 ATP2B2 ATP2B3 ATP2B4 SPCA ATP2C1 ATP2C2 Na+/K+ (3.6.3.9) ATP1A1 ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATP1A4 ATP1B1 ATP1B2 ATP1B3 ATP1B4 H+/K+ (3.6.3.10) ATP4A Other P-type ATPase ATP8B1 ATP10A ATP11B ATP12A ATP13A2 ATP13A3 3.6.4 Dynein Kinesin Myosin Katanin 3.6.5: GTPase3.6.5.1: Heterotrimeric G protein Gαs Golf Gαi GNAI1 GNAI2 GNAI3 Transducin GNAT1 GNAT2 Gustducin GNAT3 Gαq/11 GNAQ GNA11 Gα12/13 GNA12 GNA13 3.6.5.2: Small GTPase > Ras superfamily Rho family of GTPases: Cdc42 CDC42 TC10 TCL RhoUV RhoU RhoV Rac Rac1 2 3 RhoG RhoBTB 1 2 RhoH Rho A B C Rnd 1 2 3 RhoDF RhoF RhoD other: Ras HRAS KRAS NRAS Rab RAB23 RAB27 Arf ARF6 SAR1B ARL13B ARL6 Ran Rheb Rap RGK 3.6.5.3: Protein-synthesizing GTPase Prokaryotic IF-2 EF-Tu EF-G Eukaryotic 3.6.5.5-6: Polymerization motors dynamin superfamily Dynamin Guanylate-binding protein Mitofusin-1 MX1 and MX2 OPA1 Tubulin	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sarcoplasmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"Ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"ATPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase"},{"link_name":"Ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"ATPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase"},{"link_name":"calcium ATPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_ATPase"},{"link_name":"P-ATPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_ATPase"}],"text":"SERCA, or sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, or SR Ca2+-ATPase, is a calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase. Its major function is to transport calcium from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.","title":"SERCA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P-type ATPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_ATPase"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"sarcoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"myocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocyte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"cytosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"ATP hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"catalytic site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site"},{"link_name":"conformational changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_change"},{"link_name":"SERCA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP2A1"},{"link_name":"brown adipose tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue"},{"link_name":"skeletal muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sarcolipin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcolipin"},{"link_name":"endothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotherm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bal2020-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legendre2020-5"}],"text":"SERCA is a P-type ATPase.[1] It resides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) within myocytes.[1] It is a Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR.[1] This uses energy from ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation.[1]There are 3 major domains on the cytoplasmic face of SERCA: the phosphorylation and nucleotide-binding domains, which form the catalytic site, and the actuator domain, which is involved in the transmission of major conformational changes.In addition to its calcium-transporting functions, SERCA1 generates heat in brown adipose tissue and in skeletal muscles.[2][3] Along with the heat it naturally produces due to its inefficiency in pumping Ca2+ ions, when it binds to a regulator called sarcolipin it stops pumping and functions solely as an ATP hydrolase. This mechanism of thermogenesis is widespread in mammals and in endothermic fishes.[4][5]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phospholamban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholamban"},{"link_name":"β-adrenergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-adrenergic"},{"link_name":"PKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"GSK3β","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_synthase_kinase-3_beta"},{"link_name":"SERCA2a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP2A2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"calsequestrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsequestrin"},{"link_name":"concentration gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diffusion"},{"link_name":"thapsigargin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thapsigargin"},{"link_name":"istaroxime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istaroxime"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The rate at which SERCA moves Ca2+ across the SR membrane can be controlled by the regulatory protein phospholamban (PLB/PLN). SERCA is not as active when PLB is bound to it. Increased β-adrenergic stimulation reduces the association between SERCA and PLB by the phosphorylation of PLB by PKA.[6] When PLB is associated with SERCA, the rate of Ca2+ movement is reduced; upon dissociation of PLB, Ca2+ movement increases.Activity regulation of SERCA can also involve phosphorylation of SERCA itself by interaction with GSK3β. Phosphorylation of SERCA2a at S663 was shown to reduce SERCA2a activity.[7]Another protein, calsequestrin, binds calcium within the SR and helps to reduce the concentration of free calcium within the SR, which assists SERCA so that it does not have to pump against such a high concentration gradient. The SR has a much higher concentration of Ca2+ (10,000x) inside when compared to the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. SERCA2 can be regulated by microRNAs, for instance miR-25 suppresses SERCA2 in heart failure.For experimental purposes, SERCA can be inhibited by thapsigargin and induced by istaroxime.SERCA function is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of rabbits[8] and in rodent myocardium[9][10] by thyroid hormones. This mechanism may contribute to the proarrhythmogenic effect of thyrotoxicosis.[11]","title":"Regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paralogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#Sequence_homology"},{"link_name":"ATP2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP2A1"},{"link_name":"ATP2A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP2A2"},{"link_name":"ATP2A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP2A3"}],"text":"There are 3 major paralogs, SERCA1-3, which are expressed at various levels in different cell types.ATP2A1 – SERCA1\nATP2A2 – SERCA2\nATP2A3 – SERCA3There are additional post-translational isoforms of both SERCA2 and SERCA3, which serve to introduce the possibility of cell-type-specific Ca2+-reuptake responses as well as increasing the overall complexity of the Ca2+ signaling mechanism.","title":"Paralogs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Marín-García, José (2014-01-01), Marín-García, José (ed.), \"Chapter 23 - Gene- and Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease\", Post-Genomic Cardiology (Second Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 783–833, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404599-6.00023-8, ISBN 978-0-12-404599-6, retrieved 2020-12-28","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124045996000238","url_text":"\"Chapter 23 - Gene- and Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-404599-6.00023-8","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-12-404599-6.00023-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-404599-6","url_text":"978-0-12-404599-6"}]},{"reference":"de Meis L; Oliveira GM; Arruda AP; Santos R; Costa RM; Benchimol M (2005). \"The thermogenic activity of rat brown adipose tissue and rabbit white muscle Ca2+-ATPase\". IUBMB Life. 57 (4–5): 337–45. doi:10.1080/15216540500092534. PMID 16036618.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216540500092534","url_text":"\"The thermogenic activity of rat brown adipose tissue and rabbit white muscle Ca2+-ATPase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216540500092534","url_text":"10.1080/15216540500092534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16036618","url_text":"16036618"}]},{"reference":"Arruda AP; Nigro M; Oliveira GM; de Meis L (June 2007). \"Thermogenic activity of Ca2+-ATPase from skeletal muscle heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum: the role of ryanodine Ca2+ channel\". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1768 (6): 1498–505. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.016. PMID 17466935.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamem.2007.03.016","url_text":"\"Thermogenic activity of Ca2+-ATPase from skeletal muscle heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum: the role of ryanodine Ca2+ channel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamem.2007.03.016","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17466935","url_text":"17466935"}]},{"reference":"Bal, Naresh C.; Periasamy, Muthu (2020-03-02). \"Uncoupling of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump activity by sarcolipin as the basis for muscle non-shivering thermogenesis\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 375 (1793): 20190135. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0135. PMC 7017432. PMID 31928193.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7017432","url_text":"\"Uncoupling of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump activity by sarcolipin as the basis for muscle non-shivering thermogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2019.0135","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2019.0135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7017432","url_text":"7017432"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31928193","url_text":"31928193"}]},{"reference":"Legendre, Lucas J.; Davesne, Donald (2020-03-02). \"The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 375 (1793): 20190136. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0136. PMC 7017440. PMID 31928191.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7017440","url_text":"\"The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2019.0136","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2019.0136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7017440","url_text":"7017440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31928191","url_text":"31928191"}]},{"reference":"MacLennan, David H.; Kranias, Evangelia G. (July 2003). \"Phospholamban: a crucial regulator of cardiac contractility\". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 4 (7): 566–577. doi:10.1038/nrm1151. PMID 12838339. S2CID 3050392.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm1151","url_text":"10.1038/nrm1151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12838339","url_text":"12838339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3050392","url_text":"3050392"}]},{"reference":"Gonnot, Fabrice; Boulogne, Laura; Brun, Camille; Dia, Maya; Gouriou, Yves; Bidaux, Gabriel; Chouabe, Christophe; Crola Da Silva, Claire; Ducreux, Sylvie; Pillot, Bruno; Kaczmarczyk, Andrea; Leon, Christelle; Chanon, Stephanie; Perret, Coralie; Sciandra, Franck (2023-06-08). \"SERCA2 phosphorylation at serine 663 is a key regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis in heart diseases\". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 3346. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39027-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10250397. PMID 37291092.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10250397","url_text":"\"SERCA2 phosphorylation at serine 663 is a key regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis in heart diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-39027-x","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-023-39027-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10250397","url_text":"10250397"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37291092","url_text":"37291092"}]},{"reference":"Arruda, AP; Oliveira, GM; Carvalho, DP; De Meis, L (November 2005). \"Thyroid hormones differentially regulate the distribution of rabbit skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) isoforms in light and heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum\". Molecular Membrane Biology. 22 (6): 529–37. doi:10.1080/09687860500412257. PMID 16373324. S2CID 29949157.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09687860500412257","url_text":"\"Thyroid hormones differentially regulate the distribution of rabbit skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) isoforms in light and heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09687860500412257","url_text":"10.1080/09687860500412257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16373324","url_text":"16373324"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29949157","url_text":"29949157"}]},{"reference":"Chang, KC; Figueredo, VM; Schreur, JH; Kariya, K; Weiner, MW; Simpson, PC; Camacho, SA (1 October 1997). \"Thyroid hormone improves function and Ca2+ handling in pressure overload hypertrophy. Association with increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and alpha-myosin heavy chain in rat hearts\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 100 (7): 1742–9. doi:10.1172/JCI119699. PMC 508357. PMID 9312172.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC508357","url_text":"\"Thyroid hormone improves function and Ca2+ handling in pressure overload hypertrophy. 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S2CID 8199751.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006887231150","url_text":"10.1023/A:1006887231150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9406153","url_text":"9406153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8199751","url_text":"8199751"}]},{"reference":"Müller, Patrick; Leow, Melvin Khee-Shing; Dietrich, Johannes W. (15 August 2022). \"Minor perturbations of thyroid homeostasis and major cardiovascular endpoints—Physiological mechanisms and clinical evidence\". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 9: 942971. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.942971. PMC 9420854. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rocard	Michel Rocard	["1 Early life and education","2 Unified Socialist Party","3 Socialist Party","3.1 In government","3.2 Party leadership","3.3 Member of European Parliament","4 Political career","5 Health and death","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	88th Prime Minister of France Michel RocardAC OQRocard in 2012Member of the French Senatefor YvelinesIn office24 September 1995 – 18 November 1997Succeeded byJacques BellangerMember of the European ParliamentIn office19 July 1994 – 31 January 2009First Secretary of the Socialist PartyIn office24 October 1993 – 19 June 1994Preceded byLaurent FabiusSucceeded byHenri EmmanuelliPrime Minister of FranceIn office10 May 1988 – 15 May 1991PresidentFrançois MitterrandPreceded byJacques ChiracSucceeded byÉdith CressonMinister of AgricultureIn office22 March 1983 – 4 April 1985Prime MinisterPierre MauroyLaurent FabiusPreceded byÉdith CressonSucceeded byHenri NalletMinister of Territorial DevelopmentIn office22 May 1981 – 22 March 1983Prime MinisterPierre MauroyPreceded byFernand IcartSucceeded byGaston DefferreMayor of Conflans-Sainte-HonorineIn office25 March 1977 – 19 July 1994Preceded byGilbert LegrandSucceeded byJean-Paul HuchonMember of the National Assembly for YvelinesIn office23 June 1988 – 23 July 1988Preceded byProportional representationSucceeded byJean GuignéConstituencyYvelines's 7thIn office2 April 1986 – 14 May 1988Preceded byProportional representationSucceeded byEnd of proportional representationConstituencyYvelinesIn office3 April 1978 – 24 July 1981Preceded byGérard GodonSucceeded byMartine FrachonConstituencyYvelines's 3rdIn office27 October 1969 – 1 April 1973Preceded byPierre ClostermannSucceeded byMarc LauriolConstituencyYvelines's 4th Personal detailsBorn(1930-08-23)23 August 1930Courbevoie, FranceDied2 July 2016(2016-07-02) (aged 85)Paris, FrancePolitical partyPS (1974–2016)Other politicalaffiliationsSFIO (until 1967)PSU (1967–1974)RelationsYves Rocard (father)ChildrenFrancis RocardEducationLycée Louis-le-GrandAlma materSciences Po, ÉNAOccupationCivil Servant Michel Rocard AC OQ (French: ; 23 August 1930 – 2 July 2016) was a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party (PS). He served as Prime Minister under François Mitterrand from 1988 to 1991 during which he created the Revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI), a social minimum welfare program for indigents, and achieved the Matignon Accords regarding the status of New Caledonia. He was a member of the European Parliament, and was strongly involved in European policies until 2009. In 2007, he joined a Commission under the authority of Nicolas Sarkozy's Minister of Education, Xavier Darcos. Early life and education Rocard was born in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine, to a Protestant family. The son of nuclear physicist Yves Rocard, he entered politics as a student leader while he was studying at Sciences Po. He became chair of the French Socialist Students affiliated to the main French Socialist party at the time, the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), and studied at the École nationale d'administration (ENA), after which he chose to enter the prestigious Inspection des finances. As an anti-colonialist, he went to Algeria and wrote a report regarding the widely-ignored refugee camps of the Algerian War (1954–1962). The report was leaked to the newspapers Le Monde and France Observateur in April 1959, which almost cost Rocard his position. Michel Rocard was a certified glider pilot. Unified Socialist Party Having left the SFIO because of Guy Mollet's position towards the Algerian War, Rocard led the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU) from 1967 to 1974. He was a prominent figure during the May 1968 crisis, supporting the auto-gestionary project. He ran in the 1969 presidential election but obtained only 3.6% of the vote. Some months later, he was elected deputy for the Yvelines département, defeating the former Prime minister Maurice Couve de Murville. He lost his parliamentary seat in 1973, but retook it in 1978. In 1973–74, he participated in the LIP conflict, selling watches with the workers and participating, behind the scenes, in the attempts to find an employer who would take back the factory, which was on the verge of being liquidated. Socialist Party In 1974, he joined François Mitterrand and the renewed Socialist Party (PS), which had replaced the old SFIO. Most of the PSU members and a part of the French and Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT) trade union – the non-Marxist section of the left that Rocard famously defined as the "Second Left" – followed him. Michel Rocard, October 1981 Elected mayor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine in 1977, he led the opposition to Mitterrand inside the Socialist Party (as a candidate of the right wing of the party). After the defeat of the left at the 1978 legislative election, he tried to take over the leadership of the party. In spite of his alliance with Pierre Mauroy, the number 2 of the PS, he lost at the Metz Congress (1979). As the Socialist Party's most popular politician at the time (including Mitterrand himself), he announced that he would run for president; but his "Call of Conflans" did not result in majority support within the PS, and he withdrew his candidacy. Mitterrand was the successful Socialist candidate in the 1981 presidential election. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Rocard's group inside the Socialist Party, known as "les rocardiens", advocated a re-alignment of French socialism through a clearer acceptance of the market economy, more decentralisation and less state control. It was largely influenced by Scandinavian social democracy, and stood in opposition to Mitterrand's initial agenda of nationalization, programmed in the 110 Propositions for France. Nonetheless, the "rocardiens" always remained a minority. In government Under Mitterrand's first presidency, he was Minister of Territorial Development and Minister of Planning from 1981 to 1983 and Minister of Agriculture from 1983 to 1985. He resigned from the cabinet in due to his opposition to the introduction of the proportional system for the legislative elections. He hoped, in vain, that Mitterrand would not run for re-election so he could be the PS candidate in the 1988 presidential election. After Mitterrand's re-election, he was chosen as Prime Minister (May 1988 – May 1991). Indeed, Rocard was popular and his position, on the right wing of the PS, corresponded with the slogan of the electoral campaign, "a United France." He formed a cabinet including 4 center-right ministers. As Prime Minister, he led the Matignon Accords regarding the status of New Caledonia, which ended the troubles in this overseas territory. His record in office also include a decrease in unemployment and a large-scale reform of the welfare state's financing system. He created a minimum social assistance scheme, the RMI, which helped to alleviate poverty. Party leadership Rocard's poor relations with Mitterrand, notably during his mandate as Prime Minister, were notorious. In addition, the Socialists only held a small parliamentary majority. In 1991, when his popularity decreased, President Mitterrand forced him to resign. However, according to Mauroy, who led the party, Rocard stood as the "natural candidate" for the following presidential elections. After the 1993 electoral disaster, he became leader of the PS by advocating a political "big-bang", that was to say a questioning of the left/right divide. His speech did not have the desired effect. Rocard remained as leader of the Socialist Party for only one year, in part because of the PS's complete defeat during the 1994 European elections. The defeat was in part due to the success of the list of the Left Radicals Movement, which was covertly supported by President Mitterrand. Consequently, he was toppled by the left-wing of the party and lost his last chance to run for president the next year. Having lost his deputy's seat in 1993, he became Senator of Yvelines from 1995 to 1997. His supporters within the Socialist Party became allies of candidate Lionel Jospin, who was Prime Minister in 1997–2002, and then Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Member of European Parliament Rocard was a member of the European Parliament (1994–2009), and chaired the Committee on Development and Cooperation (1997–1999), the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (1999–2002) and the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education, the Media and Sport. Michel Rocard was known for his hostility for proposed directives to allow software patents in Europe, and has been an outspoken opponent of what he considers to be manoeuvres to force the decision on this issue. On the French political scene, Rocard presented himself as the political heir of Pierre Mendès-France, known for his moral rigour, and as the politician who "speaks the truth". After Mitterrand's death, he caused controversy when he said, about the former president, "he was not an honest man". An impersonator mocked him for his problems of elocution. In the run up to the presidential elections in 2007, Rocard called for an alliance between the Socialists and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) party of François Bayrou in an effort to defeat Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) candidate Nicolas Sarkozy. Ségolène Royal, the PS candidate, rejected any such compromise, lamenting that she was once again obliged to face obstacles from within her own party. Rocard also publicly admitted, after the election, having asked Ségolène Royal to step down in his favor in March 2007, one month before the first round of voting. Like other Socialist politicians, such as Jack Lang or Hubert Védrine, who accepted similar positions, Rocard accepted a post on the Committee on the re-evaluation of the teaching profession, which was placed under the "high authority" of Sarkozy's Minister of Education Xavier Darcos. Criticized by Medhi Ouraoui, national delegate of the PS, Rocard claimed it was a "democrat's duty" to participate in such Commissions and that he was "not concerned" by the "game of the President of the Republic political symbols". He furthermore explained that he had accepted to speak before the Gracques' spring university (a group of senior left-wing civil servants who advocated a centrist strategy) because political parties were not suited any more to serious reflexion. Finally, he again claimed that the (Marxist) SFIO had been created in 1905 on a fundamental "ambiguity", that of whether to accept or reject market economy. He remained active in European Union politics as late as June 2014, when he delivered his thoughts on the British on the 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings in Normandy. Rocard quoted Churchill's words about the "United States of Europe", issued a strong condemnation of the UK policy of the 40 years to that date, and begged for a European strongman, which he saw in Martin Schulz. He concluded by inviting the UK to leave. Rocard was also a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations. Political career Governmental functions Prime minister : 1988–1991 (Resignation). Minister of State, minister of Planning and Land Development : 1981–1983. Minister of Agriculture : 1983–1985 (Resignation). Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–2009 (Resignation). Elected in 1994, reelected in 1999, 2004. Senate of France Senator of Yvelines : 1995–1997 (Resignation). Elected in 1995. National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Yvelines (4th constituency) : 1969–1973 / 1978–1981 (Became minister in 1981) / 1986–1988 (Became Prime minister in 1988). Elected in 1969, reelected in 1978, 1981, 1986, 1988 Regional Council Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1978–1988 (Resignation). Elected in 1986. Municipal Council Mayor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine : 1977–1994. Reelected in 1983, 1989. Municipal councillor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine : 1977–2001. Reelected in 1983, 1989, 1995. Political functions First Secretary (leader) of the Socialist Party (France) : 1993–1994 (Resignation). Health and death In June 2007, Rocard was admitted to the Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India where doctors found he had a blood clot in the brain and was operated upon. He was discharged from the hospital on 10 July 2007. On 30 March 2012, Rocard was on a visit to Stockholm, Sweden to attend a meeting regarding the Arctic Council. During a break at noon, he became ill and was taken to the Karolinska University Hospital. Doctors decided later that day that Rocard should spend the night at the hospital's intensive-care medicine unit for observation. Rocard died on 2 July 2016 in Paris, at the age of 85. Bibliography Michel Rocard, Rapport sur les camps de regroupement et autres textes sur la guerre d'Algérie, Editions Mille et une nuits, 2003 (Report on regroupment camps and other texts on the Algerian War) Michel Rocard, Le Coeur à l'ouvrage, Odile Jacob, 1987 Michel Rocard, Entretiens, Paris, Flammarion, 2001 Ch. Piaget, Lip, Postface by Michel Rocard, Lutter Stock, 1973 Collective, Lip : affaire non-classée, Postface by Michel Rocard, Syros, 1975 References ^ David Wilsford, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 387-93 ^ "Michel Rocard, un homme moderne". Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021. ^ "Ils voulaient un patron, pas une coopérative ouvrière" Archived 22 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, interview with Rocard, 20 March 2007 (in French) ^ The History of France by Professor W Scott Haine ^ « Tout le monde se copie et c'est bien ainsi » Archived 18 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Freescape, 30 June 2003 (in French) ^ a b c d L'ouverture politique à gauche se poursuit avec Michel Rocard, Reuters, 29 August 2007 (13h22), mirrored by Le Monde (in French) ^ "A French message to Britain: get out of Europe before you wreck it" Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian. 6 June 2014 (reprint of 5 June column in Le Monde) ^ "Supporters". Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ Victime d'une hémorragie cérébrale, Michel Rocard se remet doucement Archived 14 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, 3 July 2007 (in French) ^ Dawod, Nivette (30 March 2012). "Rocard till sjukhus i Stockholm (Rocard to hospital in Stockholm) (Swedish)". Aftonbladet. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2012. ^ "File photo of the Karolinska hospital where former French PM Rocard has been hospitalized is seen in Stockholm". SRNnews.com. ^ "Michel Rocard hospitalisé après un malaise en Suède". Le Monde.fr. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019 – via Le Monde. ^ "French ex-PM Michel Rocard dies aged 85". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016. Further reading Schneider, R. Michel Rocard (Paris, 1987), in French. Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 387-93. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michel Rocard. Speech of Michel Rocard denouncing the methods of some who push for software patents in Europe (in French) Michel Rocard règle ses comptes avec le socialisme à la française (Le Monde) (in French) Political offices Preceded byFernand Icart Minister of Territorial Development 1981–1983 Succeeded byGaston Defferre Preceded byJean Lecanuet Minister of Planning 1981–1983 Preceded byÉdith Cresson Minister of Agriculture 1983–1985 Succeeded byHenri Nallet Preceded byJacques Chirac Prime Minister of France 1988–1991 Succeeded byÉdith Cresson Party political offices Preceded byLaurent Fabius First Secretary of the Socialist Party 1993–1994 Succeeded byHenri Emmanuelli vteHeads of government of FranceRestoration Talleyrand Richelieu Dessolles Decazes Richelieu Villèle Martignac Polignac July Monarchy V. de Broglie Laffitte Perier Soult Gérard Maret Mortier V. de Broglie Thiers Molé Soult Thiers Soult Guizot Molé Second Republic Dupont de l'Eure Arago Cavaignac Barrot Hautpoul Faucher Second Empire Ollivier Cousin-Montauban Government ofNational Defense Trochu Third Republic Dufaure A. de Broglie Cissey Buffet Dufaure Simon A. de Broglie Rochebouët Dufaure Waddington Freycinet Ferry Gambetta Freycinet Duclerc Fallières Ferry Brisson Freycinet Goblet Rouvier Floquet Tirard Freycinet Loubet Ribot Dupuy Casimir-Perier Dupuy Ribot Bourgeois Méline Brisson Dupuy Waldeck-Rousseau Combes Rouvier Sarrien Clemenceau Briand Monis Caillaux Poincaré Briand Barthou Doumergue Ribot Viviani Briand Ribot Painlevé Clemenceau Millerand Leygues Briand Poincaré François-Marsal Herriot Painlevé Briand Herriot Poincaré Briand Tardieu Chautemps Tardieu Steeg Laval Tardieu Herriot Paul-Boncour Daladier Sarraut Chautemps Daladier Doumergue Flandin Bouisson Laval Sarraut Blum Chautemps Blum Daladier Reynaud Pétain Vichy France Pétain Laval Flandin Darlan Laval ProvisionalGovernment De Gaulle Gouin Bidault Blum Fourth Republic Ramadier Schuman Marie Schuman Queuille Bidault Queuille Pleven Queuille Pleven Faure Pinay Mayer Laniel Mendès France Faure Mollet Bourgès-Maunoury Gaillard Pflimlin De Gaulle Fifth Republic De Gaulle Debré Pompidou Couve de Murville Chaban-Delmas Messmer Chirac Barre Mauroy Fabius Chirac Rocard Cresson Bérégovoy Balladur Juppé Jospin Raffarin Villepin Fillon Ayrault Valls Cazeneuve Philippe Castex Borne Attal Related Chief minister of France (pre-Revolution) Deputy Prime Minister (defunct) vteCandidates in the 1969 French presidential electionWinner Georges Pompidou (UDR) Lost in runoff Alain Poher (CD; acting incumbent) Other candidates Jacques Duclos (PCF) Gaston Defferre (SFIO) Michel Rocard (PSU) Louis Ducatel (miscellaneous left) Alain Krivine (LC) vteFrench Socialist PartyFirst Secretaries Alain Savary (1969–1971) François Mitterrand (1971–1981) Lionel Jospin (1981–1988) Pierre Mauroy (1988–1992) Laurent Fabius (1992–1993) Michel Rocard (1993–1994) Henri Emmanuelli (1994–1995) Lionel Jospin (1995–1997) François Hollande (1997–2008) Martine Aubry (2008–2012) Harlem Désir (2012–2014) Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (2014–2017) Rachid Temal (ad interim) Olivier Faure (2018–present) Prime Ministers Pierre Mauroy (1981–1984) Laurent Fabius (1984–1986) Michel Rocard (1988–1991) Édith Cresson (1991–1992) Pierre Bérégovoy (1992–1993) Lionel Jospin (1997–2002) Jean-Marc Ayrault (2012–2014) Manuel Valls (2014–2016) Bernard Cazeneuve (2016–2017) Presidential candidates François Mitterrand (1974, 1981, 1988) Lionel Jospin (1995, 2002) Ségolène Royal (2007) François Hollande (2012) Benoît Hamon (2017) Anne Hidalgo (2022) Presidential primaries 1995 2006 2011 2017 2021 Related articles French Section of the Workers' International Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance Convention of Republican Institutions Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs National congresses Alfortville Congress (May 1969) Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress (July 1969) Epinay Congress (1971) Grenoble Congress (1973) Pau Congress (1975) Nantes Congress (1977) Metz Congress (1979) Créteil Congress (January 1981) Valence Congress (October 1981) Bourg-en-Bresse Congress (1983) Toulouse Congress (1985) Lille Congress (1987) Rennes Congress (1990) Grande Arche Congress (1991) Bordeaux Congress (1992) Bourget Congress (1993) Liévin Congress (1994) Brest Congress (1997) Second Grenoble Congress (2000) Dijon Congress (2003) Le Mans Congress (2005) Reims Congress (2008) Second Toulouse Congress (2012) Poitiers Congress (2015) Aubervilliers Congress (2018) Villeurbanne Congress (2021) Marseille Congress (2023) Parliamentary groups National Assembly: Socialist group, associated Senate: Socialist and Republican Former factions Aubryists Desires for the Future New Socialist Party Royalists Socialist Left Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Sycomore Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"OQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[miʃɛl ʁɔkaʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"Revenu minimum d'insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenu_minimum_d%27insertion"},{"link_name":"Matignon Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1988)"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"Minister of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(France)"},{"link_name":"Xavier Darcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Darcos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Michel Rocard AC OQ (French: [miʃɛl ʁɔkaʁ]; 23 August 1930 – 2 July 2016) was a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party (PS). He served as Prime Minister under François Mitterrand from 1988 to 1991 during which he created the Revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI), a social minimum welfare program for indigents, and achieved the Matignon Accords regarding the status of New Caledonia. He was a member of the European Parliament, and was strongly involved in European policies until 2009. In 2007, he joined a Commission under the authority of Nicolas Sarkozy's Minister of Education, Xavier Darcos.[1]","title":"Michel Rocard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courbevoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courbevoie"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"nuclear physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"Yves Rocard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Rocard"},{"link_name":"Sciences Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po"},{"link_name":"French Section of the Workers' International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International"},{"link_name":"École nationale d'administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration"},{"link_name":"Inspection des finances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspection_des_finances"},{"link_name":"colonialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empires"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"Le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"France Observateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Observateur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rocard was born in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine, to a Protestant family. The son of nuclear physicist Yves Rocard, he entered politics as a student leader while he was studying at Sciences Po. He became chair of the French Socialist Students affiliated to the main French Socialist party at the time, the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), and studied at the École nationale d'administration (ENA), after which he chose to enter the prestigious Inspection des finances. As an anti-colonialist, he went to Algeria and wrote a report regarding the widely-ignored refugee camps of the Algerian War (1954–1962). The report was leaked to the newspapers Le Monde and France Observateur in April 1959, which almost cost Rocard his position.[citation needed]\nMichel Rocard was a certified glider pilot.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Mollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mollet"},{"link_name":"Unified Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"May 1968 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1968_in_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"auto-gestionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_self-management"},{"link_name":"1969 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines"},{"link_name":"Maurice Couve de Murville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville"},{"link_name":"LIP conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIP_factory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Having left the SFIO because of Guy Mollet's position towards the Algerian War, Rocard led the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU) from 1967 to 1974. He was a prominent figure during the May 1968 crisis,[citation needed] supporting the auto-gestionary project. He ran in the 1969 presidential election but obtained only 3.6% of the vote. Some months later, he was elected deputy for the Yvelines département, defeating the former Prime minister Maurice Couve de Murville. He lost his parliamentary seat in 1973, but retook it in 1978.In 1973–74, he participated in the LIP conflict, selling watches with the workers and participating, behind the scenes, in the attempts to find an employer who would take back the factory, which was on the verge of being liquidated.[3]","title":"Unified Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"French and Democratic Confederation of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_D%C3%A9mocratique_du_Travail"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Rocard16.JPG"},{"link_name":"Conflans-Sainte-Honorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflans-Sainte-Honorine"},{"link_name":"1978 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mauroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy"},{"link_name":"Metz Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz_Congress"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1981 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"state control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_ownership"},{"link_name":"social democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"nationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"110 Propositions for France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110_Propositions_for_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1974, he joined François Mitterrand and the renewed Socialist Party (PS), which had replaced the old SFIO. Most of the PSU members and a part of the French and Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT) trade union – the non-Marxist section of the left that Rocard famously defined as the \"Second Left\" – followed him.[citation needed]Michel Rocard, October 1981Elected mayor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine in 1977, he led the opposition to Mitterrand inside the Socialist Party (as a candidate of the right wing of the party). After the defeat of the left at the 1978 legislative election, he tried to take over the leadership of the party. In spite of his alliance with Pierre Mauroy, the number 2 of the PS, he lost at the Metz Congress (1979). As the Socialist Party's most popular politician at the time (including Mitterrand himself),[citation needed] he announced that he would run for president; but his \"Call of Conflans\" did not result in majority support within the PS, and he withdrew his candidacy. Mitterrand was the successful Socialist candidate in the 1981 presidential election.From the 1970s to the 1990s, Rocard's group inside the Socialist Party, known as \"les rocardiens\", advocated a re-alignment of French socialism through a clearer acceptance of the market economy, more decentralisation and less state control. It was largely influenced by Scandinavian social democracy, and stood in opposition to Mitterrand's initial agenda of nationalization, programmed in the 110 Propositions for France.[citation needed] Nonetheless, the \"rocardiens\" always remained a minority.","title":"Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Territorial Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Territorial_Development_(France)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Planning_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minister of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_(France)"},{"link_name":"proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"1988 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"May 1988 – May 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocard_Government"},{"link_name":"Matignon Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1988)"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"RMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenu_minimum_d%27insertion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"In government","text":"Under Mitterrand's first presidency, he was Minister of Territorial Development and Minister of Planning from 1981 to 1983 and Minister of Agriculture from 1983 to 1985. He resigned from the cabinet in due to his opposition to the introduction of the proportional system for the legislative elections. He hoped, in vain, that Mitterrand would not run for re-election so he could be the PS candidate in the 1988 presidential election.[citation needed]After Mitterrand's re-election, he was chosen as Prime Minister (May 1988 – May 1991). Indeed, Rocard was popular and his position, on the right wing of the PS, corresponded with the slogan of the electoral campaign, \"a United France.\" He formed a cabinet including 4 center-right ministers. As Prime Minister, he led the Matignon Accords regarding the status of New Caledonia, which ended the troubles in this overseas territory. His record in office also include a decrease in unemployment and a large-scale reform of the welfare state's financing system. He created a minimum social assistance scheme, the RMI, which helped to alleviate poverty.[4][page needed]","title":"Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1993 electoral disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"left/right divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-right_politics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1994 European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_France"},{"link_name":"Left Radicals Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Radical_Party"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lionel Jospin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin"},{"link_name":"Dominique Strauss-Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Party leadership","text":"Rocard's poor relations with Mitterrand, notably during his mandate as Prime Minister, were notorious.[citation needed] In addition, the Socialists only held a small parliamentary majority. In 1991, when his popularity decreased, President Mitterrand forced him to resign.[citation needed] However, according to Mauroy, who led the party, Rocard stood as the \"natural candidate\" for the following presidential elections.[citation needed] After the 1993 electoral disaster, he became leader of the PS by advocating a political \"big-bang\", that was to say a questioning of the left/right divide. His speech did not have the desired effect.[citation needed]Rocard remained as leader of the Socialist Party for only one year, in part because of the PS's complete defeat during the 1994 European elections. The defeat was in part due to the success of the list of the Left Radicals Movement, which was covertly supported by President Mitterrand. [citation needed] Consequently, he was toppled by the left-wing of the party and lost his last chance to run for president the next year. Having lost his deputy's seat in 1993, he became Senator of Yvelines from 1995 to 1997. His supporters within the Socialist Party became allies of candidate Lionel Jospin, who was Prime Minister in 1997–2002, and then Dominique Strauss-Kahn.[citation needed]","title":"Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Committee on Development and Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Development_and_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Committee on Employment and Social Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Employment_and_Social_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Committee on Culture, Youth, Education, the Media and Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Culture,_Youth,_Education,_the_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"proposed directives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_on_the_patentability_of_computer-implemented_inventions"},{"link_name":"software patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mendès-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s-France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"presidential elections in 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Union for French Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy"},{"link_name":"François Bayrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou"},{"link_name":"Union for a Popular Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"Ségolène Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jack Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lang_(French_politician)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Védrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine"},{"link_name":"Minister of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(France)"},{"link_name":"Xavier Darcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Darcos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OG-6"},{"link_name":"Medhi Ouraoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medhi_Ouraoui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OG-6"},{"link_name":"Gracques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracques"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OG-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OG-6"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Martin Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_the_Establishment_of_a_United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Member of European Parliament","text":"Rocard was a member of the European Parliament (1994–2009), and chaired the Committee on Development and Cooperation (1997–1999), the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (1999–2002) and the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education, the Media and Sport. Michel Rocard was known for his hostility for proposed directives to allow software patents in Europe, and has been an outspoken opponent of what he considers to be manoeuvres to force the decision on this issue.[5]On the French political scene, Rocard presented himself as the political heir of Pierre Mendès-France, known for his moral rigour, and as the politician who \"speaks the truth\". After Mitterrand's death, he caused controversy when he said, about the former president, \"he was not an honest man\". An impersonator mocked him for his problems of elocution.[citation needed] In the run up to the presidential elections in 2007, Rocard called for an alliance between the Socialists and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) party of François Bayrou in an effort to defeat Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) candidate Nicolas Sarkozy. Ségolène Royal, the PS candidate, rejected any such compromise, lamenting that she was once again obliged to face obstacles from within her own party. Rocard also publicly admitted, after the election, having asked Ségolène Royal to step down in his favor in March 2007, one month before the first round of voting.[citation needed]Like other Socialist politicians, such as Jack Lang or Hubert Védrine, who accepted similar positions, Rocard accepted a post on the Committee on the re-evaluation of the teaching profession, which was placed under the \"high authority\" of Sarkozy's Minister of Education Xavier Darcos.[6] Criticized by Medhi Ouraoui, national delegate of the PS, Rocard claimed it was a \"democrat's duty\" to participate in such Commissions and that he was \"not concerned\" by the \"game of the President of the Republic [consisting of making of such left-wing participations] political symbols\".[6] He furthermore explained that he had accepted to speak before the Gracques' spring university (a group of senior left-wing civil servants who advocated a centrist strategy) because political parties were not suited any more to serious reflexion.[6] Finally, he again claimed that the (Marxist) SFIO had been created in 1905 on a fundamental \"ambiguity\", that of whether to accept or reject market economy.[6]He remained active in European Union politics as late as June 2014, when he delivered his thoughts on the British on the 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings in Normandy. Rocard quoted Churchill's words about the \"United States of Europe\", issued a strong condemnation of the UK policy of the 40 years to that date, and begged for a European strongman, which he saw in Martin Schulz. He concluded by inviting the UK to leave.[7]Rocard was also a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations.[8]","title":"Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988–1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocard_Government"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France"},{"link_name":"Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)"},{"link_name":"Conflans-Sainte-Honorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflans-Sainte-Honorine"},{"link_name":"Conflans-Sainte-Honorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflans-Sainte-Honorine"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)"}],"text":"Governmental functionsPrime minister : 1988–1991 (Resignation).Minister of State, minister of Planning and Land Development : 1981–1983.Minister of Agriculture : 1983–1985 (Resignation).Electoral mandatesEuropean ParliamentMember of the European Parliament : 1994–2009 (Resignation). Elected in 1994, reelected in 1999, 2004.Senate of FranceSenator of Yvelines : 1995–1997 (Resignation). Elected in 1995.National Assembly of FranceMember of the National Assembly of France for Yvelines (4th constituency) : 1969–1973 / 1978–1981 (Became minister in 1981) / 1986–1988 (Became Prime minister in 1988). Elected in 1969, reelected in 1978, 1981, 1986, 1988Regional CouncilRegional councillor of Île-de-France : 1978–1988 (Resignation). Elected in 1986.Municipal CouncilMayor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine : 1977–1994. Reelected in 1983, 1989.Municipal councillor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine : 1977–2001. Reelected in 1983, 1989, 1995.Political functionsFirst Secretary (leader) of the Socialist Party (France) : 1993–1994 (Resignation).","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"blood clot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Arctic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Council"},{"link_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"intensive-care medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive-care_medicine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In June 2007, Rocard was admitted to the Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India where doctors found he had a blood clot in the brain and was operated upon. He was discharged from the hospital on 10 July 2007.[9]On 30 March 2012, Rocard was on a visit to Stockholm, Sweden to attend a meeting regarding the Arctic Council. During a break at noon, he became ill and was taken to the Karolinska University Hospital. Doctors decided later that day that Rocard should spend the night at the hospital's intensive-care medicine unit for observation.[10][11][12]Rocard died on 2 July 2016 in Paris, at the age of 85.[13]","title":"Health and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"camps de regroupement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France"},{"link_name":"guerre d'Algérie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"Editions Mille et une nuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_Mille_et_une_nuits"},{"link_name":"Odile Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odile_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Flammarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion"},{"link_name":"Lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_factory"}],"text":"Michel Rocard, Rapport sur les camps de regroupement et autres textes sur la guerre d'Algérie, Editions Mille et une nuits, 2003 (Report on regroupment camps and other texts on the Algerian War)\nMichel Rocard, Le Coeur à l'ouvrage, Odile Jacob, 1987\nMichel Rocard, Entretiens, Paris, Flammarion, 2001\nCh. Piaget, Lip, Postface by Michel Rocard, Lutter Stock, 1973\nCollective, Lip : affaire non-classée, Postface by Michel Rocard, Syros, 1975","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Schneider, R. Michel Rocard (Paris, 1987), in French.\nWilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 387-93.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Michel Rocard, October 1981","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Michel_Rocard16.JPG/220px-Michel_Rocard16.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Michel Rocard, un homme moderne\". Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/07/03/michel-rocard-un-homme-moderne_1463795/","url_text":"\"Michel Rocard, un homme moderne\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603123736/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/07/03/michel-rocard-un-homme-moderne_1463795/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Supporters\". Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=allhea&mapgroup=hea","url_text":"\"Supporters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124055113/http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=allhea&mapgroup=hea","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dawod, Nivette (30 March 2012). \"Rocard till sjukhus i Stockholm (Rocard to hospital in Stockholm) (Swedish)\". Aftonbladet. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article14610774.ab","url_text":"\"Rocard till sjukhus i Stockholm (Rocard to hospital in Stockholm) (Swedish)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018011315/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article14610774.ab","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"File photo of the Karolinska hospital where former French PM Rocard has been hospitalized is seen in Stockholm\". SRNnews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://srnnews.townhall.com/photos/view/health_care/1016/file_photo_of_the_karolinska_hospital_where_former_french_pm_rocard_has_been_hospitalized_is_seen_in_stockholm/ad868134-29a0-46e7-8bfc-70256f71b286/","url_text":"\"File photo of the Karolinska hospital where former French PM Rocard has been hospitalized is seen in Stockholm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michel Rocard hospitalisé après un malaise en Suède\". Le Monde.fr. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019 – via Le Monde.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/03/30/michel-rocard-victime-d-un-malaise-en-suede_1678417_823448.html","url_text":"\"Michel Rocard hospitalisé après un malaise en Suède\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121424/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/03/30/michel-rocard-victime-d-un-malaise-en-suede_1678417_823448.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"French ex-PM Michel Rocard dies aged 85\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36696214","url_text":"\"French ex-PM Michel Rocard dies aged 85\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160704083640/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36696214","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/07/03/michel-rocard-un-homme-moderne_1463795/","external_links_name":"\"Michel Rocard, un homme moderne\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603123736/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/07/03/michel-rocard-un-homme-moderne_1463795/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3476,36-885493,0.html","external_links_name":"\"Ils voulaient un patron, pas une coopérative 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Petersen_graph	Generalized Petersen graph	["1 Definition and notation","2 Examples","3 Properties","3.1 Isomorphisms","3.2 Girth","3.3 Chromatic number and chromatic index","3.4 Perfect Colorings","4 References"]	Family of cubic graphs formed from regular and star polygons The Dürer graph G(6, 2). In graph theory, the generalized Petersen graphs are a family of cubic graphs formed by connecting the vertices of a regular polygon to the corresponding vertices of a star polygon. They include the Petersen graph and generalize one of the ways of constructing the Petersen graph. The generalized Petersen graph family was introduced in 1950 by H. S. M. Coxeter and was given its name in 1969 by Mark Watkins. Definition and notation In Watkins' notation, G(n, k) is a graph with vertex set { u 0 , u 1 , … , u n − 1 , v 0 , v 1 , … , v n − 1 } {\displaystyle \{u_{0},u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n-1},v_{0},v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n-1}\}} and edge set { u i u i + 1 , u i v i , v i v i + k ∣ 0 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 } {\displaystyle \{u_{i}u_{i+1},u_{i}v_{i},v_{i}v_{i+k}\mid 0\leq i\leq n-1\}} where subscripts are to be read modulo n and k < n/2. Some authors use the notation GPG(n, k). Coxeter's notation for the same graph would be {n} + {n/k}, a combination of the Schläfli symbols for the regular n-gon and star polygon from which the graph is formed. The Petersen graph itself is G(5, 2) or {5} + {5/2}. Any generalized Petersen graph can also be constructed from a voltage graph with two vertices, two self-loops, and one other edge. Examples Among the generalized Petersen graphs are the n-prism G(n, 1), the Dürer graph G(6, 2), the Möbius-Kantor graph G(8, 3), the dodecahedron G(10, 2), the Desargues graph G(10, 3) and the Nauru graph G(12, 5). Four generalized Petersen graphs – the 3-prism, the 5-prism, the Dürer graph, and G(7, 2) – are among the seven graphs that are cubic, 3-vertex-connected, and well-covered (meaning that all of their maximal independent sets have equal size). Properties One of the three Hamiltonian cycles in G(9, 2). The other two Hamiltonian cycles in the same graph are symmetric under 40° rotations of the drawing. This family of graphs possesses a number of interesting properties. For example: G(n, k) is vertex-transitive (meaning that it has symmetries that take any vertex to any other vertex) if and only if (n, k) = (10, 2) or k2 ≡ ±1 (mod n). G(n, k) is edge-transitive (having symmetries that take any edge to any other edge) only in the following seven cases: (n, k) = (4, 1), (5, 2), (8, 3), (10, 2), (10, 3), (12, 5), (24, 5). These seven graphs are therefore the only symmetric generalized Petersen graphs. G(n, k) is bipartite if and only if n is even and k is odd. G(n, k) is a Cayley graph if and only if k2 ≡ 1 (mod n). G(n, k) is hypohamiltonian when n is congruent to 5 modulo 6 and k = 2, n − 2, or (n ± 1)/2 (these four choices of k lead to isomorphic graphs). It is also non-Hamiltonian when n is divisible by 4, at least equal to 8, and k = n/2. In all other cases it has a Hamiltonian cycle. When n is congruent to 3 modulo 6 G(n, 2) has exactly three Hamiltonian cycles. For G(n, 2), the number of Hamiltonian cycles can be computed by a formula that depends on the congruence class of n modulo 6 and involves the Fibonacci numbers. Every generalized Petersen graph is a unit distance graph. Isomorphisms G(n, k) is isomorphic to G(n, l) if and only if k=l or kl ≡ ±1 (mod n). Girth The girth of G(n, k) is at least 3 and at most 8, in particular: g ( G ( n , k ) ) ≤ min { 8 , k + 3 , n gcd ( n , k ) } . {\displaystyle g(G(n,k))\leq \min \left\{8,k+3,{\frac {n}{\gcd(n,k)}}\right\}.} A table with exact girth values: Condition Girth n = 3 k {\displaystyle n=3k} 3 n = 4 k {\displaystyle n=4k} 4 k = 1 {\displaystyle k=1} n = 5 k {\displaystyle n=5k} 5 n = 5 k / 2 {\displaystyle n=5k/2} k = 2 {\displaystyle k=2} n = 6 k {\displaystyle n=6k} 6 k = 3 {\displaystyle k=3} n = 2 k + 2 {\displaystyle n=2k+2} n = 7 k {\displaystyle n=7k} 7 n = 7 k / 2 {\displaystyle n=7k/2} n = 7 k / 3 {\displaystyle n=7k/3} k = 4 {\displaystyle k=4} n = 2 k + 3 {\displaystyle n=2k+3} n = 3 k ± 2 {\displaystyle n=3k\pm 2} otherwise 8 Chromatic number and chromatic index Generalized Petersen graphs are regular graphs of degree three, so according to Brooks' theorem their chromatic number can only be two or three. More exactly: χ ( G ( n , k ) ) = { 2 2 ∣ n ∧ 2 ∤ k 3 2 ∤ n ∨ 2 ∣ k {\displaystyle \chi (G(n,k))={\begin{cases}2&2\mid n\land 2\nmid k\\3&2\nmid n\lor 2\mid k\\\end{cases}}} Where ∧ {\displaystyle \land } denotes the logical AND, while ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } the logical OR. Here, ∣ {\displaystyle \mid } denotes divisibility, and ∤ {\displaystyle \nmid } denotes its negation. For example, the chromatic number of G ( 5 , 2 ) {\displaystyle G(5,2)} is 3. A 3-coloring of the Petersen graph or G ( 5 , 2 ) {\displaystyle G(5,2)} A 2-coloring of the Desargues graph or G ( 10 , 3 ) {\displaystyle G(10,3)} A 3-coloring of the Dürer graph or G ( 6 , 2 ) {\displaystyle G(6,2)} The Petersen graph, being a snark, has a chromatic index of 4: its edges require four colors. All other generalized Petersen graphs have chromatic index 3. These are the only possibilities, by Vizing's theorem. The generalized Petersen graph G(9, 2) is one of the few graphs known to have only one 3-edge-coloring. A 4-edge-coloring of the Petersen graph or G ( 5 , 2 ) {\displaystyle G(5,2)} A 3-edge-coloring of the Dürer graph or G ( 6 , 2 ) {\displaystyle G(6,2)} A 3-edge-coloring of the dodecahedron or G ( 10 , 2 ) {\displaystyle G(10,2)} A 3-edge-coloring of the Desargues graph or G ( 10 , 3 ) {\displaystyle G(10,3)} A 3-edge-coloring of the Nauru graph or G ( 12 , 5 ) {\displaystyle G(12,5)} The Petersen graph itself is the only generalized Petersen graph that is not 3-edge-colorable. Perfect Colorings All admissible matrices of all perfect 2-colorings of the graphs G(n, 2) and G(n, 3) are enumerated. Admissible matrices G(n, 2) G(n, 3) [ 2 1 1 2 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&1\\1&2\end{bmatrix}}} All graphs All graphs [ 2 1 2 1 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&1\\2&1\end{bmatrix}}} Just G(3m, 2) No graphs [ 1 2 2 1 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\2&1\end{bmatrix}}} No graphs Just G(2m,3) [ 0 3 1 2 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&3\\1&2\end{bmatrix}}} No graphs Just G(4m,3) [ 0 3 2 1 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&3\\2&1\end{bmatrix}}} Just G(5m,2) Just G(5m,3) [ 0 3 3 0 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&3\\3&0\end{bmatrix}}} No graphs Just G(2m,3) References ^ Coxeter, H. S. M. (1950), "Self-dual configurations and regular graphs", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 56 (5): 413–455, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1950-09407-5. ^ Watkins, Mark E. (1969), "A Theorem on Tait Colorings with an Application to the Generalized Petersen Graphs", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, 6 (2): 152–164, doi:10.1016/S0021-9800(69)80116-X. ^ Gross, Jonathan L.; Tucker, Thomas W. (1987), Topological Graph Theory, New York: Wiley. Example 2.1.2, p.58. ^ Campbell, S. R.; Ellingham, M. N.; Royle, Gordon F. (1993), "A characterisation of well-covered cubic graphs", Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing, 13: 193–212, MR 1220613. ^ Frucht, R.; Graver, J. E.; Watkins, M. E. (1971), "The groups of the generalized Petersen graphs", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 70 (2): 211–218, doi:10.1017/S0305004100049811. ^ Alspach, B. R. (1983), "The classification of Hamiltonian generalized Petersen graphs", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 34 (3): 293–312, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(83)90042-4, MR 0714452. ^ Thomason, Andrew (1982), "Cubic graphs with three Hamiltonian cycles are not always uniquely edge colorable", Journal of Graph Theory, 6 (2): 219–221, doi:10.1002/jgt.3190060218. ^ Schwenk, Allen J. (1989), "Enumeration of Hamiltonian cycles in certain generalized Petersen graphs", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 47 (1): 53–59, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(89)90064-6, MR 1007713. ^ Žitnik, Arjana; Horvat, Boris; Pisanski, Tomaž (2010), All generalized Petersen graphs are unit-distance graphs (PDF), IMFM preprints, vol. 1109, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-24, retrieved 2017-04-07. ^ Steimle, Alice; Staton, William (2009), "The isomorphism classes of the generalized Petersen graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 309 (1): 231–237, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2007.12.074 ^ Ferrero, Daniela; Hanusch, Sarah (2014), "Component connectivity of generalized Petersen graphs" (PDF), International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 91 (9): 1940–1963, doi:10.1080/00207160.2013.878023, ISSN 0020-7160, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-20, retrieved 2018-10-20 ^ Castagna, Frank; Prins, Geert Caleb Ernst (1972), "Every generalized Petersen graph has a Tait coloring", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 40 (1): 53–58, doi:10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53, ISSN 0030-8730, MR 0304223, Zbl 0236.05106 ^ Bollobás, Béla (2004), Extremal Graph Theory, Dover, p. 233. Reprint of 1978 Academic Press edition. ^ Castagna, Frank; Prins, Geert (1972), "Every Generalized Petersen Graph has a Tait Coloring", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 40: 53–58, doi:10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53. ^ Karami, Hamed (2022), "Perfect 2-colorings of the generalized Petersen graph GP(n,3)", Electronic Journal of Graph Theory and Applications, 10: 239–245, arXiv:2009.07120, doi:10.5614/ejgta.2022.10.1.16.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer_graph.svg"},{"link_name":"Dürer graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrer_graph"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"cubic graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_graph"},{"link_name":"regular polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon"},{"link_name":"star polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_polygon"},{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"},{"link_name":"H. S. M. Coxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._S._M._Coxeter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Dürer graph G(6, 2).In graph theory, the generalized Petersen graphs are a family of cubic graphs formed by connecting the vertices of a regular polygon to the corresponding vertices of a star polygon. They include the Petersen graph and generalize one of the ways of constructing the Petersen graph. The generalized Petersen graph family was introduced in 1950 by H. S. M. Coxeter[1] and was given its name in 1969 by Mark Watkins.[2]","title":"Generalized Petersen graph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schläfli symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"},{"link_name":"regular n-gon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon"},{"link_name":"star polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_polygon"},{"link_name":"voltage graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_graph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In Watkins' notation, G(n, k) is a graph with vertex set{\n \n u\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n u\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n u\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{u_{0},u_{1},\\ldots ,u_{n-1},v_{0},v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n-1}\\}}and edge set{\n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n +\n k\n \n \n ∣\n 0\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n n\n −\n 1\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{u_{i}u_{i+1},u_{i}v_{i},v_{i}v_{i+k}\\mid 0\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}}where subscripts are to be read modulo n and k < n/2. Some authors use the notation GPG(n, k). Coxeter's notation for the same graph would be {n} + {n/k}, a combination of the Schläfli symbols for the regular n-gon and star polygon from which the graph is formed. The Petersen graph itself is G(5, 2) or {5} + {5/2}.Any generalized Petersen graph can also be constructed from a voltage graph with two vertices, two self-loops, and one other edge.[3]","title":"Definition and notation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dürer graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrer_graph"},{"link_name":"Möbius-Kantor graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius-Kantor_graph"},{"link_name":"dodecahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_dodecahedron"},{"link_name":"Desargues graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desargues_graph"},{"link_name":"Nauru graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru_graph"},{"link_name":"cubic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_graph"},{"link_name":"3-vertex-connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-vertex-connected_graph"},{"link_name":"well-covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-covered_graph"},{"link_name":"maximal independent sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_independent_set"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Among the generalized Petersen graphs are the n-prism G(n, 1), the Dürer graph G(6, 2), the Möbius-Kantor graph G(8, 3), the dodecahedron G(10, 2), the Desargues graph G(10, 3) and the Nauru graph G(12, 5).Four generalized Petersen graphs – the 3-prism, the 5-prism, the Dürer graph, and G(7, 2) – are among the seven graphs that are cubic, 3-vertex-connected, and well-covered (meaning that all of their maximal independent sets have equal size).[4]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generalized_Petersen_9_2_Hamiltonicity.svg"},{"link_name":"vertex-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"edge-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"symmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_graph"},{"link_name":"bipartite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_graph"},{"link_name":"Cayley graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_graph"},{"link_name":"hypohamiltonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypohamiltonian_graph"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_graph"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_cycle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"unit distance graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_distance_graph"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"One of the three Hamiltonian cycles in G(9, 2). The other two Hamiltonian cycles in the same graph are symmetric under 40° rotations of the drawing.This family of graphs possesses a number of interesting properties. For example:G(n, k) is vertex-transitive (meaning that it has symmetries that take any vertex to any other vertex) if and only if (n, k) = (10, 2) or k2 ≡ ±1 (mod n).\nG(n, k) is edge-transitive (having symmetries that take any edge to any other edge) only in the following seven cases: (n, k) = (4, 1), (5, 2), (8, 3), (10, 2), (10, 3), (12, 5), (24, 5).[5] These seven graphs are therefore the only symmetric generalized Petersen graphs.\nG(n, k) is bipartite if and only if n is even and k is odd.\nG(n, k) is a Cayley graph if and only if k2 ≡ 1 (mod n).\nG(n, k) is hypohamiltonian when n is congruent to 5 modulo 6 and k = 2, n − 2, or (n ± 1)/2 (these four choices of k lead to isomorphic graphs). It is also non-Hamiltonian when n is divisible by 4, at least equal to 8, and k = n/2. In all other cases it has a Hamiltonian cycle.[6] When n is congruent to 3 modulo 6 G(n, 2) has exactly three Hamiltonian cycles.[7] For G(n, 2), the number of Hamiltonian cycles can be computed by a formula that depends on the congruence class of n modulo 6 and involves the Fibonacci numbers.[8]\nEvery generalized Petersen graph is a unit distance graph.[9]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Isomorphisms","text":"G(n, k) is isomorphic to G(n, l) if and only if k=l or kl ≡ ±1 (mod n).[10]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"girth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girth_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FH-11"}],"sub_title":"Girth","text":"The girth of G(n, k) is at least 3 and at most 8, in particular:[11]g\n (\n G\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n )\n ≤\n min\n \n {\n \n 8\n ,\n k\n +\n 3\n ,\n \n \n n\n \n gcd\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(G(n,k))\\leq \\min \\left\\{8,k+3,{\\frac {n}{\\gcd(n,k)}}\\right\\}.}A table with exact girth values:","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regular graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_graph"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"Brooks' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%27_theorem"},{"link_name":"AND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petersen_graph_3-coloring.svg"},{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desargues_graph_2COL.svg"},{"link_name":"Desargues graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desargues_graph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer_graph_3COL.svg"},{"link_name":"Dürer graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrer_graph"},{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"},{"link_name":"snark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snark_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"chromatic index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_index"},{"link_name":"Vizing's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizing%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"only one 3-edge-coloring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniquely_colorable_graph#Unique_edge_colorability"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PetersenBarveniHran.svg"},{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer_graph_3color_edge.svg"},{"link_name":"Dürer graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrer_graph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-colored_dodecahedron.svg"},{"link_name":"dodecahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecahedron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desargues_graph_3color_edge.svg"},{"link_name":"Desargues graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desargues_graph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symmetric_group_4;_Cayley_graph_1,5,21_(Nauru_Petersen);_matrices.svg"},{"link_name":"Nauru graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru_graph"},{"link_name":"edge-colorable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_coloring"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Chromatic number and chromatic index","text":"Generalized Petersen graphs are regular graphs of degree three, so according to Brooks' theorem their chromatic number can only be two or three. More exactly:χ\n (\n G\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n ∣\n n\n ∧\n 2\n ∤\n k\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n 2\n ∤\n n\n ∨\n 2\n ∣\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (G(n,k))={\\begin{cases}2&2\\mid n\\land 2\\nmid k\\\\3&2\\nmid n\\lor 2\\mid k\\\\\\end{cases}}}Where \n \n \n \n ∧\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\land }\n \n denotes the logical AND, while \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n the logical OR. Here, \n \n \n \n ∣\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mid }\n \n denotes divisibility, and \n \n \n \n ∤\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nmid }\n \n denotes its negation. For example, the chromatic number of \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 5\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(5,2)}\n \n is 3.A 3-coloring of the Petersen graph or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 5\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(5,2)}\n \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 2-coloring of the Desargues graph or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 10\n ,\n 3\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(10,3)}\n \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 3-coloring of the Dürer graph or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 6\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(6,2)}The Petersen graph, being a snark, has a chromatic index of 4: its edges require four colors. All other generalized Petersen graphs have chromatic index 3. These are the only possibilities, by Vizing's theorem.[12]The generalized Petersen graph G(9, 2) is one of the few graphs known to have only one 3-edge-coloring.[13]A 4-edge-coloring of the Petersen graph or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 5\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(5,2)}\n \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 3-edge-coloring of the Dürer graph or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 6\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(6,2)}\n \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 3-edge-coloring of the dodecahedron or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 10\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(10,2)}\n \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 3-edge-coloring of the Desargues graph or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 10\n ,\n 3\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(10,3)}\n \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 3-edge-coloring of the Nauru graph or \n \n \n \n G\n (\n 12\n ,\n 5\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(12,5)}The Petersen graph itself is the only generalized Petersen graph that is not 3-edge-colorable.[14]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Perfect Colorings","text":"All admissible matrices of all perfect 2-colorings of the graphs G(n, 2) and G(n, 3) are enumerated.[15]","title":"Properties"}]	[{"image_text":"The Dürer graph G(6, 2).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/D%C3%BCrer_graph.svg/220px-D%C3%BCrer_graph.svg.png"},{"image_text":"One of the three Hamiltonian cycles in G(9, 2). The other two Hamiltonian cycles in the same graph are symmetric under 40° rotations of the drawing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Generalized_Petersen_9_2_Hamiltonicity.svg/220px-Generalized_Petersen_9_2_Hamiltonicity.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Coxeter, H. S. M. (1950), \"Self-dual configurations and regular graphs\", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 56 (5): 413–455, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1950-09407-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter","url_text":"Coxeter, H. S. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1950-09407-5","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1950-09407-5"}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Mark E. (1969), \"A Theorem on Tait Colorings with an Application to the Generalized Petersen Graphs\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, 6 (2): 152–164, doi:10.1016/S0021-9800(69)80116-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Combinatorial_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Combinatorial Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9800%2869%2980116-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9800(69)80116-X"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jonathan L.; Tucker, Thomas W. (1987), Topological Graph Theory, New York: Wiley","urls":[]},{"reference":"Campbell, S. R.; Ellingham, M. N.; Royle, Gordon F. (1993), \"A characterisation of well-covered cubic graphs\", Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing, 13: 193–212, MR 1220613","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ellingham","url_text":"Ellingham, M. N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Royle","url_text":"Royle, Gordon F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1220613","url_text":"1220613"}]},{"reference":"Frucht, R.; Graver, J. E.; Watkins, M. E. (1971), \"The groups of the generalized Petersen graphs\", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 70 (2): 211–218, doi:10.1017/S0305004100049811","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Frucht","url_text":"Frucht, R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100049811","url_text":"10.1017/S0305004100049811"}]},{"reference":"Alspach, B. R. (1983), \"The classification of Hamiltonian generalized Petersen graphs\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 34 (3): 293–312, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(83)90042-4, MR 0714452","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Alspach","url_text":"Alspach, B. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Combinatorial_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Combinatorial Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0095-8956%2883%2990042-4","url_text":"10.1016/0095-8956(83)90042-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0714452","url_text":"0714452"}]},{"reference":"Thomason, Andrew (1982), \"Cubic graphs with three Hamiltonian cycles are not always uniquely edge colorable\", Journal of Graph Theory, 6 (2): 219–221, doi:10.1002/jgt.3190060218","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Graph_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Graph Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgt.3190060218","url_text":"10.1002/jgt.3190060218"}]},{"reference":"Schwenk, Allen J. (1989), \"Enumeration of Hamiltonian cycles in certain generalized Petersen graphs\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 47 (1): 53–59, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(89)90064-6, MR 1007713","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Combinatorial_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Combinatorial Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0095-8956%2889%2990064-6","url_text":"10.1016/0095-8956(89)90064-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1007713","url_text":"1007713"}]},{"reference":"Žitnik, Arjana; Horvat, Boris; Pisanski, Tomaž (2010), All generalized Petersen graphs are unit-distance graphs (PDF), IMFM preprints, vol. 1109, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-24, retrieved 2017-04-07","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma%C5%BE_Pisanski","url_text":"Pisanski, Tomaž"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180724094410/http://preprinti.imfm.si/PDF/01109.pdf","url_text":"All generalized Petersen graphs are unit-distance graphs"},{"url":"http://preprinti.imfm.si/PDF/01109.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steimle, Alice; Staton, William (2009), \"The isomorphism classes of the generalized Petersen graphs\", Discrete Mathematics, 309 (1): 231–237, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2007.12.074","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Mathematics_(journal)","url_text":"Discrete Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disc.2007.12.074","url_text":"10.1016/j.disc.2007.12.074"}]},{"reference":"Ferrero, Daniela; Hanusch, Sarah (2014), \"Component connectivity of generalized Petersen graphs\" (PDF), International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 91 (9): 1940–1963, doi:10.1080/00207160.2013.878023, ISSN 0020-7160, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-20, retrieved 2018-10-20","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181020182041/http://danielaferrero.wp.txstate.edu/files/2015/03/Component-connectivity-generalized-Petersen-graphs.pdf","url_text":"\"Component connectivity of generalized Petersen graphs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207160.2013.878023","url_text":"10.1080/00207160.2013.878023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7160","url_text":"0020-7160"},{"url":"http://danielaferrero.wp.txstate.edu/files/2015/03/Component-connectivity-generalized-Petersen-graphs.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Castagna, Frank; Prins, Geert Caleb Ernst (1972), \"Every generalized Petersen graph has a Tait coloring\", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 40 (1): 53–58, doi:10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53, ISSN 0030-8730, MR 0304223, Zbl 0236.05106","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2140%2Fpjm.1972.40.53","url_text":"10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8730","url_text":"0030-8730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0304223","url_text":"0304223"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0236.05106","url_text":"0236.05106"}]},{"reference":"Bollobás, Béla (2004), Extremal Graph Theory, Dover, p. 233","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bollob%C3%A1s","url_text":"Bollobás, Béla"}]},{"reference":"Castagna, Frank; Prins, Geert (1972), \"Every Generalized Petersen Graph has a Tait Coloring\", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 40: 53–58, doi:10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Journal_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Pacific Journal of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2140%2Fpjm.1972.40.53","url_text":"10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53"}]},{"reference":"Karami, Hamed (2022), \"Perfect 2-colorings of the generalized Petersen graph GP(n,3)\", Electronic Journal of Graph Theory and Applications, 10: 239–245, arXiv:2009.07120, doi:10.5614/ejgta.2022.10.1.16","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07120","url_text":"2009.07120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5614%2Fejgta.2022.10.1.16","url_text":"10.5614/ejgta.2022.10.1.16"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1950-09407-5","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1950-09407-5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9800%2869%2980116-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0021-9800(69)80116-X"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1220613","external_links_name":"1220613"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100049811","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0305004100049811"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0095-8956%2883%2990042-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/0095-8956(83)90042-4"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0714452","external_links_name":"0714452"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgt.3190060218","external_links_name":"10.1002/jgt.3190060218"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0095-8956%2889%2990064-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/0095-8956(89)90064-6"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1007713","external_links_name":"1007713"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180724094410/http://preprinti.imfm.si/PDF/01109.pdf","external_links_name":"All generalized Petersen graphs are unit-distance graphs"},{"Link":"http://preprinti.imfm.si/PDF/01109.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disc.2007.12.074","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.disc.2007.12.074"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181020182041/http://danielaferrero.wp.txstate.edu/files/2015/03/Component-connectivity-generalized-Petersen-graphs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Component connectivity of generalized Petersen graphs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207160.2013.878023","external_links_name":"10.1080/00207160.2013.878023"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7160","external_links_name":"0020-7160"},{"Link":"http://danielaferrero.wp.txstate.edu/files/2015/03/Component-connectivity-generalized-Petersen-graphs.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2140%2Fpjm.1972.40.53","external_links_name":"10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8730","external_links_name":"0030-8730"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0304223","external_links_name":"0304223"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0236.05106","external_links_name":"0236.05106"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2140%2Fpjm.1972.40.53","external_links_name":"10.2140/pjm.1972.40.53"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07120","external_links_name":"2009.07120"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5614%2Fejgta.2022.10.1.16","external_links_name":"10.5614/ejgta.2022.10.1.16"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May7ven	May7ven	["1 Life","2 Early life","3 1997–2020: Songwriting and backing vocals","4 Performances","5 Present","6 Tour history","7 TV presenting","8 Awards and nominations","9 References","10 External links"]	Nigerian singer and songwriter This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments, a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. (August 2018) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "May7ven" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) May7venBirth nameMay OdegbamiBornIbadan, NigeriaGenresAfrobeats, pop, hip hop, funkOccupation(s)Singer, songwriter, dancer model, producer, entrepreneur & DeveloperInstrument(s)Singing, drumsYears active2000 – presentLabelsBest Entertainment (2004–2009)Skata Records/ABM (2010-2012)M7 Music GroupWebsitewww.may7ven.co.ukMusical artist May Odegbami Listenⓘ, known professionally as May7ven, is a Nigerian-born singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, actress, model and entrepreneur. Life May7ven was born in Ibadan, Nigeria. Her father is the former footballer Segun Odegbami. She debuted in 2008 in the UK with single Hands Up, which she co-wrote with songwriter and producer Aeon 'Step' Manahan. In May 2009 Take off my clothes/Bo Aso La Ra Mi, released under her own label Best entertainment, produced and co-written by Aeon Manahan and May7ven was released in the UK and Nigeria. The single included remixes by Colin Emmanuel and pioneer musik. The video was directed by Ben Peters and produced by Luti Media. May7ven renowned for her acrobatic African dance displays, street dance, tap infused with traditional Nigerian dance steps. Her 2009 video for single "Bo Aso La Ra mi" charted no.5 Nigerian Charts Nigeezy and Ben TV for 20 weeks, Music Africa, Hip on TV, Soundcity Top 10 for 12 weeks and Top 10 MTV Base UK, Europe and Africa, Channel AKA for six weeks. In February 2009, May7ven teamed up with DJ Abrantee as her tour DJ in Nigeria and the UK. In April 2009, May7ven signed to African Mobile Giants Globalcom as an ambassador and embarked on an 18 city tour for six months. May7ven performed for the president of Nigeria at Aso Rock in Abuja August 2009. May7ven won her 1st award at the NMVA (Nigerian Music Video Award 2009) for Best Video in Europe and the 1st female to win that category. She secured endorsements with Guinness, ExxonMobil, Zain, Nigerian Bureaus and Nigerian Law Bar Association. In 2012, May7ven released 'TEN TEN' under Skata Records, and 'Hey Mr' in 2013 under M7 Music Group. Both Singles were Playlisted on Choice FM, now known as Capital Xtra for six weeks and received heavy rotation across multiple UK radio stations. On 7 May 2014, May7ven release single 'Werk' which was awarded Best UK Afrobeats Promotional Single at the Screen Nations Awards and single 'What Ur Feeling' both produced by TY Mix. Early life May7ven was born in Ibadan, Nigeria to one of Nigeria's greatest footballing & sports legends, Chief Segun Odegbami, and a Nigerian mother, Jumoke Tejumola, an accountant and ex-athlete. She attended Bodija International School before relocating to the UK at the age of six with her mother, her brother Junior Odegbami and sister Funmi Odegbami CEO of MINK Cosmetics LLP. May7ven has other siblings, Tolu Odegbami, Steven Odegbami, Mo Odegbami and Tito Odegbami who live in Nigeria with their mothers. During her adolescence, May studied Music, Sound Engineering, Building surveying and Architecture. She joined her church choir when she was 10 and started teaching street dance at her local community centre in Kensal Green age 14. She landed her first job as an estate agent and property developer at age 17 whilst pursuing a studies and music career. 1997–2020: Songwriting and backing vocals At age 15, May7ven started as a songwriting and backing singer. In 1997 provided backing vocals for Phoebe One, Wayne Marshall, Ebony, LLoydie Crucial and KRS1. May7ven provided backing vocals on three tracks of RnB Singer Jamelia's 2000 debut Album Drama on tracks 'Money', 'One Fine day' and 'Bout it' feat. Rah Digga produced by Colin Emmanuel. She later went on to work with, tour and supported Blu Cantrell, Beverley Knight, Mary J Blige, Angie Stone Stevie Brookstein. Akon, Joe Thomas plus others. In summer of 2008 May7ven performed for the Jacksons Jacksons Marlon Jackson at the La Campaign Tropicana in Lekke, Nigeria. In 2009, May7ven was commissioned to write and produce several programmes and theme music for TV and films including the 1st Eko Awards, Abuja Festival, The 1st Annual Gospel Music Awards UK 2009. In 2010 May7ven created, produced and co directed The DJ Abrantee Show on Sky TV with Rex chosen as the Director. In 2011 May7ven teamed with producer Antoine Stone to complete works on her album which included recording an Afrobeats single "Ten Ten" released in May 2012. In 2012, May7ven created the platform "Search for an Afrobeats Superstar" which became a TV show in Africa and UK in 2014. In 2014, May7ven created the Afrobeats News on Capital Xtra and hired Beat FM's top presented Toolz to anchor during DJ Abrantee's Afrobeats Radio Show. In 2018 May7ven started working with Music producer Silverston on new music. Performances 2008 performed in New York venue Sugar Bar owned by Mowtown singers Ashford & Simpson, Opened up for Grandmaster Flash at the Ingenuity Festival in Cleveland Ohio to various performances in London. May7ven also performed at the 1st 'Koko Concert' by Dbanj and the Mo Hits at Indigo2 held at the O2 arena in London. This concert consisted of African star D'Banj, Don Jazzy and the rest of the Mo Hits squad with May7ven as the only female artist. In Oct 2009 May7ven headlined 5 Nigerian Independence Day concerts over a 2-day period in London & Dublin. In 2009 May7ven headlined her first show in Sweden's Fryshusset performing to over 4000 students and at The Sound Factory, Street Soul TV in Germany and sang the National Anthem of Nigeria Opening the Shell World Cup Football tournaments to over 40,000 spectators in Lagos. An hour Special on May7ven was broadcast on The Bisi Olatilo's Show ON 7TH May 2009 . In March 2011 May7ven performed on the IDOLS WEST AFRICA Live show in Nigeria where she debuted her 3rd single "Number". In June 2011 May7ven Joined Ginuwine and J.holiday to perform at The O2 Arena where she introduced single "Number". In August 2011 May7ven performed in the 1st UK Afrobeats Festival being the only female artist on the bill along with Wizkid, P-Square and Ice Prince to over 5000 spectators, including Akon, Mobo founder Kanya King, Tim Westwood and more. In October 2011 May7ven performed at the MTN 10th-anniversary show in Lagos. In January 2012 May7ven performs a new to be released single "Ten Ten" at the Afrobeats Sunday event at IndigO2 with Iceprince, Hosted by DJ Abrantee. In 2016 May7ven headlined the Afrobeats Music Festival at Indigo At The O2. May7ven set up a number of charities for children including TMACC (The Mathematical African Children's Charity) and is also a part of the International Sports & Music Academy in Wasinmi, Nigeria (her ancestral home) owned by her father Segun Odegbami. May7ven is also the Co-founder of SistasUnite Charity for women and children founded in April 2014. In April 2018 May7ven co-founded The Abrantee Boateng Foundation. Present In March 2016, May7ven released new single entitled 'Better days' under M7 Music Group accompanied by an animated video tackling mental health amongst young people. In 2014 May7ven and her father produced the first 'May7ven Home Coming'in Abeokuta, Nigeria headlined by May7ven featuring special guests, Seyi Seyi, Sound Sultan, Mr 2kay, Jimmy Jatt and many more at the 10,000 capacity Abeokuta Centre. In May 2014 May7ven executively produced a charity single 'SISTAS UNITE' in support of the Bringbackourgirls campaign in Nigeria. She signed UK producer Mictizzlebeats and Daniel Sync and lined up 14 African female artists to lend their voices to the cause which included Shiikane, Ezi Emela, Vicky Sola plus others. In April 2013, May7ven launched Afrobeats Live at Jazz Cafe hosted by Abrantee Boateng. An event that showcases Afrobeats Musicians on a Live Stage and TV Platform In March 2011 May7ven launched her own radio show on City FM 105.1 in Nigeria broadcasting each Friday from 8pm to 10pm co produced by DJ Abrantee. The radio show was presented by May7ven for two hours playing her Top 7 music count down, music from across the world and Live interviews with other artists. In March 2011, May7ven signed to Malta Guinness and Endemol as a judge on the hit TV Show's 4th season of The Malta Guinness Street Dance Africa 4 2011 along with judges Wale Rubber and Franklyspeaking. May7ven launched her 3rd single entitled "Number" produced by Step of Badself Entertainment, remixed, mixed and mastered by Ayodele Basil aka Delb in Nigeria in May 2011. In March 2012, May7ven's unreleased single "Ten Ten" was A-Listed on UK's Choice FM Radio making it the 2nd Afrobeat song to be playlisted on a UK Commercial Radio, after Dbanj's "Oliver Twist" in 2013 May7ven founded M7 Music Group, Afrobeats Live, CDN, May Zing white Hair line and Created of Afrobeats Search for a Star in September 2013 with Abrantee Boateng Tour history 2008 How We Does Tour – Germany, Sweden 2009 Globalcom Rock n Rule Tour 2009 Koko Concert with D'banj and Mo Hits 2010 Koko Concert with D'banj and Mo Hits 2011 Afrobeats Club & Festival Tour 2014 UK School Tour (Anti Bullying & Sistas Unite) TV presenting Star Host 1 Hour Special – Soundcity Music Channel 2009 Naija's TOP 10 Count Down – Nigeezy with Andre Blaze Ben TV's Top 10 Count Down – Sky TV Atunda Half Hour Special – Biscon, Bisi Olatilo Show Malta Guinness Street Dance Africa 2010 – Celebrity Guest Judge Malta Guinness Street Dance Africa 2011 – Judge Fame Music Archived 7 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine presents Afrobeats Search for a Star Judge 2015 – Judge Awards and nominations Year Institution Award 2009 NMVA Awards 2009 Won Best Video in Europe 2009 African Film Awards Won Best Artist 2009 NYAA (Nigerian Young Achievers Awards) Won Best New Artist 2009 NMA (Nigerian Music Award UK) Won Best New Female Artist 2009 M&M Awards 2009 Won Excellence Awards 2009 AMA (African Movie Awards) Nominated – Best Artist 2010 Museke Africa 2010 Nominated – Best African Artist in the Diaspora 2010 African Music Awards 2010 Nominated – Best African Artist in the Diaspora 2010 African Film Awards (Afrohollywood) 2010 Winner – Outstanding Contribution to Music 2011 Nigerian Promoters Association (NPA USA) 2011 Nominated – Best International Music Act 2011 Nigerian Entertainment Award (NEA USA) Sept 2011 Nominated – Best International Artist 2012 Woman 4 Africa (W4A) 2012 Winner – Recognition award for music contribution 2012 Nigerian Entertainment & Lifestyle Award (NEL UK) Sept 2012 Winner – Best Breakthrough Artist 2012 BEFFTA Awards Winner – Best UK Afrobeats Artist 2015 Screen Nation Awards Winner – Best UK Afrobeats promo 2018 Nigerian News Awards Special Recognition Awards – Outstanding business and artistic contribution to African music References ^ "May7ven". May7ven. Retrieved 16 April 2014. ^ "She inspired Her". ^ "Alexandra Burke OOH LA LA (remix) feat. MAY7VEN". 6 September 2013. ^ "Queen of Afrobeats joins the Afrohits Show". ^ "Nigeria's May7ven on dance and football". BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ "Nigeria's May7ven on music, dance and football". BBC News. ^ "JASMINE'S JUICE – 10th Screen Nation Film & TV Awards 2015. "we're not 'diversity'-we're mainstream!". – Jasmine Dotiwala". ^ "This Is Ingenuity". Ingenuity Cleveland. Retrieved 16 April 2014. ^ "Ginuwine & J Holiday Tickets \| Ginuwine & J Holiday". The O2. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2014. ^ "Home – Afrobeats Festival \| P'Square – Wizkid – Iceprince & More". Afrobeatsfestival.webs.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2014. ^ "TIA". Theinternationalacademy.org. Retrieved 16 April 2014. ^ "May7ven and 13 other artists unite to produce Chibok single titled Sistas Unite". www.nigerianwatch.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. ^ "ABFTrust.org \| Abrantee Boateng Foundation Trust". www.abftrust.org. Retrieved 3 July 2019. ^ "DJ Abrantee and May7ven bring afrobeats lovers an array of emerging talent at Camden's Jazz Cafe". Nigerianwatch.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014. ^ "Search for Afrobeats Next Star". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015. External links May7ven's official site for May7ven's music Videos for BEFFTA AWARDS WINNERS LIST for BBC ARTIST Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Yo-May_Odegbami.ogg/Yo-May_Odegbami.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yo-May_Odegbami.ogg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Musical artistMay Odegbami Listenⓘ, known professionally as May7ven,[2][3][4] is a Nigerian-born singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, actress, model and entrepreneur.","title":"May7ven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Segun Odegbami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Odegbami"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aeon 'Step' Manahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon_Manahan"},{"link_name":"Aeon Manahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon_Manahan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Channel AKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_70s"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"May7ven was born in Ibadan, Nigeria. Her father is the former footballer Segun Odegbami.[5] She debuted in 2008 in the UK with single Hands Up, which she co-wrote with songwriter and producer Aeon 'Step' Manahan.In May 2009 Take off my clothes/Bo Aso La Ra Mi, released under her own label Best entertainment, produced and co-written by Aeon Manahan and May7ven was released in the UK and Nigeria. The single included remixes by Colin Emmanuel and pioneer musik. The video was directed by Ben Peters and produced by Luti Media. May7ven renowned for her acrobatic African dance displays, street dance, tap infused with traditional Nigerian dance steps.[6] Her 2009 video for single \"Bo Aso La Ra mi\" charted no.5 Nigerian Charts Nigeezy and Ben TV for 20 weeks, Music Africa, Hip on TV, Soundcity Top 10 for 12 weeks and Top 10 MTV Base UK, Europe and Africa, Channel AKA for six weeks.[citation needed]In February 2009, May7ven teamed up with DJ Abrantee as her tour DJ in Nigeria and the UK. In April 2009, May7ven signed to African Mobile Giants Globalcom as an ambassador and embarked on an 18 city tour for six months. May7ven performed for the president of Nigeria at Aso Rock in Abuja August 2009. May7ven won her 1st award at the NMVA (Nigerian Music Video Award 2009) for Best Video in Europe and the 1st female to win that category. She secured endorsements with Guinness, ExxonMobil, Zain, Nigerian Bureaus and Nigerian Law Bar Association.[citation needed] In 2012, May7ven released 'TEN TEN' under Skata Records, and 'Hey Mr' in 2013 under M7 Music Group. Both Singles were Playlisted on Choice FM, now known as Capital Xtra for six weeks and received heavy rotation across multiple UK radio stations. On 7 May 2014, May7ven release single 'Werk' which was awarded Best UK Afrobeats Promotional Single at the Screen Nations Awards [7] and single 'What Ur Feeling' both produced by TY Mix.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Segun Odegbami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Odegbami"}],"text":"May7ven was born in Ibadan, Nigeria to one of Nigeria's greatest footballing & sports legends, Chief Segun Odegbami, and a Nigerian mother, Jumoke Tejumola, an accountant and ex-athlete. She attended Bodija International School before relocating to the UK at the age of six with her mother, her brother Junior Odegbami and sister Funmi Odegbami CEO of MINK Cosmetics LLP. May7ven has other siblings, Tolu Odegbami, Steven Odegbami, Mo Odegbami and Tito Odegbami who live in Nigeria with their mothers. During her adolescence, May studied Music, Sound Engineering, Building surveying and Architecture. She joined her church choir when she was 10 and started teaching street dance at her local community centre in Kensal Green age 14. She landed her first job as an estate agent and property developer at age 17 whilst pursuing a studies and music career.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamelia"},{"link_name":"Rah Digga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rah_Digga"},{"link_name":"Colin Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Blu Cantrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu_Cantrell"},{"link_name":"Beverley Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Knight"},{"link_name":"Mary J Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J_Blige"},{"link_name":"Angie Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Stone"},{"link_name":"Akon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akon"},{"link_name":"Joe Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Jacksons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jackson_5"},{"link_name":"Marlon Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Afrobeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeats"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"At age 15, May7ven started as a songwriting and backing singer. In 1997 provided backing vocals for Phoebe One, Wayne Marshall, Ebony, LLoydie Crucial and KRS1. May7ven provided backing vocals on three tracks of RnB Singer Jamelia's 2000 debut Album Drama on tracks 'Money', 'One Fine day' and 'Bout it' feat. Rah Digga produced by Colin Emmanuel. She later went on to work with, tour and supported Blu Cantrell, Beverley Knight, Mary J Blige, Angie Stone Stevie Brookstein. Akon, Joe Thomas plus others. In summer of 2008 May7ven performed for the Jacksons Jacksons Marlon Jackson at the La Campaign Tropicana in Lekke, Nigeria. In 2009, May7ven was commissioned to write and produce several programmes and theme music for TV and films including the 1st Eko Awards, Abuja Festival, The 1st Annual Gospel Music Awards UK 2009. In 2010 May7ven created, produced and co directed The DJ Abrantee Show on Sky TV with Rex chosen as the Director. In 2011 May7ven teamed with producer Antoine Stone to complete works on her album which included recording an Afrobeats single \"Ten Ten\" released in May 2012. In 2012, May7ven created the platform \"Search for an Afrobeats Superstar\" which became a TV show in Africa and UK in 2014.[citation needed] In 2014, May7ven created the Afrobeats News on Capital Xtra and hired Beat FM's top presented Toolz to anchor during DJ Abrantee's Afrobeats Radio Show. In 2018 May7ven started working with Music producer Silverston on new music.","title":"1997–2020: Songwriting and backing vocals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashford & Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"O2 arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena_(London)"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Independence"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid_(musician)"},{"link_name":"P-Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Square"},{"link_name":"Ice Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Prince"},{"link_name":"Akon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akon"},{"link_name":"Tim Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Westwood"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wasinmi, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasinmi,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"2008 performed in New York venue Sugar Bar owned by Mowtown singers Ashford & Simpson, Opened up for Grandmaster Flash at the Ingenuity Festival in Cleveland Ohio[8] to various performances in London. May7ven also performed at the 1st 'Koko Concert' by Dbanj and the Mo Hits at Indigo2 held at the O2 arena in London. This concert consisted of African star D'Banj, Don Jazzy and the rest of the Mo Hits squad with May7ven as the only female artist. In Oct 2009 May7ven headlined 5 Nigerian Independence Day concerts over a 2-day period in London & Dublin. In 2009 May7ven headlined her first show in Sweden's Fryshusset performing to over 4000 students and at The Sound Factory, Street Soul TV in Germany and sang the National Anthem of Nigeria Opening the Shell World Cup Football tournaments to over 40,000 spectators in Lagos. An hour Special on May7ven was broadcast on The Bisi Olatilo's Show ON 7TH May 2009 . In March 2011 May7ven performed on the IDOLS WEST AFRICA Live show in Nigeria where she debuted her 3rd single \"Number\". In June 2011 May7ven Joined Ginuwine and J.holiday[9] to perform at The O2 Arena where she introduced single \"Number\". In August 2011 May7ven performed in the 1st UK Afrobeats Festival[10] being the only female artist on the bill along with Wizkid, P-Square and Ice Prince to over 5000 spectators, including Akon, Mobo founder Kanya King, Tim Westwood and more. In October 2011 May7ven performed at the MTN 10th-anniversary show in Lagos. In January 2012 May7ven performs a new to be released single \"Ten Ten\" at the Afrobeats Sunday event at IndigO2 with Iceprince, Hosted by DJ Abrantee. In 2016 May7ven headlined the Afrobeats Music Festival at Indigo At The O2.May7ven set up a number of charities for children including TMACC (The Mathematical African Children's Charity) and is also a part of the International Sports & Music Academy[11] in Wasinmi, Nigeria (her ancestral home) owned by her father Segun Odegbami. May7ven is also the Co-founder of SistasUnite Charity for women and children founded in April 2014.[12] In April 2018 May7ven co-founded The Abrantee Boateng Foundation.[13]","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"DJ Abrantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrantee_Boateng"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In March 2016, May7ven released new single entitled 'Better days' under M7 Music Group accompanied by an animated video tackling mental health amongst young people. In 2014 May7ven and her father produced the first 'May7ven Home Coming'in Abeokuta, Nigeria headlined by May7ven featuring special guests, Seyi Seyi, Sound Sultan, Mr 2kay, Jimmy Jatt and many more at the 10,000 capacity Abeokuta Centre. In May 2014 May7ven executively produced a charity single 'SISTAS UNITE' in support of the Bringbackourgirls campaign in Nigeria. She signed UK producer Mictizzlebeats and Daniel Sync and lined up 14 African female artists to lend their voices to the cause which included Shiikane, Ezi Emela, Vicky Sola plus others. In April 2013, May7ven launched Afrobeats Live at Jazz Cafe hosted by Abrantee Boateng. An event that showcases Afrobeats Musicians on a Live Stage and TV Platform [14] In March 2011 May7ven launched her own radio show on City FM 105.1 in Nigeria broadcasting each Friday from 8pm to 10pm co produced by DJ Abrantee. The radio show was presented by May7ven for two hours playing her Top 7 music count down, music from across the world and Live interviews with other artists. In March 2011, May7ven signed to Malta Guinness and Endemol as a judge on the hit TV Show's 4th season of The Malta Guinness Street Dance Africa 4 2011 along with judges Wale Rubber and Franklyspeaking. May7ven launched her 3rd single entitled \"Number\" produced by Step of Badself Entertainment, remixed, mixed and mastered by Ayodele Basil aka Delb in Nigeria in May 2011. In March 2012, May7ven's unreleased single \"Ten Ten\" was A-Listed on UK's Choice FM Radio making it the 2nd Afrobeat song to be playlisted on a UK Commercial Radio, after Dbanj's \"Oliver Twist\" in 2013 May7ven founded M7 Music Group, Afrobeats Live, CDN, May Zing white Hair line and Created of Afrobeats Search for a Star in September 2013 with Abrantee Boateng[15]","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2008 How We Does Tour – Germany, Sweden\n2009 Globalcom Rock n Rule Tour\n2009 Koko Concert with D'banj and Mo Hits\n2010 Koko Concert with D'banj and Mo Hits\n2011 Afrobeats Club & Festival Tour\n2014 UK School Tour (Anti Bullying & Sistas Unite)","title":"Tour history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fame Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.famemusic.com/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170107010821/https://www.famemusic.com/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Star Host 1 Hour Special – Soundcity Music Channel 2009\nNaija's TOP 10 Count Down – Nigeezy with Andre Blaze\nBen TV's Top 10 Count Down – Sky TV\nAtunda Half Hour Special – Biscon, Bisi Olatilo Show\nMalta Guinness Street Dance Africa 2010 – Celebrity Guest Judge\nMalta Guinness Street Dance Africa 2011 – Judge\nFame Music Archived 7 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine presents Afrobeats Search for a Star Judge 2015 – Judge","title":"TV presenting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"May7ven\". 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Retrieved 16 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ingenuitycleveland.com/about-the-festival/","url_text":"\"This Is Ingenuity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ginuwine & J Holiday Tickets \| Ginuwine & J Holiday\". The O2. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theo2.co.uk/indigo2/event/ginuwine-and-j-holiday-20110621.html","url_text":"\"Ginuwine & J Holiday Tickets \| Ginuwine & J Holiday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home – Afrobeats Festival \| P'Square – Wizkid – Iceprince & More\". Afrobeatsfestival.webs.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130516233457/http://afrobeatsfestival.webs.com/","url_text":"\"Home – Afrobeats Festival \| P'Square – Wizkid – Iceprince & More\""},{"url":"http://afrobeatsfestival.webs.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TIA\". Theinternationalacademy.org. Retrieved 16 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theinternationalacademy.org/","url_text":"\"TIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"May7ven and 13 other artists unite to produce Chibok single titled Sistas Unite\". www.nigerianwatch.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111000816/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/4555-may7ven-and-13-other-artists-unite-to-produce-chibok-single-titled-sistas-unite","url_text":"\"May7ven and 13 other artists unite to produce Chibok single titled Sistas Unite\""},{"url":"http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/4555-may7ven-and-13-other-artists-unite-to-produce-chibok-single-titled-sistas-unite","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABFTrust.org \| Abrantee Boateng Foundation Trust\". www.abftrust.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Rim	Above the Rim	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Production","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Awards","5.3 Critical","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	1994 film by Jeff Pollack This article is about the film. For the soundtrack to the film, see Above the Rim (soundtrack). For the song unrelated to the film by Bell Biv DeVoe, see Above the Rim (song). Above the RimTheatrical release posterDirected byJeff PollackScreenplay by Barry Michael Cooper Jeff Pollack Story by Jeff Pollack Benny Medina Produced by Jeff Pollack Benny Medina Starring Duane Martin Leon Tupac Shakur Bernie Mac Tonya Pinkins Marlon Wayans CinematographyTom Priestley, Jr.Edited by Michael Ripps James Mitchell Music byMarcus MillerDistributed byNew Line CinemaRelease dates March 22, 1994 (1994-03-22) (Los Angeles) March 23, 1994 (1994-03-23) (United States) Running time96 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$6.5 millionBox office$16.2 million Above the Rim is a 1994 American sports drama film co-written and directed by Jeff Pollack in his directorial debut. The screenplay was written by Barry Michael Cooper, adapted from a story by Benny Medina. The film stars Duane Martin, Tupac Shakur, Marlon Wayans, and Leon. Considered the conclusion to Cooper's "Harlem Trilogy" (the preceding films being New Jack City (1991) and Sugar Hill (1994), the film tells the story about a promising New York City high school basketball star and his relationships with a drug dealer and a former basketball star, now employed as a security guard at the high school he was a promising young star at years ago. The film mostly took place in Harlem, with various scenes filmed at the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics in East Harlem. Some of the basketball scenes were filmed at Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn, New York. Plot Kyle-Lee Watson is a talented basketball player who is about to graduate from high school. While he waits to find out if he will receive a scholarship to Georgetown University, he finds himself in a difficult dilemma over a playground basketball tournament. He must decide whether to play for and follow his widely beloved basketball coach Mike Rollins or Birdie, a local drug dealer in the neighborhood. Thomas "Shep" Sheppard, a former standout player himself, now works as a high school security guard. Kyle feels resentment towards the security guard, because Kyle's own mother is falling in love with Shep. Coincidentally, Kyle's coach also wants Shep to coach his team when he feels it is time for him to retire. It is later revealed to Kyle from Flip, a homeless crackhead and also Shep's old friend and teammate, that Shep is Birdie's older brother. The next night, Birdie humiliates Bugaloo in front of his team, then Bugaloo and Shep reveal to Kyle that Birdie had murdered Flip the night before. That same night, Shep challenges Kyle to a game of basketball, which he gets the better of Kyle and ultimately wins, trying to teach Kyle a lesson about owing himself and the others who help and care for him. Kyle makes a decision to run with Birdie's team until he decided to come back to his old team, because of Birdie's wrongful actions against Kyle's friend Bugaloo and him murdering Flip. In the tournament, both Kyle's and Birdie's teams march to the finals, with Kyle's team playing solid team basketball, while Birdie's team plays a very rough & dirty style. Before the finals, Birdie threatens Kyle, demanding Kyle to throw away the game, so that Birdie's team would win. Kyle is brutalized throughout the game, with Birdie's team having a solid lead. Shep, unable to watch any longer, joins Kyle's team. Despite being aggressively attacked throughout, Shep helps the team come back. In the final seconds, he passes the ball to Kyle, who dunks the ball and Kyle's team wins the game. After the loss, Birdie orders Motaw, his star player and gang member, to kill Kyle. Shep protects Kyle by jumping on him and Motaw shoots Shep. A security guard then fatally shoots Motaw twice. At a club, Bugaloo walks in and shoots Birdie, killing him, as revenge for previous humiliations and for trying to have Kyle killed. In the end, Kyle is revealed to have gotten the scholarship to Georgetown University. During a televised game, Kyle hits the game winner, while a recovered Shep, Mailika and Coach Rollins watch with a smile. Cast Duane Martin as Kyle-Lee Watson, a talented basketball player who is determined to be accepted to Georgetown University, to play for their basketball team, the Hoyas. He is seen as cocky and hot tempered but later changes his ways during the course of the film. Leon as Thomas "Shep" Sheppard, a quiet, bitter, introvert who used to be an incredible high school basketball player. He was later arrested after his best friend, Nutso, accidentally jumps off a high rise building while playing basketball. Tupac Shakur as Birdie Sheppard, a local thug and Shep's younger brother. Bernie Mac as Flip, a homeless crackhead who played basketball in high school with Shep and Nutso. He is later killed by Birdie and Motaw. Tonya Pinkins as Mailika Watson, Kyle's mom who tries to get him to see that there is more to life than just basketball. She develops a relationship with Shep. Marlon Wayans as Bugaloo, Kyle's womanizing yet goofy best friend who spent a year in juvenile detention for an unknown crime. He is often bullied by Birdie and his gang members. David Bailey as Mike Rollins, a respected coach for Kyle's team, who tries to get Shep to play basketball again. Wood Harris as Motaw, Birdie's teenaged lieutenant and star player on his team. He is a homicidal psychopath who will threaten anyone with no second thought nor remorse. Shawn Michael Howard as Bobby, Kyle's shy and soft-spoken friend who plays in the basketball tournament. Henry Simmons II as Starnes, Kyle's teammate who is disgusted by Kyle's cockiness. Michael Rispoli as Richard "Big Richie" Jones Bill Raftery as himself James Williams as Speedy John Thompson as himself Soundtrack Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications U.S. U.S. R&B 1994 Above The Rim Released: March 22, 1994 Label: Death Row Records, Interscope 2 1 US: Double Platinum Production Filming for Above the Rim took place from October to November 1993, beginning on October 18 in Harlem, New York City. Allen Payne was the original choice to play Kyle Watson, but was rejected by Pollack in favor of Duane Martin. This was Tupac Shakur’s final theatrical film to be released during his lifetime before his death in 1996. Reception Box office The film was released on March 23, 1994, grossing $3,738,800 on opening weekend. At the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed a total of $16,192,320. Awards 1995 MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Song: "Regulate" by Warren G (nominated) Critical It holds a 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 5.30/10. Peter Travers stated "It's Shakur who steals the show. The rapper's offscreen legal problems are well known, but there's no denying his power as an actor." Variety said "A fine cast and the movie's general energy can't overcome that mix of cliches and technical flaws, which should conspire to prevent any high flying at the box office." See also Above the Rim (soundtrack) List of basketball films List of hood films References ^ "Above the Rim". Box Office Mojo. ^ a b Maslin, Janet (March 23, 1994). "Above the Rim (1994) Review/Film; A Young Man Torn by Good and Bad". The New York Times. ^ "1993-10-18 / "ABOVE THE RIM" BEGINS FILMING IN HARLEM, NY". 2Pac Legacy. February 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2021. ^ External links Above the Rim at IMDb Above the Rim at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Jeff Pollack Above the Rim (1994) Booty Call (1997) Lost & Found (1999) vteGeorgetown Hoyas men's basketballVenues Washington Light Infantry Armory (1906–1907) Convention Hall (1907–1908) Odd Fellows Hall (1908–1911) Arcade Rink (1911–1914, 1927–1928) Ryan Gymnasium (1914–1927) Clendenen Gymnasium (1928–1929) Tech Gymnasium (1929–1940, 1942–1943) Riverside Stadium (1940–1942) Brookland Gymnasium (1945–1946) Uline Arena (1946–1947, 1949–1951) D.C. Armory (1947–1949) McDonough Gymnasium (1951–present) Capital Centre (1981–1997) Capital One Arena (1997–present) Rivalries St. John's UConn Culture & lore History Hoya Saxa Jack the Bulldog There Goes Old Georgetown 1989 Princeton game Above the Rim People Head coaches NBA draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 NCAA national championships in bold; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Above the Rim (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Rim_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Above the Rim (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Rim_(song)"},{"link_name":"sports drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pollack"},{"link_name":"directorial debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorial_debut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"Barry Michael Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Michael_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"Benny Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Medina"},{"link_name":"Duane Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Martin"},{"link_name":"Tupac Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"Marlon Wayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Wayans"},{"link_name":"Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Robinson"},{"link_name":"New Jack City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jack_City"},{"link_name":"Sugar Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Hill_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"drug dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_dealer"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Center_for_Science_and_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"East Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Harlem"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden_High_School"}],"text":"This article is about the film. For the soundtrack to the film, see Above the Rim (soundtrack). For the song unrelated to the film by Bell Biv DeVoe, see Above the Rim (song).Above the Rim is a 1994 American sports drama film co-written and directed by Jeff Pollack in his directorial debut.[2] The screenplay was written by Barry Michael Cooper,[2] adapted from a story by Benny Medina.The film stars Duane Martin, Tupac Shakur, Marlon Wayans, and Leon. Considered the conclusion to Cooper's \"Harlem Trilogy\" (the preceding films being New Jack City (1991) and Sugar Hill (1994), the film tells the story about a promising New York City high school basketball star and his relationships with a drug dealer and a former basketball star, now employed as a security guard at the high school he was a promising young star at years ago.The film mostly took place in Harlem, with various scenes filmed at the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics in East Harlem. Some of the basketball scenes were filmed at Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn, New York.","title":"Above the Rim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"}],"text":"Kyle-Lee Watson is a talented basketball player who is about to graduate from high school. While he waits to find out if he will receive a scholarship to Georgetown University, he finds himself in a difficult dilemma over a playground basketball tournament. He must decide whether to play for and follow his widely beloved basketball coach Mike Rollins or Birdie, a local drug dealer in the neighborhood. Thomas \"Shep\" Sheppard, a former standout player himself, now works as a high school security guard. Kyle feels resentment towards the security guard, because Kyle's own mother is falling in love with Shep.Coincidentally, Kyle's coach also wants Shep to coach his team when he feels it is time for him to retire. It is later revealed to Kyle from Flip, a homeless crackhead and also Shep's old friend and teammate, that Shep is Birdie's older brother. The next night, Birdie humiliates Bugaloo in front of his team, then Bugaloo and Shep reveal to Kyle that Birdie had murdered Flip the night before. That same night, Shep challenges Kyle to a game of basketball, which he gets the better of Kyle and ultimately wins, trying to teach Kyle a lesson about owing himself and the others who help and care for him. Kyle makes a decision to run with Birdie's team until he decided to come back to his old team, because of Birdie's wrongful actions against Kyle's friend Bugaloo and him murdering Flip. In the tournament, both Kyle's and Birdie's teams march to the finals, with Kyle's team playing solid team basketball, while Birdie's team plays a very rough & dirty style.Before the finals, Birdie threatens Kyle, demanding Kyle to throw away the game, so that Birdie's team would win. Kyle is brutalized throughout the game, with Birdie's team having a solid lead. Shep, unable to watch any longer, joins Kyle's team. Despite being aggressively attacked throughout, Shep helps the team come back. In the final seconds, he passes the ball to Kyle, who dunks the ball and Kyle's team wins the game.After the loss, Birdie orders Motaw, his star player and gang member, to kill Kyle. Shep protects Kyle by jumping on him and Motaw shoots Shep. A security guard then fatally shoots Motaw twice. At a club, Bugaloo walks in and shoots Birdie, killing him, as revenge for previous humiliations and for trying to have Kyle killed. In the end, Kyle is revealed to have gotten the scholarship to Georgetown University. During a televised game, Kyle hits the game winner, while a recovered Shep, Mailika and Coach Rollins watch with a smile.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duane Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Martin"},{"link_name":"Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Tupac Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"Bernie Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Mac"},{"link_name":"Tonya Pinkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Pinkins"},{"link_name":"Marlon Wayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Wayans"},{"link_name":"David Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bailey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wood Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Harris"},{"link_name":"Shawn Michael Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Michael_Howard"},{"link_name":"Henry Simmons II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Michael Rispoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rispoli"},{"link_name":"Bill Raftery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Raftery"},{"link_name":"James Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thompson_(basketball)"}],"text":"Duane Martin as Kyle-Lee Watson, a talented basketball player who is determined to be accepted to Georgetown University, to play for their basketball team, the Hoyas. He is seen as cocky and hot tempered but later changes his ways during the course of the film.\nLeon as Thomas \"Shep\" Sheppard, a quiet, bitter, introvert who used to be an incredible high school basketball player. He was later arrested after his best friend, Nutso, accidentally jumps off a high rise building while playing basketball.\nTupac Shakur as Birdie Sheppard, a local thug and Shep's younger brother.\nBernie Mac as Flip, a homeless crackhead who played basketball in high school with Shep and Nutso. He is later killed by Birdie and Motaw.\nTonya Pinkins as Mailika Watson, Kyle's mom who tries to get him to see that there is more to life than just basketball. She develops a relationship with Shep.\nMarlon Wayans as Bugaloo, Kyle's womanizing yet goofy best friend who spent a year in juvenile detention for an unknown crime. He is often bullied by Birdie and his gang members.\nDavid Bailey as Mike Rollins, a respected coach for Kyle's team, who tries to get Shep to play basketball again.\nWood Harris as Motaw, Birdie's teenaged lieutenant and star player on his team. He is a homicidal psychopath who will threaten anyone with no second thought nor remorse.\nShawn Michael Howard as Bobby, Kyle's shy and soft-spoken friend who plays in the basketball tournament.\nHenry Simmons II as Starnes, Kyle's teammate who is disgusted by Kyle's cockiness.\nMichael Rispoli as Richard \"Big Richie\" Jones\nBill Raftery as himself\nJames Williams as Speedy\nJohn Thompson as himself","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Allen Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Payne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Filming for Above the Rim took place from October to November 1993, beginning on October 18 in Harlem, New York City.[3] Allen Payne was the original choice to play Kyle Watson, but was rejected by Pollack in favor of Duane Martin.[citation needed] This was Tupac Shakur’s final theatrical film to be released during his lifetime before his death in 1996.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film was released on March 23, 1994, grossing $3,738,800 on opening weekend. At the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed a total of $16,192,320.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1995 MTV Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Movie_Award"},{"link_name":"Regulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulate_(song)"},{"link_name":"Warren G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"1995 MTV Movie AwardsBest Movie Song: \"Regulate\" by Warren G (nominated)","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"It holds a 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 5.30/10. Peter Travers stated \"It's Shakur who steals the show. The rapper's offscreen legal problems are well known, but there's no denying his power as an actor.\"\nVariety said \"A fine cast and the movie's general energy can't overcome that mix of cliches and technical flaws, which should conspire to prevent any high flying at the box office.\"[4]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"Above the Rim (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Rim_(soundtrack)"},{"title":"List of basketball films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basketball_films"},{"title":"List of hood films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hood_films"}]	[{"reference":"\"Above the Rim\". Box Office Mojo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=abovetherim.htm","url_text":"\"Above the Rim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (March 23, 1994). \"Above the Rim (1994) Review/Film; A Young Man Torn by Good and Bad\". 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Retrieved December 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://2paclegacy.net/1993-10-18-above-the-rim-begins-filming-in-harlem-ny/","url_text":"\"1993-10-18 / \"ABOVE THE RIM\" BEGINS FILMING IN HARLEM, NY\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=abovetherim.htm","external_links_name":"\"Above the Rim\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E03E2DE133CF930A15750C0A962958260","external_links_name":"\"Above the Rim (1994) Review/Film; A Young Man Torn by Good and Bad\""},{"Link":"https://2paclegacy.net/1993-10-18-above-the-rim-begins-filming-in-harlem-ny/","external_links_name":"\"1993-10-18 / \"ABOVE THE RIM\" BEGINS FILMING IN HARLEM, NY\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117908333.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109035/","external_links_name":"Above the Rim"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/above_the_rim","external_links_name":"Above the Rim"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Slongo	Battle of Fort Slongo	["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References"]	Coordinates: 40°54′45″N 73°18′3″W / 40.91250°N 73.30083°W / 40.91250; -73.300831781 battle of the American Revolution See also: Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga Battle of Fort SlongoPart of the American Revolutionary WarHistoric marker for the Battle of Fort Slongo, along eastbound New York State Route 25A on Smithtown's side of Fort Salonga, New YorkDateOctober 3, 1781LocationFort Salonga, New York40°54′45″N 73°18′3″W / 40.91250°N 73.30083°W / 40.91250; -73.30083Result American victoryBelligerents United States Great BritainCommanders and leaders Benjamin Tallmadge Lemuel TrescottStrength 100 infantry 80–140 infantryCasualties and losses 1 wounded 4 killed 2 wounded 21 capturedvteNorthern coastal theater Ridgefield Sag Harbor 2nd Machias Setauket Mount Hope Bay Newport Grey's raid Chestnut Neck Little Egg Harbor Tryon's raid (Norwalk, Fairfield) Penobscot Expedition Cape Split Fort St. George Annapolis Royal Cape Ann Groton Heights Fort Slongo Lunenburg Norwalkclass=notpageimage\| Location of battle within New York and Norwalk, the disembarkation point of the Americans The Battle of Fort Slongo (also spelled Salonga) was fought on October 3, 1781 between American Continental Army forces, under the command of Benjamin Tallmadge and Lemuel Trescott, and the British defenders of Fort Salonga, in the American Revolutionary War. The fort was located near the border of present-day Huntington Township and Smithtown, New York, overlooking Long Island Sound. Background The date of construction of Fort Slongo is unknown but it was probably built in 1778 or 1779, when British fort construction on Long Island was at its peak. The fort was a smaller adjunct to the larger Fort Franklin, which was constructed in Lloyd Harbor and built at roughly the same time. The British contracted George Slongo of Philadelphia to construct the fort and it would later bear his name. The fort was built for its strategic location overlooking Long Island Sound. Battle On the evening of October 1, an American reconnaissance force commanded by Sgt. Elijah Churchill was sent ahead to plan the attack on the fort. Many of the British officers in command of the fort were at a party the night before the battle. They beached the boats at Crab Meadow, west of the fort, and made their way to the nearby Nathaniel Skidmore farm. From there Nathaniel Skidmore led the group to the fort to scout out their plan of attack. It is important to note that the farm was most likely the farm owned by his father Isaac Skidmore, as Nathaniel would have been no more than 15 years of age and thereby too young to own the farm at Crab Meadow The commanding officer in charge of the fort, Major Valanstine, was in New York City on military matters and was not present for the battle. On the night of October 2, 100 men under the command of Benjamin Tallmadge and led by Major Lemuel Trescott departed Norwalk, Connecticut in whaleboats across the Long Island Sound. Trescott's force was split between 50 men under Captain Richard's Company of the Connecticut Line and 50 men from Captain Edgar's Dismounted Dragoons. Landing in the early morning hours of October 3, Captain Edgar's dragoons were ordered to launch a surprise attack on the fort while Captain Richard's infantry were ordered to surround the fort to prevent any British forces from escaping. At 3:00 am on October 3, Lieutenant Rogers of the 2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons commenced the attack on the fort with his men, with Major Trescott and Captain Edgar's forces in tow. The British sentry on duty fired his gun to alert the defenders of the American attack and retreated inside the fort, forgetting to shut the gate behind him. Colonel Tallmadge reported in his journal that the British put up some resistance once the Americans entered the fort, with the attackers killing 4 and wounding 2 of the defenders. Aftermath The Americans burned the buildings and stored materials of the fort, rendering it unusable for the remainder of the war. Among the items destroyed were two four-pounder cannon. The Americans captured two captains, a lieutenant, 18 privates, as well as two one-pounder cannon and a brass one-pounder cannon. The only American wounded in the battle was Sgt. Elijah Churchill, who would personally be awarded a Badge of Military Merit by George Washington, making him the first person to receive a Purple Heart. Today the remnants of the fort are in a residential area in the hamlet of Fort Salonga. References ^ a b c d "The Badge of Military Merit: Purple Heart of the American Revolution". Connecticut Sons of the American Revolution. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d e Griffin, David M. (2017). Lost British Forts of Long Island. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 9781625858535. ^ New York's Forts in the Revolution ^ Thomas Skidmore (Scuadamore) 1605-1684 of Westerleigh, Gloucester, and Fairfield, Connecticut ^ Fort Slongo-Long Island Forum Mather, Frederic (1913). The Refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut. Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon. ISBN 9780806304953. OCLC 2613390. Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Volume 29 vteHuntington, New YorkCounty Suffolk Villages Asharoken Huntington Bay Lloyd Harbor Northport CDPs Centerport Cold Spring Harbor Commack Dix Hills East Northport Eatons Neck Elwood Fort Salonga Greenlawn Halesite Huntington Huntington Station Melville South Huntington West Hills Other areas Crab Meadow Half Hollow Hills Vernon Valley Wincoma vteTown of Smithtown, New YorkCounty Suffolk Villages Head of the Harbor Nissequogue Village of the Branch Village of the Landing (former) CDPs Commack Fort Salonga Hauppauge Kings Park Lake Ronkonkoma Nesconset Smithtown St. James Other areas North Smithtown San Remo Smithtown Pines vteNew York in the American Revolution1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young's House First Purple Heart Arnold–André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden runs aground at Montauk Washington calls off invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British evacuate New York Washington's Farewell to His Officers This New York–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Fort_Slongo_HM-IGA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Salonga, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Salonga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"40°54′45″N 73°18′3″W / 40.91250°N 73.30083°W / 40.91250; -73.30083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Fort_Slongo&params=40_54_45_N_73_18_3_W_"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Benjamin 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raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon%27s_raid"},{"link_name":"Norwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Norwalk"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Fairfield_(1779)"},{"link_name":"Penobscot Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Cape Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Split"},{"link_name":"Fort St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_St._George"},{"link_name":"Annapolis Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Annapolis_Royal_(1781)"},{"link_name":"Cape Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_2_September_1781"},{"link_name":"Groton Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Groton_Heights"},{"link_name":"Fort Slongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lunenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1782)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_New_York_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_New_York_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Tallmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tallmadge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_British_Forts-2"},{"link_name":"Fort Salonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Salonga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Huntington Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Smithtown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"}],"text":"1781 battle of the American RevolutionSee also: Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after SaratogaBattle of Fort SlongoPart of the American Revolutionary WarHistoric marker for the Battle of Fort Slongo, along eastbound New York State Route 25A on Smithtown's side of Fort Salonga, New YorkDateOctober 3, 1781LocationFort Salonga, New York40°54′45″N 73°18′3″W / 40.91250°N 73.30083°W / 40.91250; -73.30083Result\nAmerican victoryBelligerents\n United States\n Great BritainCommanders and leaders\nBenjamin Tallmadge Lemuel TrescottStrength\n100 infantry[1]\n80–140 infantry[1]Casualties and losses\n1 wounded[1]\n4 killed 2 wounded 21 captured[2]vteNorthern coastal theater\nRidgefield\nSag Harbor\n2nd Machias\nSetauket\nMount Hope Bay\nNewport\nGrey's raid\nChestnut Neck\nLittle Egg Harbor\nTryon's raid (Norwalk, Fairfield)\nPenobscot Expedition\nCape Split\nFort St. George\nAnnapolis Royal\nCape Ann\nGroton Heights\nFort Slongo\nLunenburgNorwalkclass=notpageimage\| Location of battle within New York and Norwalk, the disembarkation point of the AmericansThe Battle of Fort Slongo (also spelled Salonga) was fought on October 3, 1781 between American Continental Army forces, under the command of Benjamin Tallmadge and Lemuel Trescott,[2] and the British defenders of Fort Salonga, in the American Revolutionary War. The fort was located near the border of present-day Huntington Township and Smithtown, New York, overlooking Long Island Sound.","title":"Battle of Fort Slongo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Franklin_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Harbor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_British_Forts-2"}],"text":"The date of construction of Fort Slongo is unknown but it was probably built in 1778 or 1779, when British fort construction on Long Island was at its peak. The fort was a smaller adjunct to the larger Fort Franklin, which was constructed in Lloyd Harbor and built at roughly the same time. The British contracted George Slongo of Philadelphia to construct the fort and it would later bear his name. The fort was built for its strategic location overlooking Long Island Sound.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sgt. Elijah Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Norwalk, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"whaleboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaleboats"},{"link_name":"2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Continental_Light_Dragoons"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_British_Forts-2"}],"text":"On the evening of October 1, an American reconnaissance force commanded by Sgt. Elijah Churchill was sent ahead to plan the attack on the fort. Many of the British officers in command of the fort were at a party the night before the battle. They beached the boats at Crab Meadow, west of the fort, and made their way to the nearby Nathaniel Skidmore farm.[3] From there Nathaniel Skidmore led the group to the fort to scout out their plan of attack. It is important to note that the farm was most likely the farm owned by his father Isaac Skidmore, as Nathaniel would have been no more than 15 years of age and thereby too young to own the farm at Crab Meadow [4] The commanding officer in charge of the fort, Major Valanstine, was in New York City on military matters and was not present for the battle.[5]On the night of October 2, 100 men under the command of Benjamin Tallmadge and led by Major Lemuel Trescott departed Norwalk, Connecticut in whaleboats across the Long Island Sound. Trescott's force was split between 50 men under Captain Richard's Company of the Connecticut Line and 50 men from Captain Edgar's Dismounted Dragoons. Landing in the early morning hours of October 3, Captain Edgar's dragoons were ordered to launch a surprise attack on the fort while Captain Richard's infantry were ordered to surround the fort to prevent any British forces from escaping.At 3:00 am on October 3, Lieutenant Rogers of the 2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons commenced the attack on the fort with his men, with Major Trescott and Captain Edgar's forces in tow. The British sentry on duty fired his gun to alert the defenders of the American attack and retreated inside the fort, forgetting to shut the gate behind him. Colonel Tallmadge reported in his journal that the British put up some resistance once the Americans entered the fort, with the attackers killing 4 and wounding 2 of the defenders.[2]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badge of Military Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_of_Military_Merit"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purple_Heart-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_British_Forts-2"}],"text":"The Americans burned the buildings and stored materials of the fort, rendering it unusable for the remainder of the war. Among the items destroyed were two four-pounder cannon. The Americans captured two captains, a lieutenant, 18 privates, as well as two one-pounder cannon and a brass one-pounder cannon.The only American wounded in the battle was Sgt. Elijah Churchill, who would personally be awarded a Badge of Military Merit by George Washington, making him the first person to receive a Purple Heart.[1]Today the remnants of the fort are in a residential area in the hamlet of Fort Salonga.[2]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Badge of Military Merit: Purple Heart of the American Revolution\". Connecticut Sons of the American Revolution. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192340/http://www.connecticutsar.org/articles/badge_of_military_merit.htm","url_text":"\"The Badge of Military Merit: Purple Heart of the American Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Griffin, David M. (2017). Lost British Forts of Long Island. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 9781625858535.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3esmDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Lost British Forts of Long Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625858535","url_text":"9781625858535"}]},{"reference":"Mather, Frederic (1913). The Refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut. Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon. ISBN 9780806304953. OCLC 2613390.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T5aAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806304953","url_text":"9780806304953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2613390","url_text":"2613390"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Fort_Slongo&params=40_54_45_N_73_18_3_W_","external_links_name":"40°54′45″N 73°18′3″W / 40.91250°N 73.30083°W / 40.91250; -73.30083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Fort_Slongo&params=40_54_45_N_73_18_3_W_","external_links_name":"40°54′45″N 73°18′3″W / 40.91250°N 73.30083°W / 40.91250; -73.30083"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192340/http://www.connecticutsar.org/articles/badge_of_military_merit.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Badge of Military Merit: Purple Heart of the American Revolution\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3esmDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Lost British Forts of Long Island"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T5aAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The Refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2613390","external_links_name":"2613390"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e90aAQAAIAAJ&dq=slonga%201781&pg=PA293","external_links_name":"Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Volume 29"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fort_Slongo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_tax	Optimal tax	["1 Tax revenue","1.1 Horizontal and vertical equity","1.2 Lump-sum taxes","2 Commodity taxes","3 Developments in tax theory","4 Income taxes","4.1 Labor income tax","4.2 Corporate income tax","4.3 Sales tax","4.4 Capital income tax","5 Capital taxes","5.1 Land value taxation","6 See also","7 Notes","8 Further reading"]	Field of study Part of a series onTaxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies Government revenue Property tax equalization Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Flat tax Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax amnesty Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Tax withholding Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Economics General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theories Optimal capital income taxation Distribution of Tax Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional Collection Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Tax collector Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance General Tax avoidance Repatriation tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax shelter Debtors' prison Smuggling Black market Unreported employment Corporate Tax inversion Transfer mispricing Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Single Malt CAIA Locations Tax havens Corporate havens Offshore financial centres (OFCs) Offshore magic circle Conduit and sink OFCs Financial centres Financial Secrecy Index Major examples Ireland as a tax haven Ireland v. Commission Leprechaun economics Liechtenstein tax affair Luxembourg Leaks Offshore Leaks Paradise Papers Panama Papers Swiss Leaks United States as a tax haven Panama as a tax haven Types Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem Aviation Airport improvement Landing Solidarity Capital gains Expatriation Consumption Departure Hotel Sales Stamp Television Tourist Value-added Dividend Environmental tax Carbon Eco-tariff Landfill Natural resources consumption Severance Steering Stumpage Excise Alcohol Cigarette Fat Meat Sin Sugary drink Tobacco General Georgist Gift Gross receipts Hypothecated Income Inheritance (estate) Land value Luxury Payroll Pigouvian Property Resource rent Single Surtax Turnover Use User charge/fee Congestion Fuel Road/GNSS Toll Vehicle miles traveled Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall Negative (income) Wealth International Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) Global minimum corporate tax rate Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Exchange of Information Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free-trade zone Trade agreement ATA Carnet Research Academic Mihir A. Desai Dhammika Dharmapala James R. Hines Jr. Ronen Palan Joel Slemrod Gabriel Zucman Advocacy groups Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) Oxfam (UK) Tax Foundation (US) Tax Justice Network (TJN) Tax Policy Center (US) Religious Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country All Countries List of countries by tax rates Tax revenue to GDP ratio Tax rates in Europe Individual Countries Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Russia South Africa Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Business portal Money portalvte Optimal tax theory or the theory of optimal taxation is the study of designing and implementing a tax that maximises a social welfare function subject to economic constraints. The social welfare function used is typically a function of individuals' utilities, most commonly some form of utilitarian function, so the tax system is chosen to maximise the aggregate of individual utilities. Tax revenue is required to fund the provision of public goods and other government services, as well as for redistribution from rich to poor individuals. However, most taxes distort individual behavior, because the activity that is taxed becomes relatively less desirable; for instance, taxes on labour income reduce the incentive to work. The optimization problem involves minimizing the distortions caused by taxation, while achieving desired levels of redistribution and revenue. Some taxes are thought to be less distorting, such as lump-sum taxes (where individuals cannot change their behaviour to reduce their tax burden) and Pigouvian taxes, where the market consumption of a good is inefficient, and a tax brings consumption closer to the efficient level. In the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith observed that “Good taxes meet four major criteria. They are (1) proportionate to incomes or abilities to pay (2) certain rather than arbitrary (3) payable at times and in ways convenient to the taxpayers and (4) cheap to administer and collect.” Tax revenue Generating a sufficient amount of revenue to finance government is arguably the most important purpose of the tax system. Optimal taxation theory attempts to derive the system of taxation that will achieve the desired revenue and income distribution with the least inefficiency—that is, that interferes least with market participants making Pareto optimal exchanges—economic transactions that make both parties better off. Free Market economies use prices to allocate resources to produce the products society wants most. If demand exceeds supply, the price will rise as those who want the product most compete to buy it. The high price induces producers to make more, until supply is adequate to meet demand and the price comes down. If supply exceeds demand, the price falls as producers try to induce more people to buy the product. The low prices then induce producers to make something else, that consumers want more. If the government imposes a tax however, the price the consumer pays is different from the price the producer receives because the government takes its cut. If demand is inelastic—if consumers will pay what they must to get the product at any price, consumers will pay the tax and government will appropriate some of their benefit from the transaction (and hopefully provide useful services like public education in exchange). If supply is inelastic—producers will sell the same amount regardless of price—producers will pay the tax and government will take some of their benefit from the transaction. Note that it does not matter which side actually writes the government's check, the market price will adjust to compensate (see Tax incidence). However, if both supply and demand are elastic—producers will make less at a lower price and consumers will buy less at a higher price—then the equilibrium quantity will decrease. There may be a consumer willing to buy at a price for which a producer is willing to sell, but this Pareto optimal transaction does not occur because neither is willing to pay the government's cut. The consumer then buys something less desirable and the producer makes something less profitable (or simply produces less and enjoys more leisure), so that the economy is no longer producing the optimal mix of products. Moreover, the sale does not occur, so the government never collects the revenue that was the whole reason for the distortion. This is the deadweight loss—the government has not merely taken a cut of the benefits from the exchange, it has destroyed those benefits for all three. These are the results optimal tax theorists seek to avoid. Horizontal and vertical equity Another criterion for an optimal tax is that it should be equitable. Equity in the context of taxation demands that the tax burden should be proportional to the taxpayer's ability to pay. This criterion can be further broken down into horizontal equity (imposing the same tax on two taxpayers with equal ability to pay) and vertical equity (imposing greater tax burdens on those with greater ability to pay). Of course, reasonable minds may differ as to whether two taxpayers, in fact, have equal ability to pay, and on how quickly the tax burden should rise with ability to pay (that is, how progressive the tax code should be). Of the hundreds of provisions in the US tax code, for example, only a handful actually impose a tax (26 USC Sections 1, 11, 55, 881, 882, 3301, and 3311 are the primary examples). Instead, most of those provisions help to define how much income a taxpayer has—that is, their ability to pay. Even after the code has answered all the technical questions and determined a taxpayer's taxable income, normative questions remain as to whether they have the same ability to pay. For example, the US tax code (26 U.S.C. Section 1(a)-(d)) imposes less tax on couples filing joint returns and on heads of households than it does on taxpayers that are single, and provides a credit reducing the tax bills of those supporting children (26 U.S.C. Section 24). This can be seen as an attempt at horizontal equity, reflecting a judgement that taxpayers supporting families have less ability to pay than taxpayers with the same income but no dependents. Vertical equity raises an additional normative question: once we have agreed which taxpayers have the same ability to pay and which taxpayers have more, how much more should those with greater ability to pay be made to contribute? While that question has no definitive answer, tax policy must balance competing goals such as revenue raising, redistribution, and efficiency. However, as with any tax, implementing higher taxes will negatively affect incentives and alter an individual's behavior. In his article "Effects of Taxes on Economic Behavior," Martin Feldstein discusses how economic behavior determined by taxes is important for estimating revenue, calculating efficiency and understanding the negative externalities in the short run. In his article, like much of his research on this topic, he chooses to focus primarily on how households are affected. Feldstein recognizes that high taxes deter people from actively engaging in the market, causing a lower production rate as well as a deadweight loss. Yet, because it is difficult to see tangible results of deadweight loss, policy makers largely ignore it. Feldstein expresses his frustration that policy makers have yet to grasp these concepts and therefore do not make policy that correct this wrong. The thrust of thinking among some economists is that taxes on consumption are always more efficient than taxes on income, arguing that the latter have a greater disincentive effect. One problem with this analysis is defining what constitutes consumption and what constitutes investment. Another problem is that the impact will vary from country to country, depending on the design of the tax system and the relative levels of different tax rates. A more nuanced empirical analysis is required to evaluate this issue. For lower-income working people, who spend most of their income, taxes on consumption also have a significant disincentive effect; while higher-income people may be motivated more by prestige and professional achievement than by after-tax income. Any gain in economic efficiency from shifting taxes to consumption may be quite small, while the adverse effects on income distribution may be large. Lump-sum taxes One type of tax that does not create a large excess burden is the lump-sum tax. A lump-sum tax is a fixed tax that must be paid by everyone and the amount a person is taxed remains constant regardless of income or owned assets. It does not create excess burden because these taxes do not alter economic decisions. Because the tax remains constant, an individual's incentives and a firm's incentives will not fluctuate, as opposed to a graduated income tax that taxes people more for earning more. Lump-sum taxes can be either progressive or regressive, depending on what the lump sum is being applied to. A tax placed on car tags would be regressive because it would be the same for everyone regardless of the type of car the owner purchased and, at least in the United States, even the poor own cars. People earning lower incomes would then pay more as a percentage of their income than higher-income earners. A tax on the unimproved aspects of land tends to be a progressive tax, since the wealthier one is, the more land one tends to own and the poor typically do not own any land at all. Lump-sum taxes are not politically expedient because they sometimes require a complete overhaul of the tax system. Lump-sum taxes are also unpopular when they are assessed per capita because they are regressive and make no allowance for a citizen's ability to pay. A one-off, unexpected lump-sum levy which is proportional to wealth or income is also non-distorting. In this case, although wealth or income is penalised, the unexpected nature of the tax means that there is no disincentive to asset accumulation- as by definition those accumulating such assets are unaware that a portion of those assets will be taxed in the future. Commodity taxes Frank P. Ramsey (1927) developed a theory for optimal commodity sales taxes in his article "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation". The problem is closely linked to the problem of socially optimal monopolistic pricing when profits are constrained to be positive, known as the Ramsey problem. He was the first to make a significant contribution to the theory of optimal taxation from an economic standpoint, and much of the literature that has followed reflects Ramsey's initial observations. He wanted to confront the problem of how to adjust consumption tax rates, under specified constraints, so that the reduction of utility is at a minimum. In an attempt to reduce excess burden of consumption taxes, Ramsey proposed a theoretical solution that consumption tax on each good should be "proportional to the sum of the reciprocals of its supply and demand elasticities". However, practically, it is problematic to constrain social planners to one form of taxation. It is better to enable them to consider all possible tax structures. Using Ramsey's rule as a basis for their papers, Peter Diamond and James Mirrlees propose an alternative to Ramsey's proposition by allowing the planner to consider numerous tax systems, and their model has prevailed in taxation theories. In their first paper, "Optimal Taxation and Public Production I: Production Efficiency" Diamond and Mirrlees consider the problem of imperfect information exchanged between taxpayers and the social planner. According to their argument, an individual's ability to earn income differs. Though the planner can observe income, they cannot directly observe the individual's ability or effort to earn income, so that if the planner attempts to increase taxes on those with high ability to earn an income, the individual's incentives to earn a high-income decrease. They confront the government tradeoff between equality and efficiency that when higher taxes are imposed on those with the potential to earn higher wages, they are not incentivized to expend the extra effort to earn a greater income. They rely on what has been labeled the revelation principle where planners must implement a tax system that provides proper incentives for people to reveal their true wage-earning abilities. They continued this idea in the second installment of their paper "Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: Tax Rules", where they discuss marginal tax rate schedules for labor income. If the policy maker implemented a tax increase in the marginal tax rate at a lower income, it discourages the individuals at that income from working hard. However, this same increase for high-income individuals does not distort their incentives because though it raises their average tax rate, their marginal tax rate remains the same. For example, giving $100 is worth more to a low-income earner than to a high-income earner. Diamond and Mirrlees came to the conclusion that the marginal tax rate for the top earner should be equal to zero and the optimal rate must be between zero and one. This provides the correct incentives for individuals to work at their optimal level. Developments in tax theory William J. Baumol and David F. Bradford in their article "Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing" also discuss the price distortion taxes cause. They examine the proposition that in order to reach the optimal point of allocating resources, prices that deviate from marginal cost are required. They recognize that with every tax, there is some sort of price distortion, so they state that any solution can only be the second-best option and any solution proposed is under that added constraint. However, their theory differs from other literature in this topic. First, it deals with quasi-optimal pricing, looking at four options for Pareto optimality with adjusted commodity prices. Second, they express their theory in more simplified terms which incurs a loss of realistic application. Third, it combines the three discussions: the welfare theory, the contributions of the regulations and public finance. They conclude that under constraints, the best possible theory to get close to optimality, which is not “best” at all, is the systematic division between prices and marginal costs. In his article entitled "Optimal Taxation in Theory", Gregory Mankiw reviews that current literature in theories on optimal taxation and analyzes the change in the tax theory over the past few decades. Like Diamond and Mirrlees, Mankiw recognizes the flaw in Ramsey's model that planners can raise revenue through taxes only on commodities but also points out the weakness of Mirrlees's proposition. Mankiw argues that Diamond's and Mirrlees's theory is extremely complex because of how difficult it is to keep track of individuals producing at their maximum levels. Mankiw provides a summary of eight lessons that represent the current thought in optimal taxation literature. They include, first, the idea considering horizontal and vertical equity, that social planners should base optimal tax schedules on income rates for labour, which marks the equality and efficiency trade-off. Second, the more income an individual makes, their marginal tax schedule could actually decrease because they are discouraged from working at their optimal production level. The solution is to, after individuals reach a certain income level, ensure that the marginal tax remains steady. Third, reaching an optimal tax level could mean flat taxes. Fourth, the increase in wage inequality is directly proportionate to the extent of income redistribution as revenue is distributed to low-income earners. Fifth, taxes should not only depend on income amounts, but also on personal characteristics such as a person's wage-earning capabilities. Sixth, goods produced should only be taxed as a final good and should be taxed uniformly, which leads to their seventh point that capital should also not be taxed because it is considered an input of production. Finally, policymakers should consider individuals’ income histories, which require reliance on different types of taxation to derive optimal taxation. Mankiw identifies that the tax policy has largely followed the theories laid out in tax literature because social planners believe that the flatter the tax, the better, there are declining top marginal rates in OECD countries and taxes on commodities are now uniform and usually only final goods are taxed. Joel Slemrod in his paper "Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax System", argues that optimal tax theory, as it stood when Slemrod wrote this paper, was an insufficient guide to determine tax policies because policymakers had yet to find a way to implement a tax system that enticed individuals to work at their optimal level. As a solution, Slemrod proposes the theory of optimal tax systems a phrase he uses to refer to the normative theory of taxation. Slemrod advocates this theory because not only does it take into account the preferences of individuals, but also the technology involved in tax collecting. A practical application of this, for example, is implementing value-added taxes, a tax on the purchase price of a good or service, to correct tax evasion. He argues that any future tax literature in normative theory needs to focus less on consumer preferences and more on tax-collecting technology and the areas of the economy that affect tax collection. Globalisation has also taken an important role in the development of taxes and tax systems. As referred previously, taxes have the purpose of fixing economic disparities among individuals, and that assortment of living standards and income generates competitiveness, especially among countries. The globalisation process has created new rules for companies and citizens to move across borders and, therefore, the tax systems they shall oblige to. Consequently, countries compete with each other on the taxation programme offered to both singular individuals and corporations, with the aim of becoming attractive to foreign agents, and simultaneously breed tax revenues to fund the government’s budget. Regarding the government’s budget and its strategy, it can also be a factor of attractiveness. Generally, countries with higher tax levels have also a tax structure tax differs from other countries, which can be related to the share of the government's expenditure that is invested in the population. For example, Sweden has one of the highest tax revenues (% of GDP), but invests almost 16% of the government expenditure in education. According to an OECD report, multiple countries have been changing their tax policies, being the normal procedure to cut the tax rate and broaden the tax base, which improves efficiency. From the same report, some situations were pointed out regarding the importance of the choice of tax policies, such as the imposition of taxes on products and services and the way these are perceived when exported, and the progressiveness of the taxes that can affect the inflow of economic agents (especially high-income ones). Initially, the last point was almost always directed to firms, but nowadays more high skilled workers are concerned with the subject; as opposed to low-skilled workers that are less affected by globalisation since the tax bases are not so flexible. Some studies show that there is a positive correlation between globalisation and capital taxes but, at the same time, that governments decrease the corporate taxes because of the globalisation phenomenon. It may sound somewhat paradoxical, but the change in the tax rates makes individuals more aware of the tariffs that are practised in other countries, contributing then for the globalisation. Income taxes Another aspect of optimal taxation is determining income taxes, which can be regressive, flat, or progressive. Labor income tax Main article: Optimal labor income taxation The theory of optimal income tax on individual labor aims to find the optimal trade-off between the following three effects of increasing taxation: The mechanical effect - an increase in tax-rate increases the government revenue, if no individuals changed their behaviour in response. The behavioural effect - an increase in tax-rate discourages labour supply, and this leads to lower tax revenue as a result. The welfare effect - an increase in tax-rate reduces the individual utility, and thus reduces social welfare. Corporate income tax The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Arnold Harberger researched optimal taxation for corporations. Corporation income taxes are based on corporate profits. In the Journal of Political Economy, Harberger wrote an article called "The Incidence of the Corporation Income Tax" where he provided a theoretical framework to understand the effects of corporate income taxes and to determine the impact of such taxes in the United States. He proposed a general-equilibrium model, in which he analyzed a two-sector economy (one corporate and the other not). In this model, Harberger concluded that the market will move toward a long-run equilibrium in which the after tax rate of return of all corporations would equalize, compensating for any impact of corporate income taxes. Thus, taxing profits would lower the overall rate of return and therefore the level of investment and output in the economy. Furthermore, he claimed that this model could apply to a broader range of conditions. Martin Feldstein disputed Harberger's assumptions. Feldstein argues that one of Harberger's shortcomings is that policy makers typically focused on the effects on personal income tax. Feldstein argued that policy makers should analyze corporate and personal taxation separately. He presented a method on how to reflect the net effect of the changes ro corporate tax rates on individual tax returns by focusing on the difference between real and nominal capital income. Feldstein noted the shortcomings of his model because of the lack of data to properly compare the two. William Fox and LeAnn Luna proposed another theory in a joint article called "State Corporate Tax Revenue Trends: Causes and Possible Solutions", in which they take on the role of this taxation. They purport to determine the effects on revenue and propose some ways to reverse the trend. They claim that because the effective corporate income tax rate fell by one-third over two decades, the effective tax rate decline was the result of a tax base that is eroding in relation to income and profits. This was because legislation narrowed the tax base. One option to reduce the negative investment effect of corporate taxes on the level of private investment (and hence increase investment) is the provision of an investment tax credit or accelerated depreciation. In these cases, the effective rate becomes a negative function of the reinvestment rate. In recent years, the concept of a corporate tax system incorporating deductions for "normal" profits (where normal is defined in relation to the long-term interest rate and the risk premium) has gained attention as a tax system that could minimise these distortions without reducing total tax revenue. Such a taxation system would in effect levy a higher rate of tax on firms earning "superprofits" which will likely be unaffected even when taxed at a higher rate, as the post-tax return on capital is significantly higher than the threshold or "normal" level. Conversely, the effective tax rate on marginal projects (with returns closer to the "normal" level) will be reduced. One example of such a tax system is Australia's Minerals Resource Rent Tax. When an investment tax credit or equity-based deduction is applied, the optimal effective rate of taxation is generally increased as the distortionary effect of a given level of taxation is diminished. If the unadjusted tax rate was optimal, the assumption is that the net marginal benefit of increased taxation is zero near the optimum rate (the marginal costs and benefits sum to zero). If the distortionary costs of capital taxation are then lowered by deductions or credits, then the net benefit of rate increases will become positive, implying the tax rate should be raised. Sales tax A third consideration for optimal taxation is sales tax, which is the additional price added to the base price of a paid by the consumer at the point when they purchase a good or service. Poterba in a second article called "Retail Price Reactions To Changes in State and Local Sales Taxes" tests the premise that sales taxes on the state and local level are fully shifted to the consumers. He examines clothing prices before and after World War II. He recognizes that monetary policy is important to determine the response of nominal prices under a national sales tax and points to possible differences in taxes applied at the local level as to taxes applied at a national level. Poterba finds evidence reinforcing the idea that sales taxes are fully forward shifted, which raises the consumer prices to match the tax increase. His study coincides with the original hypothesis that retail sales taxes are fully shifted to retail prices. Donald Bruce, William Fox, and M. H. Tuttle also discuss tax revenues through sales tax in their article "Tax Base Elasticities: A Multi-State Analysis of Long-Run and Short-Run Dynamics". In this article, they look at how personal state revenues and sales tax bases elasticities change for the short and long term in an attempt to determine the difference between them. With this information, the authors believe that states can both enhance and customize their tax structures, which can be used for careful resource planning. They found that for state personal income tax bases as compared to sales taxes, the average long-term income elasticity is more than doubled and the short-term display disproportionate results higher than the long-term elasticities. The authors contend with the conventional literature by declaring that neither the personal income tax nor the sales tax is, at least, universally, the more volatile tax. Though, the authors concede that in certain situations, the sales tax is more volatile, and in the long term, personal income taxes are more elastic. Furthermore, in understanding this argument, it must also be considered, as Alan Auerbach, Jagadeesh Gokhale, and Laurence Kotlikoff do in "Generational Accounting: A Meaningful Way to Evaluate Fiscal Policy", what the implications to optimal taxation are for future generations. They propose that generational accounting represents a new method for fiscal planning in the long-run, and that unlike the budget deficit, this generational accounting is not arbitrary. Instead, it is a remedy for how to approach the generation burden and effects of fiscal policy on a macroeconomic level. Ethically, it is a problem to have low taxes now, and therefore low revenue now, because it inevitably puts the burden of responsibility to pay for those expenditures on future generations. So through generational accounting, it is possible to analyze this and provide the necessary information for policy makers to change the policies needed to alter this trend. However, according to Auerbach, politicians are currently only relying on accounting and are not seeing the potential consequences that will ensue in future generations. The incidence of sales taxes on commodities also results in distortion if say food prepared in restaurants is taxed but supermarket-bought food prepared at home is not taxed at purchase. If a taxpayer needs to buy food at fast food restaurants because he/she is not wealthy enough to purchase extra leisure time (by working less) he/she pays the tax although a more prosperous person who enjoys playing at being a home chef is taxed more lightly. This differential taxation of commodities may cause inefficiency (by discouraging work in the market in favor of work in the household). Capital income tax Main article: Optimal capital income taxation The theory of optimal capital income tax considers the capital income as future consumption. Thus, the taxation of capital income corresponds to a differentiated consumption tax on present and future consumption, and results in the distortion of individuals' saving and consumption behavior as individuals substitute the more heavily taxed future consumption with current consumption. Due to these distortions, zero taxation of capital income might be optimal, a result postulated by the Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem (1976) and the Chamley–Judd zero capital income tax result (1985/1986). In contrast, subsequent work on optimal capital income taxation has elucidated the assumptions underlying the theoretical optimality of a zero capital income tax and advanced diverse arguments for a positive (or negative) optimal capital tax. Capital taxes Taxation of wealth or capital (i.e. stocks, assets) should not be confused with taxation of capital income or income from wealth (i.e. transfers, flows). Taxation of capital in any form: above all financial instruments, assets then property was proposed as most optimal by Thomas Piketty. His proposition consist of progressive taxation of capital up to 5% yearly. Gregory Papanikos showed that even proportional taxation of capital may be considered as optimal. Land value taxation One of the early propositions on taxing capital (according to the broader neoclassical definition of "capital") was to capture the full rental value of land. Political economist and social reformer Henry George most notably championed the idea of a land value tax in Progress and Poverty, as a levy on the value of unimproved or natural aspects of the land, primarily location; it disregards the improvements such as buildings and irrigation. Land value taxation has no deadweight loss because the input of production being taxed (land) is fixed in supply; it cannot hide, shrink in value, or flee to other jurisdictions when taxed. Economic theory suggests that a pure land value tax which succeeds in avoiding taxation of improvements could actually have a negative deadweight loss (positive externality), due to productivity gains arising from efficient land use. The taxation of locational values encourages socially optimal development on land in highly valued areas, like cities, since it reduces the incentive to speculate in land prices by leaving potentially productive locations vacant or underused. Despite its theoretical benefits, implementing land value taxes is difficult politically. However, land value tax is considered progressive, because the ownership of land values is more concentrated than other sources of revenue, such as personal income or spending. George argued that because land is the fruit of nature (not labor) and the value of location is created by the community, the revenue from land should belong to the community. See also Ad valorem tax Excess burden of taxation Hall-Rabushka flat tax Land value tax Optimum tariff Pigovian tax Progressive tax Proportional tax Single tax Taxable income elasticity Tax equity Tax incidence Tax reform Tax shift Notes ^ Mankiw, N. Gregory; Weinzierl, Matthew; Yagan, Danny (2009). "Optimal Taxation in Theory and Practice". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 23 (4): 147–174. doi:10.1257/jep.23.4.147. ^ Keane, Michael P (December 2011). "Labor Supply and Taxes: A Survey" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 49 (4): 961–1075. doi:10.1257/jel.49.4.961. ISSN 0022-0515. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2019-12-14. ^ Lars Ljungqvist and Thomas J. Sargent (2000), Recursive Macroeconomic Theory, 2nd ed, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19451-1, p. 444. ^ a b Simkovic, Michael (23 February 2015). "Distortionary Taxation of Human Capital Acquisition Costs". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 2551567. ^ Mirrlees, James; Adam, Stuart. Tax by design : the Mirrlees review. Oxford. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9780191617591. OCLC 761694695. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Smith, Adam (2015). The Wealth of Nations: A Translation into Modern English. Industrial Systems Research. p. 429. ISBN 9780906321706. ^ a b Bruce, Donald; John Deskins; William Fox (2005). Auerbach, Alan (ed.). "On the Extent, Growth, and Consequences of State Business Tax Planning". Corporate Income Taxation in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. ^ Holcombe, Randall (2006). Public Sector Economics; The Role of Government in the American Economy. New Jersey: Pearson. ^ a b c Feldstein, Martin (2008). "Effects of Taxes on Economic Behavior" (PDF). NBER (13745). ^ Rhys Kesselman, Jonathan; Spiro, Peter S. (2014). "Challenges in Shifting Canadian Taxation Toward Consumption". Canadian Tax Journal. 62 (1): 1–39. SSRN 2372735. ^ Ramsey, Frank (1927). "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation". Economic Journal. 37 (145): 47–61. doi:10.2307/2222721. JSTOR 2222721. ^ a b c Mankiw, Gregory; Matthew Weinzierl; Danny Yagan (2009). "Optimal Taxation in Theory". NBER (15071). ^ Sanchirico, Chris (2011) . "Tax Eclecticism". Tax Law Review. 64: 149–228. SSRN 1491130. ^ a b Mirrlees, James; Peter Diamond (1971). "Optimal Taxation and Public Production I: Production Efficiency". American Economic Review. 61: 8–27. ^ a b Mirrlees, James; Peter Diamond (1971). "Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: Tax Rules". American Economic Review. 61: 261–278. ^ a b Baumol, William; David Bradford (1970). "Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing". The American Economic Review. 60: 265–283. ^ a b Slemrod, Joel (July 1989). "Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax Systems". NBER. doi:10.3386/w3038. ^ a b c OECD (2010). "Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth". OECD Tax Policy Studies. 20. doi:10.1787/9789264091085-en. ISBN 9789264091078. ^ "Tax revenue (% of GDP)". The World Bank - Data. The World Bank. ^ "Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure)". The World Bank - Data. The World Bank. ^ "Base Broadening Definition". TaxEDU. Tax Foundation. ^ Lucas, Bretschger; Frank, Hettich (2002). "Globalisation, capital mobility and tax competition: theory and evidence for OECD countries". European Journal of Political Economy. 18 (4): 695–716. doi:10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00115-5. hdl:10419/48898. ^ a b Harberger, Arthur (1962). "The Incidence of the Corporation Income Tax". Journal of Political Economy. 70 (3): 215–240. doi:10.1086/258636. S2CID 154336077. ^ Fox, William; LeAnn Luna (2002). "State Corporate Tax Revenue Trends: Causes and Possible Solutions". National Tax Journal. 55 (3): 491–508. doi:10.17310/ntj.2002.3.07. S2CID 55018225. ^ a b Poterba, James (1996). "Retail Price Reactions to Changes in State and Local Sales Taxes". National Tax Journal. 79 (49): 165–176. doi:10.1086/NTJ41789195. S2CID 154762393. ^ a b Bruce, Donald; William Fox; M. H. Tuttle (2006). "Tax Base Elasticities: A Multi-State Analysis of Long-Run and Short-Run Dynamics". Southern Economic Journal. 73 (2): 315–341. doi:10.2307/20111894. JSTOR 20111894. ^ a b Auerbach, Alan; Jagadeesh Gokhale; Laurence Kotlkoff (1999). "Generational Accounting: A Meaningful Way to Evaluate Fiscal Policy". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 8: 73–94. doi:10.1257/jep.8.1.73. ^ Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014) ^ Papanikos, Gregory (2015). "Taxing Wealth and Only Wealth in an Advanced Economy with an Oversized Informal Economy and Vast Tax Evasion: The Case of Greece" (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung. 84 (3): 83–106. doi:10.3790/vjh.84.3.85. hdl:10419/150061. ^ George, Henry (1879). Progress and Poverty. New York: Page & Co. ^ Tideman, Nicolaus (1995). Taxing Land is Better Than Neutral: Land Taxes, Land Speculation and the Timing of Development. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Retrieved 17 June 2014. ^ Mattauch, Linus; Siegmeier, Jan; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Creutzig, Felix (2013), "Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem", CESifo Working Paper, No. 4280. ^ Plassmann, Florenz (24 June 1997). "The Impact of Two-Rate Taxes on Construction in Pennsylvania". hdl:10919/30622. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ Gaffney, Mason (1971). "The property tax is a progressive tax" (PDF). masongaffney.org/. Resources for the Future, Inc; Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Conference on Taxation sponsored by the National Tax Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2013. ^ "Levying the land". The Economist. June 29, 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013. Further reading Mayshar, J. (1990). "Measures of Excess Burden". Journal of Public Economics. 43 (3): 263–289. doi:10.1016/0047-2727(90)90001-x. Ramsey, F. P. (1927). "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation". The Economic Journal. 37 (145): 47–61. doi:10.2307/2222721. JSTOR 2222721. J. Slemrod and S. Yitzhaki (1996) "The costs of taxation and the marginal efficiency cost of funds," International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, March 1996, 43, 1 N. H. Stern (1987). "Optimal taxation", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 865–67. Kaplow, Louis. 2024. "Optimal Income Taxation." Journal of Economic Literature, 62 (2): 637-738.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"social welfare function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_function"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"},{"link_name":"utilitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"public goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"optimization problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_problem"},{"link_name":"distortions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortions_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Capital_Tax-4"},{"link_name":"lump-sum taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lump-sum_tax"},{"link_name":"Pigouvian taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigovian_tax"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Optimal tax theory or the theory of optimal taxation is the study of designing and implementing a tax that maximises a social welfare function subject to economic constraints.[1] The social welfare function used is typically a function of individuals' utilities, most commonly some form of utilitarian function, so the tax system is chosen to maximise the aggregate of individual utilities. Tax revenue is required to fund the provision of public goods and other government services, as well as for redistribution from rich to poor individuals. However, most taxes distort individual behavior, because the activity that is taxed becomes relatively less desirable; for instance, taxes on labour income reduce the incentive to work.[2] The optimization problem involves minimizing the distortions caused by taxation, while achieving desired levels of redistribution and revenue.[3][4] Some taxes are thought to be less distorting, such as lump-sum taxes (where individuals cannot change their behaviour to reduce their tax burden) and Pigouvian taxes, where the market consumption of a good is inefficient, and a tax brings consumption closer to the efficient level.[5]In the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith observed that“Good taxes meet four major criteria. They are (1) proportionate to incomes or abilities to pay (2) certain rather than arbitrary (3) payable at times and in ways convenient to the taxpayers and (4) cheap to administer and collect.” [6]","title":"Optimal tax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"income distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_distribution"},{"link_name":"Pareto optimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_2005-7"},{"link_name":"Free Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_markets"},{"link_name":"inelastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Tax incidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incidence"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)"},{"link_name":"deadweight loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_2005-7"}],"text":"Generating a sufficient amount of revenue to finance government is arguably the most important purpose of the tax system. Optimal taxation theory attempts to derive the system of taxation that will achieve the desired revenue and income distribution with the least inefficiency—that is, that interferes least with market participants making Pareto optimal exchanges—economic transactions that make both parties better off.[7]Free Market economies use prices to allocate resources to produce the products society wants most. If demand exceeds supply, the price will rise as those who want the product most compete to buy it. The high price induces producers to make more, until supply is adequate to meet demand and the price comes down. If supply exceeds demand, the price falls as producers try to induce more people to buy the product. The low prices then induce producers to make something else, that consumers want more.If the government imposes a tax however, the price the consumer pays is different from the price the producer receives because the government takes its cut. If demand is inelastic—if consumers will pay what they must to get the product at any price, consumers will pay the tax and government will appropriate some of their benefit from the transaction (and hopefully provide useful services like public education in exchange). If supply is inelastic—producers will sell the same amount regardless of price—producers will pay the tax and government will take some of their benefit from the transaction. Note that it does not matter which side actually writes the government's check, the market price will adjust to compensate (see Tax incidence).However, if both supply and demand are elastic—producers will make less at a lower price and consumers will buy less at a higher price—then the equilibrium quantity will decrease. There may be a consumer willing to buy at a price for which a producer is willing to sell, but this Pareto optimal transaction does not occur because neither is willing to pay the government's cut. The consumer then buys something less desirable and the producer makes something less profitable (or simply produces less and enjoys more leisure), so that the economy is no longer producing the optimal mix of products. Moreover, the sale does not occur, so the government never collects the revenue that was the whole reason for the distortion. This is the deadweight loss—the government has not merely taken a cut of the benefits from the exchange, it has destroyed those benefits for all three.[7] These are the results optimal tax theorists seek to avoid.","title":"Tax revenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(economics)"},{"link_name":"horizontal equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_equity"},{"link_name":"vertical equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_equity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holcombe_2006-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feldstein_2008-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Capital_Tax-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Horizontal and vertical equity","text":"Another criterion for an optimal tax is that it should be equitable. Equity in the context of taxation demands that the tax burden should be proportional to the taxpayer's ability to pay. This criterion can be further broken down into horizontal equity (imposing the same tax on two taxpayers with equal ability to pay) and vertical equity (imposing greater tax burdens on those with greater ability to pay). Of course, reasonable minds may differ as to whether two taxpayers, in fact, have equal ability to pay, and on how quickly the tax burden should rise with ability to pay (that is, how progressive the tax code should be).[8]Of the hundreds of provisions in the US tax code, for example, only a handful actually impose a tax (26 USC Sections 1, 11, 55, 881, 882, 3301, and 3311 are the primary examples). Instead, most of those provisions help to define how much income a taxpayer has—that is, their ability to pay. Even after the code has answered all the technical questions and determined a taxpayer's taxable income, normative questions remain as to whether they have the same ability to pay. For example, the US tax code (26 U.S.C. Section 1(a)-(d)) imposes less tax on couples filing joint returns and on heads of households than it does on taxpayers that are single, and provides a credit reducing the tax bills of those supporting children (26 U.S.C. Section 24). This can be seen as an attempt at horizontal equity, reflecting a judgement that taxpayers supporting families have less ability to pay than taxpayers with the same income but no dependents.Vertical equity raises an additional normative question: once we have agreed which taxpayers have the same ability to pay and which taxpayers have more, how much more should those with greater ability to pay be made to contribute? While that question has no definitive answer, tax policy must balance competing goals such as revenue raising, redistribution, and efficiency.However, as with any tax, implementing higher taxes will negatively affect incentives and alter an individual's behavior. In his article \"Effects of Taxes on Economic Behavior,\" Martin Feldstein discusses how economic behavior determined by taxes is important for estimating revenue, calculating efficiency and understanding the negative externalities in the short run. In his article, like much of his research on this topic, he chooses to focus primarily on how households are affected. Feldstein recognizes that high taxes deter people from actively engaging in the market, causing a lower production rate as well as a deadweight loss. Yet, because it is difficult to see tangible results of deadweight loss, policy makers largely ignore it. Feldstein expresses his frustration that policy makers have yet to grasp these concepts and therefore do not make policy that correct this wrong.[9]The thrust of thinking among some economists is that taxes on consumption are always more efficient than taxes on income, arguing that the latter have a greater disincentive effect. One problem with this analysis is defining what constitutes consumption and what constitutes investment.[4] Another problem is that the impact will vary from country to country, depending on the design of the tax system and the relative levels of different tax rates. A more nuanced empirical analysis is required to evaluate this issue. For lower-income working people, who spend most of their income, taxes on consumption also have a significant disincentive effect; while higher-income people may be motivated more by prestige and professional achievement than by after-tax income. Any gain in economic efficiency from shifting taxes to consumption may be quite small, while the adverse effects on income distribution may be large.[10]","title":"Tax revenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lump-sum tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lump-sum_tax"}],"sub_title":"Lump-sum taxes","text":"One type of tax that does not create a large excess burden is the lump-sum tax. A lump-sum tax is a fixed tax that must be paid by everyone and the amount a person is taxed remains constant regardless of income or owned assets. It does not create excess burden because these taxes do not alter economic decisions. Because the tax remains constant, an individual's incentives and a firm's incentives will not fluctuate, as opposed to a graduated income tax that taxes people more for earning more.Lump-sum taxes can be either progressive or regressive, depending on what the lump sum is being applied to. A tax placed on car tags would be regressive because it would be the same for everyone regardless of the type of car the owner purchased and, at least in the United States, even the poor own cars. People earning lower incomes would then pay more as a percentage of their income than higher-income earners. A tax on the unimproved aspects of land tends to be a progressive tax, since the wealthier one is, the more land one tends to own and the poor typically do not own any land at all.Lump-sum taxes are not politically expedient because they sometimes require a complete overhaul of the tax system. Lump-sum taxes are also unpopular when they are assessed per capita because they are regressive and make no allowance for a citizen's ability to pay.A one-off, unexpected lump-sum levy which is proportional to wealth or income is also non-distorting. In this case, although wealth or income is penalised, the unexpected nature of the tax means that there is no disincentive to asset accumulation- as by definition those accumulating such assets are unaware that a portion of those assets will be taxed in the future.","title":"Tax revenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank P. Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Ramsey problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_problem"},{"link_name":"supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_supply"},{"link_name":"demand elasticities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mankiw_2009-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Peter Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Diamond"},{"link_name":"James Mirrlees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mirrlees"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirrlees_1971_8%E2%80%9327-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirrlees_1971_8%E2%80%9327-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirrlees_1971_261%E2%80%93278-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirrlees_1971_261%E2%80%93278-15"}],"text":"Frank P. Ramsey (1927) developed a theory for optimal commodity sales taxes in his article \"A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation\". The problem is closely linked to the problem of socially optimal monopolistic pricing when profits are constrained to be positive, known as the Ramsey problem. He was the first to make a significant contribution to the theory of optimal taxation from an economic standpoint, and much of the literature that has followed reflects Ramsey's initial observations.He wanted to confront the problem of how to adjust consumption tax rates, under specified constraints, so that the reduction of utility is at a minimum. In an attempt to reduce excess burden of consumption taxes, Ramsey proposed a theoretical solution that consumption tax on each good should be \"proportional to the sum of the reciprocals of its supply and demand elasticities\".[11] However, practically, it is problematic to constrain social planners to one form of taxation. It is better to enable them to consider all possible tax structures.[12][13]Using Ramsey's rule as a basis for their papers, Peter Diamond and James Mirrlees propose an alternative to Ramsey's proposition by allowing the planner to consider numerous tax systems, and their model has prevailed in taxation theories. In their first paper, \"Optimal Taxation and Public Production I: Production Efficiency\" Diamond and Mirrlees consider the problem of imperfect information exchanged between taxpayers and the social planner.[14] According to their argument, an individual's ability to earn income differs. Though the planner can observe income, they cannot directly observe the individual's ability or effort to earn income, so that if the planner attempts to increase taxes on those with high ability to earn an income, the individual's incentives to earn a high-income decrease. They confront the government tradeoff between equality and efficiency that when higher taxes are imposed on those with the potential to earn higher wages, they are not incentivized to expend the extra effort to earn a greater income. They rely on what has been labeled the revelation principle where planners must implement a tax system that provides proper incentives for people to reveal their true wage-earning abilities.[14]They continued this idea in the second installment of their paper \"Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: Tax Rules\", where they discuss marginal tax rate schedules for labor income.[15] If the policy maker implemented a tax increase in the marginal tax rate at a lower income, it discourages the individuals at that income from working hard. However, this same increase for high-income individuals does not distort their incentives because though it raises their average tax rate, their marginal tax rate remains the same. For example, giving $100 is worth more to a low-income earner than to a high-income earner. Diamond and Mirrlees came to the conclusion that the marginal tax rate for the top earner should be equal to zero and the optimal rate must be between zero and one. This provides the correct incentives for individuals to work at their optimal level.[15]","title":"Commodity taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William J. Baumol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Baumol"},{"link_name":"David F. Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradford_(economist)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baumol_1970_265%E2%80%93283-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baumol_1970_265%E2%80%93283-16"},{"link_name":"Gregory Mankiw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mankiw"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mankiw_2009-12"},{"link_name":"flat taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_tax"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mankiw_2009-12"},{"link_name":"Joel Slemrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Slemrod"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slemrod_1990-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slemrod_1990-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"William J. Baumol and David F. Bradford in their article \"Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing\" also discuss the price distortion taxes cause.[16] They examine the proposition that in order to reach the optimal point of allocating resources, prices that deviate from marginal cost are required. They recognize that with every tax, there is some sort of price distortion, so they state that any solution can only be the second-best option and any solution proposed is under that added constraint. However, their theory differs from other literature in this topic. First, it deals with quasi-optimal pricing, looking at four options for Pareto optimality with adjusted commodity prices. Second, they express their theory in more simplified terms which incurs a loss of realistic application. Third, it combines the three discussions: the welfare theory, the contributions of the regulations and public finance. They conclude that under constraints, the best possible theory to get close to optimality, which is not “best” at all, is the systematic division between prices and marginal costs.[16]In his article entitled \"Optimal Taxation in Theory\", Gregory Mankiw reviews that current literature in theories on optimal taxation and analyzes the change in the tax theory over the past few decades. Like Diamond and Mirrlees, Mankiw recognizes the flaw in Ramsey's model that planners can raise revenue through taxes only on commodities but also points out the weakness of Mirrlees's proposition. Mankiw argues that Diamond's and Mirrlees's theory is extremely complex because of how difficult it is to keep track of individuals producing at their maximum levels.[12]Mankiw provides a summary of eight lessons that represent the current thought in optimal taxation literature. They include, first, the idea considering horizontal and vertical equity, that social planners should base optimal tax schedules on income rates for labour, which marks the equality and efficiency trade-off. Second, the more income an individual makes, their marginal tax schedule could actually decrease because they are discouraged from working at their optimal production level. The solution is to, after individuals reach a certain income level, ensure that the marginal tax remains steady. Third, reaching an optimal tax level could mean flat taxes. Fourth, the increase in wage inequality is directly proportionate to the extent of income redistribution as revenue is distributed to low-income earners. Fifth, taxes should not only depend on income amounts, but also on personal characteristics such as a person's wage-earning capabilities. Sixth, goods produced should only be taxed as a final good and should be taxed uniformly, which leads to their seventh point that capital should also not be taxed because it is considered an input of production. Finally, policymakers should consider individuals’ income histories, which require reliance on different types of taxation to derive optimal taxation. Mankiw identifies that the tax policy has largely followed the theories laid out in tax literature because social planners believe that the flatter the tax, the better, there are declining top marginal rates in OECD countries and taxes on commodities are now uniform and usually only final goods are taxed.[12]Joel Slemrod in his paper \"Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax System\", argues that optimal tax theory, as it stood when Slemrod wrote this paper, was an insufficient guide to determine tax policies because policymakers had yet to find a way to implement a tax system that enticed individuals to work at their optimal level.[17] As a solution, Slemrod proposes the theory of optimal tax systems a phrase he uses to refer to the normative theory of taxation. Slemrod advocates this theory because not only does it take into account the preferences of individuals, but also the technology involved in tax collecting. A practical application of this, for example, is implementing value-added taxes, a tax on the purchase price of a good or service, to correct tax evasion. He argues that any future tax literature in normative theory needs to focus less on consumer preferences and more on tax-collecting technology and the areas of the economy that affect tax collection.[17]Globalisation has also taken an important role in the development of taxes and tax systems. As referred previously, taxes have the purpose of fixing economic disparities among individuals, and that assortment of living standards and income generates competitiveness, especially among countries. The globalisation process has created new rules for companies and citizens to move across borders and, therefore, the tax systems they shall oblige to. Consequently, countries compete with each other on the taxation programme offered to both singular individuals and corporations, with the aim of becoming attractive to foreign agents, and simultaneously breed tax revenues to fund the government’s budget. \nRegarding the government’s budget and its strategy, it can also be a factor of attractiveness. Generally, countries with higher tax levels have also a tax structure tax differs from other countries,[18] which can be related to the share of the government's expenditure that is invested in the population. For example, Sweden has one of the highest tax revenues (% of GDP),[19] but invests almost 16% of the government expenditure in education.[20]\nAccording to an OECD report,[18] multiple countries have been changing their tax policies, being the normal procedure to cut the tax rate and broaden the tax base,[21] which improves efficiency. From the same report, some situations were pointed out regarding the importance of the choice of tax policies, such as the imposition of taxes on products and services and the way these are perceived when exported, and the progressiveness of the taxes that can affect the inflow of economic agents (especially high-income ones). Initially, the last point was almost always directed to firms, but nowadays more high skilled workers are concerned with the subject; as opposed to low-skilled workers that are less affected by globalisation since the tax bases are not so flexible.[18]\nSome studies show that there is a positive correlation between globalisation and capital taxes but, at the same time, that governments decrease the corporate taxes because of the globalisation phenomenon.[22] It may sound somewhat paradoxical, but the change in the tax rates makes individuals more aware of the tariffs that are practised in other countries, contributing then for the globalisation.","title":"Developments in tax theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"income taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax"},{"link_name":"regressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regressive_tax"},{"link_name":"flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_tax"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax"}],"text":"Another aspect of optimal taxation is determining income taxes, which can be regressive, flat, or progressive.","title":"Income taxes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Labor income tax","text":"The theory of optimal income tax on individual labor aims to find the optimal trade-off between the following three effects of increasing taxation:The mechanical effect - an increase in tax-rate increases the government revenue, if no individuals changed their behaviour in response.\nThe behavioural effect - an increase in tax-rate discourages labour supply, and this leads to lower tax revenue as a result.\nThe welfare effect - an increase in tax-rate reduces the individual utility, and thus reduces social welfare.","title":"Income taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnold Harberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Harberger"},{"link_name":"taxation for corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax"},{"link_name":"Journal of Political Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy"},{"link_name":"taxes in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harberger_1962_215%E2%80%93240-23"},{"link_name":"general-equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feldstein_2008-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harberger_1962_215%E2%80%93240-23"},{"link_name":"Martin Feldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Feldstein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feldstein_2008-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"investment tax credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_tax_credit"},{"link_name":"accelerated depreciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_depreciation"},{"link_name":"superprofits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprofit"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Minerals Resource Rent Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Resource_Rent_Tax"}],"sub_title":"Corporate income tax","text":"Arnold Harberger researched optimal taxation for corporations. Corporation income taxes are based on corporate profits. In the Journal of Political Economy, Harberger wrote an article called \"The Incidence of the Corporation Income Tax\" where he provided a theoretical framework to understand the effects of corporate income taxes and to determine the impact of such taxes in the United States.[23] He proposed a general-equilibrium model, in which he analyzed a two-sector economy (one corporate and the other not). In this model, Harberger concluded that the market will move toward a long-run equilibrium in which the after tax rate of return of all corporations would equalize, compensating for any impact of corporate income taxes. Thus, taxing profits would lower the overall rate of return and therefore the level of investment and output in the economy. Furthermore, he claimed that this model could apply to a broader range of conditions.[9][23]Martin Feldstein disputed Harberger's assumptions. Feldstein argues that one of Harberger's shortcomings is that policy makers typically focused on the effects on personal income tax. Feldstein argued that policy makers should analyze corporate and personal taxation separately. He presented a method on how to reflect the net effect of the changes ro corporate tax rates on individual tax returns by focusing on the difference between real and nominal capital income. Feldstein noted the shortcomings of his model because of the lack of data to properly compare the two.[9]William Fox and LeAnn Luna proposed another theory in a joint article called \"State Corporate Tax Revenue Trends: Causes and Possible Solutions\", in which they take on the role of this taxation. They purport to determine the effects on revenue and propose some ways to reverse the trend. They claim that because the effective corporate income tax rate fell by one-third over two decades, the effective tax rate decline was the result of a tax base that is eroding in relation to income and profits. This was because legislation narrowed the tax base.[24]One option to reduce the negative investment effect of corporate taxes on the level of private investment (and hence increase investment) is the provision of an investment tax credit or accelerated depreciation. In these cases, the effective rate becomes a negative function of the reinvestment rate.In recent years, the concept of a corporate tax system incorporating deductions for \"normal\" profits (where normal is defined in relation to the long-term interest rate and the risk premium) has gained attention as a tax system that could minimise these distortions without reducing total tax revenue. Such a taxation system would in effect levy a higher rate of tax on firms earning \"superprofits\" which will likely be unaffected even when taxed at a higher rate, as the post-tax return on capital is significantly higher than the threshold or \"normal\" level. Conversely, the effective tax rate on marginal projects (with returns closer to the \"normal\" level) will be reduced. One example of such a tax system is Australia's Minerals Resource Rent Tax.When an investment tax credit or equity-based deduction is applied, the optimal effective rate of taxation is generally increased as the distortionary effect of a given level of taxation is diminished. If the unadjusted tax rate was optimal, the assumption is that the net marginal benefit of increased taxation is zero near the optimum rate (the marginal costs and benefits sum to zero). If the distortionary costs of capital taxation are then lowered by deductions or credits, then the net benefit of rate increases will become positive, implying the tax rate should be raised.","title":"Income taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poterba_1996_165%E2%80%93176-25"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poterba_1996_165%E2%80%93176-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auerbach_1999_73%E2%80%9394-27"},{"link_name":"generational accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational_accounting"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auerbach_1999_73%E2%80%9394-27"},{"link_name":"sales taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax"},{"link_name":"fast food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food"}],"sub_title":"Sales tax","text":"A third consideration for optimal taxation is sales tax, which is the additional price added to the base price of a paid by the consumer at the point when they purchase a good or service. Poterba in a second article called \"Retail Price Reactions To Changes in State and Local Sales Taxes\" tests the premise that sales taxes on the state and local level are fully shifted to the consumers.[25] He examines clothing prices before and after World War II. He recognizes that monetary policy is important to determine the response of nominal prices under a national sales tax and points to possible differences in taxes applied at the local level as to taxes applied at a national level. Poterba finds evidence reinforcing the idea that sales taxes are fully forward shifted, which raises the consumer prices to match the tax increase. His study coincides with the original hypothesis that retail sales taxes are fully shifted to retail prices.[25]Donald Bruce, William Fox, and M. H. Tuttle also discuss tax revenues through sales tax in their article \"Tax Base Elasticities: A Multi-State Analysis of Long-Run and Short-Run Dynamics\".[26] In this article, they look at how personal state revenues and sales tax bases elasticities change for the short and long term in an attempt to determine the difference between them. With this information, the authors believe that states can both enhance and customize their tax structures, which can be used for careful resource planning. They found that for state personal income tax bases as compared to sales taxes, the average long-term income elasticity is more than doubled and the short-term display disproportionate results higher than the long-term elasticities. The authors contend with the conventional literature by declaring that neither the personal income tax nor the sales tax is, at least, universally, the more volatile tax. Though, the authors concede that in certain situations, the sales tax is more volatile, and in the long term, personal income taxes are more elastic.[26]Furthermore, in understanding this argument, it must also be considered, as Alan Auerbach, Jagadeesh Gokhale, and Laurence Kotlikoff do in \"Generational Accounting: A Meaningful Way to Evaluate Fiscal Policy\", what the implications to optimal taxation are for future generations.[27] They propose that generational accounting represents a new method for fiscal planning in the long-run, and that unlike the budget deficit, this generational accounting is not arbitrary. Instead, it is a remedy for how to approach the generation burden and effects of fiscal policy on a macroeconomic level. Ethically, it is a problem to have low taxes now, and therefore low revenue now, because it inevitably puts the burden of responsibility to pay for those expenditures on future generations. So through generational accounting, it is possible to analyze this and provide the necessary information for policy makers to change the policies needed to alter this trend. However, according to Auerbach, politicians are currently only relying on accounting and are not seeing the potential consequences that will ensue in future generations.[27]The incidence of sales taxes on commodities also results in distortion if say food prepared in restaurants is taxed but supermarket-bought food prepared at home is not taxed at purchase. If a taxpayer needs to buy food at fast food restaurants because he/she is not wealthy enough to purchase extra leisure time (by working less) he/she pays the tax although a more prosperous person who enjoys playing at being a home chef is taxed more lightly. This differential taxation of commodities may cause inefficiency (by discouraging work in the market in favor of work in the household).","title":"Income taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_income"}],"sub_title":"Capital income tax","text":"The theory of optimal capital income tax considers the capital income as future consumption. Thus, the taxation of capital income corresponds to a differentiated consumption tax on present and future consumption, and results in the distortion of individuals' saving and consumption behavior as individuals substitute the more heavily taxed future consumption with current consumption. Due to these distortions, zero taxation of capital income might be optimal, a result postulated by the Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem (1976) and the Chamley–Judd zero capital income tax result (1985/1986). In contrast, subsequent work on optimal capital income taxation has elucidated the assumptions underlying the theoretical optimality of a zero capital income tax and advanced diverse arguments for a positive (or negative) optimal capital tax.","title":"Income taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxation of wealth or capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_tax"},{"link_name":"capital income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_capital_income_taxation"},{"link_name":"income from wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains_tax"},{"link_name":"property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Taxation of wealth or capital (i.e. stocks, assets) should not be confused with taxation of capital income or income from wealth (i.e. transfers, flows). Taxation of capital in any form: above all financial instruments, assets then property was proposed as most optimal by Thomas Piketty.[28] His proposition consist of progressive taxation of capital up to 5% yearly. Gregory Papanikos showed that even proportional taxation of capital may be considered as optimal. [29]","title":"Capital taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_capture"},{"link_name":"land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"land value tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax"},{"link_name":"Progress and Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"deadweight loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss"},{"link_name":"positive externality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_externality"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Land value taxation","text":"One of the early propositions on taxing capital (according to the broader neoclassical definition of \"capital\") was to capture the full rental value of land. Political economist and social reformer Henry George most notably championed the idea of a land value tax in Progress and Poverty, as a levy on the value of unimproved or natural aspects of the land, primarily location; it disregards the improvements such as buildings and irrigation.[30] Land value taxation has no deadweight loss because the input of production being taxed (land) is fixed in supply; it cannot hide, shrink in value, or flee to other jurisdictions when taxed.Economic theory suggests that a pure land value tax which succeeds in avoiding taxation of improvements could actually have a negative deadweight loss (positive externality), due to productivity gains arising from efficient land use.[31][32] The taxation of locational values encourages socially optimal development on land in highly valued areas, like cities, since it reduces the incentive to speculate in land prices by leaving potentially productive locations vacant or underused.[33]Despite its theoretical benefits, implementing land value taxes is difficult politically. However, land value tax is considered progressive, because the ownership of land values is more concentrated than other sources of revenue, such as personal income or spending.[34] George argued that because land is the fruit of nature (not labor) and the value of location is created by the community, the revenue from land should belong to the community.[35]","title":"Capital taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Mankiw, N. Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mankiw"},{"link_name":"\"Optimal Taxation in Theory and Practice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v23y2009i4p147-74.html"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/jep.23.4.147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.23.4.147"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Labor Supply and Taxes: A Survey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200413184448/http://www.finance.uts.edu.au/research/wpapers/wp160.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/jel.49.4.961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.49.4.961"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0022-0515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0515"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.finance.uts.edu.au/research/wpapers/wp160.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Lars Ljungqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Ljungqvist"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. 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review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ifs.org.uk/publications/5353"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780191617591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191617591"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"761694695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/761694695"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Smith, Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Wealth of Nations: A Translation into Modern 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.masongaffney.org/publications/g17property_tax_progressive_tax.cv.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Levying the land\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21580130-governments-should-make-more-use-property-taxes-levying-land"}],"text":"^ Mankiw, N. Gregory; Weinzierl, Matthew; Yagan, Danny (2009). \"Optimal Taxation in Theory and Practice\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 23 (4): 147–174. doi:10.1257/jep.23.4.147.\n\n^ Keane, Michael P (December 2011). \"Labor Supply and Taxes: A Survey\" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 49 (4): 961–1075. doi:10.1257/jel.49.4.961. ISSN 0022-0515. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2019-12-14.\n\n^ Lars Ljungqvist and Thomas J. Sargent (2000), Recursive Macroeconomic Theory, 2nd ed, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19451-1, p. 444.\n\n^ a b Simkovic, Michael (23 February 2015). \"Distortionary Taxation of Human Capital Acquisition Costs\". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 2551567.\n\n^ Mirrlees, James; Adam, Stuart. Tax by design : the Mirrlees review. Oxford. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9780191617591. OCLC 761694695. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\n\n^ Smith, Adam (2015). The Wealth of Nations: A Translation into Modern English. Industrial Systems Research. p. 429. ISBN 9780906321706.\n\n^ a b Bruce, Donald; John Deskins; William Fox (2005). Auerbach, Alan (ed.). \"On the Extent, Growth, and Consequences of State Business Tax Planning\". Corporate Income Taxation in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press.\n\n^ Holcombe, Randall (2006). Public Sector Economics; The Role of Government in the American Economy. New Jersey: Pearson.\n\n^ a b c Feldstein, Martin (2008). \"Effects of Taxes on Economic Behavior\" (PDF). NBER (13745).\n\n^ Rhys Kesselman, Jonathan; Spiro, Peter S. (2014). \"Challenges in Shifting Canadian Taxation Toward Consumption\". Canadian Tax Journal. 62 (1): 1–39. SSRN 2372735.\n\n^ Ramsey, Frank (1927). \"A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation\". Economic Journal. 37 (145): 47–61. doi:10.2307/2222721. JSTOR 2222721.\n\n^ a b c Mankiw, Gregory; Matthew Weinzierl; Danny Yagan (2009). \"Optimal Taxation in Theory\". NBER (15071).\n\n^ Sanchirico, Chris (2011) [Working paper posted 2009]. \"Tax Eclecticism\". Tax Law Review. 64: 149–228. SSRN 1491130.\n\n^ a b Mirrlees, James; Peter Diamond (1971). \"Optimal Taxation and Public Production I: Production Efficiency\". American Economic Review. 61: 8–27.\n\n^ a b Mirrlees, James; Peter Diamond (1971). \"Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: Tax Rules\". American Economic Review. 61: 261–278.\n\n^ a b Baumol, William; David Bradford (1970). \"Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing\". The American Economic Review. 60: 265–283.\n\n^ a b Slemrod, Joel (July 1989). \"Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax Systems\". NBER. doi:10.3386/w3038.\n\n^ a b c OECD (2010). \"Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth\". OECD Tax Policy Studies. 20. doi:10.1787/9789264091085-en. ISBN 9789264091078.\n\n^ \"Tax revenue (% of GDP)\". The World Bank - Data. The World Bank.\n\n^ \"Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure)\". The World Bank - Data. The World Bank.\n\n^ \"Base Broadening Definition\". TaxEDU. 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Retrieved 17 June 2014.\n\n^ Mattauch, Linus; Siegmeier, Jan; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Creutzig, Felix (2013), \"Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem\", CESifo Working Paper, No. 4280.\n\n^ Plassmann, Florenz (24 June 1997). \"The Impact of Two-Rate Taxes on Construction in Pennsylvania\". hdl:10919/30622. Retrieved 22 September 2020.\n\n^ Gaffney, Mason (1971). \"The property tax is a progressive tax\" (PDF). masongaffney.org/. Resources for the Future, Inc; Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Conference on Taxation sponsored by the National Tax Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2013.\n\n^ \"Levying the land\". The Economist. June 29, 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0047-2727(90)90001-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-2727%2890%2990001-x"},{"link_name":"The Economic Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Journal"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2222721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2222721"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2222721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2222721"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Optimal Income Taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20221647"}],"text":"Mayshar, J. (1990). \"Measures of Excess Burden\". Journal of Public Economics. 43 (3): 263–289. doi:10.1016/0047-2727(90)90001-x.\nRamsey, F. P. (1927). \"A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation\". The Economic Journal. 37 (145): 47–61. doi:10.2307/2222721. JSTOR 2222721.\nJ. Slemrod and S. Yitzhaki (1996) \"The costs of taxation and the marginal efficiency cost of funds,\" International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, March 1996, 43, 1\nN. H. Stern (1987). \"Optimal taxation\", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 865–67.\nKaplow, Louis. 2024. \"Optimal Income Taxation.\" Journal of Economic Literature, 62 (2): 637-738.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ad valorem tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax"},{"title":"Excess burden of taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_burden_of_taxation"},{"title":"Hall-Rabushka flat tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-Rabushka_flat_tax"},{"title":"Land value tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax"},{"title":"Optimum tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff#Optimal_tariff"},{"title":"Pigovian tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigovian_tax"},{"title":"Progressive tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax"},{"title":"Proportional tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_tax"},{"title":"Single tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_tax"},{"title":"Taxable income elasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_Curve"},{"title":"Tax equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(economics)"},{"title":"Tax incidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incidence"},{"title":"Tax reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_reform"},{"title":"Tax shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_shift"}]	[{"reference":"Mankiw, N. 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Retrieved 2019-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200413184448/http://www.finance.uts.edu.au/research/wpapers/wp160.pdf","url_text":"\"Labor Supply and Taxes: A Survey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.49.4.961","url_text":"10.1257/jel.49.4.961"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0515","url_text":"0022-0515"},{"url":"http://www.finance.uts.edu.au/research/wpapers/wp160.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simkovic, Michael (23 February 2015). \"Distortionary Taxation of Human Capital Acquisition Costs\". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 2551567.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2551567","url_text":"2551567"}]},{"reference":"Mirrlees, James; Adam, Stuart. Tax by design : the Mirrlees review. Oxford. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9780191617591. OCLC 761694695.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Mirrlees","url_text":"Mirrlees, James"},{"url":"https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/5353","url_text":"Tax by design : the Mirrlees review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191617591","url_text":"9780191617591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/761694695","url_text":"761694695"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Adam (2015). The Wealth of Nations: A Translation into Modern English. Industrial Systems Research. p. 429. 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NBER (13745).","urls":[{"url":"http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/2943922/feldstein_fx%20of%20taxes.pdf","url_text":"\"Effects of Taxes on Economic Behavior\""}]},{"reference":"Rhys Kesselman, Jonathan; Spiro, Peter S. (2014). \"Challenges in Shifting Canadian Taxation Toward Consumption\". Canadian Tax Journal. 62 (1): 1–39. SSRN 2372735.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2372735","url_text":"2372735"}]},{"reference":"Ramsey, Frank (1927). \"A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation\". Economic Journal. 37 (145): 47–61. doi:10.2307/2222721. 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Journal of Economic Perspectives. 8: 73–94. doi:10.1257/jep.8.1.73.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.8.1.73","url_text":"\"Generational Accounting: A Meaningful Way to Evaluate Fiscal Policy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives","url_text":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.8.1.73","url_text":"10.1257/jep.8.1.73"}]},{"reference":"Papanikos, Gregory (2015). \"Taxing Wealth and Only Wealth in an Advanced Economy with an Oversized Informal Economy and Vast Tax Evasion: The Case of Greece\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maria_State_Park	Lake Maria State Park	["1 Natural history","2 Flora and fauna","3 Cultural history","4 Recreation","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°18′49″N 93°57′25″W / 45.31361°N 93.95694°W / 45.31361; -93.95694State park in Minnesota, United States Lake Maria State ParkLake Maria State Park in autumnLocation of Lake Maria State Park in MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaLake Maria State Park (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationWright County, Minnesota, United StatesCoordinates45°18′49″N 93°57′25″W / 45.31361°N 93.95694°W / 45.31361; -93.95694Area1,475 acres (5.97 km2)Elevation981 ft (299 m)Established1963Governing bodyMinnesota Department of Natural Resources Lake Maria State Park (/məˈraɪə/ mə-RY-ə) is a state park of Minnesota, United States, created to provide a wilderness area within an easy drive of Minneapolis–Saint Paul. The park's amenities are designed primarily for hikers, backpackers, and horseback riders and consequently use remains light compared to other state parks around the metro area. It preserves a remnant of Big Woods atop a hilly, glacially-formed landscape dotted with lakes and wetlands. The park was established in 1963 west of the city of Monticello. Natural history The St. Croix Moraine runs through the park. This rolling and uneven landform is a result of the Wisconsin glaciation and two previous glaciations. Irregular hills and ridges (kames) surround kettles, depressions left by melting blocks of ice during the glaciers' retreat. Flora and fauna Lake Maria State Park in winter The park's vegetation consists of Big Woods (maple, basswood, elm) mixed with old-growth oaks and dotted with numerous wetlands, ponds, and small lakes. The park is located near the northern limit of the Big Woods. The forest edge and wetland habitats support mammalian species including white-tailed deer, red fox, fisher, mole, gopher, mink, beaver, woodchuck, and muskrat. 205 bird species have been identified in the park. The park is noted for its population of Blanding's turtles, considered an endangered or threatened species by many U.S. states and Canada. Cultural history The park was first proposed in 1947 in a deal in which the U.S. Forest Service would acquire the land and trade it to the state for state-owned land within Superior National Forest. The deal fell through because the USFS would not use eminent domain to buy the land from the various current owners. Lake Maria State Park was re-authorized in a 1963 bill that authorized fourteen state parks. Land acquisition through eminent domain began and the park officially opened in 1971. The concept for the park emphasized conservation over recreation, and so hike-in campsites were made in lieu of a drive-in campground. The park was expanded to the north and west in 1980 to include the whole shoreline of Maria Lake. Incidentally the lake originally called Maria Lake was renamed Bjorkland Lake by the DNR, and "Maria Lake" became an arm of Silver Lake, which lies mostly outside the park's western boundary. Recreation A walk-in campsite overlooking Bjorkland Lake Lake Maria State Park does not have a traditional drive-in campground. Instead 17 backpacking sites and three camper cabins are scattered throughout the park, only accessible by a hike of .5 to 1 mile (0.80 to 1.61 km). Two primitive group camps are accessible by road, each accommodating groups of up to 50 people. A picnic area along the shore of Lake Maria features fire rings, grills, and drinking water. Maria Lake has a public boat ramp and some rental canoes. Only outboard motors under 20 hp (15 kW) are allowed on the lake. Bjorkland Lake has a canoe launch but watercraft must be portaged in. There is a fishing pier on Maria Lake near the picnic area. Game fish in Maria and Bjorkland include crappie, bass, bluegill, northern pike, bullhead, and perch. The park has 14 miles (23 km) of trails, 6 miles (9.7 km) of which are open to horseback riding. The 1-mile (1.6 km) Zumbrunnen and Forest Shadow Trails each boast interpretive signage. The park's trail center features interpretive displays, modern restrooms, and indoor picnic tables. It is open all year, serving as a warming hut in the winter. Lake Maria State Park accommodates a variety of winter activities. 14 miles (23 km) of trail are groomed for cross-country skiing. 2 miles (3.2 km) are groomed specifically for skate skiing. 3 miles (4.8 km) of trail are packed for hiking or snowshoeing, and snowshoers can roam anywhere in the park provided they stay off the groomed ski trails. A pond near the trail center serves as an ice rink with outdoor lighting. References ^ "Lake Maria State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. March 25, 1999. Retrieved February 25, 2011. ^ a b c "Lake Maria State Park" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. January 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ a b Meyer, Roy W. (1991). Everyone's Country Estate: A History of Minnesota's State Parks. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-8735-1266-9. ^ a b c d e f g "Lake Maria State Park". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 1, 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Maria State Park. Lake Maria State Park vteProtected areas of MinnesotaNationalParks Voyageurs Monuments Grand Portage Pipestone Rivers Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway Scenic Trails North Country Trail WildlifeRefuges Agassiz Big Stone Crane Meadows Glacial Ridge Hamden Slough Mille Lacs Minnesota Valley Northern Tallgrass Prairie Rice Lake Rydell Sherburne Tamarac Upper Mississippi River WetlandManagementDistricts Big Stone Detroit Lakes Fergus Falls Litchfield Minnesota Valley Morris Windom Forests Chippewa Superior NaturalLandmarks Ancient River Warren Channel Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve Itasca Natural Area Keeley Creek Natural Area Lac la Croix Research Natural Area Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area Pine Point Research Natural Area Upper Red Lake Peatland Wilderness Agassiz Boundary Waters Canoe Area Tamarac StateParks Afton Banning Bear Head Lake Beaver Creek Valley Big Stone Lake Blue Mounds Buffalo River Camden Carley Cascade River Charles A. Lindbergh Crow Wing Father Hennepin Flandrau Forestville Mystery Cave Fort Ridgely Fort Snelling Franz Jevne Frontenac George H. Crosby Manitou Glacial Lakes Glendalough Gooseberry Falls Grand Portage Great River Bluffs Hayes Lake Hill-Annex Mine Interstate Itasca Jay Cooke John A. Latsch Judge C. R. Magney Kilen Woods Lac qui Parle Lake Bemidji Lake Bronson Lake Carlos Lake Louise Lake Maria Lake Shetek Lake Vermilion-Soudan Underground Mine Maplewood McCarthy Beach Mille Lacs Kathio Minneopa Monson Lake Moose Lake Myre-Big Island Nerstrand-Big Woods Old Mill Rice Lake Saint Croix Sakatah Lake Savanna Portage Scenic Schoolcraft Sibley Split Rock Creek Split Rock Lighthouse Temperance River Tettegouche Upper Sioux Agency Whitewater Wild River William O'Brien Zippel Bay RecreationAreas Big Bog Cuyuna Country Garden Island Greenleaf Lake Iron Range Off-Highway Vehicle La Salle Lake Minnesota Valley Red River Saint Croix Islands Waysides Caribou Falls Devils Track Falls Flood Bay Inspiration Peak Joseph R. Brown Kodonce River Ray Berglund St. Croix Boom Site Sam Brown Memorial Forests Badoura Battleground Bear Island Beltrami Island Big Fork Birch Lakes Blackduck Bowstring Buena Vista Burntside Centennial Chengwatana Cloquet Valley Crow Wing D.A.R. Emily Finland Fond du Lac Foot Hills General C. C. Andrews George Washington Golden Anniversary Grand Portage Hill River Huntersville Insula Lake Jeanette Kabetogama Koochiching Lake Isabella Lake of the Woods Land o'Lakes Lost River Lyons Mississippi Headwaters Nemadji Northwest Angle Pat Bayle Remer Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood Rum River Saint Croix Sand Dunes Savanna Smokey Bear Smoky Hills Snake River Solana Sturgeon River Two Inlets Waukenabo Wealthwood Welsh Lake White Earth Whiteface River Scientific andNatural Areas List of scientific and natural areas LocalParks County and regional parks Three Rivers Park District OtherMinnesotaHistoricalSociety Alexander Ramsey House Birch Coulee Battlefield Charles A. Lindbergh House Comstock House Folsom House Forest History Center Forestville Fort Renville Fort Ridgely Fort Snelling Grand Mound Harkin's General Store James J. Hill House Jeffers Petroglyphs Lac qui Parle Mission Lower Sioux Agency Marine Mill Mill City Museum Mille Lacs Indian Museum Minnehaha Depot Minnesota History Center Minnesota State Capitol Morrison Mounds Oliver Kelley Farm Sibley Historic Site Snake River Trading Post Split Rock Lighthouse Stumne Mounds Traverse des Sioux Upper Sioux Agency W. W. Mayo House Naturecenters List of nature centers Hiking List of hiking trails Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/məˈraɪə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"mə-RY-ə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis–Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"backpackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-3"},{"link_name":"Big Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Woods"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-4"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"}],"text":"State park in Minnesota, United StatesLake Maria State Park (/məˈraɪə/ mə-RY-ə) is a state park of Minnesota, United States, created to provide a wilderness area within an easy drive of Minneapolis–Saint Paul.[2] The park's amenities are designed primarily for hikers, backpackers, and horseback riders and consequently use remains light compared to other state parks around the metro area.[3] It preserves a remnant of Big Woods atop a hilly, glacially-formed landscape dotted with lakes and wetlands.[4] The park was established in 1963 west of the city of Monticello.[2]","title":"Lake Maria State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation"},{"link_name":"kames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame"},{"link_name":"kettles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettle_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-4"}],"text":"The St. Croix Moraine runs through the park. This rolling and uneven landform is a result of the Wisconsin glaciation and two previous glaciations. Irregular hills and ridges (kames) surround kettles, depressions left by melting blocks of ice during the glaciers' retreat.[4]","title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Maria_State_Park_in_Winter,_Monticello,_Minnesota_(23811966039).jpg"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"basswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basswood"},{"link_name":"elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm"},{"link_name":"old-growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-4"},{"link_name":"white-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_(animal)"},{"link_name":"mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(animal)"},{"link_name":"gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher"},{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mink"},{"link_name":"beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver"},{"link_name":"woodchuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog"},{"link_name":"muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"Blanding's turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanding%27s_Turtle"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-4"}],"text":"Lake Maria State Park in winterThe park's vegetation consists of Big Woods (maple, basswood, elm) mixed with old-growth oaks and dotted with numerous wetlands, ponds, and small lakes. The park is located near the northern limit of the Big Woods.[4]The forest edge and wetland habitats support mammalian species including white-tailed deer, red fox, fisher, mole, gopher, mink, beaver, woodchuck, and muskrat. 205 bird species have been identified in the park. The park is noted for its population of Blanding's turtles, considered an endangered or threatened species by many U.S. states and Canada.[4]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Superior National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-3"}],"text":"The park was first proposed in 1947 in a deal in which the U.S. Forest Service would acquire the land and trade it to the state for state-owned land within Superior National Forest. The deal fell through because the USFS would not use eminent domain to buy the land from the various current owners. Lake Maria State Park was re-authorized in a 1963 bill that authorized fourteen state parks. Land acquisition through eminent domain began and the park officially opened in 1971. The concept for the park emphasized conservation over recreation, and so hike-in campsites were made in lieu of a drive-in campground. The park was expanded to the north and west in 1980 to include the whole shoreline of Maria Lake. Incidentally the lake originally called Maria Lake was renamed Bjorkland Lake by the DNR, and \"Maria Lake\" became an arm of Silver Lake, which lies mostly outside the park's western boundary.[3]","title":"Cultural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Maria_State_Park_campsite.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-4"},{"link_name":"Game fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_fish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"horseback riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-4"},{"link_name":"groomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_grooming"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"skate skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_skiing"},{"link_name":"snowshoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe"},{"link_name":"ice rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rink"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-4"}],"text":"A walk-in campsite overlooking Bjorkland LakeLake Maria State Park does not have a traditional drive-in campground. Instead 17 backpacking sites and three camper cabins are scattered throughout the park, only accessible by a hike of .5 to 1 mile (0.80 to 1.61 km). Two primitive group camps are accessible by road, each accommodating groups of up to 50 people. A picnic area along the shore of Lake Maria features fire rings, grills, and drinking water.[4]Maria Lake has a public boat ramp and some rental canoes. Only outboard motors under 20 hp (15 kW) are allowed on the lake. Bjorkland Lake has a canoe launch but watercraft must be portaged in. There is a fishing pier on Maria Lake near the picnic area. Game fish in Maria and Bjorkland include crappie, bass, bluegill, northern pike, bullhead, and perch.[2]The park has 14 miles (23 km) of trails, 6 miles (9.7 km) of which are open to horseback riding. The 1-mile (1.6 km) Zumbrunnen and Forest Shadow Trails each boast interpretive signage. The park's trail center features interpretive displays, modern restrooms, and indoor picnic tables. It is open all year, serving as a warming hut in the winter.[4]Lake Maria State Park accommodates a variety of winter activities. 14 miles (23 km) of trail are groomed for cross-country skiing. 2 miles (3.2 km) are groomed specifically for skate skiing. 3 miles (4.8 km) of trail are packed for hiking or snowshoeing, and snowshoers can roam anywhere in the park provided they stay off the groomed ski trails. A pond near the trail center serves as an ice rink with outdoor lighting.[4]","title":"Recreation"}]	[{"image_text":"Lake Maria State Park in winter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lake_Maria_State_Park_in_Winter%2C_Monticello%2C_Minnesota_%2823811966039%29.jpg/220px-Lake_Maria_State_Park_in_Winter%2C_Monticello%2C_Minnesota_%2823811966039%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A walk-in campsite overlooking Bjorkland Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lake_Maria_State_Park_campsite.JPG/220px-Lake_Maria_State_Park_campsite.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lake Maria State Park\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. March 25, 1999. Retrieved February 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1815398","url_text":"\"Lake Maria State Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Maria State Park\" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. January 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/maps/state_parks/spk00217_summer.pdf","url_text":"\"Lake Maria State Park\""}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Roy W. (1991). Everyone's Country Estate: A History of Minnesota's State Parks. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-8735-1266-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8735-1266-9","url_text":"0-8735-1266-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Maria State Park\". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/lake_maria/index.html","url_text":"\"Lake Maria State Park\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Maria_State_Park&params=45_18_49_N_93_57_25_W_type:landmark_dim:2km","external_links_name":"45°18′49″N 93°57′25″W / 45.31361°N 93.95694°W / 45.31361; -93.95694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Maria_State_Park&params=45_18_49_N_93_57_25_W_type:landmark_dim:2km","external_links_name":"45°18′49″N 93°57′25″W / 45.31361°N 93.95694°W / 45.31361; -93.95694"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1815398","external_links_name":"\"Lake Maria State Park\""},{"Link":"http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/maps/state_parks/spk00217_summer.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lake Maria State Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/lake_maria/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Lake Maria State Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/lake_maria/index.html","external_links_name":"Lake Maria State Park"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315139003","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_management	Event management	["1 Strategic marketing and communication","2 Event venue","3 Sustainability","4 Technology","5 Education","6 See also","7 References"]	Purposeful and systematic planning of public events For event management in software, see Event (computing). Event planner Wedding at a vineyard Event management is the application of project management to the creation and development of small and/or large-scale personal or corporate events such as festivals, conferences, ceremonies, weddings, formal parties, concerts, or conventions. It involves studying the brand, identifying its target audience, devising the event concept, and coordinating the technical aspects before actually launching the event. The events industry now includes events of all sizes from the Olympics down to business breakfast meetings. Many industries, celebrities, charitable organizations, and interest groups hold events in order to market their label, build business relationships, raise money, or celebrate achievement. The process of planning and coordinating the event is usually referred to as event planning and which can include budgeting, scheduling, site selection, acquiring necessary permits, coordinating transportation and parking, arranging for speakers or entertainers, arranging decor, event security, catering, coordinating with third-party vendors, and emergency plans. Each event is different in its nature so process of planning and execution of each event differs on basis of the type of event. The event manager is the person who plans and executes the event, taking responsibility for the creative, technical, and logistical elements. This includes overall event design, brand building, marketing and communication strategy, audio-visual production, script writing, logistics, budgeting, negotiation, and client service. Due to the complexities involved, the extensive body of knowledge required, and the rapidly changing environment, event management is frequently cited as one of the most stressful career paths, in line next to surgeons. Strategic marketing and communication Event management might be a tool for strategic marketing and communication, used by companies of every size. Companies can benefit from promotional events as a way to communicate with current and potential customers. For instance, these advertising-focused events can occur as press conferences, promotional events, or product launches. Event managers may also use traditional news media in order to target their audience, hoping to generate media coverage which will reach thousands or millions of people. They can also invite their audience to their events and reach them at the actual event. Event venue An event venue may be an onsite or offsite location. The event manager is responsible for operations at a rented event or entertainment venue as they are coordinating directly with the property owner. An event manager will monitor all aspects of the event on-site. Some of the tasks listed in the introduction may pass to the venue, but usually at a cost. Events present substantial liability risk to organizers and venues. Consequently, most venues require the organizers to obtain blanket or event-specific general liability insurance of an amount not less than $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate, which is the industry standard. Corporate event managers book event venues to host corporate meetings, conferences, networking events, trade shows, product launches, team-building retreats or training sessions in a more tailored environment. Sustainability Sustainable event management (also known as event greening) is the process used to produce an event with particular concern for environmental, economic, and social issues. Sustainability in event management incorporates socially and environmentally responsible decision making into the planning, organization and implementation of, and participation in, an event. It involves including sustainable development principles and practices in all levels of event organization, and aims to ensure that an event is hosted responsibly. It represents the total package of interventions at an event, and needs to be done in an integrated manner. Event greening should start at the inception of the project, and should involve all the key role players, such as clients, organizers, venues, sub-contractors, and suppliers. A recent study shows that the trend of moving events from in-person to virtual and hybrid modes can reduce the carbon footprint by 94% (virtual) and by 67% (hybrid mode with over 50% in-person participation rate due to trade-offs between the per capita carbon footprint and in-person participation level). Technology Event management software companies provide event planning with software tools to handle many common activities such as delegate registration, hotel booking, travel booking, or allocation of exhibition floor space. A recent trend in event technology is the use of mobile apps for events. This technology is advancing and allowing event professionals to simplify and manage intricate and simple events more effectively. Mobile apps have a range of uses. They can be used to hold relatively static information such as the agenda, speaker biographies, and general FAQs. They can also encourage audience participation and engagement through interactive tools such as live voting/polling, submitting questions to speakers during Q&A, or building live interactive "word clouds". Mobile event apps can also be used by event organizers as a means of communication. The mobile apps help to make a better overall outcome of events and also help to remove a lot of a tedious work from event organizers. Organizers can communicate with participants through the use of alerts, notifications, and push messages. They can also be used to collect feedback from the participants through the use of surveys in app. Some mobile event apps can help participants to engage with each other, with sponsors, and with the organizers with built-in networking functionality. Education There are an increasing number of universities which offer training in event management in the form of both certificates and undergraduate or graduate degrees. The University of Central Florida's Rosen College of Hospitality Management offered the first ever Bachelor of Science degree in Event Management beginning in 2006. The program leverages core training in both hospitality, covering lodging operations, tourism, guest services, accounting, and marketing as well as event management, including sales, promotion, technology, design, risk management, and catering with electives available for specific interests, such as cruises, clubbing, wine, or trade shows. Other degree programs that do not offer a full degree usually offer concentrations, such as New York University, which offers a Bachelor of Science degree in Hotel and Tourism Management with a concentration in event management. The University of Florida offers a similar program as well. Because of the limited number of undergraduate degree programs available, it is not uncommon for event managers to earn their degrees in business administration, marketing, or public relations. To supplement their candidacy, persons interested in event management typically earn one or more certifications which offer specialization into particular fields. Certifications available include: Certified Meeting Professional (CMP) Certified in Exhibition Management (CEM) Certified Trade Show Marketer (CTSM) Certificate in Meeting Management (CMM) Certified Professional in Catering and Events (CPCE) Certified Event Designer (CED) Certified Special Event Professional (CSEP) See also Event scheduling Media event Meeting and convention planner Sustainable event management To do list References ^ Ramsborg, G.C.; B Miller, D Breiter, BJ Reed & A Rushing (eds), Professional meeting management: Comprehensive strategies for meetings, conventions and events, 2008, 5th ed, Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, Iowa. ISBN 0-7575-5212-9 ^ "The 10 most and least stressful jobs in America". www.cbsnews.com. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ Schivinski, Bruno; Langaro, Daniela; Shaw, Christina (2019). "The Influence of Social Media Communication on Consumer's Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Concerning Brandsponsored Events". Event Management. 23 (6): 835–853. doi:10.3727/152599518x15403853721268. hdl:10071/19989. S2CID 150200949. ^ "When and Why You Need Event Insurance". BizBash. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ Bonner, Marianne. "Should You Buy Special Event Coverage?". The Balance Small Business. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "ISO 20121 - Sustainable events", ISO (www.iso.org), retrieved 2014-30-05 ^ "Organizing a Green Event". WWF. ^ Tao, Yanqiu; Steckel, Debbie; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír; You, Fengqi (2021-12-16). "Trend towards virtual and hybrid conferences may be an effective climate change mitigation strategy". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7324. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7324T. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27251-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8677730. PMID 34916499. ^ Cobanoglu, Cihan; Dogan, Seden; Berezina, Katerina; Collins, Galen (2021). Hospitality and Tourism Information Technology. Vol. 17. p. 7. doi:10.5038/9781732127593. ISBN 9781732127593. S2CID 238010417. Retrieved 8 March 2023. ^ Mehrotra, Anupam; Lobo, Johanna (2020). Technology Driving Event Management Industry to the Next Level. p. 4. doi:10.1109/ICRITO48877.2020.9198025. ISBN 978-1-7281-7016-9. S2CID 221846042. Retrieved 8 March 2023. ^ Bottorff, Tim (2018). "A Hospitality Program Like No Other: A Brief History of UCF's Rosen College of Hospitality Management" (PDF). University of Central Florida. ^ "What You Need to Know About New Degrees in Event Management". BizBash. 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Program: Event Management (B.S.) - University of Central Florida - Acalog ACMS™". ucf.catalog.acalog.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "BS in Hotel and Tourism Management". www.sps.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Tourism, Events and Recreation Management < University of Florida". catalog.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Events Industry Council > CMP > About CMP". www.eventscouncil.org. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Certified in Exhibition Management® (CEM) Learning Program". IAEE. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "CTSM - Certified Trade Show Marketer". www.exhibitoronline.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Certificate In Meeting Management (CMM) - Meeting Planning \| MPI". MPIWeb. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Get Certified". NACE - National Association for Catering and Events. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Become a CED - Certified Event Designer". Event Design Collective. Retrieved 2019-11-27. ^ "Certified Special Events Professional (CSEP)". www.ileahub.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27. Bowdin, Glenn; Johnny Allen, William O'Toole, Rob Harris, Ian McDonnell. Events Management (Events Management S.) ISBN 0-7506-6533-5 Goldblatt, Joe. Twenty-First Century Global Event Management (The Wiley Event Management Series) ISBN 0-471-39687-7 Authority control databases: National Germany Latvia Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Event (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(computing)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brunch_Set_up.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-08-07-10-30-41-1200x800.jpg"},{"link_name":"vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"},{"link_name":"festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival"},{"link_name":"conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"target audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_audience"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"charitable organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"budgeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget"},{"link_name":"permits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License"},{"link_name":"catering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering"},{"link_name":"audio-visual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-visual"},{"link_name":"surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For event management in software, see Event (computing).Event plannerWedding at a vineyardEvent management is the application of project management to the creation and development of small and/or large-scale personal or corporate events such as festivals, conferences, ceremonies, weddings, formal parties, concerts, or conventions. It involves studying the brand, identifying its target audience, devising the event concept, and coordinating the technical aspects before actually launching the event.[1]The events industry now includes events of all sizes from the Olympics down to business breakfast meetings. Many industries, celebrities, charitable organizations, and interest groups hold events in order to market their label, build business relationships, raise money, or celebrate achievement.The process of planning and coordinating the event is usually referred to as event planning and which can include budgeting, scheduling, site selection, acquiring necessary permits, coordinating transportation and parking, arranging for speakers or entertainers, arranging decor, event security, catering, coordinating with third-party vendors, and emergency plans. Each event is different in its nature so process of planning and execution of each event differs on basis of the type of event.The event manager is the person who plans and executes the event, taking responsibility for the creative, technical, and logistical elements. This includes overall event design, brand building, marketing and communication strategy, audio-visual production, script writing, logistics, budgeting, negotiation, and client service.Due to the complexities involved, the extensive body of knowledge required, and the rapidly changing environment, event management is frequently cited as one of the most stressful career paths, in line next to surgeons.[2]","title":"Event management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strategic marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_strategy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Event management might be a tool for strategic marketing and communication, used by companies of every size. Companies can benefit from promotional events as a way to communicate with current and potential customers. For instance, these advertising-focused events can occur as press conferences, promotional events, or product launches.Event managers may also use traditional news media in order to target their audience, hoping to generate media coverage which will reach thousands or millions of people. They can also invite their audience to their events and reach them at the actual event.[3]","title":"Strategic marketing and communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference"},{"link_name":"trade shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_fair"}],"text":"An event venue may be an onsite or offsite location. The event manager is responsible for operations at a rented event or entertainment venue as they are coordinating directly with the property owner. An event manager will monitor all aspects of the event on-site. Some of the tasks listed in the introduction may pass to the venue, but usually at a cost.Events present substantial liability risk to organizers and venues. Consequently, most venues require the organizers to obtain blanket or event-specific general liability insurance of an amount not less than $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate, which is the industry standard.[4][5]Corporate event managers book event venues to host corporate meetings, conferences, networking events, trade shows, product launches, team-building retreats or training sessions in a more tailored environment.","title":"Event venue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sustainable event management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_event_management"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sustainable event management (also known as event greening) is the process used to produce an event with particular concern for environmental, economic, and social issues.[6] Sustainability in event management incorporates socially and environmentally responsible decision making into the planning, organization and implementation of, and participation in, an event. It involves including sustainable development principles and practices in all levels of event organization, and aims to ensure that an event is hosted responsibly. It represents the total package of interventions at an event, and needs to be done in an integrated manner. Event greening should start at the inception of the project, and should involve all the key role players, such as clients, organizers, venues, sub-contractors, and suppliers.[7] A recent study shows that the trend of moving events from in-person to virtual and hybrid modes can reduce the carbon footprint by 94% (virtual) and by 67% (hybrid mode with over 50% in-person participation rate due to trade-offs between the per capita carbon footprint and in-person participation level).[8]","title":"Sustainability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile apps for events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_app"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Event management software companies provide event planning with software tools to handle many common activities such as delegate registration, hotel booking, travel booking, or allocation of exhibition floor space.A recent trend in event technology is the use of mobile apps for events. This technology is advancing and allowing event professionals to simplify and manage intricate and simple events more effectively.[9] Mobile apps have a range of uses. They can be used to hold relatively static information such as the agenda, speaker biographies, and general FAQs. They can also encourage audience participation and engagement through interactive tools such as live voting/polling, submitting questions to speakers during Q&A, or building live interactive \"word clouds\". Mobile event apps can also be used by event organizers as a means of communication. The mobile apps help to make a better overall outcome of events and also help to remove a lot of a tedious work from event organizers.[10] Organizers can communicate with participants through the use of alerts, notifications, and push messages. They can also be used to collect feedback from the participants through the use of surveys in app. Some mobile event apps can help participants to engage with each other, with sponsors, and with the organizers with built-in networking functionality.","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"Rosen College of Hospitality Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen_College_of_Hospitality_Management"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"hospitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality"},{"link_name":"cruises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"clubbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"trade shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_fair"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"business administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"Certified Meeting Professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Meeting_Professional"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"There are an increasing number of universities which offer training in event management in the form of both certificates and undergraduate or graduate degrees.The University of Central Florida's Rosen College of Hospitality Management offered the first ever Bachelor of Science degree in Event Management beginning in 2006.[11][12] The program leverages core training in both hospitality, covering lodging operations, tourism, guest services, accounting, and marketing as well as event management, including sales, promotion, technology, design, risk management, and catering with electives available for specific interests, such as cruises, clubbing, wine, or trade shows.[13] Other degree programs that do not offer a full degree usually offer concentrations, such as New York University, which offers a Bachelor of Science degree in Hotel and Tourism Management with a concentration in event management.[14] The University of Florida offers a similar program as well.[15]Because of the limited number of undergraduate degree programs available, it is not uncommon for event managers to earn their degrees in business administration, marketing, or public relations. To supplement their candidacy, persons interested in event management typically earn one or more certifications which offer specialization into particular fields. Certifications available include:Certified Meeting Professional (CMP)[16]\nCertified in Exhibition Management (CEM)[17]\nCertified Trade Show Marketer (CTSM)[18]\nCertificate in Meeting Management (CMM)[19]\nCertified Professional in Catering and Events (CPCE)[20]\nCertified Event Designer (CED)[21]\nCertified Special Event Professional (CSEP)[22]","title":"Education"}]	[{"image_text":"Event planner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brunch_Set_up.jpg/220px-Brunch_Set_up.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wedding at a vineyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2020-08-07-10-30-41-1200x800.jpg/220px-2020-08-07-10-30-41-1200x800.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Event scheduling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_scheduling"},{"title":"Media event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_event"},{"title":"Meeting and convention planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_and_convention_planner"},{"title":"Sustainable event management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_event_management"},{"title":"To do list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_do_list"}]	[{"reference":"\"The 10 most and least stressful jobs in America\". www.cbsnews.com. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/10-most-and-least-stressful-jobs-in-america/","url_text":"\"The 10 most and least stressful jobs in America\""}]},{"reference":"Schivinski, Bruno; Langaro, Daniela; Shaw, Christina (2019). \"The Influence of Social Media Communication on Consumer's Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Concerning Brandsponsored Events\". Event Management. 23 (6): 835–853. doi:10.3727/152599518x15403853721268. hdl:10071/19989. S2CID 150200949.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3727%2F152599518x15403853721268","url_text":"10.3727/152599518x15403853721268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10071%2F19989","url_text":"10071/19989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150200949","url_text":"150200949"}]},{"reference":"\"When and Why You Need Event Insurance\". BizBash. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizbash.com/local-venues-destinations/miami-south-florida/media-gallery/13473348/when-and-why-you-need-event-insurance","url_text":"\"When and Why You Need Event Insurance\""}]},{"reference":"Bonner, Marianne. \"Should You Buy Special Event Coverage?\". The Balance Small Business. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebalancesmb.com/what-is-special-event-insurance-4151090","url_text":"\"Should You Buy Special Event Coverage?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Organizing a Green Event\". WWF.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwf.panda.org/get_involved/live_green/at_the_office/green_events/","url_text":"\"Organizing a Green Event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature","url_text":"WWF"}]},{"reference":"Tao, Yanqiu; Steckel, Debbie; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír; You, Fengqi (2021-12-16). \"Trend towards virtual and hybrid conferences may be an effective climate change mitigation strategy\". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7324. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7324T. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27251-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8677730. PMID 34916499.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8677730","url_text":"\"Trend towards virtual and hybrid conferences may be an effective climate change mitigation strategy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.7324T","url_text":"2021NatCo..12.7324T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27251-2","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-021-27251-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8677730","url_text":"8677730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34916499","url_text":"34916499"}]},{"reference":"Cobanoglu, Cihan; Dogan, Seden; Berezina, Katerina; Collins, Galen (2021). Hospitality and Tourism Information Technology. Vol. 17. p. 7. doi:10.5038/9781732127593. ISBN 9781732127593. S2CID 238010417. Retrieved 8 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/m3publishing/vol17/iss9781732127593/1","url_text":"Hospitality and Tourism Information Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5038%2F9781732127593","url_text":"10.5038/9781732127593"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781732127593","url_text":"9781732127593"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238010417","url_text":"238010417"}]},{"reference":"Mehrotra, Anupam; Lobo, Johanna (2020). Technology Driving Event Management Industry to the Next Level. p. 4. doi:10.1109/ICRITO48877.2020.9198025. ISBN 978-1-7281-7016-9. S2CID 221846042. Retrieved 8 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344983021","url_text":"Technology Driving Event Management Industry to the Next Level"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICRITO48877.2020.9198025","url_text":"10.1109/ICRITO48877.2020.9198025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-7016-9","url_text":"978-1-7281-7016-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221846042","url_text":"221846042"}]},{"reference":"Bottorff, Tim (2018). \"A Hospitality Program Like No Other: A Brief History of UCF's Rosen College of Hospitality Management\" (PDF). University of Central Florida.","urls":[{"url":"https://hospitality.ucf.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/Rosen-College-history-article-updated-for-new-website-2018-May-30.pdf","url_text":"\"A Hospitality Program Like No Other: A Brief History of UCF's Rosen College of Hospitality Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"What You Need to Know About New Degrees in Event Management\". BizBash. 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizbash.com/production-strategy/event-management-tech-tools/article/13233488/what-you-need-to-know-about-new-degrees-in-event-management","url_text":"\"What You Need to Know About New Degrees in Event Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Program: Event Management (B.S.) - University of Central Florida - Acalog ACMS™\". ucf.catalog.acalog.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://ucf.catalog.acalog.com/preview_program.php?catoid=14&poid=6505","url_text":"\"Program: Event Management (B.S.) - University of Central Florida - Acalog ACMS™\""}]},{"reference":"\"BS in Hotel and Tourism Management\". www.sps.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sps.nyu.edu/homepage/academics/bachelors-degrees/bs-in-hotel-and-tourism-management.html","url_text":"\"BS in Hotel and Tourism Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tourism, Events and Recreation Management < University of Florida\". catalog.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.ufl.edu/UGRD/colleges-schools/UGHHU/TRM_BSTM/","url_text":"\"Tourism, Events and Recreation Management < University of Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events Industry Council > CMP > About CMP\". www.eventscouncil.org. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventscouncil.org/CMP/About-CMP","url_text":"\"Events Industry Council > CMP > About CMP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Certified in Exhibition Management® (CEM) Learning Program\". IAEE. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaee.com/cem/","url_text":"\"Certified in Exhibition Management® (CEM) Learning Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"CTSM - Certified Trade Show Marketer\". www.exhibitoronline.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exhibitoronline.com/ctsm/","url_text":"\"CTSM - Certified Trade Show Marketer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Certificate In Meeting Management (CMM) - Meeting Planning \| MPI\". MPIWeb. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mpi.org/education/academic-partnerships/certificate-meeting-management","url_text":"\"Certificate In Meeting Management (CMM) - Meeting Planning \| MPI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Get Certified\". NACE - National Association for Catering and Events. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nace.net/grow/cpce/","url_text":"\"Get Certified\""}]},{"reference":"\"Become a CED - Certified Event Designer\". Event Design Collective. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://edco.global/ced/","url_text":"\"Become a CED - Certified Event Designer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Certified Special Events Professional (CSEP)\". www.ileahub.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ileahub.com/CSEP","url_text":"\"Certified Special Events Professional (CSEP)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/10-most-and-least-stressful-jobs-in-america/","external_links_name":"\"The 10 most and least stressful jobs in America\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3727%2F152599518x15403853721268","external_links_name":"10.3727/152599518x15403853721268"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10071%2F19989","external_links_name":"10071/19989"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150200949","external_links_name":"150200949"},{"Link":"https://www.bizbash.com/local-venues-destinations/miami-south-florida/media-gallery/13473348/when-and-why-you-need-event-insurance","external_links_name":"\"When and Why You Need Event Insurance\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebalancesmb.com/what-is-special-event-insurance-4151090","external_links_name":"\"Should You Buy Special Event Coverage?\""},{"Link":"http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso20121.htm","external_links_name":"ISO 20121 - Sustainable events"},{"Link":"http://wwf.panda.org/get_involved/live_green/at_the_office/green_events/","external_links_name":"\"Organizing a Green Event\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8677730","external_links_name":"\"Trend towards virtual and hybrid conferences may be an effective climate change mitigation strategy\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.7324T","external_links_name":"2021NatCo..12.7324T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27251-2","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41467-021-27251-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","external_links_name":"2041-1723"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8677730","external_links_name":"8677730"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34916499","external_links_name":"34916499"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/m3publishing/vol17/iss9781732127593/1","external_links_name":"Hospitality and Tourism Information Technology"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5038%2F9781732127593","external_links_name":"10.5038/9781732127593"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238010417","external_links_name":"238010417"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344983021","external_links_name":"Technology Driving Event Management Industry to the Next Level"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICRITO48877.2020.9198025","external_links_name":"10.1109/ICRITO48877.2020.9198025"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221846042","external_links_name":"221846042"},{"Link":"https://hospitality.ucf.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/Rosen-College-history-article-updated-for-new-website-2018-May-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Hospitality Program Like No Other: A Brief History of UCF's Rosen College of Hospitality Management\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizbash.com/production-strategy/event-management-tech-tools/article/13233488/what-you-need-to-know-about-new-degrees-in-event-management","external_links_name":"\"What You Need to Know About New Degrees in Event Management\""},{"Link":"http://ucf.catalog.acalog.com/preview_program.php?catoid=14&poid=6505","external_links_name":"\"Program: Event Management (B.S.) - University of Central Florida - Acalog ACMS™\""},{"Link":"https://www.sps.nyu.edu/homepage/academics/bachelors-degrees/bs-in-hotel-and-tourism-management.html","external_links_name":"\"BS in Hotel and Tourism Management\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.ufl.edu/UGRD/colleges-schools/UGHHU/TRM_BSTM/","external_links_name":"\"Tourism, Events and Recreation Management < University of Florida\""},{"Link":"https://www.eventscouncil.org/CMP/About-CMP","external_links_name":"\"Events Industry Council > CMP > About CMP\""},{"Link":"https://www.iaee.com/cem/","external_links_name":"\"Certified in Exhibition Management® (CEM) Learning Program\""},{"Link":"https://www.exhibitoronline.com/ctsm/","external_links_name":"\"CTSM - Certified Trade Show Marketer\""},{"Link":"https://www.mpi.org/education/academic-partnerships/certificate-meeting-management","external_links_name":"\"Certificate In Meeting Management (CMM) - Meeting Planning \| MPI\""},{"Link":"https://www.nace.net/grow/cpce/","external_links_name":"\"Get Certified\""},{"Link":"https://edco.global/ced/","external_links_name":"\"Become a CED - Certified Event Designer\""},{"Link":"https://www.ileahub.com/CSEP","external_links_name":"\"Certified Special Events Professional (CSEP)\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4335461-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000307365&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph769263&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infundibular_nucleus	Arcuate nucleus	["1 Cell populations","1.1 Neuroendocrine neurons","1.2 Centrally-projecting neurons","1.3 Other neurons","2 References","3 Footnotes"]	This article is about the hypothalamic structure. For the structure in the medulla oblongata, see Arcuate nucleus (medulla). Arcuate nucleusArcuate nucleus is 'AR', at bottom center, in green.DetailsPart ofHypothalamusIdentifiersLatinnucleus arcuatus hypothalamiMeSHD001111NeuroNames395NeuroLex IDbirnlex_1638TA98A14.1.08.923TA25726FMA62329Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH, ARC, or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important and diverse populations of neurons that help mediate different neuroendocrine and physiological functions, including neuroendocrine neurons, centrally projecting neurons, and astrocytes. The populations of neurons found in the arcuate nucleus are based on the hormones they secrete or interact with and are responsible for hypothalamic function, such as regulating hormones released from the pituitary gland or secreting their own hormones. Neurons in this region are also responsible for integrating information and providing inputs to other nuclei in the hypothalamus or inputs to areas outside this region of the brain. These neurons, generated from the ventral part of the periventricular epithelium during embryonic development, locate dorsally in the hypothalamus, becoming part of the ventromedial hypothalamic region. The function of the arcuate nucleus relies on its diversity of neurons, but its central role is involved in homeostasis. The arcuate nucleus provides many physiological roles involved in feeding, metabolism, fertility, and cardiovascular regulation. Cell populations Neuroendocrine neurons Different groups of arcuate nucleus neuroendocrine neurons secrete various types or combinations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), kisspeptin, dopamine, substance P, growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), neurokinin B (NKB), β-endorphin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and somatostatin. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide that is cleaved into MSH, ACTH, and β-endorphin and expressed in the arcuate nucleus. Groups of neuroendocrine neurons include: TIDA neurons, or tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons, are neurons that regulate the secretion of prolactin from the pituitary gland and release the neurotransmitter dopamine. TIDA neurons have nerve endings in the median eminence that release dopamine into the hypophysial portal blood. In lactating females, TIDA neurons are inhibited by the stimulus of suckling. Dopamine released from their nerve endings at the median eminence is transported to the anterior pituitary gland, where it regulates the secretion of prolactin. Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion, so when the TIDA neurons are inhibited, there is increased secretion of prolactin, which stimulates lactogenesis (milk production). Prolactin acts in a short-loop negative feedback manner to decrease its levels by stimulating the release of dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons of the arcuate also inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, explaining in part why lactating (or otherwise hyperprolactinemic) women experience oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea (infrequency or absence of menses). Kisspeptin/NKB neurons within the arcuate nucleus form synaptic inputs with TIDA neurons. These neurons express estrogen receptors and also coexpress neurokinin B in female rats. GHRH neurons help to control growth hormone (GH) secretion in conjunction with somatostatin and NPY. NPY/AgRP neurons and POMC/CART neurons make up two groups of neurons in the arcuate nucleus that are centrally involved in the neuroendocrine function of feeding. Medial neurons utilize NPY peptides as neurotransmitters to stimulate appetite, and lateral neurons utilize POMC/CART to inhibit appetite. NPY and POMC/CART neurons are sensitive to peripheral hormones such as leptin and insulin. POMC/CART neurons also secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which suppresses appetite.: 419 GnRH neurons have also been found. These neurons secrete GnRH and histamine. There are also groups of neurons expressing NKB and dynorphin that help to control reproduction. Centrally-projecting neurons Other types of neurons have projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus to mediate different regions of the hypothalamus or to other regions outside of the hypothalamus. Projections of these neurons extend a long distance from the arcuate nucleus to the median eminence to influence the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Neurons of the arcuate nucleus have intrahypothalamic projections for neuroendocrine circuitry. such as neural projections that influence feeding behavior project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Populations of neurons connect to the intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland, from the lateral division of the ARH to the neural and intermediate parts of the pituitary gland, and the caudal division of ARH to the median eminence. Groups of neurons that project elsewhere within the central nervous system include: Centrally projecting neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AGRP), and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. These neurons, in the most ventromedial part of the nucleus, project strongly to the lateral hypothalamus and to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and are important in the regulation of appetite. When activated, these neurons can produce ravenous eating. These neurons are inhibited by leptin, insulin, and peptide YY and activated by ghrelin. Centrally projecting neurons that contain peptide products of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). These neurons have widespread projections to many brain areas, including to all nuclei in the hypothalamus. These cells are important in the regulation of appetite, and, when activated, they inhibit feeding. These neurons are activated by circulating concentrations of leptin and insulin, and they are directly innervated and inhibited by the NPY neurons. POMC neurons that project to the medial preoptic nucleus are also involved in the regulation of sexual behavior in both males and females. The expression of POMC is regulated by gonadal steroids. The release of a POMC product, beta-endorphin is regulated by NPY. Centrally projecting neurons that make somatostatin; the neurosecretory somatostatin neurons that regulate growth hormone secretion are a different population, located in the periventricular nucleus. Feeding regulatory neurons also activate oxytocin-containing neurons of the periventricular nucleus (PVN), which projects to nucleus of tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata. Others receive direct synaptic inputs from extra hypothalamic sites projecting into the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the entorhinal cortex. Other neurons Other cell populations include: A small population of neurons that sensitive to ghrelin. The role of this population is not known; many neurons in the arcuate nucleus express receptors for ghrelin, but these are thought to respond mainly to blood-borne ghrelin. The arcuate nucleus also contains a population of specialized ependymal cells, called tanycytes. Astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus hold high capacity glucose transporters that function as nutrient sensors for appetite controlling neurons The diverse and specialized collections of neurons reside within a special compartment with glial cells and have their own network of capillaries and a membrane of tanycytes that help create a blood brain barrier. Circulating or molecules such as hormones travel in the blood and can directly affect these neurons and their plasticity as evidence by adult neurogenesis. References ^ a b c d e f g h Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB (March 2004). "Formation of projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to hypothalamic regions implicated in the neural control of feeding behavior in mice". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (11): 2797–805. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-03.2004. PMC 6729527. PMID 15028773. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Dudas B (2013). The Human Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Functions and Disorders. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62081-806-0. ^ "onderzoekinformatie.nl - Project: Does activation of neurons in the infundibular nucleus in menopause prevent the occurrence of Alzheimer changes?". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2007-11-03. ^ a b c d Sapru HN (April 2013). "Role of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in cardiovascular regulation". Autonomic Neuroscience. 175 (1–2): 38–50. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2012.10.016. PMC 3625681. PMID 23260431. ^ Coppari R, Ichinose M, Lee CE, Pullen AE, Kenny CD, McGovern RA, Tang V, Liu SM, Ludwig T, Chua SC, Lowell BB, Elmquist JK (January 2005). "The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a key site for mediating leptin's effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity". Cell Metabolism. 1 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.004. PMID 16054045. ^ a b Voogt JL, Lee Y, Yang S, Arbogast L (2001-01-01). "Chapter 12 Regulation of prolactin secretion during pregnancy and lactation". The Maternal Brain. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 133. pp. 173–85. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(01)33013-3. ISBN 9780444505484. PMID 11589129. ^ Sawai N, Iijima N, Takumi K, Matsumoto K, Ozawa H (September 2012). "Immunofluorescent histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the innervation of kisspeptin/neurokinin B neurons to tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus of rats". Neuroscience Research. 74 (1): 10–6. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2012.05.011. PMID 22691459. S2CID 38679755. ^ Mano-Otagiri A, Nemoto T, Sekino A, Yamauchi N, Shuto Y, Sugihara H, Oikawa S, Shibasaki T (September 2006). "Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus are decreased in transgenic rats whose expression of ghrelin receptor is attenuated: Evidence that ghrelin receptor is involved in the up-regulation of GHRH expression in the arc". Endocrinology. 147 (9): 4093–103. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1619. PMID 16728494. ^ Baltatzi M, Hatzitolios A, Tziomalos K, Iliadis F, Zamboulis C (September 2008). "Neuropeptide Y and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: interaction in obesity and possible role in the development of hypertension". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 62 (9): 1432–40. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01823.x. PMID 18793378. S2CID 33693505. ^ Carlson NR (2012). Physiology of Behavior Books a La Carte Edition (11th ed.). Boston: Pearson College Div. ISBN 978-0-205-23981-8. ^ Arora S, Anubhuti (December 2006). "Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity--a review". Neuropeptides. 40 (6): 375–401. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2006.07.001. PMID 16935329. S2CID 35190198. ^ Riediger T, Traebert M, Schmid HA, Scheel C, Lutz TA, Scharrer E (May 2003). "Site-specific effects of ghrelin on the neuronal activity in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus". Neuroscience Letters. 341 (2): 151–5. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01381-2. PMID 12686388. S2CID 34697353. ^ Schaeffer M, Langlet F, Lafont C, Molino F, Hodson DJ, Roux T, Lamarque L, Verdié P, Bourrier E, Dehouck B, Banères JL, Martinez J, Méry PF, Marie J, Trinquet E, Fehrentz JA, Prévot V, Mollard P (January 2013). "Rapid sensing of circulating ghrelin by hypothalamic appetite-modifying neurons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (4): 1512–7. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.1512S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212137110. PMC 3557016. PMID 23297228. Footnotes Kawano H, Daikoku S (May 1988). "Somatostatin-containing neuron systems in the rat hypothalamus: retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical studies". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 271 (2): 293–9. doi:10.1002/cne.902710209. PMID 2897982. S2CID 23815658. Cone RD (May 2005). "Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 8 (5): 571–8. doi:10.1038/nn1455. PMID 15856065. S2CID 13400886. Abizaid A, Horvath TL (August 2008). "Brain circuits regulating energy homeostasis". Regulatory Peptides. 149 (1–3): 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2007.10.006. PMC 2605273. PMID 18514925. vteAnatomy of the diencephalon of the human brainEpithalamusSurface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ ThalamusSurface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter/nuclei paired: AN Ventral VA/VL VP/VPM/VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic tract Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae HypothalamusSurface Median eminence/Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matterAutonomic zones Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation) Endocrine posterior pituitary: Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin/vasopressin other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) Preoptic (GnRH) Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Stria terminalis Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic tract Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis (Fields of Forel) Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arcuate nucleus (medulla)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"third ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_ventricle"},{"link_name":"median eminence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_eminence"},{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"pituitary gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-4"},{"link_name":"homeostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"This article is about the hypothalamic structure. For the structure in the medulla oblongata, see Arcuate nucleus (medulla).The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH,[1] ARC,[2] or infundibular nucleus[2][3]) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important and diverse populations of neurons that help mediate different neuroendocrine and physiological functions, including neuroendocrine neurons, centrally projecting neurons, and astrocytes. The populations of neurons found in the arcuate nucleus are based on the hormones they secrete or interact with and are responsible for hypothalamic function, such as regulating hormones released from the pituitary gland or secreting their own hormones. Neurons in this region are also responsible for integrating information and providing inputs to other nuclei in the hypothalamus or inputs to areas outside this region of the brain. These neurons, generated from the ventral part of the periventricular epithelium during embryonic development, locate dorsally in the hypothalamus, becoming part of the ventromedial hypothalamic region.[1][2][4] The function of the arcuate nucleus relies on its diversity of neurons, but its central role is involved in homeostasis. The arcuate nucleus provides many physiological roles involved in feeding, metabolism, fertility, and cardiovascular regulation.[1][2][4][5]","title":"Arcuate nucleus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cell populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotransmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"neuropeptides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide"},{"link_name":"neuropeptide Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y"},{"link_name":"gonadotropin-releasing hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone"},{"link_name":"agouti-related peptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide"},{"link_name":"cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine-_and_amphetamine-regulated_transcript"},{"link_name":"kisspeptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisspeptin"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"substance P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P"},{"link_name":"growth hormone–releasing hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone"},{"link_name":"neurokinin B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurokinin_B"},{"link_name":"β-endorphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-endorphin"},{"link_name":"melanocyte-stimulating hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone"},{"link_name":"somatostatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin"},{"link_name":"Proopiomelanocortin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin"},{"link_name":"polypeptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"neuroendocrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinology"},{"link_name":"tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway"},{"link_name":"prolactin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"median eminence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_eminence"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"hypophysial portal blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"anterior pituitary gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary_gland"},{"link_name":"prolactin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin"},{"link_name":"lactogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactogenesis"},{"link_name":"negative feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback"},{"link_name":"gonadotropin-releasing hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone"},{"link_name":"hyperprolactinemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Kisspeptin/NKB neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNDy_neuron"},{"link_name":"estrogen receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"growth hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-4"},{"link_name":"melanocyte-stimulating hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlons2012-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"dynorphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynorphin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"}],"sub_title":"Neuroendocrine neurons","text":"Different groups of arcuate nucleus neuroendocrine neurons secrete various types or combinations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), kisspeptin, dopamine, substance P, growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), neurokinin B (NKB), β-endorphin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and somatostatin. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide that is cleaved into MSH, ACTH, and β-endorphin and expressed in the arcuate nucleus.[1]Groups of neuroendocrine neurons include:TIDA neurons, or tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons, are neurons that regulate the secretion of prolactin from the pituitary gland and release the neurotransmitter dopamine. TIDA neurons have nerve endings in the median eminence that release dopamine into the hypophysial portal blood.[6] In lactating females, TIDA neurons are inhibited by the stimulus of suckling. Dopamine released from their nerve endings at the median eminence is transported to the anterior pituitary gland, where it regulates the secretion of prolactin. Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion, so when the TIDA neurons are inhibited, there is increased secretion of prolactin, which stimulates lactogenesis (milk production). Prolactin acts in a short-loop negative feedback manner to decrease its levels by stimulating the release of dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons of the arcuate also inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, explaining in part why lactating (or otherwise hyperprolactinemic) women experience oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea (infrequency or absence of menses).[6]\nKisspeptin/NKB neurons within the arcuate nucleus form synaptic inputs with TIDA neurons. These neurons express estrogen receptors and also coexpress neurokinin B in female rats.[7]\nGHRH neurons help to control growth hormone (GH) secretion in conjunction with somatostatin and NPY.[8]\nNPY/AgRP neurons and POMC/CART neurons make up two groups of neurons in the arcuate nucleus that are centrally involved in the neuroendocrine function of feeding. Medial neurons utilize NPY peptides as neurotransmitters to stimulate appetite, and lateral neurons utilize POMC/CART to inhibit appetite.[2] NPY and POMC/CART neurons are sensitive to peripheral hormones such as leptin and insulin.[4] POMC/CART neurons also secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which suppresses appetite.[9][10]: 419 \nGnRH neurons have also been found.[1][2] These neurons secrete GnRH and histamine.[2]\nThere are also groups of neurons expressing NKB and dynorphin that help to control reproduction.[2]","title":"Cell populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"paraventricular nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsomedial_hypothalamic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"lateral hypothalamic area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamic_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"neuropeptide Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y"},{"link_name":"agouti-related protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_protein"},{"link_name":"GABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA"},{"link_name":"lateral hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"paraventricular nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus"},{"link_name":"appetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite"},{"link_name":"leptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"peptide YY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_YY"},{"link_name":"ghrelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin"},{"link_name":"peptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide"},{"link_name":"pro-opiomelanocortin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-opiomelanocortin"},{"link_name":"cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine-_and_amphetamine-regulated_transcript"},{"link_name":"appetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite"},{"link_name":"leptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16935329-11"},{"link_name":"sexual behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity"},{"link_name":"periventricular nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periventricular_nucleus"},{"link_name":"tractus solitarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractus_solitarius"},{"link_name":"medulla oblongata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"entorhinal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"}],"sub_title":"Centrally-projecting neurons","text":"Other types of neurons have projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus to mediate different regions of the hypothalamus or to other regions outside of the hypothalamus.[2][4] Projections of these neurons extend a long distance from the arcuate nucleus to the median eminence to influence the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.[1][2] Neurons of the arcuate nucleus have intrahypothalamic projections for neuroendocrine circuitry.[1] such as neural projections that influence feeding behavior project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA).[1] Populations of neurons connect to the intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland, from the lateral division of the ARH to the neural and intermediate parts of the pituitary gland, and the caudal division of ARH to the median eminence.[2]Groups of neurons that project elsewhere within the central nervous system include:Centrally projecting neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AGRP), and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. These neurons, in the most ventromedial part of the nucleus, project strongly to the lateral hypothalamus and to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and are important in the regulation of appetite. When activated, these neurons can produce ravenous eating. These neurons are inhibited by leptin, insulin, and peptide YY and activated by ghrelin.\nCentrally projecting neurons that contain peptide products of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). These neurons have widespread projections to many brain areas, including to all nuclei in the hypothalamus. These cells are important in the regulation of appetite, and, when activated, they inhibit feeding. These neurons are activated by circulating concentrations of leptin and insulin, and they are directly innervated and inhibited by the NPY neurons.[11] POMC neurons that project to the medial preoptic nucleus are also involved in the regulation of sexual behavior in both males and females. The expression of POMC is regulated by gonadal steroids. The release of a POMC product, beta-endorphin is regulated by NPY.\nCentrally projecting neurons that make somatostatin; the neurosecretory somatostatin neurons that regulate growth hormone secretion are a different population, located in the periventricular nucleus.\nFeeding regulatory neurons also activate oxytocin-containing neurons of the periventricular nucleus (PVN), which projects to nucleus of tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata.[2]\nOthers receive direct synaptic inputs from extra hypothalamic sites projecting into the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the entorhinal cortex.[2]","title":"Cell populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ghrelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ependymal cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ependymal_cells"},{"link_name":"tanycytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanycytes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"glial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cells"},{"link_name":"capillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary"},{"link_name":"tanycytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanycyte"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-2"}],"sub_title":"Other neurons","text":"Other cell populations include:A small population of neurons that sensitive to ghrelin. The role of this population is not known; many neurons in the arcuate nucleus express receptors for ghrelin, but these are thought to respond mainly to blood-borne ghrelin.[12][13]\nThe arcuate nucleus also contains a population of specialized ependymal cells, called tanycytes.\nAstrocytes in the arcuate nucleus hold high capacity glucose transporters that function as nutrient sensors for appetite controlling neurons[2]\nThe diverse and specialized collections of neurons reside within a special compartment with glial cells and have their own network of capillaries and a membrane of tanycytes that help create a blood brain barrier.[2] Circulating or molecules such as hormones travel in the blood and can directly affect these neurons and their plasticity as evidence by adult neurogenesis.[2]","title":"Cell populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/cne.902710209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fcne.902710209"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2897982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2897982"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23815658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23815658"},{"link_name":"\"Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dept.wofford.edu/neuroscience/neuroseminar/pdfSpring2006/o6.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nn1455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn1455"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15856065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15856065"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13400886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13400886"},{"link_name":"\"Brain circuits regulating energy 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brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain"},{"link_name":"Epithalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithalamus"},{"link_name":"Pineal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland"},{"link_name":"Habenula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenula"},{"link_name":"Habenular trigone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_trigone"},{"link_name":"Habenular commissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_commissure"},{"link_name":"Grey matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_matter"},{"link_name":"Pretectal area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretectal_area"},{"link_name":"Habenular nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_nuclei"},{"link_name":"Subcommissural organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcommissural_organ"},{"link_name":"Thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"Stria medullaris of 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adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interthalamic_adhesion"},{"link_name":"White matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter"},{"link_name":"Mammillothalamic tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammillothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"Pallidothalamic tracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallidothalamic_tracts"},{"link_name":"Ansa lenticularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis"},{"link_name":"Lenticular fasciculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus"},{"link_name":"Thalamic fasciculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus"},{"link_name":"PCML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway"},{"link_name":"Medial lemniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_lemniscus"},{"link_name":"Trigeminal lemniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus"},{"link_name":"Spinothalamic tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"Lateral lemniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus"},{"link_name":"Dentatothalamic tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"Acoustic radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_radiation"},{"link_name":"Optic radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_radiation"},{"link_name":"Subthalamic fasciculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus"},{"link_name":"Anterior trigeminothalamic tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"Medullary laminae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_laminae_of_thalamus"},{"link_name":"Hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"Median eminence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_eminence"},{"link_name":"Tuber 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cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell"},{"link_name":"Parvocellular neurosecretory cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell"},{"link_name":"Supraoptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"oxytocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin"},{"link_name":"vasopressin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin"},{"link_name":"Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Preoptic (GnRH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preoptic_area"},{"link_name":"Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"Emotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion"},{"link_name":"Lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"Ventromedial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus"},{"link_name":"Dorsomedial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsomedial_hypothalamic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"White matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter"},{"link_name":"Stria terminalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stria_terminalis"},{"link_name":"Medial forebrain bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_forebrain_bundle"},{"link_name":"Retinohypothalamic tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"Mammillothalamic tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammillothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus"},{"link_name":"Pituitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland"},{"link_name":"Posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_pituitary"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary"},{"link_name":"Subthalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthalamus"},{"link_name":"Subthalamic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"Zona incerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_incerta"},{"link_name":"Nuclei campi perizonalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclei_campi_perizonalis"},{"link_name":"Fields of Forel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Forel"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253246#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Terminologia Anatomica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.08.923"}],"text":"Kawano H, Daikoku S (May 1988). \"Somatostatin-containing neuron systems in the rat hypothalamus: retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical studies\". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 271 (2): 293–9. doi:10.1002/cne.902710209. PMID 2897982. S2CID 23815658.\nCone RD (May 2005). \"Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system\" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 8 (5): 571–8. doi:10.1038/nn1455. PMID 15856065. S2CID 13400886.\nAbizaid A, Horvath TL (August 2008). \"Brain circuits regulating energy homeostasis\". Regulatory Peptides. 149 (1–3): 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2007.10.006. PMC 2605273. PMID 18514925.vteAnatomy of the diencephalon of the human brainEpithalamusSurface\nPineal gland\nHabenula\nHabenular trigone\nHabenular commissure\nGrey matter\nPretectal area\nHabenular nuclei\nSubcommissural organ\nThalamusSurface\nStria medullaris of thalamus\nThalamic reticular nucleus\nTaenia thalami\nGrey matter/nuclei\npaired: AN\nVentral\nVA/VL\nVP/VPM/VPL\nLateral\nLD\nLP\nPulvinar nuclei\nMetathalamus\nMG\nLG\nP cell\nM cell\nK cell\nmidline: MD\nIntralaminar\nCentromedian\nMidline nuclear group\nInterthalamic adhesion\nWhite matter\nMammillothalamic tract\nPallidothalamic tracts\nAnsa lenticularis\nLenticular fasciculus\nThalamic fasciculus\nPCML\nMedial lemniscus\nTrigeminal lemniscus\nSpinothalamic tract\nLateral lemniscus\nDentatothalamic tract\nAcoustic radiation\nOptic radiation\nSubthalamic fasciculus\nAnterior trigeminothalamic tract\nMedullary laminae\nHypothalamusSurface\nMedian eminence/Tuber cinereum\nMammillary body\nInfundibulum\nGrey matterAutonomic zones\nAnterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)\nPosterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)\nEndocrine\nposterior pituitary: Paraventricular\nMagnocellular neurosecretory cell\nParvocellular neurosecretory cell\nSupraoptic\noxytocin/vasopressin\nother: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)\nPreoptic (GnRH)\nSuprachiasmatic (melatonin)\nEmotion\nLateral\nVentromedial\nDorsomedial\nWhite matter\nafferent\nStria terminalis\nMedial forebrain bundle\nRetinohypothalamic tract\nefferent\nMammillothalamic tract\nDorsal longitudinal fasciculus\nPituitary\nPosterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular\nSubthalamus\nSubthalamic nucleus\nZona incerta\nNuclei campi perizonalis (Fields of Forel)Authority control databases \nTerminologia Anatomica","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB (March 2004). \"Formation of projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to hypothalamic regions implicated in the neural control of feeding behavior in mice\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (11): 2797–805. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-03.2004. PMC 6729527. PMID 15028773.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6729527","url_text":"\"Formation of projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to hypothalamic regions implicated in the neural control of feeding behavior in mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.5369-03.2004","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-03.2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6729527","url_text":"6729527"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15028773","url_text":"15028773"}]},{"reference":"Dudas B (2013). The Human Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Functions and Disorders. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62081-806-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62081-806-0","url_text":"978-1-62081-806-0"}]},{"reference":"\"onderzoekinformatie.nl - Project: Does activation of neurons in the infundibular nucleus in menopause prevent the occurrence of Alzheimer changes?\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2007-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080522093058/http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1289935/","url_text":"\"onderzoekinformatie.nl - Project: Does activation of neurons in the infundibular nucleus in menopause prevent the occurrence of Alzheimer changes?\""},{"url":"http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1289935/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sapru HN (April 2013). \"Role of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in cardiovascular regulation\". 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PMID 16054045.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cmet.2004.12.004","url_text":"\"The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a key site for mediating leptin's effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cmet.2004.12.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16054045","url_text":"16054045"}]},{"reference":"Voogt JL, Lee Y, Yang S, Arbogast L (2001-01-01). \"Chapter 12 Regulation of prolactin secretion during pregnancy and lactation\". The Maternal Brain. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 133. pp. 173–85. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(01)33013-3. ISBN 9780444505484. 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PMID 16728494.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2005-1619","url_text":"\"Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus are decreased in transgenic rats whose expression of ghrelin receptor is attenuated: Evidence that ghrelin receptor is involved in the up-regulation of GHRH expression in the arc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2005-1619","url_text":"10.1210/en.2005-1619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16728494","url_text":"16728494"}]},{"reference":"Baltatzi M, Hatzitolios A, Tziomalos K, Iliadis F, Zamboulis C (September 2008). \"Neuropeptide Y and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: interaction in obesity and possible role in the development of hypertension\". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 62 (9): 1432–40. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01823.x. PMID 18793378. S2CID 33693505.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-1241.2008.01823.x","url_text":"\"Neuropeptide Y and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: interaction in obesity and possible role in the development of hypertension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-1241.2008.01823.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01823.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18793378","url_text":"18793378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33693505","url_text":"33693505"}]},{"reference":"Carlson NR (2012). Physiology of Behavior Books a La Carte Edition (11th ed.). Boston: Pearson College Div. ISBN 978-0-205-23981-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-23981-8","url_text":"978-0-205-23981-8"}]},{"reference":"Arora S, Anubhuti (December 2006). \"Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity--a review\". Neuropeptides. 40 (6): 375–401. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2006.07.001. PMID 16935329. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Swist	Wally Swist	["1 Biography","2 Writing and teaching","3 Fellowships, awards, and honors","4 Documentary and audiobook","5 Works","5.1 Books of poetry","5.2 Poetry chapbooks","5.3 Books of poetry in translation","5.4 Books of haiku","5.5 Haiku chapbooks","5.6 Nonfiction/memoir","5.7 Belles lettres","5.8 Scholarly monograph","5.9 Children's book","5.10 Short biographical documentary film","5.11 Audiobook","5.12 Selected Anthology Appearances","5.13 Letterpress/Illustrated Poetry Broadsides","6 References"]	American poet This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Wally Swist" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wally Swist (born 1953) is an American poet and writer. He is best known for his poems about nature and spirituality. Biography Swist was born April 26, 1953, in New Haven, Connecticut. It is rumoured he attended Yale University but not confirmed he was actually registered. He currently makes his home in South Amherst, Massachusetts. For over three decades, he was a bookseller and a bookstore manager, dealing in antiquarian, new, and used books. He has published more than forty of his own books and chapbooks of poetry and prose. For the last several years, he has been a freelance editor and writer. Writing and teaching Swist has published over two hundred feature articles and reviews, yet his focus has been writing poetry. His poems have appeared in literary magazines and anthologies, such as Alaska Quarterly Review and Spiritus, the latter issued by Johns Hopkins University Press, as well as popular magazines such as Rolling Stone and Yankee. Readings of his work are online at National Public Radio and Sahara: A Journal of New England Poetry published a special issue devoted to his work in the winter of 2003. His translations have been published in Asymptote, Chicago Quarterly Review, Chiron Review, Ezra: An Online Journal of Translation, The Montreal Review, Poetry London, and Transference: A Literary Journal Featuring the Art & Process of Translation (Western Michigan Department of Languages), among others. In addition, he has taught in the Connecticut Poetry-in-the-Schools Program and was a mentor and teacher, for three summers (2001-2003), in the Night of Fresh Voices Program, in which he worked with gifted high school students, through the Sunken Garden Poetry Festival, at the Hill-Stead Museum in Farmington, Connecticut. Swist has also contributed significantly to North American haiku literature both as his decade-long stint as Book Review Editor of Modern Haiku (1987–1996), and with the hundreds of haiku he published in a multitude of literary journals. Of the several significant anthologies of haiku his work is represented in, a half dozen of his haiku are included in the anthology, Haiku in English: The First Hundred Years, published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2013. He is an authority on fellow poet Robert Francis (poet), a friend and literary mentor. He is also the writer and editor of Moscow Ballet's Great Russian Nutcracker that was published by Talmi Entertainment in November 2012 as a children's book illustrated by Olga Lorionova. In October 2012, he was invited to be a Visiting Writer at Southern Illinois University, in Carbondale, Illinois, and he participated in the Devil's Kitchen Literary Festival. Also, in April 2013, he was invited to be a Visiting Writer at Sacred Heart University, in Fairfield, Connecticut. Fellowships, awards, and honors Swist was awarded Artists Fellowships in Poetry from the Connecticut Commission on the Arts in 1978 and in 2003. The Trustees of the Estate of Robert Francis awarded him three writing residencies at Fort Juniper, the Robert Francis Homestead, in North Amherst, Massachusetts, in the autumn of 1998, and two back-to-back residencies from September 2003 through August 2005. He was invited to give a lecture at the Frost Farm, in Derry, New Hampshire, in August 2002, which he entitled "High Pressure Weather and Country Air: The Friendship of Robert Frost and Robert Francis." This later led to his developing a book-length essay, published by Edwin Mellen Press in 2009, Two New England Poets: Robert Frost and Robert Francis. Constance Hunting, editor of The Puckerbrush Review, where the essay initially appeared called it "a previously unwritten work of significant scholarship," elucidating the connection between Frost and Francis. He was twice awarded the Museum of Haiku Literature (Tokyo) Award (Frogpond, XIII: 2, 1990 and Frogpond, XVIII: 3, 1995). His selected haiku, The Silence Between Us, was published by Brooks Books in their Goodrich Haiku Master's Series in 2005. Yusef Komunyakaa selected Swist's full-length volume Huang Po and the Dimensions of Love as a co-winner of the 2011 Crab Orchard Series Open Poetry Competition. Southern Illinois University Press published the book in August 2012. Huang Po and the Dimensions of Love was nominated for the National Book Award in Poetry by Southern Illinois University Press in 2012. His poem "Velocity" was awarded 2nd Prize in the William Butler Yeats Society of New York City 2012 Poetry Contest, of which Bill Zavatsky served as judge. From 2012 through 2018, he was awarded several grants of financial assistance. These included the Philip Whalen Memorial Grant from Poets in Need, of Berkeley, California, as well as being the recipient of multiple grants of financial assistance from The Authors League Fund; PEN America; and the Carnegie Fund for Authors, all of New York City; and The Haven Fund, of Brewer, Maine. In April 2013, he was the recipient of The 2013 Snapshot Press Book Award for his manuscript, The Windbreak Pine: New and Uncollected Haiku, 1985-2015. Swist was awarded a Touchstone Distinguished Book Award from The Haiku Foundation for this book in April 2017. Garrison Keillor read his poem "Radiance" on The Writers Almanac radio program in July 2014. Swist was one of fourteen poets to have their poems installed into a Dedication of Poetry in Edmands Park, in Newton, Massachusetts, on 2 November 2014, in conjunction with the Boston Literary District Program. The poems, on permanent display, were selected by adjudication through a national contest and contain natural themes. Swist's poem, "Wild Falling," is presented on stone on the second of two stone pillars on Blake Street, which face the road. Also, in November 2014, he was announced the winner of the Judd's Hill Winery Poetry Contest for his poems "Montepulciano and Caravaggio," "Ode to February," and "The Toast." Swist's poem, "Heirloom," was selected by Anita Barrows, known for her translations of Rilke with her colleague Joanna Macy, as a finalist in the 2015 Littoral Press Broadside Competition. Lisa Rappoport, master printer of Littoral Press, published the poem as a letterpress limited edition broadside in October 2015. Swist was the winner of the 2018 Adelaide Books Essay Contest for his essay, "On Beauty." The essay was also the eponymous title of the book Adelaide Books published later that year, On Beauty: Essays, Reviews, Fiction, and Plays. In December 2018, Gabriel Rummonds, master printer and publisher of Ex Ophidia Press, located in Bainbridge Island, Washington, announced that Swist was the winner of the 2018 Ex Ophidia Press Poetry Prize for his collection A Bird Who Seems to Know Me: Poems Regarding Birds & Nature. The collection includes 50 lyric and short narrative poems and some 60 haiku. The book was published in the autumn of 2019. Robert Sternau, Editor of "Sufi: Journal of Mystical Philosophy & Practice," highlighted Swist as the "Feature Poet" in Issue #98, the Winter 2019/2020 issue of the journal, and in doing so published "The Bees of the Invisible," the eponymous poem of his 2019 Shanti Arts poetry collection. Jason Barber, Editor of "Buddhist Poetry Review," published Swist's "After Lu Chi’s Wen Fu," based on a translation by Shih-Hsiang Chen (1952), which had then been modified after consulting a translation by Sam Hamill (1991 & 2000). It appears in full as a feature in the July 2020 issue of the journal, and includes all fifteen parts of the work. Lu Chi (261-303) was a third and fourth century Chinese poet of the Jin Dynasty, and his "Wen Fu" ("The Art of Writing") is "considered one of the most articulated treatises on Chinese poetics." As of the July 2020 issue, all of Swist's previous contributions to "Buddhist Poetry Review," which date between 2010 and 2021, can now also be found archived online (www.buddhistpoetryreview.org). Documentary and audiobook A short biographical documentary film regarding his work as a poet and a writer, In Praise of the Earth: The Poetry of Wally Swist (Hadley, MA: WildArts), was released in April 2008 by award-winning filmmaker Elizabeth Wilda. An audiobook of sixty-five of his poems, Open Meadow: Odes to Nature (Monterey, MA: Berkshire Media Artists) was released in April 2012. Several of the tracks of the poems are accompanied by the compositions of Claude Debussy, Gabriel Faure, and Ralph Vaughan Williams, which were played by pianist Sarah Edelstein, and recorded live at the studios of Berkshire Media Artists (BMA). Works Books of poetry Taking Residence, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2021. Awakening & Visitation, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2020. Evanescence: Selected Poems, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2020. The Bees of the Invisible, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2019. A Bird Who Seems to Know Me: Poems Regarding Birds & Nature, Bainbridge Island, WA, Ex Ophidia Press, 2019. The Map of Eternity, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2018. Candling the Eggs, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2017. The View of the River, Hemet, CA: Kelsay Books/White Violet Press, 2017. Invocation, Beaumont, TX: Lamar University Literary Press, 2015. Velocity, Chicago, IL: Virtual Artists Collective, 2013. Huang Po and the Dimensions of Love, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012. Winding Paths Worn through Grass, Chicago, IL: Virtual Artists Collective, 2012. Luminous Dream, Cave Spring, GA: FutureCycle Press, 2010. Veils of the Divine, Newtown, CT: Hanover Press, 2003. The New Life, Hartford, CT: Plinth Books, 1998; Second Edition, 2003. For the Dance, Easthampton, MA: Adastra Press, 1991. New Haven Poems, Hamden, CT: Connecticut Fireside Press, 1977. Poetry chapbooks Sharing Stories at Lunch, Fulton, MO: El Grito del Lobo Press (Poem-in-a-Pamphlet), 2021. Things I Know I Love: Odes to Food, Georgetown, KY: Finishing Line Press, 2015. Blessing and Homage, Cambridge, MA and Chicago, IL: Timberline Press, 2012. Mount Toby Poems, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, 2009. Snow Geese: A Mountain Poem, Hartford, CT: Andrew Mountain Press (Poem-in-a-Pamphlet Series), 1996. Waking Up the Ducks, Easthampton, MA: Adastra Press, 1987. Of What We’re Given, Guilford, CT: Dunk Rock Books, 1980. Books of poetry in translation Fruit of my Flower: New & Selected Translations from the Spanish, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2024. L’Allegria/Cheerfulness (Poems 1914-1919) by Giuseppi Ungaretti: A New Translation from the Italian, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2023. The Daodejing: A New Interpretation by David Breeden, Steven Schroeder, and Wally Swist, Beaumont, TX: Lamar University Press, 2015. Books of haiku Selected Haiku, Ormskirk, UK: Snapshot Press, 2025. Uphill along the Woodland, Ormskirk, UK: Snapshot Press, 2024. The Windbreak Pine: New and Uncollected Haiku, 1985-2015, Ormskirk, U.K.: Snapshot Press, 2016. The Silence Between Us: The Selected Haiku of Wally Swist, Decatur, IL: Brooks Books, 2005. The Mown Meadow: First Selected Haiku and Sequences, 1977-1994, San Diego, CA: Los Hombres Press, 1996. Haiku chapbooks The White Rose, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, 2000. Train Whistle, Aylmer, Quebec, Canada: Proof Press, 1996. Blowing Reeds, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, 1995. The Gristmill’s Trough, Richland Center, WI: Hummingbird Press, 1991. Sugaring Buckets, Battle Ground, IN: High/Coo Press, 1989. Unmarked Stones, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada: Burnt Lake Press, 1988. Chimney Smoke, La Crosse, WI: Juniper Press, 1988. Nonfiction/memoir Singing for Nothing: Selected Nonfiction as Literary Memoir, Brooklyn, NY: The Operating System, 2018. Belles lettres A Writer's Statements on Beauty: New & Selected Essays & Reviews, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2022. On Beauty: Essays, Reviews, Fiction, and Plays, New York & Lisbon: Adelaide Books, 2018. Scholarly monograph The Friendship of Two New England Poets: Robert Frost and Robert Francis, A Lecture Presented at the Robert Frost Farm in Derry, New Hampshire, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2009. Children's book Moscow Ballet's Great Russian Nutcracker, Pittsfield, MA: Talmi Entertainment, 2012. Short biographical documentary film In Praise of the Earth: The Poetry of Wally Swist, Hadley, MA: WildArts, 24 Minutes, 2008. Audiobook Open Meadow: Odes to Nature, Monterey, MA: Berkshire Media Arts, 79 Minutes, 2012. Selected Anthology Appearances How to Love the World: Poems of Love and Hope, James Crews, Editor, North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, 2021. Except for Love: New England Poets Inspired by Donald Hall, Cynthia Brackett-Vincent, Editor, Farmington, ME: Encircle Publications, 2019. Unlocking the Word: A Found Poem Anthology, Jonas Zdanys, Editor, Beaumont, Texas: Lamar University Press, 2018. Ice Cream Poems: Reflections on Life with Ice Cream, Patricia Fargnoli, Editor, Tillamook, OR: World Enough Writers/Concrete Wolf, 2017. A Mighty Room: A Collection of Poems Written in Emily Dickinson's Bedroom , Michael Medeiros, Editor, Introduction by Jane Wald, Amherst, MA: Emily Dickinson Museum, 2015. Weatherings, Robert S. King & David Chorlton, Editors, Lexington, KY: FutureCycle Press (Good Works Series), 2015. Pushing the Envelope: Epistolary Poems, Jonas Zdanys, Editor, Beaumont, Texas: Lamar University Press, 2015. Lay Bare the Canvas: New England Poets on Art, Providence, RI: The Poetry Loft/Providence Public Library, 2014. Haiku in English: The First Hundred Years, Jim Kacian, Philip Rowland, and Allan Burns, Editors, Introduction by Billy Collins, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013. Where the River Goes: The Nature Tradition in English Language Haiku, Allan Burns, Editor, Ormskirk, U.K.: Snapshot Press, 2013. Sunken Garden Poetry: 1992-2011, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2012. American Society: What Poets See, Hayesville, NC: FutureCycle Press (Good Works Series), 2013. Fair Warning: Leo Connellan and His Poetry, Sheila Murphy and Marilyn Nelson, Editors, Tokyo, Japan: Printed Matter, 2011. Solace in So Many Words, Glenview, IL: Hourglass Books/Weighed Words LLC, 2011. From the Other World: Poems in Memory of James Wright, Duluth, MN: Lost Hills Books, 2008. The Duchess of Malfi’s Apricots and Other Literary Fruits, Robert Palter, Editor, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2002. Haiku: Ancient and Modern, Jackie Hardy, Editor, Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle & Company, Inc., 2002. Stories from Where We Live: The North Atlantic Coast, Sara St. Antoine, Editor, Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2000. The Haiku Anthology, Cor van den Heuvel, Editor, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999. Haiku sans frontieres, Andre Duhaime, Editor and Translator, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Les Editions David, 1998. Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of American Poetry, Beverly Hills, CA: Monitor Book Company, 1997. Haiku World: An International Poetry Almanac, William Higginson, Editor, Tokyo, Japan & New York, NY: Kodansha International, 1996. Place of the Long River: A Connecticut River Anthology of Poetry and Prose with Views from the Source to the Sound, Jim Lee, Editor and Master Printer, Glastonbury, CT: Blue Moon Press, 1995. Haiku Moment: An Anthology of Contemporary North American Haiku, Bruce Ross, Editor, Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle & Company, Inc., 1993. Letterpress/Illustrated Poetry Broadsides Heirloom, Berkeley, CA: Littoral Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2015. Tone Poem for Summer Solstice, Charlestown, MA: Timberline Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2012. The Other Side of the Glass, Hartford, CT: University of Hartford, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2011. Ode to Elizabeth Park, Glastonbury, CT: Blue Moon Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2011. For Walt Whitman, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2010. Putting Up the Mailbox, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2007. Heron, Hartford, CT: Hartford Public Library, Illustrated, 2003. Accompaniment, Easthampton, MA: Adastra Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2003. In You, Jamaica, VT: Bull Thistle Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 1995. old man sweeping, Richmond, MA: Mad River Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 1988. References ^ https://www.npr.org/programs/wesat/features/2003/sunkengarden/swist.html Ode To the Omelette poem at NPR ^ A lecture he delivered in the Robert Frost Homestead 2002 Literary Series, entitled High-pressure Weather and Country Air: The Friendship of Robert Frost and Robert Francis, was published in the Summer 2003 issue of Puckerbrush Review and as a scholarly monograph in 2009 from The Edwin Mellen Press of Lewiston, New York. ^ "Amherst Bulletin \| Poetry in Motion". www.amherstbulletin.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. ^ "In Praise of the Earth: The Poetry of Wally Swist". IMDb. 10 October 2008. ^ "Amherst Bulletin \| Poetry in Motion". www.amherstbulletin.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. ^ "Amherst Bulletin \| UMass video producer trains lens on New England stories". www.amherstbulletin.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-09. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"}],"text":"Wally Swist (born 1953) is an American poet and writer. He is best known for his poems about nature and spirituality.","title":"Wally Swist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"South Amherst, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Amherst,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Swist was born April 26, 1953, in New Haven, Connecticut. It is rumoured he attended Yale University but not confirmed he was actually registered. He currently makes his home in South Amherst, Massachusetts. For over three decades, he was a bookseller and a bookstore manager, dealing in antiquarian, new, and used books. He has published more than forty of his own books and chapbooks of poetry and prose. For the last several years, he has been a freelance editor and writer.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska Quarterly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Quarterly_Review"},{"link_name":"Spiritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Francis (poet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Francis_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Swist has published over two hundred feature articles and reviews, yet his focus has been writing poetry. His poems have appeared in literary magazines and anthologies, such as Alaska Quarterly Review and Spiritus, the latter issued by Johns Hopkins University Press, as well as popular magazines such as Rolling Stone and Yankee. Readings of his work are online at National Public Radio[1] and Sahara: A Journal of New England Poetry published a special issue devoted to his work in the winter of 2003.His translations have been published in Asymptote, Chicago Quarterly Review, Chiron Review, Ezra: An Online Journal of Translation, The Montreal Review, Poetry London, and Transference: A Literary Journal Featuring the Art & Process of Translation (Western Michigan Department of Languages), among others.In addition, he has taught in the Connecticut Poetry-in-the-Schools Program and was a mentor and teacher, for three summers (2001-2003), in the Night of Fresh Voices Program, in which he worked with gifted high school students, through the Sunken Garden Poetry Festival, at the Hill-Stead Museum in Farmington, Connecticut.Swist has also contributed significantly to North American haiku literature both as his decade-long stint as Book Review Editor of Modern Haiku (1987–1996), and with the hundreds of haiku he published in a multitude of literary journals. Of the several significant anthologies of haiku his work is represented in, a half dozen of his haiku are included in the anthology, Haiku in English: The First Hundred Years, published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2013.He is an authority on fellow poet Robert Francis (poet),[2] a friend and literary mentor.[3]He is also the writer and editor of Moscow Ballet's Great Russian Nutcracker that was published by Talmi Entertainment in November 2012 as a children's book illustrated by Olga Lorionova.In October 2012, he was invited to be a Visiting Writer at Southern Illinois University, in Carbondale, Illinois, and he participated in the Devil's Kitchen Literary Festival. Also, in April 2013, he was invited to be a Visiting Writer at Sacred Heart University, in Fairfield, Connecticut.","title":"Writing and teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Amherst, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Amherst,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Edwin Mellen Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press"}],"text":"Swist was awarded Artists Fellowships in Poetry from the Connecticut Commission on the Arts in 1978 and in 2003. The Trustees of the Estate of Robert Francis awarded him three writing residencies at Fort Juniper, the Robert Francis Homestead, in North Amherst, Massachusetts, in the autumn of 1998, and two back-to-back residencies from September 2003 through August 2005.He was invited to give a lecture at the Frost Farm, in Derry, New Hampshire, in August 2002, which he entitled \"High Pressure Weather and Country Air: The Friendship of Robert Frost and Robert Francis.\" This later led to his developing a book-length essay, published by Edwin Mellen Press in 2009, Two New England Poets: Robert Frost and Robert Francis. Constance Hunting, editor of The Puckerbrush Review, where the essay initially appeared called it \"a previously unwritten work of significant scholarship,\" elucidating the connection between Frost and Francis.He was twice awarded the Museum of Haiku Literature (Tokyo) Award (Frogpond, XIII: 2, 1990 and Frogpond, XVIII: 3, 1995). His selected haiku, The Silence Between Us, was published by Brooks Books in their Goodrich Haiku Master's Series in 2005.Yusef Komunyakaa selected Swist's full-length volume Huang Po and the Dimensions of Love as a co-winner of the 2011 Crab Orchard Series Open Poetry Competition. Southern Illinois University Press published the book in August 2012.Huang Po and the Dimensions of Love was nominated for the National Book Award in Poetry by Southern Illinois University Press in 2012.His poem \"Velocity\" was awarded 2nd Prize in the William Butler Yeats Society of New York City 2012 Poetry Contest, of which Bill Zavatsky served as judge.From 2012 through 2018, he was awarded several grants of financial assistance. These included the Philip Whalen Memorial Grant from Poets in Need, of Berkeley, California, as well as being the recipient of multiple grants of financial assistance from The Authors League Fund; PEN America; and the Carnegie Fund for Authors, all of New York City; and The Haven Fund, of Brewer, Maine.In April 2013, he was the recipient of The 2013 Snapshot Press Book Award for his manuscript, The Windbreak Pine: New and Uncollected Haiku, 1985-2015. Swist was awarded a Touchstone Distinguished Book Award from The Haiku Foundation for this book in April 2017.Garrison Keillor read his poem \"Radiance\" on The Writers Almanac radio program in July 2014.Swist was one of fourteen poets to have their poems installed into a Dedication of Poetry in Edmands Park, in Newton, Massachusetts, on 2 November 2014, in conjunction with the Boston Literary District Program. The poems, on permanent display, were selected by adjudication through a national contest and contain natural themes. Swist's poem, \"Wild Falling,\" is presented on stone on the second of two stone pillars on Blake Street, which face the road. Also, in November 2014, he was announced the winner of the Judd's Hill Winery Poetry Contest for his poems \"Montepulciano and Caravaggio,\" \"Ode to February,\" and \"The Toast.\"Swist's poem, \"Heirloom,\" was selected by Anita Barrows, known for her translations of Rilke with her colleague Joanna Macy, as a finalist in the 2015 Littoral Press Broadside Competition. Lisa Rappoport, master printer of Littoral Press, published the poem as a letterpress limited edition broadside in October 2015.Swist was the winner of the 2018 Adelaide Books Essay Contest for his essay, \"On Beauty.\" The essay was also the eponymous title of the book Adelaide Books published later that year, On Beauty: Essays, Reviews, Fiction, and Plays.In December 2018, Gabriel Rummonds, master printer and publisher of Ex Ophidia Press, located in Bainbridge Island, Washington, announced that Swist was the winner of the 2018 Ex Ophidia Press Poetry Prize for his collection A Bird Who Seems to Know Me: Poems Regarding Birds & Nature. The collection includes 50 lyric and short narrative poems and some 60 haiku. The book was published in the autumn of 2019.Robert Sternau, Editor of \"Sufi: Journal of Mystical Philosophy & Practice,\" highlighted Swist as the \"Feature Poet\" in Issue #98, the Winter 2019/2020 issue of the journal, and in doing so published \"The Bees of the Invisible,\" the eponymous poem of his 2019 Shanti Arts poetry collection.Jason Barber, Editor of \"Buddhist Poetry Review,\" published Swist's \"After Lu Chi’s Wen Fu,\" based on a translation by Shih-Hsiang Chen (1952), which had then been modified after consulting a translation by Sam Hamill (1991 & 2000). It appears in full as a feature in the July 2020 issue of the journal, and includes all fifteen parts of the work. Lu Chi (261-303) was a third and fourth century Chinese poet of the Jin Dynasty, and his \"Wen Fu\" (\"The Art of Writing\") is \"considered one of the most articulated treatises on Chinese poetics.\" As of the July 2020 issue, all of Swist's previous contributions to \"Buddhist Poetry Review,\" which date between 2010 and 2021, can now also be found archived online (www.buddhistpoetryreview.org).","title":"Fellowships, awards, and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A short biographical documentary film regarding his work as a poet and a writer, In Praise of the Earth: The Poetry of Wally Swist (Hadley, MA: WildArts), was released in April 2008 by award-winning filmmaker Elizabeth Wilda.[4][5][6]An audiobook of sixty-five of his poems, Open Meadow: Odes to Nature (Monterey, MA: Berkshire Media Artists) was released in April 2012. Several of the tracks of the poems are accompanied by the compositions of Claude Debussy, Gabriel Faure, and Ralph Vaughan Williams, which were played by pianist Sarah Edelstein, and recorded live at the studios of Berkshire Media Artists (BMA).","title":"Documentary and audiobook"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books of poetry","text":"Taking Residence, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2021.\nAwakening & Visitation, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2020.\nEvanescence: Selected Poems, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2020.\nThe Bees of the Invisible, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2019.\nA Bird Who Seems to Know Me: Poems Regarding Birds & Nature, Bainbridge Island, WA, Ex Ophidia Press, 2019.\nThe Map of Eternity, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2018.\nCandling the Eggs, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2017.\nThe View of the River, Hemet, CA: Kelsay Books/White Violet Press, 2017.\nInvocation, Beaumont, TX: Lamar University Literary Press, 2015.\nVelocity, Chicago, IL: Virtual Artists Collective, 2013.\nHuang Po and the Dimensions of Love, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012.\nWinding Paths Worn through Grass, Chicago, IL: Virtual Artists Collective, 2012.\nLuminous Dream, Cave Spring, GA: FutureCycle Press, 2010.\nVeils of the Divine, Newtown, CT: Hanover Press, 2003.\nThe New Life, Hartford, CT: Plinth Books, 1998; Second Edition, 2003.\nFor the Dance, Easthampton, MA: Adastra Press, 1991.\nNew Haven Poems, Hamden, CT: Connecticut Fireside Press, 1977.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poetry chapbooks","text":"Sharing Stories at Lunch, Fulton, MO: El Grito del Lobo Press (Poem-in-a-Pamphlet), 2021.\nThings I Know I Love: Odes to Food, Georgetown, KY: Finishing Line Press, 2015.\nBlessing and Homage, Cambridge, MA and Chicago, IL: Timberline Press, 2012.\nMount Toby Poems, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, 2009.\nSnow Geese: A Mountain Poem, Hartford, CT: Andrew Mountain Press (Poem-in-a-Pamphlet Series), 1996.\nWaking Up the Ducks, Easthampton, MA: Adastra Press, 1987.\nOf What We’re Given, Guilford, CT: Dunk Rock Books, 1980.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books of poetry in translation","text":"Fruit of my Flower: New & Selected Translations from the Spanish, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2024.\nL’Allegria/Cheerfulness (Poems 1914-1919) by Giuseppi Ungaretti: A New Translation from the Italian, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2023.\nThe Daodejing: A New Interpretation by David Breeden, Steven Schroeder, and Wally Swist, Beaumont, TX: Lamar University Press, 2015.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books of haiku","text":"Selected Haiku, Ormskirk, UK: Snapshot Press, 2025.\nUphill along the Woodland, Ormskirk, UK: Snapshot Press, 2024.\nThe Windbreak Pine: New and Uncollected Haiku, 1985-2015, Ormskirk, U.K.: Snapshot Press, 2016.\nThe Silence Between Us: The Selected Haiku of Wally Swist, Decatur, IL: Brooks Books, 2005.\nThe Mown Meadow: First Selected Haiku and Sequences, 1977-1994, San Diego, CA: Los Hombres Press, 1996.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timberline Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timberline_Press&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hummingbird Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird_Press&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burnt Lake Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burnt_Lake_Press&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Haiku chapbooks","text":"The White Rose, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, 2000.\nTrain Whistle, Aylmer, Quebec, Canada: Proof Press, 1996.\nBlowing Reeds, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, 1995.\nThe Gristmill’s Trough, Richland Center, WI: Hummingbird Press, 1991.\nSugaring Buckets, Battle Ground, IN: High/Coo Press, 1989.\nUnmarked Stones, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada: Burnt Lake Press, 1988.\nChimney Smoke, La Crosse, WI: Juniper Press, 1988.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nonfiction/memoir","text":"Singing for Nothing: Selected Nonfiction as Literary Memoir, Brooklyn, NY: The Operating System, 2018.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanti Arts Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanti_Arts_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide_Books&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Belles lettres","text":"A Writer's Statements on Beauty: New & Selected Essays & Reviews, Brunswick, ME: Shanti Arts Publishing, 2022.\nOn Beauty: Essays, Reviews, Fiction, and Plays, New York & Lisbon: Adelaide Books, 2018.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin Mellen Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press"}],"sub_title":"Scholarly monograph","text":"The Friendship of Two New England Poets: Robert Frost and Robert Francis, A Lecture Presented at the Robert Frost Farm in Derry, New Hampshire, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2009.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Children's book","text":"Moscow Ballet's Great Russian Nutcracker, Pittsfield, MA: Talmi Entertainment, 2012.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short biographical documentary film","text":"In Praise of the Earth: The Poetry of Wally Swist, Hadley, MA: WildArts, 24 Minutes, 2008.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Audiobook","text":"Open Meadow: Odes to Nature, Monterey, MA: Berkshire Media Arts, 79 Minutes, 2012.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of South Carolina Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press"}],"sub_title":"Selected Anthology Appearances","text":"How to Love the World: Poems of Love and Hope, James Crews, Editor, North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, 2021.\nExcept for Love: New England Poets Inspired by Donald Hall, Cynthia Brackett-Vincent, Editor, Farmington, ME: Encircle Publications, 2019.\nUnlocking the Word: A Found Poem Anthology, Jonas Zdanys, Editor, Beaumont, Texas: Lamar University Press, 2018.\nIce Cream Poems: Reflections on Life with Ice Cream, Patricia Fargnoli, Editor, Tillamook, OR: World Enough Writers/Concrete Wolf, 2017.\nA Mighty Room: A Collection of Poems Written in Emily Dickinson's Bedroom , Michael Medeiros, Editor, Introduction by Jane Wald, Amherst, MA: Emily Dickinson Museum, 2015.\nWeatherings, Robert S. King & David Chorlton, Editors, Lexington, KY: FutureCycle Press (Good Works Series), 2015.\nPushing the Envelope: Epistolary Poems, Jonas Zdanys, Editor, Beaumont, Texas: Lamar University Press, 2015.\nLay Bare the Canvas: New England Poets on Art, Providence, RI: The Poetry Loft/Providence Public Library, 2014.\nHaiku in English: The First Hundred Years, Jim Kacian, Philip Rowland, and Allan Burns, Editors, Introduction by Billy Collins, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013.\nWhere the River Goes: The Nature Tradition in English Language Haiku, Allan Burns, Editor, Ormskirk, U.K.: Snapshot Press, 2013.\nSunken Garden Poetry: 1992-2011, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2012.\nAmerican Society: What Poets See, Hayesville, NC: FutureCycle Press (Good Works Series), 2013.\nFair Warning: Leo Connellan and His Poetry, Sheila Murphy and Marilyn Nelson, Editors, Tokyo, Japan: Printed Matter, 2011.\nSolace in So Many Words, Glenview, IL: Hourglass Books/Weighed Words LLC, 2011.\nFrom the Other World: Poems in Memory of James Wright, Duluth, MN: Lost Hills Books, 2008.\nThe Duchess of Malfi’s Apricots and Other Literary Fruits, Robert Palter, Editor, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2002.\nHaiku: Ancient and Modern, Jackie Hardy, Editor, Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle & Company, Inc., 2002.\nStories from Where We Live: The North Atlantic Coast, Sara St. Antoine, Editor, Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2000.\nThe Haiku Anthology, Cor van den Heuvel, Editor, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999.\nHaiku sans frontieres, Andre Duhaime, Editor and Translator, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Les Editions David, 1998.\nAnthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of American Poetry, Beverly Hills, CA: Monitor Book Company, 1997.\nHaiku World: An International Poetry Almanac, William Higginson, Editor, Tokyo, Japan & New York, NY: Kodansha International, 1996.\nPlace of the Long River: A Connecticut River Anthology of Poetry and Prose with Views from the Source to the Sound, Jim Lee, Editor and Master Printer, Glastonbury, CT: Blue Moon Press, 1995.\nHaiku Moment: An Anthology of Contemporary North American Haiku, Bruce Ross, Editor, Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle & Company, Inc., 1993.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Letterpress/Illustrated Poetry Broadsides","text":"Heirloom, Berkeley, CA: Littoral Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2015.\nTone Poem for Summer Solstice, Charlestown, MA: Timberline Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2012.\nThe Other Side of the Glass, Hartford, CT: University of Hartford, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2011.\nOde to Elizabeth Park, Glastonbury, CT: Blue Moon Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2011.\nFor Walt Whitman, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2010.\nPutting Up the Mailbox, Fulton, MO: Timberline Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2007.\nHeron, Hartford, CT: Hartford Public Library, Illustrated, 2003.\nAccompaniment, Easthampton, MA: Adastra Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 2003.\nIn You, Jamaica, VT: Bull Thistle Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 1995.\nold man sweeping, Richmond, MA: Mad River Press, Letterpress Limited Edition, 1988.","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Amherst Bulletin \| Poetry in Motion\". www.amherstbulletin.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Brazil	Russian Brazilians	["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]	Ethnic group Russian BraziliansRusso-brasileirosРусские бразильцы Russian descendants in São Paulo.Total population1,800,000Regions with significant populationsRio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and PernambucoLanguagesPortuguese · RussianReligionJudaism · Roman Catholicism · Russian OrthodoxRelated ethnic groupsOther Brazilians of Slavic origin, as well as Asian Brazilians, especially Chinese Brazilians Russian Brazilians (Portuguese: Russo-brasileiros, Russian: Русские бразильцы Russkiye Brazil'tsy) are Brazilian citizens of full or partial Russian ethnic background or Russian-born people residing in Brazil. The term can also refer to someone with a Brazilian mother and Russian father, or vice versa. However many are White Russians who arrived in Brazil right after the Russian Civil War in the 1920s. In the 1950s, a wave of Chinese immigrants belonging to the country's ethnic Russian community also arrived in Brazil. Fernando Lázaro de Barros Basto in Síntese da história da imigração no Brasil (1970) gives a total number of 319,215 immigrants from "Russia" (i.e. the Russian Empire pre-1917 and the Soviet Union post-1917) for the period of 1871 to 1968. On the other hand, the São Paulo Immigrant Memorial puts the number of said immigrants between 1870 and 1953 at 118,600. Ethnic Russians were only a small portion of this number while the majority were Poles, Ukrainians, Germans, Jews and Balts emigrating from Russian/Soviet territories. According to information from the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Brazil and from the consulates, 35,000 Russians resided in Brazil in 2018. According to Igor Chnee, author of the book Imigração russo no Brasil, estimated that around 1.8 million descendants of Russian immigrants and refugees (including Russian Germans and Russian Jews) lived in Brazil in the 2010s. The Brazilian states with more descendants include Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás and Paraná, in addition to a presence in Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Pernambuco. In São Paulo, the community founded the Brazilian Russian Association (ARB) which seeks to rescue and preserve the culture of these descendants. In 2022 onwards, there was an acceleration of Russian couples moving to Brazil. Pregnant women in Russia seeking to give birth to their babies with Russian husbands in Brazil. The main reason reported in surveys among Russian pregnant women was the excellent hospital service in Brazil, considered "humanized" and the rights of children of Russian origin to have Brazilian citizenship, which guarantees them the ability to visit various countries around the world without visas or bans. Under the terms provided for by art. 12 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil, a condition that subsequently allows parents and siblings to request a permanent residence permit in Brazil for family reunion. Under Brazilian law, the baby's parents immediately receive a residence permit in Brazil, and a year later the Russian parents can apply for Brazilian naturalization, as long as they live in Brazil and take a Portuguese test. Among the priority destinations for Russians are Florianópolis and Rio de Janeiro. History The first wave of Russians moving to Brazil refers to the period from 1921 to the late 1930s. The arrival of general Wrangel's soldiers and officers, in 1921. The resettlement of Russian-speaking farmers from Romanian Bessarabia in 1923-1930s. And the 'secondary' migration of Nansen refugees from Europe during the 1930s. The second wave represents the post-war subsidized migration of Russian displaced persons, and the third one is the resettlement of the Russians from China during the 1950s. It is also noted that anti-Soviet sentiments in Brazilian politics, starting from the mid-1930s, had a negative impact on preservation of the Russian language and Russian culture in the country. Russian Orthodox Church of Brazil visiting Brasília. Russian Dmitry Medvedev in Rio de Janeiro. Russian Vladimir Putin and Jair Bolsonaro in Brasília during the BRICS meeting. Paraná is a state that received a significant number of Russian immigrants. Cities such as Curitiba, Ponta Grossa and Londrina registered the presence of Russian families who immigrated to Brazil. The Campos Gerais region of Paraná was covered by three main nuclei of Russian-German colonies on the Volga. In Ponta Grossa “Otávia”, in Palmeira “Sinimbú” and in Lapa the colonies of “Marienthal”, “Johannesdorf” and “Virmond”. Between 1877 and 1878, 2381 German-Russians arrived in Ponta Grossa and settled in the Octávio Colony, subdivided into 17 rural areas, far from the urban center. At the same time, Colônia Sinimbú de Palmeira received 240 families from Volga Germans, 471 Catholics and 291 Protestants. The families were divided into Catholic and Protestant groups such as: Pugas, Lago, Santa Quitéria, Alegrete, Papagaios Novos and Quero-Quero. Immigrant families from Russia arrived in Curitiba in 1912 and joined other Slavic and Germanic communities. In 1958, the Ponta Grossa region received about 100 people fleeing the Russian Revolution and founded the Santa Cruz Colony. The community still preserves the Orthodox culture, calendar, language and religion. It is common in the community to use typical clothes in everyday life, where women wear long dresses. Married women wear a headscarf and single women wear braided hair. Men, on the other hand, grow beards and adopt white shirts, long pants and a rope belt tied around their waists. The first Russians who arrived in the state of São Paulo disembarked at the port of Santos in 1905 and headed inland. The families founded a colony at Fazenda Pombal, in the municipality of Nova Odessa. The initiative was encouraged by the government, as well as by the Secretary of Agriculture, under the command of Carlos Botelho, who from 1904 onwards implemented a policy of creating colonial nuclei in the interior of the state. From 1905 onwards, the colony of Nova Odessa began to receive new groups of Russian immigrants, in addition to Ukrainians and Latvians, accounting for about 300 people. Later, many who arrived in the agricultural colony and who had no aptitude for agriculture ended up migrating to the cities. Between 1947 and 1949, about 760 Russians and 808 stateless persons entered the state of São Paulo. Between 1947 and 1958 approximately 1840 Russians entered in São Paulo. Of these, 949 Russian immigrants went to the city of São Paulo. Other cities around São Paulo also received Russian immigrants: São Caetano do Sul 72 immigrants, Osasco 60 immigrants, Santo André 34 immigrants, Guarulhos 15 immigrants, Carapicuíba 12 immigrants, Jundiaí 10 immigrants, Campinas 9 immigrants, Mogi das Cruzes 8 immigrants and Amparo 6 Russians. The majority of Russians of that period did not develop agricultural activities and were absorbed by the labor of the industrial poles of the state. In the capital of São Paulo, Russian families were concentrated in several neighborhoods of the city, such as: Barra Funda, Indianópolis, Ipiranga, Vila Alpina, Vila Anastácio, Vila Bela, Vila Maria and Vila Zelina. In Vila Zelina, in the East Zone region, a large community of descendants of immigrants from Eastern European countries was formed, including many Russian families. In the capital, since 1931 there has been the Russian Orthodox Parish of Santíssima Trindade, in Vila Alpina. Several Russian Orthodox churches were built in the region, as in Carapicuíba built in 1949, and in Moema and Indianópolis, built in 1952. The Vila Zelina church was built by the Russian community only in 1962. Records recorded that between 1909 and 1912, 19,525 Russian immigrants entered Rio Grande do Sul. In 1909, Russian families from the Siberian region arrived in Rio Grande do Sul and settled in the interior of the state. These Russians were farmers and were looking for a region where they could grow food, so they founded a colony in the northwest region, 400 km from Porto Alegre. Subsequently, the region also received German immigrants and the colonies gave rise to the municipality of Campina das Missões, where approximately 1,500 people are descendants of Russian settlers according to information from the year 2018. One of the first Russian Orthodox churches in Brazil was built in the colony of Campina das Missões in 1912, which, along with religiosity, also maintains the language, being taught to children. In the 1970s, a group of approximately 350 families of Russian Old Believers left Colônia Santa Cruz, in Ponta Grossa, and founded Colônia Russa, in the municipality of Poxoréu. Years later, the colony area was dismembered along with the district giving rise to the municipality of Primavera do Leste, in the state of Mato Grosso. The settlers occupied the region as they were motivated by the colonization incentive and the feasibility of acquiring land at affordable prices. The area of the colony is estimated at 60 thousand hectares. Initially, they developed family farming and later joined agribusiness, cultivating soybeans, as well as beans, corn, cotton and sunflower. Some families also dedicate themselves to livestock. In the 2010s, the community consisted of approximately 120 families. Many families also remigrated to other regions of Brazil. See also Brazil portalRussia portal Chinese Brazilians Immigration to Brazil White Brazilians Russian people References ^ "Contra país estagnado, comunidade russa foge e se estabelece no Brasil". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2022-03-01. ^ a b Ruseishvili, S.A. (2021). "Russian immigration to Brazil in the first half of the 20th century: migration routes and adaptation patterns". Cuadernos Iberoamericanos. 8 (3): 54–73. doi:10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-3-54-73. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. and the third one is the resettlement of the Russians from China during the 1950s. ^ Maria Stella Ferreira Levy. O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 to 1972). inRevista de Saúde Pública, volume supl, June 1974. ^ Bytsenko, Anastassia (2006). Imigração da Rússia para o Brasil no início do século XX. Visões do Paraíso e do Inferno. (1905-1914) (PDF) (MSc). University of São Paulo. ^ Gerais, Universidade Federal de Minas. "Imigração russa influencia cultura brasileira". Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-03-01. ^ a b "Os russos que vieram para o Brasil fugindo da revolução comunista de 1917". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-03-01. ^ "Contra país estagnado, comunidade russa foge e se estabelece no Brasil". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2022-03-01. ^ Pregnant women from Russia in Brazil ^ Pregnant Russians in Brazil vte Ancestry and ethnicity in BrazilBrazil Brazilians Indigenous peoples Mixed-race or mestiços ainokos pardos caboclos mamelucos Amazonian Jews cafuzos juçaras caiçaras mulatos sararás AfricaBy ethnicity Black quilombolas Kalunga West Africa Nigerian Central Africa Angolan Congolese AmericasNorth America American (United States) Americana Confederados New Texas Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Canadian Mexican Caribbean Barbadian Cuban Haitian Jamaican Central America Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran South America Argentine Bolivian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan AsiaBy ethnicity Yellow (East Asian) By country or regionEastern Chinese Filipino Indonesian Japanese in São Paulo Korean Malaysian Thai Vietnamese Southern Bangladeshi East Indians Pakistani Romani Central Afghan Western Armenian Arab Iraqi Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Iranian Jewish Turkish EuropeBy ethnicity White By country or regionCentral Austrian Czech German Hungarian Polish Swiss Eastern Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Northern Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Scandinavian Southern Bulgarian Croatian Greek Italian Macedonian Portuguese Romanian Spanish Western Belgian British (English and Scottish) Dutch French Irish Luxembourgian Related topics Demographics of Brazil Colonization Slave trade Immigration from Europe Emigration Racism vteBrazil articlesHistory Timeline Indigenous peoples Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) United Kingdom (1815–1822) Empire (1822–1889) First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) Vargas Era (1930–1946) Fourth Republic (1946–1964) Military dictatorship (1964–1985) Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) Geography Amazon basin Brazilian Antarctica Climate Climate change Coastline Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Geology Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Time Zone Water resources Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Freedom of speech LGBT Women's rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President of the Republic Economy Agriculture Animal husbandry Automotive industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real (currency) Science and technology Stock index Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport Rail transport Society Abortion Censorship Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages Life expectancy People Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Animation Archaeology Arts Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Mythology National symbols Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television Religion Freedom of religion Baháʼí Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Armenian Catholic Maronite Melkite Ukrainian Catholic Eastern Orthodoxy Antiochian LDS Protestantism Islam Hinduism Judaism Syncretic Religions Candomblé Quimbanda Umbanda OutlineIndex Category Portal vte Russian diasporaFormer Russian Empireor the USSRCentral and Eastern Europe Belarus Poland Ukraine Baltic states Estonia Latvia Lithuania Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Caucasus Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Other states Finland Moldova Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Guatemala Mexico United States Uruguay Venezuela AsiaEast Asia China Albazinians Harbin Hong Kong Shanghai Taiwan Japan Korea Southeast Asia Philippines South Asia Afghanistan India Nepal Pakistan West Asia Turkey Iran Israel (Russian Jews) Lebanon United Arab Emirates Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus France Germany Greece Norway (Svalbard) Romania Serbia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Oceania Australia 1 Related topics: Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states and White émigré.	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The term can also refer to someone with a Brazilian mother and Russian father, or vice versa.However many are White Russians who arrived in Brazil right after the Russian Civil War in the 1920s. In the 1950s, a wave of Chinese immigrants belonging to the country's ethnic Russian community also arrived in Brazil.[2]Fernando Lázaro de Barros Basto in Síntese da história da imigração no Brasil (1970) gives a total number of 319,215 immigrants from \"Russia\" (i.e. the Russian Empire pre-1917 and the Soviet Union post-1917) for the period of 1871 to 1968.[3]On the other hand, the São Paulo Immigrant Memorial puts the number of said immigrants between 1870 and 1953 at 118,600. Ethnic Russians were only a small portion of this number while the majority were Poles, Ukrainians, Germans, Jews and Balts emigrating from Russian/Soviet territories.[4]According to information from the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Brazil and from the consulates, 35,000 Russians resided in Brazil in 2018.[5] According to Igor Chnee, author of the book Imigração russo no Brasil, estimated that around 1.8 million descendants of Russian immigrants and refugees (including Russian Germans and Russian Jews) lived in Brazil in the 2010s.[6][7]The Brazilian states with more descendants include Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás and Paraná, in addition to a presence in Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Pernambuco. In São Paulo, the community founded the Brazilian Russian Association (ARB) which seeks to rescue and preserve the culture of these descendants.[6]In 2022 onwards, there was an acceleration of Russian couples moving to Brazil. Pregnant women in Russia seeking to give birth to their babies with Russian husbands in Brazil. The main reason reported in surveys among Russian pregnant women was the excellent hospital service in Brazil, considered \"humanized\" and the rights of children of Russian origin to have Brazilian citizenship, which guarantees them the ability to visit various countries around the world without visas or bans. Under the terms provided for by art. 12 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil, a condition that subsequently allows parents and siblings to request a permanent residence permit in Brazil for family reunion. Under Brazilian law, the baby's parents immediately receive a residence permit in Brazil, and a year later the Russian parents can apply for Brazilian naturalization, as long as they live in Brazil and take a Portuguese test. Among the priority destinations for Russians are Florianópolis and Rio de Janeiro.[8][9]","title":"Russian Brazilians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers"},{"link_name":"farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China_Russia-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patriarca_Cirilo_em_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_Brazil_visit_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dmitry 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Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Caetano_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Osasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osasco"},{"link_name":"Santo André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Guarulhos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarulhos"},{"link_name":"Carapicuíba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapicu%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"Jundiaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jundia%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Campinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campinas"},{"link_name":"Mogi das Cruzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogi_das_Cruzes"},{"link_name":"Amparo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparo,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"industrial poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_church"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Siberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre"},{"link_name":"Campina das Missões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campina_das_Miss%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_church"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Campina das Missões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campina_das_Miss%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian Old Believers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Old_Believers"},{"link_name":"Ponta Grossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_Grossa"},{"link_name":"Poxoréu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxor%C3%A9u"},{"link_name":"Primavera do Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_do_Leste"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso"},{"link_name":"agribusiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first wave of Russians moving to Brazil refers to the period from 1921 to the late 1930s. The arrival of general Wrangel's soldiers and officers, in 1921. The resettlement of Russian-speaking farmers from Romanian Bessarabia in 1923-1930s. And the 'secondary' migration of Nansen refugees from Europe during the 1930s. The second wave represents the post-war subsidized migration of Russian displaced persons, and the third one is the resettlement of the Russians from China during the 1950s. It is also noted that anti-Soviet sentiments in Brazilian politics, starting from the mid-1930s, had a negative impact on preservation of the Russian language and Russian culture in the country.[2]Russian Orthodox Church of Brazil visiting Brasília.Russian Dmitry Medvedev in Rio de Janeiro.Russian Vladimir Putin and Jair Bolsonaro in Brasília during the BRICS meeting.Paraná is a state that received a significant number of Russian immigrants. Cities such as Curitiba, Ponta Grossa and Londrina registered the presence of Russian families who immigrated to Brazil. The Campos Gerais region of Paraná was covered by three main nuclei of Russian-German colonies on the Volga. In Ponta Grossa “Otávia”, in Palmeira “Sinimbú” and in Lapa the colonies of “Marienthal”, “Johannesdorf” and “Virmond”.[citation needed]Between 1877 and 1878, 2381 German-Russians arrived in Ponta Grossa and settled in the Octávio Colony, subdivided into 17 rural areas, far from the urban center. At the same time, Colônia Sinimbú de Palmeira received 240 families from Volga Germans, 471 Catholics and 291 Protestants. The families were divided into Catholic and Protestant groups such as: Pugas, Lago, Santa Quitéria, Alegrete, Papagaios Novos and Quero-Quero.Immigrant families from Russia arrived in Curitiba in 1912 and joined other Slavic and Germanic communities. In 1958, the Ponta Grossa region received about 100 people fleeing the Russian Revolution and founded the Santa Cruz Colony. The community still preserves the Orthodox culture, calendar, language and religion. It is common in the community to use typical clothes in everyday life, where women wear long dresses. Married women wear a headscarf and single women wear braided hair. Men, on the other hand, grow beards and adopt white shirts, long pants and a rope belt tied around their waists.The first Russians who arrived in the state of São Paulo disembarked at the port of Santos in 1905 and headed inland. The families founded a colony at Fazenda Pombal, in the municipality of Nova Odessa. The initiative was encouraged by the government, as well as by the Secretary of Agriculture, under the command of Carlos Botelho, who from 1904 onwards implemented a policy of creating colonial nuclei in the interior of the state. From 1905 onwards, the colony of Nova Odessa began to receive new groups of Russian immigrants, in addition to Ukrainians and Latvians, accounting for about 300 people. Later, many who arrived in the agricultural colony and who had no aptitude for agriculture ended up migrating to the cities.[citation needed]Between 1947 and 1949, about 760 Russians and 808 stateless persons entered the state of São Paulo. Between 1947 and 1958 approximately 1840 Russians entered in São Paulo. Of these, 949 Russian immigrants went to the city of São Paulo. Other cities around São Paulo also received Russian immigrants: São Caetano do Sul 72 immigrants, Osasco 60 immigrants, Santo André 34 immigrants, Guarulhos 15 immigrants, Carapicuíba 12 immigrants, Jundiaí 10 immigrants, Campinas 9 immigrants, Mogi das Cruzes 8 immigrants and Amparo 6 Russians. The majority of Russians of that period did not develop agricultural activities and were absorbed by the labor of the industrial poles of the state.[citation needed]In the capital of São Paulo, Russian families were concentrated in several neighborhoods of the city, such as: Barra Funda, Indianópolis, Ipiranga, Vila Alpina, Vila Anastácio, Vila Bela, Vila Maria and Vila Zelina. In Vila Zelina, in the East Zone region, a large community of descendants of immigrants from Eastern European countries was formed, including many Russian families. In the capital, since 1931 there has been the Russian Orthodox Parish of Santíssima Trindade, in Vila Alpina. Several Russian Orthodox churches were built in the region, as in Carapicuíba built in 1949, and in Moema and Indianópolis, built in 1952. The Vila Zelina church was built by the Russian community only in 1962.[citation needed]Records recorded that between 1909 and 1912, 19,525 Russian immigrants entered Rio Grande do Sul. In 1909, Russian families from the Siberian region arrived in Rio Grande do Sul and settled in the interior of the state. These Russians were farmers and were looking for a region where they could grow food, so they founded a colony in the northwest region, 400 km from Porto Alegre. Subsequently, the region also received German immigrants and the colonies gave rise to the municipality of Campina das Missões, where approximately 1,500 people are descendants of Russian settlers according to information from the year 2018. One of the first Russian Orthodox churches in Brazil was built in the colony of Campina das Missões in 1912, which, along with religiosity, also maintains the language, being taught to children.[citation needed]In the 1970s, a group of approximately 350 families of Russian Old Believers left Colônia Santa Cruz, in Ponta Grossa, and founded Colônia Russa, in the municipality of Poxoréu. Years later, the colony area was dismembered along with the district giving rise to the municipality of Primavera do Leste, in the state of Mato Grosso. The settlers occupied the region as they were motivated by the colonization incentive and the feasibility of acquiring land at affordable prices. The area of the colony is estimated at 60 thousand hectares. Initially, they developed family farming and later joined agribusiness, cultivating soybeans, as well as beans, corn, cotton and sunflower. Some families also dedicate themselves to livestock. In the 2010s, the community consisted of approximately 120 families. Many families also remigrated to other regions of Brazil.[citation needed]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Russian Orthodox Church of Brazil visiting Brasília.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Patriarca_Cirilo_em_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg/220px-Patriarca_Cirilo_em_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russian Dmitry Medvedev in Rio de Janeiro.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dmitry_Medvedev_Brazil_visit_2008.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_Brazil_visit_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russian Vladimir Putin and Jair Bolsonaro in Brasília during the BRICS meeting.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2019_Foto_de_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_49064927017.jpg/220px-2019_Foto_de_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_49064927017.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Brazil portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Brazil"},{"title":"Russia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russia"},{"title":"Chinese Brazilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians"},{"title":"Immigration to Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil"},{"title":"White Brazilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Brazilians"},{"title":"Russian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_people"}]	[{"reference":"\"Contra país estagnado, comunidade russa foge e se estabelece no Brasil\". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/contra-pais-estagnado-comunidade-russa-foge-e-se-estabelece-no-brasil-14062018","url_text":"\"Contra país estagnado, comunidade russa foge e se estabelece no Brasil\""}]},{"reference":"Ruseishvili, S.A. (2021). \"Russian immigration to Brazil in the first half of the 20th century: migration routes and adaptation patterns\". Cuadernos Iberoamericanos. 8 (3): 54–73. doi:10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-3-54-73. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. and the third one is the resettlement of the Russians from China during the 1950s.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/414?locale=en_US","url_text":"\"Russian immigration to Brazil in the first half of the 20th century: migration routes and adaptation patterns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.46272%2F2409-3416-2020-8-3-54-73","url_text":"10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-3-54-73"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220306060807/https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/414?locale=en_US","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bytsenko, Anastassia (2006). Imigração da Rússia para o Brasil no início do século XX. Visões do Paraíso e do Inferno. (1905-1914) (PDF) (MSc). University of São Paulo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8155/tde-12112007-132926/publico/TESE_ANASTASSIA_BYTSENKO.pdf","url_text":"Imigração da Rússia para o Brasil no início do século XX. Visões do Paraíso e do Inferno. (1905-1914)"}]},{"reference":"Gerais, Universidade Federal de Minas. \"Imigração russa influencia cultura brasileira\". Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ufmg.br/comunicacao/noticias/imigracao-russa-influencia-cultura-brasileira","url_text":"\"Imigração russa influencia cultura brasileira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Os russos que vieram para o Brasil fugindo da revolução comunista de 1917\". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-41867022","url_text":"\"Os russos que vieram para o Brasil fugindo da revolução comunista de 1917\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contra país estagnado, comunidade russa foge e se estabelece no Brasil\". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-06-14. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mother	The Great Mother	["1 Summary","1.1 Great Round of female archetypes","1.2 Archetypal articulation and consciousness","2 Cultural, academic issues","2.1 Psychology of gender dichotomy","2.2 Archetype compared to archaeology","3 Reception","4 References","4.1 Bibliography"]	1955 book by Erich Neumann The Great MotherAn Analysis of the Archetype AuthorErich NeumannOriginal titleDie große Mutter. Der Archetyp des grossen WeiblichenTranslatorRalph ManheimLanguageGermanSubjectMother goddesses,Feminine archetypesPublisherBollingen Foundation,Princeton University PressPublication date1955, 2d ed. 1963, 2015Publication placeSwitzerland, IsraelMedia typePrint (Hardcover and Paperback)Pages379 text + 185 platesISBN0-691-01780-8 (paperback)0-691-09742-9 (hardcover)LC Class55-10026 Sophia, a positive Anima figure of the Great Mother The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype (German: Die große Mutter. Der Archetyp des grossen Weiblichen) is a book discussing mother goddesses by the psychologist Erich Neumann. The dedication reads, "To C. G. Jung friend and master in his eightieth year". Although Neumann completed the German manuscript in Israel in 1951, The Great Mother was first published in English in 1955. The work has been seen as an enduring contribution to the literature inspired by Jung, and was the first to analyze an archetype with such depth and scope. Summary Great Round of female archetypes An abbreviated abstract of Neumann's diagram, identified as "Schema III", will introduce the book's narrative and analysis. At the rim of the circle, or Great Round, are situated several mother goddesses and related female entities drawn from the history of religions. To represent a typology, Neumann selected six representatives. Mary Isis Sophia X Lilith Kali the witches These figures are grouped in two polar opposites: the Mother axis (Isis-Kali); the Anima axis (Sophia-Lilith); the two axes intersect in the center of the circle, forming a large X (shown here reduced in size). The lower quadrant is considered negative, with both Lilith and Kali being half positive and half negative. A vertical connecting the 'archetypal Feminine' (Mary-the witches) is mentioned. Neumann in his Schema III drew upon the values of traditional cultures, with a strong caveat: the Round here is 'reductionist', a simplification for brevity and clarity; in analytically positioning these figures of the psyche, each is ambivalent. In human nature of each individual, these symbolic figures possess great power, dynamic and polyvalent, in potential or as activated. Further, depending on the context, each archetypal figures may "shift" or "reverse" into its opposite. The two dimensional diagram is, accordingly, actually three. Schema III: Kali, the terrible Mother (sickness, dismemberment, death, extinction); and the Gorgon. the witches, negative change, as in a fairy-tale witch; also: the Furies. Lilith, the negative Anima (ecstasy, madness, impotence, stupor); and Circe. Isis, the good Mother (fruit, birth, rebirth, immortality); also: Demeter and Ishtar (Inanna). Mary (spiritual transformation); also: Kwan-Yin (Avalokiteśvara). Sophia, the positive Anima (wisdom, vision, inspiration, ecstasy), the Muse; also: Maat. These female figures are not of precise attributes, nor rigid, fixed characteristics, but are changeable, as explained both objectively by religious history, and subjectively by archetypal psychology. Hence, there is overlap in the Great Round positions. Archetypal articulation and consciousness Following the theme of his The Origins and History of Consciousness (1949; 1954), Neumann first tracks the evolution of feminine archetypes from the original uroboros (primordial unconsciousness). These archetypes become articulated from the "Great Round". "The psychological development ... begins with the 'matriarchal' stage in which the archetype of the Great Mother dominates and the unconscious directs the psychic process of the individual and the group." Eventually, from the symbolic Great Round, new psychic constellations are articulated, e.g., the Eleusinian Mysteries. Increasingly, opportunities opened in these ancient cultures for spiritual transformation which liberated the individual ego consciousness, the awareness of self. The "rise to consciousness" through a semi-unconscious social process affecting the group becomes institutionalized as ritual. Later more individual paths may evolve to augment this process. Cultural, academic issues Psychology of gender dichotomy In Neumann's prior work The Origins and History of Consciousness, the Great Mother archetype is eventually transcended by the mythic Hero. His victory personifies the emergence of a well-established ego consciousness from the prior sway of unconscious or semi-conscious forces (characterized by female symbolism). The gender-dichotomy framework, however, favored a focus on the liberation of male consciousness. In his subsequent The Great Mother, Neumann directs most of his attention to the feminine archetypes, elaborating their nature and qualities. Its seldom-stated back story, by default, is the emergence of the ego consciousness of the male hero. Yet the book closes with a brief summary of the "primordial mysteries of the Feminine", including the Eleusinian of the mother and daughter Demeter and Persephone, and the transformative figure of wisdom, Sophia. "Neumann was well aware that The Great Mother only one side of the story, and had plans to complement the study with a volume on the female psychology of the Great Mother." His early death foreclosed such a companion volume. Neumann did publish several articles, followed by an amplification of it, which outlined his multilateral understanding of the rise of a woman's ego consciousness and corresponding relationship to the Great Mother archetype. Other Jungian studies, however, have addressed analogous paths of female consciousness. Archetype compared to archaeology Neumann praised Johann Jakob Bachofen in a 1930s manuscript, latter published, calling Bachofen "a treasure chest of psychological knowledge" if "interpreted symbolically and not historically". His book, highly influential in its era: Das Mutterrecht (1861) . Yet Bachofen's theory of "female dominated epochs" did not survive scrutiny; it had been "criticised and rejected by most contemporary historians". Neumann, following the subsequent scholarship, viewed Bachofen not as a cultural historian of an ancient matriarchy, but rather as a great modern researcher of the soul. While conceding the negative conclusions of cultural history and archaeology, in the 1930s there was an effort "to rescue Bachofen's concept of an age of gynaecocracy through a psychological revision." Starting from a piece by Jung on the mother archetype, Neumann slowly "expanded Jung's original research", broadening its range and adding depth. A large number of Eranos illustrations depicting historic Female Archetypes supplemented his text. He finished the manuscript in 1951, Die Grosse Mutter. Liebscher cautions that it is "important today to read Neumann's study not as a contribution to a failed ancient cult of the Goddess but as an exemplary study of archetypal psychology." Several decades later, Marija Gimbutas in her 1989 book presented ancient evidence to support a widespread cult of the Great Mother Goddess. The book drew a strong popular response. It spawned renewed interest in this complex theory studied by multiple academic disciplines, and written about by generalists. Yet this theory was considered suspect by 'New Archeology'. Admittedly, there were many specific goddesses in the ancient world, some with very large followings. Yet Liebsher notes "most archaeological scholars today agree that there is no evidence for ancient worship of the Great Mother goddess... ." Another opinion holds that Gimbutas has been recently "vindicated". Until his untimely death, Neumann continued to publish on feminine psychology. Inclusive of new research and debate, many adherents persist in taking the view of a privileged cultural role for ancient women, and often favor a transformation in gender understanding. Reception Psychologist James Hillman criticizes Neumann's reductionism in interpreting every kind of female figure and image as a symbol of the Great Mother. Hillman suggests that, "If one's research shows results of this kind, i.e., where all data indicate one dominant hypothesis, then it is time to ask a psychological question about the hypothesis." Jungian analyst Robert H. Hopcke, who calls The Great Mother "monumental in its breadth", considers it "Neumann's most enduring contribution to Jungian thought" alongside The Origins and History of Consciousness (1949). Archaeologist Marija Gimbutas "much appreciated" Neumann's book. His "psychological approach has opened new avenues in the interpretation... of the prehistoric Goddess." Yet Prof. Gimbutas felt that "the term mother devalues her importance and does not allow appreciation of her total character. Further, much of Neumann's archetype is based on post-Indo-European religious ideology, after the image of the Goddess had suffered a profound and largely debased transformation." Accordingly, for the prehistoric period, Gimbutas preferred "the term Great Goddess as best describing her absolute rule, her creative, destructive, and regenerative powers." Siegmund Hurwitz, among other references to Neumann, quotes approvingly from The Great Mother for Neumann's description and characterization of the "anima figure" as a distinct female archetype, to be distinguished from the originally more powerful mother type. Scholar Camille Paglia identifies The Great Mother as an influence on her work of literary criticism Sexual Personae (1990). She has called it "a visual feast" and his "most renowned" work. Scholar Martin Liebscher writes, "Neumann's The Great Mother provided a watershed moment in the way archetypal studies would be conducted." The many previous monographs focused on a particular archetype could not compete "with the minute detail and careful structuring of Neumann's examination of the Great Mother archetype." References ^ Statue of Sophia (2000) in Sofia, Bulgaria. ^ Liebscher (2015) article, p. ix. ^ Neumann 1955, 1991. p. iv. ^ Neumann, TGM (1955, 2d ed. 1963), Schema III is between pp. 82 & 83, discussed at pp. 64-81. ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), p.18: The Great Round derives or evolves from the uroboros, a circling snake eating its tale. This round shape, as if it envelops us, acts as a symbol of the primordial unconscious. Our initial ego consciousness is surrounded by the uroboros, which is experienced only darkly at the shifting edge of our fragile first awareness. In its nascent formative stages the Great Round includes "positive and negative, male and female, elements of consciousness, elements hostile to consciousness, and uncosciousness elements" which are "intermingled" and undifferentiated" (p.18 quote). From this origin the feminine archetypes stationed on its rim are eventually seen or constructed, and articulated as consciousness develops. Cf., Ch. 12, pp. 211-239. ^ Neumann, Origins (1949, 1954), the mandala at maturity: "the Great Round of the uroboros arches over" the entire span of life, over its beginning and its end. In the second half of life, "the uroboros symbol will reappear as the mandala" (pp. 36-37). ^ Frey-Rohn (1969, 1974): the mandala, as symbol of a numinous nature, impresses beholders with the "transcendental order of the unconscious" and fosters "ritual circumambulation" (p.271). ^ Neumann presents a rich array of 185 photographic Plates at the end of his The Great Mother (1955, 1963). His source was the Eranos seminars. These often ancient artworks of Feminine archetypes includes sculptures, masks, ceramics, reliefs, paintings, drawings. ^ In Neumann's Origins (1949; 1954), the archetype is discussed from another perspective, following developmental stages, e.g., the uroboros, creation myth, dragon fights of the hero. Cf., specifically his chapter III, "The Great Mother" (pp. 39-101). ^ Cf., Jung, Types (1921, 1971), "The worship of the woman and the worship of the soul" pp. 221-240, at 235. ^ Neumann, TGM (1955, 2d ed. 1963), p.82/83: "Schema III". Analysis of axis M and axis A, pp. 64-81. Also addressed are the vertical F+ and F- (p.77), related to Schema I (p.18/19). As ego consciousness advances, for good or ill, it moves from Schema III's center (more detailed than shown here) to the periphery (p.78). The general chronology is the uroboros, the stage of the Great Mother, then the dragon fight (p.82). ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), pp. 65-66. ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), at pp. 74-79: the negative pole of the Anima axis "can shift into the positive" (p.74). As ego consciousness at the polar points may become unable to differentiate, a figure "may shift into its opposite" (p.76). Cf. p. 293 (magic of "priestess and witch"). Cf. p. 305 (the archetype may "guide" or "beguile"). ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), p.77: Schema III can be viewed as a globe, with mother axis and anima axis continuing as meridians. ^ Articles on Ishtar, Isis, the Greek, the Canaanite-Hebrew, Mary, Sophia, Kali, Kuan-yin and other figures were edited by Olson (1993). ^ Jung, "Archetype" article (1938; 1969), p. 82 {¶158}, mentions that Kali, here being a symbol of her ferocious negative aspect, is more. "In India 'the loving and terrible mother' is the paradoxical Kali." ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), Gorgon: Schema III & pp. 166, 169-170. ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), re p.149 (death, distress, hunger; vampires, ghouls); ^ Jung, Symbols (1912, 1976), pp. 181-182, e.g., the Sphinx. ^ Cf., Neumann, "Stages" article (1953; 1994), p. 22. A fairy-tale witch "casts a spell over the daughter and imprisons her." ^ Neumann, TGM (1955, 2d ed. 1963), p.80. ^ Cf., Neumann, Roots (; 2019), "Lilith" at pp. 157-163, notes at 169-171. "Lilith's essential characteristic as a demon is not her devouring of children, however, but her profound hostility toward men" (p.160). ^ Hurwitz (1992), of two sections: historico-religious and psychological. ^ Neumann (1955, 1963 2d ed. 1963), pp. 80-81: analogous figures (e.g., Astarte and the Lorelei) as "alluring and seductive figures of fatal enchantment"; Circe in Schema III, e.g., Circe connived to drug men, turning them into beasts (pp. 273-274). ^ Neumann, (1955, 2d ed. 1963), p.80; Demeter, pp. 307-309. ^ Perera (1981): Inanna and Ereshkigal. ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), p. 80. Mary's maternity is likened to the "Jewish figure of the Shekinah"; Mary also shares attributes of the positive Anima, with the "virginal Athene". Kwan-Yin, the bodhisattva. ^ Jung, Types (1921, 1971),"The worship of the woman and the worship of the soul" pp. 221-240, at 221-223: Dante, in "the birth of modern individualism" elevates the woman, and his own anima, into the "mystical figure of the Mother of God" as "source of wisdom and renewal", and so works the transformation "of his own being"; at 235: Mary "in the heritage of the Magna Mater". ^ Neumann, "Moon" article (1950, 1994), pp. 116-117: "When the moon-spirit... in female form as Sophia" appears to matriarchal consciousness "the female Self has become visible to the woman's ego." Involved is "the transformation of the archetypal Feminine itself... its inherent spirit character stands in opposition to the earth-unconsciousness of the archetypal Demeter" who refuses to surrender the daughter. ^ Neumann, TGM (1955, 2d ed. 1963), Schema III: the Muse, "the original seeress" and "the inspiring anima of the poets" (p.296). Maat, the Egyptian goddess of justice (p.80). ^ Cf., Jung, Symbols (1912; 1950, 1967), p. 236 {¶352}: the good mother in confusion might be seen by the child as a "most frightful danger" of the "Terrible Mother". Cf. Jung's 1938 article (1969), p.82 re Kali. ^ E. O. James, The Ancient Gods (NY: Putnam 1960), pp. 85-87, e.g., Isis "the Goddess of many names". A specific deity was often 'compromised' by the henotheistic assimilation of a wide range of other numinous powers. A local figure became goddess of a city, then a region, latter of an empire. Neumann used art of ancient goddesses in developing archetypes. ^ Mircea Eliade (1978; 1982), A History of Religious Ideas (Paris: Payot; Univ. of Chicago), syncretism: pp. 208-209, 277-298. Isis at 291, 294; Thoth and Hermes at 295-296. ^ Robert Wright, Evolution of God (Boston: Little, Brown 2009): Sargon fused Inanna of Sumer and Ishtar of Akkad as one goddess (pp. 84-85); Hammurabi favored Marduk, who then absorbed many gods (87-88). ^ Jung, "Archetype" article (1938; 1969, in CW, v.9i). ^ Neumann, TGM (1955, 2d ed. 1963), e.g., p.38: In Hansel and Gretal the witch appears in an attractive gingerbread house, "but who in reality eats little children". The Terrible Mother may prompt the transformative 'fight with the dragon': "Perseus must kill before he can win Andromeda". Circe, "the enchantress who turns men into beasts, meets the superior Odysseus invite him to share her bed" (p.35), as ambivalent (cf., pp. 73-74). Circe and Medea, each was "originally a goddess, but has become a 'witch' in the patriarchally colored myth" (quote at p.288, cf. p.81). ^ Neumann (1949; 1954), pp. 5-127 (Creation Myth: I. the Uroboros, II. the Great Mother, III. the Separation of the World Parents: Opposition). ^ Neumann (1955, 1963), p. 18 (uroboros), p. 211 (Great Round). ^ Neumann (1955, 1963), p. 91 (quote); pp. 305-306, 317-321, cf. 162. ^ Neumann (1955, 1963), p. 11 (individual), p. 268 (ego consciousness), p. 281 (ritual). ^ Cf., Jung (1950; 1967), transformation: p. 224 (The "incest-tabo" stimulates "the creative imagination" which leads to "the self realization of the libido". It "becomes imperceptibly spiritualized"); pp. 363-364 (Until the son becomes conscious of himself, the libido treasure "lies hidden in the mother-imago, i.e., the unconscious". It is "one of life's secrets" that "the total personality, the psychic totality... consists of both conscious and unconscious.") ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), p. 355 (self, tree of life). ^ Neumann (1952; 1956), p. 153. "The most fascinating aspect of is... the liberation of the individual from the primordial mythic world, the freeing of the psyche." ^ Neumann (1949; 1954), pp. 39-101 (the Great Mother), pp. 131-151 (the Birth of the Hero). ^ Cf., Monick (1987), pp. 57-62, challenged Neumann's development theory of consciousness based on myths, interpreted as a male ego's heroic fight with the maternal uroboros (the unconscious origin). Instead Monick suggests a masculine archetype, coequal partner to the feminine, both originally inhabiting the unconscious. ^ Neumann (1955), pp. 27-28, 268 (hero from uroboros); 305-325 (Eleusis), 325-336 (feminine wisdom). ^ Liebscher (2015) article, pp. x-xi (quote, discussion). ^ Neumann (1950) and Neumann (1953). ^ See also Neumann (1952, 1956). ^ E.g., Perera (1981). This work focuses on the Sumerian goddess Inanna, also known as Ishtar, but the author notes at p.9 similar myths of antiquity, "the Japanese Izanami, the Greek Kore-Persephone, Roman Psyche... " among others. ^ Harding (1936, rev'd 1955). ^ Neumann, Jacob and Esau (Asheville: Chiron 2015). ^ Liebscher (2015), pp. vii-xii, at vii (Neumann quote). ^ Neumann's TGM (2d ed. 1963) starts with a Bachofen motto (pp. x, 1). He cites Bachofen a score of times in each of his TGM and Origins. ^ Douglas (2008), p.26: Neumann's earlier Origins "loosely followed Bachofen". Jung saw his 'matriarchy' as a phase of culture only. ^ J. J. Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht: Eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur (Stuttgart 1861), complete in several volumes. ^ Bachofen (1967), Mutterrecht selections pp. 67-207; intro by Joseph Campbell. Translation of Mutterrecht und Urreligion (1926), ed. by Marx. ^ Cf., James Frazer, whose The Golden Bough (London: Macmillan 1890, 2 vols.; 1915, 12 vols.) is comparable to Mutterrecht (1861). Neumann in his Origins (1949, 1954) cites Frazer a dozen times. ^ Liebscher (2015), pp. viii (quotes). ^ George Boas, Preface at xi-xxiv, to Bachofen (1967): his "theory of matriarchal society" was widely accepted until about 1900 (p.xviii). ^ Cf., Cynthia Eller, The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory. Why an invented past will not give women a future (Boston: Beacon Press 2000). ^ Neumann, Amor (1956), pp. 147-148, 154-155. "Here, as so often, Bachofen intuitively perceived and interpreted highly important relationships. we agree with him only in certain points..." (p.154). ^ Neumann, TGM (1955, 2d ed. 1963): "if understood psychologically rather than sociologically, his discoveries have lasting value" (p.25). ^ Neumann, Origins (1949, 1954): as a "phase of ego consciousness" (p.41); "Bachofen's matriarchate stands for the stage when..." (p.42). ^ Liebscher (2015), p. viii ("to rescue" quote). ^ Jung's article (1938). ^ Liebscher (2015), quotes at p. viii ("expanded"), p. x ("important"); 1938 Eranos conference, illustrations (p. viii); text finished in 1951 (p. ix). ^ Neumann (1955, 2d ed. 1963), 'Foreword' pp. vii-vii (Eranos). ^ Gimbutas (1989), The Language of the Goddess. Unearthing the hidden symbols of western civilization. Her earlier books include The Balts (1963) and The Slavs (1971), both T & H, London. ^ Goodison and Morris, article (1999), pp. 1-17, especially at p.8: Goddess theory based on flimsy evidence from digs and massive assumptions. New Archaeology, however, doubts its own ability or competence to adequately study of ancient religions. ^ Olson, editor (1992): 17 chapters, most to a specific goddesses. ^ Mircea Elide, A History of Religious Ideas, v.2 (1982), e.g., Isis of Egypt pp. 290-294, Cybele of Anatolia (then Rome) pp. 134-135, 284-290. ^ Liebscher (2015), pp. vii-x (Gimbutas, p. viii, p. x "scholars today" quote). Footnoted is Goodison and Morris, editors (1999). ^ Tringham and Conkey (1999) pointedly criticize Gimbutas (1989) not for being necessarily incorrect, but mostly for an unjustified preference for one interpretation of archaeological facts over several other worthy, competing views (pp. 22-24, 26, 37, 39, 42, 44-45). ^ Goodison and Morris, book and article (1999). Their academic collection of essays responds to publications by "non-specialists" associated with the "Goddess movement" (article, p.6), offering on occasion a direct challenge (e.g., pp. 52-55, 60-62; 151, 163; 167, 178-179). ^ Graeber and Wengrow (2021), pp. 216-220, 248. Au contraire, Gimbutas became unfairly "entangled" with "extravagant" popularist theories, and then vilified by the academy (217-218). As she died in 1994, "she was never able to respond" (218). The recent reemergence of her views is due to DNA analysis (218, 560-561), a more nuanced understanding of matriarchy and the role models of women (219-220), and the confessed lack of clarity about early cultural norms (218, 220, 247-248). Colin Renfrew: vindicated (560). ^ Cf., Spretnak (2011). ^ See bibliography. ^ Cf., Whitmont (1982). To further Nuemann's work (p.39), Whitmont describes an historic era of conscious evolution, before patriarchy, when women's influence was paramount, not through governing institutions but through myth and ritual (pp. 42-47, 49-60, 67-68). Whitmont also theorizes a post-patriarchal era, a synthesis of new roles and ethics (pp. 181-257). ^ Rowland (2002): criticism of Neumann's Origins (p.57), seemingly without her being familiar with his subsequent work; Whitmont's Return improves and augments Neumann, adding a post-patriarchal stage of gender reconciliation (pp. 59, 65), Whitmont seen as "a major progenitor of Jungian goddess feminism" (p.60 quote, pp. 65-66). ^ Cf., Neumann (1956, 1979), p.245: criticism of Freud, as his "psychology of the feminine a patriarchal misconception" which left him unaware of "the creative psyche which, mythologically, is connected with the Mother-Goddess and the prepatriarchal level of the unconscious." ^ Hillman 1979. p. 216. ^ Hopcke 1989. p. 70. ^ Gimbutas (1989), p. 316. ^ Hurwitz (1992) p. 231, cf. p. 217. ^ Paglia 1993. p. 114. ^ Paglia (2006), p. 4. ^ Liebscher (2015) article, p. xi. Bibliography Books Bachofen, Johann Jakob (, 1967), Myth, Religion, and Mother Right. Selected writings. Bollingen, Princeton University. Frey-Rohn, Liliane (, 1974), From Freud to Jung. A comparative study. Jung Foundation, Putnam, New York. Gimbutas, Marija (1989), The Language of the Goddess. Harper and Row, New York. Graeber, David, and Wengrow, David (2021), The Dawn of Everything. A new history of humanity. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York. Harding, M. Esther (1936, 1955), Woman's Mysteries. Ancient and modern. Longmans, Green, London; rev'd ed., Pantheon, New York; several reprints. Hillman, James (1979). The Dream and the Underworld. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-090682-0. Hopcke, Robert H. (1989). Jung, Jungians and Homosexuality. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-585-9. Hurwitz, Siegmund (1992), Lilith the first Eve. Historical and psychological aspects of the dark feminine. Daimon Verlag, Einsiedeln. Jung, Carl (1912, 4th rev'd 1950; 1956, 1967), Symbols of Transformation. Bollingen, Princeton University, CW, v.5. Jung, Carl (1921; 1971), Psychological Types. Bollingen, Princeton University, CW, v.6. Jung/Neumann (2015), Analytical Psychology in Exile. The correspondence of C. G. Jung and Erich Neumann. Princeton University. Edited by Martin Liebscher. Monick, Eugene (1987), Phallos. Sacred image of the masculine. Inner City, Toronto. Neumann, Erich (; 2019), The Roots of Jewish Consciousness. v.1, Revelation and apocalypse. Routeledge, London. Neumann, Erich (1949; 1954), The Origins and History of Consciousness. Bollingen, Pantheon; foreword by Carl Jung. Neumann, Erich (, 1955, 2d ed. 1963; 1991, 2015), The Great Mother. Bollingen, Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-01780-8 Neumann, Erich (1952; 1956), Amor and Psyche. The Psychic development of the Feminine: A commentary on the tale by Apuleius. Harper; Bollingen. Neumann, Erich (; 1994), The Fear of the Feminine, Princeton University (collection of essays). Paglia, Camille (1993). Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017209-2. Perera, Sylvia Brinton (1981), Descent to the Goddess. A way of initiation for women. Inner City, Toronto. Qualls-Corbett, Nancy (1988), The Sacred Prostitute. Eternal aspect of the feminine. Inner City, Toronto. Rowland, Susan (2002), Jung. A Feminist Revision. Polity, Cambridge. Whitmont, Edward C. (1982), Return of the Goddess. Crossroad, New York. Goodison, Lucy, and Christine Morris, eds. (1999), Ancient Goddesses. The myths and the evidence. University of Wisconsin & British Museum. Olson, Carl, editor (1992), The Book of the Goddess. Past and Present. Crossroad, New York. Articles Douglas, Claire (2008), "The historical context of analytical psychology" in The Cambridge Companion to Jung. Goodison, Lucy, and Christine Morris (1999), "Introduction. Exploring Female Divinity: From modern myths to ancient evidence", in Goodison and Morris. Jung, Carl (1938, 1954; 1959, 1969), "Psychological aspects of the Mother Archetype" in Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Bollingen, CW, v.9i. Liebscher, Martin (2015), "Forward" to Neumann's The Great Mother, Princeton Classics Edition. Neumann, Erich (1950), "Towards a Psychology of the Feminine in the Patriarchy" in Jahresbericht, Psychological Club, Zurich. Neumann, Erich (1950; 1954; 1994), "The Moon and Matriarchal Consciousness" in Fear (1994); a different translation in Spring (1954). Neumann, Erich (1953; 1959; 1994), "Psychological Stages of Woman's Development" in Fear (1994); a different translation in Spring (1959). Neumann, Erich (1954; 1959), "Leonardo da Vinci and the Mother Archetype" in Art and the Creative Unconsciousness, Bollingen, Princeton University. Neumann, Erich (1956; 1979), "Freud and the father image" in Creative Man. Five essays, Bollingen, Princeton. Neumann, Erich (1959; 1986; 1994), "The Fear of the Feminine" in Fear (1994); a different translation in Quadrant (1986). Paglia, Camille (Winter 2006), "Erich Neumann: Theorist of the Great Mother", in Arion 13/3, pp. 1–14. Spretnak, Charlene (2011), "Anatomy of a backlash: concerning the work of Marija Gimbutas" in Journal of Archaeomythology 7: 25-51. Tringham, Ruth, and Margaret Conkey (1999), "Rethinking the Figurines. A critical view from archaeology of Gimbutas, the 'Goddess' and popular culture", in Goodison and Morris, editors.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Sveta_Sofia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"mother goddesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_goddess"},{"link_name":"Erich Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Neumann_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"C. G. Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._G._Jung"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"archetype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"}],"text":"Sophia, a positive Anima figure of the Great Mother[1]The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype (German: Die große Mutter. Der Archetyp des grossen Weiblichen) is a book discussing mother goddesses by the psychologist Erich Neumann. The dedication reads, \"To C. G. Jung friend and master in his eightieth year\". Although Neumann completed the German manuscript in Israel in 1951,[2] The Great Mother was first published in English in 1955.[3] The work has been seen as an enduring contribution to the literature inspired by Jung, and was the first to analyze an archetype with such depth and scope.","title":"The Great Mother"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"history of religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religions"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)"},{"link_name":"Lilith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"the witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch"},{"link_name":"Anima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_and_Animus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gorgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Furies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furies"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Circe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Inanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kwan-Yin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Avalokiteśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"Maat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Great Round of female archetypes","text":"An abbreviated abstract of Neumann's diagram, identified as \"Schema III\",[4] will introduce the book's narrative and analysis. At the rim of the circle, or Great Round,[5][6][7] are situated several mother goddesses and related female entities drawn from the history of religions.[8][9][10] To represent a typology, Neumann selected six representatives.Mary\n\n Isis SophiaXLilith Kalithe witchesThese figures are grouped in two polar opposites: the Mother axis (Isis-Kali); the Anima axis (Sophia-Lilith); the two axes intersect in the center of the circle, forming a large X (shown here reduced in size). The lower quadrant is considered negative, with both Lilith and Kali being half positive and half negative. A vertical connecting the 'archetypal Feminine' (Mary-the witches) is mentioned.[11]Neumann in his Schema III drew upon the values of traditional cultures, with a strong caveat: the Round here is 'reductionist', a simplification for brevity and clarity; in analytically positioning these figures of the psyche, each is ambivalent.[12] In human nature of each individual, these symbolic figures possess great power, dynamic and polyvalent, in potential or as activated. Further, depending on the context, each archetypal figures may \"shift\" or \"reverse\" into its opposite.[13] The two dimensional diagram is, accordingly, actually three.[14] Schema III:[15]Kali, the terrible Mother (sickness, dismemberment, death, extinction);[16] and the Gorgon.[17]\nthe witches, negative change,[18][19] as in a fairy-tale witch;[20] also: the Furies.[21]\nLilith,[22][23] the negative Anima (ecstasy, madness, impotence, stupor); and Circe.[24]\nIsis, the good Mother (fruit, birth, rebirth, immortality); also: Demeter and Ishtar (Inanna).[25][26]\nMary (spiritual transformation); also: Kwan-Yin (Avalokiteśvara).[27][28]\nSophia,[29] the positive Anima (wisdom, vision, inspiration, ecstasy), the Muse; also: Maat.[30]These female figures are not of precise attributes, nor rigid, fixed characteristics, but are changeable,[31] as explained both objectively by religious history,[32][33][34] and subjectively by archetypal psychology.[35][36] Hence, there is overlap in the Great Round positions.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Origins and History of Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_and_History_of_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"archetypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes"},{"link_name":"uroboros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroboros"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Eleusinian Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individuation"},{"link_name":"self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_(Jung)"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Archetypal articulation and consciousness","text":"Following the theme of his The Origins and History of Consciousness (1949; 1954),[37] Neumann first tracks the evolution of feminine archetypes from the original uroboros (primordial unconsciousness). These archetypes become articulated from the \"Great Round\".[38] \"The psychological development [of humankind]... begins with the 'matriarchal' stage in which the archetype of the Great Mother dominates and the unconscious directs the psychic process of the individual and the group.\" Eventually, from the symbolic Great Round, new psychic constellations are articulated, e.g., the Eleusinian Mysteries.[39]Increasingly, opportunities opened in these ancient cultures for spiritual transformation which liberated the individual ego consciousness, the awareness of self. The \"rise to consciousness\" through a semi-unconscious social process affecting the group becomes institutionalized as ritual.[40][41] Later more individual paths may evolve to augment this process.[42][43]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cultural, academic issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Eleusinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusinian_mysteries"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Psychology of gender dichotomy","text":"In Neumann's prior work The Origins and History of Consciousness, the Great Mother archetype is eventually transcended by the mythic Hero. His victory personifies the emergence of a well-established ego consciousness from the prior sway of unconscious or semi-conscious forces (characterized by female symbolism). The gender-dichotomy framework, however, favored a focus on the liberation of male consciousness.[44][45]In his subsequent The Great Mother, Neumann directs most of his attention to the feminine archetypes, elaborating their nature and qualities. Its seldom-stated back story, by default, is the emergence of the ego consciousness of the male hero. Yet the book closes with a brief summary of the \"primordial mysteries of the Feminine\", including the Eleusinian of the mother and daughter Demeter and Persephone, and the transformative figure of wisdom, Sophia.[46] \"Neumann was well aware that The Great Mother [emphasized] only one side of the story, and had plans to complement the study with a volume on the female psychology of the Great Mother.\" His early death foreclosed such a companion volume.[47]Neumann did publish several articles, followed by an amplification of it, which outlined his multilateral understanding of the rise of a woman's ego consciousness and corresponding relationship to the Great Mother archetype.[48][49] Other Jungian studies, however, have addressed analogous paths of female consciousness.[50][51]","title":"Cultural, academic issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Jakob Bachofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bachofen"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Das Mutterrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"matriarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"gynaecocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecocracy"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Eranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eranos"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Marija Gimbutas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Archetype compared to archaeology","text":"Neumann praised Johann Jakob Bachofen in a 1930s manuscript, latter published,[52] calling Bachofen \"a treasure chest of psychological knowledge\" if \"interpreted symbolically and not historically\".[53][54][55] His book, highly influential in its era: Das Mutterrecht (1861) [Mother Right: an investigation of the religious and juridical character of matriarchy in the Ancient World].[56][57][58] Yet Bachofen's theory of \"female dominated epochs\" did not survive scrutiny; it had been \"criticised and rejected by most contemporary historians\".[59][60][61] Neumann, following the subsequent scholarship, viewed Bachofen not as a cultural historian of an ancient matriarchy, but rather as a great modern researcher of the soul.[62][63][64]While conceding the negative conclusions of cultural history and archaeology, in the 1930s there was an effort \"to rescue Bachofen's concept of an age of gynaecocracy through a psychological revision.\"[65] Starting from a piece by Jung on the mother archetype,[66] Neumann slowly \"expanded Jung's original research\", broadening its range and adding depth. A large number of Eranos illustrations depicting historic Female Archetypes supplemented his text. He finished the manuscript in 1951, Die Grosse Mutter. Liebscher cautions that it is \"important today to read Neumann's study not as a contribution to a failed ancient cult of the Goddess but as an exemplary study of archetypal psychology.\"[67][68]Several decades later, Marija Gimbutas in her 1989 book presented ancient evidence to support a widespread cult of the Great Mother Goddess.[69] The book drew a strong popular response. It spawned renewed interest in this complex theory studied by multiple academic disciplines, and written about by generalists. Yet this theory was considered suspect by 'New Archeology'.[70] Admittedly, there were many specific goddesses in the ancient world, some with very large followings.[71][72] Yet Liebsher notes \"most archaeological scholars today agree that there is no evidence for ancient worship of the Great Mother goddess... .\"[73][74][75] Another opinion holds that Gimbutas has been recently \"vindicated\".[76][77]Until his untimely death, Neumann continued to publish on feminine psychology.[78] Inclusive of new research and debate, many adherents persist in taking the view of a privileged cultural role for ancient women, and often favor a transformation in gender understanding.[79][80][81]","title":"Cultural, academic issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hillman"},{"link_name":"reductionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Marija Gimbutas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Siegmund Hurwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegmund_Hurwitz"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Camille Paglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Paglia"},{"link_name":"Sexual Personae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Personae"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Psychologist James Hillman criticizes Neumann's reductionism in interpreting every kind of female figure and image as a symbol of the Great Mother. Hillman suggests that, \"If one's research shows results of this kind, i.e., where all data indicate one dominant hypothesis, then it is time to ask a psychological question about the hypothesis.\"[82]Jungian analyst Robert H. Hopcke, who calls The Great Mother \"monumental in its breadth\", considers it \"Neumann's most enduring contribution to Jungian thought\" alongside The Origins and History of Consciousness (1949).[83]Archaeologist Marija Gimbutas \"much appreciated\" Neumann's book. His \"psychological approach has opened new avenues in the interpretation... of the prehistoric Goddess.\" Yet Prof. Gimbutas felt that \"the term mother devalues her importance and does not allow appreciation of her total character. Further, much of Neumann's archetype is based on post-Indo-European religious ideology, after the image of the Goddess had suffered a profound and largely debased transformation.\" Accordingly, for the prehistoric period, Gimbutas preferred \"the term Great Goddess as best describing her absolute rule, her creative, destructive, and regenerative powers.\"[84]Siegmund Hurwitz, among other references to Neumann, quotes approvingly from The Great Mother for Neumann's description and characterization of the \"anima figure\" as a distinct female archetype, to be distinguished from the originally more powerful mother type.[85]Scholar Camille Paglia identifies The Great Mother as an influence on her work of literary criticism Sexual Personae (1990).[86] She has called it \"a visual feast\" and his \"most renowned\" work.[87]Scholar Martin Liebscher writes, \"Neumann's The Great Mother provided a watershed moment in the way archetypal studies would be conducted.\" The many previous monographs focused on a particular archetype could not compete \"with the minute detail and careful structuring of Neumann's examination of the Great Mother archetype.\"[88]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Sophia, a positive Anima figure of the Great Mother[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Statue_of_Sveta_Sofia.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Sveta_Sofia.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hillman, James (1979). The Dream and the Underworld. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-090682-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dreamunderworld00hill","url_text":"The Dream and the Underworld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090682-0","url_text":"0-06-090682-0"}]},{"reference":"Hopcke, Robert H. (1989). Jung, Jungians and Homosexuality. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-585-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jungjungianshomo00hopcrich","url_text":"Jung, Jungians and Homosexuality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-585-9","url_text":"0-87773-585-9"}]},{"reference":"Paglia, Camille (1993). Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017209-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-017209-2","url_text":"0-14-017209-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-02-18/books/bk-1723_1_marija-gimbutas","external_links_name":"The Language of the Goddess"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dreamunderworld00hill","external_links_name":"The Dream and the Underworld"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jungjungianshomo00hopcrich","external_links_name":"Jung, Jungians and Homosexuality"},{"Link":"http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-10-03.html","external_links_name":"Ancient Goddesses. The myths and the evidence."},{"Link":"http://www.bu.edu/arion/files/2010/03/Paglia-Great-Mother1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Erich Neumann: Theorist of the Great Mother\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern%E2%80%93Schwarzenburg_railway	Bern–Schwarzenburg railway line	["1 References","1.1 Footnotes","1.2 Sources"]	Railway line in the canton of Bern, Switzerland Bern–SchwarzenburgOverviewLine number306TerminiBernSchwarzenburgTechnicalLine length20.75 km (12.89 mi)Number of tracks1 or 2Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Electrification15 kV/16.7 Hz AC overhead catenaryMaximum incline3.5% Route map Legend km elev from Olten from Lucerne 0.12 Bern 540 m Donnerbühl (401 m) 2.18 Bern Weyermannshaus Spw. 551 m to Lausanne 2.54 Holligen 551 m 2.54 BLS-BN line to Neuchâtel to Lausanne 3.12 Bern Europaplatz(Ausserholligen GBS until 2014 ) 546 m 3.52 Bern Fischermätteli 551 m 3.52 BLS-GTB line to Belp and Thun 5.00 Liebefeld 563 m 5.71 Köniz 572 m 7.80 Moos 628 m 8.87 Gasel 650 m 10.89 Niederscherli 656 m Scherligraben 45 m 12.82 Mittelhäusern 669 m Schwarzwasser 180 m 14.66 Schwarzwasserbrücke 645 m 17.83 Lanzenhäusern 741 m 20.87 Schwarzenburg 792 m Source: Swiss railway atlas Share certificate issued with a face value of 250 francs of the Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn of 28 September 1907 The Bern–Schwarzenburg railway line is a railway line in Switzerland. It was built by the Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn (Bern-Schwarzenburg Railway, BSB). It was opened on 1 June 1907 between Bern and Schwarzenburg. A train derailed in Ausserholligen station on 28 June 1916 and a carriage and overturned; one passenger died and 20 were injured. The railway company merged on 1 January 1944 with the Gürbetalbahn (GTB) to form the Gürbetal-Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn (GBS), which continued the operation of the BSB line. The GBS was then part of an operating group led by the Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway (Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon-Bahn, BLS). The four group companies merged in 1997 to form the BLS Lötschberg Railway, which in turn merged with the Regionalverkehr Mittelland (RM) in 2006 to form BLS AG, which now owns the former BSB line. References Footnotes ^ Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz . Schweers + Wall. 2012. pp. 19, 31, 66. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7. ^ Manhart, Marcel. "Liste der schwersten Bahnunfälle in der Schweiz bis Mai 2006 von SBB Historic" (in German). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2018. Sources Wägli, Hans G. (2010). Schienennetz Schweiz und Bahnprofil Schweiz CH+ (in German). Zürich: AS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-909111-74-9. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn_1907.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Schwarzenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzenburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gürbetalbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrbetalbahn"},{"link_name":"Gürbetal-Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCrbetal-Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern%E2%80%93L%C3%B6tschberg%E2%80%93Simplon_railway"},{"link_name":"BLS Lötschberg Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLS_L%C3%B6tschberg_Railway"},{"link_name":"Regionalverkehr Mittelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalverkehr_Mittelland"},{"link_name":"BLS AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLS_AG"}],"text":"Share certificate issued with a face value of 250 francs of the Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn of 28 September 1907The Bern–Schwarzenburg railway line is a railway line in Switzerland. It was built by the Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn (Bern-Schwarzenburg Railway, BSB). It was opened on 1 June 1907 between Bern and Schwarzenburg.A train derailed in Ausserholligen station on 28 June 1916 and a carriage and overturned; one passenger died and 20 were injured.[2]The railway company merged on 1 January 1944 with the Gürbetalbahn (GTB) to form the Gürbetal-Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn (GBS), which continued the operation of the BSB line.The GBS was then part of an operating group led by the Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway (Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon-Bahn, BLS). The four group companies merged in 1997 to form the BLS Lötschberg Railway, which in turn merged with the Regionalverkehr Mittelland (RM) in 2006 to form BLS AG, which now owns the former BSB line.","title":"Bern–Schwarzenburg railway line"}]	[{"image_text":"Share certificate issued with a face value of 250 francs of the Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn of 28 September 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn_1907.jpg/220px-Bern-Schwarzenburg-Bahn_1907.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz [Swiss railway atlas]. Schweers + Wall. 2012. pp. 19, 31, 66. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-130-7","url_text":"978-3-89494-130-7"}]},{"reference":"Manhart, Marcel. \"Liste der schwersten Bahnunfälle in der Schweiz bis Mai 2006 von SBB Historic\" (in German). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://info24.jimdo.com/bahnunf%C3%A4lle-in-der-schweiz/liste-der-schwersten-bahnunf%C3%A4lle/","url_text":"\"Liste der schwersten Bahnunfälle in der Schweiz bis Mai 2006 von SBB Historic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173944/https://info24.jimdo.com/bahnunf%C3%A4lle-in-der-schweiz/liste-der-schwersten-bahnunf%C3%A4lle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wägli, Hans G. (2010). Schienennetz Schweiz und Bahnprofil Schweiz CH+ (in German). Zürich: AS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-909111-74-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-909111-74-9","url_text":"978-3-909111-74-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://info24.jimdo.com/bahnunf%C3%A4lle-in-der-schweiz/liste-der-schwersten-bahnunf%C3%A4lle/","external_links_name":"\"Liste der schwersten Bahnunfälle in der Schweiz bis Mai 2006 von SBB Historic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173944/https://info24.jimdo.com/bahnunf%C3%A4lle-in-der-schweiz/liste-der-schwersten-bahnunf%C3%A4lle/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/534145857881523020472","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1085786617","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro_River	Maro River	["1 Hydrology","2 Geography","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 8°28′24″S 140°21′01″E / 8.4734°S 140.3503°E / -8.4734; 140.3503River in Papua New Guinea, IndonesiaMaro RiverSungai Merauke, Merauke-rivier, Merauki RiverLocation of river mouth in PapuaShow map of South PapuaLocation of river mouth in IndonesiaShow map of IndonesiaLocationCountriesPapua New Guinea, IndonesiaRegionWestern New GuineaPhysical characteristicsSource • locationMaoke Mountains Mouth • locationArafura SeaLength382.98 km (237.97 mi)Basin size8,100.6 km2 (3,127.7 sq mi)Width • minimum48 m (157 ft) • maximum900.1 m (2,953 ft)Discharge • locationNear mouth • average262.35 m3/s (9,265 cu ft/s) The Maro River also known as Sungai Merauke and Merauke-rivier, Merauki River flows in Merauke Regency, Papua, Indonesia. It is located just to the west of the Bensbach River of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Hydrology The Maro flows from north-east to south-west, into the Arafura Sea. Its total length is 207 km and its width is around 48 - 900.1 m. The river is strongly tidal for most of its length and its lower reaches are affected by salt water. The main tributaries are Obat, also known as Oba. Associated with the river is a complex system of swamps and oxbow lakes which are of great importance for a large number of birds and reptiles. The Maro River borders the northern side of Wasur National Park. Geography The river flows in the southern area of Papua with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 23 °C. The warmest month is September when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is May, at 21 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2238 mm. The wettest month is February, with an average of 445 mm of rainfall, and the driest is August, with 29 mm of rainfall. See also List of drainage basins of Indonesia List of rivers of Indonesia List of rivers of Western New Guinea References ^ Traveling Luck for Sungai Merauke, Indonesia (general), Indonesia ^ Sungai Merauke - Geonames.org. ^ Tabel SD-11:Inventarisasi sungai. Provinsi : Papua. Tahun Data : 2010 ^ Ramsar Sites Database: Wasur National Park Archived 2009-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2009-10-30 ^ Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ^ "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016. ^ "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016. vteRivers of Western New Guinea Apauwar Baliem (Vriendschaps) Becking Bewani Bian Brazza Bulaka Digul Fly Grime Kampung Kamundan Kumbe Lorentz/Undir Mamberamo Mandobo Mappi Maro (Merauke) Mimika Momats Muturi Nawa Ok Tedi Pauwasi Pulau (Eilanden) Sepik Seremuk Sobger Songgato Tabai Tami Tariku Taritatu Tor Van Daalen Wamma Wapoga Warenai Warswai Waruta Wildeman Wiriagar Wowei Rivers of Indonesia 8°28′24″S 140°21′01″E / 8.4734°S 140.3503°E / -8.4734; 140.3503	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Merauke Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merauke_Regency"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bensbach River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensbach_River"},{"link_name":"Western Province, Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province,_Papua_New_Guinea"}],"text":"River in Papua New Guinea, IndonesiaThe Maro River also known as Sungai Merauke and Merauke-rivier, Merauki River [1] flows in Merauke Regency, Papua, Indonesia.[2] It is located just to the west of the Bensbach River of Western Province, Papua New Guinea.","title":"Maro River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arafura Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"swamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamps"},{"link_name":"oxbow lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_lake"},{"link_name":"Wasur National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasur_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Maro flows from north-east to south-west, into the Arafura Sea. Its total length is 207 km and its width is around 48 - 900.1 m.[3] The river is strongly tidal for most of its length and its lower reaches are affected by salt water. The main tributaries are Obat, also known as Oba. Associated with the river is a complex system of swamps and oxbow lakes which are of great importance for a large number of birds and reptiles. The Maro River borders the northern side of Wasur National Park.[4]","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical monsoon climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koppen-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasarain-7"}],"text":"The river flows in the southern area of Papua with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).[5] The annual average temperature in the area is 23 °C. The warmest month is September when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is May, at 21 °C.[6] The average annual rainfall is 2238 mm. The wettest month is February, with an average of 445 mm of rainfall, and the driest is August, with 29 mm of rainfall.[7]","title":"Geography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of drainage basins of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"List of rivers of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"List of rivers of Western New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Western_New_Guinea"}]	[{"reference":"Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). \"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification\". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html","url_text":"\"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007","url_text":"10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007"}]},{"reference":"\"NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index\". NASA. 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php","url_text":"\"NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kraljevo	Siege of Kraljevo	["1 Background","2 Involved forces","3 Battle","3.1 Clashes near Monastery of Žiča","3.2 Siege","3.3 Retreat of the Communist forces","3.4 Conflict among rebels for control over Čačak, Požega and Užice","4 Aftermath","5 Historical sources","6 References","7 Sources","8 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 43°43′25″N 20°41′15″E / 43.72361°N 20.68750°E / 43.72361; 20.68750The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Siege of KraljevoPart of the uprising in Serbia during World War II in YugoslaviaGerman soldiers carry a dead comrade killed during the siege of Kraljevo in October 1941Date9 October 1941 — 31 October 1941LocationKraljevo, German-occupied territory of Serbia (modern-day Serbia)43°43′25″N 20°41′15″E / 43.72361°N 20.68750°E / 43.72361; 20.68750Result German forces retain control of KraljevoBelligerents Axis: Germany Allies: Chetniks Yugoslav PartisansCommanders and leaders Franz Böhme Radoslav Đurić Jovan Deroko Jovan Bojović † Ratko Mitrović Momčilo Radosavljević Units involved HQ of 749th Infantry regiment with one battalion 6th and 7th companies of the II Battalion of the 737th Jäger Regiment 670th Artillery Battalion The 522 sapper squad of 714th Jäger Division parts of units retreated from Užice, Požega and Čačak 717th Jäger Division Chetnik Detachments: Jelica Bukovik Ibar Žiča Death Dragačevo Battalion Ljubić Battalion Jovan Kursula DetachmentStrength 3,000—4,000Casualties and losses 130 dead rebels, mostly Chetniks approximately 2,000 civiliansvteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941 Axis invasion Bombing of Belgrade Bombing of Sarajevo Uprisings Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina Sanski Most Eastern Herzegovina Drvar uprising Rogatica Olovo Uprising in Croatia Srb uprising Uprising in Serbia Bela Crkva Loznica Banja Koviljača Šabac Kruševac Mačva Uzice Kraljevo Trešnjica Novi Pazar Mihailovic Sjenica Uprising in Montenegro Bullseye Pljevlja 1942 Dražgoše Southeast Croatia Hydra Prijedor Nanos Trio Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines Montenegro Kozara Partisan Long March Kupres Livno Alfa Kopaonik Bihać 1943 Case White Greenwood–Rootham Otto Fungus Hoathley 1 Case Black Typical Zvornik Davidson Grčarice Turjak Castle Maclean Višegrad Bombing of Podgorica Bombing of Zadar Delphin Rogers Kugelblitz Kočevje 1944 Maibaum Bombing of Belgrade Raid on Šolta Dafoe Lindsay Rösselsprung Andrijevica Halyard Ožbalt Ratweek Serbia Belgrade Niš Stracin–Kumanovo Vukov Klanac Bregalnitsa–Strumica Kosovo Syrmian Front Floxo Niš airspace incident Batina Knin 1945 Trnovo Mostar Bombing of Zagreb Spring Awakening Transdanubian Hills Lika-Primorje Nagykanizsa-Körmend Sarajevo Lijevče Field Trieste Zelengora Poljana Odžak Axis occupation of Serbia Hungarian occupation Kosovo during World War II World War II in the Slovene Lands World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia Air warfare in Yugoslavia Allied bombing campaign The siege of Kraljevo was the most important battle during the uprising in Serbia in 1941. The siege lasted from 9 to 31 October 1941. The battle was waged between besieging forces of the Chetniks and Yugoslav Partisans against German forces garrisoned in Kraljevo in the German-occupied territory of Serbia (modern-day Serbia). The rebel forces had between 3,000 and 4,000 soldiers. The battle started on 9 October 1941 when Chetniks attacked German forces near Monastery of Žiča. Several days after the battle began in reprisal for the attack on a German garrison, the German forces committed a massacre of approximately 2,000 civilians in the period between 15 and 20 October, in an event known as the Kraljevo massacre. On 23 October most of the Partisan forces left the siege of Kraljevo and regrouped their forces to attack Chetniks in Čačak, Užice and Požega. The rebels organized their last larger attack on Kraljevo on 31 October, using two tanks previously captured from German forces, but failed after suffering heavy casualties. In early November most of the Chetnik forces besieging Kraljevo retreated to reinforce their positions in other towns in Western Serbia attacked by communist forces. On 20 November 1941 both rebel formations signed truce only to be soon again defeated by German offensive in December 1941 that forced Partisans to leave Serbia and Mihailović and his Chetniks to flee constant German chases. Eventually, Soviet Red Army and Partisan forces captured Kraljevo in autumn 1944, killed at least 240 people in communist purges and established communist regime which lasted for about fifty years. The propaganda created by the winning Partisans was almost completely opposed to real events. The official Partisan historiography considered Chetniks as most responsible for the failed siege, presenting them as deceitful and untrustworthy with minimal combat value. On the other hand, the Partisans were depicted as heroically brave despite all odds at retaking the city. Background The attack on Kraljevo was one of the battles waged during the anti-Axis uprising in German-occupied Western Serbia, then part of the Axis occupied Yugoslavia. At the beginning of October 1941 military units of Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland and groups of communist rebels established Operational Headquarters (Serbian: Оперативни штаб) after they first captured German-occupied Čačak. The representatives of the Yugoslav Army in this HQ were Major Radoslav Đurić and Captain Jovan Deroko, while communist representatives were Ratko Mitrović and Momčilo Mole Radosavljević. This Operational Headquarters decided to move their troops toward Kraljevo and prepare to capture it. Involved forces The Axis forces included: the headquarters of 749th Infantry regiment with one battalion 6th and 7th companies of the II Battalion of the 737th Jäger Regiment 670th Artillery Division The 522 sapper squad of 714th Jäger Division parts of units retreated from Užice, Požega and Čačak The Yugoslav Army forces had between 3,000 and 4,000 soldiers. They were organized in following detachments: the Jelica Chetnik Detachment, commanded by Lieutenant Jovan Bojović, an active officer of the Yugoslav Royal Army the Bukovik Chetnik Detachment under command of Lieutenant Dušan Đokić the Ibar Chetnik Detachment the Chetnik Detachment of Death commanded by Simo Uzelac, and the Žiča Chetnik Detachment was commanded by Dušan Laušević. The forces of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia were organized in three units:Dragačevo Battalion, Ljubić Battalion and Jovan Kursula Detachment. Franz Böhme On the meeting in the village Slatina, the Yugoslav Army reached agreement with communists to act together. The rebel headquarters was Ružić Hill which is about 7 km South-West of Kraljevo. The commander of the rebel forces was Major Radoslav Đurić, while the chief of the staff was Jovan Deroko. Deroko was commander of all rebel forces at the left bank of Western Morava and right bank of Ibar, while Jovan Bojović was commander of all rebel forces on the right bank of Morava and left bank of Ibar. On 3 October 1941 German military commander of occupied Serbia Franz Böhme ordered to unconditionally defend Kraljevo. On 7 October Draža Mihailović ordered full battle readiness in villages surrounding Kraljevo. Battle Clashes near Monastery of Žiča The first skirmishes within the battle for Kraljevo began in the early afternoon on 9 October near Monastery of Žiča when the Chetnik unit commanded by Milutin Janković attacked German unit which retreated to Kraljevo after a whole day battle in which Germans used canons to shell the monastery. On 10 October German air forces bombarded the Monastery of Žiča using five airplanes and significantly damaged its church. The battle near monastery lasted until the early morning of 11 October when Germans broke the rebel lines and put the monastery to fire. Siege On 10 October the rebel forces completely surrounded Kraljevo and began its siege. On 12 October the 717th Jäger Division left Kragujevac to help besieged garrison in Kraljevo and reached Trstenik on the same day. On 13 October they reached Vrnjačka Banja and villages near Kraljevo. On 15 October they clashed with Chetnik forces on the outskirts of Kraljevo. After 45 minutes of artillery barrage, the Jelica Chetnik Detachment commanded by Jovan Bojović on the right wing and Ljubić Partisan Battalion on the left wing attacked North-West German positions in the first hours of 15 October and captured Agriculture School. One platoon of Dragačevo Partisans attacked Kraljevo from the direction of the road toward Raška. After one hour of fighting, rebels reached the court and church buildings in the city center. The German right wing attacked rebels forcing them to retreat and encircling Jelica Chetnik Detachment which was almost completely annihilated. In this battle Jovan Bojović was killed. Miloje Mojsilović succeeded him on the position of commander of Jelica Chetnik Detachment. Kraljevo massacre Between 15 and 20 October 1941 German forces killed approximately 2,000 civilians in reprisal for a joint Partisan–Chetnik attack on a German garrison in an event known as the Kraljevo massacre. On 19 October 1941 Chetnik officer Predrag Raković reported his commander in Čačak, Captain Bogdan Marjanović that his men are disturbed by the news about communist violence in Ljubić county and that they threatened with desertion if this violence continues. The rebel artillery shelled western and central part of the town on 19 and 20 October from Partisan held positions on Ružić hill. On 28 October 1941 the commander of the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland Draža Mihailović received an order from Prime Minister of the Yugoslav Government in exile Dušan Simović who adjured Mihailović to eschew premature actions and avoid reprisals. Two German battalions reinforced with two tanks attacked Partisan positions on Ružić hill in early morning of 21 October. The Partisans flee their positions leaving their two cannons on the hill. The German forces continue with their advances through positions deserted by Partisans and attack Chetnik positions killing many Chetnik soldiers before they retreated back to Kraljevo in early afternoon on the same day. The last larger attack on Kraljevo happened on 31 October 1941 when attacking Partisan and Chetnik forces tried to penetrate German positions and enter into city using two tanks. For some time the historiography attributed this action solely to Partisans, but later this was corrected and participation of Chetniks was recognized. About 130 people died on the rebels' side, both Chetnik and Partisan. Most of rebel casualties were on the Chetnik side. During the attack on German positions in the Farming School Chetnik Lieutenant Bojović was killed. Chetnik Lieutenant Sima Uzelac and about a dozen of his soldiers were killed by machine gun while trying to cross barbed wires during their charge on an Axis bunker. Retreat of the Communist forces The Partisans cancelled their attacks on Kraljevo based on the order of the communist supreme command and their headquarters in Serbia. The first units retreating from the siege were communist units, the Dragačevo Battalion which retreated on 23 October and three out of five companies of the Ljubić Battalion retreated before the end of October and sent to Čačak to fight against the Chetnik forces. Conflict among rebels for control over Čačak, Požega and Užice Simo Uzelac (left) who was killed by the Germans and Jovan Deroko (right) whose death at the hands of the Partisans led to an all out Chetnik–Partisan conflict In the night between 2 and 3 November 1941 the communist commanders forged a plan to attack Požega, after they managed to resist Chetnik attack on their positions in Užice. The information that about 200 Partisans attacked Chetnik security forces of the Preljina airport was quickly reported to Major Đurić who held positions at the Kraljevo siege on the same night. Draža Mihailović ordered on 5 November to Captain Bogdan Marjanović to intensify his actions and quickly capture Čačak, while Deroko was ordered to contact Marjanović and to take 2/3 his troops, artillery and vehicles to capture Čačak, while rest of his troops were ordered to secure area toward Raška and road between Kraljevo and Čačak. Not all Chetnik forces left the siege of Kraljevo, but most of Chetniks did leave the siege. Deroko and Chetnik detachment under his command headed toward Čačak through the village of Mrčajevci and easily took over Preljina from Partisans, crossed river Čemernica and positioned his forces that also included artillery on Ljubić hill, near the monument to Tanasko Rajić. The Chetnik Captain Jovan Deroko was commander of the Chetnik artillery on Ljubić. The communist forces forced Chetniks out of Ljubić, captured their artillery and killed Deroko on 6 November 1941. Aftermath On 20 November 1941, the communist forces and Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland signed truce while the German offensive in December 1941 defeated both parties. The Communists retreated to Montenegro and Bosnia while Mihailović and a small number of his soldiers was forced to flee constant German chases. The Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland and Partisans held each other as morally responsible for Kragujevac and Kraljevo massacres while Mihailović decided to resolve the communist question once for all. At the beginning of 1942 some Chetniks legalized with Nedić administration buried Deroko besides the grave of Tanasko Rajić in Ljubić, but communists dig out his body in 1945 and disposed it on unknown location. Eventually, Soviet Red Army and Yugoslav communist forces captured Kraljevo in Autumn 1944 and established a communist regime which lasted for about fifty years. After the regime of communists in Serbia ended the Government of Serbia and its Ministry of Justice established the commission to research atrocities that were committed by members of the Yugoslav Partisan Movement after they gained control over Serbia in Autumn 1944. According to the report of this commission, out of 55,554 registered victims of communist purges in Serbia the new communist regime in Kraljevo killed 240 people while 28 people are missing. Historical sources Two different parties that participated in the siege of Kraljevo have opposing and conflicting views on the events. Although both communists and Chetniks bravely fought in this battle, the post-war historiography published by Communist party denied Chetnik contribution labeling them with different defamatory expressions. Memorial cemetery Kraljevo October The propaganda of local historiography created by the winning partisans was service of their communist ideology and presented selected parts of the Siege of Kraljevo to create historical consciousness almost completely opposed to real events. For the half of the century the official historiography considered Chetniks as most responsible for failure and lifting the siege of Kraljevo. The Chetniks were presented as deceitful and untrustworthy whose combat value was minimal, while notable examples of brave individuals which were impossible to ignore were neutralized by exerting the Chetniks' betrayal as their persistent behaviour. The Partisans were depicted as heroically brave with almost perfect characteristics who had a role of Promethean heroes whose enemies, before all Chetniks, were forces whose role was menace. The communist interpretation of the conflict with Yugoslav royalists was symbol of defeat of "counter-revolution", "reaction" and "traitors", particularly because this conflict reached its maximum on 7 November 1941 when communists in Čačak organized celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution. In Chetnik interpretation of conflict with Partisans, Deroko received the fame of new Tanasko Rajić. It is important to consider that communists detachment from Čačak left the siege of Požega in period 22–24 October to reinforce communist forces in Užice. Taking in consideration the contemporary situation and conflicts between two rebel groups in Čačak, Požega and Užice, it can be concluded that this broader conflict between two rebel groups caused lifting the siege of Kraljevo. References ^ (Давидовић 2001, p. 111) ^ (Давидовић 2001, p. 114) ^ (Давидовић 2001, p. 115) ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ (Mitrović 1975, p. 226):"Четници Јеличког четничког одреда, под непосредном командом поручника Јована Бојовића, активног официра " ^ Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić, ed. (2003). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 327. ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 287. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 32. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 32. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 33. ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 117) ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 33. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 33. ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 118) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 118) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 118) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 118) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 118) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 118) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 120) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 120) ^ (Karchmar 1973, p. 241) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 120) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 120) ^ (Давидовић 2003, p. 120) ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 287. ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 281. ^ Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 30. . Najveće borbe u celom ustanku vođene su oko Kraljeva. Tamo su zabeležene i najveće ustaničke žrtve, u najvećem broju nacionalnih boraca. ^ (Đurišić 1982, p. 161) ^ (Vučković 2004, p. 95):"Lt. Sima Uzelac and a dozen of his soldiers were felled by a machine gun burst while attempting to cross barbed wires during an assault on a bunker. " ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 287. ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 288. ^ Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 29. ^ Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 37. Капетан Дероко требало је да дође у везу са капетаном Марјановићем и са 2/3 свог људства, топовима, борним колима, овлада Чачком, а са преосталим људством обезбеди правац према Рашкој и правац Краљево-Чачак. Четничка ^ Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 37. Четничка опсада Краљева није потпуно напуштена, али главни... ^ Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 39. ^ (Rudić & Pavlović 2016, p. 220) ^ (Rudić & Pavlović 2016, p. 220) ^ (Rudić & Pavlović 2016, p. 221) ^ (Glenny & Nairn 1999, p. 493) ^ (Rudić & Pavlović 2016, p. 221) ^ "Registar Žrtava". www.komisija1944.mpravde.gov.rs. Ministry of Justice, Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 6 October 2019. ^ (Давидовић 2001, p. 112) ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 299. Selectively presented parts of the war drama in the service of ideology have a particularly long and poisonous effect. Such was the case with the presentation of the siege of Kraljevo in the local historiography and publicist writing of Cacak. The thought-out propaganda of the winning partisans created the historical consciousness almost diametrically opposed to real developments and always in conflict with the comparative oral tradition, which did not stop living as a type of social subconsciousness. ^ (Давидовић 2001, p. 112) ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 299. Stereotypes were focused on presentation of the perfidious and hidden chetniks' false collaboration with partisans. The chetniks' value in use at the front was reduced to a minimum, and individual examples of bravery which could not be ignored were counterbalanced with a strong presentation of chetniks' treason as a constant of their behaviour. ^ Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 299. Perfidy, cowardice, traitorous behaviour and lack of skill and training, as negative characteristics, became features of chetniks. On the other hand, an image of brave heroic partisans possessing almost perfect characteristics was created. .... ....where partisans had the role of the Promethean heroes, and their opponents, before all chetniks, the role of forces jeopardising people. ^ (Rudić & Pavlović 2016, p. 220) ^ (Rudić & Pavlović 2016, p. 220) ^ (Давидовић 2001, p. 114) ^ (Давидовић 2001, p. 112) Sources Давидовић, Горан (2001). Чачани на опсади Краљева октобра 1941. године – Хронологија догађаја. Kraljevo: Научни скуп Краљево октобра 1941. Давидовић, Горан (2003). "Чачани на опсади Краљева октобра 1941". In Драган Драшковић (ed.). Kraljevo oktobra 1941. - zbornik radova. Радомир Ристић. Народни Музеј Краљево, Историјски Архив Краљево. Rudić, Srđan; Pavlović, Lela (1 September 2016). Srpska revolucija i obnova državnosti Srbije: Dvesta godina od Drugog srpskog ustanka: =Serbian Revolution and Renewal of Serbian Statehood: Two Hundred Years since the Second Serbian Uprising. Istorijski institut, Beograd; Međuopštinski istorijski arhiv, Čačak. ISBN 978-86-7743-116-7. Đurišić, Mitar (1982). Partizanski odredi u Srbiji 1941. Narodna knjiga. Mitrović, Dojčilo (1975). Zapadna Srbija 1941 . Nolit. Vučković, Zvonimir (2004). A Balkan Tragedy – Yugoslavia, 1941–1946: Memoirs of a Guerilla Fighter. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-537-9. Karchmar, Lucien (1973). Draz̆a Mihailović and the Rise of the C̆etnik Movement, 1941–1942. Department of History, Stanford University. Glenny, Misha; Nairn, Tom (1999). The Balkans, 1804–1999: nationalism, war and the great powers. Granta. ISBN 978-1-86207-050-9. Further reading Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić, ed. (2003). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. vteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941 Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina May 1941 Sanski Most revolt June uprising in eastern Herzegovina Siege of Rogatica Olovo Uprising in Serbia Battle of Loznica Battle of Banja Koviljača Attack on Šabac Mačva operation Battle of Trešnjica Kruševac Kraljevo Operation Uzice Operation Mihailovic Novi Pazar Sjenica Uprising in Montenegro Battle of Pljevlja Uprising in Croatia Croatian Partisans Srb uprising Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951) 1942 Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren Operation Trio Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines Kozara Offensive Operation Alfa Operation Kopaonik 1943 Case White Case Black Siege of Turjak Operation Kugelblitz Battle of Višegrad 1944 Operations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm Operation Rösselsprung Operation Rübezahl Belgrade offensive Operation Draufgänger Battle of Jelova Gora Kosovo Operation Battle of Knin Battle of Tuzla Battle of Batina 1945 Syrmian Front Mostar operation Sarajevo Operation Battle of Lijevče Field Battle of Zelengora Battle of Poljana Battle of Odžak Croatia Zagreb in World War II Macedonia World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia Serbia Kosovo during World War II Slovenia World War II in the Slovene Lands Strategic bombing Belgrade 1941 1944 Podgorica Sarajevo Zadar Zagreb see also Factions in the Yugoslav Front People of the Yugoslav Front vteWars and battles involving SerbsMedievalSerbian–Bulgarian Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) Bulgar–Serb War (853) Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt Bulgarian-Serb War (998) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) Battle of Velbazhd Serbian–Ottoman Early skirmishes Battle of Gallipoli Battle of Stephaniana Battle of Demotika in 1352 Battle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364 Fall of the Serbian Empire Battle of Maritsa in 1371 Battle of Dubravnica in 1381 Battle of Savra in 1385 Battle of Pločnik in 1386 Battle of Kosovo in 1389 Serbian Despotate Battle of Karanovasa Battle of Tripolje in 1402 Siege of Novo Brdo in 1412 Battle of Vitosha Pass in 1413 Battle of Carmorlu First Scutari War Second Scutari War Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437 Battle of Trnava (1430) Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444) Crusade of Varna Battle of Nish (1443) Battle of Zlatitsa in 1443 Battle of Kunovica in 1444 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455) Battle of Kruševac in 1454 Battle of Leskovac in 1454 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456 Siege of Belgrade Siege of Smederevo Ottoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459 Battle of Breadfield in 1479 Ottoman conquest of Zeta in 1499 Serbian–Byzantine Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 Battle of Bar Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje Battle of Zvečan (1094) Battle of Haram Siege of Ras (1127) Battle of Tara (1150) Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155) Siege of Braničevo (1154) Battle of Pantina Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334) Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 Other Hungarian invasions of Europe Magyar–Serb conflict Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Battle of Sirmium Battle of Gacko Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia Mačva War Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324) War of Hum (1326–1329) Serbian civil war of 1331 Serbian nobility conflict (1369) Battle of Rovine Battle of Nicopolis Battle of Ankara Battle of Kosmidion Battle of Çamurlu Battle of Despotovac Siege of Belgrade (1440) Battle of Kosovo (1448) Fall of Constantinople Foreign ruleHabsburgs Jovan Nenad's uprising Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 Battle of Szőlős Battle of Sződfalva Battle of Keresztes Great Turkish War Siege of Belgrade (1688) Battle of Batočina Battle of Niš (1689) Siege of Belgrade (1690) Battle of Lugos Rákóczi's War of Independence Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705) Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Siege of Belgrade (1717) Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Battle of Zsibó Battle of Trenčín Battle of Petrovaradin Battle of Banja Luka Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) Ottomans Long War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606) Banat Uprising (1594) Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 Battle of Mohács (1687) Uprising in Vučitrn Serb uprising of 1737–1739 Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion Battle of Martinići (1796) Battle of Krusi Battle of Lopate Venice Morean War Cretan War (1645–1669) Great Turkish War Battle on Vrtijeljka Battle of Slankamen Battle of Senta Russia Serbian Hussar Regiment Pruth River Campaign War of the Polish Succession Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Seven Years' War 19th centurySerbian Revolution First Serbian Uprising Vračar Rudnik Svileuva Batočina and Jagodina Kragujevac Drlupa Čokešina Šabac Požarevac Karanovac Adakale Ivankovac Rudnik Vrbica Mišar Deligrad Belgrade (1806) Liberation of Belgrade Loznica Malajnica and Štubik Čegar Jasika Prahovo Suvodol Drina Varvarin Loznica Mačva Ravnje Hadži Prodan's Revolt Second Serbian Uprising Ljubić Čačak Palež Požarevac Rudnik Družetić Kragujevac Jagodina Karanovac Batočina Užice Valjevo Batočina Ottoman Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853) Battle of Grahovac Battle of Kolašin Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878) Battle of Vučji Do Battle of Fundina Battles for Plav and Gusinje Velika attacks Battle of Novšiće Battle of Murino Other Kumanovo uprising Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 Jančić's rebellion Priest Jovica's Rebellion Several battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Battle of Vršac (1849) Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878) Battle of Vranje Siege of Cattaro Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) Krivošije uprising (1869) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) AU-BiH War Battle of Jajce (1878) Battle of Vitez (1878) Battle of Sarajevo (1878) Serbo-Bulgarian War Battle of Pirot Battle of Slivnitsa 20th centuryMacedonian Struggle Fight on Šuplji Kamen Fight on Čelopek Fight in Tabanovce Fight in Velika Hoča Fight on Čelopek (1906) Battle of Pirot (1913) Balkan Wars First Balkan War Battle of Kumanovo Battle of Prilep Battle of Monastir Siege of Scutari Siege of Adrianople Siege of Odrin (1912–1913) Second Balkan War Battle of Bregalnica Battle of Kalimanci Battle of Knjaževac Siege of Vidin (1913) Ohrid–Debar uprising World War I Montenegrin campaign Battle of Mojkovac Serbian campaign Battle of Cer Battle of the Crna Bend (1916) Battle of Bazargic Battle of Dobro Pole Battle of the Drina Battle of Florina Battle of Kaymakchalan Battle of Kolubara Kosovo offensive (1915) Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918) Battle of Malka Nidzhe Macedonian front Monastir offensive Morava Offensive Ovče Pole Offensive Vardar offensive Srem Offensive Toplica Uprising Interwar Carinthia War Uprising in Drenica Christmas Uprising Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) Drenica-Junik Uprising World War II Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Serbia (1941) Uprising in Montenegro (1941) June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina Battle of Novi Pazar Battle of Pljevlja Battle of Kozara Battle of Loznica (1941) Battle of Livno Battle of Neretva Battle of the Sutjeska Raid on Drvar Battle of Knin Battle of Mostar Battle of Lijevče Field 1942 Montenegro offensive Bihać Operation Battle of Batina Belgrade Offensive Capture of Banja Koviljača Case Black Case White Operation Draufgänger Kozara Offensive Battle of Kupres (1942) Battle of Višegrad Mostar operation Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive Niš operation Battle of Odžak Capture of Olovo (1941) Operation Alfa Operation Delphin Operation Kopaonik Operation Kugelblitz Operation Mihailovic Operation Southeast Croatia Operation Trio Operation Uzice Battle of Poljana Operation Prijedor Siege of Rogatica (1941) Operation Rösselsprung (1944) Kosovo Operation (1944) Operation Spring Awakening Srb uprising Stratsin-Kumanovo operation Syrmian Front Battle of Zvornik Battle of Sarajevo (1945) Battle of Zelengora Croatian War Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Battle of Borovo Selo Operation Stinger 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Battle of Osijek Battle of Vukovar Battle of Gospić Battle of Šibenik Battle of Zadar Battle of Kusonje Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of the Dalmatian Channels Siege of Dubrovnik Operation Otkos 10 Operation Orkan 91 Operation Whirlwind Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger Operation Maslenica Operation Medak Pocket Operation Winter '94 Operation Flash Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm Bosnian War Battle of Bosanski Brod Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Siege of Srebrenica Siege of Goražde Siege of Doboj Operation Jackal Siege of Bihać (1992–95) Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Operation Bura Kravica attack Siege of Mostar Operation Irma Operation Bøllebank Operation Tiger Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 Battle of Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 Pale air strikes Operation Deny Flight Operation Deliberate Force Operation Maritime Monitor Kosovo War Insurgency in Kosovo Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998) Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999) April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush Attack on Orahovac Attack on Prekaz Battle of Lođa Battle of Oraovica Battle of Belaćevac Mine Battle of Podujevo December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush Battle of Glođane July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes Battle of Junik Battle of Košare Insurgency in the Preševo Valley Prizren incident (1999) NATO bombing of Yugoslavia Dubrava Prison bombings and executions 1999 F-117A shootdown 21st centuryPeacekeeping Central African Republic Cyprus DR Congo Ivory Coast Lebanon Liberia Mali Somalia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uprising in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kraljevo,_German_soldiers_carrying_dead_soldier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo"},{"link_name":"German-occupied territory of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"43°43′25″N 20°41′15″E / 43.72361°N 20.68750°E / 43.72361; 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Klanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vukov_Klanac"},{"link_name":"Bregalnitsa–Strumica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregalnitsa%E2%80%93Strumica_operation"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Syrmian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front"},{"link_name":"Floxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Floxo"},{"link_name":"Niš airspace incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_battle_over_Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Batina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batina"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knin"},{"link_name":"Trnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trnovo"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_operation"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Spring Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Transdanubian Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Transdanubian_Hills"},{"link_name":"Lika-Primorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lika-Primorje_operation"},{"link_name":"Nagykanizsa-Körmend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagykanizsa-K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Operation"},{"link_name":"Lijevče Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste_operation"},{"link_name":"Zelengora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora"},{"link_name":"Poljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana"},{"link_name":"Odžak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak"},{"link_name":"Axis occupation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Hungarian occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories"},{"link_name":"Kosovo during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II in the Slovene Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Air warfare in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_in_Yugoslavia_(1941%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Allied bombing campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Yugoslavia_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"uprising in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Chetniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo"},{"link_name":"German-occupied territory of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Žiča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo_massacre"},{"link_name":"Soviet Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Red_Army"}],"text":"Siege of KraljevoPart of the uprising in Serbia during World War II in YugoslaviaGerman soldiers carry a dead comrade killed during the siege of Kraljevo in October 1941Date9 October 1941 — 31 October 1941LocationKraljevo, German-occupied territory of Serbia (modern-day Serbia)43°43′25″N 20°41′15″E / 43.72361°N 20.68750°E / 43.72361; 20.68750Result\nGerman forces retain control of KraljevoBelligerents\nAxis:\n Germany\n\nAllies: Chetniks\n\n\n Yugoslav PartisansCommanders and leaders\n Franz Böhme\n Radoslav Đurić [sr]\n Jovan Deroko\n Jovan Bojović [sr] †\n\n Ratko Mitrović [sr]\n Momčilo Radosavljević [sr]Units involved\n HQ of 749th Infantry regiment with one battalion\n 6th and 7th companies of the II Battalion of the 737th Jäger Regiment\n 670th Artillery Battalion\n The 522 sapper squad of 714th Jäger Division\n parts of units retreated from Užice, Požega and Čačak\n\n 717th Jäger Division\nChetnik Detachments:\n\n Jelica\n Bukovik\n Ibar\n Žiča\n Death\n\n Dragačevo Battalion\n Ljubić Battalion\n Jovan Kursula DetachmentStrength\n\n 3,000—4,000Casualties and losses\n\n130 dead rebels, mostly Chetniks\napproximately 2,000 civiliansvteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941\nAxis invasion\nBombing of Belgrade\nBombing of Sarajevo\nUprisings\n\nUprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nSanski Most\nEastern Herzegovina\nDrvar uprising\nRogatica\nOlovo\nUprising in Croatia\nSrb uprising\nUprising in Serbia\nBela Crkva\nLoznica\nBanja Koviljača\nŠabac\nKruševac\nMačva\nUzice\nKraljevo\nTrešnjica\nNovi Pazar\nMihailovic\nSjenica\nUprising in Montenegro\nBullseye\nPljevlja\n1942\n\nDražgoše\nSoutheast Croatia\nHydra\nPrijedor\nNanos\nTrio\nChetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines\nMontenegro\nKozara\nPartisan Long March\nKupres\nLivno\nAlfa\nKopaonik\nBihać\n1943\n\nCase White\nGreenwood–Rootham\nOtto\nFungus\nHoathley 1\nCase Black\nTypical\nZvornik\nDavidson\nGrčarice\nTurjak Castle\nMaclean\nVišegrad\nBombing of Podgorica\nBombing of Zadar\nDelphin\nRogers\nKugelblitz\nKočevje\n1944\n\nMaibaum\nBombing of Belgrade\nRaid on Šolta\nDafoe\nLindsay\nRösselsprung\nAndrijevica\nHalyard\nOžbalt\nRatweek\nSerbia\nBelgrade\nNiš\nStracin–Kumanovo\nVukov Klanac\nBregalnitsa–Strumica\nKosovo\nSyrmian Front\nFloxo\nNiš airspace incident\nBatina\nKnin\n1945\n\nTrnovo\nMostar\nBombing of Zagreb\nSpring Awakening\nTransdanubian Hills\nLika-Primorje\nNagykanizsa-Körmend\nSarajevo\nLijevče Field\nTrieste\nZelengora\nPoljana\nOdžak\n\nAxis occupation of Serbia\nHungarian occupation\nKosovo during World War II\nWorld War II in the Slovene Lands\nWorld War II in Yugoslav Macedonia\nAir warfare in Yugoslavia\nAllied bombing campaignThe siege of Kraljevo was the most important battle during the uprising in Serbia in 1941.[1][better source needed] The siege lasted from 9 to 31 October 1941. The battle was waged between besieging forces of the Chetniks and Yugoslav Partisans against German forces garrisoned in Kraljevo in the German-occupied territory of Serbia (modern-day Serbia).The rebel forces had between 3,000 and 4,000 soldiers. The battle started on 9 October 1941 when Chetniks attacked German forces near Monastery of Žiča. Several days after the battle began in reprisal for the attack on a German garrison, the German forces committed a massacre of approximately 2,000 civilians in the period between 15 and 20 October, in an event known as the Kraljevo massacre.On 23 October most of the Partisan forces left the siege of Kraljevo and regrouped their forces to attack Chetniks in Čačak, Užice and Požega. The rebels organized their last larger attack on Kraljevo on 31 October, using two tanks previously captured from German forces, but failed after suffering heavy casualties.In early November most of the Chetnik forces besieging Kraljevo retreated to reinforce their positions in other towns in Western Serbia attacked by communist forces. On 20 November 1941 both rebel formations signed truce only to be soon again defeated by German offensive in December 1941 that forced Partisans to leave Serbia and Mihailović and his Chetniks to flee constant German chases.Eventually, Soviet Red Army and Partisan forces captured Kraljevo in autumn 1944, killed at least 240 people in communist purges and established communist regime which lasted for about fifty years. The propaganda created by the winning Partisans was almost completely opposed to real events. The official Partisan historiography considered Chetniks as most responsible for the failed siege, presenting them as deceitful and untrustworthy with minimal combat value. On the other hand, the Partisans were depicted as heroically brave despite all odds at retaking the city.","title":"Siege of Kraljevo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kraljevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo"},{"link_name":"Axis occupied Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupied_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Jovan Deroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Deroko"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The attack on Kraljevo was one of the battles waged during the anti-Axis uprising in German-occupied Western Serbia, then part of the Axis occupied Yugoslavia. At the beginning of October 1941 military units of Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland and groups of communist rebels established Operational Headquarters (Serbian: Оперативни штаб) after they first captured German-occupied Čačak. The representatives of the Yugoslav Army in this HQ were Major Radoslav Đurić and Captain Jovan Deroko, while communist representatives were Ratko Mitrović and Momčilo Mole Radosavljević.[2] This Operational Headquarters decided to move their troops toward Kraljevo and prepare to capture it.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"714th Jäger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/114th_J%C3%A4ger_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Simo Uzelac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simo_Uzelac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J21813,_Franz_B%C3%B6hme.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franz Böhme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hme"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Western Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Morava"},{"link_name":"Ibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibar_(river)"},{"link_name":"Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morava_(river)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"military commander of occupied Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Franz Böhme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Axis forces included:[4]the headquarters of 749th Infantry regiment with one battalion\n6th and 7th companies of the II Battalion of the 737th Jäger Regiment\n670th Artillery Division\nThe 522 sapper squad of 714th Jäger Division\nparts of units retreated from Užice, Požega and ČačakThe Yugoslav Army forces had between 3,000 and 4,000 soldiers.[5] They were organized in following detachments:the Jelica Chetnik Detachment, commanded by Lieutenant Jovan Bojović, an active officer of the Yugoslav Royal Army[6]\nthe Bukovik Chetnik Detachment under command of Lieutenant Dušan Đokić[7]\nthe Ibar Chetnik Detachment\nthe Chetnik Detachment of Death commanded by Simo Uzelac, and\nthe Žiča Chetnik Detachment was commanded by Dušan Laušević.[8]The forces of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia were organized in three units:Dragačevo Battalion, Ljubić Battalion and Jovan Kursula Detachment.Franz BöhmeOn the meeting in the village Slatina, the Yugoslav Army reached agreement with communists to act together.[9] The rebel headquarters was Ružić Hill which is about 7 km South-West of Kraljevo.[10] The commander of the rebel forces was Major Radoslav Đurić, while the chief of the staff was Jovan Deroko.[11] Deroko was commander of all rebel forces at the left bank of Western Morava and right bank of Ibar, while Jovan Bojović was commander of all rebel forces on the right bank of Morava and left bank of Ibar.[12]On 3 October 1941 German military commander of occupied Serbia Franz Böhme ordered to unconditionally defend Kraljevo.[13] On 7 October Draža Mihailović ordered full battle readiness in villages surrounding Kraljevo.[14]","title":"Involved forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monastery of Žiča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Žiča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_%C5%BDi%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Clashes near Monastery of Žiča","text":"The first skirmishes within the battle for Kraljevo began in the early afternoon on 9 October near Monastery of Žiča when the Chetnik unit commanded by Milutin Janković attacked German unit which retreated to Kraljevo after a whole day battle in which Germans used canons to shell the monastery.[15] On 10 October German air forces bombarded the Monastery of Žiča using five airplanes and significantly damaged its church.[16] The battle near monastery lasted until the early morning of 11 October when Germans broke the rebel lines and put the monastery to fire.[17]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"717th Jäger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/117th_J%C3%A4ger_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac"},{"link_name":"Trstenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trstenik,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vrnjačka Banja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrnja%C4%8Dka_Banja"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_executions_in_Kraljevo_1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo_massacre"},{"link_name":"Partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"Chetnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo_massacre"},{"link_name":"Predrag Raković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predrag_Rakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Draža Mihailović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Dušan Simović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Simovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Siege","text":"On 10 October the rebel forces completely surrounded Kraljevo and began its siege.[18] On 12 October the 717th Jäger Division left Kragujevac to help besieged garrison in Kraljevo and reached Trstenik on the same day.[19] On 13 October they reached Vrnjačka Banja and villages near Kraljevo. On 15 October they clashed with Chetnik forces on the outskirts of Kraljevo.[20] After 45 minutes of artillery barrage, the Jelica Chetnik Detachment commanded by Jovan Bojović on the right wing and Ljubić Partisan Battalion on the left wing attacked North-West German positions in the first hours of 15 October and captured Agriculture School.[21] One platoon of Dragačevo Partisans attacked Kraljevo from the direction of the road toward Raška.[22] After one hour of fighting, rebels reached the court and church buildings in the city center.[23] The German right wing attacked rebels forcing them to retreat and encircling Jelica Chetnik Detachment which was almost completely annihilated.[24] In this battle Jovan Bojović was killed.[25] Miloje Mojsilović succeeded him on the position of commander of Jelica Chetnik Detachment.[26]Kraljevo massacreBetween 15 and 20 October 1941 German forces killed approximately 2,000 civilians in reprisal for a joint Partisan–Chetnik attack on a German garrison in an event known as the Kraljevo massacre. On 19 October 1941 Chetnik officer Predrag Raković reported his commander in Čačak, Captain Bogdan Marjanović that his men are disturbed by the news about communist violence in Ljubić county and that they threatened with desertion if this violence continues.[27] The rebel artillery shelled western and central part of the town on 19 and 20 October from Partisan held positions on Ružić hill.[28]On 28 October 1941 the commander of the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland Draža Mihailović received an order from Prime Minister of the Yugoslav Government in exile Dušan Simović who adjured Mihailović to eschew premature actions and avoid reprisals.[29] Two German battalions reinforced with two tanks attacked Partisan positions on Ružić hill in early morning of 21 October.[30] The Partisans flee their positions leaving their two cannons on the hill.[31] The German forces continue with their advances through positions deserted by Partisans and attack Chetnik positions killing many Chetnik soldiers before they retreated back to Kraljevo in early afternoon on the same day.[32]The last larger attack on Kraljevo happened on 31 October 1941 when attacking Partisan and Chetnik forces tried to penetrate German positions and enter into city using two tanks. For some time the historiography attributed this action solely to Partisans, but later this was corrected and participation of Chetniks was recognized.[33] About 130 people died on the rebels' side, both Chetnik and Partisan.[34] Most of rebel casualties were on the Chetnik side.[35] During the attack on German positions in the Farming School Chetnik Lieutenant Bojović was killed.[36] Chetnik Lieutenant Sima Uzelac and about a dozen of his soldiers were killed by machine gun while trying to cross barbed wires during their charge on an Axis bunker.[37]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Retreat of the Communist forces","text":"The Partisans cancelled their attacks on Kraljevo based on the order of the communist supreme command and their headquarters in Serbia.[38] The first units retreating from the siege were communist units, the Dragačevo Battalion which retreated on 23 October and three out of five companies of the Ljubić Battalion retreated before the end of October and sent to Čačak to fight against the Chetnik forces.[39]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simo_Uzelac.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jovan_Deroko_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jovan Deroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Deroko"},{"link_name":"Požega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEega,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Draža Mihailović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Mrčajevci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr%C4%8Dajevci"},{"link_name":"Preljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preljina"},{"link_name":"Tanasko Rajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanasko_Raji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Jovan Deroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Deroko"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Conflict among rebels for control over Čačak, Požega and Užice","text":"Simo Uzelac (left) who was killed by the Germans and Jovan Deroko (right) whose death at the hands of the Partisans led to an all out Chetnik–Partisan conflictIn the night between 2 and 3 November 1941 the communist commanders forged a plan to attack Požega, after they managed to resist Chetnik attack on their positions in Užice. The information that about 200 Partisans attacked Chetnik security forces of the Preljina airport was quickly reported to Major Đurić who held positions at the Kraljevo siege on the same night.[40]Draža Mihailović ordered on 5 November to Captain Bogdan Marjanović to intensify his actions and quickly capture Čačak, while Deroko was ordered to contact Marjanović and to take 2/3 his troops, artillery and vehicles to capture Čačak, while rest of his troops were ordered to secure area toward Raška and road between Kraljevo and Čačak.[41]Not all Chetnik forces left the siege of Kraljevo, but most of Chetniks did leave the siege.[42] Deroko and Chetnik detachment under his command headed toward Čačak through the village of Mrčajevci and easily took over Preljina from Partisans, crossed river Čemernica and positioned his forces that also included artillery on Ljubić hill, near the monument to Tanasko Rajić.[43] The Chetnik Captain Jovan Deroko was commander of the Chetnik artillery on Ljubić.[44] The communist forces forced Chetniks out of Ljubić, captured their artillery and killed Deroko[45] on 6 November 1941.","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Mihailović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Soviet Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Government of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"atrocities that were committed by members of the Yugoslav Partisan Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_purges_in_Serbia_in_1944%E2%80%9345"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"On 20 November 1941, the communist forces and Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland signed truce while the German offensive in December 1941 defeated both parties. The Communists retreated to Montenegro and Bosnia while Mihailović and a small number of his soldiers was forced to flee constant German chases.[46] The Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland and Partisans held each other as morally responsible for Kragujevac and Kraljevo massacres while Mihailović decided to resolve the communist question once for all.[47]At the beginning of 1942 some Chetniks legalized with Nedić administration buried Deroko besides the grave of Tanasko Rajić in Ljubić, but communists dig out his body in 1945 and disposed it on unknown location.[48] Eventually, Soviet Red Army and Yugoslav communist forces captured Kraljevo in Autumn 1944 and established a communist regime which lasted for about fifty years. After the regime of communists in Serbia ended the Government of Serbia and its Ministry of Justice established the commission to research atrocities that were committed by members of the Yugoslav Partisan Movement after they gained control over Serbia in Autumn 1944. According to the report of this commission, out of 55,554 registered victims of communist purges in Serbia the new communist regime in Kraljevo killed 240 people while 28 people are missing.[49]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spomen_groblje_Kraljevo_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Tanasko Rajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanasko_Raji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Požega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEega,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Užice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Two different parties that participated in the siege of Kraljevo have opposing and conflicting views on the events. Although both communists and Chetniks bravely fought in this battle, the post-war historiography published by Communist party denied Chetnik contribution labeling them with different defamatory expressions.[50]Memorial cemetery Kraljevo OctoberThe propaganda of local historiography created by the winning partisans was service of their communist ideology and presented selected parts of the Siege of Kraljevo to create historical consciousness almost completely opposed to real events.[51] For the half of the century the official historiography considered Chetniks as most responsible for failure and lifting the siege of Kraljevo.[52] The Chetniks were presented as deceitful and untrustworthy whose combat value was minimal, while notable examples of brave individuals which were impossible to ignore were neutralized by exerting the Chetniks' betrayal as their persistent behaviour.[53] The Partisans were depicted as heroically brave with almost perfect characteristics who had a role of Promethean heroes whose enemies, before all Chetniks, were forces whose role was menace.[54] The communist interpretation of the conflict with Yugoslav royalists was symbol of defeat of \"counter-revolution\", \"reaction\" and \"traitors\", particularly because this conflict reached its maximum on 7 November 1941 when communists in Čačak organized celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution.[55]In Chetnik interpretation of conflict with Partisans, Deroko received the fame of new Tanasko Rajić.[56] It is important to consider that communists detachment from Čačak left the siege of Požega in period 22–24 October to reinforce communist forces in Užice.[57] Taking in consideration the contemporary situation and conflicts between two rebel groups in Čačak, Požega and Užice, it can be concluded that this broader conflict between two rebel groups caused lifting the siege of Kraljevo.[58]","title":"Historical sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Srpska revolucija i obnova državnosti Srbije: Dvesta godina od Drugog srpskog ustanka: =Serbian Revolution and Renewal of Serbian Statehood: Two Hundred Years since the Second Serbian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1dttDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-86-7743-116-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-116-7"},{"link_name":"Partizanski odredi u Srbiji 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OoIYAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Zapadna Srbija 1941 [i.e. hiljadu devetsto četrdeset prve]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9ux5AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"A Balkan Tragedy – Yugoslavia, 1941–1946: Memoirs of a Guerilla Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8jpnAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88033-537-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-537-9"},{"link_name":"Draz̆a Mihailović and the Rise of the C̆etnik Movement, 1941–1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZbJEAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Balkans, 1804–1999: nationalism, war and the great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wAEXAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86207-050-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-050-9"}],"text":"Давидовић, Горан (2001). Чачани на опсади Краљева октобра 1941. године – Хронологија догађаја. Kraljevo: Научни скуп Краљево октобра 1941.\nДавидовић, Горан (2003). \"Чачани на опсади Краљева октобра 1941\". In Драган Драшковић (ed.). Kraljevo oktobra 1941. - zbornik radova. Радомир Ристић. Народни Музеј Краљево, Историјски Архив Краљево.\nRudić, Srđan; Pavlović, Lela (1 September 2016). Srpska revolucija i obnova državnosti Srbije: Dvesta godina od Drugog srpskog ustanka: =Serbian Revolution and Renewal of Serbian Statehood: Two Hundred Years since the Second Serbian Uprising. Istorijski institut, Beograd; Međuopštinski istorijski arhiv, Čačak. ISBN 978-86-7743-116-7.\nĐurišić, Mitar (1982). Partizanski odredi u Srbiji 1941. Narodna knjiga.\nMitrović, Dojčilo (1975). Zapadna Srbija 1941 [i.e. hiljadu devetsto četrdeset prve]. Nolit.\nVučković, Zvonimir (2004). A Balkan Tragedy – Yugoslavia, 1941–1946: Memoirs of a Guerilla Fighter. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-537-9.\nKarchmar, Lucien (1973). Draz̆a Mihailović and the Rise of the C̆etnik Movement, 1941–1942. Department of History, Stanford University.\nGlenny, Misha; Nairn, Tom (1999). The Balkans, 1804–1999: nationalism, war and the great powers. Granta. ISBN 978-1-86207-050-9.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"May 1941 Sanski Most revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1941_Sanski_Most_revolt"},{"link_name":"June uprising in eastern Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Siege of Rogatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Olovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Loznica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Banja Koviljača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Attack on Šabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_%C5%A0abac"},{"link_name":"Mačva operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dva_operation"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trešnjica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tre%C5%A1njica"},{"link_name":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Kru%C5%A1evac"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Operation Uzice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uzice"},{"link_name":"Operation Mihailovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic"},{"link_name":"Novi Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar"},{"link_name":"Sjenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sjenica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pljevlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja"},{"link_name":"Croatian Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Partisans#History"},{"link_name":"Srb uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srb_uprising"},{"link_name":"Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadak-Gollak_Uprising_(1941%E2%80%931951)"},{"link_name":"Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Operation Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trio"},{"link_name":"Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetnik_sabotage_of_Axis_communication_lines"},{"link_name":"Kozara Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Operation Alfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alfa"},{"link_name":"Operation Kopaonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik"},{"link_name":"Case White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_White"},{"link_name":"Case Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Black"},{"link_name":"Siege of Turjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Turjak"},{"link_name":"Operation Kugelblitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Višegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad"},{"link_name":"Operations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz"},{"link_name":"Operation Rösselsprung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Operation Rübezahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_R%C3%BCbezahl"},{"link_name":"Belgrade offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_offensive"},{"link_name":"Operation Draufgänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jelova Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jelova_Gora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tuzla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Batina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batina"},{"link_name":"Syrmian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front"},{"link_name":"Mostar operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_operation"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Operation"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lijevče Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zelengora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana"},{"link_name":"Battle of Odžak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak"},{"link_name":"Zagreb in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II in the Slovene Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Podgorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Factions in the Yugoslav Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Factions_in_the_Yugoslav_Front"},{"link_name":"People of the Yugoslav Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:People_of_the_Yugoslav_Front"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Wars and battles involving Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Serbian–Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(839%E2%80%93842)"},{"link_name":"Bulgar–Serb War (853)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(853)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_of_917%E2%80%93924"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaharija_of_Serbia#Rule"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serb War (998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1202)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1203)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1290)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1291)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War 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Pirot (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monastir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir"},{"link_name":"Siege of Scutari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912-1913)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Odrin_(1912%E2%80%931913)"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bregalnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kalimanci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci"},{"link_name":"Battle of Knjaževac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac"},{"link_name":"Siege of Vidin (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Ohrid–Debar uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mojkovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mojkovac"},{"link_name":"Serbian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cer"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crna_Bend_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bazargic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bazargic"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dobro Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Drina"},{"link_name":"Battle of Florina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Florina"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kaymakchalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kaymakchalan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kolubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara"},{"link_name":"Kosovo offensive (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Serbia,_Albania_and_Montenegro_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Malka Nidzhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malka_Nidzhe"},{"link_name":"Macedonian front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front"},{"link_name":"Monastir offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir_offensive"},{"link_name":"Morava Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morava_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Ovče Pole Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Vardar offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_offensive"},{"link_name":"Srem Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srem_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Toplica Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplica_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Interwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Carinthia War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Drenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo#Activity_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Christmas Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian-Yugoslav_Border_War_(1921)"},{"link_name":"Drenica-Junik Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azem_Galica#Resistance_against_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Serbia (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Montenegro (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)"},{"link_name":"June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Battle of Novi Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pljevlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara"},{"link_name":"Battle of Loznica (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Livno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Livno"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sutjeska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska"},{"link_name":"Raid on Drvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lijevče Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field"},{"link_name":"1942 Montenegro offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Montenegro_offensive"},{"link_name":"Bihać Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Operation"},{"link_name":"Battle of Batina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batina"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Capture of Banja Koviljača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Case Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Black"},{"link_name":"Case White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_White"},{"link_name":"Operation Draufgänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Kozara Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kupres (1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Višegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad"},{"link_name":"Mostar operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_operation"},{"link_name":"Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagykanizsa%E2%80%93K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Niš operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation"},{"link_name":"Battle of Odžak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak"},{"link_name":"Capture of Olovo (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Operation Alfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alfa"},{"link_name":"Operation Delphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Delphin"},{"link_name":"Operation Kopaonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik"},{"link_name":"Operation Kugelblitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz"},{"link_name":"Operation Mihailovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic"},{"link_name":"Operation Southeast Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Operation Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trio"},{"link_name":"Operation Uzice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uzice"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana"},{"link_name":"Operation Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prijedor"},{"link_name":"Siege of Rogatica (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Operation Rösselsprung (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Operation (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Operation Spring Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Srb uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srb_uprising"},{"link_name":"Stratsin-Kumanovo operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratsin-Kumanovo_operation"},{"link_name":"Syrmian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zvornik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sarajevo (1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zelengora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora"},{"link_name":"Pakrac clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakrac_clash"},{"link_name":"Plitvice Lakes incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borovo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo"},{"link_name":"Operation Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stinger"},{"link_name":"1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vukovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gospić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Battle of Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kusonje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Siege of Varaždin Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Siege of Bjelovar Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Dalmatian Channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels"},{"link_name":"Siege of Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Operation Otkos 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10"},{"link_name":"Operation Orkan 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91"},{"link_name":"Operation Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"Operation Baranja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Baranja"},{"link_name":"Operation Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jackal"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Miljevci Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Operation Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)"},{"link_name":"Operation Maslenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maslenica"},{"link_name":"Operation Medak Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Operation Winter '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794"},{"link_name":"Operation Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flash"},{"link_name":"Operation Summer '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795"},{"link_name":"Operation Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bosanski Brod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosanski_Brod"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kupres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Siege of Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"Siege of Goražde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde"},{"link_name":"Siege of Doboj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj"},{"link_name":"Operation Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jackal"},{"link_name":"Siege of Bihać (1992–95)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"Operation Vrbas '92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792"},{"link_name":"Operation Corridor 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92"},{"link_name":"Operation Bura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bura"},{"link_name":"Kravica attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Operation Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Irma"},{"link_name":"Operation Bøllebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank"},{"link_name":"Operation Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kupres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Operation Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Amanda"},{"link_name":"Operation Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spider"},{"link_name":"Operation Winter '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vlašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Operation Leap 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Leap_1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Orašje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"Operation Leap 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Leap_2"},{"link_name":"Operation Summer '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vrbanja Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vozuća","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Operation Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)"},{"link_name":"Operation Mistral 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2"},{"link_name":"Operation Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sana"},{"link_name":"Operation Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Una"},{"link_name":"Operation Southern Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move"},{"link_name":"NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"1995 Pale air strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes"},{"link_name":"Operation Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"Operation Deliberate Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force"},{"link_name":"Operation Maritime Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(December_1998)"},{"link_name":"Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(April_1999)"},{"link_name":"April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_23,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush"},{"link_name":"Attack on Orahovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Orahovac"},{"link_name":"Attack on Prekaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lođa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a"},{"link_name":"Battle of Oraovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oraovica"},{"link_name":"Battle of Belaćevac Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine"},{"link_name":"Battle of Podujevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Podujevo"},{"link_name":"December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_14,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush"},{"link_name":"Battle of Glođane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane"},{"link_name":"July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_18,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clashes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Junik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Junik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Košare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in the Preševo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley"},{"link_name":"Prizren incident (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren_incident_(1999)"},{"link_name":"NATO bombing of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Dubrava Prison bombings and executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrava_Prison_bombings_and_executions"},{"link_name":"1999 F-117A shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Peacekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"}],"text":"Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić, ed. (2003). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo.vteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941\nInvasion of Yugoslavia\nUprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nMay 1941 Sanski Most revolt\nJune uprising in eastern Herzegovina\nSiege of Rogatica\nOlovo\nUprising in Serbia\nBattle of Loznica\nBattle of Banja Koviljača\nAttack on Šabac\nMačva operation\nBattle of Trešnjica\nKruševac\nKraljevo\nOperation Uzice\nOperation Mihailovic\nNovi Pazar\nSjenica\nUprising in Montenegro\nBattle of Pljevlja\nUprising in Croatia\nCroatian Partisans\nSrb uprising\nKaradak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951)\n1942\nOperations Southeast Croatia and Ozren\nOperation Trio\nChetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines\nKozara Offensive\nOperation Alfa\nOperation Kopaonik\n1943\nCase White\nCase Black\nSiege of Turjak\nOperation Kugelblitz\nBattle of Višegrad\n1944\nOperations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm\nOperation Rösselsprung\nOperation Rübezahl\nBelgrade offensive\nOperation Draufgänger\nBattle of Jelova Gora\nKosovo Operation\nBattle of Knin\nBattle of Tuzla\nBattle of Batina\n1945\nSyrmian Front\nMostar operation\nSarajevo Operation\nBattle of Lijevče Field\nBattle of Zelengora\nBattle of Poljana\nBattle of Odžak\nCroatia\nZagreb in World War II\nMacedonia\nWorld War II in Yugoslav Macedonia\nSerbia\nKosovo during World War II\nSlovenia\nWorld War II in the Slovene Lands\nStrategic bombing\nBelgrade\n1941\n1944\nPodgorica\nSarajevo\nZadar\nZagreb\n\nsee also\n\nFactions in the Yugoslav Front\nPeople of the Yugoslav FrontvteWars and battles involving SerbsMedievalSerbian–Bulgarian\nBulgar–Serb War (839–842)\nBulgar–Serb War (853)\nBulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924\nBulgarian–Serbian border revolt\nBulgarian-Serb War (998)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1202)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1203)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1290)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1291)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1330)\nBattle of Velbazhd\nSerbian–Ottoman\nEarly skirmishes\nBattle of Gallipoli\nBattle of Stephaniana\nBattle of Demotika in 1352\nBattle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364\nFall of the Serbian Empire\nBattle of Maritsa in 1371\nBattle of Dubravnica in 1381\nBattle of Savra in 1385\nBattle of Pločnik in 1386\nBattle of Kosovo in 1389\nSerbian Despotate\nBattle of Karanovasa\nBattle of Tripolje in 1402\nSiege of Novo Brdo in 1412\nBattle of Vitosha Pass in 1413\nBattle of Carmorlu\nFirst Scutari War\nSecond Scutari War\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1425\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1427\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1437\nBattle of Trnava (1430)\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1438\nOttoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)\nCrusade of Varna\nBattle of Nish (1443)\nBattle of Zlatitsa in 1443\nBattle of Kunovica in 1444\nOttoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)\nBattle of Kruševac in 1454\nBattle of Leskovac in 1454\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1456\nSiege of Belgrade\nSiege of Smederevo\nOttoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459\nBattle of Breadfield in 1479\nOttoman conquest of Zeta in 1499\nSerbian–Byzantine\nSerb Uprising of 1038–1042\nBattle of Bar\nSlav Uprising in Pomoravlje\nBattle of Zvečan (1094)\nBattle of Haram\nSiege of Ras (1127)\nBattle of Tara (1150)\nByzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)\nSiege of Braničevo (1154)\nBattle of Pantina\nByzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)\nByzantine civil war of 1321–1328\nSerbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334)\nByzantine civil war of 1341–1347\nOther\nHungarian invasions of Europe\nMagyar–Serb conflict\nByzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)\nBattle of Sirmium\nBattle of Gacko\nSerbian conflict with the Nogai Horde\nMongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia\nMačva War\nHungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)\nWar of Hum (1326–1329)\nSerbian civil war of 1331\nSerbian nobility conflict (1369)\nBattle of Rovine\nBattle of Nicopolis\nBattle of Ankara\nBattle of Kosmidion\nBattle of Çamurlu\nBattle of Despotovac\nSiege of Belgrade (1440)\nBattle of Kosovo (1448)\nFall of Constantinople\nForeign ruleHabsburgs\nJovan Nenad's uprising\nHungarian campaign of 1527–1528\nBattle of Szőlős\nBattle of Sződfalva\nBattle of Keresztes\nGreat Turkish War\nSiege of Belgrade (1688)\nBattle of Batočina\nBattle of Niš (1689)\nSiege of Belgrade (1690)\nBattle of Lugos\nRákóczi's War of Independence\nBattle of Saint Gotthard (1705)\nAustro-Turkish War (1716–1718)\nSiege of Belgrade (1717)\nRusso-Turkish War (1735–1739)\nBattle of Zsibó\nBattle of Trenčín\nBattle of Petrovaradin\nBattle of Banja Luka\nAustro-Turkish War (1788–1791)\nOttomans\nLong War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606)\nBanat Uprising (1594)\nSerb Uprising of 1596–1597\nBattle of Mohács (1687)\nUprising in Vučitrn\nSerb uprising of 1737–1739\nKočina Krajina Serb rebellion\nBattle of Martinići (1796)\nBattle of Krusi\nBattle of Lopate\nVenice\nMorean War\nCretan War (1645–1669)\nGreat Turkish War\nBattle on Vrtijeljka\nBattle of Slankamen\nBattle of Senta\nRussia\nSerbian Hussar Regiment\nPruth River Campaign\nWar of the Polish Succession\nRusso-Swedish War (1741–1743)\nSeven Years' War\n19th centurySerbian Revolution\nFirst Serbian Uprising\nVračar\nRudnik\nSvileuva\nBatočina and Jagodina\nKragujevac\nDrlupa\nČokešina\nŠabac\nPožarevac\nKaranovac\nAdakale\nIvankovac\nRudnik\nVrbica\nMišar\nDeligrad\nBelgrade (1806)\nLiberation of Belgrade\nLoznica\nMalajnica and Štubik\nČegar\nJasika\nPrahovo\nSuvodol\nDrina\nVarvarin\nLoznica\nMačva\nRavnje\nHadži Prodan's Revolt\nSecond Serbian Uprising\nLjubić\nČačak\nPalež\nPožarevac\nRudnik\nDružetić\nKragujevac\nJagodina\nKaranovac\nBatočina\nUžice\nValjevo\nBatočina\nOttoman\nMontenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)\nBattle of Grahovac\nBattle of Kolašin\nMontenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)\nMontenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)\nBattle of Vučji Do\nBattle of Fundina\nBattles for Plav and Gusinje\nVelika attacks\nBattle of Novšiće\nBattle of Murino\nOther\nKumanovo uprising\nAdriatic campaign of 1807–1814\nJančić's rebellion\nPriest Jovica's Rebellion\nSeveral battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848\nBattle of Vršac (1849)\nSerbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)\nBattle of Vranje\nSiege of Cattaro\nHerzegovina uprising (1852–1862)\nKrivošije uprising (1869)\nRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878)\nAU-BiH War\nBattle of Jajce (1878)\nBattle of Vitez (1878)\nBattle of Sarajevo (1878)\nSerbo-Bulgarian War\nBattle of Pirot\nBattle of Slivnitsa\n20th centuryMacedonian Struggle\nFight on Šuplji Kamen\nFight on Čelopek\nFight in Tabanovce\nFight in Velika Hoča\nFight on Čelopek (1906)\nBattle of Pirot (1913)\nBalkan Wars\nFirst Balkan War\nBattle of Kumanovo\nBattle of Prilep\nBattle of Monastir\nSiege of Scutari\nSiege of Adrianople\nSiege of Odrin (1912–1913)\nSecond Balkan War\nBattle of Bregalnica\nBattle of Kalimanci\nBattle of Knjaževac\nSiege of Vidin (1913)\nOhrid–Debar uprising\nWorld War I\nMontenegrin campaign\nBattle of Mojkovac\nSerbian campaign\nBattle of Cer\nBattle of the Crna Bend (1916)\nBattle of Bazargic\nBattle of Dobro Pole\nBattle of the Drina\nBattle of Florina\nBattle of Kaymakchalan\nBattle of Kolubara\nKosovo offensive (1915)\nLiberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)\nBattle of Malka Nidzhe\nMacedonian front\nMonastir offensive\nMorava Offensive\nOvče Pole Offensive\nVardar offensive\nSrem Offensive\nToplica Uprising\nInterwar\nCarinthia War\nUprising in Drenica\nChristmas Uprising\nAllied intervention in the Russian Civil War\nAlbanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)\nDrenica-Junik Uprising\nWorld War II\nInvasion of Yugoslavia\nUprising in Serbia (1941)\nUprising in Montenegro (1941)\nJune 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina\nBattle of Novi Pazar\nBattle of Pljevlja\nBattle of Kozara\nBattle of Loznica (1941)\nBattle of Livno\nBattle of Neretva\nBattle of the Sutjeska\nRaid on Drvar\nBattle of Knin\nBattle of Mostar\nBattle of Lijevče Field\n1942 Montenegro offensive\nBihać Operation\nBattle of Batina\nBelgrade Offensive\nCapture of Banja Koviljača\nCase Black\nCase White\nOperation Draufgänger\nKozara Offensive\nBattle of Kupres (1942)\nBattle of Višegrad\nMostar operation\nNagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive\nNiš operation\nBattle of Odžak\nCapture of Olovo (1941)\nOperation Alfa\nOperation Delphin\nOperation Kopaonik\nOperation Kugelblitz\nOperation Mihailovic\nOperation Southeast Croatia\nOperation Trio\nOperation Uzice\nBattle of Poljana\nOperation Prijedor\nSiege of Rogatica (1941)\nOperation Rösselsprung (1944)\nKosovo Operation (1944)\nOperation Spring Awakening\nSrb uprising\nStratsin-Kumanovo operation\nSyrmian Front\nBattle of Zvornik\nBattle of Sarajevo (1945)\nBattle of Zelengora\nCroatian War\nPakrac clash\nPlitvice Lakes incident\nBattle of Borovo Selo\nOperation Stinger\n1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia\nBattle of Osijek\nBattle of Vukovar\nBattle of Gospić\nBattle of Šibenik\nBattle of Zadar\nBattle of Kusonje\nBattle of the Barracks\nSiege of Varaždin Barracks\nSiege of Bjelovar Barracks\nBattle of the Dalmatian Channels\nSiege of Dubrovnik\nOperation Otkos 10\nOperation Orkan 91\nOperation Whirlwind\nOperation Baranja\nOperation Jackal\nBattle of the Miljevci Plateau\nOperation Tiger\nOperation Maslenica\nOperation Medak Pocket\nOperation Winter '94\nOperation Flash\nOperation Summer '95\nOperation Storm\nBosnian War\nBattle of Bosanski Brod\nBattle of Kupres\nSiege of Sarajevo\nSiege of Srebrenica\nSiege of Goražde\nSiege of Doboj\nOperation Jackal\nSiege of Bihać (1992–95)\nOperation Vrbas '92\nOperation Corridor 92\nOperation Bura\nKravica attack\nSiege of Mostar\nOperation Irma\nOperation Bøllebank\nOperation Tiger\nBattle of Kupres\nOperation Amanda\nOperation Spider\nOperation Winter '94\nBattle of Vlašić\nOperation Leap 1\nBattle of Orašje\nOperation Leap 2\nOperation Summer '95\nBattle of Vrbanja Bridge\nBattle of Vozuća\nOperation Miracle\nOperation Mistral 2\nOperation Sana\nOperation Una\nOperation Southern Move\nNATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1995 Pale air strikes\nOperation Deny Flight\nOperation Deliberate Force\nOperation Maritime Monitor\nKosovo War\nInsurgency in Kosovo\nAlbanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)\nAlbania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)\nApril 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush\nAttack on Orahovac\nAttack on Prekaz\nBattle of Lođa\nBattle of Oraovica\nBattle of Belaćevac Mine\nBattle of Podujevo\nDecember 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush\nBattle of Glođane\nJuly 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes\nBattle of Junik\nBattle of Košare\n Insurgency in the Preševo Valley\nPrizren incident (1999)\n NATO bombing of Yugoslavia\nDubrava Prison bombings and executions\n1999 F-117A shootdown\n21st centuryPeacekeeping\nCentral African Republic\nCyprus\nDR Congo\nIvory Coast\nLebanon\nLiberia\nMali\nSomalia","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Franz Böhme","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J21813%2C_Franz_B%C3%B6hme.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J21813%2C_Franz_B%C3%B6hme.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kraljevo massacre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/German_executions_in_Kraljevo_1941.jpg/220px-German_executions_in_Kraljevo_1941.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial cemetery Kraljevo October","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Spomen_groblje_Kraljevo_04.jpg/220px-Spomen_groblje_Kraljevo_04.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić, ed. (2003). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 327.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 287.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 287.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 281.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Kosta (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 30. . Najveće borbe u celom ustanku vođene su oko Kraljeva. Tamo su zabeležene i najveće ustaničke žrtve, u najvećem broju nacionalnih boraca.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 287.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 288.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"}]},{"reference":"Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 37. Капетан Дероко требало је да дође у везу са капетаном Марјановићем и са 2/3 свог људства, топовима, борним колима, овлада Чачком, а са преосталим људством обезбеди правац према Рашкој и правац Краљево-Чачак. Четничка","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"}]},{"reference":"Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 37. Четничка опсада Краљева није потпуно напуштена, али главни...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"}]},{"reference":"Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 39.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"}]},{"reference":"\"Registar Žrtava\". www.komisija1944.mpravde.gov.rs. Ministry of Justice, Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 6 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://otvorenaknjiga.komisija1944.mpravde.gov.rs/cr/#00","url_text":"\"Registar Žrtava\""}]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 299. Selectively presented parts of the war drama in the service of ideology have a particularly long and poisonous effect. Such was the case with the presentation of the siege of Kraljevo in the local historiography and publicist writing of Cacak. The thought-out propaganda of the winning partisans created the historical consciousness almost diametrically opposed to real developments and always in conflict with the comparative oral tradition, which did not stop living as a type of social subconsciousness.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 299. Stereotypes were focused on presentation of the perfidious and hidden chetniks' false collaboration with partisans. The chetniks' value in use at the front was reduced to a minimum, and individual examples of bravery which could not be ignored were counterbalanced with a strong presentation of chetniks' treason as a constant of their behaviour.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Timotijević, Miloš (2003). Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić (ed.). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo. p. 299. Perfidy, cowardice, traitorous behaviour and lack of skill and training, as negative characteristics, became features of chetniks. On the other hand, an image of brave heroic partisans possessing almost perfect characteristics was created. .... ....where partisans had the role of the Promethean heroes, and their opponents, before all chetniks, the role of forces jeopardising people.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Давидовић, Горан (2001). Чачани на опсади Краљева октобра 1941. године – Хронологија догађаја. Kraljevo: Научни скуп Краљево октобра 1941.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Давидовић, Горан (2003). \"Чачани на опсади Краљева октобра 1941\". In Драган Драшковић (ed.). Kraljevo oktobra 1941. - zbornik radova. Радомир Ристић. Народни Музеј Краљево, Историјски Архив Краљево.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rudić, Srđan; Pavlović, Lela (1 September 2016). Srpska revolucija i obnova državnosti Srbije: Dvesta godina od Drugog srpskog ustanka: =Serbian Revolution and Renewal of Serbian Statehood: Two Hundred Years since the Second Serbian Uprising. Istorijski institut, Beograd; Međuopštinski istorijski arhiv, Čačak. ISBN 978-86-7743-116-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1dttDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222","url_text":"Srpska revolucija i obnova državnosti Srbije: Dvesta godina od Drugog srpskog ustanka: =Serbian Revolution and Renewal of Serbian Statehood: Two Hundred Years since the Second Serbian Uprising"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-116-7","url_text":"978-86-7743-116-7"}]},{"reference":"Đurišić, Mitar (1982). Partizanski odredi u Srbiji 1941. Narodna knjiga.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OoIYAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Partizanski odredi u Srbiji 1941"}]},{"reference":"Mitrović, Dojčilo (1975). Zapadna Srbija 1941 [i.e. hiljadu devetsto četrdeset prve]. Nolit.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ux5AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Zapadna Srbija 1941 [i.e. hiljadu devetsto četrdeset prve]"}]},{"reference":"Vučković, Zvonimir (2004). A Balkan Tragedy – Yugoslavia, 1941–1946: Memoirs of a Guerilla Fighter. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-537-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8jpnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A Balkan Tragedy – Yugoslavia, 1941–1946: Memoirs of a Guerilla Fighter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-537-9","url_text":"978-0-88033-537-9"}]},{"reference":"Karchmar, Lucien (1973). Draz̆a Mihailović and the Rise of the C̆etnik Movement, 1941–1942. Department of History, Stanford University.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbJEAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Draz̆a Mihailović and the Rise of the C̆etnik Movement, 1941–1942"}]},{"reference":"Glenny, Misha; Nairn, Tom (1999). The Balkans, 1804–1999: nationalism, war and the great powers. Granta. ISBN 978-1-86207-050-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wAEXAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Balkans, 1804–1999: nationalism, war and the great powers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-050-9","url_text":"978-1-86207-050-9"}]},{"reference":"Dragan Drašković, Radomir Ristić, ed. (2003). Kraljevo in October 1941. Kraljevo: National Museum Kraljevo, Historical Archive Kraljevo.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Kraljevo&params=43_43_25_N_20_41_15_E_region:RS","external_links_name":"43°43′25″N 20°41′15″E / 43.72361°N 20.68750°E / 43.72361; 20.68750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Kraljevo&params=43_43_25_N_20_41_15_E_region:RS","external_links_name":"43°43′25″N 20°41′15″E / 43.72361°N 20.68750°E / 43.72361; 20.68750"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"},{"Link":"http://otvorenaknjiga.komisija1944.mpravde.gov.rs/cr/#00","external_links_name":"\"Registar Žrtava\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1dttDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222","external_links_name":"Srpska revolucija i obnova državnosti Srbije: Dvesta godina od Drugog srpskog ustanka: =Serbian Revolution and Renewal of Serbian Statehood: Two Hundred Years since the Second Serbian Uprising"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OoIYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Partizanski odredi u Srbiji 1941"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ux5AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Zapadna Srbija 1941 [i.e. hiljadu devetsto četrdeset prve]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8jpnAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"A Balkan Tragedy – Yugoslavia, 1941–1946: Memoirs of a Guerilla Fighter"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbJEAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Draz̆a Mihailović and the Rise of the C̆etnik Movement, 1941–1942"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wAEXAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Balkans, 1804–1999: nationalism, war and the great powers"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_Campaign	Tauranga campaign	["1 Background","2 Battle of Gate Pā","2.1 Reaction to British defeat","3 Battle of Te Ranga","4 Aftermath","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Armed conflict in New Zealand's bay of Plenty Tauranga campaignPart of the New Zealand WarsMonument to Rāwiri PuhirakeDate21 January 1864 to 21 June 1864LocationBay of Plenty, New ZealandResult British victoryBelligerents United Kingdom: Colony of New Zealand Tauranga MāoriCommanders and leaders Duncan Cameron Henry Harpur Greer Rāwiri Puhirake † Hoera te MataataiUnits involved Royal Navy HMS Miranda HMS Esk HMS Curacoa HMS Falcon HMS Harrier HMS Eclipse Royal Marine Artillery British Army 12th Regiment 14th Regiment 40th Regiment 43rd Regiment 65th Regiment 68th Regiment Royal Engineers Royal Artillery Militia 1st Waikato Militia Tauranga Ngāi Te Rangi Ngāti Koheriki Ngāti Pikiao Ngāti Porou Ngāti PukengaStrength 1700 500Casualties and losses 44 killed and 119 wounded 98 to 123 killed and 12 to 17 woundedvteNew Zealand Wars Wairau Affray (1843) Flagstaff War (1845) Hutt Valley campaign (1846) Whanganui campaign (1847) First Taranaki War (1860–1861) Invasion of the Waikato (1863–1864) Tauranga campaign (1864) Second Taranaki War (1863–1866) East Cape War (1865–1866) Tītokowaru's War (1868–1869) Te Kooti's War (1868–1872) The Tauranga campaign was a six-month-long armed conflict in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty in early 1864, and part of the New Zealand Wars that were fought over issues of land ownership and sovereignty. The campaign was a sequel to the invasion of Waikato, which aimed to crush the Māori King (Kingitanga) Movement that was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the British monarchy. British forces suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Gate Pā on 29 April 1864, with 31 killed and 80 wounded despite outnumbering their Māori foe, but saved face seven weeks later by routing their enemy at the Battle of Te Ranga, in which more than 100 Māori were killed or fatally wounded, including their commander, Rawiri Puhirake. Background In late January 1864 British commander General Duncan Cameron—at the time still facing the intimidating Paterangi line of Māori defences in the Waikato campaign—despatched by sea an expedition to occupy Tauranga, through which he believed his enemy were transporting men and supplies from the East Coast.: 185–186 The local Ngāi Te Rangi Māori were hostile to the government, a major gunpowder store was known to be inland of Tauranga and the district was an important source of food for Māori fighting British forces in the Waikato. While Colonel Henry Greer was landed with his force at Te Papa, where they built two redoubts, Captain Robert Jenkins, commander of HMS Miranda, was ordered to blockade the harbour to prevent the arrival of more Māori reinforcements. Lieutenant-General Duncan Cameron, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in New Zealand, 1863–1865. Though Cameron's strategy gained the enthusiastic support of Premier Frederick Whitaker and his cabinet, who were keen to use the 1863 confiscations legislation to open fresh territory for European settlement, Governor George Grey was opposed, fearing it would raise rebellion in more Māori tribes, including those that had thus far refrained from supporting the Kingitanga movement. Grey withdrew his initial assent for Whitaker's orders to take an aggressive stance and instead directed the Tauranga expedition's commander, Brigadier George Carey, to remain strictly on the defensive, apart from intercepting armed bands en route to the Waikato.: 185–186 Alerted to their arrival, Ngāi Te Rangi warriors returned from the Waikato battlefields and built a hilltop fort, or pā, on high ground at Te Waoku near the Waimapu Stream overlooking the Bay of Plenty, where they established a garrison of about 100 men. Ngāi Te Rangi chief Rawiri Puhirake taunted Carey in a letter, challenging him to fight, then in April 1864 moved closer to the British base to occupy to a new ridge-top position at Pukehinahina, a locality known to Europeans as "The Gate" because of the presence of a post-and-rail fence and gateway used by Māori to block Pākehā trespassers. The new fortification, which became known as the "Gate Pā", was built just 5 km from imperial troops, who were prohibited by Grey's orders from intervening. Puhirake, finding it increasingly difficult to keep his force together without a battle in prospect, again attempted to goad the British into action. Meanwhile, fighting had already broken out nearby. A large contingent of East Coast Māori, possibly as many as 700 warriors, were making their way towards the conflict at Waikato. Their route took them through the territory of another tribe which saw themselves as allies of the Pākehā, the Arawa tribe based around Rotorua. Forewarned of this, the Arawa chiefs called back their tribesmen, many of whom were working in Auckland or further north. Pausing in Tauranga to borrow guns from the British, they hastened onward to Rotorua. Four hundred warriors of the tribe were mobilised and they met and held the East Coast Māori on 7 April in a two-day battle on the shores of Lake Rotoiti. On 27 April fighting broke out again on the coast, with Māori loyal to the Crown supported by the 43rd Regiment and British corvettes firing on Kingite Māori as they were pursued through the sand dunes. Battle of Gate Pā Plan of the attack on Gate Pā Gate Pā, based on a sketch by Lieutenant Horatio Gordon Robley. Still hoping to provoke an attack, the 250 Ngāi Te Rangi fighters at Pukehinahina enlarged the existing trench and banks and transformed the pā into a system of two redoubts, including a honeycomb of rua, or anti-artillery bunkers. Ngāi Te Rangi garrisoned the main redoubt, and about 30 members of the Ngāti Koheriki hapu and another 10 men from Piri-Rikau and other hapu manned the smaller redoubt. With timber scarce in surrounding swampland, palisading was frail, but the location of the redoubt on a hilltop, and the total span of the palisading gave their enemy the impression of greater strength than it actually possessed. In all, the total garrison of Gate Pā was about 230 men. On 5 April Cameron abandoned hope of pursuing Ngāti Hauā leader and prominent Kingite Wiremu Tamihana after his foe evacuated the besieged Te Tiki o te Ihingarangi pā near Lake Karapiro. Cameron switched his attention to Tauranga, arriving there on 21 April in HMS Esk and established his headquarters at Tauranga. In addition to the reinforcements on Esk, more from Auckland arrived on HMS Falcon. Within days Cameron decided he had sufficient forces to finally march against Gate Pā. On the afternoon of 28 April, Cameron launched an hour-long attack on the front of Gate Pā with four batteries of artillery placed at a range of between 350 and 800 metres. The battery—the heaviest used in the wars of 1863–1864—included a 110-pounder Armstrong gun, two 40-pounder and two six-pounder Armstrongs, two 24-pounder howitzers, two eight-inch mortars, and six Coehorn mortars. According to accounts by Hēni Te Kiri Karamū and Hōri Ngātai, the first victims of the British cannon shots were Church of England ministers conducting prayers. Late in the night Greer moved his 700 men from the 68th Regiment across swamps to the east of Gate Pā under cover of darkness and rain to take up a position to the rear of the redoubt to cut off a Māori retreat. Those forces were joined by a detachment of the Naval Brigade from the warships Esk, Falcon and HMS Miranda. By daybreak on 29 April Cameron had a total of about 1650 men surrounding the pā: 700 of the 68th Regiment, 420 from the Naval Brigade, 300 of the 43rd Regiment, 50 Royal Artillery, and another 180 members of the 12th, 14th, 40th and 65th Regiments. At first light on 29 April the assembled guns and mortars opened fire again, this time maintaining the bombardment for more than eight hours. They destroyed the palisade and completely suppressed Māori gunfire. An estimated 30 tonnes of shell and shot were dropped on or near the Māori position,: 178–183 killing about 15 of the defenders. The attack on the pā (from a British book) At about 4pm, with no sign of life in the pā, Cameron ordered an assault by 300 men—a combined force of Naval Brigade under Commander Hay and the 43rd Regiment, led by Lieutenant-Colonel H.G. Booth—who ran in four abreast with fixed bayonets. Another 300 men followed at a distance as a reserve. Some in the initial British assault force were shot as they entered the main pā, and inside the redoubt more fell as they engaged in hand-to-hand combat with Māori armed with shotguns and mere (short clubs). A lull of about five minutes occurred, during which time Captain G.R. Greaves, who was with the leading files of the assault party, left the pā and reported to Cameron that the redoubt had been captured and that British casualties were light.: 184–188 But minutes later, as the rear of the pā was breached by the 68th Regiment, all changed. In a sequence of events that is still unclear, fierce fighting erupted, taking a heavy toll on the invaders and panicked British forces began streaming out of the pā. Historian James Cowan wrote: "More than a hundred of the assaulting column were casualties, and the glacis and the interior of the pā were strewn with dead or dying. The Maori suffered too, but not severely." Thirty-one of the British force died, including 10 officers, while 80 were wounded. At least 25-30 Māori were killed or missing. Gate Pā after its evacuation on 30 April, based on a sketch by Lieutenant Horatio Gordon Robley. Several theories exist to explain the British stampede from the pā. A contemporary report by a seaman in the pā suggested that the flood of soldiers from the 68th Regiment at the rear was mistaken for Māori reinforcements. Historian James Belich has postulated that the bulk of the Māori garrison remained concealed in camouflaged bunkers as the British forces stormed the pā, before unleashing waves of heavy volleys from close range on the British, who were almost standing on their hidden foes. Belich cites descriptions of the main redoubt as being "like ratholes everywhere, with covered ways and underground chambers" and notes that Rawiri Puhirake ordered defenders to "not utter a word or fire a shot till the proper time came for the order". Belich claims that by providing only a feeble defence from the garrison during the storming of the pā and keeping his garrison hidden, Rawiri Puhirake employed a "remarkable tactical ploy ... brilliantly implemented as well as brilliantly conceived" to lure the British into a deadly trap.: 184–188 As night fell, the Gate Pā garrison, assuming the site would be stormed the next morning, evacuated their position, passing through the lines of the 68th Regiment and fleeing across surrounding swamps before dispersing. Reaction to British defeat Gate Pā was the single most devastating defeat suffered by the British military in the New Zealand Wars: while British casualties totalled more than a third of the storming party, Māori losses are generally unknown but thought to number at least 25-30, including Ngāi Te Rangi chiefs Te Reweti, Eru Puhirake, Tikitu, Te Kani, Te Rangihau, and Te Wharepouri, and Te Urungawera chief Te Kau. Te Moana-nui and Te Ipu were among the wounded, estimated at at least 25-30. To contemporaries Gate Pā was seen as a shattering and humiliating defeat, with one newspaper noting that the "gallant" force had been "trampled in the dust ... by a horde of half-naked, half-armed savages". Grey, horrified by the disaster, began exploring ways to limit the extent of land confiscations and thus reduce Māori resistance.: 188–193 Grey visited Tauranga on 12 May to confer with Cameron and engaged some neutral Māori to act as intermediaries with the Kingites to negotiate a peace agreement.: 184–188 Three days later, on 15 May, Cameron advised Grey he had decided to cease aggressive operations in Tauranga; the following day he left for Auckland with 700 men, leaving Greer in command of Te Papa with instructions to remain strictly on the defensive. On 20 May the Māori mediators reported that the Kingites were willing to surrender their arms "if they can have full claims over their lands and the Governor will promise to see that no harm befalls them". By early June several Ngāi Te Rangi warriors had handed in their guns and naval commodore William Wiseman reported to London that hostilities in the area had ceased.: 184–188 Battle of Te Ranga Te Ranga battleground. Te Ranga battleground. Despite government hopes of peace, Kingite forces—newly reinforced by hapu of Ngāti Pikiao, from Rotoiti, as well as a Ngati-Porou war party from the East Cape and commanded by Hoera te Mataatai—decided in June to again challenge the British forces. They selected Te Ranga, a steep but flat-topped ridge about 5 km from Gate Pā, and began working on entrenchments and rifle pits to cut off a bush track. On 21 June Greer, leading a reconnaissance patrol of about 600 men of the 43rd and 68th Regiments and 1st Waikato Militia, came upon the 500-strong Māori force labouring on Te Ranga's defences. Knowing any delay would allow his foe to strengthen their defences, Greer chose to launch an immediate attack. He sent back to Te Papa for reinforcements, then deployed his men to fan out and open fire on the pā's outposts and trenches. As the reinforcements—220 men including cavalry and one Armstrong gun—arrived two hours later, he ordered a charge on Te Ranga. The Māori responded to the ferocity of the advance of British bayonets with double-barrelled shotguns, but had little time to reload and were forced to fight hand-to-hand with mere. Between 83 and 120 Māori were killed or fatally wounded, half of them with bayonets; Gate Pā commander Rawiri Puhirake was among the dead. His death prompted the survivors to flee. Thirteen privates of the 43rd and 68th Regiments were killed in the battle, and six officers and 33 non-commissioned officers and privates wounded.: 188–194 Settlers celebrated the success at Te Ranga, the last serious engagement of the Tauranga campaign, as "by far the most brilliant achievement obtained throughout the whole war". Coming so soon after the humiliating defeat at Gate Pā, they viewed it as a satisfying act of revenge that reclaimed the honour of the troops. But Cameron, who was showing an increasing distaste for the war against a foe among whom he found more courage and chivalry than among the colonists,: 218, 222 remained steadfast in his opposition to further aggressive actions.: 188–194 One hundred and thirty-three Ngāi Te Rangi warriors surrendered to the British on 24 July. By 29 August the entire tribe with the exception of one hapu—36 members of Piri Rakau—had followed suit. The tribe gave up some 50,000 acres (200 km2) of land and 81 guns, although they still retained a number of firearms in their possession.: 188–194 Aftermath Piri Rakau, the Waikato hapu that refused to surrender in 1864, fled into the hills behind Tauranga where they lived in hiding at Kuranui. With them were Ngati Porou followers of the Pai Mārire religious cult who arrived in exile about 1869 and Kuranui became a place of sanctuary for many people of different tribal origins. The community gave support to Te Kooti when he ventured north to Matamata in early 1870. Te Kooti, having been rebuffed by King Tāwhiao in western Waikato and the King Country, was trying to lay claim to the eastern Waikato. Two Arawa hapu also joined Te Kooti's rebels, but Tauranga Māori were anxious not to renew the war in Tauranga and distanced themselves from Te Kooti. Chief Tana Taingakawa, Wiremu Tamihana's son from Ngati Haua, wrote to Colonel Moule urging him not to fight Te Kooti in his land. Footnotes ^ Belich is citing an account of the battle by Hōri Ngātai recorded by James Cowan.: 187 ^ Belich,: 180 citing an 1864 article, "Samuel Mitchell and the Victoria Cross", from an unknown periodical. ^ Belich's analysis of initial official reports suggests 68 Maori were found dead in the trenches, 27 wounded were captured and later died, and another 10 prisoners surrendered unhurt. The total number of guns seized was also 68. He says Maori casualties were exaggerated in later accounts of the battle. Adding the number of prisoners to those found dead inflated the number of the dead to 120—a number then universally accepted by historians.: 193 References ^ "March on the Enemy's Pa". The Colonist. Vol. 7, no. 683. 13 May 1864. p. 5. ^ a b c d Dalton, B.J. (1967). War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870. Sydney: Sydney University Press. ^ a b c d e f g h Cowan, James (1922). "42, Gate Pā and Te Ranga". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer. ^ a b "Invitation to war". New Zealand History Online. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2013. ^ Cowan, James (1922). "41, Arawa defeat of East Coast tribes". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer. ^ a b "Gate Pā". New Zealand History Online. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013. ^ a b c d Prickett, Nigel (2004). "Maori Casualties at Pukehinahina (Gate Pa), 29 April 1864"". Records of the Auckland Museum. 41: 37–52. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 42905869. Wikidata Q58623340. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-027504-5. ^ Walker, Ranginui (1990). Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End. Auckland: Penguin. p. 127. ISBN 0-14-013240-6. ^ Cowan Papers 41E. ^ "Battle of Gate Pā remembered in Tauranga". TV3 News. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014. ^ J. Binney, Redemption Songs, Auckland University Press 1996, p202-203. Further reading Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 9780140275049. Belich, James (1996). Making Peoples. Penguin. Maxwell, Peter (2000). Frontier: The Battle for the North Island of New Zealand. Auckland: Celebrity Books. ISBN 9781877252037. Simpson, Tony (1979). Te Riri Pakeha: The White Man's Anger. Martinborough, NZ: Alister Taylor. ISBN 9780908578115. Sinclair, Keith, ed. (1996). The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand (2 ed.). Wellington: Oxford University Press. Vaggioli, Dom Felici (2000). History of New Zealand and its Inhabitants. Translated by John Crockett. Dunedin: University of Otago Press (Original Italian publication, 1896). The People of Many Peaks: The Māori Biographies from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biographies, Vol. 1, 1769–1869. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand. 1990. ISBN 0908912196.	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Affray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairau_Affray"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff_War"},{"link_name":"Hutt Valley campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_Valley_campaign"},{"link_name":"Whanganui campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui_campaign"},{"link_name":"First Taranaki War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taranaki_War"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato"},{"link_name":"Tauranga campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Second Taranaki War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taranaki_War"},{"link_name":"East Cape War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cape_War"},{"link_name":"Tītokowaru's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABtokowaru%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Te Kooti's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Kooti%27s_War"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Bay of Plenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_region"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars"},{"link_name":"invasion of Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato"},{"link_name":"Māori King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_Movement"},{"link_name":"British monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rawiri Puhirake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawiri_Puhirake"}],"text":"Tauranga campaignPart of the New Zealand WarsMonument to Rāwiri PuhirakeDate21 January 1864 to 21 June 1864LocationBay of Plenty, New ZealandResult\nBritish victoryBelligerents\n United Kingdom: Colony of New Zealand\n Tauranga MāoriCommanders and leaders\n Duncan Cameron Henry Harpur Greer\n Rāwiri Puhirake † Hoera te MataataiUnits involved\n Royal Navy\n\nHMS Miranda\nHMS Esk\nHMS Curacoa\nHMS Falcon\nHMS Harrier\nHMS Eclipse\nRoyal Marine Artillery\n British Army\n\n12th Regiment\n14th Regiment\n40th Regiment\n43rd Regiment\n65th Regiment\n68th Regiment\nRoyal Engineers\nRoyal Artillery[1]\n Militia\n\n1st Waikato Militia\n Tauranga\n\nNgāi Te Rangi\nNgāti Koheriki\nNgāti Pikiao\nNgāti Porou\nNgāti PukengaStrength\n1700\n500Casualties and losses\n44 killed and 119 wounded\n98 to 123 killed and 12 to 17 woundedvteNew Zealand Wars\nWairau Affray (1843)\nFlagstaff War (1845)\nHutt Valley campaign (1846)\nWhanganui campaign (1847)\nFirst Taranaki War (1860–1861)\nInvasion of the Waikato (1863–1864)\nTauranga campaign (1864)\nSecond Taranaki War (1863–1866)\nEast Cape War (1865–1866)\nTītokowaru's War (1868–1869)\nTe Kooti's War (1868–1872)The Tauranga campaign was a six-month-long armed conflict in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty in early 1864, and part of the New Zealand Wars that were fought over issues of land ownership and sovereignty. The campaign was a sequel to the invasion of Waikato, which aimed to crush the Māori King (Kingitanga) Movement that was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the British monarchy.British forces suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Gate Pā on 29 April 1864, with 31 killed and 80 wounded despite outnumbering their Māori foe, but saved face seven weeks later by routing their enemy at the Battle of Te Ranga, in which more than 100 Māori were killed or fatally wounded, including their commander, Rawiri Puhirake.","title":"Tauranga campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duncan Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Alexander_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Waikato campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato"},{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalton1967-2"},{"link_name":"Ngāi Te Rangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Te_Rangi"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"HMS Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Miranda_(1851)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Sir_Duncan_Cameron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duncan Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Alexander_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Frederick Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"confiscations legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations"},{"link_name":"George Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grey"},{"link_name":"George Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jackson_Carey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalton1967-2"},{"link_name":"pā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Rawiri Puhirake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawiri_Puhirake"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invitation-4"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Lake Rotoiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rotoiti,_Bay_of_Plenty"},{"link_name":"43rd Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_(Monmouthshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invitation-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan41-5"}],"text":"In late January 1864 British commander General Duncan Cameron—at the time still facing the intimidating Paterangi line of Māori defences in the Waikato campaign—despatched by sea an expedition to occupy Tauranga, through which he believed his enemy were transporting men and supplies from the East Coast.[2]: 185–186 The local Ngāi Te Rangi Māori were hostile to the government, a major gunpowder store was known to be inland of Tauranga and the district was an important source of food for Māori fighting British forces in the Waikato. While Colonel Henry Greer was landed with his force at Te Papa, where they built two redoubts, Captain Robert Jenkins, commander of HMS Miranda, was ordered to blockade the harbour to prevent the arrival of more Māori reinforcements.[3]Lieutenant-General Duncan Cameron, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in New Zealand, 1863–1865.Though Cameron's strategy gained the enthusiastic support of Premier Frederick Whitaker and his cabinet, who were keen to use the 1863 confiscations legislation to open fresh territory for European settlement, Governor George Grey was opposed, fearing it would raise rebellion in more Māori tribes, including those that had thus far refrained from supporting the Kingitanga movement. Grey withdrew his initial assent for Whitaker's orders to take an aggressive stance and instead directed the Tauranga expedition's commander, Brigadier George Carey, to remain strictly on the defensive, apart from intercepting armed bands en route to the Waikato.[2]: 185–186Alerted to their arrival, Ngāi Te Rangi warriors returned from the Waikato battlefields and built a hilltop fort, or pā, on high ground at Te Waoku near the Waimapu Stream overlooking the Bay of Plenty, where they established a garrison of about 100 men. Ngāi Te Rangi chief Rawiri Puhirake taunted Carey in a letter, challenging him to fight, then in April 1864 moved closer to the British base to occupy to a new ridge-top position at Pukehinahina, a locality known to Europeans as \"The Gate\" because of the presence of a post-and-rail fence and gateway used by Māori to block Pākehā trespassers. The new fortification, which became known as the \"Gate Pā\", was built just 5 km from imperial troops, who were prohibited by Grey's orders from intervening.[3] Puhirake, finding it increasingly difficult to keep his force together without a battle in prospect, again attempted to goad the British into action.[4]Meanwhile, fighting had already broken out nearby. A large contingent of East Coast Māori, possibly as many as 700 warriors, were making their way towards the conflict at Waikato. Their route took them through the territory of another tribe which saw themselves as allies of the Pākehā, the Arawa tribe based around Rotorua. Forewarned of this, the Arawa chiefs called back their tribesmen, many of whom were working in Auckland or further north. Pausing in Tauranga to borrow guns from the British, they hastened onward to Rotorua. Four hundred warriors of the tribe were mobilised and they met and held the East Coast Māori on 7 April in a two-day battle on the shores of Lake Rotoiti. On 27 April fighting broke out again on the coast, with Māori loyal to the Crown supported by the 43rd Regiment and British corvettes firing on Kingite Māori as they were pursued through the sand dunes.[4][5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_attack_on_gate_pa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_gate_pa_tauranga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Horatio Gordon Robley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Gordon_Robley"},{"link_name":"palisading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gateonline-6"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Hauā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Hau%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Wiremu Tamihana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiremu_Tamihana"},{"link_name":"Te Tiki o te Ihingarangi pā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato#Aftermath"},{"link_name":"HMS Esk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Esk_(1854)"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"HMS Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Falcon_(1854)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Armstrong gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_gun"},{"link_name":"howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"Coehorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coehorn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hēni Te Kiri Karamū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93ni_Te_Kiri_Karam%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Hōri Ngātai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dri_Ng%C4%81tai"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prickett-7"},{"link_name":"68th Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_(Durham)_Regiment_of_Foot_(Light_Infantry)"},{"link_name":"HMS Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Miranda_(1851)"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"40th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"65th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_(2nd_Yorkshire,_North_Riding)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attack_at_Gate_P%C4%81.jpg"},{"link_name":"mere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mere_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"glacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prickett-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gate_Pa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Horatio Gordon Robley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Gordon_Robley"},{"link_name":"James Belich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"}],"text":"Plan of the attack on Gate PāGate Pā, based on a sketch by Lieutenant Horatio Gordon Robley.Still hoping to provoke an attack, the 250 Ngāi Te Rangi fighters at Pukehinahina enlarged the existing trench and banks and transformed the pā into a system of two redoubts, including a honeycomb of rua, or anti-artillery bunkers. Ngāi Te Rangi garrisoned the main redoubt, and about 30 members of the Ngāti Koheriki hapu and another 10 men from Piri-Rikau and other hapu manned the smaller redoubt. With timber scarce in surrounding swampland, palisading was frail, but the location of the redoubt on a hilltop, and the total span of the palisading gave their enemy the impression of greater strength than it actually possessed. In all, the total garrison of Gate Pā was about 230 men.[3][6]On 5 April Cameron abandoned hope of pursuing Ngāti Hauā leader and prominent Kingite Wiremu Tamihana after his foe evacuated the besieged Te Tiki o te Ihingarangi pā near Lake Karapiro. Cameron switched his attention to Tauranga, arriving there on 21 April in HMS Esk and established his headquarters at Tauranga. In addition to the reinforcements on Esk, more from Auckland arrived on HMS Falcon. Within days Cameron decided he had sufficient forces to finally march against Gate Pā.[citation needed]On the afternoon of 28 April, Cameron launched an hour-long attack on the front of Gate Pā with four batteries of artillery placed at a range of between 350 and 800 metres. The battery—the heaviest used in the wars of 1863–1864—included a 110-pounder Armstrong gun, two 40-pounder and two six-pounder Armstrongs, two 24-pounder howitzers, two eight-inch mortars, and six Coehorn mortars.[citation needed] According to accounts by Hēni Te Kiri Karamū and Hōri Ngātai, the first victims of the British cannon shots were Church of England ministers conducting prayers.[7]Late in the night Greer moved his 700 men from the 68th Regiment across swamps to the east of Gate Pā under cover of darkness and rain to take up a position to the rear of the redoubt to cut off a Māori retreat. Those forces were joined by a detachment of the Naval Brigade from the warships Esk, Falcon and HMS Miranda. By daybreak on 29 April Cameron had a total of about 1650 men surrounding the pā: 700 of the 68th Regiment, 420 from the Naval Brigade, 300 of the 43rd Regiment, 50 Royal Artillery, and another 180 members of the 12th, 14th, 40th and 65th Regiments.[3]At first light on 29 April the assembled guns and mortars opened fire again, this time maintaining the bombardment for more than eight hours. They destroyed the palisade and completely suppressed Māori gunfire. An estimated 30 tonnes of shell and shot were dropped on or near the Māori position,[8]: 178–183 killing about 15 of the defenders.[9]The attack on the pā (from a British book)At about 4pm, with no sign of life in the pā, Cameron ordered an assault by 300 men—a combined force of Naval Brigade under Commander Hay and the 43rd Regiment, led by Lieutenant-Colonel H.G. Booth—who ran in four abreast with fixed bayonets. Another 300 men followed at a distance as a reserve. Some in the initial British assault force were shot as they entered the main pā, and inside the redoubt more fell as they engaged in hand-to-hand combat with Māori armed with shotguns and mere (short clubs). A lull of about five minutes occurred, during which time Captain G.R. Greaves, who was with the leading files of the assault party, left the pā and reported to Cameron that the redoubt had been captured and that British casualties were light.[8]: 184–188But minutes later, as the rear of the pā was breached by the 68th Regiment, all changed. In a sequence of events that is still unclear, fierce fighting erupted, taking a heavy toll on the invaders and panicked British forces began streaming out of the pā. Historian James Cowan wrote: \"More than a hundred of the assaulting column were casualties, and the glacis and the interior of the pā were strewn with dead or dying. The Maori suffered too, but not severely.\" Thirty-one of the British force died, including 10 officers, while 80 were wounded.[3] At least 25-30 Māori were killed or missing.[7]Gate Pā after its evacuation on 30 April, based on a sketch by Lieutenant Horatio Gordon Robley.Several theories exist to explain the British stampede from the pā. A contemporary report by a seaman in the pā suggested that the flood of soldiers from the 68th Regiment at the rear was mistaken for Māori reinforcements. Historian James Belich has postulated that the bulk of the Māori garrison remained concealed in camouflaged bunkers as the British forces stormed the pā, before unleashing waves of heavy volleys from close range on the British, who were almost standing on their hidden foes. Belich cites descriptions of the main redoubt as being \"like ratholes everywhere, with covered ways and underground chambers\" and notes that Rawiri Puhirake ordered defenders to \"not utter a word or fire a shot till the proper time came for the order\".[Note 1] Belich claims that by providing only a feeble defence from the garrison during the storming of the pā and keeping his garrison hidden, Rawiri Puhirake employed a \"remarkable tactical ploy ... brilliantly implemented as well as brilliantly conceived\" to lure the British into a deadly trap.[8]: 184–188As night fell, the Gate Pā garrison, assuming the site would be stormed the next morning, evacuated their position, passing through the lines of the 68th Regiment and fleeing across surrounding swamps before dispersing.[3]","title":"Battle of Gate Pā"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prickett-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gateonline-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prickett-7"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalton1967-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"}],"sub_title":"Reaction to British defeat","text":"Gate Pā was the single most devastating defeat suffered by the British military in the New Zealand Wars: while British casualties totalled more than a third of the storming party, Māori losses are generally unknown but thought to number at least 25-30, including Ngāi Te Rangi chiefs Te Reweti, Eru Puhirake, Tikitu, Te Kani, Te Rangihau, and Te Wharepouri, and Te Urungawera chief Te Kau.[7] Te Moana-nui and Te Ipu were among the wounded, estimated at at least 25-30.[6][11][7] To contemporaries Gate Pā was seen as a shattering and humiliating defeat, with one newspaper noting that the \"gallant\" force had been \"trampled in the dust ... by a horde of half-naked, half-armed savages\".[Note 2]Grey, horrified by the disaster, began exploring ways to limit the extent of land confiscations and thus reduce Māori resistance.[2]: 188–193 Grey visited Tauranga on 12 May to confer with Cameron and engaged some neutral Māori to act as intermediaries with the Kingites to negotiate a peace agreement.[8]: 184–188Three days later, on 15 May, Cameron advised Grey he had decided to cease aggressive operations in Tauranga; the following day he left for Auckland with 700 men, leaving Greer in command of Te Papa with instructions to remain strictly on the defensive. On 20 May the Māori mediators reported that the Kingites were willing to surrender their arms \"if they can have full claims over their lands and the Governor will promise to see that no harm befalls them\". By early June several Ngāi Te Rangi warriors had handed in their guns and naval commodore William Wiseman reported to London that hostilities in the area had ceased.[8]: 184–188","title":"Battle of Gate Pā"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Te_Ranga_battle_site,_Tauranga_(27969412020).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Te_Ranga_battle_site,_Tauranga_(28250402945).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Pikiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Pikiao"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan42-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"[Note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalton1967-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"}],"text":"Te Ranga battleground.Te Ranga battleground.Despite government hopes of peace, Kingite forces—newly reinforced by hapu of Ngāti Pikiao, from Rotoiti, as well as a Ngati-Porou war party from the East Cape and commanded by Hoera te Mataatai—decided in June to again challenge the British forces. They selected Te Ranga, a steep but flat-topped ridge about 5 km from Gate Pā, and began working on entrenchments and rifle pits to cut off a bush track.[3]On 21 June Greer, leading a reconnaissance patrol of about 600 men of the 43rd and 68th Regiments and 1st Waikato Militia, came upon the 500-strong Māori force labouring on Te Ranga's defences. Knowing any delay would allow his foe to strengthen their defences, Greer chose to launch an immediate attack. He sent back to Te Papa for reinforcements, then deployed his men to fan out and open fire on the pā's outposts and trenches. As the reinforcements—220 men including cavalry and one Armstrong gun—arrived two hours later, he ordered a charge on Te Ranga. The Māori responded to the ferocity of the advance of British bayonets with double-barrelled shotguns, but had little time to reload and were forced to fight hand-to-hand with mere. Between 83 and 120 Māori were killed or fatally wounded, half of them with bayonets; Gate Pā commander Rawiri Puhirake was among the dead. His death prompted the survivors to flee. Thirteen privates of the 43rd and 68th Regiments were killed in the battle, and six officers and 33 non-commissioned officers and privates wounded.[3][8]: 188–194 [Note 3]Settlers celebrated the success at Te Ranga, the last serious engagement of the Tauranga campaign, as \"by far the most brilliant achievement obtained throughout the whole war\". Coming so soon after the humiliating defeat at Gate Pā, they viewed it as a satisfying act of revenge that reclaimed the honour of the troops. But Cameron, who was showing an increasing distaste for the war against a foe among whom he found more courage and chivalry than among the colonists,[2]: 218, 222 remained steadfast in his opposition to further aggressive actions.[8]: 188–194One hundred and thirty-three Ngāi Te Rangi warriors surrendered to the British on 24 July. By 29 August the entire tribe with the exception of one hapu—36 members of Piri Rakau—had followed suit. The tribe gave up some 50,000 acres (200 km2) of land and 81 guns, although they still retained a number of firearms in their possession.[8]: 188–194","title":"Battle of Te Ranga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pai Mārire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai_M%C4%81rire"},{"link_name":"Te Kooti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Kooti"},{"link_name":"Tāwhiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81whiao"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Piri Rakau, the Waikato hapu that refused to surrender in 1864, fled into the hills behind Tauranga where they lived in hiding at Kuranui. With them were Ngati Porou followers of the Pai Mārire religious cult who arrived in exile about 1869 and Kuranui became a place of sanctuary for many people of different tribal origins. The community gave support to Te Kooti when he ventured north to Matamata in early 1870. Te Kooti, having been rebuffed by King Tāwhiao in western Waikato and the King Country, was trying to lay claim to the eastern Waikato. Two Arawa hapu also joined Te Kooti's rebels, but Tauranga Māori were anxious not to renew the war in Tauranga and distanced themselves from Te Kooti. Chief Tana Taingakawa, Wiremu Tamihana's son from Ngati Haua, wrote to Colonel Moule urging him not to fight Te Kooti in his land.[12]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Hōri Ngātai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dri_Ng%C4%81tai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belich1986-8"}],"text":"^ Belich is citing an account of the battle by Hōri Ngātai recorded by James Cowan.[8]: 187 [10]\n\n^ Belich,[8]: 180 citing an 1864 article, \"Samuel Mitchell and the Victoria Cross\", from an unknown periodical.\n\n^ Belich's analysis of initial official reports suggests 68 Maori were found dead in the trenches, 27 wounded were captured and later died, and another 10 prisoners surrendered unhurt. The total number of guns seized was also 68. He says Maori casualties were exaggerated in later accounts of the battle. Adding the number of prisoners to those found dead inflated the number of the dead to 120—a number then universally accepted by historians.[8]: 193","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belich, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780140275049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140275049"},{"link_name":"Belich, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781877252037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781877252037"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780908578115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780908578115"},{"link_name":"Sinclair, Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0908912196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0908912196"}],"text":"Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 9780140275049.\nBelich, James (1996). Making Peoples. Penguin.\nMaxwell, Peter (2000). Frontier: The Battle for the North Island of New Zealand. Auckland: Celebrity Books. ISBN 9781877252037.\nSimpson, Tony (1979). Te Riri Pakeha: The White Man's Anger. Martinborough, NZ: Alister Taylor. ISBN 9780908578115.\nSinclair, Keith, ed. (1996). The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand (2 ed.). Wellington: Oxford University Press.\nVaggioli, Dom Felici (2000). History of New Zealand and its Inhabitants. Translated by John Crockett. Dunedin: University of Otago Press (Original Italian publication, 1896).\nThe People of Many Peaks: The Māori Biographies from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biographies, Vol. 1, 1769–1869. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand. 1990. ISBN 0908912196.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Lieutenant-General Duncan Cameron, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in New Zealand, 1863–1865.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/General_Sir_Duncan_Cameron.jpg/150px-General_Sir_Duncan_Cameron.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan of the attack on Gate Pā","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Plan_of_the_attack_on_gate_pa.jpg/250px-Plan_of_the_attack_on_gate_pa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gate Pā, based on a sketch by Lieutenant Horatio Gordon Robley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Plan_of_gate_pa_tauranga.jpg/250px-Plan_of_gate_pa_tauranga.jpg"},{"image_text":"The attack on the pā (from a British book)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Attack_at_Gate_P%C4%81.jpg/220px-Attack_at_Gate_P%C4%81.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gate Pā after its evacuation on 30 April, based on a sketch by Lieutenant Horatio Gordon Robley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gate_Pa.jpg/250px-Gate_Pa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Te Ranga battleground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Te_Ranga_battle_site%2C_Tauranga_%2827969412020%29.jpg/250px-Te_Ranga_battle_site%2C_Tauranga_%2827969412020%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Te Ranga battleground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Te_Ranga_battle_site%2C_Tauranga_%2828250402945%29.jpg/250px-Te_Ranga_battle_site%2C_Tauranga_%2828250402945%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"March on the Enemy's Pa\". The Colonist. Vol. 7, no. 683. 13 May 1864. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TC18640513.2.28","url_text":"\"March on the Enemy's Pa\""}]},{"reference":"Dalton, B.J. (1967). War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870. Sydney: Sydney University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cowan, James (1922). \"42, Gate Pā and Te Ranga\". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cowan_(New_Zealand_writer)","url_text":"Cowan, James"},{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c42.html","url_text":"The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864"}]},{"reference":"\"Invitation to war\". New Zealand History Online. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-tauranga/invitation-to-war","url_text":"\"Invitation to war\""}]},{"reference":"Cowan, James (1922). \"41, Arawa defeat of East Coast tribes\". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cowan_(New_Zealand_writer)","url_text":"Cowan, James"},{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c41.html","url_text":"The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864"}]},{"reference":"\"Gate Pā\". New Zealand History Online. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-tauranga/gate-pa","url_text":"\"Gate Pā\""}]},{"reference":"Prickett, Nigel (2004). \"Maori Casualties at Pukehinahina (Gate Pa), 29 April 1864\"\". Records of the Auckland Museum. 41: 37–52. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 42905869. Wikidata Q58623340.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/62830919","url_text":"\"Maori Casualties at Pukehinahina (Gate Pa), 29 April 1864\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Auckland_Museum","url_text":"Records of the Auckland Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-9202","url_text":"1174-9202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42905869","url_text":"42905869"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58623340","url_text":"Q58623340"}]},{"reference":"Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-027504-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)","url_text":"Belich, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027504-5","url_text":"0-14-027504-5"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Ranginui (1990). Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End. Auckland: Penguin. p. 127. ISBN 0-14-013240-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranginui_Walker","url_text":"Walker, Ranginui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013240-6","url_text":"0-14-013240-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Gate Pā remembered in Tauranga\". TV3 News. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Battle-of-Gate-Pa-remembered-in-Tauranga/tabid/423/articleID/341901/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Battle of Gate Pā remembered in Tauranga\""}]},{"reference":"Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 9780140275049.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)","url_text":"Belich, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140275049","url_text":"9780140275049"}]},{"reference":"Belich, James (1996). Making Peoples. Penguin.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)","url_text":"Belich, James"}]},{"reference":"Maxwell, Peter (2000). Frontier: The Battle for the North Island of New Zealand. Auckland: Celebrity Books. ISBN 9781877252037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781877252037","url_text":"9781877252037"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Tony (1979). Te Riri Pakeha: The White Man's Anger. Martinborough, NZ: Alister Taylor. ISBN 9780908578115.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780908578115","url_text":"9780908578115"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Keith, ed. (1996). The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand (2 ed.). Wellington: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Sinclair","url_text":"Sinclair, Keith"}]},{"reference":"Vaggioli, Dom Felici (2000). History of New Zealand and its Inhabitants. Translated by John Crockett. Dunedin: University of Otago Press (Original Italian publication, 1896).","urls":[]},{"reference":"The People of Many Peaks: The Māori Biographies from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biographies, Vol. 1, 1769–1869. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand. 1990. ISBN 0908912196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0908912196","url_text":"0908912196"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TC18640513.2.28","external_links_name":"\"March on the Enemy's Pa\""},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c42.html","external_links_name":"The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864"},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-tauranga/invitation-to-war","external_links_name":"\"Invitation to war\""},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c41.html","external_links_name":"The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864"},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-tauranga/gate-pa","external_links_name":"\"Gate Pā\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/62830919","external_links_name":"\"Maori Casualties at Pukehinahina (Gate Pa), 29 April 1864\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-9202","external_links_name":"1174-9202"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42905869","external_links_name":"42905869"},{"Link":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Battle-of-Gate-Pa-remembered-in-Tauranga/tabid/423/articleID/341901/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Gate Pā remembered in Tauranga\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_Olympics	Montenegro at the Olympics	["1 Participation","1.1 Timeline of participation","2 Medal tables","2.1 Medals by Summer Games","2.2 Medals by Winter Games","2.3 Medals by sport","3 Olympic participants","3.1 Summer Olympics","4 List of medalists","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Sporting event delegationMontenegro at theOlympicsIOC codeMNENOCMontenegrin Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.cok.me(in Montenegrin)MedalsRanked 134th Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 1 Summer appearances20082012201620202024Winter appearances2010201420182022Other related appearances Yugoslavia (1920–1992W) Independent Olympic Participants (1992S) Serbia and Montenegro (1996–2006) Montenegro participated at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008, at the Beijing Games. Previously, Montenegrin athletes have competed as part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that. The National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee. It was created in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007. Participation Timeline of participation Date Team 1912 as part of Austria Serbia (SRB) 1920–1936 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (YUG) 1948–1988 SFR Yugoslavia (YUG) 1992 W Croatia (CRO) Slovenia (SLO) SFR Yugoslavia (YUG) 1992 S Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) 1994 ban on participation by the UN 1996–2006 North Macedonia (MKD) FR Yugoslavia (YUG)/ Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) 2008–2014 Serbia (SRB) Montenegro (MNE) 2016– Serbia (SRB) Kosovo (KOS) Medal tables See also: All-time Olympic Games medal table Medals by Summer Games Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1920–1988 as part of Yugoslavia (YUG) 1992 Barcelona as part of the Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) 1996–2004 as part of Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) 2008 Beijing 19 0 0 0 0 – 2012 London 34 0 1 0 1 69 2016 Rio de Janeiro 34 0 0 0 0 – 2020 Tokyo 34 0 0 0 0 – 2024 Paris future event 2028 Los Angeles 2032 Brisbane Total 0 1 0 1 132 Medals by Winter Games Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1924–1992 as part of Yugoslavia (YUG) 1994 Lillehammer did not participate 1998–2006 as part of Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) 2010 Vancouver 1 0 0 0 0 – 2014 Sochi 2 0 0 0 0 – 2018 Pyeongchang 3 0 0 0 0 – 2022 Beijing 3 0 0 0 0 - 2026 Milan–Cortina future event Total 0 0 0 0 – Medals by sport SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal Handball0101Totals (1 entries)0101 Olympic participants Summer Olympics Sport 2008 2012 2016 2020 Athletes Athletics 2 2 2 2 8 Boxing 1 1 2 Handball 14 15 14 43 Judo 1 1 1 1 4 Sailing 1 1 1 3 Shooting 1 1 1 3 Swimming 1 2 2 5 Tennis 1 1 Water Polo 13 13 13 12 51 List of medalists On August 11, 2012, Montenegro won its first ever Olympic medal as an independent country, taking silver in women's handball. Medal Name Games Sport Event Silver Montenegro women's national handball teamSonja BarjaktarovićAnđela BulatovićKatarina BulatovićAna ĐokićMarija JovanovićMilena KneževićSuzana LazovićMajda MehmedovićRadmila MiljanićBojana PopovićJovanka RadičevićAna RadovićMaja SavićJasna ToškovićMarina Vukčević 2012 London Handball Women's tournament Before the 2012 Olympic Games, several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Montenegro and Republic of Montenegro have also won Olympic medals in five different sports as part of teams representing Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics, but none as individual competitors. Medal Games Sport Team Name Silver 1952 Helsinki Water polo Men Boško Vuksanović Silver 1956 Melbourne Football Men Nikola Radović Silver 1956 Melbourne Water polo Men Boško Vuksanović Silver 1964 Tokyo Water polo Men Boris Čukvas, Milan Muškatirović, Božidar Stanišić Gold 1968 Mexico City Water polo Men Dejan Dabović, Đorđe Perišić Silver 1976 Montreal Basketball Men Žarko Varajić, Rajko Žižić Gold 1980 Moscow Basketball Men Ratko Radovanović, Rajko Žižić Silver 1980 Moscow Water polo Men Milivoj Bebić, Zoran Gopčević, Milorad Krivokapić, Zoran Mustur Gold 1984 Los Angeles Handball Women Svetlana Mugoša, Ljiljana Mugoša, Zorica Pavićević Gold 1984 Los Angeles Handball Men Veselin Vujović Gold 1984 Los Angeles Water polo Men Milorad Krivokapić, Andrija Popović Bronze 1984 Los Angeles Basketball Men Ratko Radovanović, Rajko Žižić Bronze 1984 Los Angeles Football Men Ljubomir Radanović Gold 1988 Seoul Water polo Men Igor Gočanin, Mirko Vičević Silver 1988 Seoul Basketball Men Zdravko Radulović, Žarko Paspalj Bronze 1988 Seoul Handball Men Veselin Vujović Silver 1996 Atlanta Basketball Men Žarko Paspalj Bronze 1996 Atlanta Volleyball Men Goran Vujević, Vladimir Batez Gold 2000 Sydney Volleyball Men Goran Vujević, Igor Vušurović, Vladimir Batez Bronze 2000 Sydney Water polo Men Veljko Uskoković, Nenad Vukanić Silver 2004 Athens Water polo Men Vladimir Gojković, Predrag Jokić See also List of flag bearers for Montenegro at the Olympics Montenegro at the Paralympics References ^ "Osvajači medalja iz Crne Gore" (in Serbo-Croatian). Montenegrin Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2020-02-16. External links "Montenegro". International Olympic Committee. "Montenegro". Olympedia.com. "Olympic Analytics/MNE". olympanalyt.com. "Winners of the Medals from Montenegro". Montenegrin Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2008-01-14. "Yugoslav Olympic medallists by sports". Olympic Committee of Serbia. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-01-14. vteMontenegro at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games20082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games2010201420182022 vteNational Olympic Committees that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Summer Winter Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North South Unified Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia Germany East West United Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo Rhodesia Russia Russian Empire Soviet Union Unified Team Olympic Athletes from Russia Russian Olympic Committee Saar Serbia and Montenegro Yemen North South Yugoslavia Olympic Games portal vte National sports teams of Montenegro Basketball F U-20 F U-18 F U-16 F M U-20 M U-18 M U-17 M Football F U-17 F M U-21 M U-19 M U-17 M Futsal Handball F U-21 F M U-21 M Rugby union M 7s M Tennis F M Volleyball F M Water polo Olympics Paralympics European Games Mediterranean Games	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Beijing Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"National Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"}],"text":"Montenegro participated at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008, at the Beijing Games. Previously, Montenegrin athletes have competed as part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that.The National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee. It was created in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007.","title":"Montenegro at the Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Participation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline of participation","title":"Participation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-time Olympic Games medal table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montenegro_at_the_Olympics&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992 Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Independent Olympic Participants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Olympic_Participants_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008 Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2012 London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2020 Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2024 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2028 Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2032 Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montenegro_at_the_Olympics&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1994 Lillehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2010 Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2014 Sochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2018 Pyeongchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2022 Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2026 Milan–Cortina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"}],"text":"See also: All-time Olympic Games medal tableMedals by Summer Games[edit]\n\n\n\nGames\n\nAthletes\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\nRank\n\n\n1920–1988\nas part of Yugoslavia (YUG)\n\n\n1992 Barcelona\nas part of the Independent Olympic Participants (IOP)\n\n\n1996–2004\nas part of Serbia and Montenegro (SCG)\n\n\n2008 Beijing\n19\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2012 London\n34\n0\n1\n0\n1\n69\n\n\n2016 Rio de Janeiro\n34\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2020 Tokyo\n34\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2024 Paris\nfuture event\n\n\n2028 Los Angeles\n\n\n2032 Brisbane\n\n\nTotal\n0\n1\n0\n1\n132\n\n\n\nMedals by Winter Games[edit]\n\n\n\nGames\n\nAthletes\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\nRank\n\n\n1924–1992\nas part of Yugoslavia (YUG)\n\n\n1994 Lillehammer\ndid not participate\n\n\n1998–2006\nas part of Serbia and Montenegro (SCG)\n\n\n2010 Vancouver\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2014 Sochi\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2018 Pyeongchang\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2022 Beijing\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n-\n\n\n2026 Milan–Cortina\nfuture event\n\n\nTotal\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–","title":"Medal tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medals by sport","title":"Medal tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Olympic participants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summer Olympics","title":"Olympic participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Republic of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On August 11, 2012, Montenegro won its first ever Olympic medal as an independent country, taking silver in women's handball.Before the 2012 Olympic Games, several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Montenegro and Republic of Montenegro have also won Olympic medals in five different sports as part of teams representing Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics, but none as individual competitors.[1]","title":"List of medalists"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of flag bearers for Montenegro at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Montenegro_at_the_Olympics"},{"title":"Montenegro at the Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_Paralympics"}]	[{"reference":"\"Osvajači medalja iz Crne Gore\" (in Serbo-Croatian). Montenegrin Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2020-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cok.me/olimpijske-igre/osvajaci-medalja-iz-crne-gore/","url_text":"\"Osvajači medalja iz Crne Gore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"Montenegrin Olympic Committee"}]},{"reference":"\"Montenegro\". International Olympic Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/montenegro","url_text":"\"Montenegro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montenegro\". Olympedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympedia.org/countries/MNE","url_text":"\"Montenegro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Analytics/MNE\". olympanalyt.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByGames&param_country=MNE","url_text":"\"Olympic Analytics/MNE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of the Medals from Montenegro\". Montenegrin Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2008-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014192120/http://www.cokcg.org/eng/winnersofmed.htm","url_text":"\"Winners of the Medals from Montenegro\""},{"url":"http://www.cokcg.org/eng/winnersofmed.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yugoslav Olympic medallists by sports\". Olympic Committee of Serbia. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117032322/http://www.okscg.org.yu/lmse.htm","url_text":"\"Yugoslav Olympic medallists by sports\""},{"url":"http://www.okscg.org.yu/lmse.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cok.me/","external_links_name":"www.cok.me"},{"Link":"http://www.cok.me/olimpijske-igre/osvajaci-medalja-iz-crne-gore/","external_links_name":"\"Osvajači medalja iz Crne Gore\""},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/montenegro","external_links_name":"\"Montenegro\""},{"Link":"http://www.olympedia.org/countries/MNE","external_links_name":"\"Montenegro\""},{"Link":"http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByGames&param_country=MNE","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Analytics/MNE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014192120/http://www.cokcg.org/eng/winnersofmed.htm","external_links_name":"\"Winners of the Medals from Montenegro\""},{"Link":"http://www.cokcg.org/eng/winnersofmed.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117032322/http://www.okscg.org.yu/lmse.htm","external_links_name":"\"Yugoslav Olympic medallists by sports\""},{"Link":"http://www.okscg.org.yu/lmse.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Laz	DJ Laz	["1 Discography","1.1 Charted singles","2 References","3 External links"]	Cuban-American rapper and DJ from Miami, Florida DJ lazBackground informationBirth nameLazaro MendezAlso known asThe Pimp with the LimpBorn (1971-12-02) December 2, 1971 (age 52)OriginMiami, Florida, U.S.GenresHip hopMerengueMiami bassOccupation(s)DJrapperYears active1990–presentLabelsPandisc Music Corp.TVT RecordsCollipark MusicWebsitedjlaz.comMusical artist Lazaro Mendez, better known by his stage name DJ Laz (born December 2, 1971, in Hollywood, Florida, United States) is a Cuban-American rapper and DJ from Miami, Florida. He hosted his weekday radio show in Miami on WPOW 96.5 FM, branded "Power 96", for 22 years until he left the company in April 2012. Beginning July 4, 2012, the new DJ Laz Morning Show began after arbitration on the newly reformatted WRMA DJ106.7 a Bilingual Dance/Rhythmic formatted station. He is best known for his limp which came from his battle with polio as a child. Also known for albums DJ Laz and Category 6, which charted on U.S. Billboard album charts. He is also notable for the singles "Journey Into Bass" (1994) and "Move Shake Drop" (2008), which peaked at #56 on the Billboard Hot 100. The DJ Laz Morning Show on LA 96.3 of Los Angeles and DJ 106.7 of Miami is known for mysteriously getting their hands on exclusive content. DJ Laz is also known for his show's prominent appearance on Fox's television show, Dish Nation. In July 2012, when Justin Bieber made a 911 call to authorities to report paparazzi that were following him, the DJ Laz Morning Show was the first to obtain Bieber's 911 call, airing it on Los Angeles' LA 96.3. On Tuesday, September 11, 2012, the DJ Laz Morning Show aired a pre-recorded interview with President Barack Obama. Many Obama critics quickly bashed Obama for making no mention to the September 11 attacks in 2001, despite the fact that the interview was pre-recorded. The White House later made it clear that the call was indeed pre-recorded and was supposed to have been played on Monday, September 10. On May 5, 2014, DJ Laz was in command of a boat that was stuck on a sand bar in Biscayne Bay. When bystanders got out to push the boat, DJ Laz increased power to the engine and killed a 23-year-old man who had been trying to help, as he was caught by the boat's propeller. DJ Laz was never given a sobriety test and there was no further investigation. DJ Laz hosted the Morning Show for 97.3 in Miami from August, 2014 until November, 2019. He left in advance of an acquisition, and can currently be found on Sirius XM on Pitbull's Globalization Channel 13. In 2021, DJ Laz joined Miami's new 90's station Totally 93.9 hosting weekday afternoons. Discography Studio albums Year Title Chart positions Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Top Rap Albums Heatseekers Albums 1991 D.J. Laz Released: November 26, 1991 Label: Pandisc 86 — — 1993 Journey Into Bass Released: January 24, 1993 Label: Pandisc — — — 1996 King Of Bass Released: July 12, 1996 Label: Pandisc — — 46 1998 Cruzin' Released: February 24, 1998 Label: Pandisc — — — 2000 Pimpin Released: January 25, 2000 Label: Pandisc — — — 2008 Category 6 Released: July 29, 2008 Label: VIP Music/Federal Distribution 49 23 18 Instrumental albums 1994: Bass XXX 1996: Bass XXX, Vol. II 2001: XXX Breaks Compilation albums 2001: Greatest Hits 2004: The Latin Album Charted singles Title Year Peak chart positions Album Hot 100 Hot Rap Songs Rhythmic Hot Latin Songs "Journey into Bass" 1994 — 44 — — Journey Into Bass "Move Shake Drop" (featuring Casely & Flo Rida) 2008 56 — 40 49 Category 6 "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Other singles 1991: "Mami El Negro" 1992: "Moments in Bass" 1992: "Latin Rhythm" 1992: "Hump All Night" 1995: "Shake It Up" 1996: "Esa Morena" 1998: "Sabrosura" 1998: "Negra Chula" 1999: "Get Your Ass Off Stage" 2000: "The Red Alert Project" 2000: "Ki Ki Ri Bu" 2000: "Facina" 2008: "She Can Get It" 2009: "I Made It to the U.S.A." 2010: "Alcoholic" (featuring Pitbull) 2011: "You Got Me Going" (featuring Vein) References ^ Johnson, Luke (September 11, 2012). "Obama-DJ Laz Interview: President Talks Flo Rida, Pitbull, Immigration To Miami Station". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 September 2012. ^ Alvarado, Francisco (2012-11-29). "DJ Laz Conquered Disability, Tragedy, and Miami's Airwaves; Now He's Aiming Higher". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2018-01-25. ^ "DJ LAZ EXCLUSIVE: Justin Bieber's 911 Call \| DJ Laz Morning Show \| La96.3 Blogs". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-09-20., la963fm.com ^ ,"DJ Laz Driving Boat That Killed Man Who Got Caught in Propeller" in http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com ^ "What happened to DJ Laz". ^ "DJ Laz Chart History". Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ "DJ Laz Chart History". Top Rap Albums. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ "DJ Laz Chart History". Heatseekers Albums. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ DJ Laz by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1991-11-26, retrieved 2018-01-25 ^ Journey Into Bass by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1993-01-24, retrieved 2018-01-25 ^ King of Bass by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1996-07-12, retrieved 2018-01-25 ^ Cruzin' by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1998-02-24, retrieved 2018-01-25 ^ Pimpin' by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 2000-01-25, retrieved 2018-01-25 External links DJ Laz at MySpace DJ Laz on X Detailed discography of DJ Laz at Discogs Profile and discography of DJ Laz at Allmusic Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cuban-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban-American"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapper"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"WPOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPOW"},{"link_name":"WRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXDJ"},{"link_name":"Category 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_6_(album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Move Shake Drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_Shake_Drop"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Dish Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_Nation"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Totally 93.9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMIA-FM"}],"text":"Musical artistLazaro Mendez, better known by his stage name DJ Laz (born December 2, 1971, in Hollywood, Florida, United States[2]) is a Cuban-American rapper and DJ from Miami, Florida. He hosted his weekday radio show in Miami on WPOW 96.5 FM, branded \"Power 96\", for 22 years until he left the company in April 2012. Beginning July 4, 2012, the new DJ Laz Morning Show began after arbitration on the newly reformatted WRMA DJ106.7 a Bilingual Dance/Rhythmic formatted station.He is best known for his limp which came from his battle with polio as a child. Also known for albums DJ Laz and Category 6, which charted on U.S. Billboard album charts. He is also notable for the singles \"Journey Into Bass\" (1994) and \"Move Shake Drop\" (2008), which peaked at #56 on the Billboard Hot 100.The DJ Laz Morning Show on LA 96.3 of Los Angeles and DJ 106.7 of Miami is known for mysteriously getting their hands on exclusive content. DJ Laz is also known for his show's prominent appearance on Fox's television show, Dish Nation.In July 2012, when Justin Bieber made a 911 call to authorities to report paparazzi that were following him, the DJ Laz Morning Show was the first to obtain Bieber's 911 call, airing it on Los Angeles' LA 96.3.[3]On Tuesday, September 11, 2012, the DJ Laz Morning Show aired a pre-recorded interview with President Barack Obama. Many Obama critics quickly bashed Obama for making no mention to the September 11 attacks in 2001, despite the fact that the interview was pre-recorded. The White House later made it clear that the call was indeed pre-recorded and was supposed to have been played on Monday, September 10.On May 5, 2014, DJ Laz was in command of a boat that was stuck on a sand bar in Biscayne Bay. When bystanders got out to push the boat, DJ Laz increased power to the engine and killed a 23-year-old man who had been trying to help, as he was caught by the boat's propeller. DJ Laz was never given a sobriety test and there was no further investigation.[4]DJ Laz hosted the Morning Show for 97.3 in Miami from August, 2014 until November, 2019. He left in advance of an acquisition, and can currently be found on Sirius XM on Pitbull's Globalization Channel 13.[5]In 2021, DJ Laz joined Miami's new 90's station Totally 93.9 hosting weekday afternoons.","title":"DJ Laz"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Studio albumsInstrumental albums1994: Bass XXX\n1996: Bass XXX, Vol. II\n2001: XXX BreaksCompilation albums2001: Greatest Hits\n2004: The Latin Album","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"}],"sub_title":"Charted singles","text":"Other singles1991: \"Mami El Negro\"\n1992: \"Moments in Bass\"\n1992: \"Latin Rhythm\"\n1992: \"Hump All Night\"\n1995: \"Shake It Up\"\n1996: \"Esa Morena\"\n1998: \"Sabrosura\"\n1998: \"Negra Chula\"\n1999: \"Get Your Ass Off Stage\"\n2000: \"The Red Alert Project\"\n2000: \"Ki Ki Ri Bu\"\n2000: \"Facina\"\n2008: \"She Can Get It\"\n2009: \"I Made It to the U.S.A.\"\n2010: \"Alcoholic\" (featuring Pitbull)\n2011: \"You Got Me Going\" (featuring Vein)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Johnson, Luke (September 11, 2012). \"Obama-DJ Laz Interview: President Talks Flo Rida, Pitbull, Immigration To Miami Station\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/11/obama-dj-laz-interview_n_1874902.html","url_text":"\"Obama-DJ Laz Interview: President Talks Flo Rida, Pitbull, Immigration To Miami Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Alvarado, Francisco (2012-11-29). \"DJ Laz Conquered Disability, Tragedy, and Miami's Airwaves; Now He's Aiming Higher\". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2018-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220133954/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2012-11-29/music/dj-laz-conquered-disability-tragedy-and-miami-s-airwaves-now-he-s-aiming-higher/","url_text":"\"DJ Laz Conquered Disability, Tragedy, and Miami's Airwaves; Now He's Aiming Higher\""},{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2012-11-29/music/dj-laz-conquered-disability-tragedy-and-miami-s-airwaves-now-he-s-aiming-higher/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ LAZ EXCLUSIVE: Justin Bieber's 911 Call \| DJ Laz Morning Show \| La96.3 Blogs\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120715053653/http://la963fm.com/blogs/djs/justin-biebers-911-call-dj-laz-morning-show/","url_text":"\"DJ LAZ EXCLUSIVE: Justin Bieber's 911 Call \| DJ Laz Morning Show \| La96.3 Blogs\""},{"url":"http://la963fm.com/blogs/djs/justin-biebers-911-call-dj-laz-morning-show/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What happened to DJ Laz\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.distractify.com/p/what-happened-to-dj-laz","url_text":"\"What happened to DJ Laz\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Laz Chart History\". Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515101002/https://www.billboard.com/music/DJ-Laz/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"DJ Laz Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums","url_text":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/dj-laz/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Laz Chart History\". Top Rap Albums. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515101040/https://www.billboard.com/music/DJ-Laz/chart-history/rap-albums","url_text":"\"DJ Laz Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Rap_Albums","url_text":"Top Rap Albums"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/dj-laz/chart-history/rap-albums","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Laz Chart History\". Heatseekers Albums. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515104320/https://www.billboard.com/music/DJ-Laz/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","url_text":"\"DJ Laz Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatseekers_Albums","url_text":"Heatseekers Albums"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/dj-laz/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DJ Laz by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1991-11-26, retrieved 2018-01-25","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dj-laz/142385470","url_text":"DJ Laz by DJ Laz on Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"Journey Into Bass by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1993-01-24, retrieved 2018-01-25","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/journey-into-bass/146010125","url_text":"Journey Into Bass by DJ Laz on Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"King of Bass by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1996-07-12, retrieved 2018-01-25","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/king-of-bass/141842574","url_text":"King of Bass by DJ Laz on Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"Cruzin' by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 1998-02-24, retrieved 2018-01-25","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cruzin/56567503","url_text":"Cruzin' by DJ Laz on Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"Pimpin' by DJ Laz on Apple Music, 2000-01-25, retrieved 2018-01-25","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pimpin/56567734","url_text":"Pimpin' by DJ Laz on Apple Music"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://djlaz.com/","external_links_name":"djlaz.com"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/11/obama-dj-laz-interview_n_1874902.html","external_links_name":"\"Obama-DJ Laz Interview: President Talks Flo Rida, Pitbull, Immigration To Miami Station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220133954/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2012-11-29/music/dj-laz-conquered-disability-tragedy-and-miami-s-airwaves-now-he-s-aiming-higher/","external_links_name":"\"DJ Laz Conquered Disability, Tragedy, and Miami's Airwaves; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_(Avicii_album)	Tim (Avicii album)	["1 Background","2 Singles","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 References"]	2019 studio album by AviciiTimStudio album by AviciiReleased6 June 2019 (2019-06-06)Recorded2014, 2016–2018GenreTropical houseProgressive houseLength38:53LabelAviciiUniversalProducerAviciiCarl FalkVargas & LagolaAlbin NedlerBonnLucas von BahderMarcus Thunberg WesselAsh PournouriAvicii chronology Avīci (01)(2017) Tim(2019) Singles from Tim "SOS"Released: 10 April 2019 "Tough Love"Released: 9 May 2019 "Heaven"Released: 6 June 2019 "Fades Away"Released: 5 December 2019 Tim is the third and final studio album by Swedish DJ and producer Avicii, released on 6 June 2019, following his death on 20 April 2018. It is his sole posthumous album release. It includes the single "SOS", which was released on 10 April 2019. All profits from sales of the album go towards the Tim Bergling Foundation, set up following Avicii's suicide, for mental health awareness. Background Avicii's third album was first mentioned in late 2016 after he signed with Universal Sweden, when it was said that his next album would be released in 2017. From 13 July to 2 August, Avicii began sharing teasers for new music and later released Avīci (01) on 11 August 2017 with a total of six tracks. In an interview, he stated that (01) was the first of three EPs, with his full third album to be released alongside the third EP. Recording for the album resumed in late 2017. During March 2018, Avicii continued to share updates via Instagram and other streaming sites of different IDs and demos being put together for the album, including what would become "Hold the Line", "Bad Reputation", "Tough Love", "Ain't a Thing", and "Fades Away", amongst other demos. According to Kristoffer Fogelmark, the track "Never Leave Me" was the last track Avicii worked on, finished only two days before he left for Oman. Following Avicii's death in April 2018, a representative said the following month that there were "no plans" to release any new material in the immediate future. In April 2019, it was announced that collaborators were enlisted to help finish the work on the album. A team of writers and producers made an album described as containing elements of "psychedelia, Arabian music, sounds of the Caribbean and more". The album's track listing was chosen from 16 possible songs. On 1 and 2 June 2019, fans were given a chance to listen to the album 4–5 days early by going to music cubes in various locations around the world. Singles The first single to promote the album, "SOS", was released on 10 April 2019. A "Fan Memories" video for "SOS", showing quotes from fans about the impact Avicii had on them, was released the same day. "SOS" debuted at number one on the singles chart in Sweden on two days of sales. "Tough Love" was released as the second single for the album on 9 May 2019. The music video came out on 14 May 2019. "Tough Love" samples A.R. Rahman's track "Banarasiya" from the movie Raanjhanaa (2013). "Heaven" featuring vocals from Coldplay lead singer Chris Martin was released as the third single for the album on 6 June 2019. The music video, called a "tribute video", which used clips of Avicii in Madagascar (following his final concert), was released on 24 June 2019. "Fades Away" was released as the fourth single on 5 December 2019. While the album version features vocals from Noonie Bao, the single version features vocals from Costa Rican singer MishCatt to coincide with the Avicii Tribute Concert for Mental Health Awareness where she performed it live. Critical reception This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023) Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic58/100Review scoresSourceRatingNMERolling Stone The album received mixed reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 58, based on four reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Track listing Tim track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Peace of Mind" (featuring Vargas & Lagola)Tim BerglingVincent PontareSalem Al FakirBerglingPontareFakir3:002."Heaven" (featuring Chris Martin)BerglingMartinBergling4:373."SOS" (featuring Aloe Blacc)BerglingAlbin NedlerKristoffer "Bonn" FogelmarkKandi BurrussTameka CottleKevin BriggsBerglingNedlerFoggelmark2:374."Tough Love" (featuring Agnes and Vargas & Lagola)BerglingFakirPontareIsak AlverusBerglingPontareFakir3:115."Bad Reputation" (featuring Joe Janiak)BerglingCarl FalkJoseph JaniakBerglingFalk3:256."Ain't a Thing" (featuring Bonn)BerglingFalkJaniakJoakim BergBerglingFalk3:037."Hold the Line" (featuring Arizona)BerglingLucas von BahderZachary CharlesDavid LabuguenNathan EsquitePJ BiancoAndrew JacksonBerglingvon BahderNedler2:518."Freak" (featuring Bonn)BerglingNedlerFogelmarkHachidai NakamuraRokusuke EiJustin VernonSamuel SmithJames NapierWilliam PhillipsJeff LynneTom PettyBerglingNedlerFogelmark2:599."Excuse Me Mr. Sir" (featuring Vargas & Lagola)BerglingAl FakirPontareMarcus Thunberg WesselBerglingPontareFakireWessel3:0710."Heart Upon My Sleeve" (with Imagine Dragons)BerglingAsh PournouriDan ReynoldsWayne SermonBen McKeeDaniel PlatzmanBerglingPournouri4:1411."Never Leave Me" (featuring Joe Janiak)BerglingNedlerFogelmarkJaniakMartin SvenssonBerglingNedlerFogelmark2:5112."Fades Away" (featuring Noonie Bao)BerglingFalkJaniakBergBerglingFalk2:58Total length:38:53 Japan limited edition bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1."Avicii : The Story Behind the Album "TIM""4:132."Avicii : The Story Behind SOS"6:543."SOS" (Fan Memories Video)2:39 Notes ^ signifies a co-producer Avicii is credited throughout by his legal name, Tim Bergling "Heart Upon My Sleeve" is originally an instrumental track from Avicii's album True. "SOS" contains an interpolation of "No Scrubs" by TLC, written by Tameka Cottle, Kandi Burruss, and Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs. "Freak" samples the song "Stay with Me", originally written and performed by Sam Smith (which samples Tom Petty's "I Won't Back Down"), and "Sukiyaki", originally sung by Kyu Sakamoto and Written by Ei Rokusuke. Personnel Adapted from Billboard. Production Avicii – production (all tracks), vocal production (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9–11), programming (all tracks), drum programming (tracks 1, 4, 9) Vargas & Lagola – production (tracks 1, 4, 9), vocal production (tracks 1, 4, 9), programming (tracks 1, 4, 9) Carl Falk – production (tracks 5, 6, 12), vocal production (tracks 5, 6, 12), programming (tracks 5, 6, 12) Albin Nedler – production (tracks 3, 7, 8, 11), vocal production (tracks 3, 7, 8, 11), programming (tracks 3, 7, 8, 11) Kristoffer Fogelmark – production (tracks 3, 8, 11), vocal production (tracks 3, 8, 11), programming (tracks 3, 8, 11) Sebastian Furrer – programming (track 4) Lucas von Bahder – production (track 7) Marcus Thunberg Wessel – production (track 9), vocal production(track 9) Ash Pournouri – co-production (track 10, uncredited) Technical Marcus Thunberg Wessel – engineering (track 9) Richard "Segal" Huredia – engineering (track 3) Kevin Grainger – mixing and mastering (track 2 and 3) Instruments Avicii – keyboards (all tracks), bass guitar (tracks 1, 4, 9) Salem Al Fakir – guitar (tracks 1, 4, 9), bass guitar (track 9), strings (track 1), violin (track 4), vocals (tracks 1, 4 and 9) Vincent Pontare – drums (track 1), vocals (tracks 1, 4 and 9) Chris Martin – guitar (track 2), vocals (track 2) Albin Nedler – keyboards (track 3, 8, 11), guitar (track 8) Kristoffer "Bonn" Fogelmark – keyboards (track 3, 8, 10, 11), guitar (track 8), vocals (tracks 6, 8) Aloe Blacc – vocals (track 3) Agnes – vocals (track 4) Carl Falk – keyboards (tracks 5, 6, 12) Joe Janiak – vocals (tracks 5, 11) Zachary Hannah – vocals (track 7) Wayne Sermon – guitar (track 10) Dan Reynolds – vocals (track 10) Noonie Bao – vocals (track 12) Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Tim Chart (2019) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 6 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 3 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 5 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 3 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 3 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 3 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 1 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 French Albums (SNEP) 11 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 5 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 20 Irish Albums (IRMA) 6 Italian Albums (FIMI) 5 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 9 Japanese Hot Albums (Billboard Japan) 3 Latvian Albums (LAIPA) 2 Lithuanian Albums (AGATA) 1 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 8 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 1 Polish Albums (ZPAV) 10 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 12 Scottish Albums (OCC) 10 Slovak Albums (ČNS IFPI) 4 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 4 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 2 UK Albums (OCC) 7 US Billboard 200 11 US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts 2019 year-end chart performance for Tim Chart (2019) Position Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 21 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 102 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 70 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 37 French Albums (SNEP) 148 Latvian Albums (LAIPA) 57 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 4 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 71 US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) 11 2020 year-end chart performance for Tim Chart (2020) Position Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 199 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 16 2021 year-end chart performance for Tim Chart (2021) Position Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 70 Certifications Certifications for Tim Region Certification Certified units/sales Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Gold 10,000‡ Italy (FIMI) Gold 25,000‡ Poland (ZPAV) Gold 10,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 60,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b Monroe, Jazz (5 April 2019). "New Avicii Album Tim Announced". Pitchfork. Retrieved 6 April 2019. ^ "final studio album Avicii". insider. Retrieved 2021-10-06. ^ a b c Arcand, Rob (5 April 2019). "Posthumous Avicii Album TIM Announced". Spin. Retrieved 6 April 2019. ^ a b "Tim "Avicii" Berglings sista låtar släpps som skiva i sommar". SVT Nyheter. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019. ^ Medved, Matt (22 December 2016). "Avicii & Longtime Manager Ash Pournouri Part Ways". Billboard. Retrieved 8 March 2017. ^ Rishty, David (3 August 2017). "Avicii Reveals New 'Avīci' EP & Release Date, Teases More Music". Billboard. Retrieved 9 August 2017. ^ "Avicii chats to Pete, Paul Oakenfold and DJ Alfredo recorded in Ibiza, Pete Tong". BBC Radio 1. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Avicii: Complete Compilation Of The March 2018 Sessions" – via YouTube. ^ "Pre-listen to the album TIM". 24 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019 – via YouTube. ^ "SOS / Avicii". Tidal. Retrieved 10 April 2019. ^ "Avicii's posthumous single 'Tough Love' will be released tomorrow". DJ Mag. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019. ^ "Avicii's single 'Heaven' gaat 6 juni in première". 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019 – via hitzound.com. ^ "Fades Away". Amazon UK. ^ "Tim by Avicii Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved June 12, 2019. ^ Moore, Sam (7 June 2019). "Avicii – 'TIM' review". NME. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ Hermes, Will (6 June 2019). "Tim is Avicii's dark farewell: Album Review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "Limited edition on Japan". CDJapan. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ Bain, Katie (23 May 2019). "Track List for Avicii's Posthumous Album 'TIM' Revealed: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 June 2019. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Avicii – Tim" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ "Ultratop.be – Avicii – Tim" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Ultratop.be – Avicii – Tim" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Avicii Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 24.Týden 2019 on the field besides the words "CZ – ALBUMS – TOP 100" to retrieve the correct chart. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Danishcharts.dk – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Avicii – Tim" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Avicii: Tim" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ "Lescharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 June 2019. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Avicii – Tim" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2019. 24. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Avicii". Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 June 2019. ^ "Italiancharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 June 2019. ^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2019-06-17" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ "Japanese Hot Albums". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved June 14, 2019. ^ "Mūzikas Patēriņa Tops/ 24. nedēļa" (in Latvian). LAIPA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019. ^ "Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ "Charts.nz – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 June 2019. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 June 2019. ^ "SK – Albums – Top 100: 201924". ČNS IFPI. Retrieved June 17, 2019. ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Avicii – Tim". Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 June 2019. ^ "Avicii Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 17 June 2019. ^ "Avicii Chart History (Top Dance/Electronic Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2019". Ultratop. Retrieved 20 December 2019. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2019". Ultratop. Retrieved 20 December 2019. ^ "Album Top-100 2019" (in Danish). Hitlisten. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 2019". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "Top de l'année Top Albums 2019" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ "Digitālās Mūzikas Tops 2019" (in Latvian). LAIPA. Retrieved 3 January 2020. ^ "Årslista Album, 2019". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2019". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 31 December 2019. ^ "Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved 6 February 2020. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2020". Ultratop. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "Årslista Album, 2020". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Årslista Album, 2021". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ "Danish album certifications – Avicii – Tim". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 5 October 2021. ^ "Italian album certifications – Avicii – Tim" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 5 September 2022. Select "2022" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Tim" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Album e Compilation" under "Sezione". ^ "OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 10 May 2023. Click "TYTUŁ" and enter Tim in the search box. ^ "British album certifications – Avicii – Tim". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 3 November 2023. vteAvicii Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums True Stories Tim Extended plays The Days / Nights EP Avīci (01) Singles "My Feelings for You" "Seek Bromance" "Street Dancer" "Blessed" "Fade into Darkness" "Collide" "Levels" "Silhouettes" "Superlove" "Dancing in My Head" "I Could Be the One" "X You" "We Write the Story" "Wake Me Up" "You Make Me" "Hey Brother" "Addicted to You" "Lay Me Down" "The Days" "The Nights" "Waiting for Love" "For a Better Day" "Pure Grinding" "Broken Arrows" "Taste the Feeling" "Feeling Good" "Without You" "Lonely Together" "SOS" "Tough Love" "Heaven" "Forever Yours (Tribute)" Featured singles "Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)" "Divine Sorrow" Other songs "Sunshine" "Hope There's Someone" "Gonna Love Ya" "So Much Better" Concert tours House for Hunger Stories World Tour Film Avicii: True Stories Avicii – I'm Tim Related articles Tim Bergling Foundation Avicii Invector Avicii Arena Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin-3"},{"link_name":"Avicii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SVT-4"},{"link_name":"SOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SVT-4"},{"link_name":"Tim Bergling Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Bergling_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-1"}],"text":"Tim is the third and final[2][3] studio album by Swedish DJ and producer Avicii, released on 6 June 2019, following his death on 20 April 2018. It is his sole posthumous album release.[4] It includes the single \"SOS\", which was released on 10 April 2019.[4] All profits from sales of the album go towards the Tim Bergling Foundation, set up following Avicii's suicide, for mental health awareness.[1]","title":"Tim (Avicii album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Avīci (01)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C4%ABci_(01)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTube-9"}],"text":"Avicii's third album was first mentioned in late 2016 after he signed with Universal Sweden, when it was said that his next album would be released in 2017.[5] From 13 July to 2 August, Avicii began sharing teasers for new music and later released Avīci (01) on 11 August 2017 with a total of six tracks.[6] In an interview, he stated that (01) was the first of three EPs, with his full third album to be released alongside the third EP.[7] Recording for the album resumed in late 2017. During March 2018, Avicii continued to share updates via Instagram and other streaming sites of different IDs and demos being put together for the album, including what would become \"Hold the Line\", \"Bad Reputation\", \"Tough Love\", \"Ain't a Thing\", and \"Fades Away\", amongst other demos.[8] According to Kristoffer Fogelmark, the track \"Never Leave Me\" was the last track Avicii worked on, finished only two days before he left for Oman.Following Avicii's death in April 2018, a representative said the following month that there were \"no plans\" to release any new material in the immediate future.[3] In April 2019, it was announced that collaborators were enlisted to help finish the work on the album.[3] A team of writers and producers made an album described as containing elements of \"psychedelia, Arabian music, sounds of the Caribbean and more\". The album's track listing was chosen from 16 possible songs. On 1 and 2 June 2019, fans were given a chance to listen to the album 4–5 days early by going to music cubes in various locations around the world.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tidal-10"},{"link_name":"Tough Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tough_Love_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_Mag-11"},{"link_name":"A.R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Raanjhanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raanjhanaa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"Coldplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"},{"link_name":"Chris Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Martin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Noonie Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonie_Bao"},{"link_name":"MishCatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MishCatt"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The first single to promote the album, \"SOS\", was released on 10 April 2019.[10] A \"Fan Memories\" video for \"SOS\", showing quotes from fans about the impact Avicii had on them, was released the same day. \"SOS\" debuted at number one on the singles chart in Sweden on two days of sales.\"Tough Love\" was released as the second single for the album on 9 May 2019.[11] The music video came out on 14 May 2019. \"Tough Love\" samples A.R. Rahman's track \"Banarasiya\" from the movie Raanjhanaa (2013).[citation needed]\"Heaven\" featuring vocals from Coldplay lead singer Chris Martin was released as the third single for the album on 6 June 2019.[12] The music video, called a \"tribute video\", which used clips of Avicii in Madagascar (following his final concert), was released on 24 June 2019.\"Fades Away\" was released as the fourth single on 5 December 2019. While the album version features vocals from Noonie Bao, the single version features vocals from Costa Rican singer MishCatt to coincide with the Avicii Tribute Concert for Mental Health Awareness where she performed it live.[13]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"}],"text":"The album received mixed reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 58, based on four reviews, which indicates \"mixed or average reviews\".","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vargas & Lagola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_%26_Lagola"},{"link_name":"Tim Bergling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicii"},{"link_name":"Vincent Pontare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Pontare"},{"link_name":"Salem Al Fakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Al_Fakir"},{"link_name":"Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"Chris Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Martin"},{"link_name":"SOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"Aloe Blacc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_Blacc"},{"link_name":"Kandi Burruss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandi_Burruss"},{"link_name":"Tameka Cottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameka_Cottle"},{"link_name":"Kevin Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Tough Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tough_Love_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Joe Janiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Janiak"},{"link_name":"Carl Falk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Falk"},{"link_name":"Joseph Janiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Janiak"},{"link_name":"Joakim Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Berg"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Zachary Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"David Labuguen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Esquite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Hachidai Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachidai_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Justin Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Samuel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Smith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"James Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Napes"},{"link_name":"William Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Lynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Lynne"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty"},{"link_name":"Imagine Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Dan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Reynolds_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Sermon"},{"link_name":"Ben McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_McKee"},{"link_name":"Daniel Platzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Platzman"},{"link_name":"[co.]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Joe Janiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Janiak"},{"link_name":"Martin Svensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Svensson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Noonie Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonie_Bao"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"^[co.]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_(Avicii_album)"},{"link_name":"interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"No Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Scrubs"},{"link_name":"TLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(group)"},{"link_name":"Tameka Cottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameka_Cottle"},{"link_name":"Kandi Burruss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandi_Burruss"},{"link_name":"Kevin \"She'kspere\" Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_%22She%27kspere%22_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Stay with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_with_Me_(Sam_Smith_song)"},{"link_name":"Sam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Smith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty"},{"link_name":"I Won't Back Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Won%27t_Back_Down"},{"link_name":"Sukiyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukiyaki_(song)"},{"link_name":"Kyu Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyu_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"Ei Rokusuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei_Rokusuke"}],"text":"Tim track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Peace of Mind\" (featuring Vargas & Lagola)Tim BerglingVincent PontareSalem Al FakirBerglingPontareFakir3:002.\"Heaven\" (featuring Chris Martin)BerglingMartinBergling4:373.\"SOS\" (featuring Aloe Blacc)BerglingAlbin NedlerKristoffer \"Bonn\" FogelmarkKandi BurrussTameka CottleKevin BriggsBerglingNedlerFoggelmark2:374.\"Tough Love\" (featuring Agnes and Vargas & Lagola)BerglingFakirPontareIsak AlverusBerglingPontareFakir3:115.\"Bad Reputation\" (featuring Joe Janiak)BerglingCarl FalkJoseph JaniakBerglingFalk3:256.\"Ain't a Thing\" (featuring Bonn)BerglingFalkJaniakJoakim BergBerglingFalk3:037.\"Hold the Line\" (featuring Arizona)BerglingLucas von BahderZachary CharlesDavid LabuguenNathan EsquitePJ BiancoAndrew JacksonBerglingvon BahderNedler2:518.\"Freak\" (featuring Bonn)BerglingNedlerFogelmarkHachidai NakamuraRokusuke EiJustin VernonSamuel SmithJames NapierWilliam PhillipsJeff LynneTom PettyBerglingNedlerFogelmark2:599.\"Excuse Me Mr. Sir\" (featuring Vargas & Lagola)BerglingAl FakirPontareMarcus Thunberg WesselBerglingPontareFakireWessel3:0710.\"Heart Upon My Sleeve\" (with Imagine Dragons)BerglingAsh PournouriDan ReynoldsWayne SermonBen McKeeDaniel PlatzmanBerglingPournouri[co.]4:1411.\"Never Leave Me\" (featuring Joe Janiak)BerglingNedlerFogelmarkJaniakMartin SvenssonBerglingNedlerFogelmark2:5112.\"Fades Away\" (featuring Noonie Bao)BerglingFalkJaniakBergBerglingFalk2:58Total length:38:53Japan limited edition bonus DVD[17]No.TitleLength1.\"Avicii : The Story Behind the Album \"TIM\"\"4:132.\"Avicii : The Story Behind SOS\"6:543.\"SOS\" (Fan Memories Video)2:39Notes^[co.] signifies a co-producer\nAvicii is credited throughout by his legal name, Tim Bergling\n\"Heart Upon My Sleeve\" is originally an instrumental track from Avicii's album True.\n\"SOS\" contains an interpolation of \"No Scrubs\" by TLC, written by Tameka Cottle, Kandi Burruss, and Kevin \"She'kspere\" Briggs.\n\"Freak\" samples the song \"Stay with Me\", originally written and performed by Sam Smith (which samples Tom Petty's \"I Won't Back Down\"), and \"Sukiyaki\", originally sung by Kyu Sakamoto and Written by Ei Rokusuke.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Avicii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicii"},{"link_name":"Vargas & Lagola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_%26_Lagola"},{"link_name":"Carl Falk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Falk"},{"link_name":"Ash Pournouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Pournouri"},{"link_name":"Salem Al Fakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Al_Fakir"},{"link_name":"Vincent Pontare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Pontare"},{"link_name":"Chris Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Martin"},{"link_name":"Aloe Blacc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_Blacc"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Carl Falk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Falk"},{"link_name":"Joe Janiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Janiak"},{"link_name":"Zachary Hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Sermon"},{"link_name":"Dan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Reynolds_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Noonie Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonie_Bao"}],"text":"Adapted from Billboard.[18]\nProduction\n\nAvicii – production (all tracks), vocal production (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9–11), programming (all tracks), drum programming (tracks 1, 4, 9)\nVargas & Lagola – production (tracks 1, 4, 9), vocal production (tracks 1, 4, 9), programming (tracks 1, 4, 9)\nCarl Falk – production (tracks 5, 6, 12), vocal production (tracks 5, 6, 12), programming (tracks 5, 6, 12)\nAlbin Nedler – production (tracks 3, 7, 8, 11), vocal production (tracks 3, 7, 8, 11), programming (tracks 3, 7, 8, 11)\nKristoffer Fogelmark – production (tracks 3, 8, 11), vocal production (tracks 3, 8, 11), programming (tracks 3, 8, 11)\nSebastian Furrer – programming (track 4)\nLucas von Bahder – production (track 7)\nMarcus Thunberg Wessel – production (track 9), vocal production(track 9)\nAsh Pournouri – co-production (track 10, uncredited)\nTechnical\n\nMarcus Thunberg Wessel – engineering (track 9)\nRichard \"Segal\" Huredia – engineering (track 3)\nKevin Grainger – mixing and mastering (track 2 and 3)\nInstruments\n\nAvicii – keyboards (all tracks), bass guitar (tracks 1, 4, 9)\nSalem Al Fakir – guitar (tracks 1, 4, 9), bass guitar (track 9), strings (track 1), violin (track 4), vocals (tracks 1, 4 and 9)\nVincent Pontare – drums (track 1), vocals (tracks 1, 4 and 9)\nChris Martin – guitar (track 2), vocals (track 2)\nAlbin Nedler – keyboards (track 3, 8, 11), guitar (track 8)\nKristoffer \"Bonn\" Fogelmark – keyboards (track 3, 8, 10, 11), guitar (track 8), vocals (tracks 6, 8)\nAloe Blacc – vocals (track 3)\nAgnes – vocals (track 4)\nCarl Falk – keyboards (tracks 5, 6, 12)\nJoe Janiak – vocals (tracks 5, 11)\nZachary Hannah – vocals (track 7)\nWayne Sermon – guitar (track 10)\nDan Reynolds – vocals (track 10)\nNoonie Bao – vocals (track 12)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_(Avicii_album)&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Avicii-19"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Avicii-20"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Avicii-21"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Avicii-22"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Avicii-23"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Czech_-24"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Denmark_Avicii-25"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Avicii-26"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Avicii-27"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Avicii-28"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Avicii-29"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_Avicii-30"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland2_Avicii-31"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_Avicii-32"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Oricon_-33"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"LAIPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"AGATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Avicii-37"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Avicii-38"},{"link_name":"ZPAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Poland_-39"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Portugal_Avicii-40"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-41"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CNS_IFPI"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_Avicii-43"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Avicii-44"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Avicii-45"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-46"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Avicii-47"},{"link_name":"Top Dance/Electronic Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardDanceElectronic_Avicii-48"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_(Avicii_album)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Tim\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[19]\n\n6\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[20]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[22]\n\n5\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[23]\n\n3\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[24]\n\n3\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[25]\n\n3\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[26]\n\n1\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[27]\n\n1\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[28]\n\n11\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[29]\n\n5\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[30]\n\n20\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[31]\n\n6\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[32]\n\n5\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[33]\n\n9\n\n\nJapanese Hot Albums (Billboard Japan)[34]\n\n3\n\n\nLatvian Albums (LAIPA)[35]\n\n2\n\n\nLithuanian Albums (AGATA)[36]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[37]\n\n8\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[38]\n\n1\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[39]\n\n10\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[40]\n\n12\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[41]\n\n10\n\n\nSlovak Albums (ČNS IFPI)[42]\n\n4\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[43]\n\n4\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[44]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[45]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[46]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[47]\n\n11\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[48]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2019 year-end chart performance for Tim\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[49]\n\n21\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[50]\n\n102\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[51]\n\n70\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[52]\n\n37\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[53]\n\n148\n\n\nLatvian Albums (LAIPA)[54]\n\n57\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[55]\n\n4\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[56]\n\n71\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[57]\n\n11\n\n\n2020 year-end chart performance for Tim\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[58]\n\n199\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[59]\n\n16\n\n\n2021 year-end chart performance for Tim\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[60]\n\n70","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Monroe, Jazz (5 April 2019). \"New Avicii Album Tim Announced\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 6 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/new-avicii-album-tim-announced/","url_text":"\"New Avicii Album Tim Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"final studio album Avicii\". insider. Retrieved 2021-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insider.com/aviciis-final-album-posthumously-released-what-you-need-to-know-2019-6","url_text":"\"final studio album Avicii\""}]},{"reference":"Arcand, Rob (5 April 2019). \"Posthumous Avicii Album TIM Announced\". Spin. Retrieved 6 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2019/04/avicii-announces-new-posthumous-album-tim/","url_text":"\"Posthumous Avicii Album TIM Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"Tim \"Avicii\" Berglings sista låtar släpps som skiva i sommar\". SVT Nyheter. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svt.se/kultur/avicii-ny-musik","url_text":"\"Tim \"Avicii\" Berglings sista låtar släpps som skiva i sommar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"SVT Nyheter"}]},{"reference":"Medved, Matt (22 December 2016). \"Avicii & Longtime Manager Ash Pournouri Part Ways\". Billboard. Retrieved 8 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7633087/avicii-ash-pournouri-split","url_text":"\"Avicii & Longtime Manager Ash Pournouri Part Ways\""}]},{"reference":"Rishty, David (3 August 2017). \"Avicii Reveals New 'Avīci' EP & Release Date, Teases More Music\". Billboard. Retrieved 9 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7889741/avicii-avici-ep-releasedate","url_text":"\"Avicii Reveals New 'Avīci' EP & Release Date, Teases More Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Avicii chats to Pete, Paul Oakenfold and DJ Alfredo recorded in Ibiza, Pete Tong\". BBC Radio 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05c4s6s","url_text":"\"Avicii chats to Pete, Paul Oakenfold and DJ Alfredo recorded in Ibiza, Pete Tong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avicii: Complete Compilation Of The March 2018 Sessions\" – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3rhH9LPVTc","url_text":"\"Avicii: Complete Compilation Of The March 2018 Sessions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Pre-listen to the album TIM\". 24 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=_KIHy8qcEyE","url_text":"\"Pre-listen to the album TIM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"SOS / Avicii\". Tidal. Retrieved 10 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/107045332/track/107045333","url_text":"\"SOS / Avicii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"Tidal"}]},{"reference":"\"Avicii's posthumous single 'Tough Love' will be released tomorrow\". DJ Mag. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://djmag.com/news/avicii%E2%80%99s-posthumous-single-%E2%80%98tough-love%E2%80%99-will-be-released-tomorrow","url_text":"\"Avicii's posthumous single 'Tough Love' will be released tomorrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Mag","url_text":"DJ Mag"}]},{"reference":"\"Avicii's single 'Heaven' gaat 6 juni in première\". 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019 – via hitzound.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hitzound.com/aviciis-single-heaven-gaat-6-juni-in-premiere/","url_text":"\"Avicii's single 'Heaven' gaat 6 juni in première\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fades Away\". Amazon UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fades-Away-Tribute-Concert-Version/dp/B0824LCDKQ/","url_text":"\"Fades Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim by Avicii Reviews and Tracks\". Metacritic. Retrieved June 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/tim/avicii","url_text":"\"Tim by Avicii Reviews and Tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Sam (7 June 2019). \"Avicii – 'TIM' review\". NME. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/avicii-tim","url_text":"\"Avicii – 'TIM' review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Hermes, Will (6 June 2019). \"Tim is Avicii's dark farewell: Album Review\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/aviciis-dark-farewell-tim-844756/","url_text":"\"Tim is Avicii's dark farewell: Album Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Limited edition on Japan\". CDJapan. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/UICO-9074","url_text":"\"Limited edition on Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Bain, Katie (23 May 2019). \"Track List for Avicii's Posthumous Album 'TIM' Revealed: Exclusive\". Billboard. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8512956/avicii-tim-album-track-list","url_text":"\"Track List for Avicii's Posthumous Album 'TIM' Revealed: Exclusive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Hot Albums\". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved June 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2019&month=06&day=17","url_text":"\"Japanese Hot Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan","url_text":"Billboard Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"Mūzikas Patēriņa Tops/ 24. nedēļa\" (in Latvian). LAIPA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191010115048/https://www.parmuziku.lv/muzikas-zinas/latvija/muzikas-paterina-tops-24-nedela-8001","url_text":"\"Mūzikas Patēriņa Tops/ 24. nedēļa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"LAIPA"},{"url":"https://www.parmuziku.lv/muzikas-zinas/latvija/muzikas-paterina-tops-24-nedela-8001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)\" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/savaites-klausomiausi-w16-2-2-2-2-2-3-2/","url_text":"\"Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)","url_text":"AGATA"}]},{"reference":"\"SK – Albums – Top 100: 201924\". ČNS IFPI. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=36&titul=162469&sec=9601715774e9a33774e5f39f4aaf0cd1","url_text":"\"SK – Albums – Top 100: 201924\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2019\". Ultratop. Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2019&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapports Annuels 2019\". Ultratop. Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2019&cat=a","url_text":"\"Rapports Annuels 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album Top-100 2019\" (in Danish). Hitlisten. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hitlisten.nu/top2019.asp","url_text":"\"Album Top-100 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 2019\". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2019&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top de l'année Top Albums 2019\" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-albums-annee/?annee=2019","url_text":"\"Top de l'année Top Albums 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digitālās Mūzikas Tops 2019\" (in Latvian). LAIPA. Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parmuziku.lv/muzikas-zinas/latvija/muzikas-paterina-tops-latvija-2019-8292","url_text":"\"Digitālās Mūzikas Tops 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"LAIPA"}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Album, 2019\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2019&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Album, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2019\". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 31 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2019","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2019\". Billboard. Retrieved 6 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/dance-electronic-albums","url_text":"\"Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2020\". Ultratop. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2020&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Album, 2020\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 20 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2020&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Album, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Album, 2021\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2021&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Album, 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Danish album certifications – Avicii – Tim\". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifpi.dk/node/9223","url_text":"\"Danish album certifications – Avicii – Tim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark","url_text":"IFPI Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian album certifications – Avicii – Tim\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certificazioni/certificazioni.kl#/certifications","url_text":"\"Italian album certifications – Avicii – Tim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olis.pl/charts/oficjalna-lista-wyroznien","url_text":"\"OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Avicii – Tim\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/19412-2414-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Avicii – Tim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_(Avicii_album)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/new-avicii-album-tim-announced/","external_links_name":"\"New Avicii Album Tim Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.insider.com/aviciis-final-album-posthumously-released-what-you-need-to-know-2019-6","external_links_name":"\"final studio album Avicii\""},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2019/04/avicii-announces-new-posthumous-album-tim/","external_links_name":"\"Posthumous Avicii Album TIM Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.svt.se/kultur/avicii-ny-musik","external_links_name":"\"Tim \"Avicii\" Berglings sista låtar släpps som skiva i 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoren_Legaspi	Zoren Legaspi	["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 Accolades","4.1 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	Filipino actor and television director This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Zoren Legaspi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Lim and the surname or paternal family name is Legaspi. Zoren LegaspiBornZoren Lim Legaspi (1972-01-30) January 30, 1972 (age 52)Manila, PhilippinesOccupationsActordirectorhostfilm producerYears active1987–presentSpouse Carmina Villaroel (m. 2012)Children2 (Mavy and Cassy) Zoren Lim Legaspi (Tagalog: ; born January 30, 1972) is a Filipino actor and television director. He is best known for appearing in several television shows such as Ika-6 na Utos, Mulawin, Now and Forever: Ganti, Majika, Enchanted Garden, Glamorosa, Forevermore, Healing Hearts, Encantadia, Sirkus, Kapag Nahati ang Puso, Sahaya, Bilangin Ang Bituin Sa Langit and Apoy sa Langit. He is currently an exclusive contract artist of GMA Network, as well as the network's talent management arm Sparkle GMA Artist Center alongside his twin children. Personal life Zoren comes from a family of Filipino celebrities. His father, Lito Legaspi (1941–2019), and brothers, Kier and Brando, are all actors. His spouse, Carmina Villaroel, is a movie and television actress. They have twin children named Mavy and Cassy. Cassy (When I Met You in Tokyo) Outside of his showbiz career, he is a hobbyist for his love of motorcycles. Career He was once a leading man of beauty queen/actress Ruffa Gutierrez who was his ex-girlfriend. He was a member of That's Entertainment as a matinee idol. He was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance in the movie The Fatima Buen Story in the Gawad Urian Awards of 1995. Legaspi directed for GMA Network programs like Fantastikids, Fantastic Man, Wag Kukurap and Atlantika. He made his film directorial debut for Ultraelectromagnetic Love of Regal Films which was to be shown in 2008. He was a minor character in Agua Bendita aired on ABS-CBN. Legaspi returned to GMA with his partner Carmina on a new talk show, Love ni Mister, Love ni Misis. This was his first hosting on TV and first talk show on GMA. The show premiered August 9, 2010. Legaspi returned to TV5 as host in Paparazzi with his co-hosts Ruffa Gutierrez, Shalala, Christy Fermin and Mo Twister. This was Zoren's second hosting on TV after Love Ni Mister, Love Ni Misis aired on GMA Network in 2010. Legaspi returns again to drama via Glamorosa with grand slam best actress Lorna Tolentino and former Palmolive endorser Alice Dixson. The show premiered November 2011. In November 2012, Carmina and Zoren had their wedding, and the ABS-CBN had their special coverage of their wedding that aired November 24, 2012 entitled Zoren-Carmina: Always Forever, A Wedding Like No Other. The idea of a surprise proposal followed by a flashmob-style instant wedding was inspired by a remarkably similar episode of the U.S. television show "Mobbed" hosted by Howie Mandel. In 2016, Legaspi returned to GMA Network, since his guesting on Marian Rivera's program, Yan ang Morning!, his wife Carmina Villarroel, also returned to the network in 2017. On March 15, 2018, Legaspi signed a contract with GMA Artist Center, after he returned to the network in 2016. He returned to GMA thrice. Legaspi's first return to the network was late 2010, he moved back to GMA again for the second time in 2015 and the third time in 2016. Filmography Film Wooly Booly: Ang Classmate Kong Alien (1989) Student Body (1990) Tora Tora, Bang Bang Bang (1990) I Have 3 Eggs (1990) Island of Desire (1990) as Jimmy Boy Pido Dida 2: Kasal Na (1991) Ipaglaban Mo Ako Boy Topak (1991) Pretty Boy Hoodlum (1991) Disgrasyada (1991) Shotgun Banjo (1992) as Banjo Tikboy Tikas at ang Mga Batang Krhoaks (1993) Bala at Lipstick (1993) Massacre Files (1994) Multo in the City (1994) Silya Eletrika (1994) Viva Films Alyas Boy Ama: Tirador (1994) - Moviestars Production Hataw Tatay Hataw (1994) The Fatima Buen Story (1995) Melencio Magat: Dugo Laban Dugo (1995) Kailanman (1996) Sandata (1996) Duwelo (1996) as Alan Bandido (1997) Baril sa Baril (1997) as Abel Matang Agila (1997) Kung Marunong Kang Magdasal, Umpisahan Mo Na (1997) Daniel Eskultor (1997) as Daniel Desperate Hours (1998) Kahit Mabuhay Kang Muli (1998) as Ruben The Resort Murders (1998) Alyas Big Time (1999) Markado (1999) Elias Marengo: Bayolente (1999) as Elias Ang Boyfriend Kong Pari (1999) Nag-aapoy Na Laman (2000) Baliktaran (2000) as Boyet Corpus Laban Kung Laban (2000) Testigo (2000) as Paolo Hindi Sisiw ang Kalaban Mo (2001) Xtreme Warriors (2001) The Cory Quirino Kidnap Files (2002) Mano Po 2: My Home (2003) Mulawin: The Movie (2005) Pacquiao: The Movie (2006) Inang Yaya (2006) Isang Araw Lang (2011) My Big Bossing's Adventures (2014) Etiquette for Mistresses (2015) Our Mighty Yaya (2017) Miss Q & A (2020) Television Year Title Role Network 1988–1996 That's Entertainment Himself / Performer GMA Network 1989–1995 Eat Bulaga! Himself / Co-host ABS-CBN 1989–1996 Saturday Entertainment Himself / Performer GMA Network 1991 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Punyal ABS-CBN 2002 Recuerdo de Amor Eugene Hernandez 2002–2003 Habang Kapiling Ka Jonas Capistrano GMA Network 2004–2005 Mulawin Bagwis 2005 Encantadia Kakabakaba Adventures Mezandro / Miguel Now and Forever: Ganti Dennis 2006 Majika Garam 2007 Princess Charming Enrico de Saavedra 2007–2008 Kamandag King Gulag 2009 George and Cecil Epoy Montalban ABS-CBN All My Life Romano Estrella GMA Network Sana Ngayong Pasko young Ernesto 2010 Ikaw Sana Enrico Sta. Maria Rod Santiago's Agua Bendita Luisito Mondigo ABS-CBN Kitchen Battles Himself / Host Q 2010–2011 Love ni Mister, Love ni Misis GMA Network 2011 Machete Malyari Nita Negrita Arturo Pepito Manaloto Jonap Rod Santiago's The Sisters Fidel Santiago TV5 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Callao Cave Jerry ABS-CBN 2011–2012 Paparazzi: Showbiz Exposed Himself / Host TV5 Glamorosa Karl Marciano 2012–2013 Enchanted Garden Menandro 2014 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Skate Board Episode role ABS-CBN 2014–2015 Forevermore Alexander "Alex" Grande II 2015 Healing Hearts Benjie Saavendra GMA Network Magpakailanman Episode role Maalaala Mo Kaya ABS-CBN 2015–2016 Marimar Don Gustavo Aldama GMA Network 2016 Yan ang Morning! Himself / Guest Encantadia Emre 2016–2017 Till I Met You Nestor Valderama ABS-CBN 2017 Mulawin vs. Ravena Bagwis (Archival Footage from the movie) GMA Network I Heart Davao Architect Eugene "Euge" Lumbas Road Trip Himself / Guest Dear Uge Episode guest Ika-6 na Utos Lyon Muller Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko: Alamat ng Durian Julian 2018 Sirkus Miguel Pepito Manaloto: Ang Tunay na Kwento Donald Kapag Nahati ang Puso Enrico "Nico / Nick" Del Valle 2019 Sahaya Harold Maglayao 2020–2021 Sarap, 'Di Ba? Himself / Guest / Host Bilangin ang Bituin sa Langit Anselmo "Ansel" Santos 2021–2022 Stories from the Heart: The End of Us Jeffrey Guevara 2022 Apoy sa Langit Cesar Monastrial 2023 Mga Lihim ni Urduja Marius "Maestro" Tan / Marcel "Chairman" Batibuttan / Ibn Battuta Black Rider Mayor Alfonso Buenaventura Credits Television & film Year Title Director Note 2006 Fantastikids Yes Directorial Debut 2006–2007 Atlantika Yes 2007 Fantastic Man Yes 2010 Shake, Rattle and Roll XII Yes segment, Mamanyika Accolades Awards and nominations Gawad Urian - Best Supporting Actor for The Fatima Buen Story (nominated) References ^ "Twins Mavy and Cassy Legaspi are now Kapuso". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018. ^ Aquino, Maine. "LOOK: Mavy and Cassy Legaspi are now part of the Kapuso network". www.gmanetwork.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018. ^ Maglaqui, Rhovin (September 9, 2019). "Lito Legaspi passes away at 77 \| Star Cinema". starcinema.abs-cbn.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ^ Malig, Kaela (December 15, 2021). "Carmina Villaroel and Zoren Legaspi reveal the real mistress in their relationship, and it's not what you think". GMA News Online. Retrieved December 15, 2021. ^ a b "'That's Entertainment' graduates". The Manila Times. June 3, 2005. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021. ^ "Zoren and Carmina's Wedding". ABS-CBN Corporation. November 16, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2012. ^ "Zoren-Carmina wedding: Carmina walks down the aisle". ABS-CBN Corporation News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2012. ^ "Zoren-Carmina wedding: Zoren proposes". ABS-CBN Corporation News. November 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2012. ^ "Zoren-Carmina wedding: The Vows and Kiss". ABS-CBN Corporation News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2012. ^ "Marriage Proposal & Wedding in an Enormous Dancing Mobbed". YouTube. June 14, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ^ Sun, Cherry. "READ: Zoren Legaspi feels at home with GMA Network". www.gmanetwork.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2018. ^ National Mid-week. Lagda Pub. Incorporated. 1990. p. 57. Retrieved October 4, 2021. ^ Calderon, Nora V (July 16, 2020). "Zoren, na-challenge nang idirek ang pamilya". Balita - Tagalog Newspaper Tabloid (in Tagalog). Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021. ^ a b c d Torregoza, Hannah (September 14, 2018). "Man of many hats". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021. ^ Plaridel: A Journal of Philippine Communication, Media, and Society. Office of Research and Publication, College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines. February 2011. p. 144. Retrieved October 2, 2021. External links Zoren Legaspi at IMDb Sparkle GMA Artist Center profile	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name"},{"link_name":"middle name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[ˈsɔɾɛn lɛˈgaspɪ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_director"},{"link_name":"Ika-6 na Utos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-6_na_Utos"},{"link_name":"Mulawin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulawin"},{"link_name":"Now and Forever: Ganti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganti_(2005_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Majika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majika"},{"link_name":"Enchanted Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanted_Garden"},{"link_name":"Glamorosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorosa"},{"link_name":"Forevermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forevermore_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Healing Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Encantadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encantadia_(2016_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sirkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkus_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kapag Nahati ang Puso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapag_Nahati_ang_Puso"},{"link_name":"Sahaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaya"},{"link_name":"Bilangin Ang Bituin Sa Langit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangin_ang_Bituin_sa_Langit_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Apoy sa Langit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoy_sa_Langit"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Sparkle GMA Artist Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkle_(talent_agency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Lim and the surname or paternal family name is Legaspi.Zoren Lim Legaspi (Tagalog: [ˈsɔɾɛn lɛˈgaspɪ]; born January 30, 1972) is a Filipino actor and television director. He is best known for appearing in several television shows such as Ika-6 na Utos, Mulawin, Now and Forever: Ganti, Majika, Enchanted Garden, Glamorosa, Forevermore, Healing Hearts, Encantadia, Sirkus, Kapag Nahati ang Puso, Sahaya, Bilangin Ang Bituin Sa Langit and Apoy sa Langit.He is currently an exclusive contract artist of GMA Network, as well as the network's talent management arm Sparkle GMA Artist Center alongside his twin children.[1][2]","title":"Zoren Legaspi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lito Legaspi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lito_Legaspi"},{"link_name":"Kier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kier_Legaspi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Carmina Villaroel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Villaroel"},{"link_name":"Mavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavy_Legaspi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:When_I_Met_You_in_Tokyo_MMFF_float_cast.jpg"},{"link_name":"When I Met You in Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_I_Met_You_in_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Zoren comes from a family of Filipino celebrities. His father, Lito Legaspi (1941–2019), and brothers, Kier[3] and Brando, are all actors. His spouse, Carmina Villaroel, is a movie and television actress. They have twin children named Mavy and Cassy.Cassy (When I Met You in Tokyo)Outside of his showbiz career, he is a hobbyist for his love of motorcycles.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruffa Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffa_Gutierrez"},{"link_name":"That's Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Entertainment_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nowand1-5"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Man"},{"link_name":"Wag Kukurap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_Kukurap"},{"link_name":"Atlantika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantika"},{"link_name":"Regal Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Films"},{"link_name":"Agua Bendita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Bendita"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"Love ni Mister, Love ni Misis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_ni_Mister,_Love_ni_Misis"},{"link_name":"Glamorosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorosa"},{"link_name":"Lorna Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"Alice Dixson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Dixson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Marian Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Yan ang Morning!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_ang_Morning!"},{"link_name":"Carmina Villarroel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Villarroel"},{"link_name":"GMA Artist Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Artist_Center"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"He was once a leading man of beauty queen/actress Ruffa Gutierrez who was his ex-girlfriend. He was a member of That's Entertainment[5] as a matinee idol. He was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance in the movie The Fatima Buen Story in the Gawad Urian Awards of 1995.Legaspi directed for GMA Network programs like Fantastikids, Fantastic Man, Wag Kukurap and Atlantika. He made his film directorial debut for Ultraelectromagnetic Love of Regal Films which was to be shown in 2008.He was a minor character in Agua Bendita aired on ABS-CBN.Legaspi returned to GMA with his partner Carmina on a new talk show, Love ni Mister, Love ni Misis. This was his first hosting on TV and first talk show on GMA. The show premiered August 9, 2010.Legaspi returned to TV5 as host in Paparazzi with his co-hosts Ruffa Gutierrez, Shalala, Christy Fermin and Mo Twister. This was Zoren's second hosting on TV after Love Ni Mister, Love Ni Misis aired on GMA Network in 2010.Legaspi returns again to drama via Glamorosa with grand slam best actress Lorna Tolentino and former Palmolive endorser Alice Dixson. The show premiered November 2011.In November 2012, Carmina and Zoren had their wedding, and the ABS-CBN had their special coverage of their wedding that aired November 24, 2012 entitled Zoren-Carmina: Always Forever, A Wedding Like No Other.[6][7][8][9] The idea of a surprise proposal followed by a flashmob-style instant wedding was inspired by a remarkably similar episode of the U.S. television show \"Mobbed\" hosted by Howie Mandel.[10]In 2016, Legaspi returned to GMA Network, since his guesting on Marian Rivera's program, Yan ang Morning!, his wife Carmina Villarroel, also returned to the network in 2017.On March 15, 2018, Legaspi signed a contract with GMA Artist Center,[11] after he returned to the network in 2016. He returned to GMA thrice. Legaspi's first return to the network was late 2010, he moved back to GMA again for the second time in 2015 and the third time in 2016.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Duwelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwelo"},{"link_name":"Mano Po 2: My Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Po_2:_My_Home"},{"link_name":"Mulawin: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulawin:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Pacquiao: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacquiao:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Inang Yaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inang_Yaya"},{"link_name":"My Big Bossing's Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Big_Bossing%27s_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Etiquette for Mistresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_for_Mistresses"},{"link_name":"Our Mighty Yaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Mighty_Yaya"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Wooly Booly: Ang Classmate Kong Alien (1989)\nStudent Body (1990)\nTora Tora, Bang Bang Bang (1990)\nI Have 3 Eggs (1990)\nIsland of Desire (1990) as Jimmy Boy[12]\nPido Dida 2: Kasal Na (1991)\nIpaglaban Mo Ako Boy Topak (1991)\nPretty Boy Hoodlum (1991)\nDisgrasyada (1991)\nShotgun Banjo (1992) as Banjo\nTikboy Tikas at ang Mga Batang Krhoaks (1993)\nBala at Lipstick (1993)\nMassacre Files (1994)\nMulto in the City (1994)\nSilya Eletrika (1994) Viva Films\nAlyas Boy Ama: Tirador (1994) - Moviestars Production\nHataw Tatay Hataw (1994)\nThe Fatima Buen Story (1995)\nMelencio Magat: Dugo Laban Dugo (1995)\nKailanman (1996)\nSandata (1996)\nDuwelo (1996) as Alan\nBandido (1997)\nBaril sa Baril (1997) as Abel\nMatang Agila (1997)\nKung Marunong Kang Magdasal, Umpisahan Mo Na (1997)\nDaniel Eskultor (1997) as Daniel\nDesperate Hours (1998)\nKahit Mabuhay Kang Muli (1998) as Ruben\nThe Resort Murders (1998)\nAlyas Big Time (1999)\nMarkado (1999)\nElias Marengo: Bayolente (1999) as Elias\nAng Boyfriend Kong Pari (1999)\nNag-aapoy Na Laman (2000)\nBaliktaran (2000) as Boyet Corpus\nLaban Kung Laban (2000)\nTestigo (2000) as Paolo\nHindi Sisiw ang Kalaban Mo (2001)\nXtreme Warriors (2001)\nThe Cory Quirino Kidnap Files (2002)\nMano Po 2: My Home (2003)\nMulawin: The Movie (2005)\nPacquiao: The Movie (2006)\nInang Yaya (2006)\nIsang Araw Lang (2011)\nMy Big Bossing's Adventures (2014)\nEtiquette for Mistresses (2015)\nOur Mighty Yaya (2017)\nMiss Q & A (2020)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Credits","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"Gawad Urian - Best Supporting Actor for The Fatima Buen Story (nominated)","title":"Accolades"}]	[{"image_text":"Cassy (When I Met You in Tokyo)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/When_I_Met_You_in_Tokyo_MMFF_float_cast.jpg/150px-When_I_Met_You_in_Tokyo_MMFF_float_cast.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Twins Mavy and Cassy Legaspi are now Kapuso\". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/661908/twins-mavy-and-cassy-legaspi-are-now-kapuso/story/","url_text":"\"Twins Mavy and Cassy Legaspi are now Kapuso\""},{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/661908/twins-mavy-and-cassy-legaspi-are-now-kapuso/story/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aquino, Maine. \"LOOK: Mavy and Cassy Legaspi are now part of the Kapuso network\". www.gmanetwork.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/42376/look-mavy-and-cassy-legaspi-are-now-part-of-the-kapuso-network/story","url_text":"\"LOOK: Mavy and Cassy Legaspi are now part of the Kapuso network\""},{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/42376/look-mavy-and-cassy-legaspi-are-now-part-of-the-kapuso-network/story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maglaqui, Rhovin (September 9, 2019). \"Lito Legaspi passes away at 77 \| Star Cinema\". starcinema.abs-cbn.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://starcinema.abs-cbn.com/2019/9/9/news/lito-legaspi-passes-away-at-77-52301","url_text":"\"Lito Legaspi passes away at 77 \| Star Cinema\""},{"url":"https://starcinema.abs-cbn.com/2019/9/9/news/lito-legaspi-passes-away-at-77-52301","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Malig, Kaela (December 15, 2021). \"Carmina Villaroel and Zoren Legaspi reveal the real mistress in their relationship, and it's not what you think\". GMA News Online. Retrieved December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/hobbiesandactivities/814713/carmina-villaroel-and-zoren-legaspi-reveal-the-real-mistress-in-their-relationship-and-it-/story/?fbclid=IwAR33r55zQWvHQd2gh3l4SvrOhH3-RmfmsTJSf3OZWGO4pFUCgbmbZrw8c8I","url_text":"\"Carmina Villaroel and Zoren Legaspi reveal the real mistress in their relationship, and it's not what you think\""}]},{"reference":"\"'That's Entertainment' graduates\". The Manila Times. June 3, 2005. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://www.manilatimes.net/2005/06/03/lifestyle-entertainment/show-times/thats-entertainment-graduates/793097/","url_text":"\"'That's Entertainment' graduates\""},{"url":"https://www.manilatimes.net/2005/06/03/lifestyle-entertainment/show-times/thats-entertainment-graduates/793097/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zoren and Carmina's Wedding\". ABS-CBN Corporation. November 16, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/11/16/12/carmina-almost-finds-out-secret-wedding-plan","url_text":"\"Zoren and Carmina's Wedding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation","url_text":"ABS-CBN Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/11/16/12/carmina-almost-finds-out-secret-wedding-plan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zoren-Carmina wedding: Carmina walks down the aisle\". ABS-CBN Corporation News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/24/12/zoren-carmina-wedding-carmina-walks-down-aisle","url_text":"\"Zoren-Carmina wedding: Carmina walks down the aisle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation","url_text":"ABS-CBN Corporation"},{"url":"http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/24/12/zoren-carmina-wedding-carmina-walks-down-aisle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zoren-Carmina wedding: Zoren proposes\". ABS-CBN Corporation News. November 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/24/12/zoren-carmina-wedding-zoren-proposes","url_text":"\"Zoren-Carmina wedding: Zoren proposes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation","url_text":"ABS-CBN Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/24/12/zoren-carmina-wedding-zoren-proposes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zoren-Carmina wedding: The Vows and Kiss\". ABS-CBN Corporation News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/24/12/zoren-carmina-wedding-vows-and-kiss","url_text":"\"Zoren-Carmina wedding: The Vows and Kiss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation","url_text":"ABS-CBN Corporation"},{"url":"http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/24/12/zoren-carmina-wedding-vows-and-kiss","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage Proposal & Wedding in an Enormous Dancing Mobbed\". YouTube. June 14, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCZ-VOSmblQ","url_text":"\"Marriage Proposal & Wedding in an Enormous Dancing Mobbed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Sun, Cherry. \"READ: Zoren Legaspi feels at home with GMA Network\". www.gmanetwork.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/38597/read-zoren-legaspi-feels-at-home-with-gma-network/story","url_text":"\"READ: Zoren Legaspi feels at home with GMA Network\""},{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/38597/read-zoren-legaspi-feels-at-home-with-gma-network/story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"National Mid-week. Lagda Pub. Incorporated. 1990. p. 57. Retrieved October 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IzsTAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"National Mid-week"}]},{"reference":"Calderon, Nora V (July 16, 2020). \"Zoren, na-challenge nang idirek ang pamilya\". Balita - Tagalog Newspaper Tabloid (in Tagalog). Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://balita.net.ph/2020/07/16/zoren-na-challenge-nang-idirek-ang-pamilya/","url_text":"\"Zoren, na-challenge nang idirek ang pamilya\""},{"url":"https://balita.net.ph/2020/07/16/zoren-na-challenge-nang-idirek-ang-pamilya/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Torregoza, Hannah (September 14, 2018). \"Man of many hats\". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://mb.com.ph/2018/09/14/man-of-many-hats/","url_text":"\"Man of many hats\""},{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2018/09/14/man-of-many-hats/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Plaridel: A Journal of Philippine Communication, Media, and Society. Office of Research and Publication, College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines. February 2011. p. 144. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Scolaire_St_Michel_de_Picpus	Ensemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°50′33″N 2°23′47″E / 48.8424°N 2.3965°E / 48.8424; 2.3965Catholic school in Paris, France Ensemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus is a Roman Catholic private school system in the Paris metropolitan area. It has a preschool/nursery (maternelle) and elementary school in the 12th arrondissement of Paris. It has two junior-senior high (collège-lycée) campuses: one in the 12th arrondissement of Paris and one in Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne. References ^ Home. Ensemble Scolaire St Michel de Picpus. Retrieved on September 11, 2016. "Ecole Saint Michel de Picpus Maternelle - Primaire 47 boulevard de Picpus 75012 PARIS" and "Saint Michel de Picpus Collège - Lycée - Classes Préparatoires 53 rue de la gare de Reuilly 75012 PARIS" and "Saint Michel de Picpus Collège - Lycée 10 Ter rue jeanne d'arc 94160 SAINT-MANDE External links Ensemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus (in French) vteSixth-form colleges (lycées) and upper secondary schools in Paris2nd arrondissement Lycée Jean-Baptiste Lulli 3rd arrondissement Lycée Simone-Weil Lycée Turgot Lycée Victor Hugo 4th arrondissement École Massillon Lycée Charlemagne Lycée des Francs-Bourgeois Lycée Sophie Germain Lycée d'enseignement commercial Théophile Gautier 5th arrondissement Lycée Henri-IV Lycée Jacques-Monod Lycée Louis-le-Grand Lycée Louise-de-Marillac Lycée Lucas-de-Nehou Collège Sévigné 6th arrondissement Lycée Fénelon Lycée Maximilien-Vox Lycée Montaigne Lycée Saint-Louis Collège Stanislas de Paris Lycée Carcado-Saisseval École alsacienne Groupe Scolaire Notre-Dame de Sion Lycée Sainte-Geneviève Lycée Saint-Nicolas Lycée Saint-Suplice 7th arrondissement Lycée Victor-Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée-collège Paul-Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte-Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse-Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci 8th arrondissement Lycée Chaptal Lycée Racine Cours Hattemer Lycée Fénelon Sainte-Marie 9th arrondissement Lycée Condorcet Lycée Edgar-Quinet Collège-lycée Jacques-Decour Lycée Jules-Ferry Lycée Lamartine Collège-lycée Morvan École privée technique Pétrelle 10th arrondissement Lycée Colbert Lycée Edgar-Poe Lycée Jules-Siegfried Établissement Bossuet Notre-Dame Lycée Rocroy-Saint-Léon 11th arrondissement Lycée Dorian Lycée Voltaire Établissement Charles-Péguy Lycée Ozar Hatorah Votre École Chez Vous 12th arrondissement Lycée Arago Lycée Paul-Valéry Lycée Saint-Michel de Picpus Cours Spinoza Ensemble scolaire Eugène-Napoléon - Saint-Pierre-Fourier Établissement scolaire Georges-Leven 13th arrondissement Lycée Rodin Lycée Claude-Monet Lycée professionnel Corvisart-Tolbiac École nationale de chimie physique et biologie de Paris École Yabné Groupe scolaire Notre Dame de France Groupe scolaire Saint Vincent de Paul Lycée Le Rebours Lycée Technique Privé de l'École Technique Supérieure du Laboratoire 14th arrondissement Lycée Catherine-Labouré Lycée François-Villon Lycée Raspail 15th arrondissement Lycée Beaugrenelle Lycée Claude Anthime Corbon Lycée Roger Verlomme Lycée Brassai Lycée Louis-Armand Lycée Fresnel Lycée Léonard de Vinci Lycée de l'École nationale Supérieure des Arts Appliquées Lycée Bâtiment Saint Lambert Etablissement régional adapté Alexandre Dumas Lycée Buffon Lycée Camille-Sée Lycée autogéré de Paris École Jeannine Manuel École, Collège, Lycée Privés Sainte-Élisabeth Lycée Blomet École Internationale Bilingue- Victor Hugo School Ecole Skol Diwan Ecole secondaire Georges Gusdorf Ecole Saint Joseph 16th arrondissement Lycée Claude-Bernard Lycée Janson-de-Sailly Lycée Jean-Baptiste-Say Lycée Molière Lycée La Fontaine Lycée Octave-Feuillet École Pascal Lycée René-Cassin École normale israélite orientale Institut de l'Assomption Cours privé Beauséjour École d'esthétique Yves Rocher Institut de La Tour International School of Paris Russian Embassy School in Paris Établissement Gerson Ipécom Paris Lycée Moria-Diane Benvenuti Lycée Notre-Dame des Oiseaux Lycée Passy-Saint-Honoré Saint-Jean de Passy Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague Lycée Sainte-Thérèse Kingsworth International School 17th arrondissement Lycée Carnot Lycée Honoré-de-Balzac École internationale bilingue-Étoile Ensemble scolaire Sainte-Ursule Ensemble scolaire Saint-Michel Lycée Gaston-Tenoudji Svenska Skolan Paris Szkoła Narodowa Polska w Paryżu 18th arrondissement Lycée François-Rabelais Lycée Belliard Lycée Suzanne Valadon Lycée Edmond Rostand Lycée technologique d'Arts appliqués Auguste-Renoir Lycée Charles-de-Foucauld Collège lycée Sinaï 19th arrondissement Lycée polyvalent d'Alembert Lycée Diderot Lycée Georges-Brassens Lycée Henri-Bergson Lycée Jacquard École Lucien-de-Hirsch Institutions scolaires du Beth Loubavitch Lycée l'Initiative Lycée Jules-Richard Lycée N'R Hatorah 20th arrondissement Lycée Hélène-Boucher Lycée Maurice-Ravel Lycée Charles-de-Gaulle Lycée Beth Yacov Lycée Heikhal Menahem Sinaï Closed schools Lycée professionnel Mariano-Fortuny (17th arrondissement) Lycée Jean-Quarré (19th arrondissement) This list may be incomplete.For other international schools outside of the Paris city limits, see International schools in France. vteSixth-form colleges (Lycées) and upper secondary schools in Val-de-Marne by communeAll are in the jurisdiction of the Académie de CréteilAlfortville Lycée Maximilien Perret Boissy-Saint-Léger Lycée Gillaume Budé Lycée Christoph Colombe Lycée Bernard-Palissy Cachan Lycée Gustave Eiffel Lycée Maximilien Sorre Le foyer de Cachan Champigny-sur-Marne Lycée Louise Michel Lycée Marx-Dormoy Lycée Langevin-Wallon Lycée professionnel Gabriel-Péri Charenton-le-Pont Lycée Robert Schuman (public senior high school/sixth-form college) Notre dame des Missions Chennevières-sur-Marne Lycée Samuel de Champlain Chevilly-Larue Lycée polyvalent Pauline Roland Choisy-le-Roi Lycée Professionnel Jean Macé Lycée des métiers Jacques Brel Groupe scolaire Saint André Créteil Lycée Léon Blum Lycée Édouard Branly Lycée Gutenberg Lycée Antoine de Saint-Exupery Ozar Hatorah Lycée général et technologique de l'ensemble Sainte-Marie Lycée d'enseignement supérieur technique privé SUPTEK Fontenay-sous-Bois Lycée Pablo Picasso Fresnes Lycée Frédéric Mistral Gentilly Lycée professionnel du Val-de-Bièvre Ivry-sur-Seine Collège et lycée Romain Rolland Lycée technique Fernand Léger Joinville-le-Pont Groupe Scolaire A.P.E.P. Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud Lycée Pierre-Brossolette Le Perreux-sur-Marne Lycée Paul Doumer Limeil-Brévannes Lycée Guillaume Budé Maisons-Alfort Lycée Eugène Delacroix Lycée Professionnel Paul Bert Nogent-sur-Marne Lycée Louis Armand Lycée Edouard Branly Lycée Albert-de-Mun Institut Montalembert Orly Lycée des métiers Armand Guillaumin Saint-Mandé Ensemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Lycée Marcelin Berthelot Lycée Teilhard-de-Chardin Sucy-en-Brie Lycée Christoph Colombe Lycée des Métiers Hôteliers Montaleau Ensemble scolaire du Petit-Val Thiais Lycée Guillaume Apollinaire Villeneuve-le-Roi Lycée Georges Brassens Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Lycée François Arago Vincennes Lycée général et technologique Hector-Berlioz Lycée professionnel Jean-Moulin Notre-Dame de la Providence Lycée Grégor-Mendel Lycée Claude-Nicolas Ledoux Vitry-sur-Seine Lycée Adolphe-Chérioux Lycée Camille-Claudel Lycée Jean-Macé Collège-lycée privé Epin This list is incomplete. 48°50′33″N 2°23′47″E / 48.8424°N 2.3965°E / 48.8424; 2.3965 This French school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"12th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Saint-Mandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Mand%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Val-de-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Catholic school in Paris, FranceEnsemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus is a Roman Catholic private school system in the Paris metropolitan area. It has a preschool/nursery (maternelle) and elementary school in the 12th arrondissement of Paris. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Beck_(footballer)	Harry Beck (footballer)	["1 References"]	English footballer Harry BeckPersonal informationFull name Henry Alfred BeckDate of birth (1901-02-21)21 February 1901Place of birth Walsall Wood, EnglandDate of death 1979 (aged 77–78)Height 5 ft 7+1⁄2 in (1.71 m)Position(s) Centre half, wing halfSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls) Rushall 1921 Walsall 3 (1) Darlaston Cannock Town Burton Town 1921–1927 Walsall 40 (0) Stafford Rangers 1928 Barrow 29 (0)1929–1932 York City 119 (12)1932–1933 Wrexham 30 (2) Glentoran Dudley Town Club domestic league appearances and goals Henry Alfred "Harry" Beck, (21 February 1901 – 1979) also known as Harold Beck, was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Walsall, Barrow, York City and Wrexham. References ^ "Third Division. Northern Section. Walsall". Athletic News. Manchester. 15 August 1921. p. 6. Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888–1939. Nottingham: SoccerData. p. 21. ISBN 1-899468-67-6. This biographical article related to association football in England, about a defender born in the 1900s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."}],"text":"Henry Alfred \"Harry\" Beck, (21 February 1901 – 1979) also known as Harold Beck, was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Walsall, Barrow, York City and Wrexham.","title":"Harry Beck (footballer)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Third Division. Northern Section. Walsall\". Athletic News. Manchester. 15 August 1921. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888–1939. Nottingham: SoccerData. p. 21. ISBN 1-899468-67-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899468-67-6","url_text":"1-899468-67-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Beck_(footballer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_(disambiguation)	Shandong (disambiguation)	["1 Places","2 People","3 Groups, companies, organizations","4 Sports","5 Military","6 Other uses","7 See also"]	Look up Shandong in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Shandong (Chinese: 山东) is a province of China. In Wade-Giles, it is romanized as Shan-tung (disambiguation). Shandong or variation, may also refer to: Places Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula), a peninsula in northeast China that separates the Bohai Sea from the Yellow Sea, creating the Bohai Strait Shandong Subdistrict, Shapingba District, Chongqing Shandong East Circuit, a historical Chinese administrative division during the Jin Dynasty People Shandong people, the people and ethnicity of Shandong Province Tu Shandong (born 1961), Chinese engineer Groups, companies, organizations Shandong Airlines (SDA), an airline based out of Shandong Shandong Television (SDTV), headquartered in Jinan, Shandong Shandong Heavy Industry, a heavy equipment and automotive company based in Jinan Sports Shandong women's volleyball team, a women's volleyball team The Shandong Stars: Shandong Golden Stars, a men's basketball team based in Shandong Shandong Six Stars, a women's basketball team based in Shandong Military Shandong clique, a warlord group based in Shandong during the early twentieth century Battle of Shandong (1904), another name for the Battle of the Yellow Sea, a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong Type 002 aircraft carrier, the Shandong-class aircraft carrier Shandong Treaty (1922), Washington Naval Conference (WNC); a treaty associated with the Nine-Power Treaty Shandong Incident (1927), another name for the Jinan Incident between Nationalist Chinese and the Japanese Shandong Column, predecessor of the 73rd Group Army Other uses Shandong cuisine, the cuisine found in Shandong Shandong (restaurant), a Chinese cuisine restaurant in Portland, Oregon Shandong maple (Acer truncatum), a deciduous tree found in northern China See also Search for "Shandong" , "Shantung", or "Shan-tung" on Wikipedia. All pages with titles beginning with Shandong All pages with titles containing Shandong Dongshan (disambiguation) Dong (disambiguation) Shan (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shandong.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Wade-Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles"},{"link_name":"Shan-tung (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan-tung_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"Look up Shandong in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Shandong (Chinese: 山东) is a province of China. In Wade-Giles, it is romanized as Shan-tung (disambiguation).Shandong or variation, may also refer to:","title":"Shandong (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shandong Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Shandong Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Shandong East Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_East_Circuit"}],"text":"Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula), a peninsula in northeast China that separates the Bohai Sea from the Yellow Sea, creating the Bohai Strait\nShandong Subdistrict, Shapingba District, Chongqing\nShandong East Circuit, a historical Chinese administrative division during the Jin Dynasty","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shandong people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_people"},{"link_name":"Tu Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Shandong"}],"text":"Shandong people, the people and ethnicity of Shandong Province\nTu Shandong (born 1961), Chinese engineer","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shandong Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Shandong Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Television"},{"link_name":"Shandong Heavy Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Heavy_Industry"}],"text":"Shandong Airlines (SDA), an airline based out of Shandong\nShandong Television (SDTV), headquartered in Jinan, Shandong\nShandong Heavy Industry, a heavy equipment and automotive company based in Jinan","title":"Groups, companies, organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shandong women's volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_women%27s_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Shandong Golden Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Golden_Stars"},{"link_name":"Shandong Six Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Six_Stars"}],"text":"Shandong women's volleyball team, a women's volleyball team\nThe Shandong Stars:\nShandong Golden Stars, a men's basketball team based in Shandong\nShandong Six Stars, a women's basketball team based in Shandong","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shandong clique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_clique"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Yellow Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea"},{"link_name":"Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Shandong"},{"link_name":"Type 002 aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_002_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Nine-Power Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Jinan Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan_Incident"},{"link_name":"73rd Group Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_Group_Army"}],"text":"Shandong clique, a warlord group based in Shandong during the early twentieth century\nBattle of Shandong (1904), another name for the Battle of the Yellow Sea, a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War\nChinese aircraft carrier Shandong\nType 002 aircraft carrier, the Shandong-class aircraft carrier\nShandong Treaty (1922), Washington Naval Conference (WNC); 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_3	Aggregat	["1 A1 (1933)","2 A2 (1934)","3 A3 (1935–1937)","3.1 Specifications","4 A5 (1938–1942)","5 A4/V2 rocket (1942–1945)","5.1 Projekt Schwimmweste","5.2 A4b/A9","6 Variations – Planned, not constructed","6.1 A6","6.2 A7","6.3 A8","6.4 A9/A10","6.5 A11","6.6 A12","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Nazi ballistic missile series The Aggregat series (German for "Aggregate") was a set of ballistic missile designs developed in 1933–1945 by a research program of Nazi Germany's Army (Heer). Its greatest success was the A4, more commonly known as the V2. Aggregat rockets compared A1 (1933) The A1 was the first rocket design in the Aggregat series. It was designed in 1933 by Wernher von Braun at the German Army research program at Kummersdorf headed by Colonel Dr Walter Dornberger. The A1 was the grandfather of most modern rockets. The rocket was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long, 30.5 centimetres (12 in) in diameter, and had a takeoff weight of 150 kilograms (330 lb). The engine, designed by Arthur Rudolph, used a pressure-fed rocket propellant system burning ethanol and liquid oxygen, and produced 2.9 kN (660 lbf) of thrust for 16 seconds. The LOX tank was located within the fuel tank and insulated with a fiberglass material. The rocket was stabilized by a 40 kg (88 lb) 3 axes gyroscope system in the nose, supplied by Kreiselgeräte GmbH. The rocket could not be rotated for stability as with a ballistic shell, as centrifugal force would force the liquid fuel to rise up along the walls of their tanks, which made feeding propellants to the combustion chamber difficult. Although the engine had been successfully test fired, the first flight attempt blew up on the launching pad on 21 December 1933, half a second after ignition. The cause was a buildup up of propellants before ignition of its engine. Since the design was thought to be unstable, no further attempts were made, and efforts moved to the A2 design. The A1 was too nose-heavy, and to compensate, the gyroscope system was moved to the middle of the A2, between the oxygen and ethanol tanks. A2 (1934) A2 rocket Static tests and assembly were completed by 1 October 1934. Two A2s were built for a full-out test, and were named after a Wilhelm Busch cartoon, Max and Moritz. On 19 and 20 December 1934, they were launched in front of senior Army officers on Borkum island in the North Sea. They reached altitudes of 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi).: 41–42 The A2s had the same dimensions as the A1, and the same engine, but separate propellant tanks. The cylindrical regeneratively cooled combustion chamber was welded inside the ethanol tank. The mushroom-shaped injector system consisted of fuel and oxidizer jets pointing at one another. Propellants were pressurized from a nitrogen tank, a system which was also used for the A3 and A5. A3 (1935–1937) Development of the A3 can be traced at least to February 1935 when Major Ernst Ritter von Horstig sent General der Artillerie Karl Becker a budget of almost half a million marks for the construction of two new test stands at Kummersdorf. Included were mobile test rigs, small locomotives, and office and storage space. The A3 plans called for a rocket with an inertial guidance system and a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) thrust engine. In March 1936, Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch witnessed a static firing of an A3 engine at Kummersdorf, and was sufficiently impressed to lend his support to the rocket program. Like the earlier A1 and A2 rockets, the A3 used a pressure-fed propellant system, and the same liquid oxygen and 75% ethanol mixture as the earlier designs. It generated its 14.7 kN (3,300 lbf) for 45 seconds. It used a three-gyroscope system to deflect tungsten alloy jet vanes. The design was finished in early 1936 and further modifications that made the rocket stable at supersonic velocities were finalized later that year. The shape of the rocket was based on the 8-mm rifle bullet, in anticipation of supersonic flight. The rocket was 6.7 metres (22 ft) in length, 0.70 metres (2.3 ft) feet in diameter, and weighed 750 kg (1,650 lb) when fueled. Fins were included, for "arrow stability", structurally anchored by an antenna ring. The stabilized platform used a pitch gyro and a yaw gyro, connected to pneumatic servos, which stabilized the platform along the pitch and yaw axes. Electrical carriages on the platform acted as integrating accelerometers. These signals were mixed with those from the SG-33 system, to drive the molybdenum-tungsten jet vane control servomotors. The SG-33 was fixed to the rocket, not the stabilized platform, and used three rate gyros to sense roll, pitch and yaw deviations. Two of the jet vanes rotated in the same direction for pitch and yaw control, and in opposite directions for roll control. The guidance and control system was designed by Fritz Mueller, based on Johannes Maria Boykow's ideas, the technical director of Kreiselgeräte GmbH ("Gyro Instruments Limited").: 53–57 The A3 engine was a scaled-up version of the A2, but with a mushroom-shaped injector at the top of the combustion chamber, based on a design by Walter Riedel. Ethanol was sprayed upwards to mix with the oxygen sprayed downward from jets at the top of the chamber. This increased efficiency and generated higher temperatures.: 56 This was the first of the Aggregat rockets to be launched from the Peenemünde area. As part of Operation Lighthouse the first A3 was launched on 4 December 1937, but suffered problems with premature parachute deployment and engine failure, and crashed close to the takeoff point. The second launch on 6 December 1937 suffered similar problems. The parachute was disabled in the third and fourth rockets launched on 8 and 11 December 1937, but these, too, experienced engine failures, though the lack of parachute drag allowed them to crash further from the launch site. They reached altitudes between 2,500 feet (760 m) and 3,000 feet (910 m), before falling into the sea.: 57 According to another source, one A3 reached a maximum downrange of 12 km (7.5 mi) and maximum altitude of 18 km (11 mi). With each launch a failure, von Braun and Dornberger looked for the cause. At first there was some thought of an electrostatic charge that prematurely set off the parachute, but this was largely disproved. Ultimately, the failures were attributed to the inadequate design of the rocket's experimental inertial guidance system and minor instabilities in the body and fin design. The control system was found to be unable to keep the rocket from turning with a wind greater than 3.7 metres per second (12 ft/s).: 58 The stable platform gyros were limited to a 30 degree range of motion, and when the platform tumbled, the parachutes deployed. The jet vanes needed to move faster, and have a larger control force, to stop the rolling. The fins were redesigned in the A5, when it was realized an expanding jet plume as the rocket gained altitude, would have destroyed the A3 fin stabilizing antenna ring.: 57 After this unsuccessful series of launches, the A3 was abandoned and A4 work postponed, while work on the A5 commenced.: 58 According to Dornberger, the A3 "...had not been equipped to take any payload. It was a purely experimental missile." Similarly, the A5 was to be "for research purposes only.": 50, 66 Specifications Length: 6.74 m (22 ft 1 in) Diameter: 0.68 m (2 ft 3 in) Finspan: 0.93 m (3 ft 1 in) Launch mass: 748 kilograms (1650 lb) Fuel: Ethanol and liquid oxygen Liftoff thrust: 14.7 kN A5 (1938–1942) The A5 played a vital role in testing the aerodynamics and technology of the A4. Its rocket motor was identical to the A-3, but with a new control system provided by Siemens, was 5.825 m (19.11 ft) long, with a diameter of 0.78 m (2 ft 7 in) and a takeoff weight of 900 kg (2,000 lb). The A5 was fitted with a Brennschluss receiving set, a parachute recovery system, could stay afloat in water for up to two hours, and was painted yellow and red, aiding recovery. New tail surfaces were tested in the Zeppelin Aircraft Works subsonic tunnel and the supersonic tunnel in Aachen. The internal vanes were now made of graphite instead of molybdenum. Uncontrolled A5s were launched from Griefswalder Oie in late 1938. Models that were 1.5 meters (5 ft) long and 20 centimeters (8 in) in diameter were dropped from Heinkel He 111s starting in September 1938, testing supersonic speeds in the absence of a supersonic wind tunnel. Hellmuth Walter also made models of the A5m which included a hydrogen peroxide motor, with potassium permanganate as a catalyst, and were test launched in March 1939. The final fin configuration was wider, curved outward to accommodate the expanding exhaust gases, included external air vanes, but no ring antenna.: 58–64 : 58–60 The A-5, like the A-3, was fueled with ethanol with liquid oxygen as an oxidant. The first successful guided flights were made in October 1939, with three of the first four flights using a Kreiselgeräte complete guidance and control system called SG-52. This used a 3-gyro stabilized platform for attitude control and a tilt program, whose signals were mixed with rate gyros, and fed to a control system connected to the jet vanes by aluminium rods. The Siemens Vertikant control system first flew on 24 April 1940. The Siemens system used three gyros, stabilized by 3 rate gyros, and hydraulic servomotors to move the jet vanes to correct pitch and yaw, and control roll. The Möller Askania, or Rechlin system, first flew on 30 April 1940, and used position gyros, a mixing system and a servo system. A-5 testing included a guide plane system for lateral control, and a radio system for propulsion cutoff at a preselected speed, after which the rocket followed a ballistic trajectory. The A-5s reached a height of 12 km (7.5 mi) and a range of 18 kilometres (11 mi). Up to 80 launches by October 1943 developed an understanding of the rocket's aerodynamics, and tests of a better guidance system. The aerodynamic data resulted in a fin and rudder design that was basically the same one used for the A-4.: 62, 64 : 57–65 At the conclusion of the A-5 testing, Dornberger stated, "I now knew that we should succeed in creating a weapon with far greater range than any artillery. What we had successfully done with the A-5 must be equally valid, in improved form, for the A-4.": 64 A4/V2 rocket (1942–1945) Main article: V2 rocket A V2 missile being launched in June 1943 V2 rocket being recovered from the Bug River near Sarnaki V2 rocket in Blizna In the late 1920s, Karl Becker realised that a loophole in the Treaty of Versailles allowed Germany to develop rocket weapons. General Becker was very influential during the development of the A4 until he committed suicide on 8 April 1940 following criticism from Adolf Hitler. The A4 was a full-sized design with a range of about 322 kilometers (200 mi), an initial peak altitude of 89 kilometers (55 mi) and a payload of about a tonne. Versions of the A4 were used in warfare. They included the first ballistic missile and the first projectile to reach outer space. The propellants of choice continued to be liquid oxygen, with a 75% ethanol and 25% water mixture. The water reduced the flame temperature, acted as a coolant, and reduced thermal stress. This increase in capability came from a redesign of the A3 engine, now known as the A5, by Walter Thiel. It became clearer that von Braun's designs were turning into useful weapons, and Dornberger moved the team from the artillery testing grounds at Kummersdorf (near Berlin) to Peenemünde, on the island of Usedom on Germany's Baltic coast, to provide more room for testing and greater secrecy. This version was reliable, and by 1941 the team had fired about 70 A5 rockets. The first A4 flew in March 1942, flying about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) and crashing into the water. The second launch reached an altitude of 11 kilometers (7 mi) before exploding. The third rocket, launched on 3 October 1942, followed its trajectory perfectly. It landed 193 kilometers (120 mi) away, and reached a height of 83 kilometers (52 mi). The highest altitude reached during the war was 174.6 kilometres (108.5 miles) on 20 June 1944. Production started in 1943 on the rocket. The missile testing ground at Blizna was quickly located by the Polish resistance movement, the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), thanks to reports from local farmers. Armia Krajowa field agents managed to obtain pieces of the fired rockets by arriving on the scene before German patrols. In early March 1944, British Intelligence Headquarters received a report of an Armia Krajowa agent (code name: "Makary") who had covertly surveyed the Blizna railway line and observed a freight car heavily guarded by SS troops containing "an object which, though covered by a tarpaulin, bore every resemblance to a monstrous torpedo". Subsequently, a plan was formed to make an attempt to capture a complete unexploded V2 rocket and transport it to Britain. Around 20 May 1944, a relatively undamaged V2 rocket fell on the swampy bank of the Bug River near the village of Sarnaki, and local Poles concealed it before German arrival. The rocket was then dismantled and smuggled across Poland. In late July 1944, the Polish resistance secretly transported parts of the rocket out of Poland in Operation Most III (Bridge III), for analysis by British intelligence. Projekt Schwimmweste In late 1943 German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront/DAF) Director, Otto Lafferenz, proposed the idea of a towable watertight container which could hold an A4 rocket. This suggestion progressed to the design of a container of 500 tons displacement to be towed behind a U-boat. Once in firing position, the containers would be trimmed to drop their aft end to a vertical position for launch. The project was dubbed Projekt Schwimmweste (German for "Project Life Jacket") and the containers themselves referred to by the codename Prüfstand XII (German for "Test Rig XII"). Work on the containers was carried out by the Vulkanwerft, and a single example was completed by the end of the war, but never tested with a rocket launch. A4b/A9 In anticipation of the possibility that launch sites might be forced back into the Reich itself, von Braun and his colleagues were pressured to develop a longer-range version of the A4 known alternatively as A9 and A4b, the reason for the dual designation being that the A4 series had received "national priority"; the A4b designation ensured the availability of scarce resources. In June 1939, Kurt Patt of the Peenemünde Design Office, proposed wings for converting rocket speed and altitude into aerodynamic lift and range. As the rocket encountered thicker atmosphere on its descent phase, it would execute a pullout and enter a shallow glide, trading speed for distance. Patt also proposed the Flossengeschoss (fin projectile). Both concepts were utilized by Walter Dornberger when he drafted a memo for presentation to Hitler regarding the "America rocket" on 31 July 1940. Design studies on the A9 began in 1940. In addition to its wings, the A9 would have been somewhat larger than the A4 and its engine would have produced about 30% more thrust. Following wind tunnel testing of models, the design was subsequently modified to replace the wings with fuselage strakes, as the tests showed that these provided better lift at supersonic speeds and also solved the problem of transonic shift of the center of lift. Development was suspended in 1941, but in 1944 several V2s were modified to an approximation of the A9 configuration under the designation A4b. It was calculated that by fitting wings, the A4's range would be extended to 750 km (470 mi), allowing targets in Britain to be attacked from launch sites within Germany. It was intended that following launch the curve of the A4b's trajectory would become shallower and the rocket would glide toward its target. It was anticipated that interception by enemy aircraft at the end of the glide phase would be almost impossible, as over the target the A-4b was intended to enter a near vertical dive, leaving little time for interception. The A4b concept was tested by fitting swept back wings to two A4s launched from Blizna. Little development work had been carried out, and the first launch on 27 December 1944 was a complete failure. The second launch attempt, on 24 January 1945, was partially successful, in that the wing broke off, but the A4b still managed to become the first winged guided missile to break the sound barrier and attain Mach 4.: 219 Variations – Planned, not constructed A6 A6 was a designation applied to a variant of the A5 test rocket which used different propellants. Some sources indicate that it was also applied to a speculative proposal for a crewed aerial reconnaissance version of the A4b winged variant of the A4. This A6 was initially proposed to the German Air Ministry as an uninterceptable reconnaissance craft. It would be launched vertically by rocket, taking it to an apogee of 95 km (59 mi); after re-entering the atmosphere it would enter a supersonic glide phase, when its single ramjet would be ignited. It was hoped that this would provide 15 to 20 minutes of cruise at 2,900 km/h (1,800 mph) and would allow the aircraft to return to its base and make a conventional runway landing assisted by a drag chute. However, the Air Ministry had no requirement for such an aircraft and the proposal was rejected. Similar concepts (though uncrewed) were produced after the war in the form of the US SM-64 Navaho missile and the USSR's Burya, both intercontinental cruise missiles with ramjet propulsion. A7 The A7 was a winged design that was never fully constructed. It was worked on between 1940 and 1943 at Peenemünde for the Kriegsmarine. The A7 was similar in structure to the A5, but had larger tail unit fins (1.621 m2) in order to obtain greater range in gliding flight. Two unpowered models of the A7 were dropped from aeroplanes in order to test flight stability; no powered test was ever performed. The finished rocket should have produced a takeoff thrust of 15 kN and a takeoff weight of 1000 kg. The design had a diameter of 0.38 m and a length of 5.91 m. A8 The A8 was a proposed "stretched" variant of the A4, to use storable rocket propellants (most likely nitric acid & kerosene). The design never reached the prototype stage, but further design work was carried out after the war by a German rocket team in France as the "Super V-2". The project was eventually cancelled, but led to the French Véronique and Diamant rocket projects. A9/A10 Aggregat 9/10 TypeIRBM second stageService historyIn servicetest only, not deployedProduction historyManufacturerstudied by Army Research Center PeenemündeUnit costnone mass-manufacturedSpecificationsMass16,259 kg (35,845 pound)Length14.18 m (46' 6¼")Diameter1.65 m (5' 5") maximumWingspan3.2 m (10' 6")Warhead1000 kg (2204 pound) payloadEngineA9Operationalrange800 km (497.1 miles) (single stage flight)Flight altitude190 km (118.1 miles) (single stage flight) or 390 km (242.3 miles) (A9/A10 combination)Maximum speed 3,400 m/s (7,600 mph) (A9/A10 two stage combination)Launchplatformground launch pad or A10 It was proposed to use an advanced version of the A9 to attack targets on the US mainland from launch sites in Europe, for which it would need to be launched atop a booster stage, the A10. Design work on the A10 began in 1940, for a projected first flight to take place in 1946. The initial design was carried out by Ludwig Roth und Graupe and was completed on 29 June 1940. Hermann Oberth worked on the design during 1941, and in December 1941 Walter Thiel proposed that the A10 use an engine composed of six bundled A4 engines, which it was thought would give a total thrust of 180 tonnes. Work on the A10 was resumed in late 1944 under the Projekt Amerika codename, and the A10's design was amended to incorporate a cluster of 6 A4 combustion chambers feeding into a single expansion nozzle. This was later altered to a large single chamber and single nozzle. Test stands were constructed at Peenemunde for firings of the 200 tonne (440,920 lbf) thrust motor. It was considered that existing guidance systems would not be accurate enough over a distance of 5,000 km, and it was decided to make the A9 piloted. The pilot was to be guided on his terminal glide towards the target by radio beacons on U-boats and by automatic weather stations landed in Greenland and Labrador. The final design of the A10 booster was approximately 20 m (66 ft) in height. Powered by a 1,670 kN (380,000 lbf) thrust rocket burning diesel oil and nitric acid, during its 50-second burn it would have propelled its A9 second stage to a speed of about 4,300 km/h (2,700 mph). The A9 would then ignite and accelerate an additional 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph), reaching a speed of 10,080 km/h (6,260 mph), a peak altitude of 56 kilometres (35 mi), and covering 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in about 35 minutes. The spent A-10 would descend by brake flaps and parachute to be recovered in the sea and reused.: 130–131 A11 The A11 (Japan Rakete) was a design concept which would have acted as the first stage of a three-stage rocket, the other two stages being the A9 and A10. The A11 design was shown by von Braun to US officers in Garmisch-Partenkirchen; the drawing was published in 1946 by the US Army. The A11 was shown as using six of the large single-chamber engines proposed for the A10 stage, with a modified A10 second stage nested within the A11. The design also showed the winged A9, indicating a gliding landing or bombing mission. To achieve orbit, either a new "kick stage" would have been required, or the A9 would have to have been lightened. In either case, a payload of approximately 300 kg (660 lb) could have been placed in a low Earth orbit, roughly equivalent to the modern-day Electron rocket. A12 The A12 design if built would have been an orbital rocket. It was proposed as a four-stage vehicle, comprising A12, A11, A10 and A9 stages. Calculations suggested it could place as much as 10 tonnes payload in low Earth orbit, comparable to the later Saturn I rocket of the Apollo program. The A12 stage itself would have weighed around 3,500 tonnes fully fueled, and would have stood 33 m (108 ft) high. It was to have been propelled by 50 A10 engines, fueled by liquid oxygen and ethanol. References Citations ^ "Aggregate-1". ^ a b c d e f g h Hunley, J.D. (2008). Preludes to U.S. Space-Launch Vehicle Technology: Goddard Rockets to Minuteman III. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 47–49, 56, 70. ISBN 9780813031774. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dornberger, Walter (1954). V-2. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 38–41. ^ a b c Sutton, George (2006). History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 740–742. ISBN 9781563476495. ^ "Raketenaggregate „A1" und „A2"", Aggregat 2 (in German), DE, 9 January 2005{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). ^ Neufeld, M.J. Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York: Knopf, 2007. p 75. ^ Huzel 1962, p. 233. ^ Neufeld 1996, p. 81. ^ Huzel 1962, p. 236. ^ Neufeld 1996, pp. 84–85. ^ Huzel 1962, p. 235. ^ "Aggregate-3". ^ a b Neufeld 1996, pp. 102–5. ^ Neufeld 1996, p. 105. ^ a b c Michels, Juergen; Przybilski, Olaf (1997). Peenemünde und seine Erben in Ost und West. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. ^ Barber 2017, p. 11. ^ Dornberger, Walter (1985), Peenemuende, Berlin: Moewig, ISBN 3-8118-4341-9. ^ a b Neufeld 1996. ^ McGovern, James (1964). Crossbow and Overcast. New York: W. Morrow. p. 42. ^ Wojewódzki, Michał (1984). Akcja V-1, V-2 (in Polish). Warsaw. ISBN 83-211-0521-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Zak, Anatoly: Russian Space Web: 2009 ^ Paterson, Lawrence (2009). Black Flag: The Surrender of Germany's U-Boat Forces. MBI. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-7603-3754-7. ^ Neufeld 1996, pp. 63, 93, 250, 283. ^ Neufeld 1996, p. 92. ^ Neufeld 1996, pp. 138, 283. ^ Reuter 2000, pp. 90–91. ^ Reuter 2000, p. 87. ^ Harvey, Brian (2003). Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-85233-722-3. ^ "A6". Astronautix. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. ^ Reuter 2000, p. 179. ^ Huzel 1962, p. 237. ^ Reuter 2000, pp. 91–93. ^ Reuter 2000, p. 94. ^ Reuter 2000, p. 95. Bibliography Barber, Murray R. (2017), V2 The A4 Rocket From Peenemünde To Redstone, Crecy Publications, ISBN 978-1-90653-753-1 Huzel, Dieter K. (1981) , Peenemünde to Canaveral (reprint ed.), Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-22928-7. Neufeld, Michael (1996), The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-77650-X. Reuter, Claus (2000), The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program, German Canadian Museum, p. 87, ISBN 978-1-894643-05-4. Further reading "A1", Encyclopedia Astronautica, Astronautix, A2, A3, A5, A7, A8, A-9, A-10 engine, A9/A10/A11, A9/A10/A11/A12 V2 EMW A4b die bemannte Rakete (in German), DE: Khiechhorn, archived from the original on 14 June 2011, retrieved 2 August 2007. "Neubau", Aggregat 2 (in German), DE, 9 January 2005{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). "Aggregat 1", Aggregat 2, DE, 9 January 2005{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). Technical discussion of the A1 (in German), by the same author as the above A2 site. The author has examined primary sources; based on them, he claims that widely repeated data about the A1 is mostly in error. Original drawings from the development of A4/V2 and others (in German), DE: Digipeer, 20,000. The A4 Rocket Part 1 (in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger. The A4 Rocket Part 2 (in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger. "Part Two", V2 (article), Aerospace museum, October 2004, archived from the original on 26 May 2005. Space (lecture), University of Oregon, archived from the original on 10 April 2005. A8 statistics, Friends-partners, archived from the original on 25 June 2013, retrieved 28 April 2005. Dornberger, Walter; Rees, Eberhard (1981), Peenemünde : die Geschichte der V-Waffen (in German), Germany: Bechtle, ISBN 3-7628-0404-4 External links "Reconstruction, restoration & refurbishment of a V-2 rocket", Nasa tech (spherical panoramas of the process and milestones). vteRocket familiesCarrier rocketsChina Long March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 Kuaizhou Europe / ESA Ariane Diamant Europa Vega Miura 1 5 India PSLV GSLV LVM3 Japan Epsilon H-II / H-IIA / H-IIB Mu Soviet Union / Russia Angara Kosmos N1 Proton R-7 Molniya Soyuz Vostok Universal Rocket Soviet Union / Ukraine Tsyklon Zenit United States Antares Athena Atlas Delta Electron Falcon 1 9 Heavy Jupiter Minotaur Pegasus Saturn Scout Titan Thor Other nations Safir Shavit Unha Sounding rockets Black Brant Lambda Rohini Skylark Missiles Aggregat Agni Minuteman Peacekeeper Redstone R-7 Semyorka R-36 RS-82 Universal Rocket Some families include both missiles and carrier rockets; they are listed in both groups. vteGerman WWII V-weapons V-1 flying bomb V-2 rocket V-3 cannon V-1 Argus As 014 Facilities Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht) Peenemünde Airfield Kawanishi Baika V-2 Facilities Blizna Greifswalder Oie Meillerwagen Wernher von Braun Walter Dornberger Peenemünde Army Research Center Test Stand VII Test launches The Bäckebo rocket MW 18014 Rocket U-boat Arthur Rudolph Staveley Road Construction and bunkers Mittelwerk Mittelbau-Dora Nucourt Sottevast Saint-Leu-d'Esserent Brécourt Siracourt Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten) La Coupole (Wizernes) Lehesten Raxwerke Fortress of Mimoyecques Allied countermeasures Intelligence Double agents Polish Home Army Operation Most III Réseau AGIR Operation Crossbow Operation Hydra Bombing of Peenemünde Operation Crossbow Site Operation Aphrodite Operation Diver Operation Teardrop Project Danny Barrage balloon Related weapons Wasserfall Aggregat rockets Wunderwaffe WWII guided missiles of Germany Rheinbote Post-WWII developmentUSA Republic-Ford JB-2 MGM-1 Matador PGM-11 Redstone Hermes Project Upper Atmosphere Research Panel Operation Paperclip White Sands V-2 Launching Site V-2 sounding rocket V-2 No. 13 Bumper Rocket Operations Sandy and Pushover Other R-1 R-2 DF-1 Operation Backfire Project Big Ben Ghost rockets In fiction Battle of the V-1 633 Squadron Gravity's Rainbow Ministry of Space Operation Crossbow Related Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum Monkeys in space	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Heer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"V2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2_rocket"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aggregate_(3D-comparison).jpg"}],"text":"The Aggregat series (German for \"Aggregate\") was a set of ballistic missile designs developed in 1933–1945 by a research program of Nazi Germany's Army (Heer). Its greatest success was the A4, more commonly known as the V2.Aggregat rockets compared","title":"Aggregat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Kummersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummersdorf"},{"link_name":"Walter Dornberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Dornberger"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph"},{"link_name":"rocket propellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel"},{"link_name":"liquid oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen"},{"link_name":"kN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonewton"},{"link_name":"lbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-force"},{"link_name":"3 axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_axis_stabilized_spacecraft"},{"link_name":"gyroscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"},{"link_name":"ballistic shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ballistics"},{"link_name":"centrifugal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutton-4"}],"text":"The A1 was the first rocket design in the Aggregat series. It was designed in 1933 by Wernher von Braun at the German Army research program at Kummersdorf headed by Colonel Dr Walter Dornberger. The A1 was the grandfather of most modern rockets. The rocket was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long, 30.5 centimetres (12 in) in diameter, and had a takeoff weight of 150 kilograms (330 lb). The engine, designed by Arthur Rudolph, used a pressure-fed rocket propellant system burning ethanol and liquid oxygen, and produced 2.9 kN (660 lbf) of thrust for 16 seconds. The LOX tank was located within the fuel tank and insulated with a fiberglass material. The rocket was stabilized by a 40 kg (88 lb) 3 axes gyroscope system in the nose, supplied by Kreiselgeräte GmbH. The rocket could not be rotated for stability as with a ballistic shell, as centrifugal force would force the liquid fuel to rise up along the walls of their tanks, which made feeding propellants to the combustion chamber difficult. Although the engine had been successfully test fired, the first flight attempt blew up on the launching pad on 21 December 1933, half a second after ignition.[1] The cause was a buildup up of propellants before ignition of its engine.[2] Since the design was thought to be unstable, no further attempts were made, and efforts moved to the A2 design. The A1 was too nose-heavy, and to compensate, the gyroscope system was moved to the middle of the A2, between the oxygen and ethanol tanks.[3][4]","title":"A1 (1933)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aggregate-2_(3D-cutoff).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch"},{"link_name":"Max and Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_and_Moritz"},{"link_name":"Borkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkum"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"},{"link_name":"regeneratively cooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_cooling_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutton-4"}],"text":"A2 rocketStatic tests and assembly were completed by 1 October 1934. Two A2s were built for a full-out test, and were named after a Wilhelm Busch cartoon, Max and Moritz. On 19 and 20 December 1934, they were launched in front of senior Army officers on Borkum island in the North Sea. They reached altitudes of 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi).[5][3]: 41–42 The A2s had the same dimensions as the A1, and the same engine, but separate propellant tanks. The cylindrical regeneratively cooled combustion chamber was welded inside the ethanol tank. The mushroom-shaped injector system consisted of fuel and oxidizer jets pointing at one another. Propellants were pressurized from a nitrogen tank, a system which was also used for the A3 and A5.[2][4]","title":"A2 (1934)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst Ritter von Horstig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ritter_von_Horstig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General der Artillerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_der_Artillerie"},{"link_name":"Karl Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Emil_Becker"},{"link_name":"inertial guidance system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Generaloberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaloberst"},{"link_name":"Werner von Fritsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzel1962233-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld199681-8"},{"link_name":"tungsten alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_alloy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzel1962236-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld199684%E2%80%9385-10"},{"link_name":"servomotors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomotor"},{"link_name":"Fritz Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Mueller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"Walter Riedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Riedel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_launch"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzel1962235-11"},{"link_name":"Operation Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lighthouse_(1937)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld1996102%E2%80%935-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"electrostatic charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld1996102%E2%80%935-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld1996105-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"}],"text":"Development of the A3 can be traced at least to February 1935 when Major Ernst Ritter von Horstig sent General der Artillerie Karl Becker a budget of almost half a million marks for the construction of two new test stands at Kummersdorf. Included were mobile test rigs, small locomotives, and office and storage space. The A3 plans called for a rocket with an inertial guidance system and a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) thrust engine.[6]In March 1936, Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch witnessed a static firing of an A3 engine at Kummersdorf, and was sufficiently impressed to lend his support to the rocket program.[7][8] Like the earlier A1 and A2 rockets, the A3 used a pressure-fed propellant system, and the same liquid oxygen and 75% ethanol mixture as the earlier designs. It generated its 14.7 kN (3,300 lbf) for 45 seconds. It used a three-gyroscope system to deflect tungsten alloy jet vanes.[9] The design was finished in early 1936 and further modifications that made the rocket stable at supersonic velocities were finalized later that year.[10]The shape of the rocket was based on the 8-mm rifle bullet, in anticipation of supersonic flight. The rocket was 6.7 metres (22 ft) in length, 0.70 metres (2.3 ft) feet in diameter, and weighed 750 kg (1,650 lb) when fueled. Fins were included, for \"arrow stability\", structurally anchored by an antenna ring. The stabilized platform used a pitch gyro and a yaw gyro, connected to pneumatic servos, which stabilized the platform along the pitch and yaw axes. Electrical carriages on the platform acted as integrating accelerometers. These signals were mixed with those from the SG-33 system, to drive the molybdenum-tungsten jet vane control servomotors. The SG-33 was fixed to the rocket, not the stabilized platform, and used three rate gyros to sense roll, pitch and yaw deviations. Two of the jet vanes rotated in the same direction for pitch and yaw control, and in opposite directions for roll control. The guidance and control system was designed by Fritz Mueller, based on Johannes Maria Boykow's ideas, the technical director of Kreiselgeräte GmbH (\"Gyro Instruments Limited\").[2]: 53–57The A3 engine was a scaled-up version of the A2, but with a mushroom-shaped injector at the top of the combustion chamber, based on a design by Walter Riedel. Ethanol was sprayed upwards to mix with the oxygen sprayed downward from jets at the top of the chamber. This increased efficiency and generated higher temperatures.[2]: 56This was the first of the Aggregat rockets to be launched from the Peenemünde area.[11] As part of Operation Lighthouse the first A3 was launched on 4 December 1937, but suffered problems with premature parachute deployment and engine failure, and crashed close to the takeoff point. The second launch on 6 December 1937 suffered similar problems.[12] The parachute was disabled in the third and fourth rockets launched on 8 and 11 December 1937, but these, too, experienced engine failures, though the lack of parachute drag allowed them to crash further from the launch site.[13] They reached altitudes between 2,500 feet (760 m) and 3,000 feet (910 m), before falling into the sea.[2]: 57According to another source, one A3 reached a maximum downrange of 12 km (7.5 mi) and maximum altitude of 18 km (11 mi).[citation needed]With each launch a failure, von Braun and Dornberger looked for the cause. At first there was some thought of an electrostatic charge that prematurely set off the parachute, but this was largely disproved. Ultimately, the failures were attributed to the inadequate design of the rocket's experimental inertial guidance system and minor instabilities in the body and fin design.[13] The control system was found to be unable to keep the rocket from turning with a wind greater than 3.7 metres per second (12 ft/s).[3]: 58 The stable platform gyros were limited to a 30 degree range of motion, and when the platform tumbled, the parachutes deployed. The jet vanes needed to move faster, and have a larger control force, to stop the rolling. The fins were redesigned in the A5, when it was realized an expanding jet plume as the rocket gained altitude, would have destroyed the A3 fin stabilizing antenna ring.[2]: 57After this unsuccessful series of launches, the A3 was abandoned and A4 work postponed, while work on the A5 commenced.[14][3]: 58According to Dornberger, the A3 \"...had not been equipped to take any payload. It was a purely experimental missile.\" Similarly, the A5 was to be \"for research purposes only.\"[3]: 50, 66","title":"A3 (1935–1937)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"liquid oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen"}],"sub_title":"Specifications","text":"Length: 6.74 m (22 ft 1 in)\nDiameter: 0.68 m (2 ft 3 in)\nFinspan: 0.93 m (3 ft 1 in)\nLaunch mass: 748 kilograms (1650 lb)\nFuel: Ethanol and liquid oxygen\nLiftoff thrust: 14.7 kN","title":"A3 (1935–1937)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Brennschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennschluss"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"molybdenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 111s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_111"},{"link_name":"supersonic wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Hellmuth Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"oxidant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidant"},{"link_name":"ballistic trajectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_trajectory"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juergen-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunley-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"}],"text":"The A5 played a vital role in testing the aerodynamics and technology of the A4. Its rocket motor was identical to the A-3, but with a new control system provided by Siemens, was 5.825 m (19.11 ft) long, with a diameter of 0.78 m (2 ft 7 in) and a takeoff weight of 900 kg (2,000 lb). The A5 was fitted with a Brennschluss receiving set, a parachute recovery system, could stay afloat in water for up to two hours, and was painted yellow and red, aiding recovery. New tail surfaces were tested in the Zeppelin Aircraft Works subsonic tunnel and the supersonic tunnel in Aachen. The internal vanes were now made of graphite instead of molybdenum. Uncontrolled A5s were launched from Griefswalder Oie in late 1938. Models that were 1.5 meters (5 ft) long and 20 centimeters (8 in) in diameter were dropped from Heinkel He 111s starting in September 1938, testing supersonic speeds in the absence of a supersonic wind tunnel. Hellmuth Walter also made models of the A5m which included a hydrogen peroxide motor, with potassium permanganate as a catalyst, and were test launched in March 1939. The final fin configuration was wider, curved outward to accommodate the expanding exhaust gases, included external air vanes, but no ring antenna.[3]: 58–64 [2]: 58–60The A-5, like the A-3, was fueled with ethanol with liquid oxygen as an oxidant. The first successful guided flights were made in October 1939, with three of the first four flights using a Kreiselgeräte complete guidance and control system called SG-52. This used a 3-gyro stabilized platform for attitude control and a tilt program, whose signals were mixed with rate gyros, and fed to a control system connected to the jet vanes by aluminium rods. The Siemens Vertikant control system first flew on 24 April 1940. The Siemens system used three gyros, stabilized by 3 rate gyros, and hydraulic servomotors to move the jet vanes to correct pitch and yaw, and control roll. The Möller Askania, or Rechlin system, first flew on 30 April 1940, and used position gyros, a mixing system and a servo system. A-5 testing included a guide plane system for lateral control, and a radio system for propulsion cutoff at a preselected speed, after which the rocket followed a ballistic trajectory. The A-5s reached a height of 12 km (7.5 mi) and a range of 18 kilometres (11 mi). Up to 80 launches by October 1943 developed an understanding of the rocket's aerodynamics, and tests of a better guidance system. The aerodynamic data resulted in a fin and rudder design that was basically the same one used for the A-4.[15][3]: 62, 64 [2]: 57–65At the conclusion of the A-5 testing, Dornberger stated, \"I now knew that we should succeed in creating a weapon with far greater range than any artillery. What we had successfully done with the A-5 must be equally valid, in improved form, for the A-4.\"[3]: 64","title":"A5 (1938–1942)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_einer_V2.jpg"},{"link_name":"V2 missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V-2_Bug.jpg"},{"link_name":"V2 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2_rocket"},{"link_name":"Bug River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blizna031.jpg"},{"link_name":"V2 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2_rocket"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber201711-16"},{"link_name":"tonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"outer space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutton-4"},{"link_name":"Walter Thiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Thiel"},{"link_name":"von Braun's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Usedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usedom"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld1996-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld1996-18"},{"link_name":"missile testing ground at Blizna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizna_V-2_missile_launch_site"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"Armia Krajowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa"},{"link_name":"British Intelligence Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks"},{"link_name":"freight car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_car"},{"link_name":"SS troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGovern-19"},{"link_name":"Bug River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_River"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wojew%C3%B3dzki-20"},{"link_name":"Polish resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Operation Most III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Most_III"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RussianSpaceWeb-21"}],"text":"A V2 missile being launched in June 1943V2 rocket being recovered from the Bug River near SarnakiV2 rocket in BliznaIn the late 1920s, Karl Becker realised that a loophole in the Treaty of Versailles allowed Germany to develop rocket weapons. General Becker was very influential during the development of the A4 until he committed suicide on 8 April 1940 following criticism from Adolf Hitler.[16]The A4 was a full-sized design with a range of about 322 kilometers (200 mi), an initial peak altitude of 89 kilometers (55 mi) and a payload of about a tonne. Versions of the A4 were used in warfare. They included the first ballistic missile and the first projectile to reach outer space.[17]The propellants of choice continued to be liquid oxygen, with a 75% ethanol and 25% water mixture. The water reduced the flame temperature, acted as a coolant, and reduced thermal stress.[4]This increase in capability came from a redesign of the A3 engine, now known as the A5, by Walter Thiel. It became clearer that von Braun's designs were turning into useful weapons, and Dornberger moved the team from the artillery testing grounds at Kummersdorf (near Berlin) to Peenemünde, on the island of Usedom on Germany's Baltic coast, to provide more room for testing and greater secrecy. This version was reliable, and by 1941 the team had fired about 70 A5 rockets. The first A4 flew in March 1942, flying about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) and crashing into the water. The second launch reached an altitude of 11 kilometers (7 mi) before exploding. The third rocket, launched on 3 October 1942, followed its trajectory perfectly. It landed 193 kilometers (120 mi) away, and reached a height of 83 kilometers (52 mi).[18] The highest altitude reached during the war was 174.6 kilometres (108.5 miles) on 20 June 1944.[18]Production started in 1943 on the rocket. The missile testing ground at Blizna was quickly located by the Polish resistance movement, the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), thanks to reports from local farmers. Armia Krajowa field agents managed to obtain pieces of the fired rockets by arriving on the scene before German patrols. In early March 1944, British Intelligence Headquarters received a report of an Armia Krajowa agent (code name: \"Makary\") who had covertly surveyed the Blizna railway line and observed a freight car heavily guarded by SS troops containing \"an object which, though covered by a tarpaulin, bore every resemblance to a monstrous torpedo\".[19] Subsequently, a plan was formed to make an attempt to capture a complete unexploded V2 rocket and transport it to Britain. Around 20 May 1944, a relatively undamaged V2 rocket fell on the swampy bank of the Bug River near the village of Sarnaki, and local Poles concealed it before German arrival. The rocket was then dismantled and smuggled across Poland.[20] In late July 1944, the Polish resistance secretly transported parts of the rocket out of Poland in Operation Most III (Bridge III),[21] for analysis by British intelligence.","title":"A4/V2 rocket (1942–1945)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront/DAF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Labour_Front"},{"link_name":"Prüfstand XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_U-boat"},{"link_name":"Vulkanwerft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanwerft_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Projekt Schwimmweste","text":"In late 1943 German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront/DAF) Director, Otto Lafferenz, proposed the idea of a towable watertight container which could hold an A4 rocket. This suggestion progressed to the design of a container of 500 tons displacement to be towed behind a U-boat. Once in firing position, the containers would be trimmed to drop their aft end to a vertical position for launch. The project was dubbed Projekt Schwimmweste (German for \"Project Life Jacket\") and the containers themselves referred to by the codename Prüfstand XII (German for \"Test Rig XII\"). Work on the containers was carried out by the Vulkanwerft, and a single example was completed by the end of the war, but never tested with a rocket launch.[22]","title":"A4/V2 rocket (1942–1945)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld199663,_93,_250,_283-23"},{"link_name":"Peenemünde Design Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde#HVP_Organization"},{"link_name":"lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld199692-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld1996138,_283-25"},{"link_name":"strakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strake_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"transonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter200090%E2%80%9391-26"},{"link_name":"sound barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_barrier"},{"link_name":"Mach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter200087-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvey-28"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"}],"sub_title":"A4b/A9","text":"In anticipation of the possibility that launch sites might be forced back into the Reich itself, von Braun and his colleagues were pressured to develop a longer-range version of the A4 known alternatively as A9 and A4b, the reason for the dual designation being that the A4 series had received \"national priority\"; the A4b designation ensured the availability of scarce resources.[23]In June 1939, Kurt Patt of the Peenemünde Design Office, proposed wings for converting rocket speed and altitude into aerodynamic lift and range.[24] As the rocket encountered thicker atmosphere on its descent phase, it would execute a pullout and enter a shallow glide, trading speed for distance. Patt also proposed the Flossengeschoss (fin projectile). Both concepts were utilized by Walter Dornberger when he drafted a memo for presentation to Hitler regarding the \"America rocket\" on 31 July 1940.[25]Design studies on the A9 began in 1940. In addition to its wings, the A9 would have been somewhat larger than the A4 and its engine would have produced about 30% more thrust. Following wind tunnel testing of models, the design was subsequently modified to replace the wings with fuselage strakes, as the tests showed that these provided better lift at supersonic speeds and also solved the problem of transonic shift of the center of lift.Development was suspended in 1941, but in 1944 several V2s were modified to an approximation of the A9 configuration under the designation A4b.[26] It was calculated that by fitting wings, the A4's range would be extended to 750 km (470 mi), allowing targets in Britain to be attacked from launch sites within Germany. It was intended that following launch the curve of the A4b's trajectory would become shallower and the rocket would glide toward its target. It was anticipated that interception by enemy aircraft at the end of the glide phase would be almost impossible, as over the target the A-4b was intended to enter a near vertical dive, leaving little time for interception.The A4b concept was tested by fitting swept back wings to two A4s launched from Blizna. Little development work had been carried out, and the first launch on 27 December 1944 was a complete failure. The second launch attempt, on 24 January 1945, was partially successful, in that the wing broke off, but the A4b still managed to become the first winged guided missile to break the sound barrier and attain Mach 4.[27][28][3]: 219","title":"A4/V2 rocket (1942–1945)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variations – Planned, not constructed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juergen-15"},{"link_name":"aerial reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"ramjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet"},{"link_name":"drag chute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_chute"},{"link_name":"SM-64 Navaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM-64_Navaho"},{"link_name":"Burya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burya"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"A6","text":"A6 was a designation applied to a variant of the A5 test rocket which used different propellants.[15]Some sources indicate that it was also applied to a speculative proposal for a crewed aerial reconnaissance version of the A4b winged variant of the A4. This A6 was initially proposed to the German Air Ministry as an uninterceptable reconnaissance craft. It would be launched vertically by rocket, taking it to an apogee of 95 km (59 mi); after re-entering the atmosphere it would enter a supersonic glide phase, when its single ramjet would be ignited. It was hoped that this would provide 15 to 20 minutes of cruise at 2,900 km/h (1,800 mph) and would allow the aircraft to return to its base and make a conventional runway landing assisted by a drag chute. However, the Air Ministry had no requirement for such an aircraft and the proposal was rejected. Similar concepts (though uncrewed) were produced after the war in the form of the US SM-64 Navaho missile and the USSR's Burya, both intercontinental cruise missiles with ramjet propulsion.[29]","title":"Variations – Planned, not constructed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"A7","text":"The A7 was a winged design that was never fully constructed. It was worked on between 1940 and 1943 at Peenemünde for the Kriegsmarine. The A7 was similar in structure to the A5, but had larger tail unit fins (1.621 m2) in order to obtain greater range in gliding flight. Two unpowered models of the A7 were dropped from aeroplanes in order to test flight stability; no powered test was ever performed. The finished rocket should have produced a takeoff thrust of 15 kN and a takeoff weight of 1000 kg. The design had a diameter of 0.38 m and a length of 5.91 m.[citation needed]","title":"Variations – Planned, not constructed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rocket propellants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant"},{"link_name":"nitric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid"},{"link_name":"Super V-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_V-2"},{"link_name":"Véronique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Diamant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juergen-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter2000179-30"}],"sub_title":"A8","text":"The A8 was a proposed \"stretched\" variant of the A4, to use storable rocket propellants (most likely nitric acid & kerosene). The design never reached the prototype stage, but further design work was carried out after the war by a German rocket team in France as the \"Super V-2\". The project was eventually cancelled, but led to the French Véronique and Diamant rocket projects.[15][30]","title":"Variations – Planned, not constructed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Roth"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter200091%E2%80%9393-32"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walter-3"}],"sub_title":"A9/A10","text":"It was proposed to use an advanced version of the A9 to attack targets on the US mainland from launch sites in Europe, for which it would need to be launched atop a booster stage, the A10.Design work on the A10 began in 1940, for a projected first flight to take place in 1946. The initial design was carried out by Ludwig Roth und Graupe and was completed on 29 June 1940. Hermann Oberth worked on the design during 1941, and in December 1941 Walter Thiel proposed that the A10 use an engine composed of six bundled A4 engines, which it was thought would give a total thrust of 180 tonnes.Work on the A10 was resumed in late 1944 under the Projekt Amerika codename, and the A10's design was amended to incorporate a cluster of 6 A4 combustion chambers feeding into a single expansion nozzle. This was later altered to a large single chamber and single nozzle. Test stands were constructed at Peenemunde for firings of the 200 tonne (440,920 lbf) thrust motor.It was considered that existing guidance systems would not be accurate enough over a distance of 5,000 km, and it was decided to make the A9 piloted. The pilot was to be guided on his terminal glide towards the target by radio beacons on U-boats and by automatic weather stations landed in Greenland and Labrador.The final design of the A10 booster was approximately 20 m (66 ft) in height. Powered by a 1,670 kN (380,000 lbf) thrust rocket burning diesel oil and nitric acid, during its 50-second burn it would have propelled its A9 second stage to a speed of about 4,300 km/h (2,700 mph).[32] The A9 would then ignite and accelerate an additional 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph), reaching a speed of 10,080 km/h (6,260 mph), a peak altitude of 56 kilometres (35 mi), and covering 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in about 35 minutes. The spent A-10 would descend by brake flaps and parachute to be recovered in the sea and reused.[3]: 130–131","title":"Variations – Planned, not constructed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electron rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter200094-33"}],"sub_title":"A11","text":"The A11 (Japan Rakete) was a design concept which would have acted as the first stage of a three-stage rocket, the other two stages being the A9 and A10.The A11 design was shown by von Braun to US officers in Garmisch-Partenkirchen; the drawing was published in 1946 by the US Army. The A11 was shown as using six of the large single-chamber engines proposed for the A10 stage, with a modified A10 second stage nested within the A11. The design also showed the winged A9, indicating a gliding landing or bombing mission. To achieve orbit, either a new \"kick stage\" would have been required, or the A9 would have to have been lightened. In either case, a payload of approximately 300 kg (660 lb) could have been placed in a low Earth orbit, roughly equivalent to the modern-day Electron rocket.[33]","title":"Variations – Planned, not constructed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orbital rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"low Earth orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit"},{"link_name":"Saturn I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I"},{"link_name":"Apollo program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"liquid oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter200095-34"}],"sub_title":"A12","text":"The A12 design if built would have been an orbital rocket. It was proposed as a four-stage vehicle, comprising A12, A11, A10 and A9 stages. Calculations suggested it could place as much as 10 tonnes payload in low Earth orbit, comparable to the later Saturn I rocket of the Apollo program.The A12 stage itself would have weighed around 3,500 tonnes fully fueled, and would have stood 33 m (108 ft) high. It was to have been propelled by 50 A10 engines, fueled by liquid oxygen and ethanol.[34]","title":"Variations – Planned, not constructed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.astronautix.com/a/a1.html"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161227224008/http://astronautix.com/a/a2.html"},{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161227201142/http://astronautix.com/a/a3.html"},{"link_name":"A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161227193444/http://astronautix.com/a/a5.html"},{"link_name":"A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161228020831/http://astronautix.com/a/a7.html"},{"link_name":"A8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161228022105/http://astronautix.com/a/a8.html"},{"link_name":"A-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161228075939/http://astronautix.com/a/a-9.html"},{"link_name":"A-10 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161228031113/http://astronautix.com/a/a-10engine.html"},{"link_name":"A9/A10/A11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161228020157/http://astronautix.com/a/a9a10a11.html"},{"link_name":"A9/A10/A11/A12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161228023725/http://astronautix.com/a/a9a10a11a12.html"},{"link_name":"V2 EMW A4b die bemannte Rakete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110614080215/http://www.kheichhorn.de/html/body_v2_emw_a4b_.html"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kheichhorn.de/html/body_v2_emw_a4b_.html"},{"link_name":"Aggregat 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aggregat-2.de/neubau.html"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Aggregat 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aggregat1.aggregat-2.de/"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Original drawings from the development of A4/V2 and others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.digipeer.de/index.php?static=52"},{"link_name":"The A4 Rocket Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bernd-leitenberger.de/a4.shtml"},{"link_name":"The A4 Rocket Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bernd-leitenberger.de/a4-2.shtml"},{"link_name":"V2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050526090505/http://www.aeromuseum.org/Articles/Oct04/V2PartTwo.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aeromuseum.org/Articles/Oct04/V2PartTwo.htm"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050410094914/http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec04.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec04.html"},{"link_name":"A8 statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130625233724/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvs/a8.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvs/a8.htm"},{"link_name":"Dornberger, Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Dornberger"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7628-0404-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7628-0404-4"}],"text":"\"A1\", Encyclopedia Astronautica, Astronautix, A2, A3, A5, A7, A8, A-9, A-10 engine, A9/A10/A11, A9/A10/A11/A12\nV2 EMW A4b die bemannte Rakete (in German), DE: Khiechhorn, archived from the original on 14 June 2011, retrieved 2 August 2007.\n\"Neubau\", Aggregat 2 (in German), DE, 9 January 2005{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).\n\"Aggregat 1\", Aggregat 2, DE, 9 January 2005{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). Technical discussion of the A1 (in German), by the same author as the above A2 site. The author has examined primary sources; based on them, he claims that widely repeated data about the A1 is mostly in error.\nOriginal drawings from the development of A4/V2 and others (in German), DE: Digipeer, 20,000.\nThe A4 Rocket Part 1 (in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger.\nThe A4 Rocket Part 2 (in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger.\n\"Part Two\", V2 (article), Aerospace museum, October 2004, archived from the original on 26 May 2005.\nSpace (lecture), University of Oregon, archived from the original on 10 April 2005.\nA8 statistics, Friends-partners, archived from the original on 25 June 2013, retrieved 28 April 2005.\nDornberger, Walter; Rees, Eberhard (1981), Peenemünde : die Geschichte der V-Waffen (in German), Germany: Bechtle, ISBN 3-7628-0404-4","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Aggregat rockets compared","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aggregate_%283D-comparison%29.jpg/220px-Aggregate_%283D-comparison%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A2 rocket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aggregate-2_%283D-cutoff%29.jpg/220px-Aggregate-2_%283D-cutoff%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A V2 missile being launched in June 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg"},{"image_text":"V2 rocket being recovered from the Bug River near Sarnaki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/220px-V-2_Bug.jpg"},{"image_text":"V2 rocket in Blizna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blizna031.jpg/220px-Blizna031.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Aggregate-1\".","urls":[{"url":"http://weebau.com/rocket/a1.htm","url_text":"\"Aggregate-1\""}]},{"reference":"Hunley, J.D. (2008). Preludes to U.S. Space-Launch Vehicle Technology: Goddard Rockets to Minuteman III. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 47–49, 56, 70. ISBN 9780813031774.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813031774","url_text":"9780813031774"}]},{"reference":"Dornberger, Walter (1954). V-2. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 38–41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sutton, George (2006). History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 740–742. ISBN 9781563476495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563476495","url_text":"9781563476495"}]},{"reference":"\"Raketenaggregate „A1\" und „A2\"\", Aggregat 2 (in German), DE, 9 January 2005","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aggregat-2.de/geschichte.html","url_text":"Aggregat 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany","url_text":"DE"}]},{"reference":"\"Aggregate-3\".","urls":[{"url":"http://weebau.com/rocket/a3.htm","url_text":"\"Aggregate-3\""}]},{"reference":"Michels, Juergen; Przybilski, Olaf (1997). Peenemünde und seine Erben in Ost und West. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dornberger, Walter (1985), Peenemuende, Berlin: Moewig, ISBN 3-8118-4341-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8118-4341-9","url_text":"3-8118-4341-9"}]},{"reference":"McGovern, James (1964). Crossbow and Overcast. New York: W. Morrow. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22Earthquake_McGoon%22_McGovern_Jr.","url_text":"McGovern, James"}]},{"reference":"Wojewódzki, Michał (1984). Akcja V-1, V-2 (in Polish). Warsaw. ISBN 83-211-0521-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-211-0521-1","url_text":"83-211-0521-1"}]},{"reference":"Paterson, Lawrence (2009). Black Flag: The Surrender of Germany's U-Boat Forces. MBI. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-7603-3754-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3754-7","url_text":"978-0-7603-3754-7"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Brian (2003). Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-85233-722-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-722-3","url_text":"978-1-85233-722-3"}]},{"reference":"\"A6\". Astronautix. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100107181026/http://astronautix.com/lvs/a6.htm","url_text":"\"A6\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/a6.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barber, Murray R. (2017), V2 The A4 Rocket From Peenemünde To Redstone, Crecy Publications, ISBN 978-1-90653-753-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90653-753-1","url_text":"978-1-90653-753-1"}]},{"reference":"Huzel, Dieter K. (1981) [1962], Peenemünde to Canaveral (reprint ed.), Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-22928-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-22928-7","url_text":"0-313-22928-7"}]},{"reference":"Neufeld, Michael (1996), The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-77650-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld","url_text":"Neufeld, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jMoAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts","url_text":"MA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-77650-X","url_text":"0-674-77650-X"}]},{"reference":"Reuter, Claus (2000), The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program, German Canadian Museum, p. 87, ISBN 978-1-894643-05-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894643-05-4","url_text":"978-1-894643-05-4"}]},{"reference":"\"A1\", Encyclopedia Astronautica, Astronautix","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/a/a1.html","url_text":"\"A1\""}]},{"reference":"V2 EMW A4b die bemannte Rakete (in German), DE: Khiechhorn, archived from the original on 14 June 2011, retrieved 2 August 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614080215/http://www.kheichhorn.de/html/body_v2_emw_a4b_.html","url_text":"V2 EMW A4b die bemannte Rakete"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany","url_text":"DE"},{"url":"http://www.kheichhorn.de/html/body_v2_emw_a4b_.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Neubau\", Aggregat 2 (in German), DE, 9 January 2005","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aggregat-2.de/neubau.html","url_text":"Aggregat 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany","url_text":"DE"}]},{"reference":"\"Aggregat 1\", Aggregat 2, DE, 9 January 2005","urls":[{"url":"http://aggregat1.aggregat-2.de/","url_text":"Aggregat 2"}]},{"reference":"Original drawings from the development of A4/V2 and others (in German), DE: Digipeer, 20,000","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digipeer.de/index.php?static=52","url_text":"Original drawings from the development of A4/V2 and others"}]},{"reference":"The A4 Rocket Part 1 (in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/a4.shtml","url_text":"The A4 Rocket Part 1"}]},{"reference":"The A4 Rocket Part 2 (in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/a4-2.shtml","url_text":"The A4 Rocket Part 2"}]},{"reference":"\"Part Two\", V2 (article), Aerospace museum, October 2004, archived from the original on 26 May 2005","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050526090505/http://www.aeromuseum.org/Articles/Oct04/V2PartTwo.htm","url_text":"V2"},{"url":"http://www.aeromuseum.org/Articles/Oct04/V2PartTwo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Space (lecture), University of Oregon, archived from the original on 10 April 2005","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050410094914/http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec04.html","url_text":"Space"},{"url":"http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec04.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"A8 statistics, Friends-partners, archived from the original on 25 June 2013, retrieved 28 April 2005","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130625233724/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvs/a8.htm","url_text":"A8 statistics"},{"url":"http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvs/a8.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dornberger, Walter; Rees, Eberhard (1981), Peenemünde : die Geschichte der V-Waffen (in German), Germany: Bechtle, ISBN 3-7628-0404-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Dornberger","url_text":"Dornberger, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7628-0404-4","url_text":"3-7628-0404-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Reconstruction, restoration & refurbishment of a V-2 rocket\", Nasa tech (spherical panoramas of the process and milestones)","urls":[{"url":"http://nasatech.net/V-2/","url_text":"Nasa tech"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://weebau.com/rocket/a1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aggregate-1\""},{"Link":"http://www.aggregat-2.de/geschichte.html","external_links_name":"Aggregat 2"},{"Link":"http://weebau.com/rocket/a3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aggregate-3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100107181026/http://astronautix.com/lvs/a6.htm","external_links_name":"\"A6\""},{"Link":"http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/a6.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jMoAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era"},{"Link":"http://www.astronautix.com/a/a1.html","external_links_name":"\"A1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161227224008/http://astronautix.com/a/a2.html","external_links_name":"A2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161227201142/http://astronautix.com/a/a3.html","external_links_name":"A3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161227193444/http://astronautix.com/a/a5.html","external_links_name":"A5"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228020831/http://astronautix.com/a/a7.html","external_links_name":"A7"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022105/http://astronautix.com/a/a8.html","external_links_name":"A8"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228075939/http://astronautix.com/a/a-9.html","external_links_name":"A-9"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031113/http://astronautix.com/a/a-10engine.html","external_links_name":"A-10 engine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228020157/http://astronautix.com/a/a9a10a11.html","external_links_name":"A9/A10/A11"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023725/http://astronautix.com/a/a9a10a11a12.html","external_links_name":"A9/A10/A11/A12"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614080215/http://www.kheichhorn.de/html/body_v2_emw_a4b_.html","external_links_name":"V2 EMW A4b die bemannte Rakete"},{"Link":"http://www.kheichhorn.de/html/body_v2_emw_a4b_.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aggregat-2.de/neubau.html","external_links_name":"Aggregat 2"},{"Link":"http://aggregat1.aggregat-2.de/","external_links_name":"Aggregat 2"},{"Link":"http://www.digipeer.de/index.php?static=52","external_links_name":"Original drawings from the development of A4/V2 and others"},{"Link":"http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/a4.shtml","external_links_name":"The A4 Rocket Part 1"},{"Link":"http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/a4-2.shtml","external_links_name":"The A4 Rocket Part 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050526090505/http://www.aeromuseum.org/Articles/Oct04/V2PartTwo.htm","external_links_name":"V2"},{"Link":"http://www.aeromuseum.org/Articles/Oct04/V2PartTwo.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050410094914/http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec04.html","external_links_name":"Space"},{"Link":"http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec04.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130625233724/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvs/a8.htm","external_links_name":"A8 statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvs/a8.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nasatech.net/V-2/","external_links_name":"Nasa tech"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_National_People%27s_Congress	2008 National People's Congress	["1 Government Report","2 State Council Reform","3 Election results","4 Premier's Press Conference","5 See also","6 Notes","7 External links"]	People's Republic of China National People's Congress meeting 2008 National People's Congress第十一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议Dì-shíyī Jiè Quánguó Rénmín Dàibiǎo Dàhuì Dì-yīcì Huìyì1st Plenary Session11th National People's Congress5 March – 18 MarchPresident Premier Congress Chairman Hu Jintao Wen Jiabao Wu Bangguosince15 March 2003 since16 March 2003 since15 March 2003President-elect Premier-elect Congress Chairman-elect Hu Jintao Wen Jiabao Wu BangguoWebsite2008 NPC official website ← 2007 National People's Congress 2009 → Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader: Xi Jinping First lady: Peng Liyuan Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping State representative: Xi Jinping Head of government: Li Qiang Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji Conference Chairman: Wang Huning Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members Related systems Unified power Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service ConstitutionLaw Constitution Previous constitutions 195419751978 "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) Democratic centralism (Article 3) Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) Protection of human rights (Article 33) Freedom of religion (Article 36) Highest state organ of power (Article 57) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020) Civil Code (From 2021) Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Communist Party History Principal leaders Constitution & ideology Admission Oath (Article 6) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Communism Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Two Establishes and Two Safeguards Democracy Organization National Party Congress (20th) Central Committee (20th) General Secretary (list) Xi Jinping Central Politburo (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Central Secretariat (20th) Central Military Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang Youxia, He Weidong National Security Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice-Chairman: Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi Office Chief: Cai Qi Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Directors: Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi Secretary-General: Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Office Chief: He Lifeng General Office Director: Cai Qi Office of the General Secretary Chief: Cai Qi Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head: Li Ganjie Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Secretary: Li Xi Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader: Li Xi Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries Party group National People's Congress (14th) Elections Standing Committee (14th) Council of Chairpersons Chairman: Zhao Leji Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong Secretary-General: Liu Qi Special Committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Presidium State representative President (list): Xi Jinping Presidential Office Chief: Cai Qi Vice President: Han Zheng Executive organ State Council (Central People's Government) Li Qiang Cabinet Premier (list): Li Qiang Vice-Premiers (list) Ding XuexiangHe LifengZhang GuoqingLiu Guozhong State Councilors Wang XiaohongWu ZhenglongShen Yiqin Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong Cabinet-level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary-General Deputy Secretaries-General State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission most Central Enterprises Military organ Central Military Commission (CMC) Chairman (supreme commander): Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang YouxiaHe Weidong Members: Liu ZhenliMiao HuaZhang Shengmin Departments: General Office Director: Zhong Shaojun Joint Staff Dept. Chief: Liu Zhenli Political Work Dept. Director: Miao Hua Logistic Support Dept. Director: Zhang Lin Equipment Development Dept. Director: Xu Xueqiang Training and Administration Dept. Director: Wang Peng National Defense Mobilization Dept. Director: Liu Faqing Discipline Inspection Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Politics and Legal Affairs Commission Science and Technology Commission Strategic Planning Office Reform & Organizational Structure Office Int'l Military Cooperation Office Audit Office Offices Administration Agency National armed forces: People's Liberation Army Theater commands People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman: Li Qiang Ministry of National Defense Minister: Dong Jun Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader: Xi Jinping Supervisory organ National Supervisory Commission Director: Liu Jinguo Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) Judicial organs Supreme People's Court President: Zhang Jun People's Courts Judicial Police Supreme People's Procuratorate Prosecutor General: Ying Yong People's Procuratorates Judicial Police Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services Public Security Police Judiciary Police United front Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman: Wang Huning Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng Political parties: CCP (ruling) United Front Work Department Head: Shi Taifeng RCCKCDLCNDCACAPDCPWDPCZGPJSTDSL Historical parties: KMTCDSPYCP Federation of Industry and Commerce People's organizations Law enforcement CCP Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary: Chen Wenqing Ministry of Public Security Minister: Wang Xiaohong Public Security Organs People's Police State Immigration Administration Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister: Chen Yixin State Security Organs People's Police Ministry of Justice Minister: He Rong Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police Bureau of Prison Administration Office for Safeguarding National Security Urban Management (chengguan) Propaganda Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Leader: Cai Qi Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director: Cai Qi Deputy Director: Li Shulei Central Propaganda Department Head: Li Shulei National Press and Publication Administration China Film Administration State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism National Radio and Television Administration China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio 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Civil War One China Political status of Taiwan Republic of China on Taiwan Taiwan Area "Taiwan Province", PRC Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader: Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Wang Huning Taiwan Affairs Office Director: Song Tao Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Secretary-General: Wang Yi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Wang Yi Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of China / in China Foreign aid from China / to China International Development Cooperation Agency Ministry of Commerce Exim Bank of China China Development Bank Belt and Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CCP International Department State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau) Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau) National Immigration Administration Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Community of Common Destiny China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation China–Africa relations China–Arab relations China–Caribbean relations China–European Union relations China–Latin America relations China–Pacific relations China–Russia relations China–United States relations Related topics Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities China portal Other countries vte The 1st Session of the 11th National People's Congress held its annual meeting from March 5 to March 18, 2008 in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, in conjunction with the 2008 CPPCC. The 10-day plenum elected China's new government leaders. Up for confirmation for a second term were President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao. The State Council went through important personnel and structural changes following the 17th Party Congress. Zeng Qinghong's Vice-Presidency came to an end and the position was taken by Xi Jinping. Three new Vice-Premiers were confirmed and took office, with rising star Li Keqiang ranking first in this group. Government Report Premier Wen Jiabao delivered the government report on March 5, 2008, reviewing the work from the past five years. The main points that come out of the report were Rebuilding of snowstorm hit areas in Southern China. Rebuild power, communications and water infrastructure in Hunan, Anhui, Guangdong, Sichuan and Hebei. Control of inflation and maintain price stability for basic necessities, food and essential commodities. Regulation of excessive investments in fixed assets. Education reforms which include free nine years of education and education initiatives to assist with the rural regions. Increase resources towards energy conservation, more efficient technologies and reduction of emissions. State Council Reform A massive reform took place in China's cabinet, the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Several ministries were consolidated to form super ministries. The several "superministries" New Ministry Legacy depts Areas of Responsibility New sub agencies reporting Ministry of Industry and Information National Development and Research Commission (NDRC) the Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defense Ministry of Information Industry State Council Information Office State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau Internet Mobile Telecom Landline Telecom Postal Services Internet Security State Postal Bureau Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security Ministry of Personnel Ministry of Labour and Social Security Employment Social Services State Bureau of Civil Servants Ministry of Environmental Protection State Environmental Protection Administration Environmental Protection Enforcement n/a Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Ministry of Construction Housing Rural Urban n/a Ministry of Transport Ministry of CommunicationsCivil Aviation Administration of China Road Transport Air Transport Water safety and Shipping State Civil Aviation Bureau The state council will also create the National Energy Commission which will oversee national energy strategy, security and development. While the National Development and Reform Commission will continue to control the administration and regulation of the energy sector. The State Food and Drug Administration will be incorporated and come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health. Therefore, the Health ministry will take over the responsibility for food and drug safety. The People's Bank of China will increase its coordination role between all the financial executive agencies, namely the National Development and Reform Commission and the Finance ministry. Election results NPCSC Chairman Election NPCSC Secretary-general Election Candidates For Against Abstain Candidates For Against Abstain Wu Bangguo 2,948 9 9 Li Jianguo 2,932 25 8 Presidential Election Vice-Presidential Election Candidates For Against Abstain Candidates For Against Abstain Hu Jintao 2,956 3 5 Xi Jinping 2,919 28 17 CMC Chairmanship Election Premiership Nomination Candidates For Against Abstain Candidates For Against Abstain Hu Jintao 2,959 4 4 Wen Jiabao 2,926 21 12 Supreme Court President Election Procurator-general Election Candidates For Against Abstain Candidates For Against Abstain Wang Shengjun 2,885 36 44 Cao Jianming 2,933 16 17 No other candidates formally stood for these positions, although votes were cast for other write-in candidates. Premier's Press Conference Premier Wen Jiabao held a press conference on March 18, 2008. He introduced the new Vice-Premiers, Li Keqiang, Hui Liangyu, Zhang Dejiang and Wang Qishan. Wen addressed the direction of the government in the next five years. He also addressed the ongoing Tibetan protests. Wen asserted that the Dalai Lama was "masterminding" the protests in Tibet. Wen said that 2008 could be a very difficult year for the Chinese economy because of both international and domestic reasons. See also National People's Congress Notes ^ a b c d China's Cabinet sets tasks for new term_English_Xinhua ^ Beijing Unveils Plans for Telecom Super-Ministry ^ a b c d "Beijing opens green super-ministry \| The Australian". Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-03-22. ^ https://news.yahoo.com.au/080311/15/1641k.html ^ "Hu Jintao Re-Elected As China President", Associated Press, March 15, 2008. Archived March 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine External links NPC Official Website News Centre of the 2008 National People's Congress Preceded by2007 NPC Annual National People's Congress Sessions of the People's Republic of China March 5—18, 2008 Succeeded by2009 NPC vteNational People's CongressStanding CommitteeChairman Liu Shaoqi (1954–59) Zhu De (1959–76) Song Qingling (acting, 1976–78) Ye Jianying (1978–83) Peng Zhen (1983–88) Wan Li (1988–93) Qiao Shi (1993–98) Li Peng (1998–03) Wu Bangguo (2003–13) Zhang Dejiang (2013–18) Li Zhanshu (2018–23) Zhao Leji (2023–present) Current Vice Chairs Li Hongzhong (2023–present) Wang Dongming (2018–present) Xiao Jie (2023–present) Zheng Jianbang (2023–present) Ding Zhongli (2018–present) Hao Mingjin (2018–present) Cai Dafeng (2018–present) He Wei (2023–present) Wu Weihua (2018–present) Tie Ning (2023–present) Peng Qinghua (2023–present) Zhang Qingwei (2023–present) Losang Jamcan (2023–present) Shohrat Zakir (2023–present) Secretary-General Peng Zhen (1954–65) Liu Ningyi (1965–75) Ji Pengfei (1975–79) Peng Zhen (1979–80) Yang Shangkun (1980–83) Wang Hanbin (1983–88) Peng Chong (1988–93) Cao Zhi (1993–98) He Chunlin (1998–03) Sheng Huaren (2003–08) Li Jianguo (2008–13) Wang Chen (2013–18) Yang Zhenwu (2018–23) Liu Qi (2023–present) Council of Chairpersons 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 3rd (1964–1975) 4th (1975–1978) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Organs General Office Budget Commission Deputy Qualification Examination Commission Legislative Affairs Commission Committee for the Basic Law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Committee for the Basic Law for the Macao Special Administrative Region Electoral termsElected by theNational People'sCongressStanding Committee 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 3rd (1964–1975) 4th (1975–1978) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Supreme People's Procuratorate 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 3rd (1964–1975) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Supreme People's Court 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 3rd (1964–1975) 4th (1975–1978) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) State Council 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 3rd (1964–1975) 4th (1975–1978) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Central Military Commission 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 3rd (1964–1975) 4th (1975–1978) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) National Supervisory Commission 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Special CommitteesAgriculture and Rural Affairs 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Constitution and Law 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Education, Science, Culture and Public Health CommitteeEducation, Science, Culture and Public Health 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Environment Protection and Resources Conservation 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Ethnic Affairs 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 4th (1975–1978) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Financial and Economic Affairs 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Foreign Affairs 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Overseas Chinese Affairs 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Social Development Affairs 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Supervisory and Judicial Affairs 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Elected by thepeopleNational People's Congress 1st (1954–1959) 2nd (1959–1964) 3rd (1964–1975) 4th (1975–1978) 5th (1978–1983) 6th (1983–1988) 7th (1988–1993) 8th (1993–1998) 9th (1998–2003) 10th (2003–2008) 11th (2008–2013) 12th (2013–2018) 13th (2018–2023) 14th (2023–2028) Plenary sessions of theNational People's Congress Presidium Voting results	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"Great Hall of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"2008 CPPCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Wen Jiabao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao"},{"link_name":"17th Party Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Zeng Qinghong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"Li Keqiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang"}],"text":"The 1st Session of the 11th National People's Congress held its annual meeting from March 5 to March 18, 2008 in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, in conjunction with the 2008 CPPCC.The 10-day plenum elected China's new government leaders. Up for confirmation for a second term were President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao. The State Council went through important personnel and structural changes following the 17th Party Congress. Zeng Qinghong's Vice-Presidency came to an end and the position was taken by Xi Jinping. Three new Vice-Premiers were confirmed and took office, with rising star Li Keqiang ranking first in this group.","title":"2008 National People's Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-1"}],"text":"Premier Wen Jiabao delivered the government report on March 5, 2008, reviewing the work from the past five years. The main points that come out of the report wereRebuilding of snowstorm hit areas in Southern China. Rebuild power, communications and water infrastructure in Hunan, Anhui, Guangdong, Sichuan and Hebei.[1]\nControl of inflation and maintain price stability for basic necessities, food and essential commodities.[1]\nRegulation of excessive investments in fixed assets.[1]\nEducation reforms which include free nine years of education and education initiatives to assist with the rural regions.[2]\nIncrease resources towards energy conservation, more efficient technologies and reduction of emissions.[1]","title":"Government Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Council of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"}],"text":"A massive reform took place in China's cabinet, the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Several ministries were consolidated to form super ministries. The several \"superministries\"[3]The state council will also create the National Energy Commission which will oversee national energy strategy, security and development. While the National Development and Reform Commission will continue to control the administration and regulation of the energy sector.[3]The State Food and Drug Administration will be incorporated and come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health. Therefore, the Health ministry will take over the responsibility for food and drug safety.[3][4]The People's Bank of China will increase its coordination role between all the financial executive agencies, namely the National Development and Reform Commission and the Finance ministry.[3]","title":"State Council Reform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"write-in candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in_candidate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"No other candidates formally stood for these positions, although votes were cast for other write-in candidates.[5]","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wen Jiabao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao"},{"link_name":"Li Keqiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang"},{"link_name":"Hui Liangyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_Liangyu"},{"link_name":"Zhang Dejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang"},{"link_name":"Wang Qishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan"},{"link_name":"Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama"}],"text":"Premier Wen Jiabao held a press conference on March 18, 2008. He introduced the new Vice-Premiers, Li Keqiang, Hui Liangyu, Zhang Dejiang and Wang Qishan. Wen addressed the direction of the government in the next five years. He also addressed the ongoing Tibetan protests. Wen asserted that the Dalai Lama was \"masterminding\" the protests in Tibet. Wen said that 2008 could be a very difficult year for the Chinese economy because of both international and domestic reasons.","title":"Premier's Press Conference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_1-3"},{"link_name":"China's Cabinet sets tasks for new term_English_Xinhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080422232947/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/22/content_7836297.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Beijing Unveils Plans for Telecom Super-Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110523090434/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080312_793325.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"Beijing opens green super-ministry \| The Australian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080319001334/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363624-25837,00.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363624-25837,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"https://news.yahoo.com.au/080311/15/1641k.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.yahoo.com.au/080311/15/1641k.html"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Hu Jintao Re-Elected As China President\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jbeqNJHeI0CBbFnjG9xTLPk1vlagD8VDPMPO1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080319070334/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jbeqNJHeI0CBbFnjG9xTLPk1vlagD8VDPMPO1"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ a b c d China's Cabinet sets tasks for new term_English_Xinhua\n\n^ Beijing Unveils Plans for Telecom Super-Ministry\n\n^ a b c d \"Beijing opens green super-ministry \| The Australian\". Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-03-22.\n\n^ https://news.yahoo.com.au/080311/15/1641k.html [dead link]\n\n^ \"Hu Jintao Re-Elected As China President\", Associated Press, March 15, 2008. Archived March 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"}]	[{"reference":"\"Beijing opens green super-ministry \| The Australian\". Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319001334/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363624-25837,00.html","url_text":"\"Beijing opens green super-ministry \| The Australian\""},{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363624-25837,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Special1/node_5351.htm","external_links_name":"2008 NPC official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080422232947/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/22/content_7836297.htm","external_links_name":"China's Cabinet sets tasks for new term_English_Xinhua"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110523090434/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080312_793325.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business","external_links_name":"Beijing Unveils Plans for Telecom Super-Ministry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319001334/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363624-25837,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Beijing opens green super-ministry \| The Australian\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363624-25837,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com.au/080311/15/1641k.html","external_links_name":"https://news.yahoo.com.au/080311/15/1641k.html"},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jbeqNJHeI0CBbFnjG9xTLPk1vlagD8VDPMPO1","external_links_name":"\"Hu Jintao Re-Elected As China President\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319070334/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jbeqNJHeI0CBbFnjG9xTLPk1vlagD8VDPMPO1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.npc.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"NPC Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.npc.gov.cn/pc/xwzx_2/","external_links_name":"News Centre of the 2008 National People's Congress"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Hunter_(actress)	Amy Hunter (actress)	["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","1.3 Games","2 References","3 External links"]	American actress and model This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Amy Hunter" actress – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Amy Hunter" actress – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Amy HunterBorn (1966-05-06) May 6, 1966 (age 58)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Other namesAmy Hunter CorneliusOccupation(s)Actress, modelYears active1989–presentSpouse Tony Cornelius (m. 1997; div. 2021)Children1 Amy Hunter (born May 6, 1966) is an American actress and model. She has had roles on a number of television series and daytime soaps. She co-hosted The Comedy Channel's Night After Night, and went on location for ESPN's Women in Sports. Hunter was a special guest host on Soul Train, the weekly series where she met her husband, Tony Cornelius, son of creator-producer Don Cornelius. They had a daughter, Christina Marie, and later divorced. Her theater work includes the starring role of Maria in West Side Story, Beneathea in A Raisin in the Sun, and the green-eyed sister in Words of Women. Hunter's twelve years of experience in modeling took her to New York City and all over Europe. She also appeared in a number of commercials, including for Miller, Chevrolet and Reebok. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1994 Schemes Receptionist Video 2001 Two Can Play That Game Nita 2002 The Scorpion King Warrior Woman 2007 Kujo, My Love Mallory Short film 2007 The Kingdom Lyla Fleury 2007 Traci Townsend Vick 2007 This Christmas Karen 2017 'Til Death Do Us Part Brenda Television Year Title Role Notes 1989 The Cosby Show Amy Episode: "The Lost Weekend" 1994 The Sinbad Show Episode: "David Goes Skiing" 1994 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Samantha Episode: "Stop Will! in the Name of Love" 1995 In the House Lisa Episode: "Crush Groove" 1995 The Wayans Bros. Tracy Episode: "Two Men and a Baby" 1995 Family Matters Agnes Prizker Episode: "Bugged" 1995 Step by Step Tiffany Episode: "Baby Come Back" 1995 Hangin' with Mr. Cooper Monique Harper Episode: "The Great Pretender" 1996 The Parent 'Hood Sashay Episode: "We Don't Need Another Hero" 1997 Sparks Tina Episode: "Rehearsal of Fortune" 1998–2000 Pacific Blue Jamie Strickland Main role (44 episodes) 2000 Grown Ups Episode: "Valentine J" 2001 The Parkers Cleo Episode: "Mummy's the Word" 2002 The District Georgia King Episode: "Return of the King" 2003 ER Hannah's Mom Episode: "Now What?" 2004 Half & Half Tangerine Episode: "The Big One Wedding and a Funeral Episode" 2006 Prescriptions Rebby Turner TV series 2007 Rx Camille TV film 2014 Chop Shop Cop Episode: # 1.4 Games RAMA (1996), based on the books of Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee. Hunter played the role of Nicole des Jardins. References ^ Romanko, Karen A. (2016-02-24). Television's Female Spies and Crimefighters: 600 Characters and Shows, 1950s to the Present. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9637-2. ^ Dorholt, Ingunn (2018-07-08). "I en årrekke var kortbuksene deres synonymt med sommer og sol. Slik gikk det med "Pacific Blue"-stjernene". Dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2020-04-12. External links Amy Hunter at IMDb Bio at pacificblue.com Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amy Hunter (actress). This article about an American actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"The Comedy Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Soul Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train"},{"link_name":"Don Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cornelius"},{"link_name":"West Side Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Story_(musical)"},{"link_name":"A Raisin in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Raisin_in_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"Reebok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok"}],"text":"Amy Hunter (born May 6, 1966) is an American actress and model. She has had roles on a number of television series and daytime soaps. She co-hosted The Comedy Channel's Night After Night, and went on location for ESPN's Women in Sports.Hunter was a special guest host on Soul Train, the weekly series where she met her husband, Tony Cornelius, son of creator-producer Don Cornelius. They had a daughter, Christina Marie, and later divorced.Her theater work includes the starring role of Maria in West Side Story, Beneathea in A Raisin in the Sun, and the green-eyed sister in Words of Women.Hunter's twelve years of experience in modeling took her to New York City and all over Europe. She also appeared in a number of commercials, including for Miller, Chevrolet and Reebok.","title":"Amy Hunter (actress)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_of_Resistance	Main line of resistance	["1 Definition","2 History of concept","3 Notes"]	A main line of resistance (MLR) is the most important defensive position of an army facing an opposing force over an extended front. It does not consist of one trench or line of pillboxes, but rather a system, of varying degrees of complexity, of fighting positions and obstacles to slow enemy advances. Definition The United States Department of Defense defines main line of resistance as follows: A line at the forward edge of the battle position, designated for the purpose of coordinating the fire of all units and supporting weapons, including air and naval gunfire. It defines the forward limits of a series of mutually supporting defensive areas, but it does not include the areas occupied or used by covering or screening forces. History of concept German defense in depth concept (1916) The term first came into use on the Western Front of World War I, after fighting became stalemated. On 1 December 1916, the German General Staff (Oberste Heeresleitung or OHL) published The Principles of Command in the Defensive Battle in Position Warfare, by two general staff officers, Hermann Geyer and Max Bauer, which described the principles of an elastic defense in depth. Under this concept, there were three zones: an outpost zone, a battle zone and a rearward zone. The lightly held outpost zone was there to provide warnings of attacks and repel enemy raids and patrols. Behind them was the main line of resistance, usually consisting of three successive trench lines. Where possible, the outpost zone was located on a forward slope and the main line on a reverse slope, obscured from direct observation by the enemy. Although this restricted the range of the defensive weapons, this was offset by the advantage of concealment, and the ability to surprise an attacker. The rearward zone consisted of another trench line 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft) behind the MLR, depending on the terrain. It was not expected that the MLR could be held against a determined attack, only disrupt one, but a counterattack would be mounted from the rearward zone. The German pamphlet was translated into English and adopted by the British Expeditionary Force for the defensive battles of 1918. During World War II, in which combat was relatively fluid, the term main line of resistance was used less often, and the positions the term described were usually less deep and complex than in World War I. However, there were exceptions, such as the French Maginot Line and Mareth Line, the German Westwall (Siegfried Line to the Allies), and the Soviet Stalin Line. After the Korean War became static in 1951, MLR described the defensive positions of the US Eighth Army, a series of trenches and bunkers extending east to west across the Korean peninsula. Notes ^ Fry, Scott (31 October 2009) . Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (PDF). Department of Defense. Joint Publication 1-02. Retrieved 17 October 2023. ^ a b Lupfer, Timothy T. (1981). The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine during the First World War (PDF) (Report). Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 11–13. OCLC 8189258. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2017 – via Archive Foundation. ^ Bean, Charles (1937). The Australian Imperial Force in France during the Main German Offensive, 1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. V (8th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 35–36. OCLC 493141496. ^ Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2006). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. pp. 72, 90–91. ISBN 978-0-275-98345-1. OCLC 61461623. ^ Leeb, Wilhelm (1991). "Defense". Roots of Strategy, Book 3. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 169–171. ISBN 978-0-8117-2194-3. OCLC 219854794. ^ "The DMZ Campaigns". Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. Retrieved 17 October 2023. vteFortificationsAncient Abatis Acropolis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Chengqiang Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Landwehr Limes Nuraghe Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort (Rath) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort (Laager) Vitrified fort Post-classical Advanced work Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Amba Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bawn Bent entrance Bergfried Berm Boom Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Burh Butter-churn tower Caer Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings (church, house, Dzong) Fujian tulou Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay-gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Kasbah Keep Kremlin (Detinets) Ksar Landesburg L-plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte-and-bailey Murder hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Outwork Peel tower Portcullis Postern Powder tower Qalat Reduit Ribat Ricetto Ringwork Roundel Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Shiro Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Viking ring fortress Wall tower Bailey (or ward) Watchtower Witch tower Yagura Yett Zwinger ModernEarly modern Abwurfdach Arsenal Barricade Bastion Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device Forts Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Gunpowder magazine Hornwork Kotta mara Lunette Magazine Orillon Ostrog Palanka Place-of-arms Polygonal fort Presidio (Spanish America) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sally port Sandbag Scarp and Counterscarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Disappearing gun Fire control tower Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Polygonal fort Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Belgian gate Blast shelter Blast wall Border security Bomb shelter Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British "hedgehog" road block Czech hedgehog Dragon's teeth Entry control point (ECP) Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Kabal Loophole Main line of resistance Missile launch facility Pillbox Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Underground hangar Weapon storage area Weapons Storage and Security System By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hillfort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle Floating water castle By role Border barrier Coastal defence Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Military base Obstacle Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bastion fort Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L-plan castle Motte-and-bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle Z-plan castle Lists Bastion forts Castles Cities with defensive walls Defense line Fortified estate Fortifications Forts Military installations Walls Related word Castle town Château Dungeon Festung Fortified gateway Loophole National redoubt Palas Picket Schloss Trench Vedette Other topics Civil defense Continuity of government Military urbanism Subterranean warfare Siege Siege engine list Tunnel warfare Trench warfare Urban warfare Guerrilla See also: Category	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main line of resistance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The United States Department of Defense defines main line of resistance as follows:A line at the forward edge of the battle position, designated for the purpose of coordinating the fire of all units and supporting weapons, including air and naval gunfire. It defines the forward limits of a series of mutually supporting defensive areas, but it does not include the areas occupied or used by covering or screening forces.[1]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense_in_depth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"German General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"Oberste Heeresleitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung"},{"link_name":"Hermann Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Geyer"},{"link_name":"Max Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bauer"},{"link_name":"defense in depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_in_depth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lupfer-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lupfer-2"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Maginot Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginot_Line"},{"link_name":"Mareth Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareth_Line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Westwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwall"},{"link_name":"Stalin Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin_Line"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"US Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"German defense in depth concept (1916)The term first came into use on the Western Front of World War I, after fighting became stalemated. On 1 December 1916, the German General Staff (Oberste Heeresleitung or OHL) published The Principles of Command in the Defensive Battle in Position Warfare, by two general staff officers, Hermann Geyer and Max Bauer, which described the principles of an elastic defense in depth.[2]Under this concept, there were three zones: an outpost zone, a battle zone and a rearward zone. The lightly held outpost zone was there to provide warnings of attacks and repel enemy raids and patrols. Behind them was the main line of resistance, usually consisting of three successive trench lines. Where possible, the outpost zone was located on a forward slope and the main line on a reverse slope, obscured from direct observation by the enemy. Although this restricted the range of the defensive weapons, this was offset by the advantage of concealment, and the ability to surprise an attacker. The rearward zone consisted of another trench line 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft) behind the MLR, depending on the terrain. It was not expected that the MLR could be held against a determined attack, only disrupt one, but a counterattack would be mounted from the rearward zone.[2] The German pamphlet was translated into English and adopted by the British Expeditionary Force for the defensive battles of 1918.[3]During World War II, in which combat was relatively fluid, the term main line of resistance was used less often, and the positions the term described were usually less deep and complex than in World War I. However, there were exceptions, such as the French Maginot Line and Mareth Line,[4] the German Westwall (Siegfried Line to the Allies), and the Soviet Stalin Line.[5] After the Korean War became static in 1951, MLR described the defensive positions of the US Eighth Army, a series of trenches and bunkers extending east to west across the Korean peninsula.[6]","title":"History of concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Fry, Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fry"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jitc.fhu.disa.mil/jitc_dri/pdfs/jp1_02.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lupfer_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lupfer_2-1"},{"link_name":"The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine during the First World 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castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_castle"},{"link_name":"Hillfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillfort"},{"link_name":"Hillside castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillside_castle"},{"link_name":"Hilltop castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop_castle"},{"link_name":"Island castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_castle"},{"link_name":"Lowland castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_castle"},{"link_name":"Marsh castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_castle"},{"link_name":"Moated castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_castle"},{"link_name":"Promontory fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_fort"},{"link_name":"Ridge castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_castle"},{"link_name":"Rocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"Rock castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_castle"},{"link_name":"Spur castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_castle"},{"link_name":"Water castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_castle"},{"link_name":"Floating water castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotta_mara"},{"link_name":"Border barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_barrier"},{"link_name":"Coastal defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification"},{"link_name":"Coercion castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion_castle"},{"link_name":"Counter-castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-castle"},{"link_name":"Ganerbenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganerbenburg"},{"link_name":"Hunting lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdschloss"},{"link_name":"Imperial castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_castle"},{"link_name":"Kaiserpfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserpfalz"},{"link_name":"Landesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesburg"},{"link_name":"Lustschloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustschloss"},{"link_name":"Military base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_base"},{"link_name":"Obstacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle"},{"link_name":"Ordensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordensburg"},{"link_name":"Refuge castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_castle"},{"link_name":"Toll castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_castle"},{"link_name":"Urban castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_castle"},{"link_name":"Bastion fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_fort"},{"link_name":"Bridge castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_castle"},{"link_name":"Circular rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_rampart"},{"link_name":"Concentric castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castle"},{"link_name":"L-plan castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-plan_castle"},{"link_name":"Motte-and-bailey castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle"},{"link_name":"Quadrangular castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrangular_castle"},{"link_name":"Ringfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringfort"},{"link_name":"Ringwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwork"},{"link_name":"Tower castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_castle"},{"link_name":"Z-plan castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-plan_castle"},{"link_name":"Bastion forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts"},{"link_name":"Castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles"},{"link_name":"Cities with defensive walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls"},{"link_name":"Defense line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_line"},{"link_name":"Fortified estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_estate"},{"link_name":"Fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fortifications"},{"link_name":"Forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forts"},{"link_name":"Military installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations"},{"link_name":"Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_walls"},{"link_name":"Castle town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_town"},{"link_name":"Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Dungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon"},{"link_name":"Festung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festung"},{"link_name":"Fortified gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_gateway"},{"link_name":"Loophole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)"},{"link_name":"National redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_redoubt"},{"link_name":"Palas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palas"},{"link_name":"Picket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picket_(military)"},{"link_name":"Schloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss"},{"link_name":"Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench"},{"link_name":"Vedette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)"},{"link_name":"Civil defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense"},{"link_name":"Continuity of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_of_government"},{"link_name":"Military urbanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_urbanism"},{"link_name":"Subterranean warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_warfare"},{"link_name":"Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"Siege engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_siege_engines"},{"link_name":"Tunnel warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_warfare"},{"link_name":"Trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"Urban warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortification"}],"text":"^ Fry, Scott (31 October 2009) [12 April 2001]. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (PDF). Department of Defense. Joint Publication 1-02. Retrieved 17 October 2023.\n\n^ a b Lupfer, Timothy T. (1981). The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine during the First World War (PDF) (Report). Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 11–13. OCLC 8189258. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2017 – via Archive Foundation.\n\n^ Bean, Charles (1937). The Australian Imperial Force in France during the Main German Offensive, 1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. V (8th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 35–36. OCLC 493141496.\n\n^ Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2006). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. pp. 72, 90–91. ISBN 978-0-275-98345-1. OCLC 61461623.\n\n^ Leeb, Wilhelm (1991). \"Defense\". Roots of Strategy, Book 3. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 169–171. ISBN 978-0-8117-2194-3. OCLC 219854794.\n\n^ \"The DMZ Campaigns\". Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. Retrieved 17 October 2023.vteFortificationsAncient\nAbatis\nAcropolis\nAgger\nBroch\nBurgus\nCastellum\nCastra\nCastros\nChengqiang\nCircular rampart\nCity gate\nCrannog\nDitch\nDefensive wall\nDun\nFaussebraye\nGatehouse\nGord\nHillfort\nLandwehr\nLimes\nNuraghe\nOppidum\nPalisade\nPincer gate\nPromontory fort\nRampart\nRingfort (Rath)\nRefuge castle\nSchwedenschanze\nStockade\nSudis\nTrou de loup\nVallum\nWagon fort (Laager)\nVitrified fort\nPost-classical\nAdvanced work\nAlbarrana tower\nAlcazaba\nAlcázar\nAmba\nArrowslit\nBarbican\nBartizan\nBastion\nBattery tower\nBattlement\nBawn\nBent entrance\nBergfried\nBerm\nBoom\nBretèche\nBridge castle\nBridge tower\nBurh\nButter-churn tower\nCaer\nCaltrop\nCastle\nChamber gate\nChartaque\nChashi\nChemin de ronde\nChemise\nCheval de frise\nCitadel\nCoercion castle\nConcentric castle\nCorner tower\nCounter-castle\nCurtain\nDrawbridge\nEnceinte\nEmbrasure\nFlanking tower\nFortified buildings (church, house, Dzong)\nFujian tulou\nGanerbenburg\nGate tower\nGabion\nGlacis\nGuard tower\nGulyay-gorod\nGusuku\nHalf tower\nHoarding\nInner bailey\nKasbah\nKeep\nKremlin (Detinets)\nKsar\nLandesburg\nL-plan castle\nMachicolation\nMerlon\nMoat\nMotte-and-bailey\nMurder hole\nNeck ditch\nOuter bailey\nOutwork\nPeel tower\nPortcullis\nPostern\nPowder tower\nQalat\nReduit\nRibat\nRicetto\nRingwork\nRoundel\nQuadrangular castle\nShell keep\nShield wall\nShiro\nToll castle\nTower castle\nTower house\nTurret\nViking ring fortress\nWall tower\nBailey (or ward)\nWatchtower\nWitch tower\nYagura\nYett\nZwinger\nModernEarly modern\nAbwurfdach\nArsenal\nBarricade\nBastion\nBlockhouse\nBreastwork\nCanal\nCaponier\nCasemate\nCavalier\nCounterguard\nCouvreface\nCoupure\nCovertway\nCrownwork\nDevice Forts\nEntrenchment\nFlèche\nGorge\nGunpowder magazine\nHornwork\nKotta mara\nLunette\nMagazine\nOrillon\nOstrog\nPalanka\nPlace-of-arms\nPolygonal fort\nPresidio (Spanish America)\nPunji sticks\nRavelin\nRedan\nRedoubt\nRetrenchment\nSally port\nSandbag\nScarp and Counterscarp\nSconce\nSchanze\nSea fort\nStation\nStar fort\nTenaille\n19th century\nBarbed wire\nBarbette\nBorder outpost\nBunker\nCoastal artillery\nDisappearing gun\nFire control tower\nGun turret\nLand mine\nMartello tower\nOutpost\nPolygonal fort\nSangar\nWire obstacles\n20th century\nAdmiralty scaffolding\nAir raid shelter\nAnti-tank trench\nBarbed tape\nBelgian gate\nBlast shelter\nBlast wall\nBorder security\nBomb shelter\nBuoy\nBremer wall\nConcertina wire\nDefensive fighting position\nBritish \"hedgehog\" road block\nCzech hedgehog\nDragon's teeth\nEntry control point (ECP)\nElectric fence\nFallout shelter\nFire support base\nFlak tower\nHardened aircraft shelter\nHesco bastion\nKabal\nLoophole\nMain line of resistance\nMissile launch facility\nPillbox\nRevetment\nSentry gun\nSpider hole\nSubmarine pen\nUnderground hangar\nWeapon storage area\nWeapons Storage and Security System\nBy topography\nCave castle\nHill castle\nHillfort\nHillside castle\nHilltop castle\nIsland castle\nLowland castle\nMarsh castle\nMoated castle\nPromontory fort\nRidge castle\nRocca\nRock castle\nSpur castle\nWater castle\nFloating water castle\nBy role\nBorder barrier\nCoastal defence\nCoercion castle\nCounter-castle\nGanerbenburg\nHunting lodge\nImperial castle\nKaiserpfalz\nLandesburg\nLustschloss\nMilitary base\nObstacle\nOrdensburg\nRefuge castle\nToll castle\nUrban castle\nBy design\nBastion fort\nBridge castle\nCircular rampart\nConcentric castle\nL-plan castle\nMotte-and-bailey castle\nQuadrangular castle\nRingfort\nRingwork\nTower castle\nZ-plan castle\nLists\nBastion forts\nCastles\nCities with defensive walls\nDefense line\nFortified estate\nFortifications\nForts\nMilitary installations\nWalls\nRelated word\nCastle town\nChâteau\nDungeon\nFestung\nFortified gateway\nLoophole\nNational redoubt\nPalas\nPicket\nSchloss\nTrench\nVedette\nOther topics\nCivil defense\nContinuity of government\nMilitary urbanism\nSubterranean warfare\nSiege\nSiege engine\nlist\nTunnel warfare\nTrench warfare\nUrban warfare\nGuerrilla\n\nSee also: Category","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"German defense in depth concept (1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Defense_in_depth.jpg/220px-Defense_in_depth.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Fry, Scott (31 October 2009) [12 April 2001]. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (PDF). Department of Defense. Joint Publication 1-02. Retrieved 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fry","url_text":"Fry, Scott"},{"url":"https://jitc.fhu.disa.mil/jitc_dri/pdfs/jp1_02.pdf","url_text":"Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"}]},{"reference":"Lupfer, Timothy T. (1981). The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine during the First World War (PDF) (Report). Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 11–13. OCLC 8189258. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise	French formal garden	["1 History","1.1 Renaissance influence","1.2 Vaux-le-Vicomte","1.3 Gardens of Versailles","1.4 Decline","2 Theorists and gardeners","3 Principles","3.1 Colours, flowers and trees","3.2 Parterres de broderie","4 Architecture","5 Theatre","6 Perspective","7 Technologies","8 List","8.1 Predecessors in the Renaissance Style","8.2 Gardens designed by André Le Nôtre","8.3 Gardens attributed to André Le Nôtre","8.4 Later gardens","8.5 19th–21st century","8.6 Gardens outside France","8.7 Austria","8.8 Czech Republic","8.9 England","8.10 Germany","8.11 Italy","8.12 Netherlands","8.13 Poland","8.14 Russia","8.15 Spain","8.16 Sweden","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References"]	Style of garden based on symmetry Gardens of Versailles The Bassin d'Apollon in the Gardens of Versailles Parterre of the Versailles Orangerie Gardens of the Grand Trianon at the Palace of Versailles The French formal garden, also called the jardin à la française (French for 'garden in the French manner'), is a style of "landscape" garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the landscape architect André Le Nôtre for Louis XIV and widely copied by other European courts. History Renaissance influence Main article: Gardens of the French Renaissance The jardin à la française evolved from the French Renaissance garden, a style which was inspired by the Italian Renaissance garden at the beginning of the 16th century. The Italian Renaissance garden, typified by the Boboli Gardens in Florence and the Villa Medici in Fiesole, was characterized by planting beds, or parterres, created in geometric shapes, and laid out symmetrical patterns; the use of fountains and cascades to animate the garden; stairways and ramps to unite different levels of the garden; grottos, labyrinths, and statuary on mythological themes. The gardens were designed to represent harmony and order, the ideals of the Renaissance, and to recall the virtues of Ancient Rome. Additionally, the symmetry of French gardens was a continuation of the Renaissance themes of harmony. French gardens were symmetrical and well manicured to represent order, and this idea of orderliness extended to French society at the time. View of the Catherine de' Medici's garden at Château de Chenonceau Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King Charles VIII brought Italian craftsmen and garden designers, such as Pacello da Mercogliano, from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the Château d'Amboise and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor Henry II, who had also travelled to Italy and had met Leonardo da Vinci, created an Italian nearby at the Château de Blois. Beginning in 1528, King Francis I created new gardens at the Château de Fontainebleau, which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from Provence, and the first artificial grotto in France. The Château de Chenonceau had two gardens in the new style, one created for Diane de Poitiers in 1551, and a second for Catherine de' Medici in 1560. In 1536 the architect Philibert de l'Orme, upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the Château d'Anet following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden. Today, water remains a key garden design in the form of round pools and long ponds. While the gardens of the French Renaissance were much different in their spirit and appearance than those of the Middle Ages, they were still not integrated with the architecture of the châteaux, and were usually enclosed by walls. In French garden design, the chateau or home was supposed to be the visual focal point. The different parts of the gardens were not harmoniously joined together, and they were often placed on difficult sites chosen for terrain easy to defend, rather than for beauty. All this was to change in the middle of the 17th century with the development of the first real garden à la française. Vaux-le-Vicomte 17th-century engraving of Vaux-le-Vicomte Parterre of broderies (embroidery-like patterning) at Vaux-le-Vicomte The first important garden à la française was the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, created for Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances to Louis XIV, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned Louis Le Vau to design the chateau, Charles Le Brun to design statues for the garden, and André Le Nôtre to create the gardens. It was for the first time that the garden and the chateau were perfectly integrated. A grand perspective of 1500 meters extended from the foot of the chateau to the statue of the Farnese Hercules, and the space was filled with parterres of evergreen shrubs in ornamental patterns, bordered by coloured sand, and the alleys were decorated at regular intervals by statues, basins, fountains, and carefully sculpted topiaries. "The symmetry attained at Vaux achieved a degree of perfection and unity rarely equalled in the art of classic gardens. The chateau is at the center of this strict spatial organization, which symbolizes power and success." Gardens of Versailles The Gardens of Versailles, created by André Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the garden à la française. They were the largest gardens in Europe, with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an east–west axis followed the course of the sun: the sun rose over the Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the Chateau and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the Grand Canal, reflected in the mirrors of the Hall of Mirrors. In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to the horizon, the garden was full of surprises – fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces. The central symbol of the garden was the sun; the emblem of Louis XIV, illustrated by the statue of Apollo in the central fountain of the garden. "The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects." Decline André Le Nôtre André Le Nôtre died in 1700, but his pupils and his ideas continued to dominate the design of gardens in France through the reign of Louis XV. His nephew, Claude Desgots, created the garden at Château de Bagnolet (Seine-Saint-Denis) for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1717) and at Champs (Seine-et-Marne), and another relative, Jean-Charles Garnier d'Isle , created gardens for Madame de Pompadour at Crécy (Eure-et-Loir) in 1746 and Bellevue (Hauts-de-Seine) in 1748–50. The major inspiration for gardens continued to be architecture, rather than nature – the architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel designed elements of the gardens at Versailles, Choisy (Val-de-Marne), and Compiègne. Nonetheless, a few variations in the strict geometry of the garden à la française began to appear. Elaborate parterres of broderies, with their curves and counter-curves, were replaced by parterres of grass bordered with flowerbeds, which were easier to maintain. Circles became ovals, called rotules, with alleys radiating outward in the shape of an 'x', and irregular octagon shapes appeared. Gardens began to follow the natural landscape, rather than moving earth to shape the ground into artificial terraces. Limited colors were available at the time as well. Traditionally, French gardens included blue, pink, white, and mauve. The middle of the 18th century saw spread in popularity of the new English landscape garden, created by British aristocrats and landowners, and the Chinese style, brought to France by Jesuit priests from the Court of the Emperor of China. These styles rejected symmetry in favor of nature and rustic scenes and brought an end to the reign of the symmetrical garden à la française. In many French parks and estates, the garden closest to the house was kept in the traditional à la française style, but the rest of the park was transformed into the new style, called variously jardin à l'anglaise (the English garden), "anglo-chinois", exotiques, or "pittoresques". This marked the end of the age of the garden à la française and the arrival in France of the jardin paysager, or landscape garden, which was inspired not by architecture but by painting, literature and philosophy. Theorists and gardeners Jacques Boyceau, sieur de la Barauderie (c. 1560–1633) the superintendent of royal gardens under Louis XIII, became the first theorist of the new French style. His book, Traité du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art. Ensemble divers desseins de parterres, pelouzes, bosquets et autres ornements was published after his death in 1638. Its sixty-one engravings of designs for parterres and bosquets made it a style book for gardens, which influenced the design the Palais du Luxembourg, the Jardin des Tuileries, and the gardens of Saint Germain-en-Laye. Claude Mollet (ca 1564-shortly before 1649), was the chief gardener of three French kings: Henry IV, Louis XIII, and the young Louis XIV. His father was head gardener at the Château d'Anet, where Italian formal gardening was introduced to France and where Claude apprenticed. His son was André Mollet, who took the French style to the Netherlands, Sweden and England. André Le Nôtre (1613–1700) was the most important figure in the history of the French garden. The son of the gardener of Louis XIII, he worked on the plans of Vaux-le-Vicomte, before becoming the chief gardener of Louis XIV between 1645 and 1700, and the designer of the Gardens of Versailles, the greatest garden project of the age. The gardens he created became the symbols of French grandeur and rationality, setting the style for European gardens until the arrival of the English landscape park in the 18th century. Joseph-Antoine Dezallier d'Argenville (1680–1765) wrote Théorie et traité de jardinage, laid out the principles of the garden à la française, and included drawings and designs of gardens and parterres. It was reprinted many times, and was found in the libraries of aristocrats across Europe. Glossary Term English translation Definition Allée Alleyway A straight path, often lined with trees Bosquet Grove A small group of trees, usually some distance from the house, designed as an ornamental backdrop Broderie Embroidery A very curling decorative pattern within a parterre, created with trimmed yew or box or made by cutting the pattern out of a lawn and filling it with colored gravel Jeux d'eau Water games An umbrella term for water features Patte d'oie Goose foot Three or five paths or allées which spread outward from a single point Parterre On the ground A planting bed, usually square or rectangular, containing an ornamental design made with low closely clipped hedges, colored gravel, and sometimes flowers. Parterres were usually laid out in geometric patterns, divided by gravel paths. They were intended seen from above from a house or terrace. A parterre de gazon was made of turf with a pattern cut out and filled with gravel. Saut de loup Wall A recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier Topiary Ornamental gardening Trees or bushes trimmed into ornamental shapes. In French gardens, they were usually trimmed into geometric shapes Principles A French estate, 18th century Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie wrote in 1638 in his Traité du jardinage, selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art that "the principal reason for the existence of a garden is the esthetic pleasure which it gives to the spectator." The form of the French garden was largely fixed by the middle of the 17th century. It had the following elements, which became typical of the formal French garden: a geometric plan using the most recent discoveries of perspective and optics a terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor to see all at once the entire garden. As the French landscape architect Olivier de Serres wrote in 1600, "It is desirable that the gardens should be seen from above, either from the walls, or from terraces raised above the parterres." all vegetation is constrained and directed to demonstrate the mastery of man over nature. Trees are planted in straight lines and carefully trimmed, and their tops are trimmed at a set height the residence serves as the central point of the garden and its central ornament. No trees are planted close to the house; rather, the house is set apart by low parterres and trimmed bushes a central axis, or perspective, perpendicular to the facade of the house, on the side opposite the front entrance. The axis extends either all the way to the horizon (Versailles) or to piece of statuary or architecture (Vaux-le-Vicomte). The axis faces either South (Vaux-le-Vicomte, Meudon) or east–west (Tuileries, Clagny, Trianon, Sceaux). The principal axis is composed of a lawn, or a basin of water, bordered by trees. The principal axis is crossed by one or more perpendicular perspectives and alleys the most elaborate parterres, or planting beds, in the shape of squares, ovals, circles or scrolls, are placed in a regular and geometric order close to the house, to complement the architecture and to be seen from above from the reception rooms of the house the parterres near the residence are filled with broderies, designs created with low boxwood to resemble the patterns of a carpet, and given a polychrome effect by plantings of flowers, or by colored brick, gravel or sand farther from the house, the broderies are replaced with simpler parterres, filled with grass, and often containing fountains or basins of water. Beyond these, small carefully created groves of trees serve as an intermediary between the formal garden and the masses of trees of the park. "The perfect place for a stroll, these spaces present alleys, stars, circles, theaters of greenery, galleries, spaces for balls and for festivities." bodies of water (canals, basins) serve as mirrors, doubling the size of the house or the trees the garden is animated with jeux d'eau and pieces of sculpture, usually on mythological themes, which either underline or punctuate the perspectives, and mark the intersections of the axes, and by moving water in the form of cascades and fountains. Colours, flowers and trees Belvedere Palace's Gardens in Vienna, designed by Dominique Girard, pupil of André Le Nôtre Ornamental flowers were relatively rare in French gardens in the 17th century and there was a limited range of colours: blue, pink, white and mauve. Brighter colours (yellow, red, orange) would not arrive until about 1730, because of botanical discoveries from around the world brought to Europe. Bulbs of tulips and other exotic flowers came from Turkey and the Netherlands. An important ornamental feature in Versailles and other gardens was the topiary, a tree or bush carved into geometric or fantastic shapes, which were placed in rows along the main axes of the garden, alternating with statues and vases. At Versailles flower beds were found only at the Grand Trianon and in parterres on the north side of the palace. Flowers were usually brought from Provence, kept in pots, and changed three or four times a year. Palace records from 1686 show that the palace used 20,050 jonquil bulbs, 23000 cyclamen, and 1700 lily plants. Most of the trees at Versailles were taken from the forest; they included hornbeam, elm, linden, and beech trees. There were also chestnut trees from Turkey and acacia trees. Large trees were dug up from the forests of Compiègne and Artois and transplanted to Versailles. Many died in transplanting and had to be regularly replaced. The trees in the park were trimmed both horizontally and flattened at the top, giving them the desired geometric form. Only in the 18th century were they allowed to grow freely. Parterres de broderie Parterre de broderie at Vaux-le-Vicomte. Elements of a parterre de broderie (49 seconds, 1.54 MB) The parterres de broderie (from the French French: broderie meaning 'embroidery') is the typical form of French garden design of the Baroque. It is characterised by a symmetrical layout of the flower beds and sheared box hedging to form ornamental patterns known as broderie. Even the arrangement of the flowers is designed to create a harmonious interplay of colours. Frequently found in French Baroque gardens are water gardens, cascades, grottos and statues. Further away from the country house, stately home, chateau or schloss the parterre transitions into the bosquets. Well known examples are the gardens at the Palace of Versailles in France and the Palace of Augustusburg at Brühl, near Cologne in Germany, which have achieved UNESCO World Heritage status. As fashions changed, many parterres de broderie of stately homes had to give way in the 19th century to English landscape gardens and have not been reinstated. Architecture Broderies in the gardens of the château de Villandry (Indre-et-Loire) The designers of the French garden saw their work as a branch of architecture, which simply extended the space of the building to the space outside the walls, and ordered nature according to the rules of geometry, optics and perspective. Gardens were designed like buildings, with a succession of rooms which a visitor could pass through following an established route, hallways, and vestibules with adjoining chambers. They used the language of architecture in their plans; the spaces were referred to as salles, chambres and théâtres of greenery. The "walls" were composed of hedges, and "stairways" of water. On the ground were tapis, or carpets, of grass, brodés, or embroidered, with plants, and the trees were formed into rideaux, or curtains, along the alleys. Just as architects installed systems of water into the chateaux, they laid out elaborate hydraulic systems to supply the fountains and basins of the garden. Long basins full of water replaced mirrors, and the water from fountains replaced chandeliers. In the bosquet du Marais in the gardens of Versailles, André Le Nôtre placed tables of white and red marble for serving meals. The flowing water in the basins and fountains imitated water pouring into carafes and crystal glasses. The dominant role of architecture in the garden did not change until the 18th century, when the English garden arrived in Europe and the inspiration for gardens began to come not from architecture but from romantic painting. Theatre The garden à la française was often used as a setting for plays, spectacles, concerts, and displays of fireworks. In 1664, Louis XIV celebrated a six-day festival in the gardens, with cavalcades, comedies, ballets, and fireworks. Gardens of Versailles included a theatre of water, decorated with fountains and statues of the infancy of the gods (destroyed between 1770 and 1780). Full-size ships were constructed for sailing on the Grand Canal, and the garden had an open-air ballroom surrounded by trees; a water organ, a labyrinth, and a grotto. Perspective Perspective in the Gardens of Versailles The architects of the garden à la française did not stop at applying the rules of geometry and perspective to their work. In the first published treatises on gardens, in the 17th century, they devoted chapters to the subject of how to correct or improve perspective, usually to create the illusion of greater distance. This was often done by having alleys become narrower, or having rows of trees that converged, or were trimmed so that they became gradually shorter, as they went farther away from the centre of the garden or from the house. This created the illusion that the perspective was longer and that the garden was larger than it actually was. Another trick used by French garden designers was the ha-ha (fr: saut de loup). This was a method used to conceal fences which crossed long alleys or perspectives. A deep and wide trench with vertical wall of stone on one side was dug wherever a fence crossed a view, or a fence was placed in bottom of the trench, so that it was invisible to the viewer. As gardens became more and more ambitious and elaborate through the 17th century, the garden no longer served as a decoration for the chateau. At Chantilly and at Saint-Germain, the chateau became a decorative element of the much larger garden. Technologies The appearance of the French garden in the 17th and 18th centuries was a result of the development of several new technologies. The first was géoplastie, the science of moving large amounts of earth. This science had several technological developments. This science had come from the military, following the introduction of cannon and modern siege warfare, when they were required to dig trenches and build walls and earth fortifications quickly. This led to the development of baskets for carrying earth on the back, wheelbarrows, carts and wagons. Andre LeNotre adapted these methods to build the level terraces, and to dig canals and basins on a grand scale. Vue de la Machine de Marly (1723) by Pierre-Denis Martin, showing the Machine de Marly A second development was in hydrology, bringing water to the gardens for the irrigation of the plants and for use in the many fountains. This development was not fully successful at Versailles, which was on a plateau; even with 221 pumps and a system of canals bringing water from the Seine, and the construction in 1681 of a huge pumping machine, the Machine de Marly, there was still not enough water pressure for all the fountains of Versailles to be turned on at once. Fontainiers were placed along the routes of the King's promenades, and turned on the fountains at each site just before he arrived. A related development took place in hydroplasie, the art and science of shaping water into different shapes as it came out the fountain. The shape of the water depended upon the force of the water and the shape of the nozzle. New forms created through this art were named tulipe (the tulip), double gerbe (the double sheaf), Girandole(centerpiece) candélabre (candelabra), and corbeille (bouquet), La Boule en l'air (Ball in the air), and L'Evantail (the fan). This art was closely associated with the fireworks of the time, which tried to achieve similar effects with fire instead of water. Both the fountains and fireworks were often accompanied by music, and were designed to show how nature (water and fire) could be shaped by the will of man. Another important development was in horticulture, in the ability to raise plants from warmer climates in the northern European climate by protecting them inside buildings and bringing them outdoors in pots. The first orangeries were built in France in the 16th century following the introduction of the orange tree after the Italian Wars. The Versailles Orangerie had walls five meters thick, with a double wall that maintains temperatures in winter between 5 and 8 degrees Celsius (41 and 46 °F). Today it can shelter 1055 trees. List Château de Villandry Gardens of the Château de Chantilly Château de Cordès Château de Breteuil Predecessors in the Renaissance Style Château d'Anet (1536) Château de Villandry (1536, destroyed in the 19th century and recreated beginning in 1906) Chateau Fontainebleau (1522–1540) Château de Chenonceau, gardens of Diane de Poitiers and Catherine de Medici (1559–1570) Gardens designed by André Le Nôtre Source: Vaux-le-Vicomte (1658–1661) Château de Versailles (1662–1700) Château de Chantilly (1663–1684) Château de Fontainebleau (1645–1685) Château de Saint-Cloud (1664–65) Gardens of the Tuileries Palace (1664) Grand Canal of Gardens of Versailles (1668–1669) Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1669–1673) Parc de Sceaux (1670) Château de Dampierre (1673–1783) Grand Trianon at Versailles (1687–1688) Château de Clagny (1674–1680) Château de Meudon Château de Cordès (1695) Château de Braine Château de Montmirail Château de Pontchartrain Gardens attributed to André Le Nôtre Château du Raincy Château de Valgenceusel Château de Fages Château de Courances Château de Castries Castle of Racconigi Later gardens A contemporary garden à la française in Provence: Le Pavillon de Galon View of the gardens, Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna Herrenhausen Gardens, Hanover Royal Palace of Caserta Garden à la française of the Branicki Palace in Białystok Peterhof Palace, St. Petersburg Château de Lunéville (1710–1724, later an English garden, restored to original design in 2003) Château de Breteuil (1730–1784) 19th–21st century Jardin de la Magalone, Marseille, garden by Eduard Andre, 1891. Nemours Mansion and Gardens – du Pont estate, early 20th century. Pavillon de Galon in Cucuron, created in 2004 Gardens outside France Austria Mirabell Palace in Salzburg Belvedere Palace in Vienna (designed by Dominique Girard) Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna (designed by Jean Trehet) Augarten in Vienna Parc of Schloss Hof in Engelhartstetten, Lower Austria Czech Republic Vrtba Garden, Prague (1720s) Gardens of the Wallenstein Palace in Prague England Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire (1705–1724) The Parterre, Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire (1870s) Germany Schwetzingen Palace in Schwetzingen, Baden-Württemberg Weikersheim Castle in Weikersheim, Baden-Württemberg Ludwigsburg Palace near Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Gardens of the Würzburg Residence in Würzburg, Bavaria Schleissheim Palace in Munich, Bavaria Nymphenburg Palace in Munich, Bavaria Karlsaue, Kassel, Hesse (built until 1785) French Garden, Celle in Celle, Lower Saxony Herrenhausen Gardens, Hanover, Lower Saxony (1676–1680) Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl in Brühl (Rhineland), North Rhine-Westphalia French garden of Schloss Benrath in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia Italy Royal Palace of Caserta near Napoli Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi Palace, Piedmont Racconigi Palace, Piedmont (1755) Netherlands Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn, Gelderland Poland Parc of Nieborów Palace, Łódź Voivodeship (designed by Tylman van Gameren) Branicki Palace, Białystok, Podlaskie Voivodeship (1737–1771) Russia Peterhof Gardens, St. Petersburg (1714–1725) Summer Garden, St. Petersburg (1712–1725) Tsarskoe Selo Old Garden in Pushkin (1717–1720) Kuskovo Estate, Moscow (1750–1780) Oranienbaum Palace and Garden, west of St. Petersburg Spain Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso in San Ildefonso, Segovia Sweden Drottningholm Palace gardens outside Stockholm See also Gardens portal History of Parks and Gardens of Paris Notable Gardens of France French gardens in England (The English House) Notes ^ Éric Mension-Rigau, "Les jardins témoins de leur temps" in Historia, n° 7/8 (2000). ^ Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12 ^ Philippe Prevot, Histoire des jardins, pg. 107 ^ Prevot, Histoire des Jardins, 114 ^ Bernard Jeannel, Le Nôtre, Éd. Hazan, p. 17 ^ Prevot, Histoire des jardins, pg. 146 ^ Prevot, Histoire des jardins, pg. 152 ^ Lucia Impelluso, Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes, pg. 64. ^ Wenzer, Architecture du jardin, (pg. 27) ^ Wenzel, pg. 28. ^ See Harrap's standard French-English Dictionary, 1934 edition. ^ Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie, Traite du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art, Paris, Michel Vanlochon, 1638. ^ « Il est à souhaiter que les jardins soient regardés de haut en bas, soit depuis des bâtiments, soit depuis des terrasses rehaussées à l'entour des parterres », Olivier de Serres in Théatre d'architecture ou Mesnage des champs, 1600, cité par Bernard Jeannel, Le Nôtre, Éd. Hazan, p. 26 ^ Claude Wenzler, Architecture du Jardin, pg. 22 ^ Wenzler, pg. 22. ^ Wenzler pg. 24 ^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 164 ^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 166 ^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 165 ^ Jean-Marie Constant, Une nature domptée sur ordre du Roi Soleil in Historia, n° 7/8, 2000, p. 39 ^ Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe. (p. 234) ^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 167 ^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 155 ^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 156 ^ According to the chronology of Yves-Marie Allian, Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins in Europe, pg. 612 References Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles et Mazenod, Paris, 2006 Claude Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, Editions Ouest-France, 2003 Lucia Impelluso, Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes, Hazan, Paris, 2007. Philippe Prevot, Histoire des jardins, Editions Sud Ouest, 2006 vteHorticulture and gardeningGardening Allotment Arboretum Butterfly Climate-friendly gardening Community Forest Foodscaping French intensive Garden Garden design computer-aided Garden tool Green wall Guerrilla Historic conservation History Native Parterre Proplifting Raised bed Square foot Sustainable Xeriscaping Types ofgardens Alpine Ancient Egypt Back Baroque Biblical Bog Botanical Bottle Butterfly Byzantine Cactus Colonial Color Communal Garden square Community Container Cottage Dutch East Asian Chinese Cantonese Japanese Roji Zen Korean Vietnamese English Sharawadgi Fernery Floating Flower French formal landscape Renaissance Front German Greek Greenhouse Hanging Islamic Italian Keyhole Kitchen Knot Market Mary Medieval Monastic Mughal Orchard Indonesian home garden Persian Bāgh Charbagh Paradise Physic Pleasure Prairie Pollinator Rain Rock Roman Roof Rose Sacred School Scottish Sculpture Sensory Shade Shakespeare Shrubbery Spanish Tea Therapeutic Trial Tropical Victory Walled Water Wildlife Winter Zoological Horticulture Agriculture Permaculture stock-free sustainable urban Arboriculture Bonsai Saikei Botany Companion planting Crop most valuable Cutting Flora Floriculture Canada Taiwan Hügelkultur Fruticulture Genetically modified tree Hydroculture Indigenous Intercropping Landscape architecture Olericulture Plant breeding cuttings free-flowering propagation drought tolerance hardiness Pomology Postharvest physiology Roguing Tropical Urban agriculture horticulture forestry reforestation Viticulture Monoculture Organic Biodynamic agriculture Grafting List of organic gardening and farming topics Vegan organic agriculture Plant protection Fungicide Herbicide Index of pesticide articles List of fungicides List of insecticides Pesticide Plant disease forecasting Pruning Weed control Aquamog weed remover Related articles Community orchard Features Floral design Floristry Ikebana Groundskeeping Garden centre Garden tourism List of gardens Lists of plants Perennial Plant collecting Turf management Gardening portal Category Commons WikiProject Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gardens of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bassin_Apollon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bassin d'Apollon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassin_d%27Apollon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orangerie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre"},{"link_name":"Versailles Orangerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_Orangerie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trianon"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture"},{"link_name":"garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden"},{"link_name":"symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry"},{"link_name":"epitome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome"},{"link_name":"Gardens of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"landscape architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architect"},{"link_name":"André Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"European courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mension-1"}],"text":"Gardens of VersaillesThe Bassin d'Apollon in the Gardens of VersaillesParterre of the Versailles OrangerieGardens of the Grand Trianon at the Palace of VersaillesThe French formal garden, also called the jardin à la française (French for 'garden in the French manner'), is a style of \"landscape\" garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the landscape architect André Le Nôtre for Louis XIV and widely copied by other European courts.[1]","title":"French formal garden"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Renaissance garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance_garden"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden"},{"link_name":"Boboli Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boboli_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Villa Medici in Fiesole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Medici_in_Fiesole"},{"link_name":"parterres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre"},{"link_name":"fountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain"},{"link_name":"cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"grottos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto"},{"link_name":"labyrinths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chenonceau02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Château de Chenonceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"garden designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_designer"},{"link_name":"Pacello da Mercogliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacello_da_Mercogliano"},{"link_name":"Château d'Amboise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Château de Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Château de Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Château de Chenonceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau"},{"link_name":"Diane de Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Philibert de l'Orme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_de_l%27Orme"},{"link_name":"Château d'Anet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Anet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeannel-5"}],"sub_title":"Renaissance influence","text":"The jardin à la française evolved from the French Renaissance garden, a style which was inspired by the Italian Renaissance garden at the beginning of the 16th century. The Italian Renaissance garden, typified by the Boboli Gardens in Florence and the Villa Medici in Fiesole, was characterized by planting beds, or parterres, created in geometric shapes, and laid out symmetrical patterns; the use of fountains and cascades to animate the garden; stairways and ramps to unite different levels of the garden; grottos, labyrinths, and statuary on mythological themes. The gardens were designed to represent harmony and order, the ideals of the Renaissance, and to recall the virtues of Ancient Rome. Additionally, the symmetry of French gardens was a continuation of the Renaissance themes of harmony. French gardens were symmetrical and well manicured to represent order, and this idea of orderliness extended to French society at the time.View of the Catherine de' Medici's garden at Château de ChenonceauFollowing his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King Charles VIII brought Italian craftsmen and garden designers, such as Pacello da Mercogliano, from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the Château d'Amboise and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor Henry II, who had also travelled to Italy and had met Leonardo da Vinci, created an Italian nearby at the Château de Blois.[2] Beginning in 1528, King Francis I created new gardens at the Château de Fontainebleau, which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from Provence, and the first artificial grotto in France.[3] The Château de Chenonceau had two gardens in the new style, one created for Diane de Poitiers in 1551, and a second for Catherine de' Medici in 1560.[4]In 1536 the architect Philibert de l'Orme, upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the Château d'Anet following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden.[5] Today, water remains a key garden design in the form of round pools and long ponds.While the gardens of the French Renaissance were much different in their spirit and appearance than those of the Middle Ages, they were still not integrated with the architecture of the châteaux, and were usually enclosed by walls. In French garden design, the chateau or home was supposed to be the visual focal point. The different parts of the gardens were not harmoniously joined together, and they were often placed on difficult sites chosen for terrain easy to defend, rather than for beauty. All this was to change in the middle of the 17th century with the development of the first real garden à la française.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VauxC17engraving.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vaux_le_Vicomte_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"broderies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderie_(garden_feature)"},{"link_name":"embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery"},{"link_name":"Vaux-le-Vicomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Fouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis Le Vau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau"},{"link_name":"Charles Le Brun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun"},{"link_name":"André Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"Farnese Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnese_Hercules#Later_copies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Vaux-le-Vicomte","text":"17th-century engraving of Vaux-le-VicomteParterre of broderies (embroidery-like patterning) at Vaux-le-VicomteThe first important garden à la française was the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, created for Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances to Louis XIV, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned Louis Le Vau to design the chateau, Charles Le Brun to design statues for the garden, and André Le Nôtre to create the gardens. It was for the first time that the garden and the chateau were perfectly integrated. A grand perspective of 1500 meters extended from the foot of the chateau to the statue of the Farnese Hercules, and the space was filled with parterres of evergreen shrubs in ornamental patterns, bordered by coloured sand, and the alleys were decorated at regular intervals by statues, basins, fountains, and carefully sculpted topiaries. \"The symmetry attained at Vaux achieved a degree of perfection and unity rarely equalled in the art of classic gardens. The chateau is at the center of this strict spatial organization, which symbolizes power and success.\"[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gardens of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Hall of Mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Gardens of Versailles","text":"The Gardens of Versailles, created by André Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the garden à la française. They were the largest gardens in Europe, with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an east–west axis followed the course of the sun: the sun rose over the Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the Chateau and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the Grand Canal, reflected in the mirrors of the Hall of Mirrors.[7] In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to the horizon, the garden was full of surprises – fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces.The central symbol of the garden was the sun; the emblem of Louis XIV, illustrated by the statue of Apollo in the central fountain of the garden. \"The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects.\"[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andre-Le-Nostre1.jpg"},{"link_name":"André Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Claude Desgots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Desgots"},{"link_name":"Château de Bagnolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagnolet,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Seine-Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Philippe II, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"Jean-Charles Garnier d'Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Charles_Garnier_d%27Isle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnier_d%27Isle"},{"link_name":"Madame de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"Crécy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Eure-et-Loir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ange-Jacques Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Compiègne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"English landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"André Le NôtreAndré Le Nôtre died in 1700, but his pupils and his ideas continued to dominate the design of gardens in France through the reign of Louis XV. His nephew, Claude Desgots, created the garden at Château de Bagnolet (Seine-Saint-Denis) for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1717) and at Champs (Seine-et-Marne), and another relative, Jean-Charles Garnier d'Isle [fr], created gardens for Madame de Pompadour at Crécy[verification needed] (Eure-et-Loir) in 1746 and Bellevue (Hauts-de-Seine) in 1748–50.[9] The major inspiration for gardens continued to be architecture, rather than nature – the architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel designed elements of the gardens at Versailles, Choisy (Val-de-Marne), and Compiègne.Nonetheless, a few variations in the strict geometry of the garden à la française began to appear. Elaborate parterres of broderies, with their curves and counter-curves, were replaced by parterres of grass bordered with flowerbeds, which were easier to maintain. Circles became ovals, called rotules, with alleys radiating outward in the shape of an 'x', and irregular octagon shapes appeared. Gardens began to follow the natural landscape, rather than moving earth to shape the ground into artificial terraces. Limited colors were available at the time as well. Traditionally, French gardens included blue, pink, white, and mauve.The middle of the 18th century saw spread in popularity of the new English landscape garden, created by British aristocrats and landowners, and the Chinese style, brought to France by Jesuit priests from the Court of the Emperor of China. These styles rejected symmetry in favor of nature and rustic scenes and brought an end to the reign of the symmetrical garden à la française. In many French parks and estates, the garden closest to the house was kept in the traditional à la française style, but the rest of the park was transformed into the new style, called variously jardin à l'anglaise (the English garden), \"anglo-chinois\", exotiques, or \"pittoresques\". This marked the end of the age of the garden à la française and the arrival in France of the jardin paysager, or landscape garden, which was inspired not by architecture but by painting, literature and philosophy.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Boyceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Boyceau"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"bosquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosquet"},{"link_name":"Palais du Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_du_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Jardin des Tuileries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_Tuileries"},{"link_name":"Saint Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"Claude Mollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mollet"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"head gardener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_gardener"},{"link_name":"Château d'Anet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Anet"},{"link_name":"André Mollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mollet"},{"link_name":"André Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"Vaux-le-Vicomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte"},{"link_name":"Gardens of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"English landscape park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_garden"},{"link_name":"Dezallier d'Argenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezallier_d%27Argenville"}],"text":"Jacques Boyceau, sieur de la Barauderie (c. 1560–1633) the superintendent of royal gardens under Louis XIII, became the first theorist of the new French style. His book, Traité du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art. Ensemble divers desseins de parterres, pelouzes, bosquets et autres ornements was published after his death in 1638. Its sixty-one engravings of designs for parterres and bosquets made it a style book for gardens, which influenced the design the Palais du Luxembourg, the Jardin des Tuileries, and the gardens of Saint Germain-en-Laye.Claude Mollet (ca 1564-shortly before 1649), was the chief gardener of three French kings: Henry IV, Louis XIII, and the young Louis XIV. His father was head gardener at the Château d'Anet, where Italian formal gardening was introduced to France and where Claude apprenticed. His son was André Mollet, who took the French style to the Netherlands, Sweden and England.André Le Nôtre (1613–1700) was the most important figure in the history of the French garden. The son of the gardener of Louis XIII, he worked on the plans of Vaux-le-Vicomte, before becoming the chief gardener of Louis XIV between 1645 and 1700, and the designer of the Gardens of Versailles, the greatest garden project of the age. The gardens he created became the symbols of French grandeur and rationality, setting the style for European gardens until the arrival of the English landscape park in the 18th century.Joseph-Antoine Dezallier d'Argenville (1680–1765) wrote Théorie et traité de jardinage, laid out the principles of the garden à la française, and included drawings and designs of gardens and parterres. It was reprinted many times, and was found in the libraries of aristocrats across Europe.","title":"Theorists and gardeners"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_French_estate_18th_century_park_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Boyceau"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(visual)"},{"link_name":"optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"Olivier de Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_de_Serres"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serres-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"broderies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderie_(garden_feature)"},{"link_name":"boxwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"jeux d'eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_d%27eau"}],"text":"A French estate, 18th centuryJacques Boyceau de La Barauderie wrote in 1638 in his Traité du jardinage, selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art that \"the principal reason for the existence of a garden is the esthetic pleasure which it gives to the spectator.\"[12]The form of the French garden was largely fixed by the middle of the 17th century. It had the following elements, which became typical of the formal French garden:a geometric plan using the most recent discoveries of perspective and optics\na terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor to see all at once the entire garden. As the French landscape architect Olivier de Serres wrote in 1600, \"It is desirable that the gardens should be seen from above, either from the walls, or from terraces raised above the parterres.\"[13]\nall vegetation is constrained and directed to demonstrate the mastery of man over nature.[14] Trees are planted in straight lines and carefully trimmed, and their tops are trimmed at a set height\nthe residence serves as the central point of the garden and its central ornament. No trees are planted close to the house; rather, the house is set apart by low parterres and trimmed bushes[15]\na central axis, or perspective, perpendicular to the facade of the house, on the side opposite the front entrance. The axis extends either all the way to the horizon (Versailles) or to piece of statuary or architecture (Vaux-le-Vicomte). The axis faces either South (Vaux-le-Vicomte, Meudon) or east–west (Tuileries, Clagny, Trianon, Sceaux). The principal axis is composed of a lawn, or a basin of water, bordered by trees. The principal axis is crossed by one or more perpendicular perspectives and alleys\nthe most elaborate parterres, or planting beds, in the shape of squares, ovals, circles or scrolls, are placed in a regular and geometric order close to the house, to complement the architecture and to be seen from above from the reception rooms of the house\nthe parterres near the residence are filled with broderies, designs created with low boxwood to resemble the patterns of a carpet, and given a polychrome effect by plantings of flowers, or by colored brick, gravel or sand\nfarther from the house, the broderies are replaced with simpler parterres, filled with grass, and often containing fountains or basins of water. Beyond these, small carefully created groves of trees serve as an intermediary between the formal garden and the masses of trees of the park. \"The perfect place for a stroll, these spaces present alleys, stars, circles, theaters of greenery, galleries, spaces for balls and for festivities.\"[16]\nbodies of water (canals, basins) serve as mirrors, doubling the size of the house or the trees\nthe garden is animated with jeux d'eau and pieces of sculpture, usually on mythological themes, which either underline or punctuate the perspectives, and mark the intersections of the axes, and by moving water in the form of cascades and fountains.","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belvedere_Palace%27s_Gardens.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dominique Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Girard_(garden_designer)"},{"link_name":"Ornamental flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"tulips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulips"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"topiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary"},{"link_name":"Grand Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"jonquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"cyclamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamen"},{"link_name":"lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"hornbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeam"},{"link_name":"elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm"},{"link_name":"linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"Compiègne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artois"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Colours, flowers and trees","text":"Belvedere Palace's Gardens in Vienna, designed by Dominique Girard, pupil of André Le NôtreOrnamental flowers were relatively rare in French gardens in the 17th century and there was a limited range of colours: blue, pink, white and mauve. Brighter colours (yellow, red, orange) would not arrive until about 1730, because of botanical discoveries from around the world brought to Europe. Bulbs of tulips and other exotic flowers came from Turkey and the Netherlands.[17] An important ornamental feature in Versailles and other gardens was the topiary, a tree or bush carved into geometric or fantastic shapes, which were placed in rows along the main axes of the garden, alternating with statues and vases.At Versailles flower beds were found only at the Grand Trianon and in parterres on the north side of the palace. Flowers were usually brought from Provence, kept in pots, and changed three or four times a year. Palace records from 1686 show that the palace used 20,050 jonquil bulbs, 23000 cyclamen, and 1700 lily plants.[18]Most of the trees at Versailles were taken from the forest; they included hornbeam, elm, linden, and beech trees. There were also chestnut trees from Turkey and acacia trees. Large trees were dug up from the forests of Compiègne and Artois and transplanted to Versailles. Many died in transplanting and had to be regularly replaced.The trees in the park were trimmed both horizontally and flattened at the top, giving them the desired geometric form. Only in the 18th century were they allowed to grow freely.[19]","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte_IMG_9307a_(5827552005).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vaux-le-Vicomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"garden design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_design"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxus_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"broderie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderie_(garden_feature)"},{"link_name":"water gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_garden"},{"link_name":"cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_(fontainerie)"},{"link_name":"grottos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto"},{"link_name":"statues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_house"},{"link_name":"stately home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stately_home"},{"link_name":"chateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau"},{"link_name":"schloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss"},{"link_name":"Palace of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Palace of Augustusburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustusburg_and_Falkenlust_Palaces,_Br%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage"},{"link_name":"English landscape gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"}],"sub_title":"Parterres de broderie","text":"Parterre de broderie at Vaux-le-Vicomte.Elements of a parterre de broderie (49 seconds, 1.54 MB)The parterres de broderie (from the French French: broderie meaning 'embroidery') is the typical form of French garden design of the Baroque. It is characterised by a symmetrical layout of the flower beds and sheared box hedging to form ornamental patterns known as broderie. Even the arrangement of the flowers is designed to create a harmonious interplay of colours. Frequently found in French Baroque gardens are water gardens, cascades, grottos and statues. Further away from the country house, stately home, chateau or schloss the parterre transitions into the bosquets.Well known examples are the gardens at the Palace of Versailles in France and the Palace of Augustusburg at Brühl, near Cologne in Germany, which have achieved UNESCO World Heritage status.As fashions changed, many parterres de broderie of stately homes had to give way in the 19th century to English landscape gardens and have not been reinstated.","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg"},{"link_name":"château de Villandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry"},{"link_name":"Indre-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"André Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constant-20"},{"link_name":"English garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_garden"},{"link_name":"romantic painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"}],"text":"Broderies in the gardens of the château de Villandry (Indre-et-Loire)The designers of the French garden saw their work as a branch of architecture, which simply extended the space of the building to the space outside the walls, and ordered nature according to the rules of geometry, optics and perspective. Gardens were designed like buildings, with a succession of rooms which a visitor could pass through following an established route, hallways, and vestibules with adjoining chambers. They used the language of architecture in their plans; the spaces were referred to as salles, chambres and théâtres of greenery. The \"walls\" were composed of hedges, and \"stairways\" of water. On the ground were tapis, or carpets, of grass, brodés, or embroidered, with plants, and the trees were formed into rideaux, or curtains, along the alleys.Just as architects installed systems of water into the chateaux, they laid out elaborate hydraulic systems to supply the fountains and basins of the garden. Long basins full of water replaced mirrors, and the water from fountains replaced chandeliers. In the bosquet du Marais in the gardens of Versailles, André Le Nôtre placed tables of white and red marble for serving meals. The flowing water in the basins and fountains imitated water pouring into carafes and crystal glasses.[20] The dominant role of architecture in the garden did not change until the 18th century, when the English garden arrived in Europe and the inspiration for gardens began to come not from architecture but from romantic painting.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"a labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_labyrinth_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The garden à la française was often used as a setting for plays, spectacles, concerts, and displays of fireworks. In 1664, Louis XIV celebrated a six-day festival in the gardens, with cavalcades, comedies, ballets, and fireworks. Gardens of Versailles included a theatre of water, decorated with fountains and statues of the infancy of the gods (destroyed between 1770 and 1780). Full-size ships were constructed for sailing on the Grand Canal, and the garden had an open-air ballroom surrounded by trees; a water organ, a labyrinth, and a grotto.[21]","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_113.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gardens of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(art)"},{"link_name":"ha-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha-ha"},{"link_name":"Chantilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye"}],"text":"Perspective in the Gardens of VersaillesThe architects of the garden à la française did not stop at applying the rules of geometry and perspective to their work. In the first published treatises on gardens, in the 17th century, they devoted chapters to the subject of how to correct or improve perspective, usually to create the illusion of greater distance. This was often done by having alleys become narrower, or having rows of trees that converged, or were trimmed so that they became gradually shorter, as they went farther away from the centre of the garden or from the house. This created the illusion that the perspective was longer and that the garden was larger than it actually was.Another trick used by French garden designers was the ha-ha (fr: saut de loup). This was a method used to conceal fences which crossed long alleys or perspectives. A deep and wide trench with vertical wall of stone on one side was dug wherever a fence crossed a view, or a fence was placed in bottom of the trench, so that it was invisible to the viewer.As gardens became more and more ambitious and elaborate through the 17th century, the garden no longer served as a decoration for the chateau. At Chantilly and at Saint-Germain, the chateau became a decorative element of the much larger garden.","title":"Perspective"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-denis-martin-view-of-the-marly-machine-and-the-aqueduct-at-louveciennes-1722.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Denis Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Denis_Martin_(1663-1742)"},{"link_name":"Machine de Marly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_de_Marly"},{"link_name":"Machine de Marly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_de_Marly"},{"link_name":"Fontainiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountaineer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"orangeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangerie"},{"link_name":"Versailles Orangerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_Orangerie"}],"text":"The appearance of the French garden in the 17th and 18th centuries was a result of the development of several new technologies. The first was géoplastie, the science of moving large amounts of earth. This science had several technological developments. This science had come from the military, following the introduction of cannon and modern siege warfare, when they were required to dig trenches and build walls and earth fortifications quickly. This led to the development of baskets for carrying earth on the back, wheelbarrows, carts and wagons. Andre LeNotre adapted these methods to build the level terraces, and to dig canals and basins on a grand scale.[22]Vue de la Machine de Marly (1723) by Pierre-Denis Martin, showing the Machine de MarlyA second development was in hydrology, bringing water to the gardens for the irrigation of the plants and for use in the many fountains. This development was not fully successful at Versailles, which was on a plateau; even with 221 pumps and a system of canals bringing water from the Seine, and the construction in 1681 of a huge pumping machine, the Machine de Marly, there was still not enough water pressure for all the fountains of Versailles to be turned on at once. Fontainiers were placed along the routes of the King's promenades, and turned on the fountains at each site just before he arrived.[23]A related development took place in hydroplasie, the art and science of shaping water into different shapes as it came out the fountain. The shape of the water depended upon the force of the water and the shape of the nozzle. New forms created through this art were named tulipe (the tulip), double gerbe (the double sheaf), Girandole(centerpiece) candélabre (candelabra), and corbeille (bouquet), La Boule en l'air (Ball in the air), and L'Evantail (the fan). This art was closely associated with the fireworks of the time, which tried to achieve similar effects with fire instead of water. Both the fountains and fireworks were often accompanied by music, and were designed to show how nature (water and fire) could be shaped by the will of man.[24]Another important development was in horticulture, in the ability to raise plants from warmer climates in the northern European climate by protecting them inside buildings and bringing them outdoors in pots. The first orangeries were built in France in the 16th century following the introduction of the orange tree after the Italian Wars. The Versailles Orangerie had walls five meters thick, with a double wall that maintains temperatures in winter between 5 and 8 degrees Celsius (41 and 46 °F). Today it can shelter 1055 trees.","title":"Technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château de Villandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Chantilly_garden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château de Chantilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrcivalChateauCordes_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château de Cordès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cord%C3%A8s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_chateau_de_breteuil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château de Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil"}],"text":"Château de VillandryGardens of the Château de ChantillyChâteau de CordèsChâteau de Breteuil","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château d'Anet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Anet"},{"link_name":"Château de Villandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry"},{"link_name":"Chateau Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Château de Chenonceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau"},{"link_name":"Diane de Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Catherine de Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de_Medici"}],"sub_title":"Predecessors in the Renaissance Style","text":"Château d'Anet (1536)\nChâteau de Villandry (1536, destroyed in the 19th century and recreated beginning in 1906)\nChateau Fontainebleau (1522–1540)\nChâteau de Chenonceau, gardens of Diane de Poitiers and Catherine de Medici (1559–1570)","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Vaux-le-Vicomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte"},{"link_name":"Château de Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Château de Chantilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly"},{"link_name":"Château de Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Château de Saint-Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud"},{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Gardens of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"Parc de Sceaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_Sceaux"},{"link_name":"Château de Dampierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Dampierre"},{"link_name":"Grand Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Château de Clagny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Clagny"},{"link_name":"Château de Meudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Meudon"},{"link_name":"Château de Cordès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cord%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Château de Braine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Braine"},{"link_name":"Château de Montmirail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montmirail_(Marne)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montmirail_(Marne)"},{"link_name":"Château de Pontchartrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Pontchartrain"}],"sub_title":"Gardens designed by André Le Nôtre","text":"Source:[25]Vaux-le-Vicomte (1658–1661)\nChâteau de Versailles (1662–1700)\nChâteau de Chantilly (1663–1684)\nChâteau de Fontainebleau (1645–1685)\nChâteau de Saint-Cloud (1664–65)\nGardens of the Tuileries Palace (1664)\nGrand Canal of Gardens of Versailles (1668–1669)\nChâteau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1669–1673)\nParc de Sceaux (1670)\nChâteau de Dampierre (1673–1783)\nGrand Trianon at Versailles (1687–1688)\nChâteau de Clagny (1674–1680)\nChâteau de Meudon\nChâteau de Cordès (1695)\nChâteau de Braine\nChâteau de Montmirail [fr]\nChâteau de Pontchartrain","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château du Raincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Raincy"},{"link_name":"Château de Valgenceusel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Valgenceusel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_de_Valgenceuse"},{"link_name":"Château de Fages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fages&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fages"},{"link_name":"Château de Courances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Courances"},{"link_name":"Château de Castries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Castries"},{"link_name":"Castle of Racconigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Racconigi"}],"sub_title":"Gardens attributed to André Le Nôtre","text":"Château du Raincy\nChâteau de Valgenceusel [fr]\nChâteau de Fages [fr]\nChâteau de Courances\nChâteau de Castries\nCastle of Racconigi","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_Galon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Galon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Galon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Blick_auf_Gloriette.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herrenhausen Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrenhausen_Gardens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caserta_jard%C3%ADn_44.JPG"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palac_Branickich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Branicki Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branicki_Palace,_Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peterhof Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhof_Palace"},{"link_name":"Château de Lunéville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Lun%C3%A9ville"},{"link_name":"English garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"Château de Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil"}],"sub_title":"Later gardens","text":"A contemporary garden à la française in Provence: Le Pavillon de GalonView of the gardens, Schönbrunn Palace, ViennaHerrenhausen Gardens, HanoverRoyal Palace of CasertaGarden à la française of the Branicki Palace in BiałystokPeterhof Palace, St. PetersburgChâteau de Lunéville (1710–1724, later an English garden, restored to original design in 2003)\nChâteau de Breteuil (1730–1784)","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jardin de la Magalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_de_la_Magalone"},{"link_name":"Nemours Mansion and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemours_Mansion_and_Gardens"},{"link_name":"du Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_I._du_Pont"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Galon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Galon"},{"link_name":"Cucuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuron"}],"sub_title":"19th–21st century","text":"Jardin de la Magalone, Marseille, garden by Eduard Andre, 1891.\nNemours Mansion and Gardens – du Pont estate, early 20th century.\nPavillon de Galon in Cucuron, created in 2004","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gardens outside France","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirabell Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabell_Palace"},{"link_name":"Belvedere Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_Palace"},{"link_name":"Dominique Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Girard_(garden_designer)"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace"},{"link_name":"Jean Trehet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Trehet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Augarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augarten"},{"link_name":"Schloss Hof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Hof"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"Mirabell Palace in Salzburg\nBelvedere Palace in Vienna (designed by Dominique Girard)\nSchönbrunn Palace in Vienna (designed by Jean Trehet)\nAugarten in Vienna\nParc of Schloss Hof in Engelhartstetten, Lower Austria","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vrtba Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrtba_Garden"},{"link_name":"Wallenstein Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenstein_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic","text":"Vrtba Garden, Prague (1720s)\nGardens of the Wallenstein Palace in Prague","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blenheim Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palace"},{"link_name":"Waddesdon Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire (1705–1724)\nThe Parterre, Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire (1870s)","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schwetzingen Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwetzingen_Palace"},{"link_name":"Weikersheim Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weikersheim_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ludwigsburg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsburg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Würzburg Residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Residence"},{"link_name":"Schleissheim Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleissheim_Palace"},{"link_name":"Nymphenburg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Karlsaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsaue"},{"link_name":"French Garden, Celle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Garden,_Celle"},{"link_name":"Herrenhausen Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrenhausen_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustusburg_and_Falkenlust_Palaces,_Br%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Brühl (Rhineland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland)"},{"link_name":"Schloss Benrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Benrath"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Schwetzingen Palace in Schwetzingen, Baden-Württemberg\nWeikersheim Castle in Weikersheim, Baden-Württemberg\nLudwigsburg Palace near Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg\nGardens of the Würzburg Residence in Würzburg, Bavaria\nSchleissheim Palace in Munich, Bavaria\nNymphenburg Palace in Munich, Bavaria\nKarlsaue, Kassel, Hesse (built until 1785)\nFrench Garden, Celle in Celle, Lower Saxony\nHerrenhausen Gardens, Hanover, Lower Saxony (1676–1680)\nAugustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl in Brühl (Rhineland), North Rhine-Westphalia\nFrench garden of Schloss Benrath in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi"},{"link_name":"Racconigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Racconigi"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Royal Palace of Caserta near Napoli\nPalazzina di caccia of Stupinigi Palace, Piedmont\nRacconigi Palace, Piedmont (1755)","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Het Loo Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn, Gelderland","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nieborów Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niebor%C3%B3w_Palace"},{"link_name":"Łódź Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Tylman van Gameren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylman_van_Gameren"},{"link_name":"Branicki Palace, Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branicki_Palace,_Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Podlaskie Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship"}],"sub_title":"Poland","text":"Parc of Nieborów Palace, Łódź Voivodeship (designed by Tylman van Gameren)\nBranicki Palace, Białystok, Podlaskie Voivodeship (1737–1771)","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peterhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhof_Palace"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Summer Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Garden"},{"link_name":"Tsarskoe Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarskoe_Selo"},{"link_name":"Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_(town)"},{"link_name":"Kuskovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuskovo"},{"link_name":"Oranienbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranienbaum,_Russia"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"Peterhof Gardens, St. Petersburg (1714–1725)\nSummer Garden, St. Petersburg (1712–1725)\nTsarskoe Selo Old Garden in Pushkin (1717–1720)\nKuskovo Estate, Moscow (1750–1780)\nOranienbaum Palace and Garden, west of St. Petersburg","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_La_Granja_de_San_Ildefonso"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso in San Ildefonso, Segovia","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drottningholm Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drottningholm_Palace"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"Drottningholm Palace gardens outside Stockholm","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mension_1-0"},{"link_name":"Éric Mension-Rigau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ric_Mension-Rigau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_(revue)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jeannel_5-0"},{"link_name":"Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_N%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-serres_13-0"},{"link_name":"Olivier de Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_de_Serres"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Constant_20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"}],"text":"^ Éric Mension-Rigau, \"Les jardins témoins de leur temps\" in Historia, n° 7/8 (2000).\n\n^ Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12\n\n^ Philippe Prevot, Histoire des jardins, pg. 107\n\n^ Prevot, Histoire des Jardins, 114\n\n^ Bernard Jeannel, Le Nôtre, Éd. Hazan, p. 17\n\n^ Prevot, Histoire des jardins, pg. 146\n\n^ Prevot, Histoire des jardins, pg. 152\n\n^ Lucia Impelluso, Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes, pg. 64.\n\n^ Wenzer, Architecture du jardin, (pg. 27)\n\n^ Wenzel, pg. 28.\n\n^ See Harrap's standard French-English Dictionary, 1934 edition.\n\n^ Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie, Traite du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art, Paris, Michel Vanlochon, 1638.\n\n^ « Il est à souhaiter que les jardins soient regardés de haut en bas, soit depuis des bâtiments, soit depuis des terrasses rehaussées à l'entour des parterres », Olivier de Serres in Théatre d'architecture ou Mesnage des champs, 1600, cité par Bernard Jeannel, Le Nôtre, Éd. Hazan, p. 26\n\n^ Claude Wenzler, Architecture du Jardin, pg. 22\n\n^ Wenzler, pg. 22.\n\n^ Wenzler pg. 24\n\n^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 164\n\n^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 166\n\n^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 165\n\n^ Jean-Marie Constant, Une nature domptée sur ordre du Roi Soleil in Historia, n° 7/8, 2000, p. 39\n\n^ Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe. (p. 234)\n\n^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 167\n\n^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 155\n\n^ Philippe Prévôt, Histoire des jardins, pg. 156\n\n^ According to the chronology of Yves-Marie Allian, Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins in Europe, pg. 612","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Gardens of Versailles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg/220px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bassin d'Apollon in the Gardens of Versailles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bassin_Apollon.jpg/220px-Bassin_Apollon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parterre of the Versailles Orangerie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Orangerie.jpg/220px-Orangerie.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gardens of the Grand Trianon at the Palace of Versailles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg/220px-Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Catherine de' Medici's garden at Château de Chenonceau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chenonceau02.jpg/220px-Chenonceau02.jpg"},{"image_text":"17th-century engraving of Vaux-le-Vicomte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/VauxC17engraving.jpg/220px-VauxC17engraving.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parterre of broderies (embroidery-like patterning) at Vaux-le-Vicomte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vaux_le_Vicomte_a.jpg/220px-Vaux_le_Vicomte_a.jpg"},{"image_text":"André Le Nôtre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Andre-Le-Nostre1.jpg/170px-Andre-Le-Nostre1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A French estate, 18th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/A_French_estate_18th_century_park_view.jpg/220px-A_French_estate_18th_century_park_view.jpg"},{"image_text":"Belvedere Palace's Gardens in Vienna, designed by Dominique Girard, pupil of André Le Nôtre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belvedere_Palace%27s_Gardens.JPG/220px-Belvedere_Palace%27s_Gardens.JPG"},{"image_text":"Parterre de broderie at Vaux-le-Vicomte.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte_IMG_9307a_%285827552005%29.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte_IMG_9307a_%285827552005%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elements of a parterre de broderie (49 seconds, 1.54 MB)"},{"image_text":"Broderies in the gardens of the château de Villandry (Indre-et-Loire)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg/220px-French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg"},{"image_text":"Perspective in the Gardens of Versailles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_113.jpg/220px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_113.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vue de la Machine de Marly (1723) by Pierre-Denis Martin, showing the Machine de Marly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pierre-denis-martin-view-of-the-marly-machine-and-the-aqueduct-at-louveciennes-1722.jpg/220px-Pierre-denis-martin-view-of-the-marly-machine-and-the-aqueduct-at-louveciennes-1722.jpg"},{"image_text":"Château de Villandry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg/220px-Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gardens of the Château de Chantilly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chateau_de_Chantilly_garden.jpg/220px-Chateau_de_Chantilly_garden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Château de Cordès","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/OrcivalChateauCordes_1.jpg/220px-OrcivalChateauCordes_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Château de Breteuil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_chateau_de_breteuil.jpg/220px-Pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_chateau_de_breteuil.jpg"},{"image_text":"A contemporary garden à la française in Provence: Le Pavillon de Galon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pavillon_de_Galon.jpg/220px-Pavillon_de_Galon.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the gardens, Schönbrunn 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Petersburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg/220px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg"},{"title":"Gardens portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gardens"},{"title":"History of Parks and Gardens of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parks_and_Gardens_of_Paris"},{"title":"Notable Gardens of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_Gardens_of_France"},{"title":"French gardens in England (The English House)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_House#Surroundings_of_the_house"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/937970/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952395q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952395q","external_links_name":"BnF 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matan_Women%27s_Institute_for_Torah_Studies	Matan Women's Institute for Torah Studies	["1 References","2 External links"]	The Matan Women's Institute for Torah Studies (Hebrew: מת״ן, an abbreviation of מכון תורני לנשים, Machon torani l’nashim) is an Israeli Midrasha dedicated to teaching the Talmud and other rabbinic literature to women. The institute was established in 1988 by Malke Bina, who had studied at the Michlala Jerusalem College for Women and the Revel Graduate School of Yeshiva University. Its faculty includes Rachelle Sprecher Fraenkel and Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. Matan offers numerous classes, a year-long bet midrash program, as well as various certification programs. In 2012, Matan held a siyyum for fifteen women who had completed the Daf Yomi 7-year cycle of Talmud study, called by some the first of its kind. References ^ Sofer, Barbara (October 2, 2014). "The Human Spirit: Being Malke Bina". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ "Teaching Staff". Matan. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ Sokol, Sam (October 7, 2012). "The Female Talmudists". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ Ettinger, Yair (August 1, 2012). "Learning Talmud without asking for men's permission". Ha'aretz. Retrieved January 4, 2014. External links Official website vteWomen rabbis and Torah scholarsTimeline of women rabbisPre-modern figuresBible and Talmud Deborah (1107–1067 BCE) Bruriah (2nd century) Medieval and early modern era Rashi's daughters (11th–12th century) Bat ha-Levi (12th century) Paula Dei Mansi (13th century) Miriam Shapira-Luria (14th century) Fioretta of Modena (1522–1580) Bayla Falk (16th century) Eva Bacharach (1580–1651) Asenath Barzani (1590–1670) Frehat Bat Avraham (d. 1756) Maiden of Ludmir (1805–1888) Modern figures Ray Frank (1861–1948) Lily Montagu (1873–1963) Regina Jonas (1902–1944) Tehilla Lichtenstein (1893–1973) Paula Ackerman (1893–1989) Martha Neumark (1904–1981) Avis Clamitz (1908-1991) Helen Levinthal (1910–1989) Sally Priesand (b. 1946) Mimi Feigelson (b. 1963) First ordination by denomination Regina Jonas (Reform, 1935) Sandy Sasso (Reconstructionist, 1974) Lynn Gottlieb (Renewal, 1981) Amy Eilberg (Conservative, 1985) Tamara Kolton (Humanistic, 1999) Sara Hurwitz (Orthodox, 2009) Alternate rabbinical roles Yoetzet halacha Toanot Rabniyot Organisationsand midrashot Women's Rabbinic Network Yeshivat Maharat Matan Women's Institute Midreshet Lindenbaum Nishmat Center Hadran Category: Women rabbis Authority control databases: National Israel United States This Judaism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malke Bina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malke_Bina"},{"link_name":"Michlala Jerusalem College for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Michlala"},{"link_name":"Revel Graduate School of Yeshiva University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Revel_Graduate_School_of_Jewish_Studies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rachelle Sprecher Fraenkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachelle_Fraenkel"},{"link_name":"Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avivah_Gottlieb_Zornberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bet midrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_midrash"},{"link_name":"siyyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyyum"},{"link_name":"Daf Yomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daf_Yomi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The institute was established in 1988 by Malke Bina, who had studied at the Michlala Jerusalem College for Women and the Revel Graduate School of Yeshiva University.[1] Its faculty includes Rachelle Sprecher Fraenkel and Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg.[2]Matan offers numerous classes, a year-long bet midrash program, as well as various certification programs. In 2012, Matan held a siyyum for fifteen women who had completed the Daf Yomi 7-year cycle of Talmud study, called by some the first of its kind.[3][4]","title":"Matan Women's Institute for Torah Studies"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sofer, Barbara (October 2, 2014). \"The Human Spirit: Being Malke Bina\". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-Human-Spirit-Being-Malke-Bina-377930","url_text":"\"The Human Spirit: Being Malke Bina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teaching Staff\". Matan. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104180945/http://www.matan.org.il/eng/about.asp?cat=2719","url_text":"\"Teaching Staff\""},{"url":"http://www.matan.org.il/eng/about.asp?cat=2719","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sokol, Sam (October 7, 2012). \"The Female Talmudists\". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/The-female-talmudists","url_text":"\"The Female Talmudists\""}]},{"reference":"Ettinger, Yair (August 1, 2012). \"Learning Talmud without asking for men's permission\". Ha'aretz. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/learning-talmud-without-asking-for-men-s-permission-1.455094","url_text":"\"Learning Talmud without asking for men's permission\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-Human-Spirit-Being-Malke-Bina-377930","external_links_name":"\"The Human Spirit: Being Malke Bina\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104180945/http://www.matan.org.il/eng/about.asp?cat=2719","external_links_name":"\"Teaching Staff\""},{"Link":"http://www.matan.org.il/eng/about.asp?cat=2719","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/The-female-talmudists","external_links_name":"\"The Female Talmudists\""},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/learning-talmud-without-asking-for-men-s-permission-1.455094","external_links_name":"\"Learning Talmud without asking for men's permission\""},{"Link":"http://www.matan.org.il/en/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265001105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008167566","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matan_Women%27s_Institute_for_Torah_Studies&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verina_Morton_Jones	Verina Morton Jones	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Lincoln Settlement House","2.2 Urban League","2.3 NAACP","2.4 Hempstead","3 Personal life","4 References","5 Further reading"]	American physician Verina Morton JonesBorn(1865-01-28)January 28, 1865Cleveland, Ohio, USADiedFebruary 8, 1943(1943-02-08) (aged 78)Brooklyn, New York, USANationalityAmericanAlma materWoman's Medical College of PennsylvaniaKnown forEarly African American physicianScientific careerFieldsAllopath Verina Harris Morton Jones (January 28, 1865 – February 3, 1943) was an American physician, suffragist and clubwoman. Following her graduation from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1888 she was the first woman licensed to practice medicine in Mississippi. She then moved to Brooklyn where she co-founded and led the Lincoln Settlement House. Jones was involved with numerous civic and activist organizations and was elected to the board of directors of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Early life and education Verina Morton Jones was born on January 28, 1865, in Cleveland, Ohio, to Willam D. and Kittie Stanley. From 1884 she attended the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She graduated and earned her M.D. in 1888. Career Following her graduation, Jones moved to Holly Springs, Mississippi, where she was a resident physician at Rust College and taught classes for the college's industrial school. She was the first woman to pass Mississippi's medical board examination and the first woman to practice medicine in the state. Jones married physician Walter A. Morton in 1890. They moved to Brooklyn, New York where they set up a medical practice. Jones was the first black woman physician practicing in Long Island's Nassau County. She was active in the Kings County Medical Society and the National Association of Colored Women, directing their Mother's Club in Brooklyn. From 1905 to 1906 she was a member of the Niagara Movement's female auxiliary. She also worked with the Committee for Improving Industrial Conditions of Negroes in New York City. Jones fought for women's suffrage and was president of the Brooklyn Equal Suffrage League. She conducted programs to educate voters, documented racial discrimination at polling places, and testified before investigative committees of Congress. Lincoln Settlement House Jones co-founded Brooklyn's Lincoln Settlement House with Mary White Ovington. Jones supplied the down payment for the house's property at 129 Willoughby Street and from May 1908 headed the organization, which began as an extension of the Henry Street Settlement founded by Lillian Wald. The Lincoln Settlement House offered free kindergarten, a day nursery and a clinic. The settlement house also sponsored debate and choral clubs and offered classes in sewing, carpentry, folk dancing, cooking, and embroidery. Upon its incorporation in 1914, the house moved to a larger building at 105 Fleet Place. Urban League In 1911, Jones, along with Mary White Ovington, was part of a group of five Brooklynites who were active in the Urban League, which was the result of a merger between the Committee for Improving the Industrial Conditions of Negroes, the Committee on Urban Conditions among Negros, and the National League for the Protection of Colored Women. NAACP In 1913, Jones was elected to the board of directors of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She served on its executive committee until 1925. Hempstead In the 1920s Jones moved to Hempstead and established a medical practice. She joined other women in the community to organize the Harriet Tubman Community Club in 1928 and from 1933 to 1939 directed the settlement house. Personal life Jones was an Episcopalian. She married Dr. Walter A. Morton in 1890 and gave birth to a son in 1892, Franklin W. Morton, who became an attorney. Walter A. Morton died in 1895. In 1901, Jones married Emory Jones (d. 1927). She died on February 3, 1943, in Brooklyn. References ^ a b c d e f g Arnold, Thea (1994). "Jones, Verina Morton Harris". Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 656–657. ISBN 0-253-32774-1. ^ Directory of Deceased American Physicians, 1804-1929. . ^ Abram, Ruth J. (1985). Send Us a Lady Physician: Women Doctors in America, 1835-1920 (1st ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-393-30278-4. Verina Morton Jones. ^ Kellogg, Charles Flint (December 1972). "Reviewed Work: Blacks in the City: A History of the National Urban League by Guichard Parris, Lester Brooks". The Journal of American History. 59 (3): 751. doi:10.2307/1900735. JSTOR 1900735. ^ a b Ovington, Mary White (1996). Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder (1st ed.). New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York. p. 53. ISBN 1-55861-156-8. Verina Morton Jones blacks in the city. ^ Wilder, Craig Steven (2000). A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636-1990. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0231119078. ^ Naylor, Natalie A. (2012). Women in Long Island's Past: A History of Eminent Ladies and Everyday Lives. The History Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-60949-499-5. ^ Who's Who in Colored America, 1941-1944. Volume 6, p374. ^ "Woman Physician Dies". The Crisis. 50 (3): 86. March 1943. Further reading Rishworth, SK (March 2012). "Verina Morton Jones, MD". Journal of the National Medical Association. 104 (3–4): 224–228. doi:10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30151-6. PMID 22774394.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Medical_College_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People"}],"text":"Verina Harris Morton Jones (January 28, 1865 – February 3, 1943) was an American physician, suffragist and clubwoman. Following her graduation from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1888 she was the first woman licensed to practice medicine in Mississippi. She then moved to Brooklyn where she co-founded and led the Lincoln Settlement House. Jones was involved with numerous civic and activist organizations and was elected to the board of directors of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).","title":"Verina Morton Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Medical_College_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Verina Morton Jones was born on January 28, 1865, in Cleveland, Ohio, to Willam D. and Kittie Stanley. From 1884 she attended the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She graduated and earned her M.D. in 1888.[1][2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holly Springs, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Rust College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWA-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"National Association of Colored Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Women"},{"link_name":"Niagara Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWA-1"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Equal Suffrage League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Suffrage_League_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWA-1"}],"text":"Following her graduation, Jones moved to Holly Springs, Mississippi, where she was a resident physician at Rust College and taught classes for the college's industrial school. She was the first woman to pass Mississippi's medical board examination and the first woman to practice medicine in the state.[1][3]Jones married physician Walter A. Morton in 1890. They moved to Brooklyn, New York where they set up a medical practice. Jones was the first black woman physician practicing in Long Island's Nassau County. She was active in the Kings County Medical Society and the National Association of Colored Women, directing their Mother's Club in Brooklyn. From 1905 to 1906 she was a member of the Niagara Movement's female auxiliary. She also worked with the Committee for Improving Industrial Conditions of Negroes in New York City.[1] Jones fought for women's suffrage and was president of the Brooklyn Equal Suffrage League. She conducted programs to educate voters, documented racial discrimination at polling places, and testified before investigative committees of Congress.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary White Ovington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Street Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Street_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Lillian Wald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Wald"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWA-1"}],"sub_title":"Lincoln Settlement House","text":"Jones co-founded Brooklyn's Lincoln Settlement House with Mary White Ovington.[4][5] Jones supplied the down payment for the house's property at 129 Willoughby Street and from May 1908 headed the organization, which began as an extension of the Henry Street Settlement founded by Lillian Wald. The Lincoln Settlement House offered free kindergarten, a day nursery and a clinic.[5] The settlement house also sponsored debate and choral clubs and offered classes in sewing, carpentry, folk dancing, cooking, and embroidery. Upon its incorporation in 1914, the house moved to a larger building at 105 Fleet Place.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary White Ovington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington"},{"link_name":"Urban League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Urban League","text":"In 1911, Jones, along with Mary White Ovington, was part of a group of five Brooklynites who were active in the Urban League, which was the result of a merger between the Committee for Improving the Industrial Conditions of Negroes, the Committee on Urban Conditions among Negros, and the National League for the Protection of Colored Women.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWA-1"}],"sub_title":"NAACP","text":"In 1913, Jones was elected to the board of directors of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She served on its executive committee until 1925.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hempstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Hempstead","text":"In the 1920s Jones moved to Hempstead and established a medical practice. She joined other women in the community to organize the Harriet Tubman Community Club in 1928 and from 1933 to 1939 directed the settlement house.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWA-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Jones was an Episcopalian. She married Dr. Walter A. Morton in 1890 and gave birth to a son in 1892, Franklin W. Morton, who became an attorney.[8] Walter A. Morton died in 1895. In 1901, Jones married Emory Jones (d. 1927).[1] She died on February 3, 1943, in Brooklyn.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30151-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0027-9684%2815%2930151-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22774394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22774394"}],"text":"Rishworth, SK (March 2012). \"Verina Morton Jones, MD\". Journal of the National Medical Association. 104 (3–4): 224–228. doi:10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30151-6. PMID 22774394.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Arnold, Thea (1994). \"Jones, Verina Morton Harris\". Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 656–657. ISBN 0-253-32774-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32774-1","url_text":"0-253-32774-1"}]},{"reference":"Abram, Ruth J. (1985). Send Us a Lady Physician: Women Doctors in America, 1835-1920 (1st ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-393-30278-4. Verina Morton Jones.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sendusladyphysic00abra","url_text":"Send Us a Lady Physician: Women Doctors in America, 1835-1920"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sendusladyphysic00abra/page/114","url_text":"114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30278-4","url_text":"0-393-30278-4"}]},{"reference":"Kellogg, Charles Flint (December 1972). \"Reviewed Work: Blacks in the City: A History of the National Urban League by Guichard Parris, Lester Brooks\". The Journal of American History. 59 (3): 751. doi:10.2307/1900735. JSTOR 1900735.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1900735","url_text":"10.2307/1900735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900735","url_text":"1900735"}]},{"reference":"Ovington, Mary White (1996). Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder (1st ed.). New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York. p. 53. ISBN 1-55861-156-8. Verina Morton Jones blacks in the city.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackwhitesatdow00ovin","url_text":"Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackwhitesatdow00ovin/page/53","url_text":"53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55861-156-8","url_text":"1-55861-156-8"}]},{"reference":"Wilder, Craig Steven (2000). A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636-1990. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0231119078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231119078","url_text":"978-0231119078"}]},{"reference":"Naylor, Natalie A. (2012). Women in Long Island's Past: A History of Eminent Ladies and Everyday Lives. The History Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-60949-499-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VQsKfBQhSpcC&q=Verina%20Harris%20Morton%20Jones&pg=PA93","url_text":"Women in Long Island's Past: A History of Eminent Ladies and Everyday Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-499-5","url_text":"978-1-60949-499-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Woman Physician Dies\". The Crisis. 50 (3): 86. March 1943.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsEAAAAMBAJ&q=Verina%20Morton%20Jones&pg=PA86","url_text":"\"Woman Physician Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Rishworth, SK (March 2012). \"Verina Morton Jones, MD\". Journal of the National Medical Association. 104 (3–4): 224–228. doi:10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30151-6. PMID 22774394.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0027-9684%2815%2930151-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30151-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22774394","url_text":"22774394"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sendusladyphysic00abra","external_links_name":"Send Us a Lady Physician: Women Doctors in America, 1835-1920"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sendusladyphysic00abra/page/114","external_links_name":"114"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1900735","external_links_name":"10.2307/1900735"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900735","external_links_name":"1900735"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/blackwhitesatdow00ovin","external_links_name":"Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/blackwhitesatdow00ovin/page/53","external_links_name":"53"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VQsKfBQhSpcC&q=Verina%20Harris%20Morton%20Jones&pg=PA93","external_links_name":"Women in Long Island's Past: A History of Eminent Ladies and Everyday Lives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsEAAAAMBAJ&q=Verina%20Morton%20Jones&pg=PA86","external_links_name":"\"Woman Physician Dies\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0027-9684%2815%2930151-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30151-6"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22774394","external_links_name":"22774394"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanglang	Sanglang	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 6°15′N 100°12′E / 6.250°N 100.200°E / 6.250; 100.200Sanglang is a small town located in Perlis, Malaysia. The majority of the people in Sanglang work as farmers or fishermen. There is also growing number of "birds nests farmers". Sanglang actually situated at the border between the states of Perlis and Kedah. The state constituency represented in the Perlis State Legislative Assembly is Sanglang (state constituency). References ^ "Sanglang boleh dimajukan". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-08-07. ^ "Tarik pelabur ke Perlis - Nasional - Utusan Online". www.utusan.com.my. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24. vteState of PerlisCapital: Kangar, Royal town: ArauTopics Index History Constitution Elections Government Executive Raja Menteri Besar Legislative Geography Judiciary Law Music Perlisian Symbols Anthem Flag and coat of arms Society Culture Crime Cuisine Demographics Economy Education Politics AdministrativedivisionsWards(Mukim) Abi Arau Beseri Chuping Jejawi Kayang Kechor Kuala Perlis Kurong Anai Kurong Batang Ngolang Oran Padang Pauh Padang Siding Paya Sanglang Sena Seriab Sungai Adam Sungai Baru Titi Tinggi Utan Aji Wang Bintong Towns Arau Beseri Chuping Kaki Bukit Kuala Perlis Mata Ayer Padang Besar Sanglang Simpang Empat Wang Kelian Commons Wikisource Category 6°15′N 100°12′E / 6.250°N 100.200°E / 6.250; 100.200 This Perlis location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"Sanglang (state constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanglang_(state_constituency)"}],"text":"Sanglang is a small town located in Perlis, Malaysia.[1][2]The majority of the people in Sanglang work as farmers or fishermen. There is also growing number of \"birds nests farmers\".Sanglang actually situated at the border between the states of Perlis and Kedah.The state constituency represented in the Perlis State Legislative Assembly is Sanglang (state constituency).","title":"Sanglang"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sanglang boleh dimajukan\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080304/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Utara/20120808/wu_01/Sanglang-boleh-dimajukan","url_text":"\"Sanglang boleh dimajukan\""},{"url":"https://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Utara/20120808/wu_01/Sanglang-boleh-dimajukan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tarik pelabur ke Perlis - Nasional - Utusan Online\". www.utusan.com.my. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150324035533/http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/tarik-pelabur-ke-perlis-1.73001","url_text":"\"Tarik pelabur ke Perlis - Nasional - Utusan Online\""},{"url":"https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/tarik-pelabur-ke-perlis-1.73001","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sanglang&params=6_15_N_100_12_E_region:MY_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"6°15′N 100°12′E / 6.250°N 100.200°E / 6.250; 100.200"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080304/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Utara/20120808/wu_01/Sanglang-boleh-dimajukan","external_links_name":"\"Sanglang boleh dimajukan\""},{"Link":"https://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Utara/20120808/wu_01/Sanglang-boleh-dimajukan","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150324035533/http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/tarik-pelabur-ke-perlis-1.73001","external_links_name":"\"Tarik pelabur ke Perlis - Nasional - Utusan Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/tarik-pelabur-ke-perlis-1.73001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sanglang&params=6_15_N_100_12_E_region:MY_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"6°15′N 100°12′E / 6.250°N 100.200°E / 6.250; 100.200"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanglang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167th_(1st_London)_Brigade	167th (1st London) Brigade	["1 Origin","2 Territorial Force","3 First World War","3.1 Order of battle","3.2 Commanders","4 Between the wars","5 Second World War","5.1 Order of battle","5.2 Commanders","6 Post-war","7 Notes","8 References"]	West London Brigade167th (1st London) BrigadeActive1888–19191920–1946Country United KingdomBranch Territorial ArmyTypeInfantryMotorised infantrySizeBrigadePart of56th (London) DivisionNickname(s)"The Black Cats" (Second World War, divisional nickname)EngagementsFirst World WarSecond World WarMilitary unit The 167th (1st London) Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Territorial Army that saw active service in both the First and Second World Wars. It was the first Territorial formation to go overseas in 1914, garrisoned Malta, and then served with the 56th (London) Infantry Division on the Western Front. In the Second World War, it fought in the North African and Italian campaigns in the Second World War. Origin The Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent units were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army during the later 19th Century. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. The West London Brigade was one of the formations organised at this time. Brigade Headquarters was at 93 Cornwall Gardens in Kensington and the commander was retired Lt-Gen Lord Abinger (subsequent commanders were also retired, Regular officers). The assembly point for the brigade was at Caterham Barracks, the Brigade of Guards' depot conveniently situated for the London Defence Positions along the North Downs. The brigade's original composition was: West London Brigade 1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers 3rd Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Middlesex Regiment 11th (Railway) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps 17th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps Supply Detachment, Army Service Corps Bearer Company, Medical Staff Corps The West London Brigade was redesignated the 1st London Brigade in the reorganisations following the Second Boer War. Territorial Force This organisation was carried over into the Territorial Force (TF) created under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the 1st London Brigade joining the 1st London Division. All of the Volunteer Battalions in the Central London area became part of the all-Territorial London Regiment and were numbered sequentially through the London brigades and divisions: 1st London Brigade 1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 1st VB, Royal Fusiliers) 2nd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 2nd VB, Royal Fusiliers) 3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 11th Middlesex RVC, 3rd VB, Royal Fusiliers) 4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 1st Tower Hamlets RVC, 4th VB, Royal Fusiliers, from East London Brigade) The 3rd Middlesex RVC and 2nd VB Middlesex Regiment became the 7th and 8th Battalions Middlesex Regiment respectively in the Home Counties Division, while the 17th Middlesex RVC became the 19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras) in the 2nd London Division. Brigade HQ was at Friar's House, New Broad Street (the HQ of 1st London Division). On the outbreak of war in August 1914 the brigade commander was Colonel The Earl of Lucan, a former Regular officer. First World War The division was mobilised on the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914 and, when asked to serve overseas (as, according to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, Territorial soldiers were not obliged to serve overseas), most of the men of the division volunteered. Those who didn't, together with the many recruits, were formed into 2nd Line battalions, the 2/1st London Brigade, part of 2/1st London Division, which later became 58th (2/1st London) Division. The battalions adopted the prefix '1/' (1/4th Londons, for example) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line battalions, which adopted the '2/' prefix (2/4th Londons). Troops during the Battle of Passchendaele carry a wounded man to the aid post. The terrain pictured and the battle exemplified much of the fighting of the Great War. However, between November 1914 and April 1915, most of the battalions of the division were sent overseas either to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front or to overseas postings such as Malta (in the case of the 1/1st London Brigade) so as to relieve to Regular Army troops for service in France and Belgium and so, as a result, the 1st London Division was broken up. In early February 1916, however, the War Office authorised the 1st London Division to be reformed, now to be known as 56th (1/1st London) Division. Consequently, the brigade was reformed in France in February 1916, now as the 167th (1/1st London) Brigade, but with mostly different units, except the 1/1st and 1/3rd Londons (both original battalions of the brigade), and both the 1/7th and 1/8th battalions of the Middlesex Regiment, both of which had previously been part of the Middlesex Brigade of the Home Counties Division and had served in Gibraltar before returning to England and fighting in France. The brigade served for the rest of the First World War in the trenches of the Western Front in Belgium and France, fighting a diversionary attack, alongside 46th (North Midland) Division, on the Gommecourt salient, to distract German attention away from the Somme offensive a few miles south in July 1916. In March 1917, the 56th Division pursued the German Army during their retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, Arras, Langemarck, Passchendaele, Cambrai, First Arras, Albert and the Hundred Days Offensive. The First World War finally came to an end with the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918. By the end of the war the 56th Division had suffered nearly 35,000 casualties. Order of battle The brigade was composed as follows during the war: 1/1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left May 1915, rejoined February 1916) 1/2nd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left February 1915) 1/3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left May 1915, rejoined February 1916, left January 1918) 1/4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left January 1915) 1/7th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (from February 1916) 1/8th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (from February 1916) 167th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 22 March 1916, moved to 56th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 1 March 1918) 167th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 14 June 1916) 4th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment (from 7 October until 15 November 1917) Due to a shortage of manpower in the BEF, British infantry brigades serving on the Western Front were reduced from four to three battalions throughout early 1918. Therefore, the 1/3rd Londons were, in early January, transferred to 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade of 58th (2/1st London) Division where they absorbed the 2/3rd Battalion and were renamed the 3rd Battalion once again. In February the 1/1st Londons absorbed the 2/1st Battalion and were renamed the 1st Battalion. Commanders The following officers commanded 167th Brigade during the war: Brigadier-General F. H. Nugent (5 February 1916) Lieutenant-Colonel E. J. King (acting, 22 July 1916) Brigadier-General G. H. B. Freeth (27 July 1916) Lieutenant-Colonel P. L. Ingpen (acting, 20 July 1917) Brigadier-General G. H. B. Freeth (23 July 1917) Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. Husey (acting, 26 April 1918) Brigadier-General G. H. B. Freeth (6 May 1918) Between the wars Disbanded after the war, the brigade, along with the rest of the division, was reformed in the Territorial Army (formed on a similar basis to the Territorial Force) as the 167th (1st London) Infantry Brigade, again with the same composition as it had before the First World War, of four battalions of the Royal Fusiliers. The brigade had its headquarters in Birdcage Walk, London, at the Regimental Headquarters of the Scots Guards. In 1922 they dropped the 'battalion' from their title becoming, for example, 1st City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers). Throughout the second half of the 1930s there was a need to increase the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, particularly so for London and Southern England. As a result, in 1935, the 4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) was converted into an artillery role, transferring to the Royal Artillery and converted into 60th (City of London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and becoming part of 27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Group, 1st Anti-Aircraft Division (formed by conversion of the Headquarters of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division). They were replaced in the brigade by the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) from the 169th (3rd London) Infantry Brigade. The battalion was previously known as the 10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney). After the 47th Division was disbanded the 56th Division was redesignated as the London Division and the brigade became 1st London Infantry Brigade. In 1938, after most of its battalions were posted away or converted to other units, the London Regiment ceased to exist and was disbanded. As a result, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions became the 8th, 9th and 10th battalions, respectively, of the Royal Fusiliers and the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) became the 5th (Hackney) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment. In the same year the 10th (3rd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) was transferred to the Royal Artillery, becoming 10th (3rd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (69th Searchlight Regiment) but remained part of the Royal Fusiliers until 1940. In 1938 when all British infantry brigades were reduced to three battalions, in August, the 5th (Hackney) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment was transferred to 161st (Essex) Infantry Brigade of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division and were replaced in the brigade by the London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles) from 3rd London Infantry Brigade, previously the 18th London Regiment (London Irish Rifles) and, in 1908, the 18th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Irish Rifles). Again in 1938 the division was converted and reorganised as a motorised infantry division. Second World War The Territorial Army, and therefore the brigade and the rest of the division, was mobilised between late August and early September 1939, and the German invasion of Poland began on 1 September, and the Second World War officially began two days later, after Britain and France declared war on Germany. Mobilised for full-time war service, the brigade was brought up to War Establishment strength in late October 1939 with large drafts of militiamen, men had been called up earlier in the year with the introduction of conscription in the United Kingdom and had just completed their basic training. The division was destined not to be sent to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) but instead remained in the United Kingdom under Home Forces in a home defence role and was sent to Kent in April 1940 to come under command of XII Corps. Like most of the rest of the British Army after the events of Dunkirk, the division spent most of its time in an anti-invasion role training to repel an expected German invasion. In July 1940, after receiving the 35th Infantry Brigade from the recently disbanded 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, the division was reorganised as a standard infantry division and later in the year, on 18 November, the division was redesignated and converted into the 56th (London) Infantry Division and, on 28 November, the brigade was renumbered again as the 167th (London) Infantry Brigade. In the same month the 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles was transferred to 168th (London) Infantry Brigade and was replaced by 15th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, a hostilities-only battalion raised only a few months before, making the brigade, temporarily, an all-Royal Fusiliers brigade. However, the 15th Fusiliers were posted elsewhere in February 1941 and replaced by 7th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a battalion created in September 1940, by the redesignation of 50th (Holding) Battalion. In November 1941 the brigade was sent to Suffolk and in July 1942 was preparing for a move overseas and was inspected by General Sir Bernard Paget, at that time Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, and also His Majesty King George VI. The 56th Division, now composed largely of a mixture of Territorials, Regulars and wartime volunteers, left the United Kingdom on 25 August 1942, moving to Iraq and, together with 5th Infantry Division, became part of III Corps under the British Tenth Army, came over underall control of Persia and Iraq Command. The brigade left for Egypt on 19 March 1943 and covered the journey by road, arriving there on 19 April 1943, and was then ordered to Tunisia, a distance covering about 3,200 miles. The division came under command of X Corps, part of the British Eighth Army, and saw only comparatively minimal service in the Tunisia Campaign, which ended in mid-May 1943 with the surrender of over 230,000 German and Italian soldiers, a number equal to Stalingrad the year before, who would later become prisoners of war. However, the 167th Brigade had been blooded, and all three battalions had suffered over 100 casualties each. Unable to see service in Operation Husky (the Allied invasion of Sicily), the brigade was destined to see almost two years service mountain warfare in the Italian Campaign and began training in amphibious warfare. Men of the 9th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers manning a PIAT during the Battle of Salerno, 10 September 1943. Now under command of Lieutenant General Mark Wayne Clark, the youngest three-star general in the U.S. Army, and his U.S. Fifth Army, the 167th Brigade, with most of 56th Division (minus the 168th Brigade, temporarily replaced by 201st Guards Brigade), landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, D-Day, where they were involved in tough fighting almost from the landing, with the 8th Royal Fusiliers in particular being battered by German Tiger tanks. Throughout the fighting the brigade, supported by A Squadron of the Royal Scots Greys, had suffered heavy casualties (roughly 360 per battalion) and, after being relieved by other units, secured the Salerno beachhead and later advanced up the spine of Italy, crossing the Volturno Line and later fought at Monte Camino and crossed the Garigliano river in January 1944. With the rest of the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI), however, the brigade, by now very tired and below strength, was held up by the formidable German defences known as the Gustav Line (also the Winter Line). In January 1944, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill envisioned an attempt to outflank the Winter Line, by way of an amphibious assault near Anzio, to capture Rome, the current objective which was being fought for in the Battle of Monte Cassino. As a result, after fighting at the Bernhardt Line and crossing the Garigliano, the division was pulled out of the line, and was transferred to Naples, to come under command of U.S. VI Corps. Arriving at Anzio on 12 February, they were almost immediately involved in heavy combat in the Battle of Anzio in very tough and severe fighting to secure the beachhead, and sustained very heavy losses, which could not easily be replaced. In late March the division was relieved by the 5th British Division and moved to Egypt to rest, refit, retrain and absorb replacements, after sustaining devastating casualties and enduring terrible conditions similar to those of the trenches of the Western Front during the First World War. By the time they were relieved, casualties in the brigade, and the rest of 56th Division, by now very weak, had been so severe that one unit, the 7th Battalion, Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry, were reduced to 60 all ranks, less than a company, from an initial strength of almost 1,000 officers and men. Both Royal Fusiliers battalions had also suffered heavy casualties. In particular was the case of the 8th Battalion when, on 16 February during a heavy counterattack, X Company, was reduced to only one officer and 20 men. All that remained of Y Company was merely a single officer and 10 other ranks, after being heavily attacked by German infantry and Tiger tanks, which had fought against the battalion at Salerno. The battalion had, overall, suffered nearly 450 casualties at Anzio, more than half the strength of the battalion. During the fighting on 18 February, the worst day of the counterattack, Second lieutenant Eric Fletcher Waters was killed and his son, Pink Floyd star Roger Waters, wrote a song in his memory–When the Tigers Broke Free–which describes the death of his father. The Gothic Line, August 1944 and the concept of Operation Olive. The dark blue arrows represent major Allied attacks. Whilst in Egypt the 167th Brigade, which had been reduced to less than 35% effective strength, and division were both reinforced and brought up to strength largely by retrained anti-aircraft gunners of the Royal Artillery who had been transferred to the infantry, and had now found their original roles largely redundant, due largely to the absence of the Luftwaffe. While they were there the brigade was inspected, again, by General Sir Bernard Paget, now Commander-in-chief (C-in-C), Middle East Command, and who had inspected the division nearly two years earlier, shortly before the 56th ("The Black Cats") departed for overseas service. A Churchill tank halts near infantry of 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, of 167th Brigade of 56th Division, near Tanara, Italy, April 1945. The 56th Division, now commanded by Major-General John Yeldham Whitfield, returned in July to Italy, where they were inspected by another man who had also inspected them two years prior, H.M. The King George VI. Almost as soon as it arrived the brigade, now under Eighth Army command, found itself fighting on the Gothic Line, throughout the summer, in Operation Olive (where Eighth Army suffered 14,000 casualties, at the rate of nearly 1,000 a day) at the Battle of Gemmano, where the brigade and division suffered particularly heavy casualties. Due to these heavy losses suffered by the division (nearly 6,000) in August and September and a severe lack of British infantry replacements in the Mediterranean theatre (although large numbers of anti-aircraft gunners were being retrained as infantry, they had only began their conversion in August and would not available until, at the earliest, October), the 8th Royal Fusiliers and 7th Ox and Bucks were both reduced to cadres and transferred to the 168th (London) Brigade, which was being disbanded, with the surplus personnel of the 8th Royal Fusiliers transferring to the 9th Battalion and most of the men of 7th Ox and Bucks transferring to fill gaps in the 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) of the 169th (Queen's) Brigade. They were replaced in the brigade by 1st Battalion, London Scottish and 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, both from the 168th Brigade, although 1st London Irish had originally been with 167th Brigade at the outbreak of war. This, however, was not actually enough to keep them at full strength and the battalions were placed on a reduced establishment of only three rifle companies. With the autumn rains and the oncoming winter, and no hope of a successful offensive in either weather, the Fifth and Eighth Armies reverted to the defensive and began preparing for an offensive on the Germans in the spring, scheduled for 1 April 1945. Map of the Argenta Gap showing the Allied lines of advance. In April–May 1945 the brigade and division, with the rest of 15th Army Group, took part in the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, where the 56th Division fought alongside 78th Battleaxe Division in the Battle of the Argenta Gap. The offensive effectively ended the Italian Campaign, and the brigade ended the war in Austria with the Eighth Army. Order of battle 167th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war: 8th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (merged into 9th Bn 23 September 1944) 9th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles) (left 4 November 1940, rejoined 23 September 1944) 1st London Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (formed 11 May 1940 until 27 November 1940, when renamed) 167th (London) Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (renamed 28 November 1940, joined 56th Reconnaissance Battalion January 1941) 15th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (from 9 November 1940, left 13 February 1941) 7th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (from 14 February 1941, left 23 September 1944) 1st Battalion, London Scottish (Gordon Highlanders) (from 23 September 1944) Commanders The following officers commanded 167th Brigade during the war: Brigadier C.R. Britten (until 11 July 1941) Brigadier J.C.A. Birch (from 11 July 1941 until 21 June 1943) Brigadier C.E.A. Firth (from 21 June 1943 until 29 January 1944) Brigadier J. Scott-Elliott (from 29 January until 27 October 1944, again from 7 November to 17 December 1944, and from 11 January 1945) Lieutenant Colonel J.R. Cleghorn (Acting, from 27 October until 7 November 1944) Lieutenant Colonel A.T. Law (Acting, from 17 December 1944 until 11 January 1945) Post-war The division was disbanded in Italy after the war in 1946. It was reformed in 1947 as the 56th (London) Armoured Division in the reorganisation of the Territorial Army. However, the 167th Brigade was not reformed until 1956 when 56th Division was rereganised as an infantry division once more. As 167 (City of London) Infantry Brigade it had the following organisation: Honourable Artillery Company (infantry battalion) 8 Battalion, Royal Fusiliers City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) (converted to infantry) 332 Signal Squadron, Royal Corps of Signals 56th Division was disbanded in 1961. Notes ^ Beckett, pp. 135, 185–6. ^ Dunlop, pp. 60–1. ^ a b c d Monthly Army Lists, 1889–1914. ^ Martin. ^ Money Barnes, Appendix IV. ^ Westlake. ^ "The 58th (2/1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ a b Baker, Chris. "The London Regiment". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ a b "London Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ a b c "The 56th (1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "Middlesex Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "Gommecourt, 1st July 1916 - The Combatants". gommecourt.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "56th (London) Division 1916-1918". 50megs.com. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ Chris Baker. "The Middlesex Regiment". 1914-1918.net. Archived from the original on 28 June 2001. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "North Staffordshire Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ Becke (1936), p. 142. ^ "56 (1 London) Division (1930-36)" (PDF). British Military History. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015. ^ a b "1st City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) ". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ a b "4th City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) ". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "1 Anti-Aircraft Division (1936-38)" (PDF). British Military History. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015. ^ "10th London Regiment (Hackney) ". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "The Royal Berkshire Regiment (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) ". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "3rd City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) ". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "The London Division (1937-38)" (PDF). British Military History. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ Administrator. "1920 - 1939". londonirishrifles.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ a b "1 London Division (1939)" (PDF). British Military History. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. ^ "London Irish Rifles ". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "United Kingdom 1939-1940". British Military History. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "12 Infantry Division (1940)" (PDF). British Military History. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. ^ a b Joslen, p. 37. ^ "1940". London Irish Rifles Association. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ Horan, Lt Col K. "Record of the 7th Battalion Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry June 1940-July 1942". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "BBC - WW2 People's War - 56 london division". BBC. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "January to June 1942". London Irish Rifles Association. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "56th (London) Infantry Division" (PDF). British Military History. ^ a b c Joslen, p. 228. ^ "U.S. Army's Youngest General – Mark W. Clark". Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015. ^ Blaxland, p. 34. ^ "56th Division". 50megs.com. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ a b c Joslen, p. 227. ^ Blaxland, p. 71. ^ "BBC - WW2 People's War - Oxs and Bucks at Anzio". BBC. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ Paule, Edward D. "A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z". rogerwaters.org. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ D'Este, p. 515. ^ "7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JANUARY 1944-JUNE 1944". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ Hoyt, p. 204. ^ Administrator. "September 1944". londonirishrifles.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ a b Blaxland, p. 202. ^ "7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JUNE 1944–JANUARY 1945". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ Blaxland, p. 239. ^ a b "56 (LONDON) INFANTRY DIVISION (1943-45)" (PDF). British Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. ^ Joslen, pp. 227–8. ^ 56th Recce Regiment at Recce Corps website. ^ Edwards, pp. 194–5. ^ Lord & Watson, p. 205. References Becke, A. F. (1936). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ian F.W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, ISBN 0 85936 271 X. Blaxland, Gregory (1979). Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944-1945). London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0386-5. John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938. D.K. Edwards, A History of the 1st Middlesex Volunteer Engineers (101 (London) Engineer Regiment, TA) 1860–1967, London, 1967. d'Este, Carlo (1991). Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome. New York: Harper. ISBN 0-06-015890-5. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2002). Backwater War: the Allied Campaign in Italy, 1943–1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97478-7. Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) H.R. Martin, Historical Record of the London Regiment, 2nd Edn (nd) Joslen, H. F. (2003) . Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1. R. Money Barnes, The Soldiers of London, London: Seeley Service, 1963. Ray Westlake, Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84884-211-3. vteBritish infantry brigades of the Second World War (List for 1-100 and list for 101-308 and named)Regular Army 1st Gibraltar 1st (Guards) 1st (Malta) 1st Malayan 1st SDF 2nd Gibraltar 2nd 2nd (Malta) 2nd Malayan 2nd SDF 3rd 3rd (Malta) 4th 4th (Malta) 5th 5th Guards 6th 6th Guards 7th 7th (Guards) 7th Motor 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th (Guards) 21st 22nd Guards 22nd 23rd 24th (Guards) 25th 26th 28th 29th 30th 30th (Guards) 31st 32nd (Guards) 33rd (Guards) 38th (Irish) 42nd 43rd 52nd 56th 61st 66th 71st 72nd 73rd 103rd 140th 141st 178th 185th 200th Guards 201st Guards 201st 202nd 203rd 204th 205th 206th 207th 208th 209th 210th 211th 212th 213th 214th 215th 216th 217th 218th 219th 220th 221st 222nd 223rd 224th 225th 226th 227th 228th 231st 232nd 233rd 234th 301st 302nd 303rd 304th 305th 306th 307th 308th Territorial Army 1st London 2nd London 3rd London 4th London 5th London 6th London 26th 27th 28th 35th 36th 37th 44th 45th 46th 53rd 54th 55th 69th 70th 113th 114th 115th 125th 126th 127th 128th 129th 130th 131st 132nd 133rd 134th 135th 136th 137th 138th 139th 140th (London) 141st (London) 143rd 144th 145th 146th 147th 148th 150th 151st 152nd 153rd 154th 155th 156th 157th 158th 159th 160th 161st 162nd 163rd 164th 165th 166th 167th (London) 168th (London) 169th (London) 176th 177th 182nd 183rd 184th 197th 198th 199th East Africa: 1st 2nd 5th 7th (N Rhodesia) 21st 22nd 25th 26th 27th 27th (N Rhodesia) 28th 29th 30th 31st West Africa: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 23rd (Nigeria) 24th (Gold Coast) Other: 116th Royal Marines 117th Royal Marines Adriatic Cairo Canal Central Hong Kong Jewish Kowloon Malta Northern Southern Vis Western	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Second World Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"56th (London) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"}],"text":"Military unitThe 167th (1st London) Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Territorial Army that saw active service in both the First and Second World Wars. It was the first Territorial formation to go overseas in 1914, garrisoned Malta, and then served with the 56th (London) Infantry Division on the Western Front. In the Second World War, it fought in the North African and Italian campaigns in the Second World War.","title":"167th (1st London) Brigade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Stanhope Memorandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhope_Memorandum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington"},{"link_name":"Lord Abinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scarlett,_3rd_Baron_Abinger"},{"link_name":"Caterham Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Brigade of Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_of_Guards"},{"link_name":"London Defence Positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Defence_Positions"},{"link_name":"North Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-3"},{"link_name":"1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Volunteer_Battalion,_Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Volunteer_Battalion,_Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"11th (Railway) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_(City_of_London)_Battalion,_London_Regiment"},{"link_name":"17th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Battalion,_London_Regiment_(St_Pancras)"},{"link_name":"Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Medical Staff Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-3"}],"text":"The Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent units were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army during the later 19th Century. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training.[1][2]The West London Brigade was one of the formations organised at this time. Brigade Headquarters was at 93 Cornwall Gardens in Kensington and the commander was retired Lt-Gen Lord Abinger (subsequent commanders were also retired, Regular officers). The assembly point for the brigade was at Caterham Barracks, the Brigade of Guards' depot conveniently situated for the London Defence Positions along the North Downs. The brigade's original composition was:[3]West London Brigade1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers\n2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers\n3rd Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps\n2nd Volunteer Battalion, Middlesex Regiment\n11th (Railway) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps\n17th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps\nSupply Detachment, Army Service Corps\nBearer Company, Medical Staff CorpsThe West London Brigade was redesignated the 1st London Brigade in the reorganisations following the Second Boer War.[3]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territorial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force"},{"link_name":"Haldane Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Reforms"},{"link_name":"1st London Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(1st_London)_Division"},{"link_name":"London Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Regiment_(1908%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_(City_of_London)_Battalion,_London_Regiment"},{"link_name":"4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_(City_of_London)_Battalion,_London_Regiment"},{"link_name":"East London Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/168th_(2nd_London)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Home Counties Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_(Home_Counties)_Division"},{"link_name":"19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Battalion,_London_Regiment_(St_Pancras)"},{"link_name":"2nd London Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_(2nd_London)_Division"},{"link_name":"Earl of Lucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bingham,_5th_Earl_of_Lucan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-3"}],"text":"This organisation was carried over into the Territorial Force (TF) created under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the 1st London Brigade joining the 1st London Division. All of the Volunteer Battalions in the Central London area became part of the all-Territorial London Regiment and were numbered sequentially through the London brigades and divisions:[3][4][5][6]1st London Brigade1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 1st VB, Royal Fusiliers)\n2nd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 2nd VB, Royal Fusiliers)\n3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 11th Middlesex RVC, 3rd VB, Royal Fusiliers)\n4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (former 1st Tower Hamlets RVC, 4th VB, Royal Fusiliers, from East London Brigade)The 3rd Middlesex RVC and 2nd VB Middlesex Regiment became the 7th and 8th Battalions Middlesex Regiment respectively in the Home Counties Division, while the 17th Middlesex RVC became the 19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras) in the 2nd London Division.Brigade HQ was at Friar's House, New Broad Street (the HQ of 1st London Division). On the outbreak of war in August 1914 the brigade commander was Colonel The Earl of Lucan, a former Regular officer.[3]","title":"Territorial Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"serve overseas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force_Imperial_Service_Badge"},{"link_name":"Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_and_Reserve_Forces_Act_1907"},{"link_name":"2/1st London Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2/1st_London_Brigade"},{"link_name":"58th (2/1st London) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_(2/1st_London)_Division"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLT_London-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_wounded.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forces-war-records.co.uk-9"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Regular Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_army"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1914-1918.net-10"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"56th (1/1st London) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1914-1918.net-10"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/132nd_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Home Counties Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_(Home_Counties)_Division"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"trenches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"46th (North Midland) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_(North_Midland)_Division"},{"link_name":"Gommecourt salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gommecourt,_Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Somme offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Langemarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)"},{"link_name":"First Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1914-1918.net-10"},{"link_name":"Armistice of 11 November 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The division was mobilised on the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914 and, when asked to serve overseas (as, according to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, Territorial soldiers were not obliged to serve overseas), most of the men of the division volunteered. Those who didn't, together with the many recruits, were formed into 2nd Line battalions, the 2/1st London Brigade, part of 2/1st London Division, which later became 58th (2/1st London) Division.[7] The battalions adopted the prefix '1/' (1/4th Londons, for example) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line battalions, which adopted the '2/' prefix (2/4th Londons).[8]Troops during the Battle of Passchendaele carry a wounded man to the aid post. The terrain pictured and the battle exemplified much of the fighting of the Great War.However, between November 1914 and April 1915, most of the battalions of the division were sent overseas[9] either to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front or to overseas postings such as Malta (in the case of the 1/1st London Brigade) so as to relieve to Regular Army troops for service in France and Belgium and so, as a result, the 1st London Division was broken up.[10]In early February 1916, however, the War Office authorised the 1st London Division to be reformed, now to be known as 56th (1/1st London) Division. Consequently, the brigade was reformed in France in February 1916, now as the 167th (1/1st London) Brigade, but with mostly different units, except the 1/1st and 1/3rd Londons (both original battalions of the brigade),[10] and both the 1/7th and 1/8th battalions of the Middlesex Regiment, both of which had previously been part of the Middlesex Brigade of the Home Counties Division and had served in Gibraltar before returning to England and fighting in France.[11]The brigade served for the rest of the First World War in the trenches of the Western Front in Belgium and France, fighting a diversionary attack, alongside 46th (North Midland) Division, on the Gommecourt salient, to distract German attention away from the Somme offensive a few miles south in July 1916.[12] In March 1917, the 56th Division pursued the German Army during their retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, Arras, Langemarck, Passchendaele, Cambrai, First Arras, Albert and the Hundred Days Offensive.[10] The First World War finally came to an end with the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918. By the end of the war the 56th Division had suffered nearly 35,000 casualties.[13]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Regiment_(1908%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLT_London-8"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_Corps"},{"link_name":"North Staffordshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"shortage of manpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_Douglas_Haig_in_1918#Manpower"},{"link_name":"173rd (3/1st London) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/173rd_(3/1st_London)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"58th (2/1st London) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_(2/1st_London)_Division"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forces-war-records.co.uk-9"}],"sub_title":"Order of battle","text":"The brigade was composed as follows during the war:1/1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left May 1915, rejoined February 1916)[8]\n1/2nd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left February 1915)\n1/3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left May 1915, rejoined February 1916, left January 1918)\n1/4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (left January 1915)\n1/7th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (from February 1916)[14]\n1/8th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (from February 1916)\n167th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 22 March 1916, moved to 56th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 1 March 1918)\n167th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 14 June 1916)\n4th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment (from 7 October until 15 November 1917)[15]Due to a shortage of manpower in the BEF, British infantry brigades serving on the Western Front were reduced from four to three battalions throughout early 1918. Therefore, the 1/3rd Londons were, in early January, transferred to 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade of 58th (2/1st London) Division where they absorbed the 2/3rd Battalion and were renamed the 3rd Battalion once again. In February the 1/1st Londons absorbed the 2/1st Battalion and were renamed the 1st Battalion.[9]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecke1936142-16"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"F. H. Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Burnell-Nugent"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"E. J. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_James_King&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G. H. B. Freeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Henry_Basil_Freeth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. L. Ingpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Leigh_Ingpen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R. H. Husey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hamer_Husey"}],"sub_title":"Commanders","text":"The following officers commanded 167th Brigade during the war:[16]Brigadier-General F. H. Nugent (5 February 1916)\nLieutenant-Colonel E. J. King (acting, 22 July 1916)\nBrigadier-General G. H. B. Freeth (27 July 1916)\nLieutenant-Colonel P. L. Ingpen (acting, 20 July 1917)\nBrigadier-General G. H. B. Freeth (23 July 1917)\nLieutenant-Colonel R. H. Husey (acting, 26 April 1918)\nBrigadier-General G. H. B. Freeth (6 May 1918)","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Scots Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Guards"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments4-19"},{"link_name":"4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_(City_of_London)_Battalion,_London_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments4-19"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"60th (City of London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_(Middlesex)_Searchlight_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_(Home_Counties)_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade"},{"link_name":"1st Anti-Aircraft Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Anti-Aircraft_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"47th (2nd London) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_(1/2nd_London)_Division"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"169th (3rd London) Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169th_(3rd_London)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"London Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Division"},{"link_name":"London Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Regiment_(1908%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments1-18"},{"link_name":"Royal Berkshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Berkshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"10th (3rd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (69th Searchlight Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_(3rd_City_of_London)_Searchlight_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"161st (Essex) Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Brigade"},{"link_name":"54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_(East_Anglian)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"London Irish Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"motorised infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorized_infantry"}],"text":"Disbanded after the war, the brigade, along with the rest of the division, was reformed in the Territorial Army (formed on a similar basis to the Territorial Force) as the 167th (1st London) Infantry Brigade, again with the same composition as it had before the First World War, of four battalions of the Royal Fusiliers.[17] The brigade had its headquarters in Birdcage Walk, London, at the Regimental Headquarters of the Scots Guards. In 1922 they dropped the 'battalion' from their title becoming, for example, 1st City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers).[18]Throughout the second half of the 1930s there was a need to increase the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, particularly so for London and Southern England. As a result, in 1935,[19] the 4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers)[19] was converted into an artillery role, transferring to the Royal Artillery and converted into 60th (City of London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and becoming part of 27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Group, 1st Anti-Aircraft Division (formed by conversion of the Headquarters of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division).[20] They were replaced in the brigade by the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) from the 169th (3rd London) Infantry Brigade. The battalion was previously known as the 10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney).[21] After the 47th Division was disbanded the 56th Division was redesignated as the London Division and the brigade became 1st London Infantry Brigade.In 1938, after most of its battalions were posted away or converted to other units, the London Regiment ceased to exist and was disbanded. As a result, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions became the 8th, 9th and 10th battalions, respectively, of the Royal Fusiliers[18] and the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) became the 5th (Hackney) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment.[22] In the same year the 10th (3rd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) was transferred to the Royal Artillery, becoming 10th (3rd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (69th Searchlight Regiment)[23] but remained part of the Royal Fusiliers until 1940.[24] In 1938 when all British infantry brigades were reduced to three battalions, in August, the 5th (Hackney) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment was transferred to 161st (Essex) Infantry Brigade of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division and were replaced in the brigade by the London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles)[25] from 3rd London Infantry Brigade,[26] previously the 18th London Regiment (London Irish Rifles) and, in 1908, the 18th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Irish Rifles).[27] Again in 1938 the division was converted and reorganised as a motorised infantry division.","title":"Between the wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"militiamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"conscription in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Home Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Forces_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"XII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation"},{"link_name":"German invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"35th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"12th (Eastern) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_(Eastern)_Division"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-30"},{"link_name":"56th (London) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk-26"},{"link_name":"London Irish Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish_Rifles"},{"link_name":"168th (London) Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/168th_(2nd_London)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"Bernard Paget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Paget"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Home_Forces"},{"link_name":"His Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Territorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Regulars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_army"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"5th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"III Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Tenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Persia and Iraq Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia_and_Iraq_Command"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-36"},{"link_name":"X Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Tunisia Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Allied invasion of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"mountain warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_warfare"},{"link_name":"Italian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"amphibious warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA6683.jpg"},{"link_name":"PIAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAT"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mark Wayne Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fifth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_North"},{"link_name":"201st Guards Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Guards_Brigade"},{"link_name":"landed at Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy#Salerno_landings"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day_(military_term)"},{"link_name":"Tiger tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I"},{"link_name":"Royal Scots Greys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scots_Greys"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Volturno Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volturno_Line"},{"link_name":"Monte Camino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhardt_Line"},{"link_name":"Garigliano river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garigliano"},{"link_name":"Allied Armies in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Armies_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Winter Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Line"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"British Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"amphibious assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzio"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Bernhardt Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhardt_Line"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"U.S. VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-40"},{"link_name":"Battle of Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"trenches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_ranks_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"during a heavy counterattack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio#German_counterattacks"},{"link_name":"Tiger tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Eric Fletcher Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Waters_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"When the Tigers Broke Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Tigers_Broke_Free"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gothic_Line_-_Concept_of_OperationOlive_1944.png"},{"link_name":"Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Middle East Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Command"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Churchill_tank_halts_near_infantry_of_the_1st_London_Irish_Rifles_near_Tanara_during_the_advance_to_the_River_Po,_Italy,_23_April_1945._NA24460.jpg"},{"link_name":"Churchill tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_tank"},{"link_name":"London Irish Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Major-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"John Yeldham Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Yeldham_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gemmano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gemmano"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-48"},{"link_name":"cadres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-36"},{"link_name":"Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)"},{"link_name":"169th (Queen's) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169th_(3rd_London)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"London Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_(regiment)"},{"link_name":"rifle companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArgentaGap_1945_04_en.svg"},{"link_name":"Argenta Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Argenta_Gap"},{"link_name":"15th Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Spring 1945 offensive in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"78th Battleaxe Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Argenta Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Argenta_Gap"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk1-51"}],"text":"The Territorial Army, and therefore the brigade and the rest of the division, was mobilised between late August and early September 1939, and the German invasion of Poland began on 1 September, and the Second World War officially began two days later, after Britain and France declared war on Germany. Mobilised for full-time war service, the brigade was brought up to War Establishment strength in late October 1939 with large drafts of militiamen, men had been called up earlier in the year with the introduction of conscription in the United Kingdom and had just completed their basic training.The division was destined not to be sent to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) but instead remained in the United Kingdom under Home Forces in a home defence role and was sent to Kent in April 1940 to come under command of XII Corps. Like most of the rest of the British Army after the events of Dunkirk, the division spent most of its time in an anti-invasion role training to repel an expected German invasion.[28]In July 1940, after receiving the 35th Infantry Brigade from the recently disbanded 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division,[29] the division was reorganised as a standard infantry division[30] and later in the year, on 18 November, the division was redesignated and converted into the 56th (London) Infantry Division[30] and, on 28 November, the brigade was renumbered again as the 167th (London) Infantry Brigade.[26] In the same month the 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles was transferred to 168th (London) Infantry Brigade[31] and was replaced by 15th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, a hostilities-only battalion raised only a few months before, making the brigade, temporarily, an all-Royal Fusiliers brigade. However, the 15th Fusiliers were posted elsewhere in February 1941 and replaced by 7th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a battalion created in September 1940, by the redesignation of 50th (Holding) Battalion.[32]In November 1941 the brigade was sent to Suffolk and in July 1942 was preparing for a move overseas[33] and was inspected by General Sir Bernard Paget, at that time Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, and also His Majesty King George VI.[34] The 56th Division, now composed largely of a mixture of Territorials, Regulars and wartime volunteers, left the United Kingdom on 25 August 1942, moving to Iraq and, together with 5th Infantry Division, became part of III Corps under the British Tenth Army, came over underall control of Persia and Iraq Command.[35] The brigade left for Egypt on 19 March 1943 and covered the journey by road, arriving there on 19 April 1943, and was then ordered to Tunisia, a distance covering about 3,200 miles.[36]The division came under command of X Corps, part of the British Eighth Army, and saw only comparatively minimal service in the Tunisia Campaign, which ended in mid-May 1943 with the surrender of over 230,000 German and Italian soldiers, a number equal to Stalingrad the year before, who would later become prisoners of war. However, the 167th Brigade had been blooded, and all three battalions had suffered over 100 casualties each. Unable to see service in Operation Husky (the Allied invasion of Sicily), the brigade was destined to see almost two years service mountain warfare in the Italian Campaign and began training in amphibious warfare.Men of the 9th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers manning a PIAT during the Battle of Salerno, 10 September 1943.Now under command of Lieutenant General Mark Wayne Clark, the youngest three-star general in the U.S. Army,[37] and his U.S. Fifth Army, the 167th Brigade, with most of 56th Division (minus the 168th Brigade, temporarily replaced by 201st Guards Brigade), landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, D-Day, where they were involved in tough fighting almost from the landing, with the 8th Royal Fusiliers in particular being battered by German Tiger tanks. Throughout the fighting the brigade, supported by A Squadron of the Royal Scots Greys, had suffered heavy casualties (roughly 360 per battalion)[38] and, after being relieved by other units, secured the Salerno beachhead and later advanced up the spine of Italy, crossing the Volturno Line and later fought at Monte Camino and crossed the Garigliano river in January 1944. With the rest of the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI), however, the brigade, by now very tired and below strength, was held up by the formidable German defences known as the Gustav Line (also the Winter Line).[39]In January 1944, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill envisioned an attempt to outflank the Winter Line, by way of an amphibious assault near Anzio, to capture Rome, the current objective which was being fought for in the Battle of Monte Cassino. As a result, after fighting at the Bernhardt Line and crossing the Garigliano, the division was pulled out of the line, and was transferred to Naples, to come under command of U.S. VI Corps. Arriving at Anzio on 12 February,[40] they were almost immediately involved in heavy combat in the Battle of Anzio in very tough and severe fighting to secure the beachhead, and sustained very heavy losses, which could not easily be replaced. In late March the division was relieved by the 5th British Division and moved to Egypt[41] to rest, refit, retrain and absorb replacements, after sustaining devastating casualties and enduring terrible conditions similar to those of the trenches of the Western Front during the First World War. By the time they were relieved, casualties in the brigade, and the rest of 56th Division, by now very weak, had been so severe that one unit, the 7th Battalion, Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry, were reduced to 60 all ranks, less than a company, from an initial strength of almost 1,000 officers and men.[42] Both Royal Fusiliers battalions had also suffered heavy casualties. In particular was the case of the 8th Battalion when, on 16 February during a heavy counterattack, X Company, was reduced to only one officer and 20 men. All that remained of Y Company was merely a single officer and 10 other ranks, after being heavily attacked by German infantry and Tiger tanks, which had fought against the battalion at Salerno. The battalion had, overall, suffered nearly 450 casualties at Anzio, more than half the strength of the battalion.[43] During the fighting on 18 February, the worst day of the counterattack, Second lieutenant Eric Fletcher Waters was killed and his son, Pink Floyd star Roger Waters, wrote a song in his memory–When the Tigers Broke Free–which describes the death of his father.The Gothic Line, August 1944 and the concept of Operation Olive. The dark blue arrows represent major Allied attacks.Whilst in Egypt the 167th Brigade, which had been reduced to less than 35% effective strength,[44] and division were both reinforced and brought up to strength largely by retrained anti-aircraft gunners of the Royal Artillery who had been transferred to the infantry, and had now found their original roles largely redundant, due largely to the absence of the Luftwaffe. While they were there the brigade was inspected, again, by General Sir Bernard Paget, now Commander-in-chief (C-in-C), Middle East Command, and who had inspected the division nearly two years earlier, shortly before the 56th (\"The Black Cats\") departed for overseas service.[45]A Churchill tank halts near infantry of 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, of 167th Brigade of 56th Division, near Tanara, Italy, April 1945.The 56th Division, now commanded by Major-General John Yeldham Whitfield, returned in July to Italy, where they were inspected by another man who had also inspected them two years prior, H.M. The King George VI. Almost as soon as it arrived the brigade, now under Eighth Army command, found itself fighting on the Gothic Line, throughout the summer, in Operation Olive (where Eighth Army suffered 14,000 casualties, at the rate of nearly 1,000 a day[46]) at the Battle of Gemmano, where the brigade and division suffered particularly heavy casualties. Due to these heavy losses suffered by the division (nearly 6,000)[47] in August and September and a severe lack of British infantry replacements in the Mediterranean theatre (although large numbers of anti-aircraft gunners were being retrained as infantry, they had only began their conversion in August and would not available until, at the earliest, October),[48] the 8th Royal Fusiliers and 7th Ox and Bucks were both reduced to cadres and transferred to the 168th (London) Brigade,[36] which was being disbanded, with the surplus personnel of the 8th Royal Fusiliers transferring to the 9th Battalion[36] and most of the men of 7th Ox and Bucks transferring to fill gaps in the 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) of the 169th (Queen's) Brigade.[49] They were replaced in the brigade by 1st Battalion, London Scottish and 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, both from the 168th Brigade, although 1st London Irish had originally been with 167th Brigade at the outbreak of war. This, however, was not actually enough to keep them at full strength and the battalions were placed on a reduced establishment of only three rifle companies.[48] With the autumn rains and the oncoming winter, and no hope of a successful offensive in either weather, the Fifth and Eighth Armies reverted to the defensive and began preparing for an offensive on the Germans in the spring, scheduled for 1 April 1945.[50]Map of the Argenta Gap showing the Allied lines of advance.In April–May 1945 the brigade and division, with the rest of 15th Army Group, took part in the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, where the 56th Division fought alongside 78th Battleaxe Division in the Battle of the Argenta Gap. The offensive effectively ended the Italian Campaign, and the brigade ended the war in Austria with the Eighth Army.[51]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-40"},{"link_name":"8th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_(1st_City_of_London)_Battalion,_Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"London Irish Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Rifles"},{"link_name":"56th Reconnaissance Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_Corps#Units"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joslen-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"London Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_(regiment)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders"}],"sub_title":"Order of battle","text":"167th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:[40]8th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (merged into 9th Bn 23 September 1944)\n9th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers\n1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles) (left 4 November 1940, rejoined 23 September 1944)\n1st London Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (formed 11 May 1940 until 27 November 1940, when renamed)\n167th (London) Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (renamed 28 November 1940, joined 56th Reconnaissance Battalion January 1941)[52] [53]\n15th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (from 9 November 1940, left 13 February 1941)\n7th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (from 14 February 1941, left 23 September 1944)\n1st Battalion, London Scottish (Gordon Highlanders) (from 23 September 1944)","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-40"},{"link_name":"Brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"C.E.A. Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Firth_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"J. Scott-Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott-Elliot"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_(rank)"}],"sub_title":"Commanders","text":"The following officers commanded 167th Brigade during the war:[40]Brigadier C.R. Britten (until 11 July 1941)\nBrigadier J.C.A. Birch (from 11 July 1941 until 21 June 1943)\nBrigadier C.E.A. Firth (from 21 June 1943 until 29 January 1944)\nBrigadier J. Scott-Elliott (from 29 January until 27 October 1944, again from 7 November to 17 December 1944, and from 11 January 1945)\nLieutenant Colonel J.R. Cleghorn (Acting, from 27 October until 7 November 1944)\nLieutenant Colonel A.T. Law (Acting, from 17 December 1944 until 11 January 1945)","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"56th (London) Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Division"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk1-51"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Honourable Artillery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company#Post-War"},{"link_name":"8 Battalion, Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_(City_of_London)_Battalion,_London_Regiment_(Royal_Fusiliers)#Post_war"},{"link_name":"City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Yeomanry_(Rough_Riders)"},{"link_name":"332 Signal Squadron, Royal Corps of Signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/332_Signal_Squadron,_Royal_Corps_of_Signals"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"The division was disbanded in Italy after the war in 1946. It was reformed in 1947 as the 56th (London) Armoured Division in the reorganisation of the Territorial Army.[51] However, the 167th Brigade was not reformed until 1956 when 56th Division was rereganised as an infantry division once more. As 167 (City of London) Infantry Brigade it had the following organisation:[54]Honourable Artillery Company (infantry battalion)\n8 Battalion, Royal Fusiliers\nCity of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) (converted to infantry)\n332 Signal Squadron, Royal Corps of Signals[55]56th Division was disbanded in 1961.","title":"Post-war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_3-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The 58th (2/1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1914-1918.net/58div.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LLT_London_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LLT_London_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"The London Regiment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1914-1918.net/london.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-forces-war-records.co.uk_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-forces-war-records.co.uk_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"London Regiment - 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Clark\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//armedforcesmuseum.com/u-s-armys-youngest-general-mark-w-clark/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160624002333/http://armedforcesmuseum.com/u-s-armys-youngest-general-mark-w-clark/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"56th Division\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//battlefieldsww2.50megs.com/56th_division.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_40-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_40-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"BBC - WW2 People's War - Oxs and Bucks at Anzio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/33/a3603133.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150831075402/http://www.rogerwaters.org/34/royalf1.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rogerwaters.org/34/royalf1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JANUARY 1944-JUNE 1944\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lightbobs.com/7th-bn-oxf--bucks-li-january-1944-june-1944.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"September 1944\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150707004209/http://www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/september-1944"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/september-1944"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_48-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_48-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JUNE 1944–JANUARY 1945\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lightbobs.com/7th-bn-oxf--bucks-li-june-1944ndashjanuary-1945.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk1_51-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk1_51-1"},{"link_name":"\"56 (LONDON) INFANTRY DIVISION (1943-45)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120331201711/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/56_Infantry_Division__1944_45_.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/56_Infantry_Division__1944_45_.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joslen_52-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"56th Recce Regiment at Recce Corps website.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121223194450/http://www.recce.adsl24.co.uk/regts/56th.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"}],"text":"^ Beckett, pp. 135, 185–6.\n\n^ Dunlop, pp. 60–1.\n\n^ a b c d Monthly Army Lists, 1889–1914.\n\n^ Martin.\n\n^ Money Barnes, Appendix IV.\n\n^ Westlake.\n\n^ \"The 58th (2/1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ a b Baker, Chris. \"The London Regiment\". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 2 August 2015.\n\n^ a b \"London Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ a b c \"The 56th (1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"Middlesex Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"Gommecourt, 1st July 1916 - The Combatants\". gommecourt.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"56th (London) Division 1916-1918\". 50megs.com. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ Chris Baker. \"The Middlesex Regiment\". 1914-1918.net. Archived from the original on 28 June 2001. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"North Staffordshire Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ Becke (1936), p. 142.\n\n^ \"56 (1 London) Division (1930-36)\" (PDF). British Military History. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.\n\n^ a b \"1st City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ a b \"4th City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"1 Anti-Aircraft Division (1936-38)\" (PDF). British Military History. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.\n\n^ \"10th London Regiment (Hackney) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"The Royal Berkshire Regiment (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"3rd City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"The London Division (1937-38)\" (PDF). British Military History. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.\n\n^ Administrator. \"1920 - 1939\". londonirishrifles.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ a b \"1 London Division (1939)\" (PDF). British Military History. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.\n\n^ \"London Irish Rifles [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"United Kingdom 1939-1940\". British Military History. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"12 Infantry Division (1940)\" (PDF). British Military History. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.\n\n^ a b Joslen, p. 37.\n\n^ \"1940\". London Irish Rifles Association. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ Horan, Lt Col K. \"Record of the 7th Battalion Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry June 1940-July 1942\". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"BBC - WW2 People's War - 56 london division\". BBC. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"January to June 1942\". London Irish Rifles Association. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ \"56th (London) Infantry Division\" (PDF). British Military History.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b c Joslen, p. 228.\n\n^ \"U.S. Army's Youngest General – Mark W. Clark\". Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.\n\n^ Blaxland, p. 34.\n\n^ \"56th Division\". 50megs.com. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ a b c Joslen, p. 227.\n\n^ Blaxland, p. 71.\n\n^ \"BBC - WW2 People's War - Oxs and Bucks at Anzio\". BBC. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ Paule, Edward D. \"A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z\". rogerwaters.org. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ D'Este, p. 515.\n\n^ \"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JANUARY 1944-JUNE 1944\". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ Hoyt, p. 204.\n\n^ Administrator. \"September 1944\". londonirishrifles.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ a b Blaxland, p. 202.\n\n^ \"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JUNE 1944–JANUARY 1945\". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015.\n\n^ Blaxland, p. 239.\n\n^ a b \"56 (LONDON) INFANTRY DIVISION (1943-45)\" (PDF). British Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012.\n\n^ Joslen, pp. 227–8.\n\n^ 56th Recce Regiment at Recce Corps website.\n\n^ Edwards, pp. 194–5.\n\n^ Lord & Watson, p. 205.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Troops during the Battle of Passchendaele carry a wounded man to the aid post. The terrain pictured and the battle exemplified much of the fighting of the Great War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_wounded.jpg/225px-Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_wounded.jpg"},{"image_text":"Men of the 9th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers manning a PIAT during the Battle of Salerno, 10 September 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA6683.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA6683.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Gothic Line, August 1944 and the concept of Operation Olive. The dark blue arrows represent major Allied attacks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gothic_Line_-_Concept_of_OperationOlive_1944.png/380px-Gothic_Line_-_Concept_of_OperationOlive_1944.png"},{"image_text":"A Churchill tank halts near infantry of 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, of 167th Brigade of 56th Division, near Tanara, Italy, April 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_Churchill_tank_halts_near_infantry_of_the_1st_London_Irish_Rifles_near_Tanara_during_the_advance_to_the_River_Po%2C_Italy%2C_23_April_1945._NA24460.jpg/200px-A_Churchill_tank_halts_near_infantry_of_the_1st_London_Irish_Rifles_near_Tanara_during_the_advance_to_the_River_Po%2C_Italy%2C_23_April_1945._NA24460.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Argenta Gap showing the Allied lines of advance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArgentaGap_1945_04_en.svg/300px-ArgentaGap_1945_04_en.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The 58th (2/1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.1914-1918.net/58div.htm","url_text":"\"The 58th (2/1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Chris. \"The London Regiment\". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 2 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.1914-1918.net/london.htm","url_text":"\"The London Regiment\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/4899/london-regiment/","url_text":"\"London Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 56th (1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.1914-1918.net/56div.htm","url_text":"\"The 56th (1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\""}]},{"reference":"\"Middlesex Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\". forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/1615/middlesex-regiment/","url_text":"\"Middlesex Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gommecourt, 1st July 1916 - The Combatants\". gommecourt.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822203152/http://www.gommecourt.co.uk/men.htm#56th","url_text":"\"Gommecourt, 1st July 1916 - The Combatants\""},{"url":"http://www.gommecourt.co.uk/men.htm#56th","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"56th (London) Division 1916-1918\". 50megs.com. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221134/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/56_Division__1930_36_.pdf","url_text":"\"56 (1 London) Division (1930-36)\""},{"url":"http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/56_Division__1930_36_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1st City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060104210040/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L01.htm","url_text":"\"1st City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"4th City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060104202404/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L04RF.htm","url_text":"\"4th City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L04RF.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1 Anti-Aircraft Division (1936-38)\" (PDF). British Military History. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. 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Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060104204734/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/049Berks.htm","url_text":"\"The Royal Berkshire Regiment (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) [UK]\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/049Berks.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3rd City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060104203839/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L03.htm","url_text":"\"3rd City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) [UK]\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L03.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The London Division (1937-38)\" (PDF). British Military History. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221258/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/The_London_Division__1937_38_.pdf","url_text":"\"The London Division (1937-38)\""},{"url":"http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/The_London_Division__1937_38_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Administrator. \"1920 - 1939\". londonirishrifles.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171211/http://www.londonirishrifles.com/history-2/1859-2012/35-history-of-the-regiment-1920-1939","url_text":"\"1920 - 1939\""},{"url":"http://www.londonirishrifles.com/history-2/1859-2012/35-history-of-the-regiment-1920-1939","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1 London Division (1939)\" (PDF). British Military History. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194835/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/1-London-Division-1939-.pdf","url_text":"\"1 London Division (1939)\""},{"url":"http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/1-London-Division-1939-.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"London Irish Rifles [UK]\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060104210542/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L18rish.htm","url_text":"\"London Irish Rifles [UK]\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-london/vinf/L18rish.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United Kingdom 1939-1940\". British Military History. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704095550/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?aid=17&nid=2&start=5","url_text":"\"United Kingdom 1939-1940\""},{"url":"http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?aid=17&nid=2&start=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"12 Infantry Division (1940)\" (PDF). British Military History. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194843/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/12-Infantry-Division-1940-.pdf","url_text":"\"12 Infantry Division (1940)\""},{"url":"http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/12-Infantry-Division-1940-.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1940\". London Irish Rifles Association. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708143812/http://www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/1940","url_text":"\"1940\""},{"url":"http://www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/1940","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Horan, Lt Col K. \"Record of the 7th Battalion Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry June 1940-July 1942\". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lightbobs.com/7th-bn-oxf--bucks-li-june-1940-july-1942.html","url_text":"\"Record of the 7th Battalion Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry June 1940-July 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - WW2 People's War - 56 london division\". BBC. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/user/40/u1096840.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - WW2 People's War - 56 london division\""}]},{"reference":"\"January to June 1942\". London Irish Rifles Association. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708143729/http://www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/january-to-june-1942","url_text":"\"January to June 1942\""},{"url":"http://www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/january-to-june-1942","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"56th (London) Infantry Division\" (PDF). British Military History.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/56_Infantry_Division__1942_43_.pdf","url_text":"\"56th (London) Infantry Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Army's Youngest General – Mark W. Clark\". Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://armedforcesmuseum.com/u-s-armys-youngest-general-mark-w-clark/","url_text":"\"U.S. Army's Youngest General – Mark W. Clark\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624002333/http://armedforcesmuseum.com/u-s-armys-youngest-general-mark-w-clark/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"56th Division\". 50megs.com. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://battlefieldsww2.50megs.com/56th_division.htm","url_text":"\"56th Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - WW2 People's War - Oxs and Bucks at Anzio\". BBC. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/33/a3603133.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - WW2 People's War - Oxs and Bucks at Anzio\""}]},{"reference":"Paule, Edward D. \"A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z\". rogerwaters.org. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150831075402/http://www.rogerwaters.org/34/royalf1.html","url_text":"\"A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z\""},{"url":"http://www.rogerwaters.org/34/royalf1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JANUARY 1944-JUNE 1944\". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lightbobs.com/7th-bn-oxf--bucks-li-january-1944-june-1944.html","url_text":"\"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JANUARY 1944-JUNE 1944\""}]},{"reference":"Administrator. \"September 1944\". londonirishrifles.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707004209/http://www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/september-1944","url_text":"\"September 1944\""},{"url":"http://www.londonirishrifles.com/second-world-war/the-london-irish-at-war/september-1944","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JUNE 1944–JANUARY 1945\". LIGHTBOBS. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lightbobs.com/7th-bn-oxf--bucks-li-june-1944ndashjanuary-1945.html","url_text":"\"7th Bn OXF & BUCKS LI JUNE 1944–JANUARY 1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"56 (LONDON) INFANTRY DIVISION (1943-45)\" (PDF). British Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331201711/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/56_Infantry_Division__1944_45_.pdf","url_text":"\"56 (LONDON) INFANTRY DIVISION (1943-45)\""},{"url":"http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/56_Infantry_Division__1944_45_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Becke, A. F. (1936). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blaxland, Gregory (1979). Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944-1945). London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0386-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0386-5","url_text":"0-7183-0386-5"}]},{"reference":"d'Este, Carlo (1991). Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome. New York: Harper. ISBN 0-06-015890-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015890-5","url_text":"0-06-015890-5"}]},{"reference":"Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2002). Backwater War: the Allied Campaign in Italy, 1943–1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97478-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt","url_text":"Hoyt, Edwin Palmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97478-7","url_text":"978-0-275-97478-7"}]},{"reference":"Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-474-1","url_text":"978-1-84342-474-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.1914-1918.net/58div.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 58th (2/1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\""},{"Link":"http://www.1914-1918.net/london.htm","external_links_name":"\"The London Regiment\""},{"Link":"https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/4899/london-regiment/","external_links_name":"\"London Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\""},{"Link":"http://www.1914-1918.net/56div.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 56th (1st London) Division of the British Army in 1914-1918\""},{"Link":"https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/1615/middlesex-regiment/","external_links_name":"\"Middlesex Regiment - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822203152/http://www.gommecourt.co.uk/men.htm#56th","external_links_name":"\"Gommecourt, 1st July 1916 - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolli	Trolli	["1 History","2 In the United States","3 Sponsorship","4 Manufacturing plants and factories","5 Products","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	German candy brand TrolliOwnerTrolli GmbH Ferrara Candy CompanyCountryGermanyIntroduced1975; 49 years ago (1975)Related brandsEfrutti, Gummi Bear FactoryMarketsConfectioneryTaglineThe one for fun!WebsiteTrolli InternationalTrolli U.S. Trolli's logo used until 2022 Trolli is a German manufacturer of confectionery. Its American arm was sold in 1996 and became a confectionery brand used by Ferrara Candy Company. Trolli sells gummy candies, marshmallows, and soft licorice gums in over 80 countries and has factories in Germany, Spain and China. History In 1948 Willy Mederer founded Willy Mederer KG, a company producing pasta in Fürth, Germany. When sugar rationing regulations were lifted the company changed production from pasta to confectionery. The company grew in the 1950s and 1960s, widening the product range and rising to 150 staff. Candies were sold under the Wilmed brand, a portmanteau of Willy Mederer. Sales offices in Munich and Stuttgart were opened. In 1975 the company registered the 'Trolli' brand name that became the trading name for the company in 2012. Willy Mederer died in 1984 and was succeeded by his son Herbert. Trolli varieties were added, including sour flavours, double layered gummies with foam made using starch mogul machines and the "Trolli-Burger". Mederer received the 1993 Candy Kettle Award. A subsidiary, Trolli Iberica S.A., was founded in Valencia, Spain, in 1994. A production site was opened in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1997. The Mederer Group later opened a packaging plant in Pilsen, Czech Republic. eFruti, a fruit gummy brand from Neunburg vorm Wald, was acquired by the Mederer Group in 1998 and its name used, slightly altered to eFrutti, as a brand. Gummi Bear Factory of Boizenburg was bought in 2000. Efrutti Logo Trolli gummi worms In the United States In the 1980s, Trolli exports to North America grew to 40 tonnes per day, and in 1986 Mederer built a production facility in Creston, Iowa. Trolli's US operations were sold to Favorite Brands International in 1996 and was subsequently owned by Nabisco (1999), Kraft Foods (2000), Wrigleys (2005), and Farley's & Sathers Candy Company (2006) which was merged with Ferrara Candy Company in 2013. In 2004, Trolli introduced a roadkill themed gummy candy in the shape of chickens, squirrels, and snakes with tire tracks on them. Kraft Foods, then the owner of the Trolli US brand, pulled the candy from the market in 2005 in response to protests. Sponsorship Trolli sponsored the football club SpVgg Greuther Fürth from 2010 to 2014, during which time their home stadium was named the Trolli Arena. Manufacturing plants and factories Trolli GmbH has its headquarters in Fürth, and has factories in Boizenburg, Neunburg vorm Wald and Hagenow. In 2001, Mederer built a production site in Guangzhou, China, in a joint venture with the Spanish company Multi Joyco. In 2004, Mederer took over 100% of the enterprise. From China Trolli exports its products to nations in Asia, Australasia, North America and the Middle East. In Europe, Trolli has a manufacturing plant in Valencia, Spain; Italy; and a packaging plant in Pilsen, Czech Republic. They also have a production plant in Colombia under the manufacturer Aldor. Products Trolli product ranges include: Original, Sour, Soft, Special, Liquorice, Extra Fruity, Marshmallows, Gelatine-free, Gluten, Vegetarian, Lactose-Free, Halal products and Gummy Frogs. See also List of confectionery brands References ^ https://www.trolli.com/ ^ "Trolli - history". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. ^ "Herbert W. Mederer". Candy Hall of Fame. National Confectionery Sales Association. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ Büttner, Grit (17 December 2003). "Boizenburg wird zur Metropole der Gummibärchen". Die Welt (in German). WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Wrigley Sells North American Trolli Business". Convenience Store News. Stagnito Business Information and Edgell Communications. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Farley's & Sathers and Ferrara Pan Complete Merger". PR Newswire (Press release). PR Newswire Association LLC. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "'Roadkill' sweets grind to a halt". BBC News. BBC. 26 February 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Firm hits brakes on 'road kill' candy". NBC News. Retrieved 8 April 2016. External links Trolli GmbH (in German) Trolli US Trolli Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trolli_Brand_Logo.png"},{"link_name":"confectionery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gummy candies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummy_candies"},{"link_name":"marshmallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshmallows"},{"link_name":"licorice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licorice"}],"text":"Trolli's logo used until 2022Trolli is a German manufacturer of confectionery. Its American arm was sold in 1996 and became a confectionery brand used by Ferrara Candy Company.[1] Trolli sells gummy candies, marshmallows, and soft licorice gums in over 80 countries and has factories in Germany, Spain and China.","title":"Trolli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willy Mederer KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mederer_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Fürth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrth"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"starch mogul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_mogul"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Neunburg vorm Wald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neunburg_vorm_Wald"},{"link_name":"Boizenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boizenburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efrutti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trolli_Sour_Brite_Crawlers_gummi_worms_close_up.jpg"}],"text":"In 1948 Willy Mederer founded Willy Mederer KG, a company producing pasta in Fürth, Germany. When sugar rationing regulations were lifted the company changed production from pasta to confectionery.[2]The company grew in the 1950s and 1960s, widening the product range and rising to 150 staff. Candies were sold under the Wilmed brand, a portmanteau of Willy Mederer. Sales offices in Munich and Stuttgart were opened. In 1975 the company registered the 'Trolli' brand name that became the trading name for the company in 2012.Willy Mederer died in 1984 and was succeeded by his son Herbert.Trolli varieties were added, including sour flavours, double layered gummies with foam made using starch mogul machines and the \"Trolli-Burger\". Mederer received the 1993 Candy Kettle Award.[3] A subsidiary, Trolli Iberica S.A., was founded in Valencia, Spain, in 1994. A production site was opened in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1997. The Mederer Group later opened a packaging plant in Pilsen, Czech Republic.eFruti, a fruit gummy brand from Neunburg vorm Wald, was acquired by the Mederer Group in 1998 and its name used, slightly altered to eFrutti, as a brand. Gummi Bear Factory of Boizenburg was bought in 2000.[4]Efrutti LogoTrolli gummi worms","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creston, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creston,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Favorite Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorite_Brands"},{"link_name":"Nabisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabisco"},{"link_name":"Kraft Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods"},{"link_name":"Wrigleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigleys"},{"link_name":"Farley's & Sathers Candy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farley%27s_%26_Sathers_Candy_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ferrara Candy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara_Candy_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"roadkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In the 1980s, Trolli exports to North America grew to 40 tonnes per day, and in 1986 Mederer built a production facility in Creston, Iowa. Trolli's US operations were sold to Favorite Brands International in 1996 and was subsequently owned by Nabisco (1999), Kraft Foods (2000), Wrigleys (2005), and Farley's & Sathers Candy Company (2006)[5] which was merged with Ferrara Candy Company in 2013.[6]In 2004, Trolli introduced a roadkill themed gummy candy in the shape of chickens, squirrels, and snakes with tire tracks on them. Kraft Foods, then the owner of the Trolli US brand, pulled the candy from the market in 2005 in response to protests.[7][8]","title":"In the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SpVgg Greuther Fürth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Greuther_F%C3%BCrth"},{"link_name":"Trolli Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolli_Arena"}],"text":"Trolli sponsored the football club SpVgg Greuther Fürth from 2010 to 2014, during which time their home stadium was named the Trolli Arena.","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guangzhou, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou,_China"},{"link_name":"Multi Joyco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi_Joyco&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Trolli GmbH has its headquarters in Fürth, and has factories in Boizenburg, Neunburg vorm Wald and Hagenow.In 2001, Mederer built a production site in Guangzhou, China, in a joint venture with the Spanish company Multi Joyco. In 2004, Mederer took over 100% of the enterprise. From China Trolli exports its products to nations in Asia, Australasia, North America and the Middle East.In Europe, Trolli has a manufacturing plant in Valencia, Spain; Italy; and a packaging plant in Pilsen, Czech Republic. They also have a production plant in Colombia under the manufacturer Aldor.","title":"Manufacturing plants and factories"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Trolli product ranges include: Original, Sour, Soft, Special, Liquorice, Extra Fruity, Marshmallows, Gelatine-free, Gluten, Vegetarian, Lactose-Free, Halal products and Gummy Frogs.","title":"Products"}]	[{"image_text":"Trolli's logo used until 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Trolli_Brand_Logo.png/225px-Trolli_Brand_Logo.png"},{"image_text":"Efrutti Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Efrutti.jpg/220px-Efrutti.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trolli gummi worms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trolli_Sour_Brite_Crawlers_gummi_worms_close_up.jpg/220px-Trolli_Sour_Brite_Crawlers_gummi_worms_close_up.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of confectionery brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_confectionery_brands"}]	[{"reference":"\"Trolli - history\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095717/http://www.trolli.de/history.php","url_text":"\"Trolli - history\""},{"url":"http://www.trolli.de/history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Herbert W. Mederer\". Candy Hall of Fame. National Confectionery Sales Association. Retrieved 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://candyhalloffame.org/CHoF/inductees/2003/herbert-w-mederer.shtml","url_text":"\"Herbert W. Mederer\""}]},{"reference":"Büttner, Grit (17 December 2003). \"Boizenburg wird zur Metropole der Gummibärchen\". Die Welt (in German). WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article280802/Boizenburg-wird-zur-Metropole-der-Gummibaerchen.html","url_text":"\"Boizenburg wird zur Metropole der Gummibärchen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrigley Sells North American Trolli Business\". Convenience Store News. Stagnito Business Information and Edgell Communications. Retrieved 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csnews.com/wrigley-sells-north-american-trolli-business","url_text":"\"Wrigley Sells North American Trolli Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farley's & Sathers and Ferrara Pan Complete Merger\". PR Newswire (Press release). PR Newswire Association LLC. Retrieved 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/farleys--sathers-and-ferrara-pan-complete-merger-159510565.html","url_text":"\"Farley's & Sathers and Ferrara Pan Complete Merger\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Roadkill' sweets grind to a halt\". BBC News. BBC. 26 February 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4300029.stm","url_text":"\"'Roadkill' sweets grind to a halt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Firm hits brakes on 'road kill' candy\". NBC News. Retrieved 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7030811/ns/us_news-weird_news/t/firm-hits-brakes-road-kill-candy#.VwdhJ-9f270","url_text":"\"Firm hits brakes on 'road kill' candy\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.trolli.de/","external_links_name":"Trolli International"},{"Link":"http://www.trolli.com/","external_links_name":"Trolli U.S."},{"Link":"https://www.trolli.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.trolli.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095717/http://www.trolli.de/history.php","external_links_name":"\"Trolli - history\""},{"Link":"http://www.trolli.de/history.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://candyhalloffame.org/CHoF/inductees/2003/herbert-w-mederer.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Herbert W. Mederer\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article280802/Boizenburg-wird-zur-Metropole-der-Gummibaerchen.html","external_links_name":"\"Boizenburg wird zur Metropole der Gummibärchen\""},{"Link":"http://www.csnews.com/wrigley-sells-north-american-trolli-business","external_links_name":"\"Wrigley Sells North American Trolli Business\""},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/farleys--sathers-and-ferrara-pan-complete-merger-159510565.html","external_links_name":"\"Farley's & Sathers and Ferrara Pan Complete Merger\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4300029.stm","external_links_name":"\"'Roadkill' sweets grind to a halt\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7030811/ns/us_news-weird_news/t/firm-hits-brakes-road-kill-candy#.VwdhJ-9f270","external_links_name":"\"Firm hits brakes on 'road kill' candy\""},{"Link":"http://www.trolli.de/","external_links_name":"Trolli GmbH"},{"Link":"http://www.trolli.com/","external_links_name":"Trolli US"},{"Link":"https://trolli-candy.com.ua/","external_links_name":"Trolli Ukraine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backnang	Backnang	["1 Population","2 Mayors","3 Twin towns – sister cities","4 Notable people","5 External links","6 References"]	Coordinates: 48°56′47″N 09°25′50″E / 48.94639°N 9.43056°E / 48.94639; 9.43056This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (February 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Backnang}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Town in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyBacknang Town Coat of armsLocation of Backnang within Rems-Murr-Kreis district Backnang Show map of GermanyBacknang Show map of Baden-WürttembergCoordinates: 48°56′47″N 09°25′50″E / 48.94639°N 9.43056°E / 48.94639; 9.43056CountryGermanyStateBaden-WürttembergAdmin. regionStuttgart DistrictRems-Murr-Kreis SubdivisionsKernstadt und 5 StadtteileGovernment • Lord mayor (2021–29) Maximilian Friedrich (Ind.)Area • Total39.37 km2 (15.20 sq mi)Elevation271 m (889 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total37,957 • Density960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes71501–71522Dialling codes07191Vehicle registrationWN, BKWebsitewww.backnang.de Backnang (German pronunciation: ⓘ; Swabian: Bagene) is a town in Germany in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, roughly 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Stuttgart. Its population has increased greatly over the past century, from 7,650 in 1900 to 35,761 in 2005. Backnang was ceded to Württemberg by the Baden (Zähringer family) in 1325. Backnang has been known as Gerberstadt due to several tanneries and leather factories, and wool and cloth mills that dominated Backnang's industries. Today, all of these have vanished, and instead, telecommunication companies such as Ericsson (formerly AEG, Telefunken, ANT Nachrichtentechnik, Bosch and Marconi) and Tesat-Spacecom dominate the town's industries. The Stiftskirche, formerly the church of Backnang Abbey, dates back to the 12th century. Backnang hosts the annual Strassenfest during the last weekend in June. It has been founded as a street festival where local sports and cultural clubs offered drinks and foods. The traditional opening of the Strassenfest is marked with cannon shots from the city tower at 6 pm on Friday and ends with the Zapfenstreich on the following Monday at 11 pm. The Strassenfest typically attracts more than 100,000 spectators. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1849:4,464— 1871:4,472+0.2%1900:7,650+71.1%1925:8,811+15.2%1939:11,601+31.7%1946:15,412+32.9%1961:23,725+53.9%1975:29,614+24.8%1995:33,882+14.4%2010:35,395+4.5% Mayors Before 1930 the title for this position was Stadtschultheiß. In 1930 the title became Bürgermeister (Mayor), and in 1956 with the elevation of Backnang to a "large district town," the title was changed to Oberbürgermeister (Lord Mayor). 1901–1921: Hermann Eckstein 1921–1945: Albert Rienhardt 1946–1966: Walter Baumgärtner 1966–1986: Martin Dietrich (1929-2012) 1986–1994: Hannes Rieckhoff (born 1944) 1994–2002: Jürgen-Heinrich Schmidt (born 1942) 2002-2021: Frank Nopper (born 1961) since 2021: Maximilian Friedrich (born 1987) Stiftshof, the local court, on the right Christmas market 2010 Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Backnang is twinned with: Annonay, France Bácsalmás, Hungary Chelmsford, England, United Kingdom Notable people Eduard Breuninger (1854–1932), entrepreneur, founder of Breuninger company Eugen Haefele (1874–1935), Württembergian official Anna Ziegler (1882–1942), politician (USPD, SPD), member of the Reichstag Friedrich Rösch (1883–1914), missionary and Egyptologist Richard Ottmar (1889–1956), theologian and timetable expert Ferdinand Schneider (1911–1984), chemist (sugar technology) Alois Albrecht (born 1936), Roman Catholic priest and songwriter Dieter Burger (politician) (1938–2007), politician, 1977–1993 Mayor of Sindelfingen Volker Hauff (born 1940), politician (SPD), MP, Federal Minister, former Mayor of Frankfurt am Main Thomas Freitag (born 1950), actor and cabaret artist Thomas Mayer (born 1954), Chief Economist of the Deutsche Bank Andreas Brown (born 1964), politician from 1999 to 2006 North Rhine Chairman of Alliance 90 / The Greens in Baden-Württemberg Christian Lange (born 1964), politician, member of the German Bundestag and Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliament group Jens Weidmann (born 1968), president of the Bundesbank, made his Abitur in Backnang Gregor Meyle (born 1978), German singer Patrick Bauer (born 1992), footballer and play-off winner with Charlton Athletic Andreas Hinkel (born 1982), SC Freiburg and Germany footballer Ralf Rangnick (born 1958), football manager Julian Schieber (born 1989), Hertha Berlin and Germany footballer Lisa and Lena (born 2002), social media stars Viola Brand (born 1994), artistic cyclist External links http://www.backnang.de - Official homepage http://www.juzebacknang.com https://web.archive.org/web/20070523190641/http://backnang24.de/murr-regatta/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095242/http://www.traumzeit-theater.de/TraumZeit-Theater-KalanagMuseum.htm - Kalanag Museum References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Backnang. ^ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse, Staatsanzeiger, accessed 14 September 2021. ^ "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022" (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Backnang". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ^ Frank Nopper mit 87 Prozent im Amt bestätigt, Backnanger Kreiszeitung vom 8. Februar 2010 ^ "87,1 Prozent: Frank Nopper gewinnt OB-Wahl". Backnanger Kreiszeitung. Retrieved 2018-06-20. ^ "Lebenslauf des Oberbürgermeisters". Stadt Backnang. Retrieved 2023-01-10. ^ "Oberbürgermeisterwahl Backnang 2021". Staatsanzeiger. Retrieved 2023-01-10. ^ "Partnerstädte". backnang.de (in German). Backnang. Archived from the original on 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2019-12-04. vteTowns and municipalities in Rems-Murr (district) Alfdorf Allmersbach im Tal Althütte Aspach Auenwald Backnang Berglen Burgstetten Fellbach Großerlach Kaisersbach Kernen Kirchberg an der Murr Korb Leutenbach Murrhardt Oppenweiler Plüderhausen Remshalden Rudersberg Schorndorf Schwaikheim Spiegelberg Sulzbach an der Murr Urbach Waiblingen Weinstadt Weissach im Tal Welzheim Winnenden Winterbach Coat of arms Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈbaknaŋ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/De-Backnang.ogg/De-Backnang.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Backnang.ogg"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesland_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Zähringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A4hringer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tanneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"factories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"cloth mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson"},{"link_name":"AEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG_(German_company)"},{"link_name":"Telefunken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefunken"},{"link_name":"ANT Nachrichtentechnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANT_Nachrichtentechnik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Marconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company"},{"link_name":"Tesat-Spacecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesat-Spacecom"},{"link_name":"Backnang Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backnang_Abbey"}],"text":"Town in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyBacknang (German pronunciation: [ˈbaknaŋ] ⓘ; Swabian: Bagene) is a town in Germany in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, roughly 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Stuttgart. Its population has increased greatly over the past century, from 7,650 in 1900 to 35,761 in 2005.Backnang was ceded to Württemberg by the Baden (Zähringer family) in 1325.[3] Backnang has been known as Gerberstadt due to several tanneries and leather factories, and wool and cloth mills that dominated Backnang's industries. Today, all of these have vanished, and instead, telecommunication companies such as Ericsson (formerly AEG, Telefunken, ANT Nachrichtentechnik, Bosch and Marconi) and Tesat-Spacecom dominate the town's industries. The Stiftskirche, formerly the church of Backnang Abbey, dates back to the 12th century.Backnang hosts the annual Strassenfest during the last weekend in June. It has been founded as a street festival where local sports and cultural clubs offered drinks and foods. The traditional opening of the Strassenfest is marked with cannon shots from the city tower at 6 pm on Friday and ends with the Zapfenstreich on the following Monday at 11 pm. The Strassenfest typically attracts more than 100,000 spectators.","title":"Backnang"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Backnang-Stiftshof.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg"}],"text":"Before 1930 the title for this position was Stadtschultheiß. In 1930 the title became Bürgermeister (Mayor), and in 1956 with the elevation of Backnang to a \"large district town,\" the title was changed to Oberbürgermeister (Lord Mayor).1901–1921: Hermann Eckstein\n1921–1945: Albert Rienhardt\n1946–1966: Walter Baumgärtner\n1966–1986: Martin Dietrich (1929-2012)\n1986–1994: Hannes Rieckhoff (born 1944)\n1994–2002: Jürgen-Heinrich Schmidt (born 1942)\n2002-2021: Frank Nopper (born 1961) [4][5]\nsince 2021: Maximilian Friedrich (born 1987) [6] [7]Stiftshof, the local court, on the rightChristmas market 2010","title":"Mayors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Annonay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Bácsalmás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1csalm%C3%A1s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in GermanyBacknang is twinned with:[8]Annonay, France\n Bácsalmás, Hungary\n Chelmsford, England, United Kingdom","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Alois Albrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Albrecht&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Albrecht"},{"link_name":"Sindelfingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindelfingen"},{"link_name":"Volker Hauff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hauff"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mayer_(German_economist)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"Jens Weidmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Weidmann"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Gregor Meyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Meyle"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bauer_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Andreas Hinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Hinkel"},{"link_name":"SC Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Ralf Rangnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Rangnick"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Julian Schieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schieber"},{"link_name":"Hertha Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Lisa and Lena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_and_Lena"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"Viola Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Brand"},{"link_name":"artistic cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_cycling"}],"text":"Eduard Breuninger (1854–1932), entrepreneur, founder of Breuninger company\nEugen Haefele (1874–1935), Württembergian official\nAnna Ziegler (1882–1942), politician (USPD, SPD), member of the Reichstag\nFriedrich Rösch (1883–1914), missionary and Egyptologist\nRichard Ottmar (1889–1956), theologian and timetable expert\nFerdinand Schneider (1911–1984), chemist (sugar technology)\nAlois Albrecht [de] (born 1936), Roman Catholic priest and songwriter\nDieter Burger (politician) (1938–2007), politician, 1977–1993 Mayor of Sindelfingen\nVolker Hauff (born 1940), politician (SPD), MP, Federal Minister, former Mayor of Frankfurt am Main\nThomas Freitag (born 1950), actor and cabaret artist\nThomas Mayer (born 1954), Chief Economist of the Deutsche Bank\nAndreas Brown (born 1964), politician from 1999 to 2006 North Rhine Chairman of Alliance 90 / The Greens in Baden-Württemberg\nChristian Lange (born 1964), politician, member of the German Bundestag and Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliament group\nJens Weidmann (born 1968), president of the Bundesbank, made his Abitur in Backnang\nGregor Meyle (born 1978), German singer\nPatrick Bauer (born 1992), footballer and play-off winner with Charlton Athletic\nAndreas Hinkel (born 1982), SC Freiburg and Germany footballer\nRalf Rangnick (born 1958), football manager\nJulian Schieber (born 1989), Hertha Berlin and Germany footballer\nLisa and Lena (born 2002), social media stars\nViola Brand (born 1994), artistic cyclist","title":"Notable 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Dezember 2022\" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Backnang\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Backnang","url_text":"Backnang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"87,1 Prozent: Frank Nopper gewinnt OB-Wahl\". Backnanger Kreiszeitung. Retrieved 2018-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bkz-online.de/node/1099923","url_text":"\"87,1 Prozent: Frank Nopper gewinnt OB-Wahl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lebenslauf des Oberbürgermeisters\". Stadt Backnang. Retrieved 2023-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.backnang.de/lebenslauf+des+oberbuergermeisters","url_text":"\"Lebenslauf des Oberbürgermeisters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oberbürgermeisterwahl Backnang 2021\". Staatsanzeiger. Retrieved 2023-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/oberbuergermeisterwahl-backnang-2021/","url_text":"\"Oberbürgermeisterwahl Backnang 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partnerstädte\". backnang.de (in German). Backnang. Archived from the original on 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2019-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201205082723/https://www.backnang.de/start/Stadt+Backnang/Unsere+Partnerstaedte","url_text":"\"Partnerstädte\""},{"url":"https://www.backnang.de/start/Stadt+Backnang/Unsere+Partnerstaedte","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Backnang&params=48_56_47_N_09_25_50_E_type:city(37957)_region:DE-BW","external_links_name":"48°56′47″N 09°25′50″E / 48.94639°N 9.43056°E / 48.94639; 9.43056"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBacknang&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Backnang&params=48_56_47_N_09_25_50_E_type:city(37957)_region:DE-BW","external_links_name":"48°56′47″N 09°25′50″E / 48.94639°N 9.43056°E / 48.94639; 9.43056"},{"Link":"http://www.backnang.de/","external_links_name":"www.backnang.de"},{"Link":"http://www.backnang.de/","external_links_name":"http://www.backnang.de"},{"Link":"http://www.juzebacknang.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.juzebacknang.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070523190641/http://backnang24.de/murr-regatta/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070523190641/http://backnang24.de/murr-regatta/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095242/http://www.traumzeit-theater.de/TraumZeit-Theater-KalanagMuseum.htm","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095242/http://www.traumzeit-theater.de/TraumZeit-Theater-KalanagMuseum.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/","external_links_name":"Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Ursae_Majoris	Merak (star)	["1 Spectral classification","2 Properties","3 Nomenclature","4 In culture","5 See also","6 References"]	Coordinates: 11h 01m 50.5s, +56° 22′ 57″Star in the constellation Ursa Major Merak Location of Merak (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Ursa Major Right ascension 11h 01m 50.47654s Declination +56° 22′ 56.7339″ Apparent magnitude (V) +2.37 Characteristics Spectral type A1IVps U−B color index +0.00 B−V color index -0.02 Variable type Suspected AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)-12.0 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: +81.43 mas/yr Dec.: +33.49 mas/yr Parallax (π)40.90 ± 0.16 masDistance79.7 ± 0.3 ly (24.45 ± 0.10 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)+0.61 DetailsMass2.7 M☉Radius3.021 ± 0.038 R☉Luminosity63.015 ± 1.307 L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.83 cgsTemperature9377 ± 75 KRotational velocity (v sin i)46 km/sAge500 ± 100 Myr Other designations Merak, Mirak, β Ursae Majoris, β UMa, Beta UMa, 48 Ursae Majoris, BD+57°1302, FK5 416, GC 15145, HD 95418, HIP 53910, HR 4295, PPM 32912, SAO 27876 Database referencesSIMBADdata Size comparison between the Sun, Beta Ursae Majoris, Pollux, and Arcturus. Merak /ˈmɪəræk/, also called Beta Ursae Majoris (β Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Beta UMa, β UMa), is a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +2.37, which means it is readily visible to the naked eye. It is more familiar to northern hemisphere observers as one of the "pointer stars" in the Big Dipper, or the Plough (UK), which is a prominent asterism of seven stars that forms part of the larger constellation. Extending an imaginary straight line from this star through the nearby Alpha Ursae Majoris (Dubhe) extends to Polaris, the north star. Spectral classification In 1943, β Ursae Majoris was listed as a spectral standard for the class of A1 V. When improved instruments made it possible to identify subgiant luminosity classes for early A-class stars, β Ursae Majoris was assigned that class A0 IV. This was later revised to A1 IV. It is considered to be a mild Am star, a type of chemically peculiar star with unusually strong lines of certain metallic elements. Properties Based upon parallax measurements, β Ursae Majoris is located at a distance of 79.7 light-years (24.4 parsecs) from the Sun. It is a subgiant, a star that has exhausted the hydrogen in its core and is now cooling as it generates energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell outside the core. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is about 9,225 K, giving it a white-hued glow that is typical for A-type stars. It is larger than the Sun, with about 2.7 times the mass and 2.84 times the solar radius. If they were viewed from the same distance, Beta Ursae Majoris would appear much brighter than the Sun, as it is radiating 68 times the Sun's luminosity. Observation of the star in the infrared reveal an excess emission that suggests the presence of a circumstellar debris disk of orbiting dust, much like those discovered around Fomalhaut and Vega. The mean temperature of this disk is 120 K, indicating that it is centered at a radius of 47 AU from the host star. The dust has an estimated mass of about 0.27% the mass of the Earth. Beta Ursae Majoris is one of five stars in the Big Dipper that form a part of a loose open cluster called the Ursa Major moving group, sharing the same region of space and not just the same patch of sky from Earth's perspective. This group has an estimated age of about 500 (± 100) million years. As the members of this group share a common origin and motion through space, this yields an estimate for the age of Beta Ursae Majoris. Two stars are known to be located in relatively close proximity: 37 Ursae Majoris at 5.2 light-years (1.6 pc) and Gamma Ursae Majoris at 11 light-years (3.4 pc); much closer to each other than these stars are to the Earth. Nomenclature β Ursae Majoris (Latinised to Beta Ursae Majoris) is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name Merak derived from the Arabic المراق al-marāqq 'the loins' (of the bear). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Merak for this star. The Hindus called the star Pulaha, one of the Seven Rishis. In Chinese, 北斗 (Běi Dǒu), meaning Northern Dipper, refers to an asterism equivalent to the Big Dipper. Consequently, the Chinese name for Beta Ursae Majoris itself is 北斗二 (Běi Dǒu èr, English: the Second Star of Northern Dipper) and 天璇 (Tiān Xuán, English: Star of Celestial Rotating Jade). In culture USS Merak (1918) and USS Merak (AF-21) are both United States navy ships. See also Lists of stars List of brightest stars List of nearest bright stars Historical brightest stars References ^ a b c d e van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. ^ a b c d Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1966), "UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars", Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 4 (99): 99, Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J ^ a b Phillips, N. M.; Greaves, J. S.; Dent, W. R. F.; Matthews, B. C.; Holland, W. S.; Wyatt, M. C.; Sibthorpe, B. (2010). "Target selection for the SUNS and DEBRIS surveys for debris discs in the solar neighbourhood". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 403 (3): 1089. arXiv:0911.3426. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403.1089P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15641.x. S2CID 119262858. ^ Evans, D. S. (June 20–24, 1966). "The Revision of the General Catalogue of Radial Velocities". In Batten, Alan Henry; Heard, John Frederick (eds.). Determination of Radial Velocities and their Applications, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 30. Determination of Radial Velocities and Their Applications. Vol. 30. University of Toronto: International Astronomical Union. p. 57. Bibcode:1967IAUS...30...57E. ^ Eggen, Olin J. (August 1998), "The Sirius Supercluster and Missing Mass near the Sun", The Astronomical Journal, 116 (2): 782–788, Bibcode:1998AJ....116..782E, doi:10.1086/300465. ^ a b c d e Wyatt, M. C.; et al. (July 2007), "Steady State Evolution of Debris Disks around A Stars", The Astrophysical Journal, 663 (1): 365–382, arXiv:astro-ph/0703608, Bibcode:2007ApJ...663..365W, doi:10.1086/518404, S2CID 18883195 ^ a b c Boyajian, Tabetha S.; et al. (February 2012), "Stellar Diameters and Temperatures. I. Main-sequence A, F, and G Stars", The Astrophysical Journal, 746 (1): 101, arXiv:1112.3316, Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..101B, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/101, S2CID 18993744. See Table 10. ^ a b c Monier, R. (November 2005), "Abundances of a sample of A and F-type dwarf members of the Ursa Major Group", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 442 (2): 563–566, Bibcode:2005A&A...442..563M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053222 ^ Royer, F.; Zorec, J.; Gómez, A. E. (February 2007), "Rotational velocities of A-type stars. III. Velocity distributions", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 463 (2): 671–682, arXiv:astro-ph/0610785, Bibcode:2007A&A...463..671R, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065224, S2CID 18475298 ^ a b c Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899), "Star-names and their meanings", New York, G. E. Stechert: 438, Bibcode:1899sntm.book.....A ^ "MERAK -- Variable Star", SIMBAD, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2012-01-01 ^ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7. ^ "IAU Catalog of Star Names". Retrieved 28 Apr 2019. ^ Morgan, William Wilson; Keenan, Philip Childs; Kellman, Edith (1943). "An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification". Chicago. Bibcode:1943assw.book.....M. ^ Barry, Don C. (1970). "Spectral Classification of a and F Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 19: 281. Bibcode:1970ApJS...19..281B. doi:10.1086/190209. ^ Renson, P.; Manfroid, J. (2009). "Catalogue of Ap, HGMN and Am stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 (3): 961. Bibcode:2009A&A...498..961R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810788. ^ "The Colour of Stars", Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-18, retrieved 2012-01-16 ^ a b c Rhee, Joseph H.; et al. (May 2007), "Characterization of Dusty Debris Disks: The IRAS and Hipparcos Catalogs", The Astrophysical Journal, 660 (2): 1556–1571, arXiv:astro-ph/0609555, Bibcode:2007ApJ...660.1556R, doi:10.1086/509912, S2CID 11879505 ^ Shaya, Ed J.; Olling, Rob P. (January 2011), "Very Wide Binaries and Other Comoving Stellar Companions: A Bayesian Analysis of the Hipparcos Catalogue", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 192 (1): 2, arXiv:1007.0425, Bibcode:2011ApJS..192....2S, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/2, S2CID 119226823 ^ "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016. ^ "Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 15 日 vteConstellation of Ursa MajorStarsBayer α (Dubhe) β (Merak) γ (Phecda) δ (Megrez) ε (Alioth) ζ (Mizar) η (Alkaid) θ ι (Talitha) κ (Alkaphrah) λ (Tania Borealis) μ (Tania Australis) ν (Alula Borealis) ξ (Alula Australis) ο (Muscida) π1 π2 ρ σ1 σ2 τ υ φ χ (Taiyangshou) ψ ω Flamsteed 2 (A) 5 (b) 6 15 (f) 16 (c) 17 18 (e) 19 20 21 22 23 (h) 24 (d) 26 27 28 31 32 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 (Chalawan) 49 51 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 65 66 67 68 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 78 80 (Alcor) 81 82 83 84 86 55 Cam 56 Cam 57 Cam 1 CVn 14 LMi 15 LMi 25 LMi 47 LMi 37 Lyn 39 Lyn 41 Lyn (Intercrus) Variable R T U W Z RV ST SU SW SX TU TX TY UX UY VV VX VY XY ZZ AA AB AE AN AR AW BC BE BM BZ CG CH CO CQ CY DH DI DM DV DW EE EG EI EK EN EP ER ET EU EV EZ IY KS HR 3922 4067 4098 4132 4867 5148 HD 68988 (Násti) 74389 80606 80607 84406 98618 99706 118203 (Liesma) 233731 Other ADS 7251 Feige 55 G 196-3 Gliese 338 Gliese 412 Gliese 414 GJ 3512 Groombridge 1618 Groombridge 1830 HAT-P-3 (Dombay) HAT-P-13 HAT-P-21 (Mazaalai) HIP 57050 HIP 57274 KELT-24 Lalande 21185 M82 X-1 M82 X-2 Qatar-8 Sidus Ludoviciana UGC 5497 US 708 Winnecke 4 WISE 1405+5534 XTE J1118+480 Exoplanets 47 Ursae Majoris b (Taphao Thong) c (Taphao Kaew) d ο Ursae Majoris b 41 Lyncis b (Arkas) Gliese 414 Ab c HAT-P-3b (Teberda) HD 80606 b HD 89744 b KELT-24b Nebulae Owl Nebula GalaxiesMessier 81 (Bode's Galaxy) 82 (Cigar Galaxy) 101 (Pinwheel Galaxy) 108 109 NGC 2603 2606 2681 2685 2688 2768 2787 2800 2814 2841 2857 2950 2959 2976 2985 2998 3005 3006 3008 3009 3073 3077 3079 3184 3191 3198 3259 3310 3319 3353 3359 3435 3445 3448 3516 3539 3545B 3550 3552 3553 3554 3358 3561 3583 3610 3613 3619 3631 3642 3656 3665 3669 3675 3690 3718 3726 3729 3738 3741 3786 3794 3877 3893 3898 3921 3928 3938 3941 3945 3949 3953 3972 3982 3985 3994 3995 3998 4013 4026 4036 4041 4051 4088 4096 4100 4102 4144 4157 4194 4500 4605 5001 5164 5201 5204 5256 5278 5279 5308 5322 5422 5473 5474 5477 5502 5585 Other 2MASX J09175344+5143379 3C 219 3C 244.1 3C 268.3 CEERS-2112 Haro 2 Holmberg IX I Zwicky 18 IC 923 IC 2574 IRAS F11119+3257 LEDA 2073461 Markarian 231 Markarian 273 Markarian 421 Mayall's Object SDSS J1148+5251 UGC 4879 UGC 5101 UGC 6945 UGC 8335 UGC 8508 Ursa Major III Category Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"11h 01m 50.5s, +56° 22′ 57″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=11.030694444444&de=56.3825&zoom=10&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_to_Arcturus_comparison.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Pollux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollux_(star)"},{"link_name":"Arcturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus"},{"link_name":"/ˈmɪəræk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunitzsch-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-CSN-13"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Ursa Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clpl4_99-2"},{"link_name":"northern hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Big Dipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dipper"},{"link_name":"asterism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Alpha Ursae Majoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Ursae_Majoris"},{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris"}],"text":"Coordinates: 11h 01m 50.5s, +56° 22′ 57″Star in the constellation Ursa MajorSize comparison between the Sun, Beta Ursae Majoris, Pollux, and Arcturus.Merak /ˈmɪəræk/, also called Beta Ursae Majoris (β Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Beta UMa, β UMa),[12][13] is a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major.The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +2.37,[2] which means it is readily visible to the naked eye. It is more familiar to northern hemisphere observers as one of the \"pointer stars\" in the Big Dipper, or the Plough (UK), which is a prominent asterism of seven stars that forms part of the larger constellation. Extending an imaginary straight line from this star through the nearby Alpha Ursae Majoris (Dubhe) extends to Polaris, the north star.","title":"Merak (star)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-14"},{"link_name":"luminosity classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_class"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barry-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-3"},{"link_name":"Am star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_star"},{"link_name":"chemically peculiar star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renson-16"}],"text":"In 1943, β Ursae Majoris was listed as a spectral standard for the class of A1 V.[14] When improved instruments made it possible to identify subgiant luminosity classes for early A-class stars, β Ursae Majoris was assigned that class A0 IV.[15] This was later revised to A1 IV.[3] It is considered to be a mild Am star, a type of chemically peculiar star with unusually strong lines of certain metallic elements.[16]","title":"Spectral classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"subgiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgiant"},{"link_name":"thermonuclear fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj663_1_365-6"},{"link_name":"A-type stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-type_star"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csiro-17"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"solar radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radius"},{"link_name":"Sun's luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_luminosity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj663_1_365-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj660_2_1556-18"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"excess emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_excess"},{"link_name":"debris disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debris_disk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj663_1_365-6"},{"link_name":"Fomalhaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut"},{"link_name":"Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj660_2_1556-18"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj663_1_365-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj660_2_1556-18"},{"link_name":"open cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_cluster"},{"link_name":"Ursa Major moving group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major_moving_group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa442_2_563-8"},{"link_name":"Gamma Ursae Majoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Ursae_Majoris"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apjss192_1_2-19"}],"text":"Based upon parallax measurements, β Ursae Majoris is located at a distance of 79.7 light-years (24.4 parsecs) from the Sun. It is a subgiant, a star that has exhausted the hydrogen in its core and is now cooling as it generates energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell outside the core. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is about 9,225 K,[6] giving it a white-hued glow that is typical for A-type stars.[17] It is larger than the Sun, with about 2.7 times the mass and 2.84 times the solar radius. If they were viewed from the same distance, Beta Ursae Majoris would appear much brighter than the Sun, as it is radiating 68 times the Sun's luminosity.[6][18]Observation of the star in the infrared reveal an excess emission that suggests the presence of a circumstellar debris disk of orbiting dust,[6] much like those discovered around Fomalhaut and Vega. The mean temperature of this disk is 120 K,[18] indicating that it is centered at a radius of 47 AU from the host star.[6] The dust has an estimated mass of about 0.27% the mass of the Earth.[18]Beta Ursae Majoris is one of five stars in the Big Dipper that form a part of a loose open cluster called the Ursa Major moving group, sharing the same region of space and not just the same patch of sky from Earth's perspective. This group has an estimated age of about 500 (± 100) million years. As the members of this group share a common origin and motion through space, this yields an estimate for the age of Beta Ursae Majoris.[8] Two stars are known to be located in relatively close proximity: 37 Ursae Majoris at 5.2 light-years (1.6 pc) and Gamma Ursae Majoris at 11 light-years (3.4 pc); much closer to each other than these stars are to the Earth.[19]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latinised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"Bayer designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designation"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen1899-10"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Working Group on Star Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_Working_Group_on_Star_Names"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGSN-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGSN1-21"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"Pulaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaha"},{"link_name":"Seven Rishis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarishi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen1899-10"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy"},{"link_name":"北斗","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97"},{"link_name":"Northern Dipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_star_names"},{"link_name":"北斗二","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E4%BA%8C"},{"link_name":"天璇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"β Ursae Majoris (Latinised to Beta Ursae Majoris) is the star's Bayer designation.It bore the traditional name Merak derived from the Arabic المراق al-marāqq 'the loins' (of the bear).[10] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[20] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Merak for this star.[21]The Hindus called the star Pulaha, one of the Seven Rishis.[10]In Chinese, 北斗 (Běi Dǒu), meaning Northern Dipper, refers to an asterism equivalent to the Big Dipper. Consequently, the Chinese name for Beta Ursae Majoris itself is 北斗二 (Běi Dǒu èr, English: the Second Star of Northern Dipper) and 天璇 (Tiān Xuán, English: Star of Celestial Rotating Jade).[22]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Merak (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Merak"},{"link_name":"USS Merak (AF-21)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Merak_(AF-21)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"USS Merak (1918) and USS Merak (AF-21) are both United States navy ships.","title":"In culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Size comparison between the Sun, Beta Ursae Majoris, Pollux, and Arcturus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sun_to_Arcturus_comparison.jpg/220px-Sun_to_Arcturus_comparison.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Lists of stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stars"},{"title":"List of brightest stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars"},{"title":"List of nearest bright stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars"},{"title":"Historical brightest stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars"}]	[{"reference":"van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752","url_text":"0708.1752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V","url_text":"2007A&A...474..653V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600","url_text":"18759600"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, H. L.; et al. 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Bibcode:2009A&A...498..961R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810788.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/890529","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Ap, HGMN and Am stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...498..961R","url_text":"2009A&A...498..961R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F200810788","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361/200810788"}]},{"reference":"\"The Colour of Stars\", Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-18, retrieved 2012-01-16","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318151427/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html","url_text":"\"The Colour of Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation","url_text":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation"},{"url":"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rhee, Joseph H.; et al. (May 2007), \"Characterization of Dusty Debris Disks: The IRAS and Hipparcos Catalogs\", The Astrophysical Journal, 660 (2): 1556–1571, arXiv:astro-ph/0609555, Bibcode:2007ApJ...660.1556R, doi:10.1086/509912, S2CID 11879505","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609555","url_text":"astro-ph/0609555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...660.1556R","url_text":"2007ApJ...660.1556R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F509912","url_text":"10.1086/509912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11879505","url_text":"11879505"}]},{"reference":"Shaya, Ed J.; Olling, Rob P. (January 2011), \"Very Wide Binaries and Other Comoving Stellar Companions: A Bayesian Analysis of the Hipparcos Catalogue\", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 192 (1): 2, arXiv:1007.0425, Bibcode:2011ApJS..192....2S, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/2, S2CID 119226823","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.0425","url_text":"1007.0425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJS..192....2S","url_text":"2011ApJS..192....2S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F192%2F1%2F2","url_text":"10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119226823","url_text":"119226823"}]},{"reference":"\"IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Horne	Richard Henry Horne	["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Australia","4 London and later life","5 Legacy and influence","6 References","7 External links"]	English poet and critic (1802–1884) For children's book author, cartoonist, and video game designer Richard Horne, see Harry Horse. Richard Henry (or Hengist) Horne by Margaret Gillies, c. 1840 Richard Hengist Horne (born Richard Henry Horne) (31 December 1802 – 13 March 1884) was an English poet and critic most famous for his poem Orion. Early life Horne was born at Edmonton, London, son of James Horne, a quarter-master in the 61st Regiment. The family moved to Guernsey, where James was stationed, until James' death on 16 April 1810. Horne was raised at the home of his rich paternal grandmother and sent to a school at Edmonton and then to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, as he was intended for the army. Horne appears to have had as little sense of discipline as Adam Lindsay Gordon showed at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and like him was asked to leave. It appears that he caricatured the headmaster, and took part in a rebellion. He began writing while still in his teens. In 1825 he went as a midshipman in the Libertad to fight for Mexican independence, was taken prisoner, and joined the Mexican navy. He served in the war against Spain, travelled in the United States and Canada, returned to England in 1827, and took up literature as a profession. Early career Horne was employed by Charles Dickens on Household Words in 1849 Horne became a journalist, and from 1836 to 1837 edited the Monthly Repository. In 1837 he published two tragedies, Cosmo de' Medici and The Death of Marlowe. Another drama in blank verse, Gregory VII, appeared in 1840, and in 1841 a History of Napoleon in prose. About the end of 1840 Horne was given employment as a sub-commissioner in connection with the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment which particularly focused on the employment of children in mines and manufactures. This commission finished its labours at the beginning of 1843, and in the same year Horne published his epic poem, Orion. It was published originally at the price of one farthing, and was widely read; three editions were published at that price, and three more at increased prices before the end of the year. In the next year he set forth a volume of critical essays called A New Spirit of the Age, in which he was assisted by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, with whom, from 1839 to her marriage in 1846, he conducted a voluminous correspondence. For many years Horne lived with the writer Mary Gillies, sharing houses in Upper Montagu Street, 5 Fortess Terrace, Kentish Town (later renamed 40 Fortess Road) and Hillside, Fitzroy Park Highgate, with her sister, the artist Margaret Gillies and her partner, the physician and reformer Thomas Southwood Smith. This cohabitation of two unmarried women with their partners, one of whom was himself married, was calmly accepted by some but shocked many who ostracised them. In 1847 Horne married Catherine Foggo (daughter of David Foggo) and they lived at Beaumont Cottage, Adelaide Road, Hampstead but their marriage was not a happy one. Catherine died in 1893 and shares a grave in Highgate Cemetery with Mary Gillies. In December 1849 Horne's acquaintance Charles Dickens gave him a position as a sub-editor on his new weekly magazine Household Words at a salary of "five guineas a week". In 1852 with Horne's marriage failing and being discontented with his work on Household Words, he decided to emigrate to Australia. Australia In June 1852 Horne migrated to the Colony of Victoria in Australia, travelling as a passenger on the same ship as William Howitt and arriving in Melbourne in September. With assistance from Captain Archibald Chisholm (husband of Caroline Chisholm, a contributor to Household Words), he was given a position as commander of a gold escort. It was later reported that on the first trip of the escort under Horne's command they returned to Melbourne with "two tons weight of gold". The escort was robbed in 1853 and Horne wrote to The Argus with his recollections of George Melville, the bushranger convicted of the crime and hanged. In 1854 he was a Goldfields Commissioner at the Waranga goldrush (during the Victorian gold rush) and named the township of Rushworth. During his time there he also reached a peaceful settlement with over 4,000 gold miners who had rioted over the payment of their mining license fee and, in his memoirs, stated that he believed this action, in light of the events at the Eureka Stockade a few months later, was never adequately recognised. During his time at Rushworth, as part of a "foolhardy business transaction", Horne had invested in blocks of land at nearby Murchison on the Goulburn River. But as "the village grew slowly" he was eager to "promote any venture which might bring prosperity to the district" and joined with his friend, Rushworth storekeeper Ludovic Marie in establishing a vineyard on the river near Nagambie. The two set up a public company, the Goulburn Vineyard Proprietary, with Marie as manager and Horne as honorary secretary. A third partner "died mysteriously in the Melbourne scrub" but the venture lasted and still exists as the Tahbilk winery. The venture didn't compensate Horne for the money he had lost in an early public float but he later claimed "he was the father of the Australian wine industry". In 1856, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Victorian Electoral district of Rodney. In his platform of policies was an ambitious proposal for an irrigation system, which was realised with the construction of the Waranga Basin in the 1900s. Following Waranga, Horne acted as a counsel's clerk to his friend, Archibald Michie. Horne became a commissioner of the Yan Yean water-supply on 18 April 1857. It is unfortunate that his lively Australian Autobiography, prefixed to his Australian Facts and Prospects published in 1859, abruptly breaks off about 1854–55. From among the Commissioners he was elected President of the Victorian Sewerage and Water Commission. He lost the position "as a consequence of departmental changes" and was promised another "by successive Governments" however this did not eventuate. He "wasted three years and upwards, in fruitless expectation", and, with his capital tied up in Goulburn River investments, he applied to the Royal Literary Fund, of London, where he "was at once recognised, and a handsome assistance transmitted to him by return mail". While in Australia Horne brought out an Australian edition of Orion (1854), and in 1864 published his lyrical drama Prometheus the Fire-bringer. Another edition, printed in Australia, came out in 1866. Also published in 1866 were The South Sea Sisters, a Lyric Masque, for which Charles Horsley (then living in Melbourne) wrote the music. It was sung at the opening of the 1866 intercolonial exhibition. Along with such literary figures as Henry Kendall, Adam Lindsay Gordon, George Gordon McCrae and Marcus Clarke he was a member of the Yorick Club where members met and discussed literature. Horne was the founding President of Melbourne's Garrick Club in the 1850s and at a charitable theatrical fundraiser in 1855 "kindly consented to sing a Spanish Romansa and Serence" between the two short plays. London and later life In 1860 Horne was again unemployed. In 1869, "dissatisfied with the failure of the Victorian government to fulfil what he conceived to be its obligations to him", he returned to England. A later memoria of Horne notes that after his return from Australia he settled in "poor quarters in Marylebone" and "ill at ease in London" his health suffered. This included "a melancholy increase in weight" that resulted in "V-shaped additions" having to be added to his trousers to accommodate his girth. However, courtesy of his physician, Dr. Bird, of Welbeck Street, his health returned and one day two ladies entering the Doctor's practice "were startled to see an old gentleman sliding headfirst down the banisters. This was Mr. Horne celebrating his return to health." During the 15 years after his return to England, Horne published several books including the Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Richard Hengist Horne. Horne received a Civil List pension of £50 a year in 1874 (increasing to £100 in 1880) and died at Margate on 13 March 1884; leaving behind him much unpublished work. A more complete list of Horne's published work will be found in the British Museum catalogue. Horne was buried in Margate Cemetery. Legacy and influence Horne possessed extraordinary versatility, but, except in the case of Orion, he never attained to a very high degree of distinction. That poem, indeed, has much of the quality of fine poetry; it is earnest, vivid and alive with spirit. But Horne early drove his talent too hard, and continued to write when he had little left to say. In criticism he had insight and quickness. He was one of the first to appreciate Keats and Tennyson, and he gave valuable encouragement to Mrs. Browning when she was still Miss Elizabeth Barrett. Hornes's epic poem, Orion was reprinted by the Scholartis Press in 1928. He has been the subject of two biographies: Always morning: the life of Richard Henry "Orion" Horne by Cyril Pearl (1960) The farthing poet: a biography of Richard Hengist Horne, 1802–84; a lesser literary lion by Ann Blainey (1968) References ^ a b c d e Blainey, Ann. "Horne, Richard Henry (1802–1884)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 13 February 2017. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Horne, Richard Henry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 709. ^ Blainey (1963), p. 6. ^ a b c d Serle, Percival (1949). "Horne, Richard Henry". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 13 February 2017. ^ Mennell, Philip (1892). "Horne, Richard Henry" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource. ^ "Biography". The Queenslander. Brisbane. 22 March 1884. p. 452. Retrieved 4 September 2013. Archive at National Library of Australia (nla.gov.au) . ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Horne, Richard Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ Hayes, David (2009). "From Southwood Smith to Octavia Hill: a remarkable family's Camden years". Camden History Review. 33: 9. ^ Raphael, Isabel (2009). "Southwood Smith: his extraordinary life and family". Camden History Review. 33. ^ "England and Wales Census, 1851". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ "Listing of Grave entries for Grave 14900". Highgate Cemetery. 10 April 2021. ^ Blainey 1963, 179. ^ Blainey 1963, 196–97. ^ "UNCLAIMED GOLD". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 March 1855. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ "MELVILLE'S EXPLOITS". The Argus. Melbourne. 26 November 1856. p. 6. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ a b c d Blainey 1963, 219. ^ Blainey 1963, 211. ^ a b c d "Mr R. H. Horne and the Government". The Ballarat Star. Victoria. 9 June 1869. p. 3. Retrieved 13 February 2017. Archive at NLA. ^ "Mining Boards and Mining Leases". The Argus. Melbourne. 24 December 1858. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ "Mr. R.H. Horne". The Empire. Sydney. 25 October 1854. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ "Australian poetry". Launceston Examiner. Tasmania. 21 May 1867. p. 4. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ Cowper, Norman. "McCrae, George Gordon (1833–1927)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 5. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 13 February 2017. ^ "The Garrick Club Dinner". The Argus. Melbourne. 20 February 1856. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ "Advertising". The Argus. Melbourne. 26 July 1855. p. 8. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ ""ORION" HORNE MEMORIAS". The Argus. Melbourne. 23 January 1904. p. 5. Retrieved 4 September 2013. Archive at NLA. ^ National Union Catalog, v.254, p134, citing the Library of Congress copy of the 10th edition of 1874. Blainey, Ann (1963). The farthing poet: a biography of Richard Hengist Horne, 1802–84; a lesser literary lion. London: Longmans. External links Media related to Richard Henry Horne at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Richard Henry Horne at Wikiquote Works by or about Richard Henry Horne at Wikisource Works by or about Richard Henry Horne at Internet Archive Works by Richard Henry Horne at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) R. H. Horne at Library of Congress, with 36 library catalogue records Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Sweden Australia Netherlands Portugal Artists Australian Artists MusicBrainz People Australia Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Horse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Henry_(or_Hengist)_Horne_by_Margaret_Gillies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Margaret Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gillies"},{"link_name":"c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Orion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"}],"text":"For children's book author, cartoonist, and video game designer Richard Horne, see Harry Horse.Richard Henry (or Hengist) Horne by Margaret Gillies, c. 1840Richard Hengist Horne (born Richard Henry Horne) (31 December 1802 – 13 March 1884)[1] was an English poet and critic most famous for his poem Orion.[2]","title":"Richard Henry Horne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_London"},{"link_name":"61st Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_(South_Gloucestershire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"Adam Lindsay Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Lindsay_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serle-4"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"Libertad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertad_(schooner)_1847"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit84-6"}],"text":"Horne was born at Edmonton, London, son of James Horne, a quarter-master in the 61st Regiment. The family moved to Guernsey, where James was stationed, until James' death on 16 April 1810.[3] Horne was raised at the home of his rich paternal grandmother[1] and sent to a school at Edmonton and then to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, as he was intended for the army. Horne appears to have had as little sense of discipline as Adam Lindsay Gordon showed at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and like him was asked to leave.[4] It appears that he caricatured the headmaster, and took part in a rebellion. He began writing while still in his teens. In 1825 he went as a midshipman in the Libertad to fight for Mexican independence,[1] was taken prisoner, and joined the Mexican navy.[5] He served in the war against Spain,[2] travelled in the United States and Canada, returned to England in 1827, and took up literature as a profession.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Householdwordsvol2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Household Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Words"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Monthly Repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Repository"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Children%27s_Employment"},{"link_name":"farthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_farthing"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Barrett Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-il-7"},{"link_name":"Mary Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gillies"},{"link_name":"Kentish Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_Town"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"Margaret Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gillies"},{"link_name":"Thomas Southwood Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Southwood_Smith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IR-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Road"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serle-4"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Household Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Words"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"}],"text":"Horne was employed by Charles Dickens on Household Words in 1849 [clarification needed]Horne became a journalist, and from 1836 to 1837 edited the Monthly Repository.[2] In 1837 he published two tragedies, Cosmo de' Medici and The Death of Marlowe.[2] Another drama in blank verse, Gregory VII, appeared in 1840, and in 1841 a History of Napoleon[2] in prose.About the end of 1840 Horne was given employment as a sub-commissioner in connection with the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment which particularly focused on the employment of children in mines and manufactures. This commission finished its labours at the beginning of 1843, and in the same year Horne published his epic poem, Orion. It was published originally at the price of one farthing, and was widely read; three editions were published at that price, and three more at increased prices before the end of the year. In the next year he set forth a volume of critical essays called A New Spirit of the Age, in which he was assisted by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, with whom, from 1839 to her marriage in 1846, he conducted a voluminous correspondence.[7]For many years Horne lived with the writer Mary Gillies, sharing houses in Upper Montagu Street, 5 Fortess Terrace, Kentish Town (later renamed 40 Fortess Road) and Hillside, Fitzroy Park Highgate, with her sister, the artist Margaret Gillies and her partner, the physician and reformer Thomas Southwood Smith.[8] This cohabitation of two unmarried women with their partners, one of whom was himself married, was calmly accepted by some but shocked many who ostracised them.[9]In 1847 Horne married Catherine Foggo (daughter of David Foggo)[1] and they lived at Beaumont Cottage, Adelaide Road, Hampstead[10] but their marriage was not a happy one.[4] Catherine died in 1893 and shares a grave in Highgate Cemetery with Mary Gillies.[11]In December 1849 Horne's acquaintance Charles Dickens gave him a position as a sub-editor on his new weekly magazine Household Words at a salary of \"five guineas a week\".[12] In 1852 with Horne's marriage failing and being discontented with his work on Household Words, he decided to emigrate to Australia.[1]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colony of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"William Howitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howitt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Caroline Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"bushranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushranger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Victorian gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Rushworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushworth,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Eureka Stockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Stockade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Goulburn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulburn_River"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blainey219-16"},{"link_name":"Nagambie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagambie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blainey219-16"},{"link_name":"Goulburn Vineyard Proprietary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahbilk#History"},{"link_name":"Tahbilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahbilk"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blainey219-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blainey219-16"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Rodney"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Waranga Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waranga_Basin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Archibald Michie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Michie"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yanyean-18"},{"link_name":"Yan Yean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Yean,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yanyean-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yanyean-18"},{"link_name":"Royal Literary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Literary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yanyean-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The South Sea Sisters, a Lyric Masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South-Sea_Sisters:_A_Lyric_Masque"},{"link_name":"Charles Horsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Horsley"},{"link_name":"Henry Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kendall_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Adam Lindsay Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Lindsay_Gordon"},{"link_name":"George Gordon McCrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_McCrae"},{"link_name":"Marcus Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Yorick Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorick_Club_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In June 1852 Horne migrated to the Colony of Victoria in Australia, travelling as a passenger on the same ship as William Howitt[2] and arriving in Melbourne in September. With assistance from Captain Archibald Chisholm (husband of Caroline Chisholm, a contributor to Household Words), he was given a position as commander of a gold escort.[13] It was later reported that on the first trip of the escort under Horne's command they returned to Melbourne with \"two tons weight of gold\".[14] The escort was robbed in 1853 and Horne wrote to The Argus with his recollections of George Melville, the bushranger convicted of the crime and hanged.[15]In 1854 he was a Goldfields Commissioner at the Waranga goldrush (during the Victorian gold rush) and named the township of Rushworth. During his time there he also reached a peaceful settlement with over 4,000 gold miners who had rioted over the payment of their mining license fee and, in his memoirs, stated that he believed this action, in light of the events at the Eureka Stockade a few months later, was never adequately recognised.[citation needed]During his time at Rushworth, as part of a \"foolhardy business transaction\", Horne had invested in blocks of land at nearby Murchison on the Goulburn River.[16] But as \"the village grew slowly\" he was eager to \"promote any venture which might bring prosperity to the district\" and joined with his friend, Rushworth storekeeper Ludovic Marie in establishing a vineyard on the river near Nagambie.[16] The two set up a public company, the Goulburn Vineyard Proprietary, with Marie as manager and Horne as honorary secretary. A third partner \"died mysteriously in the Melbourne scrub\" but the venture lasted and still exists as the Tahbilk winery.[16] The venture didn't compensate Horne for the money he had lost in an early public float but he later claimed \"he was the father of the Australian wine industry\".[16]In 1856, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Victorian Electoral district of Rodney.[17] In his platform of policies was an ambitious proposal for an irrigation system, which was realised with the construction of the Waranga Basin in the 1900s.[citation needed]Following Waranga, Horne acted as a counsel's clerk to his friend, Archibald Michie.[18] Horne became a commissioner of the Yan Yean water-supply on 18 April 1857.[18] It is unfortunate that his lively Australian Autobiography, prefixed to his Australian Facts and Prospects published in 1859, abruptly breaks off about 1854–55. From among the Commissioners he was elected President of the Victorian Sewerage and Water Commission.[19]He lost the position \"as a consequence of departmental changes\" and was promised another \"by successive Governments\" however this did not eventuate.[18] He \"wasted three years and upwards, in fruitless expectation\", and, with his capital tied up in Goulburn River investments, he applied to the Royal Literary Fund, of London, where he \"was at once recognised, and a handsome assistance transmitted to him by return mail\".[18]While in Australia Horne brought out an Australian edition of Orion (1854),[20] and in 1864 published his lyrical drama Prometheus the Fire-bringer.[21] Another edition, printed in Australia, came out in 1866. Also published in 1866 were The South Sea Sisters, a Lyric Masque, for which Charles Horsley (then living in Melbourne) wrote the music. It was sung at the opening of the 1866 intercolonial exhibition. Along with such literary figures as Henry Kendall, Adam Lindsay Gordon, George Gordon McCrae and Marcus Clarke he was a member of the Yorick Club where members met and discussed literature.[22]Horne was the founding President of Melbourne's Garrick Club in the 1850s[23] and at a charitable theatrical fundraiser in 1855 \"kindly consented to sing a Spanish Romansa and Serence\" between the two short plays.[24]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"Welbeck Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Street"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serle-4"},{"link_name":"Civil List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_List"},{"link_name":"Margate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serle-4"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Margate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate_Cemetery"}],"text":"In 1860 Horne was again unemployed. In 1869, \"dissatisfied with the failure of the Victorian government to fulfil what he conceived to be its obligations to him\", he returned to England. A later memoria of Horne notes that after his return from Australia he settled in \"poor quarters in Marylebone\" and \"ill at ease in London\" his health suffered. This included \"a melancholy increase in weight\" that resulted in \"V-shaped additions\" having to be added to his trousers to accommodate his girth. However, courtesy of his physician, Dr. Bird, of Welbeck Street, his health returned and one day two ladies entering the Doctor's practice \"were startled to see an old gentleman sliding headfirst down the banisters. This was Mr. Horne celebrating his return to health.\"[25]During the 15 years after his return to England, Horne published several books including the Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Richard Hengist Horne.[4]Horne received a Civil List pension of £50 a year in 1874 (increasing to £100 in 1880) and died at Margate on 13 March 1884; leaving behind him much unpublished work.[4] A more complete list of Horne's published work will be found in the British Museum catalogue. Horne was buried in Margate Cemetery.","title":"London and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Lord_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-il-7"},{"link_name":"Scholartis Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholartis_Press"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Horne possessed extraordinary versatility, but, except in the case of Orion, he never attained to a very high degree of distinction. That poem, indeed, has much of the quality of fine poetry; it is earnest, vivid and alive with spirit. But Horne early drove his talent too hard, and continued to write when he had little left to say. In criticism he had insight and quickness. He was one of the first to appreciate Keats and Tennyson, and he gave valuable encouragement to Mrs. Browning when she was still Miss Elizabeth Barrett.[7]Hornes's epic poem, Orion was reprinted by the Scholartis Press in 1928.[26]He has been the subject of two biographies:Always morning: the life of Richard Henry \"Orion\" Horne by Cyril Pearl (1960)\nThe farthing poet: a biography of Richard Hengist Horne, 1802–84; a lesser literary lion by Ann Blainey (1968)","title":"Legacy and influence"}]	[{"image_text":"Richard Henry (or Hengist) Horne by Margaret Gillies, c. 1840","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Richard_Henry_%28or_Hengist%29_Horne_by_Margaret_Gillies.jpg/220px-Richard_Henry_%28or_Hengist%29_Horne_by_Margaret_Gillies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horne was employed by Charles Dickens on Household Words in 1849 [clarification needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Householdwordsvol2.jpg/120px-Householdwordsvol2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Blainey, Ann. \"Horne, Richard Henry (1802–1884)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/horne-richard-henry-3797","url_text":"\"Horne, Richard Henry (1802–1884)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Horne, Richard Henry\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 709.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Horne,_Richard_Henry","url_text":"\"Horne, Richard Henry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Serle, Percival (1949). \"Horne, Richard Henry\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Serle","url_text":"Serle, Percival"},{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogHi-Hu.html#horne1","url_text":"\"Horne, Richard Henry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"}]},{"reference":"Mennell, Philip (1892). \"Horne, Richard Henry\" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mennell","url_text":"Mennell, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Australasian_Biography/Horne,_Richard_Henry","url_text":"\"Horne, Richard Henry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". The Queenslander. Brisbane. 22 March 1884. p. 452. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23971500","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queenslander","url_text":"The Queenslander"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Horne, Richard Henry\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Horne,_Richard_Henry","url_text":"Horne, Richard Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, David (2009). \"From Southwood Smith to Octavia Hill: a remarkable family's Camden years\". Camden History Review. 33: 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Raphael, Isabel (2009). \"Southwood Smith: his extraordinary life and family\". Camden History Review. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"England and Wales Census, 1851\". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:SGF5-C77","url_text":"\"England and Wales Census, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listing of Grave entries for Grave 14900\". Highgate Cemetery. 10 April 2021.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"UNCLAIMED GOLD\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 March 1855. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12966806","url_text":"\"UNCLAIMED GOLD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"MELVILLE'S EXPLOITS\". The Argus. Melbourne. 26 November 1856. p. 6. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7140695","url_text":"\"MELVILLE'S EXPLOITS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr R. H. Horne and the Government\". The Ballarat Star. Victoria. 9 June 1869. p. 3. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article112889755","url_text":"\"Mr R. H. Horne and the Government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballarat_Star","url_text":"The Ballarat Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Mining Boards and Mining Leases\". The Argus. Melbourne. 24 December 1858. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7306880","url_text":"\"Mining Boards and Mining Leases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. R.H. Horne\". The Empire. Sydney. 25 October 1854. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60199159","url_text":"\"Mr. R.H. Horne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Empire"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian poetry\". Launceston Examiner. Tasmania. 21 May 1867. p. 4. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36643731","url_text":"\"Australian poetry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_Examiner","url_text":"Launceston Examiner"}]},{"reference":"Cowper, Norman. \"McCrae, George Gordon (1833–1927)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 5. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mccrae-george-gordon-4071","url_text":"\"McCrae, George Gordon (1833–1927)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"\"The Garrick Club Dinner\". The Argus. Melbourne. 20 February 1856. p. 5. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4831240","url_text":"\"The Garrick Club Dinner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". The Argus. Melbourne. 26 July 1855. p. 8. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4813246","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"\"ORION\" HORNE MEMORIAS\". The Argus. Melbourne. 23 January 1904. p. 5. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10594234","url_text":"\"\"ORION\" HORNE MEMORIAS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"Blainey, Ann (1963). The farthing poet: a biography of Richard Hengist Horne, 1802–84; a lesser literary lion. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Kovalskaya	Elena Kovalskaya	["1 Life","2 Works","3 References"]	Elena KovalskayaOccupationCurator, theatre critic, teacher EmployerRussian Institute of Theatre Arts Elena Kovalskaya (Russian: Елена Ковальская) is a Russian theatre critic, curator, and teacher. She teaches the history of foreign theatre at the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts (GITIS), and directs a master's program there in social theatre. Until she resigned in protest at the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, she was artistic director at the Meyerhold Theatre and Cultural Center (TsIM). Life Kovalskaya graduated in theatre science from GITIS. From 1999 to 2012 she was a reviewer for the magazine Afisha, and from 2006 she curated the Lyubimovka New Playwrights Festival. From 2012 she and Victor Ryzhakov created an educational project, 'The School of Theater Leader', at the Meyerhold Center. In 2013 she was appointed art director at the Meyerhold Center. At the start of 2019 Kovalskaya was interviewed about her hopes and fears for the arts in 2019. She looked forward to the official Year of Theater in Russia, and the coming of the Theatre Olympics to Saint Petersburg. "It looks like the government is trying to tame the obstinate theater with carrots and sticks." In 2020 Kovalskaya became director of the Meyerhold Center . When the Russian military invaded Ukraine in February 2022, Kovalskaya resigned her position as director of the state-owned Meyerhold Center in protest. She wrote that it was "impossible to work for a murderer and receive salary from him". She was replaced by Serbian director Emir Kusturica. Works Novaja drama : [pʹesy i statʹi ; zamoe zametnoe javlenie na sovremennoj russkoj scene. (tr. "New Drama; the most notable statement on the modern Russian stage") Saint Peterburg: Seans, 2008. References ^ a b c d "Elena Kovalskaya". Saint Petersburg International Cultural Forum. Retrieved 24 February 2022. ^ Michele A. Berdy; Andrei Muchnik (16 January 2019). "Hopes and Fears in the Arts: What will 2019 bring?". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 24 February 2022. ^ Tristan Bove (24 February 2022). "Russian celebrities risk being banned for life to slam Putin's attack on Ukraine". Fortune. Retrieved 24 February 2022. ^ "Emir Kusturica nommé au Théâtre académique de l'armée russe à la veille de la guerre en Ukraine" . LEFIGARO (in French). 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-02-26. Authority control databases International VIAF 2 WorldCat 2 National United States Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian Institute of Theatre Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Institute_of_Theatre_Arts"},{"link_name":"social theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_theatre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forum-1"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Meyerhold Theatre and Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meyerhold_Theatre_and_Cultural_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Elena Kovalskaya (Russian: Елена Ковальская) is a Russian theatre critic, curator, and teacher. She teaches the history of foreign theatre at the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts (GITIS), and directs a master's program there in social theatre.[1] Until she resigned in protest at the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, she was artistic director at the Meyerhold Theatre and Cultural Center (TsIM).","title":"Elena Kovalskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afisha"},{"link_name":"Lyubimovka New Playwrights Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyubimovka_New_Playwrights_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forum-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forum-1"},{"link_name":"Theatre Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Meyerhold Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meyerhold_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forum-1"},{"link_name":"the Russian military invaded Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortune-3"},{"link_name":"Emir Kusturica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Kusturica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kovalskaya graduated in theatre science from GITIS. From 1999 to 2012 she was a reviewer for the magazine Afisha, and from 2006 she curated the Lyubimovka New Playwrights Festival.[1]From 2012 she and Victor Ryzhakov created an educational project, 'The School of Theater Leader', at the Meyerhold Center. In 2013 she was appointed art director at the Meyerhold Center.[1] At the start of 2019 Kovalskaya was interviewed about her hopes and fears for the arts in 2019. She looked forward to the official Year of Theater in Russia, and the coming of the Theatre Olympics to Saint Petersburg. \"It looks like the government is trying to tame the obstinate theater with carrots and sticks.\"[2]In 2020 Kovalskaya became director of the Meyerhold Center [ru].[1]When the Russian military invaded Ukraine in February 2022, Kovalskaya resigned her position as director of the state-owned Meyerhold Center in protest. She wrote that it was \"impossible to work for a murderer and receive salary from him\".[3] She was replaced by Serbian director Emir Kusturica.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Novaja drama : [pʹesy i statʹi ; zamoe zametnoe javlenie na sovremennoj russkoj scene. (tr. \"New Drama; the most notable statement on the modern Russian stage\") Saint Peterburg: Seans, 2008.","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Elena Kovalskaya\". Saint Petersburg International Cultural Forum. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://culturalforum.ru/en/participants/elena-kovalskaya","url_text":"\"Elena Kovalskaya\""}]},{"reference":"Michele A. Berdy; Andrei Muchnik (16 January 2019). \"Hopes and Fears in the Arts: What will 2019 bring?\". The Moscow Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_force	Line of force	["1 Views of Faraday","2 Views of Maxwell","3 Tube of force","4 Magnetic curves","5 See also","6 Other relevant papers","7 Notes"]	This article is about "lines of force", as used in the early history and philosophy of electromagnetism. For the modern use of "lines of force" as a way to depict electromagnetic and other vector fields, see Field line. A line of force in Faraday's extended sense is synonymous with Maxwell's line of induction. According to J.J. Thomson, Faraday usually discusses lines of force as chains of polarized particles in a dielectric, yet sometimes Faraday discusses them as having an existence all their own as in stretching across a vacuum. In addition to lines of force, J.J. Thomson—similar to Maxwell—also calls them tubes of electrostatic inductance, or simply Faraday tubes. From the 20th century perspective, lines of force are energy linkages embedded in a 19th-century unified field theory that led to more mathematically and experimentally sophisticated concepts and theories, including Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, and Einstein's relativity. Lines of force originated with Michael Faraday, whose theory holds that all of reality is made up of force itself. His theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have finite propagation delays. The theories and experimental data of later scientific figures such as Maxwell, Hertz, Einstein, and others are in agreement with the ramifications of Faraday's theory. Nevertheless, Faraday's theory remains distinct. Unlike Faraday, Maxwell and others (e.g., J.J. Thomson) thought that light and electricity must propagate through an ether. In Einstein's relativity, there is no ether, yet the physical reality of force is much weaker than in the theories of Faraday. Historian Nancy J. Nersessian in her paper "Faraday's Field Concept" distinguishes between the ideas of Maxwell and Faraday: The specific features of Faraday's field concept, in its 'favourite' and most complete form, are that force is a substance, that it is the only substance and that all forces are interconvertible through various motions of the lines of force. These features of Faraday's 'favourite notion' were not carried on. Maxwell, in his approach to the problem of finding a mathematical representation for the continuous transmission of electric and magnetic forces, considered these to be states of stress and strain in a mechanical aether. This was part of the quite different network of beliefs and problems with which Maxwell was working. Views of Faraday At first Faraday considered the physical reality of the lines of force as a possibility, yet several scholars agree that for Faraday their physical reality became a conviction. One scholar dates this change in the year 1838. Another scholar dates this final strengthening of his belief in 1852. Faraday experimentally studied lines of magnetic force and lines of electrostatic force, showing them not to fit action at a distance models. In 1852 Faraday wrote the paper "On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic Force" which examined gravity, radiation, and electricity, and their possible relationships with the transmission medium, transmission propagation, and the receiving entity. Views of Maxwell Initially, Maxwell took an agnostic approach in his mathematization of Faraday's theories. This is seen in Maxwell's 1855 and 1856 papers: "On Faraday's Lines of Force" and "On Faraday's Electrotontic State". In the 1864 paper "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" Maxwell gives scientific priority of the electromagnetic theory of light to Faraday and his 1846 paper "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations". Maxwell wrote: Faraday discovered that when a plane polarized ray traverses a transparent diamagnetic medium in the direction of the lines of magnetic force produced by magnets or currents in the neighborhood, the plane of polarization is caused to rotate. The conception of the propagation of transverse magnetic disturbances to the exclusion of normal ones is distinctly set forth by Professor Faraday in his "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations." The electromagnetic theory of light, as proposed by him, is the same in substance as that which I have begun to develop in this paper, except that in 1846 there was no data to calculate the velocity of propagation. Tube of force Maxwell changed Faraday's phrase lines of force to tubes of force, when expressing his fluidic assumptions involved in his mathematization of Faraday's theories. A tube of force, also called a tube of electrostatic induction or field tube, are the lines of electric force which moves so that its beginning traces a closed curve on a positive surface, its end will trace a corresponding closed curve on the negative surface, and the line of force itself will generate an inductive tubular surface. Such a tube is called a "Solenoid". There is a pressure at right angles to a tube of force of one half the product of the dielectric and magnetic density. If through the growth of a field the tubes of force are spread sideways or in width there is a magnetic reaction to that growth in intensity of electric current. However, if a tube of force is caused to move endwise there is little or no drag to limit velocity. Tubes of force are absorbed by bodies imparting momentum and gravitational mass. Tubes of force are a group of electric lines of force. Magnetic curves Early on in his research (circa 1831), Faraday calls the patterns of apparently continuous curves traced out in metallic filings near a magnet magnetic curves. Later on he refers to them as just an instance of magnetic lines of force or simply lines of force. Eventually Faraday would also begin to use the phrase "magnetic field". See also Field line Flux tube Flux Other relevant papers Faraday, Michael, "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations", Philosophical Magazine, May 1846, or Experimental Researches, iii, p. 447 Faraday, Michael, Experimental Researches, Series 19. Notes ^ 1907 Encyclopædia Britannica, page 64 ^ a b Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism, Joseph John Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, 1883 ^ Fields of Force, William Berkson, 1974 ^ Forces and Fields, Mary B. Hesse, 1961 ^ Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867, David Gooding, Frank A. J. L. James, Stockton Press, 1985, ISBN 0-943818-91-5, ISBN 978-0-943818-91-7, 258 pages, page 183- ^ a b The Origins of Field Theory, L. Pearce Williams (Cornell University), 1966, Random House, p. 88 (a), p.124 (b) ^ Energy, Force, and Matter, P.M. Harman, 1982, Cambridge University Press, p. 80 ^ A.T. Williams. "Sneaking Up On Einstein". Retrieved 2008-10-29. ^ Faraday's Experimental Researches in Electricity: The First Series, Howard J. Fisher, 2004, Green Lion Press, p. 22 et al. ^ Colin A. Russell, Michael Faraday: Physics and Faith, 2000, Oxford University Press, pp. 99-100 Chapter 9 "Electromagnetism: 'At Play in the Fields of the Lord' vteMichael FaradayPhysics Faraday's law of induction Faraday effect Faraday cage Faraday constant Farad Faraday cup Faraday's laws of electrolysis Faraday paradox Faraday rotator Faraday-efficiency effect Faraday wave Faraday's ice pail experiment Faraday efficiency Electrochemistry Faraday disc Line of force Lectures Royal Institution Christmas Lectures The Chemical History of a Candle Related Michael Faraday Memorial Faraday Building Faraday Building (Manchester) Faraday (crater) Faraday Future IET Faraday Medal Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize Institute of Physics Michael Faraday Medal and Prize Faraday Medal (electrochemistry) Faraday Lectureship Prize Category:Michael Faraday	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Field line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line"},{"link_name":"Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"J.J. Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J._Thomson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-2"},{"link_name":"electrostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-2"},{"link_name":"ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berk-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hesse-4"},{"link_name":"Nancy J. Nersessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_J._Nersessian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about \"lines of force\", as used in the early history and philosophy of electromagnetism. For the modern use of \"lines of force\" as a way to depict electromagnetic and other vector fields, see Field line.A line of force in Faraday's extended sense is synonymous with Maxwell's line of induction.[1] According to J.J. Thomson, Faraday usually discusses lines of force as chains of polarized particles in a dielectric, yet sometimes Faraday discusses them as having an existence all their own as in stretching across a vacuum.[2] In addition to lines of force, J.J. Thomson—similar to Maxwell—also calls them tubes of electrostatic inductance, or simply Faraday tubes.[2] From the 20th century perspective, lines of force are energy linkages embedded in a 19th-century unified field theory that led to more mathematically and experimentally sophisticated concepts and theories, including Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, and Einstein's relativity.Lines of force originated with Michael Faraday, whose theory holds that all of reality is made up of force itself. His theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have finite propagation delays. The theories and experimental data of later scientific figures such as Maxwell, Hertz, Einstein, and others are in agreement with the ramifications of Faraday's theory. Nevertheless, Faraday's theory remains distinct. Unlike Faraday, Maxwell and others (e.g., J.J. Thomson) thought that light and electricity must propagate through an ether. In Einstein's relativity, there is no ether, yet the physical reality of force is much weaker than in the theories of Faraday.[3][4]Historian Nancy J. Nersessian in her paper \"Faraday's Field Concept\" distinguishes between the ideas of Maxwell and Faraday:[5]The specific features of Faraday's field concept, in its 'favourite' and most complete form, are that force is a substance, that it is the only substance and that all forces are interconvertible through various motions of the lines of force. These features of Faraday's 'favourite notion' were not carried on. Maxwell, in his approach to the problem of finding a mathematical representation for the continuous transmission of electric and magnetic forces, considered these to be states of stress and strain in a mechanical aether. This was part of the quite different network of beliefs and problems with which Maxwell was working.","title":"Line of force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPW-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"\"On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yzgLAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22On+the+physical+character+of+the+lines+of+magnetic+force%22&pg=PA407"}],"text":"At first Faraday considered the physical reality of the lines of force as a possibility, yet several scholars agree that for Faraday their physical reality became a conviction. One scholar dates this change in the year 1838.[6] Another scholar dates this final strengthening of his belief in 1852.[7] Faraday experimentally studied lines of magnetic force and lines of electrostatic force, showing them not to fit action at a distance models. In 1852 Faraday wrote the paper \"On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic Force\" which examined gravity, radiation, and electricity, and their possible relationships with the transmission medium, transmission propagation, and the receiving entity.","title":"Views of Faraday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field"},{"link_name":"scientific priority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_priority"},{"link_name":"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n1EwAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Thoughts+on+Ray+Vibrations%22&pg=PA345"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Initially, Maxwell took an agnostic approach in his mathematization of Faraday's theories. This is seen in Maxwell's 1855 and 1856 papers: \"On Faraday's Lines of Force\" and \"On Faraday's Electrotontic State\". In the 1864 paper \"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field\" Maxwell gives scientific priority of the electromagnetic theory of light to Faraday and his 1846 paper \"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations\".[8] Maxwell wrote:Faraday discovered that when a plane polarized ray traverses a transparent diamagnetic medium in the direction of the lines of magnetic force produced by magnets or currents in the neighborhood, the plane of polarization is caused to rotate.The conception of the propagation of transverse magnetic disturbances to the exclusion of normal ones is distinctly set forth by Professor Faraday in his \"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations.\" The electromagnetic theory of light, as proposed by him, is the same in substance as that which I have begun to develop in this paper, except that in 1846 there was no data to calculate the velocity of propagation.","title":"Views of Maxwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPW-6"},{"link_name":"Solenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid"}],"text":"Maxwell changed Faraday's phrase lines of force to tubes of force, when expressing his fluidic assumptions involved in his mathematization of Faraday's theories.[6] A tube of force, also called a tube of electrostatic induction or field tube, are the lines of electric force which moves so that its beginning traces a closed curve on a positive surface, its end will trace a corresponding closed curve on the negative surface, and the line of force itself will generate an inductive tubular surface. Such a tube is called a \"Solenoid\". There is a pressure at right angles to a tube of force of one half the product of the dielectric and magnetic density. If through the growth of a field the tubes of force are spread sideways or in width there is a magnetic reaction to that growth in intensity of electric current. However, if a tube of force is caused to move endwise there is little or no drag to limit velocity. Tubes of force are absorbed by bodies imparting momentum and gravitational mass. Tubes of force are a group of electric lines of force.","title":"Tube of force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Early on in his research (circa 1831), Faraday calls the patterns of apparently continuous curves traced out in metallic filings near a magnet magnetic curves. Later on he refers to them as just an instance of magnetic lines of force or simply lines of force.[9] Eventually Faraday would also begin to use the phrase \"magnetic field\".[10]","title":"Magnetic curves"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Faraday, Michael, \"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations\", Philosophical Magazine, May 1846, or Experimental Researches, iii, p. 447\nFaraday, Michael, Experimental Researches, Series 19.","title":"Other relevant papers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"page 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PAgEAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Line+of+force%22&pg=PA64"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Notes_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Notes_2-1"},{"link_name":"Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nGwOAAAAIAAJ&q=Notes+on+Recent+Researches+in+Electricity&pg=PA2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Berk_3-0"},{"link_name":"Fields of Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Force"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hesse_4-0"},{"link_name":"Forces and Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_and_Fields"},{"link_name":"Mary B. Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_B._Hesse"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lNi-AAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Stockton Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockton_Press&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-943818-91-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943818-91-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-943818-91-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943818-91-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LPW_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LPW_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Sneaking Up On Einstein\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hermital.org/book/holoprt4-2.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Colin A. Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_A._Russell"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"Michael Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"Faraday's law of induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction"},{"link_name":"Faraday effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_effect"},{"link_name":"Faraday cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage"},{"link_name":"Faraday constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_constant"},{"link_name":"Farad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad"},{"link_name":"Faraday cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cup"},{"link_name":"Faraday's laws of electrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_laws_of_electrolysis"},{"link_name":"Faraday paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_paradox"},{"link_name":"Faraday rotator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_rotator"},{"link_name":"Faraday-efficiency effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday-efficiency_effect"},{"link_name":"Faraday wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_wave"},{"link_name":"Faraday's ice pail experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_ice_pail_experiment"},{"link_name":"Faraday efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_efficiency"},{"link_name":"Electrochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry"},{"link_name":"Faraday disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopolar_generator#The_Faraday_disc"},{"link_name":"Line of force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Royal Institution Christmas Lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures"},{"link_name":"The Chemical History of a Candle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemical_History_of_a_Candle"},{"link_name":"Michael Faraday Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Faraday Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_Building"},{"link_name":"Faraday Building (Manchester)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_Building_(Manchester)"},{"link_name":"Faraday (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Faraday Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_Future"},{"link_name":"IET Faraday Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IET_Faraday_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London_Michael_Faraday_Prize"},{"link_name":"Institute of Physics Michael Faraday Medal and Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Michael_Faraday_Medal_and_Prize"},{"link_name":"Faraday Medal (electrochemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_Medal_(electrochemistry)"},{"link_name":"Faraday Lectureship Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_Lectureship_Prize"},{"link_name":"Category:Michael Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Faraday"}],"text":"^ 1907 Encyclopædia Britannica, page 64\n\n^ a b Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism, Joseph John Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, 1883\n\n^ Fields of Force, William Berkson, 1974\n\n^ Forces and Fields, Mary B. Hesse, 1961\n\n^ Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867, David Gooding, Frank A. J. L. James, Stockton Press, 1985, ISBN 0-943818-91-5, ISBN 978-0-943818-91-7, 258 pages, page 183-\n\n^ a b The Origins of Field Theory, L. Pearce Williams (Cornell University), 1966, Random House, p. 88 (a), p.124 (b)\n\n^ Energy, Force, and Matter, P.M. Harman, 1982, Cambridge University Press, p. 80\n\n^ A.T. Williams. \"Sneaking Up On Einstein\". Retrieved 2008-10-29.\n\n^ Faraday's Experimental Researches in Electricity: The First Series, Howard J. Fisher, 2004, Green Lion Press, p. 22 et al.\n\n^ Colin A. Russell, Michael Faraday: Physics and Faith, 2000, Oxford University Press, pp. 99-100 Chapter 9 \"Electromagnetism: 'At Play in the Fields of the Lord'vteMichael FaradayPhysics\nFaraday's law of induction\nFaraday effect\nFaraday cage\nFaraday constant\nFarad\nFaraday cup\nFaraday's laws of electrolysis\nFaraday paradox\nFaraday rotator\nFaraday-efficiency effect\nFaraday wave\nFaraday's ice pail experiment\nFaraday efficiency\nElectrochemistry\nFaraday disc\nLine of force\nLectures\nRoyal Institution Christmas Lectures\nThe Chemical History of a Candle\nRelated\nMichael Faraday Memorial\nFaraday Building\nFaraday Building (Manchester)\nFaraday (crater)\nFaraday Future\nIET Faraday Medal\nRoyal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize\nInstitute of Physics Michael Faraday Medal and Prize\nFaraday Medal (electrochemistry)\nFaraday Lectureship Prize\n\n Category:Michael Faraday","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Field line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line"},{"title":"Flux tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_tube"},{"title":"Flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux"}]	[{"reference":"A.T. Williams. \"Sneaking Up On Einstein\". Retrieved 2008-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://hermital.org/book/holoprt4-2.htm","url_text":"\"Sneaking Up On Einstein\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yzgLAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22On+the+physical+character+of+the+lines+of+magnetic+force%22&pg=PA407","external_links_name":"\"On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic Force\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n1EwAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Thoughts+on+Ray+Vibrations%22&pg=PA345","external_links_name":"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PAgEAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Line+of+force%22&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"page 64"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nGwOAAAAIAAJ&q=Notes+on+Recent+Researches+in+Electricity&pg=PA2","external_links_name":"Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lNi-AAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867"},{"Link":"http://hermital.org/book/holoprt4-2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sneaking Up On Einstein\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarya_(Overwatch)	Zarya (Overwatch)	["1 Conception and design","2 Appearances","2.1 Gameplay","3 Promotion and reception","4 References","5 External links"]	Fictional character in the 2016 video game Overwatch Fictional character ZaryaOverwatch characterZarya's appearance in OverwatchFirst gameOverwatch (2016)Created byGeoff GoodmanDesigned byArnold TsangVoiced byDolya GavanskiIn-universe informationClassTankOriginSiberia, RussiaNationalityRussian Zarya, full name Aleksandra Zaryanova, is an Overwatch character who first appears in the 2016 video game of the same name, a Blizzard Entertainment–developed first-person shooter. Voiced by Dolya Gavanski, Zarya is a Siberian champion weightlifter who enlists in a local defense force after her home comes under attack from robotic forces, later joining the restored peacekeeping force Overwatch. Conceived due to Geoff Goodman's desire to include a heavy weapon wielding character into the game, she was designed by Arnold Tsang after watching a weightlifting competition, feeling the concept would make for a strong character. Since her introduction, she has appeared in various spinoff media related to the franchise, including comics and merchandise, and later in another Blizzard developed title, Heroes of the Storm. Zarya was seen by some as a response to criticisms against the game's original previewed female cast. Well received since her debut, her appearance has been cited as a positive deviation from the standard female character design and inspirational by others. Despite her sexuality not being explicitly discussed by Blizzard, many Western fans have viewed her as a lesbian, though journalists have noted this perception is not necessarily shared amongst Russian players. A Russian paper examining video game characters stated to be from that country heavily praised her as a deviation from the norm, calling Zarya a positive representation of the country and its people and further praising her character and personality as a whole. Conception and design Her weapon went through several designs, with the bottom being the finalized look. The text on the side is мститель in Russian ("Avenger"), though in earlier concept art it read мщение ("Vengeance"). Developed for Overwatch, Zarya's concept started around gameplay elements, namely Game Director Geoff Goodman wanting to implement a character with a heavy gun and a shield generator. After watching a weightlifting competition, Assistant Art Director Arnold Tsang felt the concept would make for an "awesome" character for the game, and additionally wanted to create a "tough, female character with kind of a nonstandard body type." She was created in part to satisfy calls from fans to add more diverse body types after the initial set of heroes were revealed for the game. Her design was inspired by one of Blizzard's 3D artists, Tamara Bakhlycheva, particularly her hair color and style. Overwatch director Jeff Kaplan noted her as an example of how character designs challenge the stereotypes of their character types. The development team noted that unlike many characters in the game, Zarya's development from early concept to completion was "surprisingly smooth". Standing approximately 1.95 m (6' 5"), Zarya is a heavily muscular woman with pink hair cut into a pixie cut. Her outfit consists of pants and a tank top, with blue armor covering her legs, feet, and torso. The armor has multiple red ports on each plate, and wires connecting the torso to the legs. She wears armored fingerless gloves on each hand with similar plating and wires extending from the wrist to the fingers, and an elbow pad on her right arm. Her weapon, a large particle cannon, is wielded underhand by both hands, similar to a minigun. When designing it, the developers did not want it to outshine Zarya, so they built her design around it, with the wires and ports acting as a visible representation of her role as the cannon's conduit. On her left upper bicep near the shoulder is a tribal tattoo with the text "512", while a similar tattoo extends past the gloved area of her wrist up her forearm. The number is meant to represent the character's weight lifting world record in kilograms, and in an earlier version read 312 instead. Like other Overwatch characters, Zarya received skins, unlockable cosmetic items to change her in-game appearance. When developing them, they wanted to build them around her backstory, and in particular her Russian heritage and role as a soldier. Of particular note are the "Industrial" skin, modeled after a punk rocker in black spiked clothing; the "Siberian Front" skin which shows her as a soldier with night vision goggles; and the "Champion" skin, meant to represent her time as a professional weightlifter and color-themed after the Russian flag. Several of her skins however were modified during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with Blizzard removing the "Z" symbol on them. The "Z" symbol had become representative of pro-Russian war position, with soldiers displaying it on their military vehicles when invading the country. Her design was significantly altered for Overwatch 2; in particular her haircut was changed into a ponytail with side fade, while her arm tattoo was extended into a full sleeve. Now additionally covering her upper biceps, her armor was heavily modified to a black and white appearance, while the visible wires and ports were reduced. Appearances Aleksandra "Zarya" Zaryanova is a Russian woman introduced in the 2016 first-person shooter Overwatch. As a young woman in Siberia, her village was attacked by a robotic force called "omnics", which devastated the region. Seeking strength to protect her people and homeland from future assaults, she became a bodybuilder and weightlifter, and was expected to break a number of records in the world championships. However dormant omnics reactivated in the area on the even of the tournament, and she withdrew from the competition to join local defense forces. To this end she uses a particle cannon, originally stated to have been torn off an enemy vessel, but later retconned to be a company's experimental weapon deemed too heavy for others to use. Zarya was added to multiplayer online battle arena game Heroes of the Storm during its "Machines of War event" in September 2016 at the request of that game's director Jade Martin, due to her heavy use of the character in Overwatch. Zarya also returned for Overwatch 2. In all appearances, Zarya is voiced by Dolya Gavanski. Her story is further fleshed out in the digital comic book series, first appearing in Zarya: Searching, the fifteenth issue of the 2016 Overwatch tie-in comic book series. In it, she is tasked by the CEO of the company that developed her weapon to track down the terrorist hacker Sombra. Working hesitantly alongside a friendly omnic named Lynx, they track down and capture Sombra, only for the hacker to reveal that the CEO has been receiving technology from partnerships with the enemy forces. Rescuing Lynx after Sombra hacks him, she decides to keep the information secret for the good of the Russian people. Later she appears in the fourth issue of Overwatch's New Blood comic miniseries, where gunslinger Cassidy asks her to join the global peace-keeping force "Overwatch", and she accepts after they defend her hometown from omnic forces. She later fights alongside him and the other Overwatch members as they protect the South Korean city of Busan from attack in issue 5. Gameplay In Overwatch, Zarya is classified as a "Tank" class character, designed to absorb large amounts of damage from the enemy team in team compositions while protecting their teammates. Her weapon has two firing modes, one that fires in a steady stream of energy in a beam, and another that lobs a projectile that explodes upon impact that deals splash damage. She also has two activated abilities that will either deploy a shield (sometimes referred by players as "bubbles") on herself for a short period of time, or on a targeted ally for a shorter period. This shield absorbs incoming attacks and projectiles until its duration expires or it absorbs a certain amount of damage. Damage absorbed this way is converted into a boost to Zarya's own outgoing damage due to her "Energy" passive ability, with the amount diminishing slowly when not being replenished or entirely if Zarya is killed. Lastly her 'ultimate' ability, called "Graviton Surge", requires to be charged before use. The ability charges slowly during the course of gameplay, and can be charged faster through damage dealt to the enemy team. Once full the ability can be activated to fire a projectile that upon contact explodes into an area of effect field that will pull enemies towards it and immobilize them for a short period of time. When developing her gameplay, Geoff Goodman stated that her primary concept was to develop a tank character that "wanted to take damage". They originally considered her gaining shields from absorbed damage, but instead focused on her shields powering up her weapon due to the lower damage output Tank-class characters in Overwatch were defined by. Graviton Surge was the first move they'd developed, and the team felt that had nailed it from the start, with only slight tweaking required. During this, they experimented with a different ultimate ability that would simultaneously project shields to all teammates at once, but felt it was "visually messy" and didn't have the same impact as Graviton Surge. Goodman added he felt the move also fit her personality, stating " personality and background really lean into this 'c'mon and try to hit me' vibe that our game design was built on." While most of this gameplay was adapted for her appearance in Heroes of the Storm, she was given a second ultimate ability option, called "Expulsion Zone", which was designed as an alternative to Graviton Surge and expels enemies from the area for a brief period of time. In Overwatch 2, Zarya has resistance to attacks that cause knockbacks, due to a new passive ability given to all "Tank" class characters. Promotion and reception To promote Overwatch and the character, she was hinted at on the main Overwatch Twitter account via a fake Russian fitness magazine cover that showed her in silhouette. The next month she was unveiled as a playable character at the PAX East convention in 2015. Since then she has been featured on various merchandise such as hoodies, promotional images themed around holidays, and an action figure by Hasbro, with a black and yellow armor variant released as an exclusive for GameStop stores. Zarya's creation has been seen as a direct response to criticisms of the female characters introduced in Overwatch's initial previews, in particular to concerns raised by feminist critic Anita Sarkeesian. Since her reveal, she has been considered one of the most popular characters from the game. Jess Joho of Kill Screen called her status as the world's strongest woman "an apology, or, more accurately, reparation" for the lack of plus-sized female representation in video games, calling her a response by Blizzard to accusations of a lack of diversity in their female character design, and felt that her inclusion in the game led to conversation opportunities. Similarly, Den of Geek's Laura Hardgrave commented that she was "floored" by Zarya's character design, feeling she was a standout in the game and commending the fact that players could now identify with a "badass female character who actually looks like she can wield a giant gun." This particular sentiment was held by Kelly Cardigan of Kotaku, who cited her as an inspiration to begin lifting weights and engage in bodybuilding, calling her "exactly the hero I needed". In 2019 Kotaku's Cecilia D'Anastasio noted many Western fans perceived Zarya as a gay icon, with multitudes of artwork depicting her as a lesbian in response to her appearance, a sentiment shared by fellow contributor Nathan Grayson. However, when asking Russian players for their views on the character, D'Anastasio found the responses more mixed, with some positive but others outright homophobic and transphobic towards her character design. Russian journalist Tim Seyfelmlyukov achieved similar results with his own study, comparing her design to a lesbian stereotype and telling D'Anastasio that people with her appearance were "super rare gems in Russia" due to the country's harsher laws against homosexuality. He added that, "because people are not exposed to gay people expressing themselves, people don’t make the connection." D'Anastasio herself made a point to emphasize that a woman's appearance should have no direct bearing on her sexual orientation, and closed with stating that Zarya was more than her perceived sexuality and Russian patriotism, questioning whether players would be able to come to terms with their own biases towards her. Due to her Russian ethnicity, build, and large weapon, she has been compared to Heavy Weapons Guy from Team Fortress 2. The Russian paper titled Tendencies in Representation of Russian Culture in Computer Games also made this comparison when discussion portrayals of Russian characters in video games, though significantly preferred Zarya. It noted that she was not typical when it came to depictions of characters from the country, calling her a positive representation due to the focus on her displayed intelligence and personality. It further noted that while aspects of her design such as her military background and love for her country were common tropes in the portrayal of Russians, there was a higher emphasis on her "strength of mind, stamina, and desire to protect loved ones," and praised the emphasis of her portrayal as a hero first and foremost instead of a focus on her "Russianness". References ^ a b c d "Together We Are Strong! - Designing Zarya in Overwatch and Heroes of the Storm". Blizzard Entertainment. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ a b Crecente, Brian (March 20, 2017). "Sombra's voice actor doesn't mind the haters, loves her character". Polygon. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017. ^ a b "Women's Day: Screening + Q&A with Dolya Gavanski and Lucy Ash". Pushkin House. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ a b Overwatch Visual Source Book. Azeroth Music. January 2017. p. 104. ASIN B077PL2G1Z. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ a b c Burns, Matt (October 24, 2017). Simpson, Robert; Gary, Cate; Monahan, Allison (eds.). The Art of Overwatch Limited Edition. Dark Horse Comics. p. 125. ISBN 9781506705538. ^ Cass, Marshall (October 5, 2018). "How Blizzard builds a cast of Overwatch heroes, villains, and victims". Heroes Never Die. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ Scibetta, Nicholas (March 6, 2015). "New Overwatch characters and beta details revealed". Game Crate. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ Delahunty-Light, Zoe (October 25, 2016). "The real-life inspiration behind our favourite video games: Overwatch, Destiny, Assassin's Creed, and more". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ Arif, Shabana (February 27, 2017). "Overwatch's goal wasn't diversity, but inclusivity, says director Jeff Kaplan, "normal things are normal"". VG247. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ "Overwatch Cosplay Guide: Zarya" (PDF). Blizzard Entertainment. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ a b Burns, Matt (October 24, 2017). Simpson, Robert; Gary, Cate; Monahan, Allison (eds.). The Art of Overwatch Limited Edition. Dark Horse Comics. p. 122. ISBN 9781506705538. ^ Burns, Matt (October 24, 2017). Simpson, Robert; Gary, Cate; Monahan, Allison (eds.). The Art of Overwatch Limited Edition. Dark Horse Comics. pp. 219, 225. ISBN 9781506705538. ^ McWhertor, Michael (April 6, 2022). "Overwatch's Zarya no longer wears a 'Z,' now a Russian pro-war symbol". Polygon. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ Morrow, Emily (October 3, 2022). "Here are the best Overwatch 2 hero redesigns". Dot Esports. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ a b c "Zarya - Overwatch". Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019."Overwatch 2 - Heroes: Zarya". Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ Robinson, Andrew (w), Niemczyk, Kate (a). "Zarya: Searching" (PDF) Overwatch, no. 15 (September 27, 2017). Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved on June 1, 2023. ^ Fawkes, Ray (w), Koh, Irene (a). Overwatch: New Blood, no. 5 (February 8, 2022). Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved on June 1, 2023. ^ Fawkes, Ray (w), Koh, Irene (a). Overwatch: New Blood, no. 5 (March 14, 2022). Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved on June 1, 2023. ^ a b Carter, Chris (May 23, 2016). "Overwatch character guide". Polygon. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ "Overwatch 2 - Zarya Hero Guide". GameSpot. October 25, 2022. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023. ^ a b Whittaker, Matt (May 26, 2016). "Overwatch Character Guide: Zarya, Genji, Reinhardt". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023. ^ "Zarya - Heroes of the Storm". Battle.net. Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2019. ^ Vazz, Christian (March 2023). "Overwatch 2 roles and role queue explained". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ @PlayOverwatch (February 26, 2015). " What caused one weightlifting world champ hopeful to give up fame and glory? Find out in our March issue!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on March 21, 2015 – via Twitter. ^ Lahti, Evan (March 6, 2015). "Hands-on with Overwatch's two new characters". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2023. ^ Stark, Chelsea (May 23, 2017). "Jinx is trying to replace your entire wardrobe with Overwatch". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023. ^ Burns, Matt (October 24, 2017). Simpson, Robert; Gary, Cate; Monahan, Allison (eds.). The Art of Overwatch Limited Edition. Dark Horse Comics. pp. 360–361. ISBN 9781506705538. ^ Whritenour, Jacob (May 22, 2019). "New Set of Overwatch Ultimates Figures Available for Pre-order". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023. ^ Holmes, Steve (September 25, 2017). The Rhetoric of Video Games as Embodied Practice. Routledge Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351399470. ^ Hernandez, Patricia (March 7, 2017). "New Overwatch Character Shows Blizzard Really Is Listening". Kotaku. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ Joho, Jess (August 12, 2016). "Zarya makes Mother Russia her bitch". Killscreen. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ Hardgrave, Laura (November 5, 2015). "Overwatch: Diversity in Gaming Done Right". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023. ^ Cardigan, Kelly (December 26, 2017). "Overwatch's Zarya Got Me To Start Lifting Weights". Kotaku Australia. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023. ^ a b D'Anastasio, Cecilia (June 29, 2016). "Zarya From Overwatch Has Become A Gay Icon, Ironically". Kotaku. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ Grayson, Nathan (May 23, 2016). "Inside The Surprisingly Big Overwatch Porn Scene". Kotaku. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ Lahti, Evan (March 6, 2015). "Hands-on with Overwatch's two new characters". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ Kostrova, S.V.; Markukhova, Ya.O. (2019). "Tendencies in Representation of Russian Culture in Computer Games". Вестник молодых ученых Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета технологии и дизайна (in Russian). 4 (4): 204–213. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023. External links Media related to Zarya (Overwatch) at Wikimedia Commons vteOverwatch Gameplay Seasonal events MediaGames Overwatch Development Overwatch 2 Other Animated media Genesis Digital comics Lego Overwatch Pornography CharactersDamage Ashe Cassidy Hanzo Mei Pharah Soldier: 76 Sombra Symmetra Tracer Widowmaker Tank D.Va Doomfist Junker Queen Orisa Wrecking Ball Zarya Support Ana Brigitte Kiriko Lúcio Mercy Moira Esports Overwatch Champions Series Overwatch League Overwatch Contenders Overwatch World Cup Overwatch Apex People Jeff Kaplan Chris Metzen Alyssa Wong Related Blizzard Entertainment Heroes of the Storm Titan Category Commons vteHeroes of the StormCharacters Alexstrasza Anduin Arthas Deckard Cain Hanzo Illidan Jaina Jim Raynor Kerrigan Lucio Mei Sylvanas Thrall Tracer Zarya Tournaments and players BlizzCon (2015) Greg "Idra" Fields eSports teams Greg "Idra" Fields Cloud9 CompLexity Gaming Edward Gaming Evil Geniuses Fnatic G2 Esports Mousesports Natus Vincere OMG Team Curse Team DK Team Dignitas Team Liquid Tempo Storm Virtus.pro ahq e-Sports Club	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Overwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch"},{"link_name":"video game of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Blizzard Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Dolya Gavanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolya_Gavanski"},{"link_name":"Heroes of the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Storm"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"}],"text":"Fictional character in the 2016 video game OverwatchFictional characterZarya, full name Aleksandra Zaryanova, is an Overwatch character who first appears in the 2016 video game of the same name, a Blizzard Entertainment–developed first-person shooter. Voiced by Dolya Gavanski, Zarya is a Siberian champion weightlifter who enlists in a local defense force after her home comes under attack from robotic forces, later joining the restored peacekeeping force Overwatch. Conceived due to Geoff Goodman's desire to include a heavy weapon wielding character into the game, she was designed by Arnold Tsang after watching a weightlifting competition, feeling the concept would make for a strong character. Since her introduction, she has appeared in various spinoff media related to the franchise, including comics and merchandise, and later in another Blizzard developed title, Heroes of the Storm.Zarya was seen by some as a response to criticisms against the game's original previewed female cast. Well received since her debut, her appearance has been cited as a positive deviation from the standard female character design and inspirational by others. Despite her sexuality not being explicitly discussed by Blizzard, many Western fans have viewed her as a lesbian, though journalists have noted this perception is not necessarily shared amongst Russian players. A Russian paper examining video game characters stated to be from that country heavily praised her as a deviation from the norm, calling Zarya a positive representation of the country and its people and further praising her character and personality as a whole.","title":"Zarya (Overwatch)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zarya-particlecannon.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsb-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book125-5"},{"link_name":"Overwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon_sxsw-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jeff Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hots-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cospguide-10"},{"link_name":"pixie cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixie_cut"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book122-11"},{"link_name":"particle cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_cannon"},{"link_name":"minigun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book125-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book122-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book125-5"},{"link_name":"skins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_(computing)#Video_gaming"},{"link_name":"night vision goggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_goggles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book225-12"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"\"Z\" symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Her weapon went through several designs, with the bottom being the finalized look. The text on the side is мститель in Russian (\"Avenger\"),[4] though in earlier concept art it read мщение (\"Vengeance\").[5]Developed for Overwatch, Zarya's concept started around gameplay elements, namely Game Director Geoff Goodman wanting to implement a character with a heavy gun and a shield generator.[6] After watching a weightlifting competition, Assistant Art Director Arnold Tsang felt the concept would make for an \"awesome\" character for the game, and additionally wanted to create a \"tough, female character with kind of a nonstandard body type.\"[2] She was created in part to satisfy calls from fans to add more diverse body types after the initial set of heroes were revealed for the game.[7] Her design was inspired by one of Blizzard's 3D artists, Tamara Bakhlycheva, particularly her hair color and style.[8] Overwatch director Jeff Kaplan noted her as an example of how character designs challenge the stereotypes of their character types.[9] The development team noted that unlike many characters in the game, Zarya's development from early concept to completion was \"surprisingly smooth\".[1]Standing approximately 1.95 m (6' 5\"),[10] Zarya is a heavily muscular woman with pink hair cut into a pixie cut. Her outfit consists of pants and a tank top, with blue armor covering her legs, feet, and torso. The armor has multiple red ports on each plate, and wires connecting the torso to the legs. She wears armored fingerless gloves on each hand with similar plating and wires extending from the wrist to the fingers, and an elbow pad on her right arm.[11] Her weapon, a large particle cannon, is wielded underhand by both hands, similar to a minigun. When designing it, the developers did not want it to outshine Zarya, so they built her design around it, with the wires and ports acting as a visible representation of her role as the cannon's conduit.[5] On her left upper bicep near the shoulder is a tribal tattoo with the text \"512\", while a similar tattoo extends past the gloved area of her wrist up her forearm.[11] The number is meant to represent the character's weight lifting world record in kilograms, and in an earlier version read 312 instead.[5]Like other Overwatch characters, Zarya received skins, unlockable cosmetic items to change her in-game appearance. When developing them, they wanted to build them around her backstory, and in particular her Russian heritage and role as a soldier. Of particular note are the \"Industrial\" skin, modeled after a punk rocker in black spiked clothing; the \"Siberian Front\" skin which shows her as a soldier with night vision goggles; and the \"Champion\" skin, meant to represent her time as a professional weightlifter and color-themed after the Russian flag.[12] Several of her skins however were modified during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with Blizzard removing the \"Z\" symbol on them. The \"Z\" symbol had become representative of pro-Russian war position, with soldiers displaying it on their military vehicles when invading the country.[13]Her design was significantly altered for Overwatch 2; in particular her haircut was changed into a ponytail with side fade, while her arm tattoo was extended into a full sleeve. Now additionally covering her upper biceps, her armor was heavily modified to a black and white appearance, while the visible wires and ports were reduced.[14]","title":"Conception and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsb-4"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retconned"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-15"},{"link_name":"multiplayer online battle arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena"},{"link_name":"Heroes of the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Storm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hots-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pushkin-3"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Overwatch tie-in comic book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_(digital_comic_series)"},{"link_name":"hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker"},{"link_name":"Sombra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombra_(Overwatch)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"gunslinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunslinger"},{"link_name":"Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy_(Overwatch)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Busan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Aleksandra \"Zarya\" Zaryanova is a Russian woman introduced in the 2016 first-person shooter Overwatch. As a young woman in Siberia, her village was attacked by a robotic force called \"omnics\", which devastated the region. Seeking strength to protect her people and homeland from future assaults, she became a bodybuilder and weightlifter, and was expected to break a number of records in the world championships. However dormant omnics reactivated in the area on the even of the tournament, and she withdrew from the competition to join local defense forces.[15] To this end she uses a particle cannon, originally stated to have been torn off an enemy vessel,[4] but later retconned to be a company's experimental weapon deemed too heavy for others to use.[15] Zarya was added to multiplayer online battle arena game Heroes of the Storm during its \"Machines of War event\" in September 2016 at the request of that game's director Jade Martin, due to her heavy use of the character in Overwatch.[1] Zarya also returned for Overwatch 2.[15] In all appearances, Zarya is voiced by Dolya Gavanski.[3]Her story is further fleshed out in the digital comic book series, first appearing in Zarya: Searching, the fifteenth issue of the 2016 Overwatch tie-in comic book series. In it, she is tasked by the CEO of the company that developed her weapon to track down the terrorist hacker Sombra. Working hesitantly alongside a friendly omnic named Lynx, they track down and capture Sombra, only for the hacker to reveal that the CEO has been receiving technology from partnerships with the enemy forces. Rescuing Lynx after Sombra hacks him, she decides to keep the information secret for the good of the Russian people.[16] Later she appears in the fourth issue of Overwatch's New Blood comic miniseries, where gunslinger Cassidy asks her to join the global peace-keeping force \"Overwatch\", and she accepts after they defend her hometown from omnic forces.[17] She later fights alongside him and the other Overwatch members as they protect the South Korean city of Busan from attack in issue 5.[18]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter2016-19"},{"link_name":"splash damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash_damage"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-1-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter2016-19"},{"link_name":"area of effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_effect"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-1-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hots-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Overwatch 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carr-23"}],"sub_title":"Gameplay","text":"In Overwatch, Zarya is classified as a \"Tank\" class character, designed to absorb large amounts of damage from the enemy team in team compositions while protecting their teammates.[19] Her weapon has two firing modes, one that fires in a steady stream of energy in a beam, and another that lobs a projectile that explodes upon impact that deals splash damage. She also has two activated abilities that will either deploy a shield (sometimes referred by players as \"bubbles\") on herself for a short period of time, or on a targeted ally for a shorter period.[20] This shield absorbs incoming attacks and projectiles until its duration expires or it absorbs a certain amount of damage.[21] Damage absorbed this way is converted into a boost to Zarya's own outgoing damage due to her \"Energy\" passive ability, with the amount diminishing slowly when not being replenished or entirely if Zarya is killed.[19] Lastly her 'ultimate' ability, called \"Graviton Surge\", requires to be charged before use. The ability charges slowly during the course of gameplay, and can be charged faster through damage dealt to the enemy team. Once full the ability can be activated to fire a projectile that upon contact explodes into an area of effect field that will pull enemies towards it and immobilize them for a short period of time.[21]When developing her gameplay, Geoff Goodman stated that her primary concept was to develop a tank character that \"wanted to take damage\". They originally considered her gaining shields from absorbed damage, but instead focused on her shields powering up her weapon due to the lower damage output Tank-class characters in Overwatch were defined by. Graviton Surge was the first move they'd developed, and the team felt that had nailed it from the start, with only slight tweaking required. During this, they experimented with a different ultimate ability that would simultaneously project shields to all teammates at once, but felt it was \"visually messy\" and didn't have the same impact as Graviton Surge. Goodman added he felt the move also fit her personality, stating \"[Zarya’s] personality and background really lean into this 'c'mon and try to hit me' vibe that our game design was built on.\"[1]While most of this gameplay was adapted for her appearance in Heroes of the Storm, she was given a second ultimate ability option, called \"Expulsion Zone\", which was designed as an alternative to Graviton Surge and expels enemies from the area for a brief period of time.[22] In Overwatch 2, Zarya has resistance to attacks that cause knockbacks, due to a new passive ability given to all \"Tank\" class characters.[23]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silhouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"PAX East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX_East"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"GameStop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStop"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Anita Sarkeesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Kill Screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Screen"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kz-31"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"homophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobic"},{"link_name":"transphobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-34"},{"link_name":"Heavy Weapons Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Weapons_Guy"},{"link_name":"Team Fortress 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Fortress_2"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"To promote Overwatch and the character, she was hinted at on the main Overwatch Twitter account via a fake Russian fitness magazine cover that showed her in silhouette.[24] The next month she was unveiled as a playable character at the PAX East convention in 2015.[25] Since then she has been featured on various merchandise such as hoodies,[26] promotional images themed around holidays,[27] and an action figure by Hasbro, with a black and yellow armor variant released as an exclusive for GameStop stores.[28]Zarya's creation has been seen as a direct response to criticisms of the female characters introduced in Overwatch's initial previews, in particular to concerns raised by feminist critic Anita Sarkeesian.[29][30] Since her reveal, she has been considered one of the most popular characters from the game. Jess Joho of Kill Screen called her status as the world's strongest woman \"an apology, or, more accurately, [...] reparation\" for the lack of plus-sized female representation in video games, calling her a response by Blizzard to accusations of a lack of diversity in their female character design, and felt that her inclusion in the game led to conversation opportunities.[31] Similarly, Den of Geek's Laura Hardgrave commented that she was \"floored\" by Zarya's character design, feeling she was a standout in the game and commending the fact that players could now identify with a \"badass female character who actually looks like she can wield a giant gun.\"[32] This particular sentiment was held by Kelly Cardigan of Kotaku, who cited her as an inspiration to begin lifting weights and engage in bodybuilding, calling her \"exactly the hero I needed\".[33]In 2019 Kotaku's Cecilia D'Anastasio noted many Western fans perceived Zarya as a gay icon, with multitudes of artwork depicting her as a lesbian in response to her appearance,[34] a sentiment shared by fellow contributor Nathan Grayson.[35] However, when asking Russian players for their views on the character, D'Anastasio found the responses more mixed, with some positive but others outright homophobic and transphobic towards her character design. Russian journalist Tim Seyfelmlyukov achieved similar results with his own study, comparing her design to a lesbian stereotype and telling D'Anastasio that people with her appearance were \"super rare gems in Russia\" due to the country's harsher laws against homosexuality. He added that, \"because people are not exposed to gay people expressing themselves, people [here] don’t make the connection.\" D'Anastasio herself made a point to emphasize that a woman's appearance should have no direct bearing on her sexual orientation, and closed with stating that Zarya was more than her perceived sexuality and Russian patriotism, questioning whether players would be able to come to terms with their own biases towards her.[34]Due to her Russian ethnicity, build, and large weapon, she has been compared to Heavy Weapons Guy from Team Fortress 2.[36] The Russian paper titled Tendencies in Representation of Russian Culture in Computer Games also made this comparison when discussion portrayals of Russian characters in video games, though significantly preferred Zarya. It noted that she was not typical when it came to depictions of characters from the country, calling her a positive representation due to the focus on her displayed intelligence and personality. It further noted that while aspects of her design such as her military background and love for her country were common tropes in the portrayal of Russians, there was a higher emphasis on her \"strength of mind, stamina, and desire to protect loved ones,\" and praised the emphasis of her portrayal as a hero first and foremost instead of a focus on her \"Russianness\".[37]","title":"Promotion and reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Her weapon went through several designs, with the bottom being the finalized look. The text on the side is мститель in Russian (\"Avenger\"),[4] though in earlier concept art it read мщение (\"Vengeance\").[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Zarya-particlecannon.png/220px-Zarya-particlecannon.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Together We Are Strong! - Designing Zarya in Overwatch and Heroes of the Storm\". Blizzard Entertainment. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. 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(2019). \"Tendencies in Representation of Russian Culture in Computer Games\". Вестник молодых ученых Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета технологии и дизайна (in Russian). 4 (4): 204–213. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://cat.ifmo.ru/en/2019/v4-i4/221","url_text":"\"Tendencies in Representation of Russian Culture in Computer Games\""},{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0","url_text":"Вестник молодых ученых Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета технологии и дизайна"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230601071717/http://cat.ifmo.ru/en/2019/v4-i4/221","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://news.blizzard.com/en-us/overwatch/23612224/together-we-are-strong-designing-zarya-in-overwatch-and-heroes-of-the-storm","external_links_name":"\"Together We Are Strong! - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Giro_d%27Italia	2002 Giro d'Italia	["1 Teams","2 Route and stages","3 Classification Leadership","4 Final standings","4.1 General classification","4.2 Points classification","4.3 Mountains classification","4.4 Intergiro classification","4.5 Trofeo Fast Team classification","4.6 Trofeo Super Team classification","4.7 Minor classifications","5 References","5.1 Citations"]	Cycling race 2002 Giro d'ItaliaRace detailsDates11 May - 2 June 2002Stages20 + PrologueDistance3,354.5 km (2,084 mi)Winning time89h 22' 42"Results Winner Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) (Index Alexia) Second Tyler Hamilton (USA) (CSC–Tiscali) Third Pietro Caucchioli (ITA) (Alessio) Points Mario Cipollini (ITA) (Acqua & Sapone) Mountains Julio Alberto Pérez (MEX) (Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo) Combativity Massimo Strazzer (ITA) (Phonak) Intergiro Massimo Strazzer (ITA) (Phonak) Team Alessio Team points Alessio ← 2001 2003 → The 2002 Giro d'Italia was the 85th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began with a 6.5 km (4 mi) prologue that navigated through the streets of the Dutch city Groningen. The race came to a close with a mass-start stage that ended in the Italian city of Milan. Twenty-two teams entered the race that was won by the Italian Paolo Savoldelli of the Index Alexia team. Second and third were the American Tyler Hamilton and Italian Pietro Caucchioli. In the race's other classifications, Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo rider Julio Alberto Pérez won the mountains classification, Massimo Strazzer of the Phonak team won the intergiro classification, and Acqua & Sapone rider Mario Cipollini won the points classification. Alessio finished as the winners of the Trofeo Fast Team classification, ranking each of the twenty-two teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time. The other team classification, the Trofeo Super Team classification, where the teams' riders are awarded points for placing within the top twenty in each stage and the points are then totaled for each team was also won by Alessio. Teams For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 2002 Giro d'Italia. A total of 22 teams were invited to participate in the 2002 Giro d'Italia. Each team sent a squad of nine riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 198 cyclists. Out of the 198 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 140 riders made it to the finish in Milan. The 22 teams that took part in the race were: Acqua & Sapone Alessio Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo Colombia–Selle Italia Fassa Bortolo Gerolsteiner Index Alexia Kelme–Costa Blanca Lampre–Daikin Landbouwkrediet–Colnago Lotto–Adecco Mapei–Quick-Step Mercatone Uno Mobilvetta Design–Formaggi Trentini Phonak Rabobank Saeco–Longoni Sport Tacconi Sport Team Coast Team Colpack–Astro CSC–Tiscali Team Telekom Route and stages Campitello Matese hosted the end of the 140 km (87 mi) eleventh stage. The route for the 2002 Giro d'Italia was unveiled by race director Carmine Castellano on 17 November 2001 in Milan. It contained three time trial events, all of which were individual. In the stages containing categorized climbs, four had summit finishes: stage 5, to Limone Piemonte; stage 11, to Campitello Matese; stage 13, to San Giacomo; and stage 17, to Passo Coe. The organizers chose to include two rest days. When compared to the previous year's race, the race was 1.5 km (1 mi) shorter, contained one more rest day, and one more individual time trial. In addition, this race had an opening prologue like the year before. Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner P 11 May Groningen (Netherlands) 6.5 km (4 mi) Individual time trial Juan Carlos Domínguez (ESP) 1 12 May Groningen (Netherlands) to Münster (Germany) 218 km (135 mi) Flat stage Mario Cipollini (ITA) 2 13 May Cologne (Germany) to Ans (Belgium) 209 km (130 mi) Flat stage Stefano Garzelli (ITA) 3 14 May Verviers (Belgium) to Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg) 206 km (128 mi) Flat stage Mario Cipollini (ITA) 4 15 May Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg) to Strasbourg (France) 232 km (144 mi) Flat stage Robbie McEwen (AUS) 16 May Rest day 5 17 May Fossano to Limone Piemonte 150 km (93 mi) Medium mountain stage Stefano Garzelli (ITA) 6 18 May Cuneo to Varazze 190 km (118 mi) Medium mountain stage Giovanni Lombardi (ITA) 7 19 May Viareggio to Lido di Camaiore 159 km (99 mi) Medium mountain stage Rik Verbrugghe (BEL) 8 20 May Capannori to Orvieto 237 km (147 mi) Flat stage Aitor González (ESP) 9 21 May Tivoli to Caserta 201 km (125 mi) Flat stage Mario Cipollini (ITA) 10 22 May Maddaloni to Benevento 118 km (73 mi) Medium mountain stage Robbie McEwen (AUS) 11 23 May Benevento to Campitello Matese 143 km (89 mi) Medium mountain stage Gilberto Simoni (ITA) 12 24 May Campobasso to Chieti 205 km (127 mi) Medium mountain stage Denis Lunghi (ITA) 13 25 May Chieti to San Giacomo di Valle Castellana 186 km (116 mi) Medium mountain stage Julio Alberto Pérez (MEX) 14 26 May Numana to Numana 30.3 km (19 mi) Individual time trial Tyler Hamilton (USA) 27 May Rest day 15 28 May Terme Euganee to Conegliano 156 km (97 mi) Flat stage Mario Cipollini (ITA) 16 29 May Conegliano to Corvara 163 km (101 mi) Mountain stage Julio Alberto Pérez (MEX) 17 30 May Corvara to Folgaria 222 km (138 mi) Mountain stage Pavel Tonkov (RUS) 18 31 May Rovereto to Brescia 145 km (90 mi) Flat stage Mario Cipollini (ITA) 19 1 June Cambiago to Monticello Brianza 46 km (29 mi) Individual time trial Aitor González (ESP) 20 2 June Cantù to Milan 141 km (88 mi) Flat stage Mario Cipollini (ITA) Total 3,354.5 km (2,084 mi) Classification Leadership The statue of Fausto Coppi on the Pordoi Pass from which the Coppi in Cima Coppi is derived. In the 2002 Giro d'Italia, five different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass-start stages, the leader received a pink jersey. This classification is considered the most important of the Giro d'Italia, and the winner is considered the winner of the Giro. Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a mauve jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage. The stage win awarded 25 points, second place awarded 20 points, third 16, fourth 14, fifth 12, sixth 10, and one point fewer per place down the line, to a single point for 15th. In addition, points could be won in intermediate sprints. There was also a mountains classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the mountains classifications, points were won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists. Each climb was categorized as either first, second, or third category, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The highest point in the Giro (called the Cima Coppi), which in 2002 was the Passo Pordoi, afforded more points than the other first-category climbs. The fourth jersey represented the intergiro classification, marked by a blue jersey. The calculation for the intergiro is similar to that of the general classification, in each stage there is a midway point that the riders pass through a point and where their time is stopped. As the race goes on, their times compiled and the person with the lowest time is the leader of the intergiro classification and wears the blue jersey. There were also two classifications for teams. The first was the Trofeo Fast Team. In this classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The Trofeo Super Team was a team points classification, with the top 20 placed riders on each stage earning points (20 for first place, 19 for second place and so on, down to a single point for 20th) for their team. The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run. Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Intergiro classification Trofeo Fast Team Trofeo Super Team P Juan Carlos Domínguez Juan Carlos Domínguez not awarded not awarded not awarded not awarded not awarded 1 Mario Cipollini Mario Cipollini Mario Cipollini Mario Cipollini Phonak Phonak 2 Stefano Garzelli Stefano Garzelli Francesco Casagrande Fabrizio Guidi Mapei–Quick-Step Mapei–Quick-Step 3 Mario Cipollini Massimo Strazzer Phonak 4 Robbie McEwen 5 Stefano Garzelli Stefano Garzelli Fassa Bortolo 6 Giovanni Lombardi Jens Heppner Kelme–Costa Blanca Phonak 7 Rik Verbrugghe 8 Aitor González Massimo Strazzer 9 Mario Cipollini Mario Cipollini Phonak 10 Robbie McEwen Massimo Strazzer Ruggero Marzoli Kelme–Costa Blanca 11 Gilberto Simoni Gilberto Simoni Alessio 12 Denis Lunghi Joaquim Castelblanco Alessio Phonak 13 Julio Alberto Perez Cuapio Francesco Casagrande Alessio 14 Tyler Hamilton 15 Mario Cipollini Joaquim Castelblanco 16 Julio Alberto Perez Cuapio Cadel Evans Julio Alberto Pérez Cuapio 17 Pavel Tonkov Paolo Savoldelli 18 Mario Cipollini Mario Cipollini 19 Aitor González 20 Mario Cipollini Final Paolo Savoldelli Mario Cipollini Julio Alberto Perez Cuapio Massimo Strazzer Alessio Alessio Final standings Legend Denotes the winner of the General classification Denotes the winner of the Mountains classification Denotes the winner of the Points classification Denotes the winner of the Intergiro classification General classification Rider Team Time 1 Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) Index Alexia 89h 22' 42" 2 Tyler Hamilton (USA) CSC–Tiscali + 1' 41" 3 Pietro Caucchioli (ITA) Alessio + 2' 12" 4 Juan Manuel Gárate (ESP) Lampre–Daikin + 3' 14" 5 Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Daikin + 5' 34" 6 Aitor González (ESP) Kelme–Costa Blanca + 6' 54" 7 Georg Totschnig (AUT) Gerolsteiner + 7' 02" 8 Fernando Escartín (ESP) Team Coast + 7' 07" 9 Rik Verbrugghe (BEL) Lotto–Adecco + 9' 36" 10 Dario Frigo (ITA) Tacconi Sport-Emmegi + 11' 50" Points classification Rider Team Points 1 Mario Cipollini (ITA) Acqua & Sapone 184 2 Massimo Strazzer (ITA) Phonak 166 3 Aitor González (ESP) Kelme–Costa Blanca 106 4 Alessandro Petacchi (ITA) Fassa Bortolo 101 5 Tyler Hamilton (USA) CSC–Tiscali 86 6 Mykhaylo Khalilov (UKR) Colombia–Selle Italia 85 7 Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) Index Alexia 80 8 Cristian Moreni (ITA) Alessio 79 9 Dario Frigo (ITA) Tacconi Sport-Emmegi 74 10 Juan Manuel Gárate (ESP) Lampre–Daikin 70 Mountains classification Rider Team Points 1 Julio Alberto Pérez (MEX) Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo 69 2 José Castelblanco (COL) Colombia–Selle Italia 33 3 Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Daikin 25 4 Daniele De Paoli (ITA) Alessio 22 5 Sergio Barbero (ITA) Lampre–Daikin 20 6 Dario Frigo (ITA) Tacconi Sport-Emmegi 7 Pietro Caucchioli (ITA) Alessio 19 8 Ruben Alverio Marin (COL) Colombia–Selle Italia 18 9 Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) Index Alexia 10 Cadel Evans (AUS) Mapei–Quick-Step 15 Intergiro classification Rider Team Time 1 Massimo Strazzer (ITA) Phonak 55h 05' 46" 2 Serhiy Honchar (UKR) Fassa Bortolo + 4' 26" 3 Aitor González (ESP) Kelme–Costa Blanca + 4' 41" 4 Tyler Hamilton (USA) CSC–Tiscali + 4' 46" 5 Biagio Conte (ITA) Saeco–Longoni Sport + 4' 55" 6 Mykhaylo Khalilov (UKR) Colombia–Selle Italia + 5' 04" 7 Mariano Piccoli (ITA) Lampre–Daikin + 5' 24" 8 Alessandro Petacchi (ITA) Fassa Bortolo + 5' 26" 9 Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) Index Alexia + 5' 27" 10 Mario Cipollini (ITA) Acqua & Sapone + 5' 36" Trofeo Fast Team classification Team Time 1 Alessio 267h 57' 29" 2 Lampre–Daikin + 30' 10" 3 Rabobank + 40' 12" 4 CSC–Tiscali + 42' 03" 5 Mapei–Quick-Step + 45' 55" 6 Tacconi Sport-Emmegi + 57' 25" 7 Kelme–Costa Blanca + 58' 00" 8 Gerolsteiner + 1h 16' 29" 9 Colombia–Selle Italia + 1h 35' 57" 10 Fassa Bortolo + 1h 47' 08" Trofeo Super Team classification Team Points 1 Alessio 360 2 Phonak 306 3 Fassa Bortolo 284 4 Mapei–Quick-Step 260 5 Lampre–Daikin 259 6 Lotto–Adecco 254 7 Kelme–Costa Blanca 253 8 Gerolsteiner 226 9 Acqua & Sapone 223 10 Team Coast 213 Minor classifications Other less well-known classifications, whose leaders did not receive a special jersey, were awarded during the Giro. Other awards included the Combativity classification, which was a compilation of points gained for position on crossing intermediate sprints, mountain passes and stage finishes. Italian Massimo Strazzer won the Most Combative classification. The Azzurri d'Italia classification was based on finishing order, but points were awarded only to the top three finishers in each stage. The Azzurri d'Italia classification was won by Mario Cipollini. The Trofeo Fuga Piaggio classification rewarded riders who took part in a breakaway at the head of the field, each rider in an escape of ten or fewer riders getting one point for each kilometre that the group stayed clear. The classification was won by Mariano Piccoli. Teams were given penalty points for minor technical infringements. Colombia–Selle Italia was the most successful in avoiding penalties after not being penalized during the race, and so won the Fair Play classification. References Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jeff Jones (2002-06-02). "Cipollini leads them home in Milan". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ a b c "Start List". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "El Giro quiere lavar su imagen" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo S.A. 18 November 2001. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2012. ^ "Stage 5 - May 17: Fossano-Limone Piemonte, 150 km". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "Stage 11 - May 23: Benevento-Campitello Matese, 140 km". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "Stage 13 - May 25: Chieti-San Giacomo, 190 km". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "Stage 17 - May 30: Corvara in Badia-Folgaria, 222 km". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "85th Giro d'Italia (GT)". Cycling News. Retrieved 19 October 2018. ^ "85ème Giro d'Italia 2002". Memoire du cyclisme (in French). Archived from the original on 25 October 2004. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Laura Weislo (13 May 2008). "Giro d'Italia classifications demystified". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013. vte2002 Giro d'Italia « 2001 2003 » Teams and cyclists Prologue–Stage 10 Stage 11–20 vteGiro d'ItaliaBy year 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Classifications("jerseys")Current General classification (maglia rosa) Points classification (maglia ciclamino) Mountains classification (maglia azzurra) Young rider classification(maglia bianca) Team classification(classifica a squadre) Intergiro classification(Intergiro) Former Last rider (maglia nera) Intergiro classification (1989-2005) (maglia azzurra) Combination classification (maglia azzurra) Directors 1903–1935: Armando Cougnet 1949–1992: Vincenzo Torriani 1993–2003: Carmine Castellano 2004–2011: Angelo Zomegnan 2012–2013: Michele Acquarone 2014–present: Mauro Vegni Lists and topics History General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grande Partenzas Records and statistics Cima Coppi Wonderful Losers: A Different World Grand Tour Giro Donne	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Grand Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"Paolo Savoldelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli"},{"link_name":"Index Alexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Alexia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"Tyler Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Pietro Caucchioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Caucchioli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF_Group%E2%80%93Bardiani%E2%80%93CSF%E2%80%93Faizan%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Julio Alberto Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Alberto_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Massimo Strazzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Strazzer"},{"link_name":"Phonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonak_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Acqua & Sapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_%26_Sapone"},{"link_name":"Mario Cipollini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cipollini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"}],"text":"The 2002 Giro d'Italia was the 85th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began with a 6.5 km (4 mi) prologue that navigated through the streets of the Dutch city Groningen. The race came to a close with a mass-start stage that ended in the Italian city of Milan.[1] Twenty-two teams entered the race that was won by the Italian Paolo Savoldelli of the Index Alexia team.[1] Second and third were the American Tyler Hamilton and Italian Pietro Caucchioli.[1]In the race's other classifications, Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo rider Julio Alberto Pérez won the mountains classification, Massimo Strazzer of the Phonak team won the intergiro classification, and Acqua & Sapone rider Mario Cipollini won the points classification.[1] Alessio finished as the winners of the Trofeo Fast Team classification, ranking each of the twenty-two teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time.[1] The other team classification, the Trofeo Super Team classification, where the teams' riders are awarded points for placing within the top twenty in each stage and the points are then totaled for each team was also won by Alessio.[1]","title":"2002 Giro d'Italia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of teams and cyclists in the 2002 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_2002_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN_Teams_and_Participants-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN_Teams_and_Participants-2"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN_Teams_and_Participants-2"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 2002 Giro d'Italia.A total of 22 teams were invited to participate in the 2002 Giro d'Italia.[2] Each team sent a squad of nine riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 198 cyclists.[2] Out of the 198 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 140 riders made it to the finish in Milan.[1]The 22 teams that took part in the race were:[2]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lago_del_Matese.jpg"},{"link_name":"Campitello Matese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campitello_Matese"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Limone Piemonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limone_Piemonte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Campitello Matese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campitello_Matese"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"previous year's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Giro_d%27Italia"}],"text":"Campitello Matese hosted the end of the 140 km (87 mi) eleventh stage.The route for the 2002 Giro d'Italia was unveiled by race director Carmine Castellano on 17 November 2001 in Milan.[3] It contained three time trial events, all of which were individual. In the stages containing categorized climbs, four had summit finishes: stage 5, to Limone Piemonte;[4] stage 11, to Campitello Matese;[5] stage 13, to San Giacomo;[6] and stage 17, to Passo Coe.[7] The organizers chose to include two rest days. When compared to the previous year's race, the race was 1.5 km (1 mi) shorter, contained one more rest day, and one more individual time trial. In addition, this race had an opening prologue like the year before.","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FaustoCoppi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fausto Coppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Coppi"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification"},{"link_name":"mass-start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_start"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"points classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"intergiro classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergiro_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"}],"text":"The statue of Fausto Coppi on the Pordoi Pass from which the Coppi in Cima Coppi is derived.In the 2002 Giro d'Italia, five different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass-start stages, the leader received a pink jersey. This classification is considered the most important of the Giro d'Italia, and the winner is considered the winner of the Giro.[10]Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a mauve jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage. The stage win awarded 25 points, second place awarded 20 points, third 16, fourth 14, fifth 12, sixth 10, and one point fewer per place down the line, to a single point for 15th. In addition, points could be won in intermediate sprints.[10]There was also a mountains classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the mountains classifications, points were won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists. Each climb was categorized as either first, second, or third category, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The highest point in the Giro (called the Cima Coppi), which in 2002 was the Passo Pordoi, afforded more points than the other first-category climbs.[10]The fourth jersey represented the intergiro classification, marked by a blue jersey.[10] The calculation for the intergiro is similar to that of the general classification, in each stage there is a midway point that the riders pass through a point and where their time is stopped. As the race goes on, their times compiled and the person with the lowest time is the leader of the intergiro classification and wears the blue jersey.[10]There were also two classifications for teams. The first was the Trofeo Fast Team. In this classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[10] The Trofeo Super Team was a team points classification, with the top 20 placed riders on each stage earning points (20 for first place, 19 for second place and so on, down to a single point for 20th) for their team.[10]The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run.","title":"Classification Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Paolo Savoldelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg"},{"link_name":"Index Alexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Alexia"},{"link_name":"Tyler Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"CSC–Tiscali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Pietro Caucchioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Caucchioli"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Gárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_G%C3%A1rate"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Pavel Tonkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Tonkov"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Aitor González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitor_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Georg Totschnig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Totschnig"},{"link_name":"Gerolsteiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolsteiner_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Fernando Escartín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Escart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Team Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Coast"},{"link_name":"Rik Verbrugghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Verbrugghe"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Adecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Dario Frigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Frigo"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Mario Cipollini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cipollini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_violet.svg"},{"link_name":"Acqua & Sapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_%26_Sapone"},{"link_name":"Massimo Strazzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Strazzer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_blue.svg"},{"link_name":"Phonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonak_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Aitor González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitor_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Petacchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Petacchi"},{"link_name":"Fassa Bortolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassa_Bortolo"},{"link_name":"Tyler Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"CSC–Tiscali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Mykhaylo Khalilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhaylo_Khalilov"},{"link_name":"Colombia–Selle Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"Paolo Savoldelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg"},{"link_name":"Index Alexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Alexia"},{"link_name":"Cristian Moreni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Moreni"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Dario Frigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Frigo"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Gárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_G%C3%A1rate"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Julio Alberto Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Alberto_P%C3%A9rez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_green.svg"},{"link_name":"Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF_Group%E2%80%93Bardiani%E2%80%93CSF%E2%80%93Faizan%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"José Castelblanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castelblanco"},{"link_name":"Colombia–Selle Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"Pavel Tonkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Tonkov"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Daniele De Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_De_Paoli"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Sergio Barbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Barbero"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Dario Frigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Frigo"},{"link_name":"Pietro Caucchioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Caucchioli"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Ruben Alverio Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruben_Alverio_Marin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colombia–Selle Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"Paolo Savoldelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg"},{"link_name":"Index Alexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Alexia"},{"link_name":"Cadel Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadel_Evans"},{"link_name":"Mapei–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Massimo Strazzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Strazzer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_blue.svg"},{"link_name":"Phonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonak_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Serhiy Honchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy_Honchar"},{"link_name":"Fassa Bortolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassa_Bortolo"},{"link_name":"Aitor González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitor_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Tyler Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"CSC–Tiscali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Biagio Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagio_Conte"},{"link_name":"Saeco–Longoni Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeco_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Mykhaylo Khalilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhaylo_Khalilov"},{"link_name":"Colombia–Selle Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"Mariano Piccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Piccoli"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Petacchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Petacchi"},{"link_name":"Fassa Bortolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassa_Bortolo"},{"link_name":"Paolo Savoldelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg"},{"link_name":"Index Alexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Alexia"},{"link_name":"Mario Cipollini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cipollini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_violet.svg"},{"link_name":"Acqua & Sapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_%26_Sapone"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Rabobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"CSC–Tiscali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Mapei–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Gerolsteiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolsteiner_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Colombia–Selle Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"Fassa Bortolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassa_Bortolo"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Phonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonak_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Fassa Bortolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassa_Bortolo"},{"link_name":"Mapei–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Adecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Gerolsteiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolsteiner_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Acqua & Sapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_%26_Sapone"},{"link_name":"Team Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Coast"}],"text":"General classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) \n\nIndex Alexia\n\n89h 22' 42\"\n\n\n2\n\n Tyler Hamilton (USA)\n\nCSC–Tiscali\n\n+ 1' 41\"\n\n\n3\n\n Pietro Caucchioli (ITA)\n\nAlessio\n\n+ 2' 12\"\n\n\n4\n\n Juan Manuel Gárate (ESP)\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n+ 3' 14\"\n\n\n5\n\n Pavel Tonkov (RUS)\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n+ 5' 34\"\n\n\n6\n\n Aitor González (ESP)\n\nKelme–Costa Blanca\n\n+ 6' 54\"\n\n\n7\n\n Georg Totschnig (AUT)\n\nGerolsteiner\n\n+ 7' 02\"\n\n\n8\n\n Fernando Escartín (ESP)\n\nTeam Coast\n\n+ 7' 07\"\n\n\n9\n\n Rik Verbrugghe (BEL)\n\nLotto–Adecco\n\n+ 9' 36\"\n\n\n10\n\n Dario Frigo (ITA)\n\nTacconi Sport-Emmegi\n\n+ 11' 50\"\n\n\nPoints classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Mario Cipollini (ITA) \n\nAcqua & Sapone\n\n184\n\n\n2\n\n Massimo Strazzer (ITA) \n\nPhonak\n\n166\n\n\n3\n\n Aitor González (ESP)\n\nKelme–Costa Blanca\n\n106\n\n\n4\n\n Alessandro Petacchi (ITA)\n\nFassa Bortolo\n\n101\n\n\n5\n\n Tyler Hamilton (USA)\n\nCSC–Tiscali\n\n86\n\n\n6\n\n Mykhaylo Khalilov (UKR)\n\nColombia–Selle Italia\n\n85\n\n\n7\n\n Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) \n\nIndex Alexia\n\n80\n\n\n8\n\n Cristian Moreni (ITA)\n\nAlessio\n\n79\n\n\n9\n\n Dario Frigo (ITA)\n\nTacconi Sport-Emmegi\n\n74\n\n\n10\n\n Juan Manuel Gárate (ESP)\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n70Mountains classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Julio Alberto Pérez (MEX) \n\nCeramiche Panaria–Fiordo\n\n69\n\n\n2\n\n José Castelblanco (COL)\n\nColombia–Selle Italia\n\n33\n\n\n3\n\n Pavel Tonkov (RUS)\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n25\n\n\n4\n\n Daniele De Paoli (ITA)\n\nAlessio\n\n22\n\n\n5\n\n Sergio Barbero (ITA)\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n20\n\n\n6\n\n Dario Frigo (ITA)\n\nTacconi Sport-Emmegi\n\n\n7\n\n Pietro Caucchioli (ITA)\n\nAlessio\n\n19\n\n\n8\n\n Ruben Alverio Marin (COL)\n\nColombia–Selle Italia\n\n18\n\n\n9\n\n Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) \n\nIndex Alexia\n\n\n10\n\n Cadel Evans (AUS)\n\nMapei–Quick-Step\n\n15\n\n\nIntergiro classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Massimo Strazzer (ITA) \n\nPhonak\n\n55h 05' 46\"\n\n\n2\n\n Serhiy Honchar (UKR)\n\nFassa Bortolo\n\n+ 4' 26\"\n\n\n3\n\n Aitor González (ESP)\n\nKelme–Costa Blanca\n\n+ 4' 41\"\n\n\n4\n\n Tyler Hamilton (USA)\n\nCSC–Tiscali\n\n+ 4' 46\"\n\n\n5\n\n Biagio Conte (ITA)\n\nSaeco–Longoni Sport\n\n+ 4' 55\"\n\n\n6\n\n Mykhaylo Khalilov (UKR)\n\nColombia–Selle Italia\n\n+ 5' 04\"\n\n\n7\n\n Mariano Piccoli (ITA)\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n+ 5' 24\"\n\n\n8\n\n Alessandro Petacchi (ITA)\n\nFassa Bortolo\n\n+ 5' 26\"\n\n\n9\n\n Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) \n\nIndex Alexia\n\n+ 5' 27\"\n\n\n10\n\n Mario Cipollini (ITA) \n\nAcqua & Sapone\n\n+ 5' 36\"Trofeo Fast Team classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\nAlessio\n\n267h 57' 29\"\n\n\n2\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n+ 30' 10\"\n\n\n3\n\nRabobank\n\n+ 40' 12\"\n\n\n4\n\nCSC–Tiscali\n\n+ 42' 03\"\n\n\n5\n\nMapei–Quick-Step\n\n+ 45' 55\"\n\n\n6\n\nTacconi Sport-Emmegi\n\n+ 57' 25\"\n\n\n7\n\nKelme–Costa Blanca\n\n+ 58' 00\"\n\n\n8\n\nGerolsteiner\n\n+ 1h 16' 29\"\n\n\n9\n\nColombia–Selle Italia\n\n+ 1h 35' 57\"\n\n\n10\n\nFassa Bortolo\n\n+ 1h 47' 08\"\n\n\nTrofeo Super Team classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\nAlessio\n\n360\n\n\n2\n\nPhonak\n\n306\n\n\n3\n\nFassa Bortolo\n\n284\n\n\n4\n\nMapei–Quick-Step\n\n260\n\n\n5\n\nLampre–Daikin\n\n259\n\n\n6\n\nLotto–Adecco\n\n254\n\n\n7\n\nKelme–Costa Blanca\n\n253\n\n\n8\n\nGerolsteiner\n\n226\n\n\n9\n\nAcqua & Sapone\n\n223\n\n\n10\n\nTeam Coast\n\n213","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"Massimo Strazzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Strazzer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"Azzurri d'Italia classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia#Azzurri_d.27Italia_classification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"Mario Cipollini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cipollini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"Mariano Piccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Piccoli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-10"},{"link_name":"Colombia–Selle Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingNews_Stage_20_Recap_&_Final_Standings-1"}],"sub_title":"Minor classifications","text":"Other less well-known classifications, whose leaders did not receive a special jersey, were awarded during the Giro. Other awards included the Combativity classification, which was a compilation of points gained for position on crossing intermediate sprints, mountain passes and stage finishes.[10] Italian Massimo Strazzer won the Most Combative classification.[1] The Azzurri d'Italia classification was based on finishing order, but points were awarded only to the top three finishers in each stage.[10] The Azzurri d'Italia classification was won by Mario Cipollini.[1] The Trofeo Fuga Piaggio classification rewarded riders who took part in a breakaway at the head of the field, each rider in an escape of ten or fewer riders getting one point for each kilometre that the group stayed clear.[10] The classification was won by Mariano Piccoli.[1] Teams were given penalty points for minor technical infringements.[10] Colombia–Selle Italia was the most successful in avoiding penalties after not being penalized during the race, and so won the Fair Play classification.[1]","title":"Final standings"}]	[{"image_text":"Campitello Matese hosted the end of the 140 km (87 mi) eleventh stage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lago_del_Matese.jpg/220px-Lago_del_Matese.jpg"},{"image_text":"The statue of Fausto Coppi on the Pordoi Pass from which the Coppi in Cima Coppi is derived.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FaustoCoppi.jpg/220px-FaustoCoppi.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jeff Jones (2002-06-02). \"Cipollini leads them home in Milan\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=results/stage20","url_text":"\"Cipollini leads them home in Milan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227001259/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=results/stage20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Start List\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=startlist","url_text":"\"Start List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302032022/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=startlist","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"El Giro quiere lavar su imagen\" [The Giro want to clean up their image] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo S.A. 18 November 2001. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD03/PUB/2001/11/18/EMD20011118038MDV.pdf","url_text":"\"El Giro quiere lavar su imagen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200315/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD03/PUB/2001/11/18/EMD20011118038MDV.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stage 5 - May 17: Fossano-Limone Piemonte, 150 km\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage5","url_text":"\"Stage 5 - May 17: Fossano-Limone Piemonte, 150 km\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013231409/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stage 11 - May 23: Benevento-Campitello Matese, 140 km\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage11","url_text":"\"Stage 11 - May 23: Benevento-Campitello Matese, 140 km\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013233551/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stage 13 - May 25: Chieti-San Giacomo, 190 km\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage13","url_text":"\"Stage 13 - May 25: Chieti-San Giacomo, 190 km\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013233206/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage13","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stage 17 - May 30: Corvara in Badia-Folgaria, 222 km\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage17","url_text":"\"Stage 17 - May 30: Corvara in Badia-Folgaria, 222 km\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302085406/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage17","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"85th Giro d'Italia (GT)\". Cycling News. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages","url_text":"\"85th Giro d'Italia (GT)\""}]},{"reference":"\"85ème Giro d'Italia 2002\". Memoire du cyclisme (in French). Archived from the original on 25 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041025164827/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdi/tdi2002.php","url_text":"\"85ème Giro d'Italia 2002\""},{"url":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdi/tdi2002.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laura Weislo (13 May 2008). \"Giro d'Italia classifications demystified\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=/features/2008/giro_classifications08","url_text":"\"Giro d'Italia classifications demystified\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508234448/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=/features/2008/giro_classifications08","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=results/stage20","external_links_name":"\"Cipollini leads them home in Milan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227001259/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=results/stage20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=startlist","external_links_name":"\"Start List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302032022/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=startlist","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD03/PUB/2001/11/18/EMD20011118038MDV.pdf","external_links_name":"\"El Giro quiere lavar su imagen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200315/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD03/PUB/2001/11/18/EMD20011118038MDV.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage5","external_links_name":"\"Stage 5 - May 17: Fossano-Limone Piemonte, 150 km\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013231409/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage11","external_links_name":"\"Stage 11 - May 23: Benevento-Campitello Matese, 140 km\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013233551/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage11","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage13","external_links_name":"\"Stage 13 - May 25: Chieti-San Giacomo, 190 km\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013233206/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage13","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage17","external_links_name":"\"Stage 17 - May 30: Corvara in Badia-Folgaria, 222 km\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302085406/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages/stage17","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/giro02/?id=stages","external_links_name":"\"85th Giro d'Italia (GT)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041025164827/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdi/tdi2002.php","external_links_name":"\"85ème Giro d'Italia 2002\""},{"Link":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdi/tdi2002.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=/features/2008/giro_classifications08","external_links_name":"\"Giro d'Italia classifications demystified\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508234448/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=/features/2008/giro_classifications08","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback:_The_Quest_for_Identity	Flashback (1992 video game)	["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development and release","4 Reception","5 Legacy","5.1 Remakes","5.2 Sequels and prequels","6 References","7 External links"]	1992 video game 1992 video gameFlashbackOriginal Amiga cover artDeveloper(s)Delphine Software InternationalTiertex (SNES, PC-CD, 3DO, CD-i, Jaguar)Chui (Dreamcast)Publisher(s)U.S. GoldJoshProd (Dreamcast)Microids (Switch)Director(s)Paul Cuisset Designer(s)Paul CuissetComposer(s)Jean BaudlotRaphaël GesquaFabrice VisserotPlatform(s)Amiga, Acorn Archimedes, Mega Drive/Genesis, MS-DOS, NEC PC-9801, Super NES, Sega CD, FM Towns, 3DO, CD-i, Atari Jaguar, Mac OS, iOS, Symbian, Maemo, Dreamcast, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox OneRelease19921993 (MS-DOS, SNES, Acorn Archimedes, Sega Genesis)March 1995 (CD-i)Genre(s)Cinematic platformerMode(s)Single-player Flashback, released as Flashback: The Quest for Identity in the United States, is a 1992 science fiction cinematic platform game developed by Delphine Software of France and published by U.S. Gold in the United States and Europe, and Sunsoft in Japan. The game was directed, written/designed and partially programmed by Paul Cuisset, who had previously created the adventure game Future Wars. Flashback was initially released for the Amiga in 1992, although originally created for the Mega Drive/Genesis. The Mega Drive/Genesis version was not released until 1993. Flashback was also ported to MS-DOS, Acorn Archimedes and Super NES in 1993. CD-ROM versions of Flashback for the Sega CD, 3DO, CD-i, MS-DOS, Apple Macintosh and the FM Towns were released during 1994 and 1995, together with a cartridge version for the Atari Jaguar in 1995. In 2017, the game was released worldwide on the Sega Dreamcast featuring graphic assets and cutscenes taken from the MS-DOS version and music from the Amiga version. An updated port titled Flashback: Remastered Edition was released for Nintendo Switch on June 7, 2018, for PlayStation 4 on November 20, 2018, and for Windows on November 29, 2018. Originally advertised as a "CD-ROM game on a cartridge", the game features fully hand-drawn backdrops and all animation is rotoscoped, giving movements an unusual fluidity, similar to that of the earlier Prince of Persia. The capture technique of Flashback was invented independently of Prince of Persia and used a more complicated method of first tracing video images onto transparencies. The game was a commercial and critical success and was listed in the Guinness World Records as the best-selling French game of all time. It was followed by a sequel titled Fade to Black in 1995. In 2013, a Flashback remake by VectorCell was released for the PC and consoles. A new game, Flashback 2 was announced by Microids in May 2021. It was released on November 16, 2023, for the PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S, with previous generation consoles getting their release early 2024. At this point, it was revealed, through gameplay and story, that the game is actually a prequel - set eight years before the original. Gameplay Conrad, left, fighting two corrupt cops (Sega Mega Drive/Genesis version) As a cinematic platformer, Flashback features gameplay similar to that of 1989's Prince of Persia, and Delphine's own Another World released in 1991. Each level spans a large number of non-scrolling screens, nearly all of which feature multiple levels of altitude – requiring the player character Conrad to jump, grab onto ledges, climb, use elevators, and drop onto lower levels. Conrad exhibits realistic human running speed and jumping ability, as well as realistic weakness – he will die if he falls from too great a height. Conrad also carries a pistol with unlimited ammunition; a force shield, which absorbs a certain number of shots before needing recharging, acting as Conrad's health (how many attacks he can survive before dying); and a portable force field with unlimited use, which can act as a temporary barrier to block enemies' shots. As Conrad progresses through the game's seven levels, he is increasingly presented with spatial puzzles, requiring the player to discover how to guide him toward his destination. Late in the game, Conrad receives a teleportation device, and is able to progress by throwing the device and teleporting into otherwise unreachable areas. Plot In the year 2142, intelligence agent Conrad B. Hart discovers that shapeshifting aliens known as Morphs have infiltrated human society. He records a message to himself, but before he can warn anyone else, he is captured and his memory erased. He later escapes, but crash-lands his vehicle in a jungle, where the gameplay begins as he drops his recorded message. If the player retrieves it, it instructs Conrad to meet his friend Ian in New Washington. Once there, he finds Ian being attacked by police. After Conrad kills them, Ian uses a regenerator to restore his memories, a copy of which he had sent to Ian. Afterward, Conrad is determined to return to Earth. Ian tells him that the only way he can afford a ticket to Earth is to win one in Death Tower, a game show in which contestants fight to the death, and false papers are required for a pass. To pay for the forged papers, Conrad takes a series of dangerous jobs in the city. He finds himself continually targeted by police, who have presumably been misled by Morph infiltrators. Conrad wins Death Tower and travels to Earth. His false papers get him past the checkpoint, but the Morphs soon realize who he is and Conrad is pursued by more cops. He takes a taxi to the Paradise Club, which conceals the Morphs' hideout. He spies on three Morphs through a ceiling vent. They discuss their plan to conquer Earth within hours. Conrad falls through the vent and is taken to a prison cell. Soon, Morphs enter his cell to kill him. Conrad runs past them and picks up a discarded alien gun. Exploring the facility, he discovers a teleporter, and uses it to transport himself to the Morphs' home planet. He finds a human prisoner named Phillip Howard Clark. As he opens his prison, a Morph appears and executes Phillip. Dying, Phillip gives Conrad an atomic charge. Phillip's diary reveals he had planned to destroy the "Master Brain" that controls the aliens, located at the planet's core, but the "Auxiliary Brain" must be destroyed to open up the communication pathways to the Master Brain. Conrad destroys the Auxiliary Brain and finds the Master Brain's pathway. As he arrives at a certain spot, he hears Phillip's voice, telling him that the atomic charge should be placed on a loose platform. After he does so, he throws a switch, awakening the brain to cause a tremor, which drops the charge towards the core. Conrad escapes to the hangar and takes a Morph's spacecraft out of the planet's atmosphere before it detonates. As he cannot navigate home, due to the Morphs' galaxy not being on any human star charts, he instead puts himself in suspended animation while his ship drifts into space, leading up to the events of Fade to Black. Development and release The PC version has an extended introductory sequence and more minor cut scenes than the Amiga version, such as when picking up items. In the Amiga version, the user can see these scenes by enabling them (although with few seconds of delay every time the animations load) or by playing the game entirely from the hard drive. The Amiga version also had an option to zoom in on the action whenever Conrad opens fire. Due to criticism of the look, it was removed from all other versions, although an option to play the game zoomed in remained in the PC version. The message that Conrad writes in the ending was also different in this release. The game was originally released on 3.5" floppy disk for MS-DOS. The re-release on CD-ROM for the Sega CD (later adapted to the PC CD-ROM, 3DO and CD-i) featured redone pre-rendered cinematic FMVs with voice acting and sound effects. The Sega CD version also has voice work for gameplay and CD tracks for each level which were not carried to the other CD-ROM conversions. The Jaguar port has the title screen that these versions have, but the music is different and the cutscenes are as on the original releases. In 2013, Paul Cuisset told Retro Gamer: "The best version for me is the Mega Drive version. The game was created for this platform". In North America, the Genesis, Super NES and Sega CD versions featured a Marvel comic book within the manual in order to explain the initial story. The PAL releases of the Mega Drive and Super NES versions (there was no Mega CD version in the PAL region) omitted the comic and instead featured a textual prologue. The Super NES port featured some minor censorship due to Nintendo's content guidelines at the time. Changes included New Washington's bar becoming a cafe and Death Tower being renamed Cyber Tower, while the enemy mutants (who had natural skin colors in other versions) were recolored green. A two-track CD soundtrack was released featuring music inspired by the game, but not directly from it. Flashback, along with Another World, shipped as a single retail package by Microids for the PlayStation 4, Switch and Xbox One in Europe on April 16, 2020. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic77/100 (NS)Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (MAC) (3DO) (SCD) (Genesis)Electronic Gaming Monthly8.25/10 (SNES)7.5/10 (SCD)Next Generation (SCD, 3DO) (MAC)Entertainment WeeklyB (SCD)MegaTech94%Mega94%CD-i92% (CDI)AwardsPublicationAwardSegaBest Action Adventure RGP Game of the YearElectronic Gaming MonthlyEditor's Choice Three Continuous MonthsGame InformerGame of the YearNintendo PowerBest of Show Winter CESGame ProAction Adventure of the YearElectronic Gaming MonthlyEditor's Choice Gold Award Flashback sold roughly 750,000 copies by 1995. Computer Gaming World approved of Flashback's "superbly rotoscoped graphics", "fluid movement" and sound card audio. While criticizing the awkward interface and use of save points, the magazine concluded that it "is an excellent game that truly creates a sense of reality". Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the SNES version for having improved graphics and music over the Genesis version. They remarked that Flashback is slow-paced at times, but retains the player's interest through its compelling plot and involving puzzles. MegaTech magazine conceded that although there were "five big levels", finishing the game did not take very long. Nintendo Power praised the graphics, story and animation calling it "almost cinematic" while noting that the play control takes "some getting used to". Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that the Sega CD version is "virtually identical" to the Genesis version, but that Flashback is still an essential purchase for those who do not already own a different version. GamePro, in contrast, argued that the reworked cutscenes "look so awesome that even gamers who've already completed this game on another platform will want to play it again just to see all the new CD footage". They also praised the addition of a CD-quality soundtrack and voices. A reviewer for Next Generation acknowledged that the Sega CD version makes considerable improvements, but argued that they are all standard cartridge-to-Sega CD enhancements which have no impact on the gameplay. However, he lauded Flashback itself for its graphics, animation and "fiendishly clever puzzles", and said that though the game superficially resembles Another World and Heart of the Alien, it is "in a class by itself that easily surpasses them". Entertainment Weekly similarly said that Flashback itself still held up well, but that the Sega CD version's improvements seem less significant than its frequent load times. Reviewing the Jaguar version, GamePro noted that it was merely a straight port with no enhancements to take advantage of the hardware, but that "the game is no less enjoyable" than when it was first released to game consoles over a year before. Reviewing the Macintosh version in Next Generation, a critic applauded the game's animation, story sequences, plot, level design and longevity. Next Generation reviewed the 3DO version of the game, and stated that "this title is still the same great game that we've been looking at for a couple of years. And one last note, the 3DO controller, for once, doesn't interfere (much) with the game's demanding control scheme." Flashback was listed in the Guinness World Records as the best-selling French game of all time. The Mega Drive version became a bestseller. In 1994, Mega placed the game at number eight in their list of top Mega Drive games of all time. In 1997, Electronic Gaming Monthly listed the Genesis version as number 92 on their "100 Best Games of All Time", calling it "a strong package that is fun to play even today. Flashback makes us feel like we're in that alien world, and with its lifelike animation and excellent moves, we can't help but love it." In February 2011, Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the 17th best Amiga game and the Polish edition of CHIP ranked it as the tenth best Amiga game. In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted Flashback as the 65th top retro game. In 1994, PC Gamer UK named Flashback the 17th best computer game of all time. The editors wrote, "Flashback proves that, when it comes to producing original, stylish and challenging games, there are few more adept than the French." IGN rated the game #79th on their "Top 100 SNES Games of All Time". In 2018, Complex listed the game 43rd in their "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time." In 1995, Total! placed the game 24th on their Top 100 SNES Games. The lauded the rotoscoped graphics saying at the time "the most realistic animation ever seen in a platformer". They also praised the combination of action and adventure style puzzle challenges, summarizing: "The game itself is a of an experience and the excellent plot also keeps the whole thing incredibly atmospheric." In the same year, Flux ranked Flashback tenth on its "Top 100 Video Games." In 1996, GamesMaster listed the Mega Drive version 59th in its "Top 100 Games of All Time." Legacy Remakes REminiscence, a game engine recreation, was created in 2005 by Gregory Montoir (cyx). The engine is available for AmigaOS 4, Dreamcast, GP2X, iPhone, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Maemo, MorphOS, Nintendo DS, Wii, Palm OS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Sega Saturn and Windows CE. There is also one for the Xbox 360 by MagicSeb. A port for Symbian and Maemo 5 by Ronen K is available. A 2013 remake was released after being announced on April 11, 2013, with a reveal trailer. Sequels and prequels A sequel titled Fade to Black was produced by Delphine Software International in 1995 for the PC and PlayStation as a 3D game. A third game in the series, Flashback Legend, was in development by both Delphine Software International and Adeline Software International for a planned released in 2003, but was cancelled when the company went bankrupt and ceased operations at the end of 2002. In early 2013, a game titled Flashback Origins was rumored to be in development, with the French website Gameblog stating that €300,000 of government funding had been granted to Cuisset's VectorCell in 2011. In May 2021, Flashback 2 was announced for personal computers and multiple consoles. The game was developed by Microids who did not specify how the game would be connected, if at all, to Fade to Black. The game was released on November 16, 2023, for the PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S, with previous generation consoles getting their release in early 2024. As players and critics now had the game's actual story in their hands, it turns out that Flashback 2 is actually a prequel - set eight years before the original. References ^ "CVG Preview - CD-i" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 159. Future Publishing. February 1995. p. 44. ^ a b Jones, Darran (July 18, 2013). "Flashback to the Future". Retro Gamer (118): 20–25. ISSN 1742-3155. ^ "Review: Flashback". www.thedreamcastjunkyard.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-02. ^ "Here is the story as far as I know. My current position is unknown. I can't find the galaxy I am in on any of my many star-maps. With no start point I cannot even calculate a return trajectory so I seem doomed to a life of aimless drifting..." ^ Lost Flashback Soundtrack at Binary Bonsai Archived 2012-11-10 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Another World and Flashback offered together for the very first time!". Gamasutra (Press release). Microids. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Flashback for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2019-07-10. ^ a b "Review Crew: Flashback". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 56. Sendai Publishing. March 1994. p. 34. ^ a b "Review Crew: Flashback". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 65. Sendai Publishing. December 1994. p. 44. ^ a b "Natural". Next Generation. No. 4. Imagine Media. April 1995. p. 93. ^ a b "Finals". Next Generation. No. 5. Imagine Media. May 1995. p. 89. ^ a b "Flashback". Next Generation. No. 6. Imagine Media. June 1995. p. 109. ^ a b Strauss, Bob (January 20, 1995). "Flashback". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ a b MegaTech rating, EMAP, issue 22, page 99, October 1993 ^ Mega review, issue 9, page 53, June 1993 ^ a b c d e f "Flashback - Awards". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 65. Ziff Davis. December 1994. p. 157. ^ "Flashback (Macintosh) Review". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. ^ "Flashback (3DO) Review". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. ^ "Flashback (Sega CD) Review". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. ^ "Flashback (Sega Genesis) Review". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. ^ Stout, Andy (February 1995). "Flashback Review". CD-i (10): 8–10. Retrieved April 4, 2022. ^ Klett, Steve (November 1995). "Fade to Black". PC Games. Archived from the original on October 18, 1996. Retrieved December 17, 2019. ^ Pyron, Dave (October 1993). "Flash Forward to Flashback". Computer Gaming World. pp. 60, 62. Retrieved 25 March 2016. ^ "Now Playing". Nintendo Power. Vol. 56. Nintendo of America Inc. January 1994. p. 103. ^ "ProReview: Flashback". GamePro. No. 66. IDG. January 1995. p. 58. ^ "ProReview: Flashback". GamePro. No. 69. IDG. April 1995. p. 92. ^ "The making of... Flashback". Edge. Future Publishing. pp. 104–107. ^ Official Gallup UK Mega Drive sales chart, August 1993, published in Mega issue 11 ^ Mega magazine issue 26, page 74, Maverick Magazines, November 1994 ^ "100 Best Games of All Time". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 100. Ziff Davis. November 1997. pp. 104, 106. Note: Contrary to the title, the intro to the article explicitly states that the list covers console video games only, meaning PC games and arcade games were not eligible. ^ "17. Flashback. - 30 najlepszych gier na Amigę" (in Polish). Wirtualna Polska. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2014. ^ (in Polish) Michał Wierzbicki, Dziesięć najlepszych gier na Amigę Archived 2016-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, Chip.pl, 23.02.2010 ^ Retro Gamer 8, page 67. ^ Staff (April 1994). "The PC Gamer Top 50 PC Games of All Time". PC Gamer UK. No. 5. pp. 43–56. ^ Top 100 SNES Games of All Time - IGN.com, retrieved 2022-01-28 ^ Knight, Rich (April 30, 2018). "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time". Complex. Retrieved 2022-02-05. ^ "Top SNES Games". Total! (43): 43. July 1995. Retrieved March 15, 2022. ^ "Top 100 Video Games". Flux (4). Harris Publications: 27. April 1995. ^ "Top 100 Games of All Time" (PDF). GamesMaster (44): 76. July 1996. ^ "changelog". cyxdown.free.fr. Retrieved 2022-10-01. ^ REminiscence homepage ^ Symbian port ^ Maemo 5 port ^ a b Martin, Liam (January 22, 2013). "'Flashback' HD remake 'in the works' as new image surfaces". Digital Spy. Retrieved January 25, 2013. ^ "'Flashback' remake suggested as image and funding emerge". Hindustan Times. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013. ^ Wales, Matt (May 4, 2021). "16-bit sci-fi classic Flashback is getting (another) sequel". Eurogamer. Retrieved May 4, 2021. ^ McMahon, Andrew (May 4, 2021). "Microids Announces Flashback 2 Will Launch in 2022 for Consoles & PC". Twinfinite. Retrieved May 4, 2021. ^ "Flashback 2 out November 2023 - here's a gameplay trailer". Eurogamer.net. 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2023-05-05. External links Flashback: The Quest for Identity at MobyGames Portals: 1990s France Video games vteFlashback series Flashback (1992) Fade to Black Flashback (2013) Flashback 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"cinematic platform game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_platform_game"},{"link_name":"Delphine Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_Software"},{"link_name":"U.S. Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Gold"},{"link_name":"Sunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunsoft"},{"link_name":"Paul Cuisset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cuisset"},{"link_name":"Future Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Wars"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Mega Drive/Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG-2"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Acorn Archimedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Archimedes"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_NES"},{"link_name":"Sega CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_CD"},{"link_name":"3DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"CD-i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i"},{"link_name":"Apple Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"FM Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_Towns"},{"link_name":"Atari Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Jaguar"},{"link_name":"Sega Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"rotoscoped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotoscoping"},{"link_name":"Prince of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Persia_(1989_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Fade to Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_to_Black_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(2013_video_game)"},{"link_name":"VectorCell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VectorCell"},{"link_name":"Flashback 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_2"},{"link_name":"Microids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microids"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S"}],"text":"1992 video gameFlashback, released as Flashback: The Quest for Identity in the United States, is a 1992 science fiction cinematic platform game developed by Delphine Software of France and published by U.S. Gold in the United States and Europe, and Sunsoft in Japan.The game was directed, written/designed and partially programmed by Paul Cuisset, who had previously created the adventure game Future Wars. Flashback was initially released for the Amiga in 1992, although originally created for the Mega Drive/Genesis.[2] The Mega Drive/Genesis version was not released until 1993. Flashback was also ported to MS-DOS, Acorn Archimedes and Super NES in 1993. CD-ROM versions of Flashback for the Sega CD, 3DO, CD-i, MS-DOS, Apple Macintosh and the FM Towns were released during 1994 and 1995, together with a cartridge version for the Atari Jaguar in 1995. In 2017, the game was released worldwide on the Sega Dreamcast featuring graphic assets and cutscenes taken from the MS-DOS version and music from the Amiga version.[3] An updated port titled Flashback: Remastered Edition was released for Nintendo Switch on June 7, 2018, for PlayStation 4 on November 20, 2018, and for Windows on November 29, 2018.Originally advertised as a \"CD-ROM game on a cartridge\", the game features fully hand-drawn backdrops and all animation is rotoscoped, giving movements an unusual fluidity, similar to that of the earlier Prince of Persia. The capture technique of Flashback was invented independently of Prince of Persia and used a more complicated method of first tracing video images onto transparencies.The game was a commercial and critical success and was listed in the Guinness World Records as the best-selling French game of all time. It was followed by a sequel titled Fade to Black in 1995. In 2013, a Flashback remake by VectorCell was released for the PC and consoles.A new game, Flashback 2 was announced by Microids in May 2021. It was released on November 16, 2023, for the PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S, with previous generation consoles getting their release early 2024. At this point, it was revealed, through gameplay and story, that the game is actually a prequel - set eight years before the original.","title":"Flashback (1992 video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flashback_-_The_Quest_for_Identity.png"},{"link_name":"cinematic platformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game#Cinematic_platform_game"},{"link_name":"Prince of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Persia_(1989_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Another World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_World_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"teleportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleportation"}],"text":"Conrad, left, fighting two corrupt cops (Sega Mega Drive/Genesis version)As a cinematic platformer, Flashback features gameplay similar to that of 1989's Prince of Persia, and Delphine's own Another World released in 1991. Each level spans a large number of non-scrolling screens, nearly all of which feature multiple levels of altitude – requiring the player character Conrad to jump, grab onto ledges, climb, use elevators, and drop onto lower levels. Conrad exhibits realistic human running speed and jumping ability, as well as realistic weakness – he will die if he falls from too great a height.Conrad also carries a pistol with unlimited ammunition; a force shield, which absorbs a certain number of shots before needing recharging, acting as Conrad's health (how many attacks he can survive before dying); and a portable force field with unlimited use, which can act as a temporary barrier to block enemies' shots.As Conrad progresses through the game's seven levels, he is increasingly presented with spatial puzzles, requiring the player to discover how to guide him toward his destination. Late in the game, Conrad receives a teleportation device, and is able to progress by throwing the device and teleporting into otherwise unreachable areas.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suspended animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_animation"},{"link_name":"Fade to Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_to_Black_(video_game)"}],"text":"In the year 2142, intelligence agent Conrad B. Hart discovers that shapeshifting aliens known as Morphs have infiltrated human society. He records a message to himself, but before he can warn anyone else, he is captured and his memory erased. He later escapes, but crash-lands his vehicle in a jungle, where the gameplay begins as he drops his recorded message. If the player retrieves it, it instructs Conrad to meet his friend Ian in New Washington.Once there, he finds Ian being attacked by police. After Conrad kills them, Ian uses a regenerator to restore his memories, a copy of which he had sent to Ian. Afterward, Conrad is determined to return to Earth. Ian tells him that the only way he can afford a ticket to Earth is to win one in Death Tower, a game show in which contestants fight to the death, and false papers are required for a pass. To pay for the forged papers, Conrad takes a series of dangerous jobs in the city. He finds himself continually targeted by police, who have presumably been misled by Morph infiltrators.Conrad wins Death Tower and travels to Earth. His false papers get him past the checkpoint, but the Morphs soon realize who he is and Conrad is pursued by more cops. He takes a taxi to the Paradise Club, which conceals the Morphs' hideout. He spies on three Morphs through a ceiling vent. They discuss their plan to conquer Earth within hours. Conrad falls through the vent and is taken to a prison cell. Soon, Morphs enter his cell to kill him. Conrad runs past them and picks up a discarded alien gun. Exploring the facility, he discovers a teleporter, and uses it to transport himself to the Morphs' home planet.He finds a human prisoner named Phillip Howard Clark. As he opens his prison, a Morph appears and executes Phillip. Dying, Phillip gives Conrad an atomic charge. Phillip's diary reveals he had planned to destroy the \"Master Brain\" that controls the aliens, located at the planet's core, but the \"Auxiliary Brain\" must be destroyed to open up the communication pathways to the Master Brain. Conrad destroys the Auxiliary Brain and finds the Master Brain's pathway. As he arrives at a certain spot, he hears Phillip's voice, telling him that the atomic charge should be placed on a loose platform. After he does so, he throws a switch, awakening the brain to cause a tremor, which drops the charge towards the core. Conrad escapes to the hangar and takes a Morph's spacecraft out of the planet's atmosphere before it detonates. As he cannot navigate home, due to the Morphs' galaxy not being on any human star charts, he instead puts himself in suspended animation while his ship drifts into space, leading up to the events of Fade to Black.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"3.5\" floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk#3%C2%BD-inch_disk"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Sega CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_CD"},{"link_name":"PC CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"3DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"CD-i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i"},{"link_name":"FMVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-motion_video"},{"link_name":"Retro Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG-2"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Another World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_World_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The PC version has an extended introductory sequence and more minor cut scenes than the Amiga version, such as when picking up items. In the Amiga version, the user can see these scenes by enabling them (although with few seconds of delay every time the animations load) or by playing the game entirely from the hard drive. The Amiga version also had an option to zoom in on the action whenever Conrad opens fire. Due to criticism of the look, it was removed from all other versions, although an option to play the game zoomed in remained in the PC version. The message that Conrad writes in the ending was also different in this release.[4]The game was originally released on 3.5\" floppy disk for MS-DOS. The re-release on CD-ROM for the Sega CD (later adapted to the PC CD-ROM, 3DO and CD-i) featured redone pre-rendered cinematic FMVs with voice acting and sound effects. The Sega CD version also has voice work for gameplay and CD tracks for each level which were not carried to the other CD-ROM conversions. The Jaguar port has the title screen that these versions have, but the music is different and the cutscenes are as on the original releases.In 2013, Paul Cuisset told Retro Gamer: \"The best version for me is the Mega Drive version. The game was created for this platform\".[2]In North America, the Genesis, Super NES and Sega CD versions featured a Marvel comic book within the manual in order to explain the initial story. The PAL releases of the Mega Drive and Super NES versions (there was no Mega CD version in the PAL region) omitted the comic and instead featured a textual prologue. The Super NES port featured some minor censorship due to Nintendo's content guidelines at the time. Changes included New Washington's bar becoming a cafe and Death Tower being renamed Cyber Tower, while the enemy mutants (who had natural skin colors in other versions) were recolored green.A two-track CD soundtrack was released featuring music inspired by the game, but not directly from it.[5]Flashback, along with Another World, shipped as a single retail package by Microids for the PlayStation 4, Switch and Xbox One in Europe on April 16, 2020.[6]","title":"Development and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM30-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM65-9"},{"link_name":"Next 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Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flashback-EGM65-16"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flashback-EGM65-16"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flashback-EGM65-16"},{"link_name":"Game Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Pro"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flashback-EGM65-16"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flashback-EGM65-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesrev-22"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"sound card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card"},{"link_name":"save points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_point"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pyron199310-23"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM30-8"},{"link_name":"MegaTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaTech"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTech22-14"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 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Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWrev-13"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen6-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG5-11"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Wirtualna Polska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtualna_Polska"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wirtualna_Polska_2011-02-19-31"},{"link_name":"CHIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Retro Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgameruktop50-34"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Networks"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Total!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total!"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"GamesMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesMaster_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic77/100 (NS)[7]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (MAC)[17] (3DO)[18] (SCD)[19] (Genesis)[20]Electronic Gaming Monthly8.25/10 (SNES)[8]7.5/10 (SCD)[9]Next Generation (SCD, 3DO)[10][11] (MAC)[12]Entertainment WeeklyB (SCD)[13]MegaTech94%[14]Mega94%[15]CD-i92% (CDI)[21]AwardsPublicationAwardSegaBest Action Adventure RGP Game of the Year[16]Electronic Gaming MonthlyEditor's Choice Three Continuous Months[16]Game InformerGame of the Year[16]Nintendo PowerBest of Show Winter CES[16]Game ProAction Adventure of the Year[16]Electronic Gaming MonthlyEditor's Choice Gold Award[16]Flashback sold roughly 750,000 copies by 1995.[22]Computer Gaming World approved of Flashback's \"superbly rotoscoped graphics\", \"fluid movement\" and sound card audio. While criticizing the awkward interface and use of save points, the magazine concluded that it \"is an excellent game that truly creates a sense of reality\".[23] Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the SNES version for having improved graphics and music over the Genesis version. They remarked that Flashback is slow-paced at times, but retains the player's interest through its compelling plot and involving puzzles.[8] MegaTech magazine conceded that although there were \"five big levels\", finishing the game did not take very long.[14] Nintendo Power praised the graphics, story and animation calling it \"almost cinematic\" while noting that the play control takes \"some getting used to\".[24]Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that the Sega CD version is \"virtually identical\" to the Genesis version, but that Flashback is still an essential purchase for those who do not already own a different version.[9] GamePro, in contrast, argued that the reworked cutscenes \"look so awesome that even gamers who've already completed this game on another platform will want to play it again just to see all the new CD footage\". They also praised the addition of a CD-quality soundtrack and voices.[25] A reviewer for Next Generation acknowledged that the Sega CD version makes considerable improvements, but argued that they are all standard cartridge-to-Sega CD enhancements which have no impact on the gameplay. However, he lauded Flashback itself for its graphics, animation and \"fiendishly clever puzzles\", and said that though the game superficially resembles Another World and Heart of the Alien, it is \"in a class by itself that easily surpasses them\".[10] Entertainment Weekly similarly said that Flashback itself still held up well, but that the Sega CD version's improvements seem less significant than its frequent load times.[13] Reviewing the Jaguar version, GamePro noted that it was merely a straight port with no enhancements to take advantage of the hardware, but that \"the game is no less enjoyable\" than when it was first released to game consoles over a year before.[26]Reviewing the Macintosh version in Next Generation, a critic applauded the game's animation, story sequences, plot, level design and longevity.[12]Next Generation reviewed the 3DO version of the game, and stated that \"this title is still the same great game that we've been looking at for a couple of years. And one last note, the 3DO controller, for once, doesn't interfere (much) with the game's demanding control scheme.\"[11]Flashback was listed in the Guinness World Records as the best-selling French game of all time.[27] The Mega Drive version became a bestseller.[28]In 1994, Mega placed the game at number eight in their list of top Mega Drive games of all time.[29] In 1997, Electronic Gaming Monthly listed the Genesis version as number 92 on their \"100 Best Games of All Time\", calling it \"a strong package that is fun to play even today. Flashback makes us feel like we're in that alien world, and with its lifelike animation and excellent moves, we can't help but love it.\"[30] In February 2011, Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the 17th best Amiga game[31] and the Polish edition of CHIP ranked it as the tenth best Amiga game.[32] In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted Flashback as the 65th top retro game.[33] In 1994, PC Gamer UK named Flashback the 17th best computer game of all time. The editors wrote, \"Flashback proves that, when it comes to producing original, stylish and challenging games, there are few more adept than the French.\"[34] IGN rated the game #79th on their \"Top 100 SNES Games of All Time\".[35] In 2018, Complex listed the game 43rd in their \"The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time.\"[36] In 1995, Total! placed the game 24th on their Top 100 SNES Games. The lauded the rotoscoped graphics saying at the time \"the most realistic animation ever seen in a platformer\". They also praised the combination of action and adventure style puzzle challenges, summarizing: \"The game itself is a [..] of an experience and the excellent plot also keeps the whole thing incredibly atmospheric.\"[37] In the same year, Flux ranked Flashback tenth on its \"Top 100 Video Games.\"[38] In 1996, GamesMaster listed the Mega Drive version 59th in its \"Top 100 Games of All Time.\"[39]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game engine recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine_recreation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"AmigaOS 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4"},{"link_name":"Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"GP2X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP2X"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X"},{"link_name":"Maemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maemo"},{"link_name":"MorphOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Palm OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_OS"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn"},{"link_name":"Windows CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CE"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Symbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian"},{"link_name":"Maemo 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maemo_5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"2013 remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(2013_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalspy_martin_2013-44"}],"sub_title":"Remakes","text":"REminiscence, a game engine recreation, was created in 2005[40] by Gregory Montoir (cyx). The engine is available for AmigaOS 4, Dreamcast, GP2X, iPhone, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Maemo, MorphOS, Nintendo DS, Wii, Palm OS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Sega Saturn and Windows CE. There is also one for the Xbox 360 by MagicSeb.[41] A port for Symbian and Maemo 5 by Ronen K is available.[42][43]A 2013 remake was released after being announced on April 11, 2013, with a reveal trailer.[44]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fade to Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_to_Black_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Delphine Software International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_Software_International"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"Flashback Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_to_Black_(video_game)#Cancelled_sequel"},{"link_name":"Delphine Software International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_Software_International"},{"link_name":"Adeline Software International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeline_Software_International"},{"link_name":"government funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_funding"},{"link_name":"VectorCell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VectorCell"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalspy_martin_2013-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindustantimes_2013-01-23-45"},{"link_name":"Flashback 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_2"},{"link_name":"Microids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microids"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Sequels and prequels","text":"A sequel titled Fade to Black was produced by Delphine Software International in 1995 for the PC and PlayStation as a 3D game. A third game in the series, Flashback Legend, was in development by both Delphine Software International and Adeline Software International for a planned released in 2003, but was cancelled when the company went bankrupt and ceased operations at the end of 2002.In early 2013, a game titled Flashback Origins was rumored to be in development, with the French website Gameblog stating that €300,000 of government funding had been granted to Cuisset's VectorCell in 2011.[44][45]In May 2021, Flashback 2 was announced for personal computers and multiple consoles. The game was developed by Microids who did not specify how the game would be connected, if at all, to Fade to Black.[46][47] The game was released on November 16, 2023, for the PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S, with previous generation consoles getting their release in early 2024. As players and critics now had the game's actual story in their hands, it turns out that Flashback 2 is actually a prequel - set eight years before the original.[48]","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Conrad, left, fighting two corrupt cops (Sega Mega Drive/Genesis version)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/Flashback_-_The_Quest_for_Identity.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"CVG Preview - CD-i\" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 159. Future Publishing. February 1995. p. 44.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/7/79/CVG_UK_159.pdf","url_text":"\"CVG Preview - CD-i\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Darran (July 18, 2013). \"Flashback to the Future\". Retro Gamer (118): 20–25. ISSN 1742-3155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1742-3155","url_text":"1742-3155"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Flashback\". www.thedreamcastjunkyard.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedreamcastjunkyard.co.uk/2017/08/review-flashback.html","url_text":"\"Review: Flashback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another World and Flashback offered together for the very first time!\". Gamasutra (Press release). Microids. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029040120/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/359458/Another_World_and_Flashback_offered_together_for_the_very_first_time.php","url_text":"\"Another World and Flashback offered together for the very first time!\""},{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/359458/Another_World_and_Flashback_offered_together_for_the_very_first_time.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback for Switch Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2019-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/flashback/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","url_text":"\"Flashback for Switch Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Review Crew: Flashback\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 56. Sendai Publishing. March 1994. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"Review Crew: Flashback\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 65. Sendai Publishing. December 1994. p. 44.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"Natural\". Next Generation. No. 4. Imagine Media. April 1995. p. 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Finals\". Next Generation. No. 5. Imagine Media. May 1995. p. 89.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback\". Next Generation. No. 6. Imagine Media. June 1995. p. 109.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Bob (January 20, 1995). \"Flashback\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1995/01/20/flashback-3/","url_text":"\"Flashback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback - Awards\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 65. Ziff Davis. December 1994. p. 157.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_65#page/n179","url_text":"\"Flashback - Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback (Macintosh) Review\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045656/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=15585&tab=review","url_text":"\"Flashback (Macintosh) Review\""},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=15585&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback (3DO) Review\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045924/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11630&tab=review","url_text":"\"Flashback (3DO) Review\""},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11630&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback (Sega CD) Review\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045926/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1415&tab=review","url_text":"\"Flashback (Sega CD) Review\""},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1415&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback (Sega Genesis) Review\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045922/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=216&tab=review","url_text":"\"Flashback (Sega Genesis) Review\""},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=216&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stout, Andy (February 1995). \"Flashback Review\". CD-i (10): 8–10. Retrieved April 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cdi-uk-10/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Flashback Review\""}]},{"reference":"Klett, Steve (November 1995). \"Fade to Black\". PC Games. Archived from the original on October 18, 1996. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961018102246/http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Nov95/fade1195.html","url_text":"\"Fade to Black\""},{"url":"http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Nov95/fade1195.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pyron, Dave (October 1993). \"Flash Forward to Flashback\". Computer Gaming World. pp. 60, 62. Retrieved 25 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=111","url_text":"\"Flash Forward to Flashback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Now Playing\". Nintendo Power. Vol. 56. Nintendo of America Inc. January 1994. p. 103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power","url_text":"Nintendo Power"}]},{"reference":"\"ProReview: Flashback\". GamePro. No. 66. IDG. January 1995. p. 58.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"ProReview: Flashback\". GamePro. No. 69. IDG. April 1995. p. 92.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"The making of... Flashback\". Edge. Future Publishing. pp. 104–107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)","url_text":"Edge"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Best Games of All Time\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 100. Ziff Davis. November 1997. pp. 104, 106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"\"17. Flashback. - 30 najlepszych gier na Amigę\" [17. Flashback. - 30 best games for the Amiga] (in Polish). Wirtualna Polska. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://gry.wp.pl/galeria/30-najlepszych-gier-na-amige,179431/15.html","url_text":"\"17. Flashback. - 30 najlepszych gier na Amigę\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtualna_Polska","url_text":"Wirtualna Polska"}]},{"reference":"Staff (April 1994). \"The PC Gamer Top 50 PC Games of All Time\". PC Gamer UK. No. 5. pp. 43–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK","url_text":"PC Gamer UK"}]},{"reference":"Top 100 SNES Games of All Time - IGN.com, retrieved 2022-01-28","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/lists/top-100-snes-games","url_text":"Top 100 SNES Games of All Time - IGN.com"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Rich (April 30, 2018). \"The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time\". Complex. Retrieved 2022-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-100-best-super-nintendo-games/","url_text":"\"The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top SNES Games\". Total! (43): 43. July 1995. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/total-43/page/n41/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Top SNES Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Video Games\". Flux (4). Harris Publications: 27. April 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/flux-issue-4/page/n25/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Top 100 Video Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Games of All Time\" (PDF). GamesMaster (44): 76. July 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/c/cf/GamesMaster_UK_044.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 100 Games of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"changelog\". cyxdown.free.fr. Retrieved 2022-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://cyxdown.free.fr/reminiscence/CHANGES.txt","url_text":"\"changelog\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Liam (January 22, 2013). \"'Flashback' HD remake 'in the works' as new image surfaces\". Digital Spy. Retrieved January 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/news/a452770/flashback-hd-remake-in-the-works-as-new-image-surfaces.html","url_text":"\"'Flashback' HD remake 'in the works' as new image surfaces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"'Flashback' remake suggested as image and funding emerge\". Hindustan Times. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130201033345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/Game-Reviews/Flashback-remake-suggested-as-image-and-funding-emerge/SP-Article1-998666.aspx","url_text":"\"'Flashback' remake suggested as image and funding emerge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"},{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/Game-Reviews/Flashback-remake-suggested-as-image-and-funding-emerge/SP-Article1-998666.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wales, Matt (May 4, 2021). \"16-bit sci-fi classic Flashback is getting (another) sequel\". Eurogamer. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2021-05-04-16-bit-sci-fi-classic-flashback-is-getting-another-sequel","url_text":"\"16-bit sci-fi classic Flashback is getting (another) sequel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"McMahon, Andrew (May 4, 2021). \"Microids Announces Flashback 2 Will Launch in 2022 for Consoles & PC\". Twinfinite. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://twinfinite.net/2021/05/microids-announces-flashback-2-2022/","url_text":"\"Microids Announces Flashback 2 Will Launch in 2022 for Consoles & PC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback 2 out November 2023 - here's a gameplay trailer\". Eurogamer.net. 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2023-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/flashback-2-out-november-2023-heres-a-gameplay-trailer","url_text":"\"Flashback 2 out November 2023 - here's a gameplay trailer\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://retrocdn.net/images/7/79/CVG_UK_159.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CVG Preview - CD-i\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1742-3155","external_links_name":"1742-3155"},{"Link":"http://www.thedreamcastjunkyard.co.uk/2017/08/review-flashback.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Flashback\""},{"Link":"http://binarybonsai.com/the-lost-flashback-soundtrack","external_links_name":"Lost Flashback Soundtrack at Binary Bonsai"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110221847/http://binarybonsai.com/the-lost-flashback-soundtrack","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029040120/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/359458/Another_World_and_Flashback_offered_together_for_the_very_first_time.php","external_links_name":"\"Another World and Flashback offered together for the very first time!\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/359458/Another_World_and_Flashback_offered_together_for_the_very_first_time.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/flashback/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","external_links_name":"\"Flashback for Switch Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/1995/01/20/flashback-3/","external_links_name":"\"Flashback\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_65#page/n179","external_links_name":"\"Flashback - Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045656/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=15585&tab=review","external_links_name":"\"Flashback (Macintosh) Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=15585&tab=review","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045924/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11630&tab=review","external_links_name":"\"Flashback (3DO) Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11630&tab=review","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045926/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1415&tab=review","external_links_name":"\"Flashback (Sega CD) Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1415&tab=review","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045922/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=216&tab=review","external_links_name":"\"Flashback (Sega Genesis) Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=216&tab=review","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cdi-uk-10/page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Flashback Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961018102246/http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Nov95/fade1195.html","external_links_name":"\"Fade to Black\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Nov95/fade1195.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=111","external_links_name":"\"Flash Forward to Flashback\""},{"Link":"http://gry.wp.pl/galeria/30-najlepszych-gier-na-amige,179431/15.html","external_links_name":"\"17. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Joseph_Guffroy	Armand-Joseph Guffroy	["1 References"]	French politician and lawyer You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Armand-Joseph Guffroy}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Armand-Benoît-Joseph Guffroy (10 November 1742 – 9 February 1801) was a lawyer and politician of the French Revolution. He was born at Arras and died in Paris, aged 58. References ^ Horn, Jeff (2020-11-20). The Making of a Terrorist: Alexandre Rousselin and the French Revolution. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-19-752994-2. ^ Bashor, Will (2016-12-01). Marie Antoinette's Darkest Days: Prisoner No. 280 in the Conciergerie. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4422-5500-5. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands People Sycomore Other IdRef This article about a French politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"}],"text":"Armand-Benoît-Joseph Guffroy (10 November 1742 – 9 February 1801) was a lawyer and politician of the French Revolution.[1][2] He was born at Arras and died in Paris, aged 58.","title":"Armand-Joseph Guffroy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Horn, Jeff (2020-11-20). The Making of a Terrorist: Alexandre Rousselin and the French Revolution. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Allotment	Internal Revenue Allotment	["1 References","2 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Internal Revenue Allotment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Politics of the Philippines Government Constitution of the Philippines Charter Change Laws Legal codes Taxation Executive President of the Philippines Bongbong Marcos (PFP) Vice President of the Philippines Sara Duterte (HNP) Cabinet (lists) Executive departments Local government Legislature Congress of the Philippines 19th Congress Senate President Migz Zubiri (Independent) House of Representatives Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas) Districts Party-list representation Bangsamoro Parliament Provincial boards City councils Municipal councils Barangay councils Judiciary Supreme Court of the Philippines Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions Civil Service Commission Chairperson Karlo Nograles Commission on Audit Chairperson Gamaliel Cordoba Commission on Elections Chairperson George Garcia Elections General 2016 2019 2022 Barangay 2013 2018 2023 Referendums Political parties Akbayan Aksyon Lakas LDP Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PFP Reporma PDP UNA Administrative divisions Capital Regions Autonomous regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics Foreign relations Human rights Philippines portal Other countries vte The Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) is a local government unit’s (LGU) share of revenues from the Philippine national government. Provinces, independent cities, component cities, municipalities, and barangays each get a separate allotment. The allotment is largely based upon the type of government they are and a formula based upon their land area and population. Section 284 of the Local Government Code of the Philippines (RA 7160) sets up the formula for the distribution of the allotment. All or nearly all of the revenue that a local government has to spend comes from their IRA, though some local governments also have additional local sources of revenue such as property taxes and government fees. Typically for municipalities, the IRA accounts for 90% of total revenues. Since cities have more sources of local revenues, their IRA ranges from 50% to 70% of their total budget. A portion of each local government unit's allotment is set aside their Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) or youth council. The IRA is automatically released to each local government unit and may not be held back by the national government for any reason, except in the extreme case of an "unmanageable public sector deficit", in which case the allotment may be adjusted but provided it not be set to "be less than thirty percent (30%) of the collection of national internal revenue taxes of the third fiscal year preceding the current fiscal year". References ^ Local Government Code of 1991. Manila, Philippines: A.V.B. Printing Press. 2008. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-97189-6105-6. External links DILG - Local Government Code vte Administrative divisions of the PhilippinesCapital Manila (National Capital Region) Island groups Luzon Visayas Mindanao RegionsAdministrative I – Ilocos Region II – Cagayan Valley III – Central Luzon IV-A – Calabarzon Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region V – Bicol Region VI – Western Visayas VII – Central Visayas VIII – Eastern Visayas IX – Zamboanga Peninsula X – Northern Mindanao XI – Davao Region XII – Soccsksargen XIII – Caraga Region CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region NCR – National Capital Region NIR – Negros Island Region Autonomous BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Provinces Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Cotabato Davao de Oro Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Occidental Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar 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Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Viceroyalty Non-English terms or loanwordsCurrent Amt Apskritis Bakhsh Barangay Bashki Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comarca Comune Frazione Freguesia Fu Gemeinde Austria Germany South Tyrol Switzerland Gemeente Gmina Hromada Județ Kampong Kommun/Kunta Finland Sweden Län (Sweden) Landskap Finland Località Maakunta Megye Muban Mukim Njësi administrative Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Qark Raion Savivaldybė Selsoviet Seniūnija Shahrestān Sum China Sýsla Tehsil Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Komunë Köping Korale Län/Lääni Landskap Sweden Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Rreth Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics. See also Census division Electoral district List of administrative divisions by country Slavic administrative divisions vtePhilippines articlesHistoryOverviews Archaeology Economy Military Political Chronology Prehistory Pre-colonial era Colonial era Spanish period American period Japanese occupation Postcolonial era Third Republic Marcos presidency Fifth Republic Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Borders Climate Climate change Typhoons Earthquakes Ecoregions Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Mountains Protected areas National parks Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Legal codes Political families Political parties Government Executive Cabinet lists Executive departments Executive office Law enforcement President Legislative Senate House of Representatives Judicial Supreme Court Court of Appeals Regional Trial Court Armed Forces Air Force Army Navy Marine Corps Coast Guard Economy Agriculture Automotive Business process outsourcing Census Central bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Tourist attractions Transportation Science and technology Water and sanitation Society Abortion Censorship Corruption Crime Demographics Divorce Education Higher education Environmental issues Climate change Deforestation Ethnic groups Indigenous peoples Genetics Health Human trafficking Sex trafficking Immigration Income inequality Kinship Languages Overseas workers Poverty Prostitution Refugees Religion Sexuality Squatting Women Pinoy Culture Architecture Arts Cinema Cuisine Cultural properties Dance Fashion and clothing Historical markers Inventions Literature Media Music Mythology Name Public holidays Festivals Psychology Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Bird Coat of arms Flag Flower Gem Great Seal Language Motto Sign language Sport and martial art Tree Outline Bibliography Philippines portal Category This Philippines-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_unit"},{"link_name":"Philippine national government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_national_government"},{"link_name":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_provinces"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_city"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_municipalities"},{"link_name":"barangays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay"},{"link_name":"Local Government Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Code"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"property taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_taxes"},{"link_name":"Sangguniang Kabataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) is a local government unit’s (LGU) share of revenues from the Philippine national government. Provinces, independent cities, component cities, municipalities, and barangays each get a separate allotment.The allotment is largely based upon the type of government they are and a formula based upon their land area and population. Section 284 of the Local Government Code of the Philippines (RA 7160) sets up the formula for the distribution of the allotment.All or nearly all of the revenue that a local government has to spend comes from their IRA, though some local governments also have additional local sources of revenue such as property taxes and government fees. Typically for municipalities, the IRA accounts for 90% of total revenues. Since cities have more sources of local revenues, their IRA ranges from 50% to 70% of their total budget.A portion of each local government unit's allotment is set aside their Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) or youth council.The IRA is automatically released to each local government unit and may not be held back by the national government for any reason, except in the extreme case of an \"unmanageable public sector deficit\", in which case the allotment may be adjusted but provided it not be set to \"be less than thirty percent (30%) of the collection of national internal revenue taxes of the third fiscal year preceding the current fiscal year\".[1]","title":"Internal Revenue Allotment"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Local Government Code of 1991. Manila, Philippines: A.V.B. Printing Press. 2008. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-97189-6105-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-97189-6105-6","url_text":"978-97189-6105-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Internal+Revenue+Allotment%22","external_links_name":"\"Internal Revenue Allotment\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Internal+Revenue+Allotment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Internal+Revenue+Allotment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Internal+Revenue+Allotment%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Internal+Revenue+Allotment%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Internal+Revenue+Allotment%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080508193627/http://www.dilg.gov.ph/LocalGovernmentCode.aspx","external_links_name":"DILG - Local Government Code"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_Revenue_Allotment&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Castaways_(film)	In Search of the Castaways (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Musical numbers","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	1962 film by Robert Stevenson In Search of the CastawaysTheatrical release posterDirected byRobert StevensonScreenplay byLowell S. HawleyBased onIn Search of the Castawaysby Jules VerneProduced byWalt DisneyStarringMaurice ChevalierHayley MillsGeorge SandersWilfrid Hyde-WhiteMichael Anderson Jr.Keith HamshereAntonio CifarielloCinematographyPaul BeesonEdited byGordon StoneMusic byMusic Composed by:Morton GouldAdditional Music by:Van CleaveMusical Director:Jack ShaindlinSongs:Richard M. ShermanRobert B. ShermanProductioncompanyWalt Disney ProductionsDistributed byBuena Vista DistributionRelease dates November 14, 1962 (1962-11-14) (London, premiere) December 19, 1962 (1962-12-19) (US) Running time98 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$21,745,500 In Search of the Castaways is a 1962 American adventure film starring Maurice Chevalier and Hayley Mills in a tale about a worldwide search for a shipwrecked sea captain. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions and directed by Robert Stevenson from a screenplay by Lowell S. Hawley, based upon Jules Verne's 1868 adventure novel Captain Grant's Children. In Search of the Castaways was the third of six films Hayley Mills starred in at Disney. Plot In Britain in 1858, Professor Paganel (Maurice Chevalier), a scientifically thinking French geography professor, finds a bottle containing a note which he believes to have been written by the missing Captain John Grant (Jack Gwillim). Paganel and Grant's two teenaged children, Mary (Hayley Mills) and Robert (Keith Hamshere), approach John Glenarvan (Michael Anderson Jr.) and his father, the wealthy shipping magnate Lord Glenarvan (Wilfrid Hyde-White), the owner of Captain Grant's ship, and persuade them to finance a search expedition. The expedition sets sail and ventures halfway around the world to South America. In the Andes, an earthquake sends them down a mountain on a glacier. A giant condor snatches up Robert but Thalcave (Antonio Cifariello), an Indian chief, rescues him. He later claims to know the whereabouts of Captain Grant. After surviving a tidal wave and a lightning storm, the group discovers that the well-meaning Thalcave was mistaken. Meanwhile, a budding romance develops between young Mary Grant and Lord Glenarvan's son John. They then depart for Australia, where Paganel feels sure they will find Captain Grant. In Melbourne they meet a treacherous gunrunner, Thomas Ayerton (George Sanders), who produces evidence that Captain Grant is in New Zealand. Unaware that Ayerton is the third mate who caused a mutiny on Grant's ship, the search party once more sets sail. Ayerton causes another mutiny and sets the group adrift. They are captured by Maori cannibals, and are imprisoned along with Captain Grant's shipmate, Bill Gaye (Wilfrid Brambell), who helps them escape to a volcano. They evade their pursuers by starting an avalanche which triggers an eruption. They finally find Captain Grant, overcome Ayerton and his mutineers, and sail for home. As they all sit around talking, the note that Professor Paganel initially found (and that was supposedly in Captain Grant's handwriting) is brought up. Captain Grant states that he never wrote any note, to which Bill says: "The voice be the voice of a God-fearing man. But the hands are the hands of a forger", implying that he imitated Captain Grant's handwriting and wrote the note himself. In the final scene, the Professor points out John and Mary stargazing out at the railing, clearly falling for one another. Cast Hayley Mills, Jack Gwillim and Keith Hamshere Maurice Chevalier as Jacques Paganel Hayley Mills as Mary Grant George Sanders as Thomas Ayerton Wilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Glenarvan Michael Anderson Jr. as John Glenarvan Keith Hamshere as Robert Grant Antonio Cifariello as Thalcave, the Indian Chief Wilfrid Brambell as Bill Gaye Jack Gwillim as Captain Grant Inia Te Wiata as Maori Chief Ronald Fraser as Guard at Dockyard Gate Norman Bird as Senior Yacht Guard George Murcell as Ayerton's Assistant Mark Dignam as Rich Man at Yacht Party Michael Wynne as Crooked Sailor David Spenser as South American Guide Milo Sperber as Crooked Sailor Roger Delgado as Patagonian Prisoner Barry Keegan as Irish Claimant Maxwell Shaw as Sailor Andreas Malandrinos as Crooked Sailor Production The film was originally called The Castaways. It was devised by Disney specifically as a vehicle for Hayley Mills, who was under contract to the studio to make a film a year for five years. Disney wanted to age her gradually on screen and she would have her first case of "puppy love" in the film. Disney wanted Mills' brother Jonathan to play her brother on screen but his school teachers turned it down. In April 1961, Disney announced they would make the film with Mills and Charles Laughton with Hugh Attool to produce and Robert Stevenson to direct. Maurice Chevalier then came on board with production to begin in June. The role of Mills' brother went to Keith Hamshere, who played the lead in Oliver! on stage. Laughton ended up dropping out of the film. In January 1962, he was diagnosed with the cancer which caused his death in December. Principal photography was at Pinewood Studios in England. Disney said this was done because Mills' contract "calls for alternating her pictures here and there each year". Musical numbers Songs composed by the Sherman Brothers include "Castaway", "Merci Beaucoup", "Let's Climb (Grimpons)" and "Enjoy It", with an orchestral arrangement of "Castaway" serving as the film's overture. Maurice Chevalier later sang the Sherman Brothers' theme song "The Aristocats" from Disney's 1970 animated film The Aristocats. Reception Box office In Search of the Castaways was a commercial success. Upon its initial release, it earned $4.9 million in North American theatrical rentals. It was one of the 12 most popular movies at the British box office in 1963. Critical The New York Times declared: "It is, as we say, a whopping fable, more gimmicky than imaginative, but it doesn't lack for lively melodrama that is more innocent and wholesome than much of the stuff the children see these days on television". A review in Variety said: "Walt Disney has come up with another splendid piece of spectacular hokum, lavishly coloured and packed with incident and special effects. It can hardly fail to appeal to all types of audience, though apparently aimed mainly at the moppets". The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Well timed for Christmas, this film is designed to keep the family wide awake after the plum-pudding, when the critical faculties are not too sharp. Attention is discreetly drawn away from the rather cardboard characters, and the Fauntleroy smile of Michael Anderson, by a kaleidoscope of colour and movement". See also List of American films of 1962 List of films set in New Zealand References ^ Box Office Information for In Search of the Castaways. Worldwide Box Office. Retrieved June 13, 2013. ^ IN SEARCH OF THE CASTAWAYS. The Monthly Film Bulletin; London Vol. 29, Iss. 336, (Jan 1, 1962): 171. ^ A Legendary Tale Spinner Looks Ahead--British TV Adjusts a Balance: Disney Boosting Live-Action Films, John C. Waugh. The Christian Science Monitor 14 Mar 1961:6 ^ Vagg, Stephen (March 19, 2022). "Movie Star Cold Streaks: Hayley Mills". Filmink. ^ Looking at Hollywood: Wayne and Stewart to Co-Star in Film-Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 10 Apr 1961:b11 ^ Looking at Hollywood: Disney Film of Sea Chase to Start Soon HEDDA HOPPER'S STAFF. Chicago Daily Tribune 29 Apr 1961: 15. ^ Disney Film Leads Signed, Special to The New York Times 1 June 1961: 30. ^ BY WAY OF REPORT: Marlon Brando's 'Life' -- Other Film Items, A.H. WEILER. The New York Times 18 June 1961:X9 ^ Actor Charles Laughton Dies of Cancer at 63, Los Angeles Times 16 Dec 1962:D1. ^ DISNEY MAPS NEW FRONTIER, Williams, Dick. Los Angeles Times 10 Dec 1961:Q5 ^ "All-time top film grossers", Variety 8 January 1964 p 37. ^ "Most Popular Films Of 1963". Times 3 Jan. 1964: 4. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 11 July 2012. ^ "Wild and Woolly Disney Version of Verne Fable". The New York Times. December 22, 1962. 5. ^ "Film Reviews: In Search Of The Castaways". Variety. November 21, 1962. 6. ^ "In Search of the Castaways". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 29 (347): 124. December 1962. External links Official website In Search of the Castaways at IMDb In Search of the Castaways at the TCM Movie Database In Search of the Castaways at AllMovie vteJules Verne's In Search of the CastawaysCharacters Tom Ayrton Lord Glenarvan Jacques Paganel Films The Children of Captain Grant (1936) In Search of the Castaways (1962) Television In Search for Captain Grant (1986 miniseries) Sequel The Mysterious Island vteFilms directed by Robert Stevenson Happy Ever After (1932) Falling for You (1933) Tudor Rose (1936) The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936) Jack of All Trades (1936) King Solomon's Mines (1937) Non-Stop New York (1937) Owd Bob (1938) The Ware Case (1938) Young Man's Fancy (1939) Return to Yesterday (1940) Tom Brown's School Days (1940) Back Street (1941) Joan of Paris (1942) Forever and a Day (1943) Jane Eyre (1943) Dishonored Lady (1947) To the Ends of the Earth (1948) The Woman on Pier 13 (1949) Walk Softly, Stranger (1950) My Forbidden Past (1951) The Las Vegas Story (1952) Johnny Tremain (1957) Old Yeller (1957) Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959) Kidnapped (1960) The Absent-Minded Professor (1961) In Search of the Castaways (1962) Son of Flubber (1963) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964) Mary Poppins (1964) The Monkey's Uncle (1965) That Darn Cat! (1965) The Gnome-Mobile (1967) Blackbeard's Ghost (1968) The Love Bug (1968) Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) Herbie Rides Again (1974) The Island at the Top of the World (1974) One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975) The Shaggy D.A. (1976)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Maurice Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Hayley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Mills"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Robert Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Lowell S. Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_S._Hawley"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Captain Grant's Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Castaways"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In Search of the Castaways is a 1962 American adventure film starring Maurice Chevalier and Hayley Mills in a tale about a worldwide search for a shipwrecked sea captain. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions and directed by Robert Stevenson from a screenplay by Lowell S. Hawley, based upon Jules Verne's 1868 adventure novel Captain Grant's Children.[2]In Search of the Castaways was the third of six films Hayley Mills starred in at Disney.","title":"In Search of the Castaways (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Jack Gwillim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gwillim"},{"link_name":"Hayley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Mills"},{"link_name":"Michael Anderson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anderson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Hyde-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Hyde-White"},{"link_name":"condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor"},{"link_name":"Antonio Cifariello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cifariello"},{"link_name":"gunrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunrunner"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"third mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_mate"},{"link_name":"mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Brambell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Brambell"}],"text":"In Britain in 1858, Professor Paganel (Maurice Chevalier), a scientifically thinking French geography professor, finds a bottle containing a note which he believes to have been written by the missing Captain John Grant (Jack Gwillim). Paganel and Grant's two teenaged children, Mary (Hayley Mills) and Robert (Keith Hamshere), approach John Glenarvan (Michael Anderson Jr.) and his father, the wealthy shipping magnate Lord Glenarvan (Wilfrid Hyde-White), the owner of Captain Grant's ship, and persuade them to finance a search expedition. The expedition sets sail and ventures halfway around the world to South America.In the Andes, an earthquake sends them down a mountain on a glacier. A giant condor snatches up Robert but Thalcave (Antonio Cifariello), an Indian chief, rescues him. He later claims to know the whereabouts of Captain Grant. After surviving a tidal wave and a lightning storm, the group discovers that the well-meaning Thalcave was mistaken. Meanwhile, a budding romance develops between young Mary Grant and Lord Glenarvan's son John.They then depart for Australia, where Paganel feels sure they will find Captain Grant. In Melbourne they meet a treacherous gunrunner, Thomas Ayerton (George Sanders), who produces evidence that Captain Grant is in New Zealand. Unaware that Ayerton is the third mate who caused a mutiny on Grant's ship, the search party once more sets sail. Ayerton causes another mutiny and sets the group adrift. They are captured by Maori cannibals, and are imprisoned along with Captain Grant's shipmate, Bill Gaye (Wilfrid Brambell), who helps them escape to a volcano. They evade their pursuers by starting an avalanche which triggers an eruption.They finally find Captain Grant, overcome Ayerton and his mutineers, and sail for home. As they all sit around talking, the note that Professor Paganel initially found (and that was supposedly in Captain Grant's handwriting) is brought up. Captain Grant states that he never wrote any note, to which Bill says: \"The voice be the voice of a God-fearing man. But the hands are the hands of a forger\", implying that he imitated Captain Grant's handwriting and wrote the note himself. In the final scene, the Professor points out John and Mary stargazing out at the railing, clearly falling for one another.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_Search_of_the_CastawaysIMG_0007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hayley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Mills"},{"link_name":"Jack Gwillim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gwillim"},{"link_name":"Maurice Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Jacques Paganel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Paganel"},{"link_name":"Hayley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Mills"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ayerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ayrton"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Hyde-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Hyde-White"},{"link_name":"Lord Glenarvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Glenarvan"},{"link_name":"Michael Anderson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anderson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Antonio Cifariello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cifariello"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Brambell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Brambell"},{"link_name":"Jack Gwillim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gwillim"},{"link_name":"Inia Te Wiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inia_Te_Wiata"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fraser_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Norman Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bird"},{"link_name":"George Murcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murcell"},{"link_name":"Mark Dignam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dignam"},{"link_name":"Milo Sperber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_Sperber"},{"link_name":"Roger Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Andreas Malandrinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Malandrinos"}],"text":"Hayley Mills, Jack Gwillim and Keith HamshereMaurice Chevalier as Jacques Paganel\nHayley Mills as Mary Grant\nGeorge Sanders as Thomas Ayerton\nWilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Glenarvan\nMichael Anderson Jr. as John Glenarvan\nKeith Hamshere as Robert Grant\nAntonio Cifariello as Thalcave, the Indian Chief\nWilfrid Brambell as Bill Gaye\nJack Gwillim as Captain Grant\nInia Te Wiata as Maori Chief\nRonald Fraser as Guard at Dockyard Gate\nNorman Bird as Senior Yacht Guard\nGeorge Murcell as Ayerton's Assistant\nMark Dignam as Rich Man at Yacht Party\nMichael Wynne as Crooked Sailor\nDavid Spenser as South American Guide\nMilo Sperber as Crooked Sailor\nRoger Delgado as Patagonian Prisoner\nBarry Keegan as Irish Claimant\nMaxwell Shaw as Sailor\nAndreas Malandrinos as Crooked Sailor","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Laughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Laughton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Maurice Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pinewood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_Studios"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The film was originally called The Castaways. It was devised by Disney specifically as a vehicle for Hayley Mills, who was under contract to the studio to make a film a year for five years. Disney wanted to age her gradually on screen and she would have her first case of \"puppy love\" in the film.[3][4] Disney wanted Mills' brother Jonathan to play her brother on screen but his school teachers turned it down.[5]In April 1961, Disney announced they would make the film with Mills and Charles Laughton with Hugh Attool to produce and Robert Stevenson to direct.[6] Maurice Chevalier then came on board with production to begin in June.[7] The role of Mills' brother went to Keith Hamshere, who played the lead in Oliver! on stage.[8]Laughton ended up dropping out of the film. In January 1962, he was diagnosed with the cancer which caused his death in December.[9]Principal photography was at Pinewood Studios in England. Disney said this was done because Mills' contract \"calls for alternating her pictures here and there each year\".[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Maurice Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Sherman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"}],"text":"Songs composed by the Sherman Brothers include \"Castaway\", \"Merci Beaucoup\", \"Let's Climb (Grimpons)\" and \"Enjoy It\", with an orchestral arrangement of \"Castaway\" serving as the film's overture.Maurice Chevalier later sang the Sherman Brothers' theme song \"The Aristocats\" from Disney's 1970 animated film The Aristocats.","title":"Musical numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"In Search of the Castaways was a commercial success. Upon its initial release, it earned $4.9 million in North American theatrical rentals.[11] It was one of the 12 most popular movies at the British box office in 1963.[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"Fauntleroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lord_Fauntleroy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"The New York Times declared: \"It is, as we say, a whopping fable, more gimmicky than imaginative, but it doesn't lack for lively melodrama that is more innocent and wholesome than much of the stuff the children see these days on television\".[13]A review in Variety said: \"Walt Disney has come up with another splendid piece of spectacular hokum, lavishly coloured and packed with incident and special effects. It can hardly fail to appeal to all types of audience, though apparently aimed mainly at the moppets\".[14]The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"Well timed for Christmas, this film is designed to keep the family wide awake after the plum-pudding, when the critical faculties are not too sharp. Attention is discreetly drawn away from the rather cardboard characters, and the Fauntleroy smile of Michael Anderson, by a kaleidoscope of colour and movement\".[15]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Hayley Mills, Jack Gwillim and Keith Hamshere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/In_Search_of_the_CastawaysIMG_0007.jpg/220px-In_Search_of_the_CastawaysIMG_0007.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of American films of 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1962"},{"title":"List of films set in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_New_Zealand"}]	[{"reference":"Vagg, Stephen (March 19, 2022). \"Movie Star Cold Streaks: Hayley Mills\". Filmink.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmink.com.au/movie-star-cold-streaks-hayley-mills/","url_text":"\"Movie Star Cold Streaks: Hayley Mills\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Search of the Castaways\". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 29 (347): 124. December 1962.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.worldwideboxoffice.com/movie.cgi?title=In%20Search%20of%20the%20Castaways&year=1962","external_links_name":"Box Office Information for In Search of the Castaways"},{"Link":"https://www.filmink.com.au/movie-star-cold-streaks-hayley-mills/","external_links_name":"\"Movie Star Cold Streaks: Hayley Mills\""},{"Link":"http://movies.disney.com/in-search-of-the-castaways","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056095/","external_links_name":"In Search of the Castaways"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/79117/enwp","external_links_name":"In Search of the Castaways"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v24579","external_links_name":"In Search of the Castaways"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkeya	Bunkeya	["1 Early history","2 European contacts","3 Conquest and later years","3.1 Geography","4 References","5 Sources"]	Coordinates: 10°23′51″S 26°58′05″E / 10.397434°S 26.968059°E / -10.397434; 26.968059Place in Lualaba Province, Democratic Republic of the CongoBunkeyaMap showing Msiri's kingdom, with Bunkeya as capital, and the route taken by the Stairs Expedition of 1891 / 1892Coordinates: 10°23′51″S 26°58′05″E / 10.397434°S 26.968059°E / -10.397434; 26.968059CountryDemocratic Republic of the CongoProvinceLualaba Province Bunkeya is a community in the Lualaba Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is located on a huge plain near the Lufira River. Before the Belgian colonial conquest, Bunkeya was the center of a major trading state under the ruler Msiri. Early history In the later 19th-century, Bunkeya was the capital of Msiri, the son of an East African trader. Msiri's father had been in the business of buying copper ore in Katanga and transporting it to the east coast of Africa for resale. As a young man Msiri remained behind in the region as his father's agent. He became leader of a group of Bayeke people, and established a state that extended from the Luapula River south to the Congo-Zambezi watershed, and from Lake Mweru in the east to the Lualaba River in the west. Based on Bunkeya, the state controlled a huge central-African trading network, mostly dealing in slaves but also in ivory, salt, copper and iron ore. Traders came to Bunkeya from the Zambezi and Congo basins, from Angola, Uganda and Zanzibar. The Arabs from the east coast bought guns and ammunition, which Msiri used to maintain his position. European contacts Msiri's boma (compound) at Bunkeya. The objects on top of the four poles, below which some of Msiri's warriors are gathered, are heads of his enemies. More skulls are on the stakes forming the stockade. The German scientist Paul Reichard was the first European to reach Bunkeya, arriving on 20 January 1884. He was followed by Capello and Ivens, two Portuguese explorers seeking a trade route to link Angola and Mozambique. In February 1886 the Scottish missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot arrived at Bunkeya unaccompanied and without food or trade goods. Msiri welcomed him and let him settle, but discouraged him from teaching his religion. Later, several other missionaries joined Arnot. In 1887, William Henry Faulknor, a young Canadian from Hamilton, Ontario who had joined the Plymouth Brethren evangelical movement, arrived at Bunkeya. Another member of the Brethren, Dan Crawford, arrived in 1890 and was to be a witness to Msiri's assassination. Msiri employed Faulknor and other missionaries as "errand boys", symbols of his influence, while Faulknor taught and converted a small group of redeemed slaves. Although the territory had been ceded to Belgium under the Berlin Conference (1884), Cecil Rhodes began taking an interest and sent agents to Katanga. In 1890 Rhodes sent Alfred Sharpe to Bunkeya to try to obtain a treaty with Msiri. One of the missionaries, acting as an interpreter and witness, read the complete text. Msiri was furious when he heard what he was being asked to agree to, and Sharpe was forced to make a hasty departure to save his life. Unaware of this, and responding to the British challenge, King Leopold II of Belgium dispatched three expeditions to Bunkeya. The first, 300 people under Paul Le Marinel coming from Lusambo, crossed the Lualaba in March 1891, where they met a representative of Msiri. Continuing south, on 18 April 1891 they reached Bunkeya and were received courteously by Msiri. Le Marinel spent seven weeks at Bunkeya, but was unable to persuade Msiri to formally accept Belgian authority. He left a small garrison nearby to observe developments and returned to Lusambo, arriving on 18 August 1891. Another expedition under Alexandre Delcommune reached Bunkeya later that year, but had no more success. Conquest and later years Arkaris and porters of the 1891-2 Stairs Expedition The third expedition, the Stairs Expedition to Katanga, was decisive. At the age of 25 the Canadian-born engineer, soldier and mercenary William Grant Stairs had been second in command of Henry Morton Stanley's 1887 expedition to relieve Emin Pasha in Equatoria. In 1891 he was commissioned to lead an expedition of 336 porters and askaris from Zanzibar to Bunkeya to obtain Msiri's submission. Stairs demanded that Msiri accept the sovereignty of Leopold II over his territory. Msiri again refused and fled to a nearby village where he was killed by Omer Bodson, a member of Stairs' force. Resistance ceased and Katanga came under Belgian rule. The death of Msiri ended a rule that had become tyrannical, but also destroyed political stability. Trading caravans no longer came to Bunkeya, the local people suffered from famine and disease, and many left the town. The Belgians recognized one of Msiri's sons, Mukanda Bantu, as his successor. Stairs had accepted Mukanda Bantu as Msiri's chosen heir, but restricted him to the territory immediately surrounding Bunkeya and removed all real power. Over the next few years the Belgians established their authority in the region and began exploiting its huge mineral resources. The Belgians forced Mukanda Bantu and his followers to move to Lukafu, where they stayed for eighteen years before being allowed to return. The situation gradually improved, with piped potable water being available under the leadership of Musamfya Ntanga (1940–1956). After 1976, the population grew fast. Agriculture is productive, yielding crops of maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, legumes and peanuts. However, the water supply is insufficient and health care is inadequate, with few people able to afford drugs. The village does have a hospital and a tuberculosis clinic. Geography References ^ a b c Gondola 2002, p. 62. ^ a b c Gondola 2002, p. 63. ^ Wilson 2007, p. 40. ^ Gordon 2006, p. 104. ^ Rotberg 1964, pp. 285–297. ^ Ewans 2002, p. 135. ^ a b Moloney 2007, p. 20. ^ Meuris 2001. ^ Moloney 2007, p. ix. ^ Moloney 2007, p. x. ^ a b Gondola 2002, p. 64. ^ Philips 2006, p. 458. ^ Cultures et développement. ^ Bunkeya. Sources "Bunkeya". Mwami Msiri, King of Garanganze. Retrieved 2011-12-09. Cultures et développement (1835-1969) (in French). Vol. 11. Université catholique de Louvain. 1979. Ewans, Martin (2002). European atrocity, African catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1589-4. Gondola, Ch. Didier (2002). The history of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 0-313-31696-1. Gordon, David M. (2006). Nachituti's gift: economy, society, and environment in central Africa. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-21364-1. Meuris, Christine (2001). "SCRAMBLE FOR KATANGA". Retrieved 2011-12-08. Moloney, Joseph A. (2007). With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891-92. Jeppestown Press. ISBN 978-0-9553936-5-5. Philips, John Edward (2006). Writing African History. University Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-256-1. Rotberg, Robert I. (1964). "Plymouth Brethren and the Occupation of Katanga, 1886-1907". The Journal of African History. 5 (2): 285–297. doi:10.1017/s0021853700004849. Wilson, T. Ernest (2007). Angola Beloved. Gospel Folio Press. ISBN 978-1897117446.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lualaba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lualaba_Province"},{"link_name":"Lufira River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufira_River"},{"link_name":"Msiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msiri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200262-1"}],"text":"Place in Lualaba Province, Democratic Republic of the CongoBunkeya is a community in the Lualaba Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\nIt is located on a huge plain near the Lufira River.\nBefore the Belgian colonial conquest, Bunkeya was the center of a major trading state under the ruler Msiri.[1]","title":"Bunkeya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Msiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msiri"},{"link_name":"Bayeke people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeke_people"},{"link_name":"Luapula River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luapula_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Mweru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mweru"},{"link_name":"Lualaba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lualaba_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200262-1"}],"text":"In the later 19th-century, Bunkeya was the capital of Msiri, the son of an East African trader.\nMsiri's father had been in the business of buying copper ore in Katanga and transporting it to the east coast of Africa for resale.\nAs a young man Msiri remained behind in the region as his father's agent.\nHe became leader of a group of Bayeke people, and established a state that extended from the Luapula River south to the Congo-Zambezi watershed, and from Lake Mweru in the east to the Lualaba River in the west. Based on Bunkeya, the state controlled a huge central-African trading network, mostly dealing in slaves but also in ivory, salt, copper and iron ore. Traders came to Bunkeya from the Zambezi and Congo basins, from Angola, Uganda and Zanzibar. The Arabs from the east coast bought guns and ammunition, which Msiri used to maintain his position.[1]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Msiris_compound.jpg"},{"link_name":"Msiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msiri"},{"link_name":"Paul Reichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reichard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200262-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick Stanley Arnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Stanley_Arnot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200263-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200263-2"},{"link_name":"William Henry Faulknor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Henry_Faulknor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200740-3"},{"link_name":"Dan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Crawford_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2006104-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1964285%E2%80%93297-5"},{"link_name":"Berlin Conference (1884)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(1884)"},{"link_name":"Cecil Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200263-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sharpe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwans2002135-6"},{"link_name":"Leopold II of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Paul Le Marinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Le_Marinel"},{"link_name":"Lusambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusambo"},{"link_name":"Msiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msiri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney200720-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney200720-7"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Delcommune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Delcommune"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeuris2001-8"}],"text":"Msiri's boma (compound) at Bunkeya. The objects on top of the four poles, below which some of Msiri's warriors are gathered, are heads of his enemies. More skulls are on the stakes forming the stockade.The German scientist Paul Reichard was the first European to reach Bunkeya, arriving on 20 January 1884. He was followed by Capello and Ivens, two Portuguese explorers seeking a trade route to link Angola and Mozambique.[1]\nIn February 1886 the Scottish missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot arrived at Bunkeya unaccompanied and without food or trade goods. Msiri welcomed him and let him settle, but discouraged him from teaching his religion.[2]Later, several other missionaries joined Arnot.[2]\nIn 1887, William Henry Faulknor, a young Canadian from Hamilton, Ontario who had joined the Plymouth Brethren evangelical movement, arrived at Bunkeya.[3]\nAnother member of the Brethren, Dan Crawford, arrived in 1890 and was to be a witness to Msiri's assassination.[4]\nMsiri employed Faulknor and other missionaries as \"errand boys\", symbols of his influence, while Faulknor taught and converted a small group of redeemed slaves.[5]Although the territory had been ceded to Belgium under the Berlin Conference (1884),\nCecil Rhodes began taking an interest and sent agents to Katanga.[2]\nIn 1890 Rhodes sent Alfred Sharpe to Bunkeya to try to obtain a treaty with Msiri.\nOne of the missionaries, acting as an interpreter and witness, read the complete text.\nMsiri was furious when he heard what he was being asked to agree to, and Sharpe was forced to make a hasty departure to save his life.[6]Unaware of this, and responding to the British challenge, King Leopold II of Belgium dispatched three expeditions to Bunkeya. The first, 300 people under Paul Le Marinel coming from Lusambo, crossed the Lualaba in March 1891, where they met a representative of Msiri.[7]\nContinuing south, on 18 April 1891 they reached Bunkeya and were received courteously by Msiri. Le Marinel spent seven weeks at Bunkeya, but was unable to persuade Msiri to formally accept Belgian authority. He left a small garrison nearby to observe developments and returned to Lusambo, arriving on 18 August 1891.[7]\nAnother expedition under Alexandre Delcommune reached Bunkeya later that year, but had no more success.[8]","title":"European contacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stairs_caravan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stairs Expedition to Katanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs_Expedition_to_Katanga"},{"link_name":"William Grant Stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grant_Stairs"},{"link_name":"Henry Morton Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Emin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Equatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatoria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney2007ix-9"},{"link_name":"Omer Bodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_Bodson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney2007x-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200264-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilips2006458-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultures_et_d%C3%A9veloppement-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola200264-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunkeya-14"}],"text":"Arkaris and porters of the 1891-2 Stairs ExpeditionThe third expedition, the Stairs Expedition to Katanga, was decisive.\nAt the age of 25 the Canadian-born engineer, soldier and mercenary William Grant Stairs had been second in command of Henry Morton Stanley's 1887 expedition to relieve Emin Pasha in Equatoria.\nIn 1891 he was commissioned to lead an expedition of 336 porters and askaris from Zanzibar to Bunkeya to obtain Msiri's submission.[9]\nStairs demanded that Msiri accept the sovereignty of Leopold II over his territory. Msiri again refused and fled to a nearby village where he was killed by Omer Bodson, a member of Stairs' force. Resistance ceased and Katanga came under Belgian rule.[10]The death of Msiri ended a rule that had become tyrannical, but also destroyed political stability.\nTrading caravans no longer came to Bunkeya, the local people suffered from famine and disease, and many left the town.[11]\nThe Belgians recognized one of Msiri's sons, Mukanda Bantu, as his successor.[12]\nStairs had accepted Mukanda Bantu as Msiri's chosen heir, but restricted him to the territory immediately surrounding Bunkeya and removed all real power.[13]\nOver the next few years the Belgians established their authority in the region and began exploiting its huge mineral resources.[11]The Belgians forced Mukanda Bantu and his followers to move to Lukafu, where they stayed for eighteen years before being allowed to return.\nThe situation gradually improved, with piped potable water being available under the leadership of Musamfya Ntanga (1940–1956).\nAfter 1976, the population grew fast. Agriculture is productive, yielding crops of maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, legumes and peanuts.\nHowever, the water supply is insufficient and health care is inadequate, with few people able to afford drugs. The village does have a hospital and a tuberculosis clinic.[14]","title":"Conquest and later years"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Geography","title":"Conquest and later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Bunkeya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kingmsiri.com/eng/historypart3.htm"},{"link_name":"European atrocity, African catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FAz2vI5Jw2UC&pg=PA135"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7007-1589-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1589-4"},{"link_name":"The history of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968"},{"link_name":"62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968/page/62"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-31696-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31696-1"},{"link_name":"Nachituti's gift: economy, society, and environment in central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VCPddQtZz8AC&pg=PA104"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-299-21364-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-21364-1"},{"link_name":"\"SCRAMBLE FOR KATANGA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.africafederation.net/SCRAMBLE_KATANGA.htm"},{"link_name":"With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891-92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=t9COD5B0ijMC&pg=PA20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9553936-5-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9553936-5-5"},{"link_name":"Writing African History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC&pg=PA458"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58046-256-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-256-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/s0021853700004849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700004849"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1897117446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1897117446"}],"text":"\"Bunkeya\". Mwami Msiri, King of Garanganze. Retrieved 2011-12-09.\nCultures et développement (1835-1969) (in French). Vol. 11. Université catholique de Louvain. 1979.\nEwans, Martin (2002). European atrocity, African catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1589-4.\nGondola, Ch. Didier (2002). The history of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 0-313-31696-1.\nGordon, David M. (2006). Nachituti's gift: economy, society, and environment in central Africa. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-21364-1.\nMeuris, Christine (2001). \"SCRAMBLE FOR KATANGA\". Retrieved 2011-12-08.\nMoloney, Joseph A. (2007). With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891-92. Jeppestown Press. ISBN 978-0-9553936-5-5.\nPhilips, John Edward (2006). Writing African History. University Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-256-1.\nRotberg, Robert I. (1964). \"Plymouth Brethren and the Occupation of Katanga, 1886-1907\". The Journal of African History. 5 (2): 285–297. doi:10.1017/s0021853700004849.\nWilson, T. Ernest (2007). Angola Beloved. Gospel Folio Press. ISBN 978-1897117446.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Msiri's boma (compound) at Bunkeya. The objects on top of the four poles, below which some of Msiri's warriors are gathered, are heads of his enemies. More skulls are on the stakes forming the stockade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Msiris_compound.jpg/300px-Msiris_compound.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arkaris and porters of the 1891-2 Stairs Expedition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stairs_caravan.jpg/300px-Stairs_caravan.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bunkeya\". Mwami Msiri, King of Garanganze. Retrieved 2011-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingmsiri.com/eng/historypart3.htm","url_text":"\"Bunkeya\""}]},{"reference":"Cultures et développement (1835-1969) (in French). Vol. 11. 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ISBN 0-313-31696-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968","url_text":"The history of Congo"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968/page/62","url_text":"62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31696-1","url_text":"0-313-31696-1"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, David M. (2006). Nachituti's gift: economy, society, and environment in central Africa. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-21364-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VCPddQtZz8AC&pg=PA104","url_text":"Nachituti's gift: economy, society, and environment in central Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-21364-1","url_text":"0-299-21364-1"}]},{"reference":"Meuris, Christine (2001). \"SCRAMBLE FOR KATANGA\". Retrieved 2011-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africafederation.net/SCRAMBLE_KATANGA.htm","url_text":"\"SCRAMBLE FOR KATANGA\""}]},{"reference":"Moloney, Joseph A. (2007). With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891-92. Jeppestown Press. ISBN 978-0-9553936-5-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9COD5B0ijMC&pg=PA20","url_text":"With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891-92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9553936-5-5","url_text":"978-0-9553936-5-5"}]},{"reference":"Philips, John Edward (2006). Writing African History. University Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-256-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC&pg=PA458","url_text":"Writing African History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-256-1","url_text":"1-58046-256-1"}]},{"reference":"Rotberg, Robert I. (1964). \"Plymouth Brethren and the Occupation of Katanga, 1886-1907\". The Journal of African History. 5 (2): 285–297. doi:10.1017/s0021853700004849.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700004849","url_text":"10.1017/s0021853700004849"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, T. Ernest (2007). Angola Beloved. Gospel Folio Press. ISBN 978-1897117446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1897117446","url_text":"978-1897117446"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bunkeya&params=10.397434_S_26.968059_E_type:city_region:CD-LU","external_links_name":"10°23′51″S 26°58′05″E / 10.397434°S 26.968059°E / -10.397434; 26.968059"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bunkeya&params=10.397434_S_26.968059_E_type:city_region:CD-LU","external_links_name":"10°23′51″S 26°58′05″E / 10.397434°S 26.968059°E / -10.397434; 26.968059"},{"Link":"http://www.kingmsiri.com/eng/historypart3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bunkeya\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FAz2vI5Jw2UC&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"European atrocity, African catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968","external_links_name":"The history of Congo"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968/page/62","external_links_name":"62"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VCPddQtZz8AC&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Nachituti's gift: economy, society, and environment in central Africa"},{"Link":"http://www.africafederation.net/SCRAMBLE_KATANGA.htm","external_links_name":"\"SCRAMBLE FOR KATANGA\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9COD5B0ijMC&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891-92"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC&pg=PA458","external_links_name":"Writing African History"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700004849","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0021853700004849"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Clark	Carson Clark	["1 Clubs","2 References"]	American volleyball player (born 1989) Carson ClarkPersonal informationNationalityAmericanBorn (1989-01-20) January 20, 1989 (age 35)Height6 ft 9 in (2.05 m)Weight205 lb (93 kg)Spike144 in (365 cm)Block142 in (360 cm)Volleyball informationNumber15Career YearsTeams 2012-132013-142014-152019 Montpellier Transfer Bydgoszcz Olympiacos Black Hawks HyderabadNational team 2010-2017 United States Medal record NORCECA Championship 2013 Canada 2017 United States Carson Clark (born January 20, 1989) is an American male volleyball player. He was part of the United States men's national volleyball team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in Poland. He won two NCAA National Championships (2009, 2012) while studying for a degree in sociology at UC Irvine. and two golds at the Pan American Cup (2010, 2012) making his international debut in 2010 against the Dominican Republic. He played for Montpellier, Olympiacos, Transfer Bydgoszcz, and Black Hawks Hyderabad. Clubs Montpellier Volley U.C. (2012–13) Transfer Bydgoszcz (2013–14) Olympiacos (2014–15) Black Hawks Hyderabad (2019-) References ^ "Carson Clark". CEV. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ "Team Roster 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship – United_States". poland2014.fivb.org. Retrieved October 12, 2015. ^ "Carson Clark Volleyball". Team USA. United States Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ "Teams USA: 15 Carson Clark". poland2014.fivb.org. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ a b "POL M: Carson Clark arrived in Bydgoszcz, club is not done with transfers!". World of Volley. November 6, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ "GRE M: Olympiacos acquired American international!". World of Volley. September 7, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ "GRE M: Carson Clark parted ways with Olympiacos". World of Volley. March 24, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2017. This biographical article relating to volleyball in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States men's national volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NCAA National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_National_Collegiate_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"UC Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"Pan American Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_S.C."},{"link_name":"Transfer Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemik_Bydgoszcz_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Black Hawks Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawks_Hyderabad"}],"text":"Carson Clark (born January 20, 1989) is an American male volleyball player.[1] He was part of the United States men's national volleyball team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in Poland.[2] He won two NCAA National Championships (2009, 2012) while studying for a degree in sociology at UC Irvine. and two golds at the Pan American Cup (2010, 2012) making his international debut in 2010 against the Dominican Republic.[3][4] He played for Montpellier, Olympiacos, Transfer Bydgoszcz, and Black Hawks Hyderabad.","title":"Carson Clark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOVnov13-5"},{"link_name":"Transfer Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemik_Bydgoszcz_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOVnov13-5"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_S.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Black Hawks Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawks_Hyderabad"}],"text":"Montpellier Volley U.C. (2012–13)[5]\nTransfer Bydgoszcz (2013–14)[5]\nOlympiacos (2014–15)[6][7]\nBlack Hawks Hyderabad (2019-)","title":"Clubs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Carson Clark\". CEV. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170812174815/http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=8849&PlayerID=58887&ID=736","url_text":"\"Carson Clark\""},{"url":"http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=8849&PlayerID=58887&ID=736","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Roster 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship – United_States\". poland2014.fivb.org. Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/USA-United%20States/team_roster","url_text":"\"Team Roster 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship – United_States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carson Clark Volleyball\". Team USA. United States Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140925121048/http://www.teamusa.org/usa-volleyball/athletes/Carson-Clark","url_text":"\"Carson Clark Volleyball\""},{"url":"http://www.teamusa.org/usa-volleyball/athletes/Carson-Clark","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Teams USA: 15 Carson Clark\". poland2014.fivb.org. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/usa-usa/players/carson-clark?id=40631","url_text":"\"Teams USA: 15 Carson Clark\""}]},{"reference":"\"POL M: Carson Clark arrived in Bydgoszcz, club is not done with transfers!\". World of Volley. November 6, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/Poland/20665/pol-m-carson-clark-arrived-in-bydgoszcz-club-is-not-done-with-transfers.html","url_text":"\"POL M: Carson Clark arrived in Bydgoszcz, club is not done with transfers!\""}]},{"reference":"\"GRE M: Olympiacos acquired American international!\". World of Volley. September 7, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/Greece/38976/gre-m-olympiacos-acquired-american-international.html","url_text":"\"GRE M: Olympiacos acquired American international!\""}]},{"reference":"\"GRE M: Carson Clark parted ways with Olympiacos\". World of Volley. March 24, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/Greece/49590/gre-m-carson-clark-parted-ways-with-olympiacos.html","url_text":"\"GRE M: Carson Clark parted ways with Olympiacos\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170812174815/http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=8849&PlayerID=58887&ID=736","external_links_name":"\"Carson Clark\""},{"Link":"http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=8849&PlayerID=58887&ID=736","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/USA-United%20States/team_roster","external_links_name":"\"Team Roster 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship – United_States\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140925121048/http://www.teamusa.org/usa-volleyball/athletes/Carson-Clark","external_links_name":"\"Carson Clark Volleyball\""},{"Link":"http://www.teamusa.org/usa-volleyball/athletes/Carson-Clark","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/usa-usa/players/carson-clark?id=40631","external_links_name":"\"Teams USA: 15 Carson Clark\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/Poland/20665/pol-m-carson-clark-arrived-in-bydgoszcz-club-is-not-done-with-transfers.html","external_links_name":"\"POL M: Carson Clark arrived in Bydgoszcz, club is not done with transfers!\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/Greece/38976/gre-m-olympiacos-acquired-american-international.html","external_links_name":"\"GRE M: Olympiacos acquired American international!\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/Greece/49590/gre-m-carson-clark-parted-ways-with-olympiacos.html","external_links_name":"\"GRE M: Carson Clark parted ways with Olympiacos\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carson_Clark&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordway_Prize	Ordway Prize	["1 History of the Prize","2 References","3 External links"]	The Ordway Prize, created in 2005, is awarded every other year to two recipients, one artist and one curator/arts writer who have had significant impact on the field of contemporary art. Since 2008, the prize has been administered by the New Museum in New York in conjunction with Creative Link for the Arts. It carries with it an unrestricted cash award of $100,000. The nominees are between the ages of forty and sixty-five and must have a developed body of work extending over a minimum of fifteen years. The winners are chosen by a jury composed of arts professionals. About Creative Link "Creative Link for the Arts is a privately funded nonprofit organization dedicated to facilitating partnership in philanthropy and forging innovative relationships between art institutions, nonprofits, corporations, and philanthropists interested in supporting the arts and creating a cultural legacy." History of the Prize 2005 Winners Doris Salcedo, Artist Ralph Rugoff, Curator 2008 Winners James Elaine, Curator/Arts Writer Cildo Meireles, Artist 2010 Nominees Tania Bruguera, Artist William Pope.L, Artist Artur Żmijewski, Artist Sabine Breitwieser, Curator/Arts Writer Hou Hanru, Curator/Arts Writer Hamza Walker, Curator/Arts Writer 2010 Winners Hamza Walker, Curator/Arts Writer Artur Zmijewski, Artist References ^ "Lowry Extends Tenure at MoMA (Published 2008)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. ^ New Museum External links Absolute Arts	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"About Creative Link\"Creative Link for the Arts is a privately funded nonprofit organization dedicated to facilitating partnership in philanthropy and forging innovative relationships between art institutions, nonprofits, corporations, and philanthropists interested in supporting the arts and creating a cultural legacy.\"[2]","title":"Ordway Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doris Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"Ralph Rugoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Rugoff"},{"link_name":"Cildo Meireles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cildo_Meireles"},{"link_name":"Tania Bruguera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tania_Bruguera"},{"link_name":"William Pope.L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pope.L"},{"link_name":"Artur Żmijewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_%C5%BBmijewski_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Sabine Breitwieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser"},{"link_name":"Hou Hanru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Hanru"},{"link_name":"Artur Zmijewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_%C5%BBmijewski_(filmmaker)"}],"text":"2005 WinnersDoris Salcedo, Artist\nRalph Rugoff, Curator2008 WinnersJames Elaine, Curator/Arts Writer\nCildo Meireles, Artist2010 NomineesTania Bruguera, Artist\nWilliam Pope.L, Artist\nArtur Żmijewski, Artist\nSabine Breitwieser, Curator/Arts Writer\nHou Hanru, Curator/Arts Writer\nHamza Walker, Curator/Arts Writer2010 WinnersHamza Walker, Curator/Arts Writer\nArtur Zmijewski, Artist","title":"History of the Prize"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lowry Extends Tenure at MoMA (Published 2008)\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/arts/design/15voge.html","url_text":"\"Lowry Extends Tenure at MoMA (Published 2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307185617/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/arts/design/15voge.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/arts/design/15voge.html","external_links_name":"\"Lowry Extends Tenure at MoMA (Published 2008)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307185617/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/arts/design/15voge.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/182/the_ordway_prize","external_links_name":"New Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.absolutearts.com/artsnews/2006/01/20/33629.html","external_links_name":"Absolute Arts"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Sabidussi	Gert Sabidussi	["1 Biography","2 Mathematical work","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]	Austrian mathematician (1929–2022) Gert Sabidussi (28 October 1929 – 1 April 2022) was an Austrian mathematician specializing in combinatorics and graph theory. Biography Sabidussi was born in Graz, Austria, on 28 October 1929. His family later moved to Innsbruck, where his father was a Protestant deacon. He graduated from the University of Vienna, where he attended lectures by Felix Ehrenhaft, Nikolaus Hofreiter, Johann Radon and Hans Thirring. In 1953, he defended his doctorate on 0–1 matrices under the supervision of Edmund Hlawka and received a two-year fellowship at Princeton University. He was then an instructor at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, but because of the heavy teaching load moved a year later, in 1956, to Tulane University in New Orleans. He moved to McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1960 and afterwards to the University of Montreal in 1969. He was instrumental in bringing to Canada a number of combinatorialists and graph theorists, including Anton Kotzig and Jaroslav Nešetřil, who wrote a thesis under Sabidussi. Over the years, he had 13 graduate students. His 60th, 70th and 80th birthdays were celebrated with large graph theory birthday conferences. Sabidussi died on 1 April 2022, at the age of 92. Mathematical work Sabidussi wrote foundational work on Cayley graphs, graph products and Frucht's theorem. References ^ "Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten". Österreichische Mathematische Gesellschaft (252). April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024. Sources Sabidussi's Biography (in German) External links Gert Sabidussi Web Page at Université de Montréal. Gert Sabidussi at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Algebraic Graph Theory 2009, a Conference in celebration of Gert Sabidussi's 80th birthday. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Academics DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"}],"text":"Gert Sabidussi (28 October 1929 – 1 April 2022) was an Austrian mathematician specializing in combinatorics and graph theory.","title":"Gert Sabidussi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Felix Ehrenhaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Ehrenhaft"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Hofreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Hofreiter"},{"link_name":"Johann Radon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Radon"},{"link_name":"Hans Thirring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Thirring"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"0–1 matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_matrix"},{"link_name":"Edmund Hlawka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hlawka"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"McMaster University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster_University"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"University of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Anton Kotzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Kotzig"},{"link_name":"Jaroslav Nešetřil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Ne%C5%A1et%C5%99il"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sabidussi was born in Graz, Austria, on 28 October 1929. His family later moved to Innsbruck, where his father was a Protestant deacon. He graduated from the University of Vienna, where he attended lectures by Felix Ehrenhaft, Nikolaus Hofreiter, Johann Radon and Hans Thirring. In 1953, he defended his doctorate on 0–1 matrices under the supervision of Edmund Hlawka and received a two-year fellowship at Princeton University. He was then an instructor at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, but because of the heavy teaching load moved a year later, in 1956, to Tulane University in New Orleans. He moved to McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1960 and afterwards to the University of Montreal in 1969. He was instrumental in bringing to Canada a number of combinatorialists and graph theorists, including Anton Kotzig and Jaroslav Nešetřil, who wrote a thesis under Sabidussi. Over the years, he had 13 graduate students. His 60th, 70th and 80th birthdays were celebrated with large graph theory birthday conferences. Sabidussi died on 1 April 2022, at the age of 92.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cayley graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_graph"},{"link_name":"graph products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_product"},{"link_name":"Frucht's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frucht%27s_theorem"}],"text":"Sabidussi wrote foundational work on Cayley graphs, graph products and Frucht's theorem.","title":"Mathematical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabidussi's Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oemg.ac.at/IMN/imn185.pdf"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"Sabidussi's Biography (in German)","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten\". Österreichische Mathematische Gesellschaft (252). April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oemg.ac.at/db/IMN/","url_text":"\"Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.oemg.ac.at/db/IMN/","external_links_name":"\"Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten\""},{"Link":"http://www.oemg.ac.at/IMN/imn185.pdf","external_links_name":"Sabidussi's Biography"},{"Link":"https://recherche.umontreal.ca/english/our-researchers/professors-directory/researcher/is/in14207/","external_links_name":"Gert Sabidussi Web Page"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=27194","external_links_name":"Gert Sabidussi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110213032811/http://www.cs.sfu.ca/news/conferences/AlgebraicGraphTheory/2009/","external_links_name":"Algebraic Graph Theory 2009"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108704908","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/12375912","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4rPpKjWYhCrtx4GKfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90362888","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123117788","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123117788","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1035439581","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429240605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13968223","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82014845","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069050171","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/74/3776","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/152465","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=27194","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:sabidussi.gert","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1035439581.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032006535","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]

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