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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_hunting
|
Drag hunting
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["1 Description","2 History","3 Related sports","3.1 Trail hunting","3.2 Hound trailing","3.3 Clean boot hunting","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Equestrian hunting activity
Photo postcard published in 1916 by photographer E.C. Eddy, showing a draghound pack in Southern Pines, North Carolina
Drag hunting or draghunting is a form of equestrian sport, where mounted riders hunt the trail of an artificially laid scent with hounds.
Description
Drag hunting is an equestrian sport where a field of mounted riders chase a pack of hounds who follow or 'hunt' a trail of an artificial non-animal based scent. The primary difference between fox hunting and drag hunting is the hounds are trained to chase a prepared scent trail laid by a person dragging a material soaked in aniseed or another strong-smelling substance and not an animal-based scent mimicking a fox hunt, as in trail hunting.
A drag hunt course is set in a similar manner to a cross country course, following a predetermined route over jumps and obstacles. Because it is predetermined, the route can be tailored to suit the riding abilities of the field. The scent, or line, is usually laid 10 to 30 minutes prior to beginning of the drag hunt and there are usually three to four lines, of approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) each, laid for a day of drag hunting.
The drag hunting season usually starts in mid-October and continues through autumn and winter, finishing in the spring.
History
Drag hunting first became popular in the 19th century when Oxford and Cambridge universities both established packs of drag hounds.
The Pau Hunt, under the Mastership of Jasper Hall Livingston, documents a drag hunt on Saturday, November 26, 1847 between Pau, France and Gardères on the Route de Tarbes making a distance of 21 km (13 miles) in one hour.
Drag hunting soon became popular with the British Army, with the Household Cavalry establishing a pack in 1863 and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and the Royal Military Academy Woolwich both establishing packs in 1870. The motivation of the British Army's interest in the sport was it was seen to provide excellent preparation for beginners and those who were about to enter the cavalry divisions.
As it does not involve the hunting of live animals, drag hunting remained legal in Great Britain after the passing of the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 and the Hunting Act 2004 (England and Wales).
Related sports
Trail hunting
Main article: Trail hunting
A controversial, alternative to hunting animals with hounds in Great Britain. A trail of animal urine (most commonly fox) is laid in advance of the 'hunt', and then tracked by the hound pack and a group of followers; on foot, horseback, or both.
Hound trailing
Main article: Hound trailing
Similar to drag hunting, but in the form of a race; usually of around 10 mi (16 km) in length. Unlike other forms of hunting, the hounds are not followed by humans.
Clean boot hunting
Main article: Hunting the clean boot
Clean boot hunting uses packs of bloodhounds to follow the natural trail of a human's scent.
References
^ a b c d e f g Nicholas Goddard and John Martin, "Drag hunting", Encyclopedia of traditional British rural sports, Tony Collins, John Martin and Wray Vamplew (eds), Routledge, Abingdon, 2005, ISBN 0-415-35224-X.
^ a b Masters of Draghounds and Bloodhounds Association, "What’s Drag Hunting?", mdbassociation.co.uk, retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ One of them (18 July 1848). "Fox Hunting in the South of France". Craven's Sporting Review. London.
^ One of them (18 September 1848). "Fox Hunting in the South of France (Part 2)". Craven's Sporting Review. London.
^ Emma Griffin, Blood sport: Hunting in Britain since 1066, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-11628-1.
^ "Call to ban controversial trail hunting on North Northamptonshire Council land". www.northantstelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Draghunting.
Look up drag hunt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Masters of the Draghounds and Bloodhounds Association website, mdbassociation.co.uk, retrieved 24 August 2017.
Authority control databases: National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Draghuntpostcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"equestrian sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_sport"}],"text":"Photo postcard published in 1916 by photographer E.C. Eddy, showing a draghound pack in Southern Pines, North CarolinaDrag hunting or draghunting is a form of equestrian sport, where mounted riders hunt the trail of an artificially laid scent with hounds.","title":"Drag hunting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aniseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniseed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goddard-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdbawhatis-2"},{"link_name":"cross country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_equestrianism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goddard-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdbawhatis-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goddard-1"}],"text":"Drag hunting is an equestrian sport where a field of mounted riders chase a pack of hounds who follow or 'hunt' a trail of an artificial non-animal based scent. The primary difference between fox hunting and drag hunting is the hounds are trained to chase a prepared scent trail laid by a person dragging a material soaked in aniseed or another strong-smelling substance and not an animal-based scent mimicking a fox hunt, as in trail hunting.[1][2]A drag hunt course is set in a similar manner to a cross country course, following a predetermined route over jumps and obstacles. Because it is predetermined, the route can be tailored to suit the riding abilities of the field. The scent, or line, is usually laid 10 to 30 minutes prior to beginning of the drag hunt and there are usually three to four lines, of approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) each, laid for a day of drag hunting.[1][2]The drag hunting season usually starts in mid-October and continues through autumn and winter, finishing in the spring.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goddard-1"},{"link_name":"Pau Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Jasper Hall Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Hall_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Pau, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques"},{"link_name":"Gardères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craven1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craven2-4"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goddard-1"},{"link_name":"Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_of_Wild_Mammals_(Scotland)_Act_2002"},{"link_name":"Hunting Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffin-5"}],"text":"Drag hunting first became popular in the 19th century when Oxford and Cambridge universities both established packs of drag hounds.[1]The Pau Hunt, under the Mastership of Jasper Hall Livingston, documents a drag hunt on Saturday, November 26, 1847 between Pau, France and Gardères on the Route de Tarbes making a distance of 21 km (13 miles) in one hour.[3][4]Drag hunting soon became popular with the British Army, with the Household Cavalry establishing a pack in 1863 and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and the Royal Military Academy Woolwich both establishing packs in 1870. The motivation of the British Army's interest in the sport was it was seen to provide excellent preparation for beginners and those who were about to enter the cavalry divisions.[1]As it does not involve the hunting of live animals, drag hunting remained legal in Great Britain after the passing of the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 and the Hunting Act 2004 (England and Wales).[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"}],"sub_title":"Trail hunting","text":"A controversial,[6] alternative to hunting animals with hounds in Great Britain. A trail of animal urine (most commonly fox) is laid in advance of the 'hunt', and then tracked by the hound pack and a group of followers; on foot, horseback, or both.","title":"Related sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goddard-1"}],"sub_title":"Hound trailing","text":"Similar to drag hunting, but in the form of a race; usually of around 10 mi (16 km) in length.[1] Unlike other forms of hunting, the hounds are not followed by humans.","title":"Related sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bloodhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goddard-1"}],"sub_title":"Clean boot hunting","text":"Clean boot hunting uses packs of bloodhounds to follow the natural trail of a human's scent.[1]","title":"Related sports"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Photo postcard published in 1916 by photographer E.C. Eddy, showing a draghound pack in Southern Pines, North Carolina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Draghuntpostcard.jpg/220px-Draghuntpostcard.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"One of them (18 July 1848). \"Fox Hunting in the South of France\". Craven's Sporting Review. London.","urls":[]},{"reference":"One of them (18 September 1848). \"Fox Hunting in the South of France (Part 2)\". Craven's Sporting Review. London.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Call to ban controversial trail hunting on North Northamptonshire Council land\". www.northantstelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/country-and-farming/call-to-ban-controversial-trail-hunting-on-north-northamptonshire-council-land-3473676","url_text":"\"Call to ban controversial trail hunting on North Northamptonshire Council land\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://mdbassociation.co.uk/whats-drag-hunting/","external_links_name":"Masters of Draghounds and Bloodhounds Association, \"What’s Drag Hunting?\", mdbassociation.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/country-and-farming/call-to-ban-controversial-trail-hunting-on-north-northamptonshire-council-land-3473676","external_links_name":"\"Call to ban controversial trail hunting on North Northamptonshire Council land\""},{"Link":"http://www.mdbassociation.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Masters of the Draghounds and Bloodhounds Association website, mdbassociation.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4236361-5","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seely_%26_Paget
|
Seely & Paget
|
["1 Early lives and meeting","2 Beginnings as architects","3 Seely & Paget","3.1 Domestic works","3.2 Churches","4 End of the partnership","5 References"]
|
Seely & Paget was the architectural partnership of John Seely, 2nd Baron Mottistone (1899–1963) and Paul Edward Paget (1901–1985).
Their work included the construction of Eltham Palace in the Art Deco style, and the post-World War II restoration of a number of bomb-damaged buildings, such as houses in the Little Cloister (Westminster Abbey), the London Charterhouse and the church of St John Clerkenwell.
Early lives and meeting
John Seely, son of John Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone, and Paul Paget, son of Bishop Henry Luke Paget, met at Cambridge University, where Seely studied architecture, though Paget did not.
Beginnings as architects
Mottistone Manor and Garden, Isle of Wight
After graduating, Paget worked for a while as a bank clerk in the City of London while Seely remained at Cambridge. When Seely came down from Cambridge, he insisted that Paget join him in architectural practice, even though Paget had no architectural training. In the partnership, Paget concentrated on working with clients on their requirements, while Seely carried out the design work.
The first work of the two together was to remodel Mottistone Manor, a historic property owned by Seely's father, and subsequently by the National Trust, in the village of Mottistone on the Isle of Wight. Seely's father insisted on their plans being approved by Sir Edwin Lutyens. In the garden they built "The Shack", a tiny house intended as their country office and retreat.
Seely & Paget
Eltham Palace exterior
In 1922, the two founded the architectural firm of Seely & Paget.
According to Paget, "it was just the marriage of two minds... we became virtually one person". They were inseparable in business and life, and referred to each other as "the partner". From 1930 they lived and worked together at 41 Cloth Fair, London, where the firm remained until 1986.
Domestic works
1931 (alterations): 1–2 The Grove, Highgate, north London
1931 (alterations): No. 3, The Grove, Highgate, north London
1936 (alterations): Eltham Palace
1951 (restored war damage): Eton College
1955 (restored war damage): Lambeth Palace: Great Hall, Library and Stable Block
1959. (restored war damage): London Charterhouse: Masters Court, Great Hall and Great Chamber
Churches
1933 (new): St Faith Lee-on-the-Solent
1935 (new): St John's Church, Barrow-in-Furness
1939 (new): St John the Baptist (later St John & St James), Tottenham, north London
St Andrew and St George Stevenage
1952 (new): St Michael and St George, White City, London
c.1952 (restored war damage): Fulham Palace, Tait Chapel
1955 (restored war damage): Lambeth Palace Chapel
1956 (restored war damage): St Mary Islington
1958 (restored war damage): St John Clerkenwell
1960 (new): St Andrew and St George Stevenage
1960 (restored): All Saints Church at Cottesbrooke
End of the partnership
Seely died on 18 January 1963 and was buried in St Catherine's chapel garden at Westminster Abbey.
Paget succeeded Seely as Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral, in which role he supervised the cleaning of the cathedral and the reconstruction of the tower of St Augustine Watling Street. However, he completed little further architectural work, and in 1971, aged 70, he married children's writer Verily Anderson and retired with her and her children to Templewood in Norfolk (a house originally designed by the partners for Paget's uncle), where he lived until his death in 1985.
References
^ a b c "John Seely, Lord Mottistone". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ a b ‘The Partners: Seely and Paget’, English Heritage. Web resource accessed 8 July 2019
^ a b c "The Shack, a country retreat". National Trust. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ a b c Aslet, Clive (1987). "An Interview with the late Paul Paget 1901-1985". The Thirties Society Journal (6): 16–25. JSTOR 41859261.
^ Sussex Parish Churches. Archived 8 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Seely Family and their Island Homes". Wight Life. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ a b c d "Seely and Paget at Eltham Palace". English Heritage. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ 'Nos 1-6 The Grove (site of Dorchester House Garden)', in Survey of London: Volume 17, the Parish of St Pancras Part 1: the Village of Highgate, ed. Percy Lovell and William McB. Marcham (London, 1936), pp. 77-94. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol17/pt1/pp77-94 .
^ 'file', Eton College Library, COLL B SF 102 01. Online resource, accessed 30 March 2023.
^ a b "Lambeth Palace Conservation Area. Conservation Area Character Appraisal" Lambeth Council. March 2017. Online resource (PDF), accessed 20 March 2023.
^ Historic England. "The Charterhouse, Charterhouse Court (Grade I) (1298101)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
^ "Church of St John A Grade II Listed Building in Barrow Island, Cumbria". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
^ St John the Baptist, Great Cambridge Road, Tottenham, "London Churches in Photographs". Online resource, accessed 20 March 2023.
^ 'Palace Tait Chapel'. "National Churches Trust". Online resource, accessed 30 March 2023.
^ 'Fulham Palace, London: the east end of the chapel prior to alterations'. RIBA Picture Library. Online resource, accessed 30 March 2023.
^ Historic England. "Tower of former church of St Augustine (Grade I) (1079121)". National Heritage List for England.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eltham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Palace"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"London Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Charterhouse"},{"link_name":"St John Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Clerkenwell"}],"text":"Their work included the construction of Eltham Palace in the Art Deco style, and the post-World War II restoration of a number of bomb-damaged buildings, such as houses in the Little Cloister (Westminster Abbey), the London Charterhouse and the church of St John Clerkenwell.","title":"Seely & Paget"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._B._Seely,_1st_Baron_Mottistone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Luke Paget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Luke_Paget"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-partners-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-3"}],"text":"John Seely, son of John Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone,[1] and Paul Paget, son of Bishop Henry Luke Paget, met at Cambridge University, where Seely studied architecture, though Paget did not.[2][3]","title":"Early lives and meeting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mottistone_Manor_and_Garden,_Isle_of_Wight_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677455.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mottistone Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottistone_Manor"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Mottistone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottistone"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woottonbridgeiow-6"},{"link_name":"Edwin Lutyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-3"}],"text":"Mottistone Manor and Garden, Isle of WightAfter graduating, Paget worked for a while as a bank clerk in the City of London while Seely remained at Cambridge.[4] When Seely came down from Cambridge, he insisted that Paget join him in architectural practice, even though Paget had no architectural training. In the partnership, Paget concentrated on working with clients on their requirements, while Seely carried out the design work.[5]The first work of the two together was to remodel Mottistone Manor, a historic property owned by Seely's father, and subsequently by the National Trust, in the village of Mottistone on the Isle of Wight.[6] Seely's father insisted on their plans being approved by Sir Edwin Lutyens.[4] In the garden they built \"The Shack\", a tiny house intended as their country office and retreat.[3]","title":"Beginnings as architects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eltham_Palace_(25098625346).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eltham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-4"},{"link_name":"Cloth Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_Fair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-partners-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-English_Heritage-7"}],"text":"Eltham Palace exteriorIn 1922, the two founded the architectural firm of Seely & Paget.According to Paget, \"it was just the marriage of two minds... we became virtually one person\". They were inseparable in business and life, and referred to each other as \"the partner\".[4] From 1930 they lived and worked together at 41 Cloth Fair, London, where the firm remained until 1986.[2][1][7]","title":"Seely & Paget"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHOHi-8"},{"link_name":"No. 3, The Grove, Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,_The_Grove,_Highgate"},{"link_name":"Eltham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-English_Heritage-7"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambeth-10"},{"link_name":"London Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Charterhouse"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Domestic works","text":"1931 (alterations): 1–2 The Grove, Highgate, north London[8]\n1931 (alterations): No. 3, The Grove, Highgate, north London\n1936 (alterations): Eltham Palace[7]\n1951 (restored war damage): Eton College[9]\n1955 (restored war damage): Lambeth Palace: Great Hall, Library and Stable Block[10]\n1959. (restored war damage): London Charterhouse: Masters Court, Great Hall and Great Chamber[11]","title":"Seely & Paget"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Faith Lee-on-the-Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee-on-the-Solent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-3"},{"link_name":"St John's Church, Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photos-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Andrew_and_St_George%27s_Church,_Stevenage,_2014-02-26.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Michael and St George, White City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael_and_St_George,_White_City"},{"link_name":"Fulham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambeth-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"St Mary Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Islington"},{"link_name":"St John Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"St Andrew and St George Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage#Places_of_worship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-English_Heritage-7"},{"link_name":"Cottesbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottesbrooke"}],"sub_title":"Churches","text":"1933 (new): St Faith Lee-on-the-Solent[3]\n1935 (new): St John's Church, Barrow-in-Furness[12]\n1939 (new): St John the Baptist (later St John & St James), Tottenham, north London[13]St Andrew and St George Stevenage1952 (new): St Michael and St George, White City, London\nc.1952 (restored war damage): Fulham Palace, Tait Chapel[14]\n1955 (restored war damage): Lambeth Palace Chapel[10][15]\n1956 (restored war damage): St Mary Islington\n1958 (restored war damage): St John Clerkenwell\n1960 (new): St Andrew and St George Stevenage[7]\n1960 (restored): All Saints Church at Cottesbrooke","title":"Seely & Paget"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-1"},{"link_name":"Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Fabric_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St Augustine Watling Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine_Watling_Street"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Verily Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verily_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Templewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templewood"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-English_Heritage-7"}],"text":"Seely died on 18 January 1963 and was buried in St Catherine's chapel garden at Westminster Abbey.[1]Paget succeeded Seely as Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral, in which role he supervised the cleaning of the cathedral and the reconstruction of the tower of St Augustine Watling Street.[16] However, he completed little further architectural work, and in 1971, aged 70, he married children's writer Verily Anderson and retired with her and her children to Templewood in Norfolk (a house originally designed by the partners for Paget's uncle), where he lived until his death in 1985.[7]","title":"End of the partnership"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mottistone Manor and Garden, Isle of Wight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mottistone_Manor_and_Garden%2C_Isle_of_Wight_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677455.jpg/220px-Mottistone_Manor_and_Garden%2C_Isle_of_Wight_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677455.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eltham Palace exterior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eltham_Palace_%2825098625346%29.jpg/220px-Eltham_Palace_%2825098625346%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Andrew and St George Stevenage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Andrew_and_St_George%27s_Church%2C_Stevenage%2C_2014-02-26.JPG/220px-St_Andrew_and_St_George%27s_Church%2C_Stevenage%2C_2014-02-26.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"John Seely, Lord Mottistone\". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/john-seely,-lord-mottistone","url_text":"\"John Seely, Lord Mottistone\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Shack, a country retreat\". National Trust. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/mottistone-gardens/features/the-shack-a-country-retreat","url_text":"\"The Shack, a country retreat\""}]},{"reference":"Aslet, Clive (1987). \"An Interview with the late Paul Paget 1901-1985\". The Thirties Society Journal (6): 16–25. JSTOR 41859261.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41859261","url_text":"41859261"}]},{"reference":"\"The Seely Family and their Island Homes\". Wight Life. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://woottonbridgeiow.org.uk/wightlife/seely.php","url_text":"\"The Seely Family and their Island Homes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seely and Paget at Eltham Palace\". English Heritage. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/lgbtq-history/seely-and-paget-at-eltham-palace/","url_text":"\"Seely and Paget at Eltham Palace\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"The Charterhouse, Charterhouse Court (Grade I) (1298101)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1298101","url_text":"\"The Charterhouse, Charterhouse Court (Grade I) (1298101)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Church of St John A Grade II Listed Building in Barrow Island, Cumbria\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101197868-church-of-st-john-barrow-in-furness-barrow-island-ward","url_text":"\"Church of St John A Grade II Listed Building in Barrow Island, Cumbria\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Tower of former church of St Augustine (Grade I) (1079121)\". National Heritage List for England.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1079121","url_text":"\"Tower of former church of St Augustine (Grade I) (1079121)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/john-seely,-lord-mottistone","external_links_name":"\"John Seely, Lord Mottistone\""},{"Link":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/lgbtq-history/seely-and-paget-at-eltham-palace/","external_links_name":"‘The Partners: Seely and Paget’"},{"Link":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/mottistone-gardens/features/the-shack-a-country-retreat","external_links_name":"\"The Shack, a country retreat\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41859261","external_links_name":"41859261"},{"Link":"http://www.sussexparishchurches.org/content/view/325/40","external_links_name":"Sussex Parish Churches."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130708092621/http://www.sussexparishchurches.org/content/view/325/40","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://woottonbridgeiow.org.uk/wightlife/seely.php","external_links_name":"\"The Seely Family and their Island Homes\""},{"Link":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/lgbtq-history/seely-and-paget-at-eltham-palace/","external_links_name":"\"Seely and Paget at Eltham Palace\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol17/pt1/pp77-94","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol17/pt1/pp77-94"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/coll-b-sf-102-01%7CCorrespondence","external_links_name":"file"},{"Link":"https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/pl-lambeth-palace-character-appraisal-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"Lambeth Palace Conservation Area. Conservation Area Character Appraisal"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1298101","external_links_name":"\"The Charterhouse, Charterhouse Court (Grade I) (1298101)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101197868-church-of-st-john-barrow-in-furness-barrow-island-ward","external_links_name":"\"Church of St John A Grade II Listed Building in Barrow Island, Cumbria\""},{"Link":"https://londonchurchbuildings.com/2013/09/13/st-john-the-baptist-great-cambridge-road-tottenham","external_links_name":"St John the Baptist, Great Cambridge Road, Tottenham"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/church/tait-chapel-fulham-palace%7CFulham","external_links_name":"Palace Tait Chapel"},{"Link":"https://www.ribapix.com/Fulham-Palace-London-the-east-end-of-the-chapel-prior-to-alterations_RIBA92878#%7CNotes:","external_links_name":"Fulham Palace, London: the east end of the chapel prior to alterations"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1079121","external_links_name":"\"Tower of former church of St Augustine (Grade I) (1079121)\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Bede
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List of works by Bede
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["1 Bede's list of his works","2 Works","2.1 Biblical commentaries","2.2 Geography","2.3 Hagiography","2.4 History","2.5 Homilies","2.6 Letters","2.7 Hymns and poems","2.8 School treatises","2.9 Scientific treatises","2.10 Doubtful works","3 Editions of the Latin text and translations into English","4 Complete works","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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The following is a list of works by Bede.
Bede's list of his works
At the end of Bede's most famous work, the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Bede lists his works. His list includes several books that have not survived to the present day; it also omits a few works of his which he either omitted or which he wrote after he finished the Historia. His list follows, with an English translation given; the title used to describe the work in this article is also given, for easier reference.
Bede's list of his works
English translation
Name of the work in this article
In principium Genesis, usque ad natiuitatem Isaac et eiectionem Ismahelis, libros III
On the beginning of Genesis, to the nativity of Isaac, and the reprobation of Ismael, three books
Commentary on Genesis
De tabernaculo et uasis eius, ac uestibus sacerdotum, libros III.
Of the tabernacle and its vessels, and of the priestly vestments, three books.
De tabernaculo
In primam partem Samuelis, id est usque ad mortem Saulis, libros III.
On the first part of Samuel, to the death of Saul, four books.
Commentary on Samuel
De aedificatione templi, allegoricae expositionis, sicut et cetera, libros II.
Of the building of the temple, of allegorical exposition, like the rest, two books.
De templo Salomonis
Item, in Regum librum XXX quaestionum.
Item, on the book of Kings, thirty questions.
Quaestiones XXX
In Prouerbia Salomonis libros III.
On Solomon's Proverbs, three books.
Commentary on Proverbs
In Cantica canticorum libros VII.
On the Canticles, seven books.
Commentary on the Song of Songs
In Isaiam, Danihelem, XII prophetas, et partem Hieremiae, distinctiones capitulorum ex tractatu beati Hieronimi excerptas.
On Isaiah, Daniel, the twelve prophets, and part of Jeremiah, distinction of chapters, collected out of St. Jerome's treatise.
No extant manuscript
In Ezram et Neemiam libros III.
On Esdras and Nehemiah, three books
Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah
In Canticum Habacum librum I.
On the song of Habakkuk, one book
Commentary on the Prayer of Habakkuk
In librum beati patris Tobiae explanationis allegoricae de Christo et ecclesia librum I.
On the book of the blessed father Tobias, one book of allegorical exposition concerning Christ and the Church
Commentary on Tobit
Item, Capitula lectionum in Pentateucum Mosi, Iosue, Iudicum;
Also, chapters of readings on Moses's Pentateuch, Joshua, and Judges
No extant manuscript
In libros Regum et Uerba dierum;
On the books of Kings and Chronicles
No extant manuscript
In librum beati patris Iob;
On the book of the blessed father Job
No extant manuscript
In Parabolas, Ecclesiasten, et Cantica canticorum;
On the parables, Ecclesiastes, and canticles
No extant manuscript
In Isaiam prophetam, Ezram quoque et Neemiam.
On the prophets Isaiah, Esdras, and Nehemiah
No extant manuscript
In evangelium Marci libros IIII.
On the gospel of Mark, four books
Commentary on Mark
In euangelium Lucae libros VI.
On the gospel of Luke, six books.
Commentary on Luke
Omeliarum euangelii libros II.
Of homilies on the gospel, two books
Homilies
In apostolum quaecumque in opusculis sancti Augustini exposita inueni, cuncta per ordinem transscribere curaui.
On the Apostle, I have carefully transcribed in order all that I have found in St. Augustine's works.
Collectaneum on the Pauline Epistles
In Actus apostolorum libros II.
On the acts of the Apostles, two books.
Commentary on Acts & Retractation
In Epistulas VII catholicas libros singulos.
On the seven catholic epistles, a book on each.
Commentary on the Catholic Epistles
In Apocalypsin sancti Iohannis libros III.
On the Revelation of St. John, three books.
Commentary on the Apocalypse
Item, Capitula lectionum in totum nouum testamentum, excepto euangelio.
Also, chapters of readings on all the New Testament, except the Gospel
No extant manuscript
Item librum epistularum ad diuersos: quarum de sex aetatibus saeculi una est; de mansionibus filiorum Israel una; una de eo, quod ait Isaias: 'Et claudentur ibi in carcerem, et post dies multos uisitabantur;' de ratione bissexti una; de aequinoctio iuxta Anatolium una.
Also a book of epistles to different persons, of which one is of the six ages of the world; one of the mansions of the children of Israel; one on the works of Isaiah, "And they shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited"; one of the reasons of the bissextile or leap-year; and of the equinox, according to Anatolius.
Letter to Plegwin; Letter to Acca "de mansionibus filiorum Israhel"; Letter to Acca "de eo quod ait Isaias"; Letter to Helmwald; Letter to Wicthede
Item de historiis sanctorum: librum uitae et passionis sancti Felicis confessoris de metrico Paulini opere in prosam transtuli
Also, of the histories of saints. I translated the book of the life and passion of St Felix, Confessor, from Paulinus's work in metre, into prose.
Life of St. Felix
Librum uitae et passionis sancti Anastasii, male de Greco translatum, et peius a quodam inperito emendatum, prout potui, ad sensum correxi
The book of the life and passion of St Anastasius, which was ill translated from the Greek, and worse amended by some unskilful person, I have corrected as to the sense.
Life of St. Anastasius
Uitam sancti patris monachi simul et antistitis Cudbercti, et prius heroico metro et postmodum plano sermone, descripsi.
I have written the life of the holy father Cuthbert, who was both monk and prelate, first in heroic verse, and then in prose.
Life of St. Cuthbert (verse) and Life of St. Cuthbert (prose)
Historiam abbatum monasterii huius, in quo supernae pietati deseruire gaudeo, Benedicti, Ceolfridi, et Huaetbercti in libellis duobus.
The history of the Abbots of this monastery, in which I rejoice to serve the divine goodness, viz. Benedict, Ceolfrith, and Hwaetberht, in two books
History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow
Historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in libris V.
The ecclesiastical history of our island and nation, in five books.
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Martyrologium de nataliciis sanctorum martyrum diebus; in quo omnes, quos inuenire potui, non-solum qua die, uerum etiam quo genere certaminis, uel sub quo iudice mundum uicerint, diligenter adnotare studui.
The martyrology of the birth-days of the holy martyrs, in which I have carefully endeavoured to set down all that I could find, and not only on what day, but also by what sort of combat, or under what judge they overcame the world
Martyrology
Librum hymnorum diuerso metro siue rhythmo.
A book of hymns in several sorts of metre, or rhyme
Hymns (incomplete?)
Librum epigrammatum heroico metro, siue elegiaco.
A book of epigrams in heroic or elegiac verse
Liber epigrammatum
De natura rerum, et de temporibus libros singulos
Of the nature of things, and of the times, one book of each
De natura rerum; De temporibus
Item de temporibus librum I maiorem
Also, of the times, one larger book
De temporum ratione
Librum de orthographia, alfabeti ordine distinctum
A book of orthography digested in alphabetical order
De orthographia
Item librum de metrica arte, et huic adiectum alium de schematibus siue tropis libellum, hoc est de figuris modisque locutionum, quibus scriptura sancta contexta est.
Also a book of the art of poetry, and to it I have added another little book of tropes and figures; that is, of the figures and manners of speaking in which the holy scriptures are written.
De arte metrica; De schematibus et tropis
In addition, the following works are listed below but are not mentioned by Bede:
De Locis Sanctis
Letter to Albinus
Letter to Egbert
De die iudicii
A poem in thirteen couplets
Paenitentiale Bedae
Works
Biblical commentaries
Commentary on Acts
Description: Completed shortly after 709.
Latin titles: One of the two books referred to in Bede's list as In actus apostolorum libros II
Editions:
ed. Laistner
Retractation
Description: Probably completed between 725 and 731.
Latin titles: One of the two books referred to in Bede's list as In actus apostolorum libros II
Editions:
ed. Laistner
Commentary on the Apocalypse
Description: Completed between 702 and 709.
Latin titles: Explanatio Apocalypsis (also Expositio Apocalypseos). Described in Bede's list as In apocalypsin sancti Iohannis libros III
Editions:
ed. Roger Gryson. Bedae presbyteri Expositio Apocalypseos. CCSL 121A. Bedae Opera 2:5. Turnhout: Brepols, 2001.
Commentary on the Catholic Epistles
Description: One of these seven commentaries (on John I) is known to have been completed at the same time as the Commentary on Acts, which was completed shortly after 709. It is possible that the commentaries were not all completed at the same time.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In epistolas VII catholicas libros singulos
Editions:
Collectaneum on the Pauline Epistles
Description:
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In apostolum quaecumque in opusculis sancti Augustini exposita inveni, cuncta per ordinem transscribere curavi
Editions: In Migne's Patrology, a work by Florus on the Pauline Epistles was printed as by Bede; the error was subsequently recognized but no edition of this work of Bede's has yet been printed.
Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah
Description: Composed between 725 and 731.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In Ezram et Neemiam libros II
Editions:
Commentary on Genesis
This exists in two forms; an early version in two books, and a later, revised version in four books. The work comments on the first twenty chapters of Genesis and the first ten verses of the twenty-first chapter.
Commentary on the Prayer of Habakkuk
It is not known when Bede composed this commentary. Bede dedicated the work to "his dearly beloved sister and virgin of Christ", but gives no further clues to the dedicatee's identity. Bede's commentary draws on the work of Jerome and on Augustine's City of God.
Commentary on Luke
Description: Composed between 709 and 716.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In evangelium Lucae libros VI
Editions:
Commentary on Mark
Description: Composed after 716.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In evangelium Marci libros IIII
Editions:
Commentary on Proverbs
Description: The date of composition of this work cannot be fixed, though it is likely to have been composed at about the same time as the Commentary on the Song of Songs.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In proverbia salomonis libros III. Also appears in some manuscripts as In parabolas Salomonis, or Super parabolas Salomonis.
Editions:
Quaestiones XXX
Description: The date of composition of this work cannot be fixed; Laistner suggests that it is similar in style to Bede's later biblical commentaries and may have been composed in about 725. The work consists of answers to thirty questions posed by Nothhelm to Bede on passages from I and II Samuel, and I and II Kings.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In regum librum quaestiones XXX. Also appears in some manuscripts as In parabolas Salomonis, or Super parabolas Salomonis.
Editions:
Commentary on Samuel
Description: The first three books were written by June 716, when Abbot Ceolfrith departed for Rome; the fourth book was begun after Ceolfrith's successor, Hwaetberht, had been appointed.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In primam partem Samuhelis, id est usque ad mortem Saulis libros IIII.
Editions:
Commentary on the Song of Songs
Description: This work, one of Bede's longest, consists of an introduction on Divine Grace; five books of commentary on the Song of Songs; and a final section of extracts from the works of Gregory the Great. It is not known when any of these parts were composed.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as In cantica canticorum librum VII.
Editions:
De tabernaculo
Description: The date of composition is uncertain but is likely to have been around 721, or perhaps shortly thereafter.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as De tabernaculo et vasis eius ac vestibus sacerdotum, libros III.
Editions:
De templo Salomonis
Composed not long before 731. This work discusses the passage in 1 Kings 3:1 to 7:51 in which Solomon builds a temple. Bede was here extending a long tradition of commentary on the temple in patristic literature.
Commentary on Tobit
Laistner suggests that this may have been written at about the same time as De templo Salmonis, since in both Bede stresses allegorical interpretation; however, he comments that there is no textual evidence to support this. There is no other indication of the date of composition. As with the commentary on Habakkuk, Bede draws on the work of Jerome and on Augustine's City of God.
Geography
De Locis Sanctis
Description: Probably composed before 709; the dates of 702–703 have been suggested and seem likely to be correct.
Latin titles: Not mentioned by Bede in his list of his works.
Editions:
Hagiography
Life of St. Anastasius
There are no surviving manuscripts of this work, though one did survive as late as the 15th century.
Life of St. Felix
An adaptation into prose of four poems on St Felix by Paulinus of Nola.
Life of St. Cuthbert (verse)
Bede wrote two lives of St Cuthbert; this one is in verse and was probably composed between 705 and 716. The first printed edition was by Canisius, in his Antiquae Lectiones, which appeared between 1601 and 1604. Laistner lists twenty manuscripts, including one fragment; a 20th-century edition that includes a discussion of nineteen of the manuscripts is Werner Jaager, Bedas metrische Vita Sancti Cuthberti (1935).
Life of St. Cuthbert (prose)
Bede wrote two lives of St Cuthbert; this one is in prose and was composed in about 721. It is in part based on an earlier life of St Cuthbert, anonymous but probably written by a monk of Lindisfarne.
Martyrology
Description: Bede probably wrote this between 725 and 731.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as Martyrologium de nataliciis sanctorum martyrum diebus; in quo omnes, quos invenire potui, non-solum qua die, verum etiam quo genere certaminis, vel sub quo iudice mundum vicerint, diligenter adnotare studui.
Editions:
History
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Description: A history of the founding and growth of the English church, from the mission of Augustine of Canterbury to Bede's day. Includes a short introductory section on the history of Britain prior to Augustine's mission.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as Historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in libris V. Generally known as Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.
Editions:
Bede (1969). Colgrave, Bertram and R.A.B. Mynors (ed.). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Bede (1994). McClure, Judith and Roger Collins (ed.). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283866-0.
Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Old English version)
Description: An Old English version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as Historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in libris V.
Editions:
History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow
Description: This was definitely composed after 716, and was probably completed between 725 and 731.
Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as Historiam abbatum monasterii huius, in quo supernae pietati deservire gaudeo, Benedicti, Ceolfridi, et Huaetbercti, in libellis duobus.
Editions:
Homilies
Homilies
Bede's list of his works refers to two books of homilies, and these are preserved. In addition, innumerable homilies exist that have been attributed to him; in most cases the attribution is spurious but there may be additional homilies of Bede beyond those in the main two books that survive. It is unclear whether the homilies were ever actually preached, or were instead intended for devotional reading. They are organized around particular dates in the church calendar, with forty of them dealing with either Christmas or Easter. The remaining ten are concerned with the feast days of saints. The homilies are thought to be among Bede's later works, dating perhaps to the late 720s. Thirty-four of them were included in a widely disseminated anthology of readings put together in Charlemagne's reign by Paul the Deacon. It is possible that Bede composed these homilies to complement the work of Gregory the Great, who had assembled his own collection of homilies: the two sets of homilies only have one reading in common, and that reading is one which Gregory had indicated needed further attention.
Letters
Bede lists five letters in the list he gives of his works in the Historia Ecclesiastica, as follows: "Item librum epistolarum ad diversos: quarum de sex aetatibus saeculi una est; de mansionibus filiorum Israhel una; una de eo quod ait Isaias; 'et claudentur ibi in carcerem et post dies multos visitabantur'; de ratione bisexti una; de aequnioctio iuxta Anatolium una". Two additional letters are known: the letter to Albinus he wrote to accompany a copy of the Historia Ecclesiastica, and the Epistle to Egbert. The first five letters below are the ones Bede mentioned; they are given in the same order that Bede describes them.
Letter to Plegwin
One of Bede's works on chronology, De temporibus, led to him being accused of heresy in front of Wilfred, the bishop of York; Bede was not present but heard of the charge from a monk named Plegwin. This letter is Bede's response to Plegwin; he justifies his work and asks Plegwin to deliver the letter to a monk named David so that it could be read to Wilfred. The letter was first published in Dublin in 1664 by Sir James Ware. Five manuscripts survive.
Letter to Acca: "de eo quod ait Isaias"
This letter was first published in 1843 by J. A. Giles, in his edition of the complete works of Bede. Giles used the only known manuscript, Paris B.N. 2840.
Letter to Acca: "de mansionibus filiorum Israhel"
As with the previous letter to Acca, the first publication was in J.A. Giles' 1843 edition of Bede's works. There are two manuscripts of this letter; it appears in Paris B.N. 2840, and also in a manuscript now in Zurich.
Letter to Helmwald
Bede's letter to Helwmald was published in 1980 in the CCSL series, edited by C.W. Jones. An English translation by Faith Wallis appeared in 1999.
Letter to Wicthede
Bede's letter to Wicthede was first printed in Hervagius's 1563 folio editions of Bede's works, but the manuscript Hervagius used included a reference to the year 776. It was argued on this basis that the letter was not by Bede, but subsequently a comparison with other manuscripts determined that the passage was a spurious interpolation, and the letter is now accepted as genuine. Many manuscripts are now known; Laistner lists over thirty.
Letter to Albinus
Bede wrote this short letter to Albinus, the abbot of the monastery of St Peter and St Paul in Canterbury, to thank him for providing documents to Bede to assist him in writing the Ecclesiastical History. With the letter Bede sent a copy of his De templo Salomonis, and also a copy of the History; the date of the letter is therefore after 731, when the History was completed. The letter was sent to Albinus in the hands of Nothhelm, a London priest who subsequently became Archbishop of Canterbury. The text was first published by Jean Mabillon in his Vetera Analecta, which began publication in 1675. Mabillon used a manuscript from the monastery of St Vincent in Metz which has since been lost. The text survives in two twelfth-century manuscripts from Austria: London, British Library, Add. 18329 (from St. Georgenberg-Fiecht), and Göttweig, Stiftsbibliothek, 37 (rot).
Letter to Egbert
This letter is not included in Bede's list of his own writings. Bede completed the letter on 5 November 734, not long before his death on 26 May 735; in it he explains that he is unable to visit Egbert, as he had the previous year, and so is writing to him instead. The letter contains Bede's complaints about what he saw as the errors of the ecclesiastics of his day, including monasteries that were religious in name only, ignorant and careless clergy, and a lack of monastic discipline. Egbert was Bishop of York at the time Bede wrote to him; he was raised to the archbishopric later that year, and Bede was probably aware of his impending elevation. The letter was first published in Dublin in 1664 by Sir James Ware, using Harley 4688, a manuscript now in the British Museum.
Hymns and poems
In Bede's list of his works, he describes a book of hymns: "Librum hymnorum diverso metro sive rhythmo" and a book of poems: "Librum epigrammatum heroico metro sive elegiaco". Although manuscripts by these names survived to the 15th century, none are extant today. However, some of Bede's verse was transmitted through other manuscripts. In addition, Bede included poems in several of his prose works, and these have occasionally been copied separately and thus transmitted independently of their parent work.
Hymns
Only one hymn is definitely by Bede; his Hymn on Queen Etheldryd, which is part of his Historia Ecclesiastica but which appears independently in some manuscripts. An additional fifteen hymns are thought to be of Bede's composition. Thirteen of these now survive only in a 16th-century printed edition; two further hymns, on psalms XLI and CXXII, have survived in manuscript form.
De die iudicii
The poem De die iudicii is assigned to Bede by most scholars.
Liber epigrammatum
Bede refers to a book of epigrams; the work is not entirely lost but has survived only in fragments. In the early 16th century, the antiquary John Leland transcribed a selection of epigrams from a now-lost manuscript; his selection includes several epigrams attributed to Bede which are likely to have come from the book Bede refers to. Leland's source was originally owned by Milred, bishop of Worcester from 745 to 775. Historian Michael Lapidge suggests that Milred's collection of epigrams was assembled early in Milred's tenure as bishop, perhaps in about 750.
Bede's Death Song
Cuthbert's letter on Bede's death, the Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae, is understood to indicate that Bede also composed a five line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as Bede's Death Song
Other poems
The only other surviving poem of Bede's that is not part of one of Bede's prose works is a prayer in thirteen elegiac couplets which survives in a tenth-century manuscript in garbled form; it was first printed correctly in 1912.
School treatises
Bede describes two of his school treatises in his list of works as "Item librum de metrica arte et huic adiectum alium de schematibus sive tropis libellum, hoc est de figuris modisque locutionum, quibus scriptura sancta contexta est". The first is "a book on the art of poetry", and the second is a "little book of tropes and figures; that is, of the figures and manners of speaking in which the Holy Scriptures are written". The majority of extant manuscripts of these treatises contain both of them.
De arte metrica
Description: This first part is a treatise on Latin metre and prosody, consisting of verse examples with commentary. Having stressed the distinction between letters (litterae, which he leaves for discussion in the second part De schematibus et tropis) and syllables (syllabae), Bede explains the rules of syllabic quantity and the way these apply to metrical patterns. Bede's treatise can be compared with De metris and De pedum regulis by Aldhelm, whose educational approach is more theoretical and mathematical than Bede's and less focused on actual practice. In the event, it was Bede's treatise rather than those of Aldhelm which became the popular textbook until the Renaissance period.
Latin titles: De Arte Metrica; also known, more rarely, as De Metrica Ratione.
Editions:
ed. C.W. Jones. Bedae opera didascalica. CCSL 123A. 3 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 1975. 59–141.
De schematibus et tropis
Description: This second part is a shorter treatise, including an alphabetic overview of letters (litterae) and their importance to scansion.
Latin titles:
Editions: Kendall (ed.), CCSL 123A (1975): 81–171; Kendall (ed. and tr.), Libri II De arte metrica et De schematibus et tropis: The Art of Poetry and Rhetoric (1991). Recently, the fragment of a pre-Conquest English copy has been noted in the 11th-century manuscript Worcester Cathedral MS Q.5, which was not used by Kendall in his edition of the work.
De orthographia
Description:
Latin titles:
Editions:
Scientific treatises
Mappa Mundi (world map) from De natura rerum, in a manuscript now held by the Bodleian Library
De natura rerum
Bede completed De natura rerum shortly after De temporibus, which was written in 703. The work is modelled on the De natura rerum of Isidore of Seville.
De temporibus
This work was completed in 703. It contains a short chronicle which was sometimes copied separately, known as the Chronica minora. There are also manuscripts of De temporibus which omit the chronicle. It is a treatise covering the basics of the computus, the medieval study of calculating the correct dates for the Christian calendar. Bede used much material from Isidore of Seville's Etymologies for this work.
De temporum ratione
This work was completed in 725. It contains a chronicle which was often copied separately, known as the Chronica maiora. There are also manuscripts of De temporum ratione which omit the chronicle. The work was known to medieval readers as De temporibus, but since that was also the title of an earlier work by Bede it was also referred to as De temporibus liiber secundus. Like De temporibus it deals with computus, but at much greater length. Bede's treatment of the topic was widely and rapidly disseminated during the Middle Ages; over one hundred manuscripts have survived to the present day, almost half of which were copied within a century of the work's composition. This may be because Charlemagne instituted educational reforms that included making computus part of the curriculum.
Doubtful works
De octo quaestionibus
According to Eric Knibbs, the treatise entitled the De octo quaestionibus is a 12th-century creation that cannot be ascribed to Bede, though the eight individual texts gathered under this title are much older. A subset of four (called, in some manuscripts, the Solutiones) are almost certainly Bede's; the authorship of the other four is uncertain.
Patrologia Latina vol. 94 includes a number of homiliae subdititiae "spurious homilies" attributed to Bede.
Main article: Paenitentiale Bedae
The so-called Paenitentiale Bedae, a disciplinary work composed between c. 700 and 800, may have been authored by Bede. The idea that Bede wrote a penitential has been accepted as uncontroversial by both medieval and modern scholars, including Hermann Wasserschleben, Bruno Albers and J.T. McNeill. Others, however, including Charles Plummer and M.L.W. Laistner, have challenged the attribution of this work to Bede on the grounds that Bede (they say) was too high-minded and too talented a Latinist to have composed a work of such stylistic simplicity treating such vulgar subjects as drinking, physical violence and sexual deviance. A.J. Frantzen has adopted an agnostic attitude, acknowledging several arguments for and against Bedan authorship that taken together seem to leave the matter presently unanswerable. The most recent and detailed study of the text was carried out by Reinhold Haggenmüller, who pronounced definitively against Bedan authorship; however, Haggenmüller's argument against Bedan authorship is hardly persuasive (it amounts merely to noticing that the oldest manuscript dates to about 60 years after Bede's death). In fact no scholar has yet been able to adduce concrete evidence that either confirms or denies Bedan authorship of the Paenitentiale Bedae. McNeill and Gamer's summary of the problem is still perhaps the most fair and concise:
The fact that no penitential is included by Bede among the works he lists at the end of his Ecclesiastical History ... as of the years 702–31 can hardly be admitted as a conclusive argument against his having written one, in view of the omission from this list of a number of his other known works. The strongest objection to his authorship of this book is the lack of distinction and originality in the work itself. But the author may have intended a revision, which he did not live to make. Probably too, we should not expect to find the marks of genius in a penitential. The nature of these handbooks excludes sublimity.
Editions of the Latin text and translations into English
The following table gives the first publication of each of Bede's works listed above, and also lists a modern edition of the text and a modern translation where available. The table states "None" only where it is definitely known that no printed edition or translation exists.
Name of the work in this article
Text first published
Modern edition
Modern translation
Commentary on Genesis
Winters, Iunilii episcopi Africani (1538), text of 1a only; Wharton, Bedae Venerabilis Opera Quaedam Theologica (1692/1693), text of 2 but omitting 1a; Martène, Venerabilis Bedae (1717), text of 2 including all of 1a.
Jones, CCSL CXVIII A (1967), pp. 1–242.
Kendall, Bede: On Genesis (2008), pp. 65–322.
De tabernaculo
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563), or earlier.
Hurst, CCSL CXIX A (1969), pp. 3–139.
Holder, Bede: On the Tabernacle (1994), pp. 1–163.
Commentary on Samuel
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563), or earlier.
Hurst, CCSL CXIX (1962), pp. 5–272.
De templo Salomonis
Hurst, CCSL CXIX A (1969), pp. 143–234.
Connolly, Bede: On the Temple (1995), pp. 1–117.
Quaestiones XXX
Jones, CCSL CXIX (1962), pp. 293–322.
Foley & Holder, A Biblical Miscellany (1999), pp. 89–138.
Commentary on Proverbs
Hurst, CCSL CXIX B (1983), pp. 23–163.
Commentary on the Song of Songs
Hurst, CCSL CXIX B (1983), pp. 167–375.
Arthur G. Holder (tr.), On the Song of Songs and Selected Writings. Classics of Western Spirituality. (2011).
Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah
Hurst, CCSL CXIX A (1969), pp. 237–392.
DeGregorio, Bede: On Ezra and Nehemiah (2006).
Commentary on the Prayer of Habakkuk
Hudson, CCSL CXIX B (1983), pp. 381–409.
Connolly, On Tobit and the Canticle of Habakkuk (1997), pp. 65–95.
Commentary on Tobit
Hurst, CCSL CXIX B (1983), pp. 3–19.
Connolly, Bede: On Tobit and the Canticle of Habakkuk (1997), pp. 39–63.
Commentary on Mark
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563), or earlier.
Hurst, CCSL CXX (1960), pp. 431–648.
Commentary on Luke
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563), or earlier.
Hurst, CCSL CXX (1960), pp. 6–425.
Homilies
Hurst, CCSL CXXII (1955), pp. 1–378.
Martin & Hurst, Homilies on the Gospels (1991), in two volumes.
Collectaneum on the Pauline Epistles
None exists.
Hurst, Excerpts from the Works of Saint Augustine on the Letters of the Blessed Apostle Paul (1999)
Commentary on Acts
Laistner, CCSL CXXI (1983), pp. 3–99.
Martin, Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles (1989), pp. 3–198.
Retractation
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563), VI, cols 1-39, or earlier.
Hurst, CCSL CXXI (1983), pp. 103–163.
Commentary on the Catholic Epistles
Hurst, CCSL CXXI (1983), pp. 181–342.
Hurst, Commentary on the Seven Catholic Epistles (1985), pp. 3–253.
Commentary on the Apocalypse
Gryson, CCSL CXXI A (2001), pp. 218–578.
Marshall, Explanation of the Apocalypse (1878)
Letter to Plegwin
Ware, Epistolae Duae (1664)
Jones, CCSL CXXIII C (1980), pp. 613–626.
Wallis, Reckoning of Time (1999), pp. 405–415.
Letter to Acca "de eo quod ait Isaias"
Giles, Works Vol. I (1843), pp. 203–214.
Migne, Venerabilis Bedae, Tomus Primus (1862), cols. 702–710.
Foley & Holder, Bede: A Biblical Miscellany (1999), pp. 39–51.
Letter to Acca "de mansionibus filiorum Israhel"
Giles, Works Vol. I (1843), pp. 198–202.
Migne, Venerabilis Bedae, Tomus Primus (1862), cols. 699–702.
Foley & Holder, Bede: A Biblical Miscellany (1999), pp. 29–34.
Letter to Helmwald
Jones, CCSL CXXIII C (1980), pp. 627–630, or earlier.
Jones, CCSL CXXIII C (1980), pp. 627–630.
Wallis, Reckoning of Time (1999), p. 416.
Letter to Wicthede
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563), or earlier.
Jones, CCSL CXXIII C (1980), pp. 631–642.
Wallis, Reckoning of Time (1999), pp. 417–424.
Letter to Albinus
Mabillon, Vetera Analecta (1675)
Plummer, Baedae Opera Historica I (1896), p. 3; and Westgard, "New Manuscripts of Bede's Letter to Albinus," Revue Bènèdictine 120 (2010), pp. 213–14.
Westgard, "New Manuscripts of Bede's Letter to Albinus," Revue Bènèdictine 120 (2010), p. 215.
Letter to Egbert
Ware, Epistolae Duae (1664)
Plummer, Baedae Opera Historica I (1896), pp. 405–423.
Whitelock, English Historical Documents (1979), pp. 735–745.
Life of St. Felix
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563), or earlier.
Migne, Venerabilis Bedae, Tomus Quintus (1862), cols. 789–798.
Life of St. Anastasius
Carnandet, Acta Sanctorum (1863)
Life of St. Cuthbert (verse)
Canisius, Antiquae Lectiones (1601–1604)
Jaager, Bedas metrische Vita sancti Cuthberti (1935), pp. 56–133.
Life of St. Cuthbert (prose)
Hervagius, Opera Bedae Venerabilis, Tertius Tomus (1563), cols. 209–254.
Colgrave, Two Lives of St Cuthbert (1940), pp. 142–306.
Colgrave, Two Lives of St Cuthbert (1940), pp. 143–307.
History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow
Plummer, Baedae Opera Historica I (1896), pp. 364–387; Christopher Grocock and I. N. Wood, eds. and trans., Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (2013).
Farmer, Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (1983), pp. 185–210; Christopher Grocock and I. N. Wood, eds. and trans., Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (2013).
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Eggestein (printer); anonymous edition (c. 1475–1480)
Colgrave & Mynors, Bede's Ecclesiastical History (1969), pp. 2–576.
Colgrave & Mynors, Bede's Ecclesiastical History (1969), pp. 3–577.
Martyrology
Dubois & Reynaud, Edition pratique des martyrologues (1976), pp. 1–228.
Lifshitz, in Head, Medieval Hagiography (2001), pp. 179–196.
Hymns
Cassander (1536)
Fraipont, CCSL CXXII (1955), pp. 407–415, 419–438.
Liber epigrammatum
Lapidge, Anglo-Latin Literature, 600–899 (1996), pp. 357–380 (fragments only).
De die iudicii
Cassander (1536)
Fraipont, CCSL CXXII (1955), pp 439–444.
Allen & Calder, Sources and Analogues of Old English Poetry: The Major Latin Texts in Translation (1976), pp. 208–212.
De natura rerum
Sichardus (1529), or earlier.
Jones, CCSL CCXXX A (1975), pp. 189–234.
Kendall & Wallis, On the Nature of Things and On Times (2010), pp. 69–103.
De temporibus
Sichardus (1529), or earlier.
Jones, CCSL CCXXX C (1980), pp. 585–611.
Kendall & Wallis, On the Nature of Things and On Times (2010), pp. 104–131.
De temporum ratione
Petrus Marenus Aleander of Padua (1505), Chronica maiora only; Sichardus (1529), entire work.
Jones, CCSL CCXXX B (1977), pp. 263–460.
Wallis, Reckoning of Time (1999), pp. 157–237.
De orthographia
Jones, CCSL CXXIII A (1975), pp. 7–57.
De arte metrica
Kendall, Bede's Art of Poetry and Rhetoric (1991), pp. 36–167.
Kendall, Bede's Art of Poetry and Rhetoric (1991), pp. 36–167.
De schematibus et tropis
Kendall, Bede's Art of Poetry and Rhetoric (1991), pp. 168–209.
Kendall, Bede's Art of Poetry and Rhetoric (1991), pp. 168–209.
De Locis Sanctis
Fraipont, CCSL CLXXV (1965), pp. 251–280.
Foley & Holder, A Biblical Miscellany (1999), pp. 5–25.
Complete works
Opera Bedae Venerabilis Presbyteri Anglosaxonis (Hervagius, Basel 1563).
Opera Bedae Venerabilis Presbyteri, Anglosaxonis: Viri in Diuinis atque Humanis Literis Exercitatissimi: omnia in octo tomos distincta (Basileae: Joannes Hervagius 1563).
Venerabilis Bedae Anglo-Saxonis Presbyteri in Omni Disciplinarum Genere Sua Aetate Doctissimi Operum Tomi VIII (Colonia Agrippina: Antonius Hieratus & Ioannes Gymnicus 1612).
Venerabilis Bedae Presbyteri Anglo-Saxonis, Doctoris Ecclesiae Vere Illuminati, Opera... in Tomos VIII (Coloniae Agrippinae: apud Ioannem Wilhelmum Friessem juniorem 1688).
The first attempt to print a complete set of Bede's works was made in 1563 by Johannes Hervagius (Johann Herwagen the younger, died 1564), a printer of Basel, completing a project begun by his father (died 1557). This, which is taken as the Editio princeps, followed upon the first extended edition of Bede's Commentaries, edited by Franciscus Jametius, printed at Paris in three volumes in 1544, other works being available in separate editions.
The royal privilege of the first edition was granted by King Henry II of France to Bernard Brand, partner of Hervagius, in 1558, and re-granted to Hervagius the younger by Charles IX in 1561. (The latter was during the regency of Catherine de' Medici in the months preceding the Colloquy of Poissy.) In his Preface Ad Lectorem Hervagius credits Jacobus Pamelius with the assembly of texts and a significant role in their editing. The entire edition was dedicated to Marquard, Freiherr von Hattstein, Prince-Bishop of Speyer (1560-1581) and provost of the collegiate church of Weissenburg, Alsace. The Epistola Nuncupatoria remarks that Hervagius had met the cost of the edition more for religious reasons than from expectations of financial return: the pure and uncorrupt doctrines of Bede offered the most useful and weighty answers to the explanation of controversies flourishing in their own times.
Hervagius's edition, in eight folio volumes, was incomplete in some respects and included works that were later determined to be spuriously assigned to Bede. For example, the folio edition (following Jametius) includes a commentary on St Paul that is not by Bede (attributed by Mabillon to Florus of Lyon), and omits the commentary that Bede wrote. A full contents listing appears in the prefatory material to Volume 1. A newly re-set edition was printed at Cologne in 1612, also in eight volumes, following the same order of texts. A further revised edition was printed at Cologne in 1688. Casimir Oudin's commentary on the authenticity of the textual attributions to Bede in these editions was published in 1722, and was reproduced by Migne.
Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. The following volumes of this series contain works by Bede:
Vol. 118A (1967): Opera Exegetica. Ed. C.W. Jones. Contains Libri quatuor in principium Genesis usque ad nativitatem Isaac et eiectionem Ismahelis adnotationum.
Vol. 119A (1969): Opera Exegetica. Ed.D. Hurst. Contains De tabernaculo, De templo and In Ezram et Neemiam.
Vol. 119B (1983): Opera Exegetica. Ed.D. Hurst, J.E. Hudson. Contains In Tobiam, In Proverbia, In Cantica canticorum, and In Habacuc.
Vol. 120 (1960): Opera Exegetica. Ed.D. Hurst. In Lucae evangelium expositio, and In Marci evangelium expositio. .
Vol. 121 (1983): Opera Exegetica. Ed. M.L.W. Laistner, D. Hurst. Contains Expositio Actuum apostolorum, Retractatio in Actus apostolorum, Nomina regionum atque locorum de Actibus apostolorum, and In epistulas VII catholicas.
Vol. 121A (2001): Opera Exegetica. Ed. R. Gryson. Contains Expositio Apocalypseos.
Vol. 123A (1975): Opera Didascalica. Eds. C.W. Jones, C.B. Kendall, M.H. King, C.W. Jones. Contains De orthographia, De arte metrica et de schematibus et tropis, and De natura rerum.
Vol. 123B (1977): Opera Didascalica. Ed. C.W. Jones. Contains De temporum ratione.
Vol. 123C (1980): Opera Didascalica. Ed. C.W. Jones, C.W. Jones. Contains Magnus circulus seu tabula paschalis, Kalendarium sive Martyrologium, De temporibus liber, and Epistolae (ad Pleguinam, ad Helmwaldum, ad Wicthedum).
Vol. 175 (1965): Itineraria et alia geographica. Eds. P. Geyer, O. Cuntz, A.. Francheschini, R. Weber, L. Bieler, J. Fraipont, F.. Glorie. Contains De locis sanctis, éd. J. Fraipont
Patrologia Latina. Volumes 90–94 of this series contain works by Bede, as follows.
J.-P. Migne (ed.), Venerabilis Bedae Anglosaxonis Presbyteri Opera Omnia ex tribus praecipuis editionibus inter se collatis, 5 volumes (Patrologia Latina Vols 90–94), (Migne, Paris 1850).
Vol. 90 (Bede 1): Opera didascalica, containing
De ortographia liber
De arte metrica
De schematis et tropis sacrae scripturae
De natura rerum
De temporibus
De ratione temporum
De ratione computi
De celebratione Paschae
De ordinatione feriarum Paschalium
De Tonitruis
Vol. 91 (Bede 2): Opera exegetica (Inceptio)
Hexaemeron, sive libri quatuor in principium Genesis usque ad nativitatem Isaac et electionem Ismaelis
Commentarii in Pentateuchum
De Tabernaculo et Vasis ejus, ac Vestibus Sacerdotum libri tres
Expositionis allegoricae in Samuelem prophetam libri quatuor
In Libros Regum quaestiones XXX
Liber de Templo Salomonis
In Esdram et Nehemiam allegoricae Expositionis libri tres
Interpretatio in librum Tobiae
Expositio in Parabolas Salomonis
Libellus de Muliere forti
In Proverbia Salomonis interpretationis fragmenta
Expositionis in Cantica canticorum libri septem
Expositio in Canticum Habacuc
Vol. 92 (Bede 3): Opera exegetica genuina (Continuatio)
Expositio in Evangelium S. Matthaei
Expositio in Evangelium S. Marci
Expositio in Evangelium S. Lucae
Expositio in Evangelium S. Joannis
Expositio in Actus Apostolorum
De nominibus Locorum vel Civitatum quae leguntur in libro Actuum
Vol. 93 (Bede 4):
Pars Secunda
Sectio 1 – Opera exegetica genuina (Conclusio)
Expositio super Epistolas catholicas
Explanatio Apocalypsis
Sectio 2 – Dubia et Spuria
Vol. 94 (Bede 5):
Pars Tertia: Opera Paraenetica
Sectio I: Homiliae
Homiliae genuinae
Homiliae subdititiae
Sectio II: Ascetica
Libellus precum
De Officiis Libellus ex quorumdam Patrum dictis excerptus
Excerptiones Patrum, Collectanea, Flores ex diversis, Quaestiones et Parabolae
De Meditatione Passionis Christi per septem diei horas
De Remediis peccatorum
Sectio III: Carmina
Vita metrica S. Cuthberti Lindisfarnensis episcopi
Passio S. Justini Martyris
Martyrologium poeticum
Hymni tredecim
Pars Quarta: Opera Historica
Sectio 1: Hagiographica
Vita SS. Abbatum monasterii in Wiramutha et Gircum Benedicti, Ceolfridi, Easteruini, Sigfridi et Hwaetbercti
Vita prosaica S. Cuthberti Lindisfarnensis episcopi
Vita B. Felicis confessoris
Sectio 2: Martyrologia
Martyrologia juxta exemplaria Coloniense et Bollandianum
Appendices quatuor ad Martyrologia
I. Kalendarium Anglicanum, sive libellus annalis Ven. Bedae
II. Necrologium insertum Ven. Bedae Martyrologio
III. Chronicon breve a mundi exordio usque ad annum Christi DCCCX, ex vetusto codice ms. Bedae de Ratione temporum, qui fuit ecclesiae seu monasterii Sancti Dionysium Francia.
De Locis Sanctis Libellus, quem de opusculus majorum abbreviando Beda composuit
References
Citations
^ The translation is taken from Giles' edition of Bede, with some slight modernization in regard to capitalization. Giles, Complete Works, pp. 314–317.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-List, p. 154.
^ a b c d Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 20.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 25.
^ Gryson, "Bedae presbyteri Expositio Apocalypseos", CCSL
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 31.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, pp. 37–38.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 39.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 41.
^ a b c Giles, Works, VII, p. x.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 43.
^ a b Connolly & Scully, Bede: On Tobit and the Canticle of Habakkuk, pp. 18–21.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 44.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 50.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 56.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 62.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 65.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 66.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 70.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 75.
^ Connolly, On the Temple, pp. xvii–xviii.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 78.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 83.
^ a b c Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 87.
^ a b c Laistner & King, Hand-list, pp. 88–89.
^ a b Giles, Works of Bede, I, p. clxviii.
^ a b "Catholic Encyclopedia: Henricius Canisius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
^ Colgrave, Two Lives of St Cuthbert, p. 14.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, pp. 90–91.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 93.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 111.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 112.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, pp. 114–116.
^ Martin & Hurst, Homilies on the Gospels, pp. vi–xxii.
^ a b c d e Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 119.
^ Giles, Works, I, p. clxxiv.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 120. The ms that Laistner lists as "untraced" is Phillipps 9428, which is now HM 27486 in the Huntington Library: see "Guide To Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Huntington Library". Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
^ a b Giles, Works, I, clxxvi
^ a b "PASE Index of Sources". King's College, London & University of Cambridge. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
^ Giles, Works, I, p. clxxv.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 121.
^ a b Giles, Works, I, pp. clxxii–clxxiii.
^ Keynes, "Nothhelm", pp. 335 336.
^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Jean Mabillon". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
^ Westgard, Joshua A. (2010). "New Manuscripts of Bede's Letter to Albinus". Revue Bénédictine. 120 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.100545.
^ Farmer, Bede, pp. 335–337.
^ Plummer, Bedae Opera Historica, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.
^ Plummer, Bedae Opera Historica, I, p. cxlii.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, pp. 122–123.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, pp. 124–127.
^ See PASE, under sources Bede.Epig and Milred.Sylloge.
^ Lapidge, Anglo-Latin Literature, 600–899, pp. 357–358.
^ Laistner & King, Hand-list, pp. 129–130.
^ a b Laistner & King, Hand-list, p. 131–132.
^ Giles, Complete Works, p. 317.
^ Campbell, "Bede", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^ Ruff, Carin (April 2005). "The Place of Metrics in Anglo-Saxon Latin Education: Aldhelm and Bede". Journal of Germanic and English Philology. 104 (2): 149–170: 166–9. JSTOR 27712491.
^ Ruff, "Place of Metrics." 168-70.
^ Jones, "Bedae opera didascalica", CCSL
^ Ruff, "Place of Metrics." 166.
^ Berkhout, Carl T. (March 2006). "An Early Insular Fragment of Bede's De Schematibus et Tropis". Notes and Queries. 53 (1): 10–12. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjj105.
^ Wallis, Reckoning of Time, p. lxiv.
^ a b Wallis, Reckoning of Time, p. lxv.
^ a b Laistner & King, "Hand-List", pp. 144–145.
^ Wallis, Reckoning of Time, p. lxxx.
^ Wallis, Reckoning of Time, p. xvi.
^ Wallis, Reckoning of Time, p. lxxxvii.
^ Wallis, Reckoning of Time, pp. lxxxviii–lxxxix.
^ Knibbs, E. (2008). "The Manuscript Evidence for the De octo quaestionibus ascribed to Bede". Traditio. 63: 129–84. doi:10.1017/S0362152900002130. JSTOR 27832080.; Gorman, M. (1999). "Bede's VIII Quaestiones and Carolingian Biblical Scholarship". Revue Bénédictine. 109 (1–2): 32–74. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.105438.; trans. A. G. Holder in W. T. Foley and A. G. Holder, Bede: A Biblical Miscellany, Translated Texts for Historians (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999) 149–65.
^ Knibbs, E. (2008). "The Manuscript Evidence for the De octo quaestionibus ascribed to Bede". Traditio. 63: 129–184. doi:10.1017/S0362152900002130. JSTOR 27832080.
^ J.T. McNeill and H.M. Gamer, Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents (New York, 1938), 217-20.
^ A.J. Frantzen, The literature of penance in Anglo-Saxon England (New Brunswick, N.J., 1983), 1.
^ A.J. Frantzen, The literature of penance in Anglo-Saxon England (New Brunswick, N.J., 1983), 69–77
^ R. Haggenmüller, Die Überlieferung der Beda und Egbert zugeschriebenen Bussbücher, Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe 3: Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften 461 (Frankfurt am Main, 1991), 298.
^ J.T. McNeill and H.M. Gamer, Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents (New York, 1938), 220.
^ Higham, (Re)-Reading Bede, pp. 255–258.
^ Kendall, Bede: On Genesis, pp. 60–61.
^ Giles, Works, X, pp. ix–x.
^ Giles, Works, X, p. x.
^ Giles, Works, I, pp. ccxxiv–ccxxv.
^ Colgrave, Two Lives of St Cuthbert, p. 51.
^ Colgrave & Mynors, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, p. lxx.
^ a b Giles, Works, I, pp. ccxx–ccxxi.
^ a b c Wallis, Reckoning of Time, pp. xcvii–xcviii.
^ Volume 1; 2; 3; 4; 6; 7; 8 (Google)
^ Volume 2; 3; 4 & 5; 6 & 7; 8 (Google).
^ 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 (Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum, Digitale Bibliothek).
^ M. Gorman, 'The glosses on Bede's "De temporum ratione" attributed to Byrhtferth of Ramsey', in M. Lapidge, M. Godden & S. Keynes (eds), Anglo-Saxon England 25 (Cambridge University Press 1997), pp. 209 ff.
^ Venerabilis Bedae Presbyteri Theologi Doctissimi...Commentationum in Sacras Literas, 3 Vols (Apud Ioannem Roigny, Parisiis 1544), 1; 2; 3 (Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum, Digitale Bibliothek).
^ "Ut vero in Bedae libris conquirendis, sic etiam in non paucis locis emendandis et restituendis, praeter alios, non levem operam posuit Iacobus Pamelius, vir eruditus, atque in huiusmodi rebus oculatus, et diligens; cui etiam non parvum debent lectores." Opera I, "Ad Lectorem" (front matter). (Google)
^ "...quibus hoc nostro seculo, in tanta diversitate opinionum, nihil exhiberi potest... magis utile, aut ponderatius, ad explicationem controversiarum, quae nunc inter doctos vigent." Opera I, "Epistola Nuncupatoria".
^ Giles, Works, I, p. cxvi.
^ Giles, Works, I, p. cxxxii.
^ 'Dissertatio de Scriptis Venerabilis Bedae Presbyteri, et Monachi', in Casimiri Oudini Commentarius De Scriptoribus Ecclesiae Antiquis, 3 vols (Maur. Georg. Weidmanni, Francofurti ad Moenum 1722), I, columns 1681-1712.
^ Patrologia Latina Vol. 90, Columns 71-102.
^ Volume 1; 2; 3; 4; 5. (Google)
Bibliography
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Leo Sherley-Price, revised R.E. Latham, ed. D.H. Farmer. London: Penguin, 1990. ISBN 0-14-044565-X
Campbell, J. (2004). "Bede (673/4–735)" (fee required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised May 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1922.
Colgrave, Bertram (1985). Two Lives of St Cuthbert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31385-6.
Connolly, Seán (1996). Bede: On the Temple. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 21. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-049-8.
Connolly, Seán (1997). Bede: On Tobit and the Canticle of Habakkuk. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-284-4.
Giles, J.A. (1843). The Complete Works of Venerable Bede, in the Original Latin, Collated with the Manuscripts and Various Printed Editions, Accompanied by a New English Translation of the Historical Works, and a Life of the Author, Vol. III: Ecclesiastical History, Books IV. V. London: Whitaker and Co.
Gryson, Roger (1975). "Bedae presbyteri Expositio Apocalpyseos". Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. Vol. 121A. Turnhout.
Jaager, Werner (1935). Bedas metrische Vita Sancti Cuthberti, Palaestra 198. Leipzig: Mayer and Müller.
Jones, C. W. (1975). "De arte metrica". Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. Vol. 123A. Turnhout.
Kendall, Calvin B. (2008). Bede: On Genesis. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Kendall, Calvin B.; Wallis, Faith (2010). Bede: On the Nature of Things and On Times. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 56. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-496-4.
Laistner, M.L.W.; King, H.H. (1943). A Hand-List of Bede Manuscripts. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Lapidge, Michael (1996). Anglo-Latin Literature, 600–899. Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-011-6.
Martin, Lawrence T.; Hurst, David (1993). Homilies on the Gospels: Advent to Lent. Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-610-0.
Martin, Lawrence T.; Hurst, David (1991). Homilies on the Gospels: Lent to the Dedication of the Church. Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-911-8.
Wallis, Faith (1999). Bede:The Reckoning of Time. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 29. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-693-3.
Ware, James (1664). Venerabilis Bedae Epistolae Duae. Dublin.
Ray, Roger (2001). "Bede". In Lapidge, Michael; et al. (eds.). Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
External links
Patrologia Latina, Documenta Catholica Omnia.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of works by Bede"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_314-317-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_154-2"},{"link_name":"Paenitentiale Bedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenitentiale_Bedae"}],"text":"At the end of Bede's most famous work, the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Bede lists his works. His list includes several books that have not survived to the present day; it also omits a few works of his which he either omitted or which he wrote after he finished the Historia. His list follows, with an English translation given; the title used to describe the work in this article is also given, for easier reference.[1][2]In addition, the following works are listed below but are not mentioned by Bede:De Locis Sanctis\nLetter to Albinus\nLetter to Egbert\nDe die iudicii\nA poem in thirteen couplets\nPaenitentiale Bedae","title":"Bede's list of his works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_20-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_20-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_20-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_20-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_25-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_25-4"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_31-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_31-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_37-38-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_37-38-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_39-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_39-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_41-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_VII_x-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_43-11"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C_TH_18-21-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_44-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_44-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_50-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_50-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_56-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_56-15"},{"link_name":"Nothhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothhelm"},{"link_name":"I and II Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel"},{"link_name":"I and II Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_62-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_62-16"},{"link_name":"Ceolfrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolfrith"},{"link_name":"Hwaetberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwaetberht"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_65-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_65-17"},{"link_name":"Song of Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songs"},{"link_name":"Gregory the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_66-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_66-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_70-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_70-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_75-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C_OTT_xvii-xviii-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_78-22"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C_TH_18-21-12"}],"sub_title":"Biblical commentaries","text":"Commentary on ActsDescription: Completed shortly after 709.[3]\nLatin titles: One of the two books referred to in Bede's list as In actus apostolorum libros II[3]\nEditions:\ned. LaistnerRetractationDescription: Probably completed between 725 and 731.[3]\nLatin titles: One of the two books referred to in Bede's list as In actus apostolorum libros II[3]\nEditions:\ned. LaistnerCommentary on the ApocalypseDescription: Completed between 702 and 709.[4]\nLatin titles: Explanatio Apocalypsis (also Expositio Apocalypseos).[5] Described in Bede's list as In apocalypsin sancti Iohannis libros III[4]\nEditions:\ned. Roger Gryson. Bedae presbyteri Expositio Apocalypseos. CCSL 121A. Bedae Opera 2:5. Turnhout: Brepols, 2001.Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesDescription: One of these seven commentaries (on John I) is known to have been completed at the same time as the Commentary on Acts, which was completed shortly after 709. It is possible that the commentaries were not all completed at the same time.[6]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In epistolas VII catholicas libros singulos[6]\nEditions:Collectaneum on the Pauline EpistlesDescription:\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In apostolum quaecumque in opusculis sancti Augustini exposita inveni, cuncta per ordinem transscribere curavi[7]\nEditions: In Migne's Patrology, a work by Florus on the Pauline Epistles was printed as by Bede; the error was subsequently recognized but no edition of this work of Bede's has yet been printed.[7]Commentary on Ezra and NehemiahDescription: Composed between 725 and 731.[8]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In Ezram et Neemiam libros II[8]\nEditions:Commentary on GenesisThis exists in two forms; an early version in two books, and a later, revised version in four books.[9] The work comments on the first twenty chapters of Genesis and the first ten verses of the twenty-first chapter.[10]Commentary on the Prayer of HabakkukIt is not known when Bede composed this commentary.[11] Bede dedicated the work to \"his dearly beloved sister and virgin of Christ\", but gives no further clues to the dedicatee's identity. Bede's commentary draws on the work of Jerome and on Augustine's City of God.[12]Commentary on LukeDescription: Composed between 709 and 716.[13]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In evangelium Lucae libros VI[13]\nEditions:Commentary on MarkDescription: Composed after 716.[14]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In evangelium Marci libros IIII[14]\nEditions:Commentary on ProverbsDescription: The date of composition of this work cannot be fixed, though it is likely to have been composed at about the same time as the Commentary on the Song of Songs.[15]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In proverbia salomonis libros III. Also appears in some manuscripts as In parabolas Salomonis, or Super parabolas Salomonis.[15]\nEditions:Quaestiones XXXDescription: The date of composition of this work cannot be fixed; Laistner suggests that it is similar in style to Bede's later biblical commentaries and may have been composed in about 725. The work consists of answers to thirty questions posed by Nothhelm to Bede on passages from I and II Samuel, and I and II Kings.[16]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In regum librum quaestiones XXX. Also appears in some manuscripts as In parabolas Salomonis, or Super parabolas Salomonis.[16]\nEditions:Commentary on SamuelDescription: The first three books were written by June 716, when Abbot Ceolfrith departed for Rome; the fourth book was begun after Ceolfrith's successor, Hwaetberht, had been appointed.[17]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In primam partem Samuhelis, id est usque ad mortem Saulis libros IIII.[17]\nEditions:Commentary on the Song of SongsDescription: This work, one of Bede's longest, consists of an introduction on Divine Grace; five books of commentary on the Song of Songs; and a final section of extracts from the works of Gregory the Great. It is not known when any of these parts were composed.[18]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as In cantica canticorum librum VII.[18]\nEditions:De tabernaculoDescription: The date of composition is uncertain but is likely to have been around 721, or perhaps shortly thereafter.[19]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as De tabernaculo et vasis eius ac vestibus sacerdotum, libros III.[19]\nEditions:De templo SalomonisComposed not long before 731.[20] This work discusses the passage in 1 Kings 3:1 to 7:51 in which Solomon builds a temple. Bede was here extending a long tradition of commentary on the temple in patristic literature.[21]Commentary on TobitLaistner suggests that this may have been written at about the same time as De templo Salmonis, since in both Bede stresses allegorical interpretation; however, he comments that there is no textual evidence to support this.[22] There is no other indication of the date of composition. As with the commentary on Habakkuk, Bede draws on the work of Jerome and on Augustine's City of God.[12]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_83-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_83-23"}],"sub_title":"Geography","text":"De Locis SanctisDescription: Probably composed before 709; the dates of 702–703 have been suggested and seem likely to be correct.[23]\nLatin titles: Not mentioned by Bede in his list of his works.[23]\nEditions:","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Anastasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_87-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_87-24"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_88-89-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_clxviii-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robert_Appleton_Company-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_88-89-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_88-89-25"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTLSC_14-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_90-91-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_90-91-29"}],"sub_title":"Hagiography","text":"Life of St. AnastasiusThere are no surviving manuscripts of this work, though one did survive as late as the 15th century.[24]Life of St. FelixAn adaptation into prose of four poems on St Felix by Paulinus of Nola.[24]Life of St. Cuthbert (verse)Bede wrote two lives of St Cuthbert; this one is in verse and was probably composed between 705 and 716.[25] The first printed edition was by Canisius, in his Antiquae Lectiones, which appeared between 1601 and 1604.[26][27] Laistner lists twenty manuscripts, including one fragment; a 20th-century edition that includes a discussion of nineteen of the manuscripts is Werner Jaager, Bedas metrische Vita Sancti Cuthberti (1935).[25]Life of St. Cuthbert (prose)Bede wrote two lives of St Cuthbert; this one is in prose and was composed in about 721.[25] It is in part based on an earlier life of St Cuthbert, anonymous but probably written by a monk of Lindisfarne.[28]MartyrologyDescription: Bede probably wrote this between 725 and 731.[29]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as Martyrologium de nataliciis sanctorum martyrum diebus; in quo omnes, quos invenire potui, non-solum qua die, verum etiam quo genere certaminis, vel sub quo iudice mundum vicerint, diligenter adnotare studui.[29]\nEditions:","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augustine of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_93-30"},{"link_name":"R.A.B. Mynors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._B._Mynors"},{"link_name":"Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"The Ecclesiastical History of the English People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-283866-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283866-0"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_111-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_112-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_112-32"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleDescription: A history of the founding and growth of the English church, from the mission of Augustine of Canterbury to Bede's day. Includes a short introductory section on the history of Britain prior to Augustine's mission.\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as Historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in libris V.[30] Generally known as Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.\nEditions:\nBede (1969). Colgrave, Bertram and R.A.B. Mynors (ed.). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nBede (1994). McClure, Judith and Roger Collins (ed.). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283866-0.Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Old English version)Description: An Old English version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History.\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as Historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in libris V.[31]\nEditions:History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and JarrowDescription: This was definitely composed after 716, and was probably completed between 725 and 731.[32]\nLatin titles: Described in Bede's list as Historiam abbatum monasterii huius, in quo supernae pietati deservire gaudeo, Benedicti, Ceolfridi, et Huaetbercti, in libellis duobus.[32]\nEditions:","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_114-116-33"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Gregory the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG_v_xxii-34"}],"sub_title":"Homilies","text":"HomiliesBede's list of his works refers to two books of homilies, and these are preserved. In addition, innumerable homilies exist that have been attributed to him; in most cases the attribution is spurious but there may be additional homilies of Bede beyond those in the main two books that survive.[33] It is unclear whether the homilies were ever actually preached, or were instead intended for devotional reading. They are organized around particular dates in the church calendar, with forty of them dealing with either Christmas or Easter. The remaining ten are concerned with the feast days of saints. The homilies are thought to be among Bede's later works, dating perhaps to the late 720s. Thirty-four of them were included in a widely disseminated anthology of readings put together in Charlemagne's reign by Paul the Deacon. It is possible that Bede composed these homilies to complement the work of Gregory the Great, who had assembled his own collection of homilies: the two sets of homilies only have one reading in common, and that reading is one which Gregory had indicated needed further attention.[34]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_119-35"},{"link_name":"Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid"},{"link_name":"Sir James Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ware_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_clxxiv-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"J. A. Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Giles"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_119-35"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_clxxvi-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_119-35"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_clxxvi-38"},{"link_name":"CCSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PASE_sources-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_clxxv-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_121-41"},{"link_name":"Nothhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothhelm"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_clxxii-clxxiii-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEASE_Nothhelm-43"},{"link_name":"Jean Mabillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mabillon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_clxxii-clxxiii-42"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_119-35"},{"link_name":"St. Georgenberg-Fiecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Georgenberg-Fiecht_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Göttweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttweig_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_119-35"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer_335-7-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plummer_xxxiv-xxxv-47"},{"link_name":"Egbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plummer_I_cxlii-48"}],"sub_title":"Letters","text":"Bede lists five letters in the list he gives of his works in the Historia Ecclesiastica, as follows: \"Item librum epistolarum ad diversos: quarum de sex aetatibus saeculi una est; de mansionibus filiorum Israhel una; una de eo quod ait Isaias; 'et claudentur ibi in carcerem et post dies multos visitabantur'; de ratione bisexti una; de aequnioctio iuxta Anatolium una\". Two additional letters are known: the letter to Albinus he wrote to accompany a copy of the Historia Ecclesiastica, and the Epistle to Egbert.[35] The first five letters below are the ones Bede mentioned; they are given in the same order that Bede describes them.Letter to PlegwinOne of Bede's works on chronology, De temporibus, led to him being accused of heresy in front of Wilfred, the bishop of York; Bede was not present but heard of the charge from a monk named Plegwin. This letter is Bede's response to Plegwin; he justifies his work and asks Plegwin to deliver the letter to a monk named David so that it could be read to Wilfred. The letter was first published in Dublin in 1664 by Sir James Ware.[36] Five manuscripts survive.[37]Letter to Acca: \"de eo quod ait Isaias\"This letter was first published in 1843 by J. A. Giles, in his edition of the complete works of Bede. Giles used the only known manuscript, Paris B.N. 2840.[35][38]Letter to Acca: \"de mansionibus filiorum Israhel\"As with the previous letter to Acca, the first publication was in J.A. Giles' 1843 edition of Bede's works. There are two manuscripts of this letter; it appears in Paris B.N. 2840, and also in a manuscript now in Zurich.[35][38]Letter to HelmwaldBede's letter to Helwmald was published in 1980 in the CCSL series, edited by C.W. Jones. An English translation by Faith Wallis appeared in 1999.[39]Letter to WicthedeBede's letter to Wicthede was first printed in Hervagius's 1563 folio editions of Bede's works, but the manuscript Hervagius used included a reference to the year 776. It was argued on this basis that the letter was not by Bede, but subsequently a comparison with other manuscripts determined that the passage was a spurious interpolation, and the letter is now accepted as genuine.[40] Many manuscripts are now known; Laistner lists over thirty.[41]Letter to AlbinusBede wrote this short letter to Albinus, the abbot of the monastery of St Peter and St Paul in Canterbury, to thank him for providing documents to Bede to assist him in writing the Ecclesiastical History. With the letter Bede sent a copy of his De templo Salomonis, and also a copy of the History; the date of the letter is therefore after 731, when the History was completed. The letter was sent to Albinus in the hands of Nothhelm, a London priest who subsequently became Archbishop of Canterbury.[42][43] The text was first published by Jean Mabillon in his Vetera Analecta, which began publication in 1675.[42][44] Mabillon used a manuscript from the monastery of St Vincent in Metz which has since been lost.[35] The text survives in two twelfth-century manuscripts from Austria: London, British Library, Add. 18329 (from St. Georgenberg-Fiecht), and Göttweig, Stiftsbibliothek, 37 (rot).[45]Letter to EgbertThis letter is not included in Bede's list of his own writings.[35] Bede completed the letter on 5 November 734, not long before his death on 26 May 735; in it he explains that he is unable to visit Egbert, as he had the previous year, and so is writing to him instead.[46] The letter contains Bede's complaints about what he saw as the errors of the ecclesiastics of his day, including monasteries that were religious in name only, ignorant and careless clergy, and a lack of monastic discipline.[47] Egbert was Bishop of York at the time Bede wrote to him; he was raised to the archbishopric later that year, and Bede was probably aware of his impending elevation.[citation needed] The letter was first published in Dublin in 1664 by Sir James Ware, using Harley 4688, a manuscript now in the British Museum.[48]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_122-123-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_122-123-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_124-127-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"antiquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquary"},{"link_name":"John Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Milred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milred"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LALL-52"},{"link_name":"Bede's Death Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede#Vernacular_poetry"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_129-130-53"}],"sub_title":"Hymns and poems","text":"In Bede's list of his works, he describes a book of hymns: \"Librum hymnorum diverso metro sive rhythmo\" and a book of poems: \"Librum epigrammatum heroico metro sive elegiaco\". Although manuscripts by these names survived to the 15th century, none are extant today. However, some of Bede's verse was transmitted through other manuscripts.[49] In addition, Bede included poems in several of his prose works, and these have occasionally been copied separately and thus transmitted independently of their parent work.HymnsOnly one hymn is definitely by Bede; his Hymn on Queen Etheldryd, which is part of his Historia Ecclesiastica but which appears independently in some manuscripts. An additional fifteen hymns are thought to be of Bede's composition. Thirteen of these now survive only in a 16th-century printed edition; two further hymns, on psalms XLI and CXXII, have survived in manuscript form.[49]De die iudiciiThe poem De die iudicii is assigned to Bede by most scholars.[50]Liber epigrammatumBede refers to a book of epigrams; the work is not entirely lost but has survived only in fragments.[51] In the early 16th century, the antiquary John Leland transcribed a selection of epigrams from a now-lost manuscript; his selection includes several epigrams attributed to Bede which are likely to have come from the book Bede refers to. Leland's source was originally owned by Milred, bishop of Worcester from 745 to 775. Historian Michael Lapidge suggests that Milred's collection of epigrams was assembled early in Milred's tenure as bishop, perhaps in about 750.[52]Bede's Death SongCuthbert's letter on Bede's death, the Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae, is understood to indicate that Bede also composed a five line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as Bede's Death SongOther poemsThe only other surviving poem of Bede's that is not part of one of Bede's prose works is a prayer in thirteen elegiac couplets which survives in a tenth-century manuscript in garbled form; it was first printed correctly in 1912.[53]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_131-132-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_317-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_131-132-54"},{"link_name":"metre and prosody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Aldhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldhelm"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWJ-59"},{"link_name":"scansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_of_scansion"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"School treatises","text":"Bede describes two of his school treatises in his list of works as \"Item librum de metrica arte et huic adiectum alium de schematibus sive tropis libellum, hoc est de figuris modisque locutionum, quibus scriptura sancta contexta est\".[54] The first is \"a book on the art of poetry\", and the second is a \"little book of tropes and figures; that is, of the figures and manners of speaking in which the Holy Scriptures are written\".[55] The majority of extant manuscripts of these treatises contain both of them.[54]De arte metricaDescription: This first part is a treatise on Latin metre and prosody, consisting of verse examples with commentary.[56] Having stressed the distinction between letters (litterae, which he leaves for discussion in the second part De schematibus et tropis) and syllables (syllabae), Bede explains the rules of syllabic quantity and the way these apply to metrical patterns.[57] Bede's treatise can be compared with De metris and De pedum regulis by Aldhelm, whose educational approach is more theoretical and mathematical than Bede's and less focused on actual practice. In the event, it was Bede's treatise rather than those of Aldhelm which became the popular textbook until the Renaissance period.[58]\nLatin titles: De Arte Metrica; also known, more rarely, as De Metrica Ratione.[59]\nEditions:\ned. C.W. Jones. Bedae opera didascalica. CCSL 123A. 3 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 1975. 59–141.De schematibus et tropisDescription: This second part is a shorter treatise, including an alphabetic overview of letters (litterae) and their importance to scansion.[60]\nLatin titles:\nEditions: Kendall (ed.), CCSL 123A (1975): 81–171; Kendall (ed. and tr.), Libri II De arte metrica et De schematibus et tropis: The Art of Poetry and Rhetoric (1991). Recently, the fragment of a pre-Conquest English copy has been noted in the 11th-century manuscript Worcester Cathedral MS Q.5, which was not used by Kendall in his edition of the work.[61]De orthographiaDescription:\nLatin titles:\nEditions:","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mappa_Mundi_from_Bede,_De_natura_rerum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallis_lxiv-62"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallis_lxv-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_144-145-64"},{"link_name":"computus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallis_lxv-63"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallis_lxxx-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK_144-145-64"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallis_xvi-66"},{"link_name":"computus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computus"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallis_lxxxvii-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallis_lxxxviii-lxxxix-68"}],"sub_title":"Scientific treatises","text":"Mappa Mundi (world map) from De natura rerum, in a manuscript now held by the Bodleian LibraryDe natura rerumBede completed De natura rerum shortly after De temporibus, which was written in 703.[62] The work is modelled on the De natura rerum of Isidore of Seville.[63]De temporibusThis work was completed in 703. It contains a short chronicle which was sometimes copied separately, known as the Chronica minora. There are also manuscripts of De temporibus which omit the chronicle.[64] It is a treatise covering the basics of the computus, the medieval study of calculating the correct dates for the Christian calendar.[63] Bede used much material from Isidore of Seville's Etymologies for this work.[65]De temporum rationeThis work was completed in 725. It contains a chronicle which was often copied separately, known as the Chronica maiora. There are also manuscripts of De temporum ratione which omit the chronicle.[64] The work was known to medieval readers as De temporibus, but since that was also the title of an earlier work by Bede it was also referred to as De temporibus liiber secundus.[66] Like De temporibus it deals with computus, but at much greater length. Bede's treatment of the topic was widely and rapidly disseminated during the Middle Ages; over one hundred manuscripts have survived to the present day, almost half of which were copied within a century of the work's composition.[67] This may be because Charlemagne instituted educational reforms that included making computus part of the curriculum.[68]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Patrologia Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Latina"},{"link_name":"Paenitentiale Bedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenitentiale_Bedae"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Paenitentiale Bedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenitentiale_Bedae"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Doubtful works","text":"De octo quaestionibus[69]According to Eric Knibbs, the treatise entitled the De octo quaestionibus is a 12th-century creation that cannot be ascribed to Bede, though the eight individual texts gathered under this title are much older. A subset of four (called, in some manuscripts, the Solutiones) are almost certainly Bede's; the authorship of the other four is uncertain.[70]Patrologia Latina vol. 94 includes a number of homiliae subdititiae \"spurious homilies\" attributed to Bede.The so-called Paenitentiale Bedae, a disciplinary work composed between c. 700 and 800, may have been authored by Bede. The idea that Bede wrote a penitential has been accepted as uncontroversial by both medieval and modern scholars, including Hermann Wasserschleben, Bruno Albers and J.T. McNeill.[71] Others, however, including Charles Plummer and M.L.W. Laistner, have challenged the attribution of this work to Bede on the grounds that Bede (they say) was too high-minded and too talented a Latinist to have composed a work of such stylistic simplicity treating such vulgar subjects as drinking, physical violence and sexual deviance.[72] A.J. Frantzen has adopted an agnostic attitude, acknowledging several arguments for and against Bedan authorship that taken together seem to leave the matter presently unanswerable.[73] The most recent and detailed study of the text was carried out by Reinhold Haggenmüller, who pronounced definitively against Bedan authorship; however, Haggenmüller's argument against Bedan authorship is hardly persuasive (it amounts merely to noticing that the oldest manuscript dates to about 60 years after Bede's death).[74] In fact no scholar has yet been able to adduce concrete evidence that either confirms or denies Bedan authorship of the Paenitentiale Bedae. McNeill and Gamer's summary of the problem is still perhaps the most fair and concise:[75]The fact that no penitential is included by Bede among the works he lists at the end of his Ecclesiastical History ... as of the years 702–31 can hardly be admitted as a conclusive argument against his having written one, in view of the omission from this list of a number of his other known works. The strongest objection to his authorship of this book is the lack of distinction and originality in the work itself. But the author may have intended a revision, which he did not live to make. Probably too, we should not expect to find the marks of genius in a penitential. The nature of these handbooks excludes sublimity.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PASE_sources-39"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRRB_Biblio-76"}],"text":"The following table gives the first publication of each of Bede's works listed above, and also lists a modern edition of the text and a modern translation where available. The table states \"None\" only where it is definitely known that no printed edition or translation exists.[39][76]","title":"Editions of the Latin text and translations into English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Editio princeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editio_princeps"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Colloquy of Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquy_of_Poissy"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Pamelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Pamelius"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Freiherr von Hattstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitten,_Germany#History"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishop of Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Speyer"},{"link_name":"collegiate church of Weissenburg, Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissenburg_Abbey,_Alsace"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Mabillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mabillon"},{"link_name":"Florus of Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus_of_Lyon"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_cxvi-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles_I_cxxxii-93"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Casimir Oudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Oudin"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Patrologia Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Latina"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Libellus precum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellus_precum"}],"text":"Opera Bedae Venerabilis Presbyteri Anglosaxonis (Hervagius, Basel 1563).Opera Bedae Venerabilis Presbyteri, Anglosaxonis: Viri in Diuinis atque Humanis Literis Exercitatissimi: omnia in octo tomos distincta (Basileae: Joannes Hervagius 1563).[85]\nVenerabilis Bedae Anglo-Saxonis Presbyteri in Omni Disciplinarum Genere Sua Aetate Doctissimi Operum Tomi VIII (Colonia Agrippina: Antonius Hieratus & Ioannes Gymnicus 1612).[86]\nVenerabilis Bedae Presbyteri Anglo-Saxonis, Doctoris Ecclesiae Vere Illuminati, Opera... in Tomos VIII (Coloniae Agrippinae: apud Ioannem Wilhelmum Friessem juniorem 1688).[87]The first attempt to print a complete set of Bede's works was made in 1563 by Johannes Hervagius (Johann Herwagen the younger, died 1564), a printer of Basel, completing a project begun by his father (died 1557).[88] This, which is taken as the Editio princeps, followed upon the first extended edition of Bede's Commentaries, edited by Franciscus Jametius, printed at Paris in three volumes in 1544, other works being available in separate editions.[89]The royal privilege of the first edition was granted by King Henry II of France to Bernard Brand, partner of Hervagius, in 1558, and re-granted to Hervagius the younger by Charles IX in 1561. (The latter was during the regency of Catherine de' Medici in the months preceding the Colloquy of Poissy.) In his Preface Ad Lectorem Hervagius credits Jacobus Pamelius with the assembly of texts and a significant role in their editing.[90] The entire edition was dedicated to Marquard, Freiherr von Hattstein, Prince-Bishop of Speyer (1560-1581) and provost of the collegiate church of Weissenburg, Alsace. The Epistola Nuncupatoria remarks that Hervagius had met the cost of the edition more for religious reasons than from expectations of financial return: the pure and uncorrupt doctrines of Bede offered the most useful and weighty answers to the explanation of controversies flourishing in their own times.[91]Hervagius's edition, in eight folio volumes, was incomplete in some respects and included works that were later determined to be spuriously assigned to Bede. For example, the folio edition (following Jametius) includes a commentary on St Paul that is not by Bede (attributed by Mabillon to Florus of Lyon), and omits the commentary that Bede wrote.[92][93] A full contents listing appears in the prefatory material to Volume 1. A newly re-set edition was printed at Cologne in 1612, also in eight volumes, following the same order of texts. A further revised edition was printed at Cologne in 1688. Casimir Oudin's commentary on the authenticity of the textual attributions to Bede in these editions was published in 1722,[94] and was reproduced by Migne.[95]Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. The following volumes of this series contain works by Bede:Vol. 118A (1967): Opera Exegetica. Ed. C.W. Jones. Contains Libri quatuor in principium Genesis usque ad nativitatem Isaac et eiectionem Ismahelis adnotationum.\nVol. 119A (1969): Opera Exegetica. Ed.D. Hurst. Contains De tabernaculo, De templo and In Ezram et Neemiam.\nVol. 119B (1983): Opera Exegetica. Ed.D. Hurst, J.E. Hudson. Contains In Tobiam, In Proverbia, In Cantica canticorum, and In Habacuc.\nVol. 120 (1960): Opera Exegetica. Ed.D. Hurst. In Lucae evangelium expositio, and In Marci evangelium expositio. .\nVol. 121 (1983): Opera Exegetica. Ed. M.L.W. Laistner, D. Hurst. Contains Expositio Actuum apostolorum, Retractatio in Actus apostolorum, Nomina regionum atque locorum de Actibus apostolorum, and In epistulas VII catholicas.\nVol. 121A (2001): Opera Exegetica. Ed. R. Gryson. Contains Expositio Apocalypseos.\nVol. 123A (1975): Opera Didascalica. Eds. C.W. Jones, C.B. Kendall, M.H. King, C.W. Jones. Contains De orthographia, De arte metrica et de schematibus et tropis, and De natura rerum.\nVol. 123B (1977): Opera Didascalica. Ed. C.W. Jones. Contains De temporum ratione.\nVol. 123C (1980): Opera Didascalica. Ed. C.W. Jones, C.W. Jones. Contains Magnus circulus seu tabula paschalis, Kalendarium sive Martyrologium, De temporibus liber, and Epistolae (ad Pleguinam, ad Helmwaldum, ad Wicthedum).\nVol. 175 (1965): Itineraria et alia geographica. Eds. P. Geyer, O. Cuntz, A.. Francheschini, R. Weber, L. Bieler, J. Fraipont, F.. Glorie. Contains De locis sanctis, éd. J. FraipontPatrologia Latina. Volumes 90–94 of this series contain works by Bede, as follows.J.-P. Migne (ed.), Venerabilis Bedae Anglosaxonis Presbyteri Opera Omnia ex tribus praecipuis editionibus inter se collatis, 5 volumes (Patrologia Latina Vols 90–94), (Migne, Paris 1850).[96]\nVol. 90 (Bede 1): Opera didascalica, containing\nDe ortographia liber\nDe arte metrica\nDe schematis et tropis sacrae scripturae\nDe natura rerum\nDe temporibus\nDe ratione temporum\nDe ratione computi\nDe celebratione Paschae\nDe ordinatione feriarum Paschalium\nDe Tonitruis\nVol. 91 (Bede 2): Opera exegetica (Inceptio)\nHexaemeron, sive libri quatuor in principium Genesis usque ad nativitatem Isaac et electionem Ismaelis\nCommentarii in Pentateuchum\nDe Tabernaculo et Vasis ejus, ac Vestibus Sacerdotum libri tres\nExpositionis allegoricae in Samuelem prophetam libri quatuor\nIn Libros Regum quaestiones XXX\nLiber de Templo Salomonis\nIn Esdram et Nehemiam allegoricae Expositionis libri tres\nInterpretatio in librum Tobiae\nExpositio in Parabolas Salomonis\nLibellus de Muliere forti\nIn Proverbia Salomonis interpretationis fragmenta\nExpositionis in Cantica canticorum libri septem\nExpositio in Canticum Habacuc\nVol. 92 (Bede 3): Opera exegetica genuina (Continuatio)\nExpositio in Evangelium S. Matthaei\nExpositio in Evangelium S. Marci\nExpositio in Evangelium S. Lucae\nExpositio in Evangelium S. Joannis\nExpositio in Actus Apostolorum\nDe nominibus Locorum vel Civitatum quae leguntur in libro Actuum\nVol. 93 (Bede 4):\nPars Secunda\nSectio 1 – Opera exegetica genuina (Conclusio)\nExpositio super Epistolas catholicas\nExplanatio Apocalypsis\nSectio 2 – Dubia et Spuria\nVol. 94 (Bede 5):\nPars Tertia: Opera Paraenetica\nSectio I: Homiliae\nHomiliae genuinae\nHomiliae subdititiae\nSectio II: Ascetica\nLibellus precum\nDe Officiis Libellus ex quorumdam Patrum dictis excerptus\nExcerptiones Patrum, Collectanea, Flores ex diversis, Quaestiones et Parabolae\nDe Meditatione Passionis Christi per septem diei horas\nDe Remediis peccatorum\nSectio III: Carmina\nVita metrica S. Cuthberti Lindisfarnensis episcopi\nPassio S. Justini Martyris\nMartyrologium poeticum\nHymni tredecim\nPars Quarta: Opera Historica\nSectio 1: Hagiographica\nVita SS. Abbatum monasterii in Wiramutha et Gircum Benedicti, Ceolfridi, Easteruini, Sigfridi et Hwaetbercti\nVita prosaica S. Cuthberti Lindisfarnensis episcopi\nVita B. Felicis confessoris\nSectio 2: Martyrologia\nMartyrologia juxta exemplaria Coloniense et Bollandianum\nAppendices quatuor ad Martyrologia\nI. Kalendarium Anglicanum, sive libellus annalis Ven. Bedae\nII. Necrologium insertum Ven. Bedae Martyrologio\nIII. Chronicon breve a mundi exordio usque ad annum Christi DCCCX, ex vetusto codice ms. Bedae de Ratione temporum, qui fuit ecclesiae seu monasterii Sancti Dionysium Francia.\nDe Locis Sanctis Libellus, quem de opusculus majorum abbreviando Beda composuit","title":"Complete works"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mappa Mundi (world map) from De natura rerum, in a manuscript now held by the Bodleian Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mappa_Mundi_from_Bede%2C_De_natura_rerum.jpg/220px-Mappa_Mundi_from_Bede%2C_De_natura_rerum.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Bede (1969). Colgrave, Bertram and R.A.B. Mynors (ed.). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._B._Mynors","url_text":"R.A.B. Mynors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum","url_text":"Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People"}]},{"reference":"Bede (1994). McClure, Judith and Roger Collins (ed.). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283866-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum","url_text":"The Ecclesiastical History of the English People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283866-0","url_text":"0-19-283866-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: Henricius Canisius\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03250b.htm","url_text":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: Henricius Canisius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide To Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Huntington Library\". Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090819091946/http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/hehweb/HM27486.html","url_text":"\"Guide To Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Huntington Library\""},{"url":"http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/hehweb/HM27486.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PASE Index of Sources\". King's College, London & University of Cambridge. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/Sources/index.html","url_text":"\"PASE Index of Sources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: Jean Mabillon\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09479b.htm","url_text":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: Jean Mabillon\""}]},{"reference":"Westgard, Joshua A. (2010). \"New Manuscripts of Bede's Letter to Albinus\". Revue Bénédictine. 120 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.100545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100545","url_text":"10.1484/J.RB.5.100545"}]},{"reference":"Ruff, Carin (April 2005). \"The Place of Metrics in Anglo-Saxon Latin Education: Aldhelm and Bede\". Journal of Germanic and English Philology. 104 (2): 149–170: 166–9. JSTOR 27712491.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27712491","url_text":"27712491"}]},{"reference":"Berkhout, Carl T. (March 2006). \"An Early Insular Fragment of Bede's De Schematibus et Tropis\". Notes and Queries. 53 (1): 10–12. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjj105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjj105","url_text":"10.1093/notesj/gjj105"}]},{"reference":"Knibbs, E. (2008). \"The Manuscript Evidence for the De octo quaestionibus ascribed to Bede\". Traditio. 63: 129–84. doi:10.1017/S0362152900002130. JSTOR 27832080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900002130","url_text":"10.1017/S0362152900002130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27832080","url_text":"27832080"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, M. (1999). \"Bede's VIII Quaestiones and Carolingian Biblical Scholarship\". Revue Bénédictine. 109 (1–2): 32–74. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.105438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.105438","url_text":"10.1484/J.RB.5.105438"}]},{"reference":"Knibbs, E. (2008). \"The Manuscript Evidence for the De octo quaestionibus ascribed to Bede\". Traditio. 63: 129–184. doi:10.1017/S0362152900002130. JSTOR 27832080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900002130","url_text":"10.1017/S0362152900002130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27832080","url_text":"27832080"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, J. (2004). \"Bede (673/4–735)\" (fee required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised May 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1922.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1922","url_text":"\"Bede (673/4–735)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1922","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/1922"}]},{"reference":"Colgrave, Bertram (1985). Two Lives of St Cuthbert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31385-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31385-6","url_text":"0-521-31385-6"}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Seán (1996). Bede: On the Temple. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 21. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-049-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-049-8","url_text":"0-85323-049-8"}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Seán (1997). Bede: On Tobit and the Canticle of Habakkuk. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-284-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-284-4","url_text":"1-85182-284-4"}]},{"reference":"Giles, J.A. (1843). The Complete Works of Venerable Bede, in the Original Latin, Collated with the Manuscripts and Various Printed Editions, Accompanied by a New English Translation of the Historical Works, and a Life of the Author, Vol. III: Ecclesiastical History, Books IV. V. London: Whitaker and Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gryson, Roger (1975). \"Bedae presbyteri Expositio Apocalpyseos\". Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. Vol. 121A. Turnhout.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jaager, Werner (1935). Bedas metrische Vita Sancti Cuthberti, Palaestra 198. Leipzig: Mayer and Müller.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, C. W. (1975). \"De arte metrica\". Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. Vol. 123A. Turnhout.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kendall, Calvin B. (2008). Bede: On Genesis. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kendall, Calvin B.; Wallis, Faith (2010). Bede: On the Nature of Things and On Times. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 56. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-496-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-496-4","url_text":"978-1-84631-496-4"}]},{"reference":"Laistner, M.L.W.; King, H.H. (1943). A Hand-List of Bede Manuscripts. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lapidge, Michael (1996). Anglo-Latin Literature, 600–899. Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-011-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anglolatinlitera0000lapi_i2t2","url_text":"Anglo-Latin Literature, 600–899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-011-6","url_text":"1-85285-011-6"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Lawrence T.; Hurst, David (1993). Homilies on the Gospels: Advent to Lent. Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-610-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87907-610-0","url_text":"0-87907-610-0"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Lawrence T.; Hurst, David (1991). Homilies on the Gospels: Lent to the Dedication of the Church. Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-911-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87907-911-8","url_text":"0-87907-911-8"}]},{"reference":"Wallis, Faith (1999). Bede:The Reckoning of Time. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 29. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-693-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-693-3","url_text":"0-85323-693-3"}]},{"reference":"Ware, James (1664). Venerabilis Bedae Epistolae Duae. Dublin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ray, Roger (2001). \"Bede\". In Lapidge, Michael; et al. (eds.). Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1","url_text":"978-0-631-22492-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_High_Court
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Bombay High Court
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["1 History and premises","2 Name of the court","3 Sesquicentennial celebrations","4 Famous cases","4.1 Controversies","5 Judges","5.1 Permanent judges","5.2 Additional judges","6 List of chief justices","6.1 Chief Justice and judges","6.2 Judges who elevated in Supreme Court of India","6.3 Judges who elevated as Chief Justice of another High Court","7 Principal seat and benches","8 Nagpur bench","8.1 History","8.2 New building","9 Aurangabad bench","9.1 History","9.2 Formation","10 Goa bench","10.1 History","10.2 First Relocation","10.3 Second Relocation","11 Case information","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]
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Coordinates: 18°55′52.26″N 72°49′49.66″E / 18.9311833°N 72.8304611°E / 18.9311833; 72.8304611High court of Maharashtra and Goa states
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Bombay High Court18°55′52.26″N 72°49′49.66″E / 18.9311833°N 72.8304611°E / 18.9311833; 72.8304611Established14 August 1862; 161 years ago (1862-08-14)JurisdictionMaharashtra Goa Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and DiuLocationPrincipal Seat: Mumbai, Maharashtra
Circuit Benches: Nagpur, Aurangabad & PanajiCoordinates18°55′52.26″N 72°49′49.66″E / 18.9311833°N 72.8304611°E / 18.9311833; 72.8304611Composition methodPresidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of India and Governor of respective state.Authorized byConstitution of IndiaJudge term lengthMandatory retirement at age 62Number of positions94 (71 permanent, 23 additional)WebsiteOfficial websiteChief JusticeCurrentlyDevendra Kumar UpadhyayaSince29 July 2023
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The High Court of Bombay is the high court of the states of Maharashtra and Goa in India, and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. It is seated primarily at Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), and is one of the oldest high courts in India. The High Court has circuit benches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji, the capital of Goa.
The first Chief Justice, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General of Independent India were from this court. Since India's Independence, 22 judges from this court have been elevated to the Supreme Court and 8 have been appointed to the office of Chief Justice of India.
The court has Original Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate. Judgments issued by this court can be appealed only to the Supreme Court of India. The Bombay High Court has a sanctioned strength of 94 judges (71 permanent, 23 additional). The building is part of The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai, which was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in 2018.
As of 2022, the Court is currently understaffed, with only 57 judges as against the permitted number of 96 judges.
History and premises
The Bombay High Court was one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862. It was inaugurated on 14 August 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861.
Bombay High Court, Fort, Mumbai
The work on the present building of the High Court was commenced in April 1871 and completed in November 1878. It was designed by British engineer Col. James A. Fuller. The first sitting in this building was on 10 January 1879. Justice M. C. Chagla was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of Bombay High Court after independence Architecture: Gothic revival in the Early English style. It is 562 feet (171 m) long and 187 feet (57 m) wide. To the west of the central tower are two octagonal towers. The statues of Justice and Mercy are atop this building.
In 2016, it was announced that the premises of the Bombay High Court would be shifting to Bandra Kurla Complex.
The 125th anniversary of the building was marked by the release of a book, commissioned by the Bar Association, called "The Bombay High Court: The Story of the Building – 1878–2003" by local historians Rahul Mehrotra and Sharada Dwivedi.
Name of the court
Although the name of the city was changed from Bombay to Mumbai in 1995, the Court as an institution did not follow suit and retained the name Bombay High Court. Although, a bill to rename it as Mumbai High Court was approved by the Union Cabinet on 5 July 2016, along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Madras High Court as Kolkata High Court and Chennai High Court respectively, the same is pending approval before the Parliament of India but may not be enacted for some time.
Sesquicentennial celebrations
In 2010, the High Court organized several functions to mark the completion of 150 years of the establishment of the High Court. A special postal cover was released by Milind Deora, the then Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology at the historical Central Court Hall of the High Court on 14 August 2012.
An exhibition displaying important artifacts, royal charters, stamps, old maps and other documents of historical importance was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Prithviraj Chavan, in the Central Court Hall on 15 August 2012. The then Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Chief Guest at the concluding ceremony of the year-long Sesquicentennial celebrations on 18 August 2012.
A book titled A Heritage of Judging: The Bombay High Court through one hundred and fifty years, edited by Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, Anoop V. Mohta and Roshan S. Dalvi was published by the Maharashtra Judicial Academy.
Famous cases
In its illustrious history, the Bombay High Court has been the site for numerous noteworthy trials and court cases. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was tried a number of times in the Bombay High Court, but the most famous was his trial for sedition in the 1916 case Emperor v. Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Controversies
Bar Council had boycotted some judges of the High Court in 1991 under the leadership of Senior Counsel Iqbal Chagla. In 2011, a couple of petitions came to be filed challenging housing societies built by judges upon plots of land reserved for other purposes.
In November 2021, the Bombay High Court issued a controversial criminal case against AstraZeneca for misinformation and misleading claims regarding the safety of their vaccines. The suit claims this misinformation is responsible for the death of the afflicted. Some rumors appeared that the suit was against Bill Gates for partial funding of AstraZeneca, but these rumors were fake. The suit is addressed to both The State of Maharashtra and AstraZeneca.
Judges
The Bombay High Court sits at Mumbai, the capital of the state of Maharashtra, and has additional benches in Aurangabad and Nagpur in Maharashtra, as well as Panaji in the state of Goa. It may have a maximum of 94 judges, of which 71 must be permanently appointed and 23 may be additionally appointed. Currently, it has a total of 66 Judges.
Permanent judges
#
Judge
Date of joining
Date of retirement
1
Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya (CJ)
21 November 2011
15 June 2027
2
Nitin Madhukar Jamdar
23 January 2012
9 January 2026
3
Sunil Balkrishna Shukre
13 May 2013
24 October 2023
4
Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram
21 June 2013
27 September 2025
5
Gautam Shirish Patel
21 June 2013
25 April 2024
6
Atul Sharachchandra Chandurkar
21 June 2013
6 April 2027
7
Revati Prashant Mohite Dere
21 June 2013
16 April 2027
8
Mahesh Sharadchandra Sonak
21 June 2013
27 November 2026
9
Ravindra Vithalrao Ghuge
21 June 2013
8 July 2028
10
Ajey Shrikant Gadkari
6 January 2014
13 June 2027
11
Nitin Wasudeo Sambre
6 January 2014
18 December 2029
12
Girish Sharadchandra Kulkarni
6 January 2014
23 June 2030
13
Burgess Pesi Colabawalla
6 January 2014
15 December 2029
14
Anuja Prabhudessai
3 March 2014
7 February 2024
15
Prakash Deu Naik
17 March 2016
29 April 2024
16
Makarand Subhash Karnik
17 March 2016
9 February 2031
17
Rohit Baban Deo*
5 June 2017
4 December 2025
18
Bharati Harish Dangre
5 June 2017
9 May 2030
19
Sarang Vijaykumar Kotwal
5 June 2017
12 April 2030
20
Riyaz Iqbal Changla
5 June 2017
21 October 2031
21
Manish Pitale
5 June 2017
10 September 2032
22
Mangesh Shivajirao Patil
5 June 2017
26 July 2025
23
Prithviraj Keshavrao Chavan
5 June 2017
21 February 2025
24
Vibha Vasant Kankanwadi
5 June 2017
23 June 2026
25
Shriram Madhusudan Modak
11 October 2018
12 November 2027
26
Nijamoddin Jahiroddin Jamadar
11 October 2018
21 September 2034
27
Vinay Gajanan Joshi
11 October 2018
13 November 2024
28
Rajendra Govind Avachat
11 October 2018
14 March 2026
29
Avinash Gunwant Gharote
23 August 2019
16 May 2025
30
Nitin Bhagawantrao Suryawanshi
23 August 2019
29 May 2028
31
Anil Satyavijay Kilor
23 August 2019
2 September 2028
32
Milind Narendra Jadhav
23 August 2019
13 August 2031
33
Mukulika Shrikant Jawalkar
5 December 2019
25 May 2026
34
Nitin Rudrasen Borkar
5 December 2019
1 August 2033
35
Madhav Jayajirao Jamdar
7 January 2020
12 January 2029
36
Amit Bhalchandra Borkar
7 January 2020
1 January 2034
37
Rajesh Narayandas Laddha
25 June 2021
26 April 2026
38
Sanjay Ganpatrao Mehare
25 June 2021
22 March 2025
39
Govinda Ananda Sanap
25 June 2021
23 February 2025
40
Shivkumar Ganpatrao Dige
25 June 2021
2 August 2033
41
Anil Laxman Pansare
21 October 2021
13 November 2027
42
Sandipkumar Chandrabhan More
21 October 2021
6 April 2028
Vacant
*Justice Rohit B Deo of the Nagpur bench of the Bombay high court reportedly resigned saying he could not compromise on self-respect.
Additional judges
#
Judge
Date of joining
1
Abhay Ahuja
4 March 2020
2
Urmila Sachin Joshi-Phalke
6 June 2022
3
Bharat Pandurang Deshpande
6 June 2022
4
Kishore Chandrakant Sant
19 July 2022
5
Valmiki SA Menezes
19 July 2022
6
Kamal Rashmi Khata
19 July 2022
7
Sharmila Uttamrao Deshmukh
19 July 2022
8
Arun Ramnath Pedneker
19 July 2022
9
Sandeep Vishnupant Marne
19 July 2022
10
Gauri Vinod Godse
19 July 2022
11
Rajesh Shantaram Patil
19 July 2022
12
Arif Saleh Doctor
19 July 2022
13
Sanjay A. Deshmukh
7 October 2022
14
Y. G. Khobragade
7 October 2022
15
M. W. Chandwani
7 October 2022
16
Abhay Sopanrao Waghwase
7 October 2022
17
R. M. Joshi
7 October 2022
18
Vrushali V. Joshi
7 October 2022
19
Santosh Govindrao Hapalgaonkar
30 November 2022
20
Milind Manohar Sathaye
30 November 2022
21
Neela Kedar Gokhale
30 January 2023
22
Shailesh Pramod Brahme
15 June 2023
23
Firdosh Phiroze Pooniwalla
15 June 2023
24
Jitendra Shantilal Jain
15 June 2023
List of chief justices
#
Chief Justice
Tenure
Governor
(Oathed By)
Start
Finish
1
Sir Mathew Richard Sausse
1862
1866
2
Sir Richard Couch
1866
1870
3
Sir Michael Roberts Westropp
1870
1882
4
Sir Charles Sargent
1882
1895
5
Sir Charles Frederick Farran
1895
1898
6
Sir Louis Addin Kershaw
1898
1899
7
Sir Lawrence Hugh Jenkins
1899
1908
8
Sir Basil Scott
1908
1919
9
Sir Norman Cranstoun Macleod
1919
1926
10
Sir Amberson Barrington Marten
1926
1930
11
Sir John William Fisher Beaumont
1930
1943
12
Sir Leonard Stone
1943
1947
John Colville
After Independence
12
Sir Leonard Stone
1947
1948
John Colville
13
Mahommedali Currim Chagla
1948
1958
Raja Sir Maharaj Singh
14
Hashmatrai Khubchand Chainani
1958
1965
Sri Prakasa
15
Yeshwant Shripad Tambe
1965
4 February 1966
5 February 1966
31 July 1966
Dr P V Cherian
16
Sohrab Peshotan Kotval
1 August 1966
26 September 1972
17
K. Kalyandas Desai
27 September 1972
26 October 1972
18
Ramanlal Maneklal Kantawala
27 October 1972
5 October 1978
Ali Yavar Jung
19
B. N. Deshmukh
6 October 1978
18 November 1980
Sri Sadiq Ali
20
Venkat Shrinivas Deshpande
19 November 1980
11 January 1981
–
12 January 1981
11 August 1982
O P Mehra
21
Dinshah Pirosha Madon
12 August 1982
30 August 1982
–
31 August 1982
14 March 1983
Idris Hasan Latif
22
Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar
15 March 1983
14 March 1984
23
Konda Madhava Reddy
8 April 1984
21 October 1985
24
Madhukar Hiralal Kania
23 June 1986
1 May 1987
Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma
25
Chittatosh Mookerjee
2 November 1987
31 December 1990
26
Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai
7 January 1991
13 December 1992
Dr. C Subramaniam
27
Manoj Kumar Mukherjee
9 January 1993
14 December 1993
28
Sujata Manohar
15 January 1994
7 November 1994
Dr. P.C. Alexander
29
Anandamoy Bhattacharjee
21 April 1994
1 April 1995
30
Manharlal Bhikhalal Shah
2 August 1995
9 December 1998
31
Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal
3 February 1999
28 January 2000
32
Bisheshwar Prasad Singh
31 March 2000
14 December 2001
33
Chunilal Karsandas Thakker
31 December 2001
7 June 2004
34
Dalveer Bhandari
25 July 2004
27 October 2005
Mohammed Fazal
35
Kshitij R. Vyas
25 February 2006
18 July 2006
S.M. Krishna
36
Harjit Singh Bedi
3 October 2006
12 January 2007
37
Swatanter Kumar
31 March 2007
30 December 2009
38
Anil Ramesh Dave
11 February 2010
29 April 2010
Kateekal Sankaranarayanan
39
Mohit Shantilal Shah
26 June 2010
8 September 2015
40
Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela
15 February 2016
10 August 2016
Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao
41
Manjula Chellur
22 August 2016
4 December 2017
42
Naresh Harishchandra Patil
29 October 2018
6 April 2019
43
Pradeep Nandrajog
7 April 2019
23 February 2020
44
B. P. Dharmadhikari
20 March 2020
27 April 2020
Bhagat Singh Koshyari
45
Dipankar Datta
28 April 2020
11 December 2022
46
Ramesh Deokinandan Dhanuka
28 May 2023
30 May 2023
Ramesh Bais
47
Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya
29 July 2023
Incumbent
Chief Justice and judges
See also: List of sitting judges of High Courts of India
Judges who elevated in Supreme Court of India
Sr. No
Name of the Judge, Justice
Date of Elevation
Date of Retirement
Parent High Court
1
Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud (CJI)
13 May 2016
10 November 2024
Bombay
2
Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai
24 May 2019
23 November 2025
Bombay
3
Abhay Shreeniwas Oka
31 August 2021
24 May 2025
Bombay
Judges who elevated as Chief Justice of another High Court
Sr. no.
Name of the judge, justice
Recruitment
Date of appointment
Date of retirement
Remark
1
Prasanna B. Varale
Bar
18 July 2008
22 June 2024
Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court
2
Sanjay V. Gangapurwala
Bar
13 March 2010
23 May 2024
Chief Justice of Madras High Court
Principal seat and benches
The court has jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra, Goa and the Union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The court has benches in Nagpur, Aurangabad and Panaji.
Bench
Judge strength
Territorial jurisdiction
Bombay(Principal)
35
Mumbai (City), Mumbai (Suburban), Thane, Palghar, Kolhapur, Nashik, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sangli, Sindhudurg, Solapur, Dadra & Nagar Haveli at Silvassa, Daman, Diu.
Aurangabad
18
Aurangabad, Ahmednagar, Beed, Dhule, Jalna, Jalgaon, Latur, Nanded, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Nandurbar, Hingoli
Nagpur
17
Nagpur, Akola, Amravati, Bhandara, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Wardha, Yavatmal, Gondia, Gadchiroli, Washim
Panaji
04
North Goa (Panaji), South Goa (Margao)
Total
74
Nagpur bench
Nagpur is an industrial and commercial city situated in the centre of India. Formerly, it was the capital of the former State of CP & Berar, later old Madhya Pradesh and now it is the sub-capital of the State of Maharashtra. A full-fledged High Court was established at Nagpur on 9 January 1936. Later it was included as a separate bench in the Bombay High Court jurisdiction after the formation of the state of Maharashtra in 1960.
History
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Sir Gilbert Stone, a Judge of the Madras High Court was appointed as first Chief Justice. The foundation stone of the new building (present High Court building) was laid by late Sir Hyde Gowan on 9-1-1937. The building was designed by Mr. H.A.N. Medd, Resident Architect. It was constructed at a cost of Rs.737,746/-.The building consisted of two stories with a garden courtyard in the centre. The outside dimensions are 400 ft x 230 ft. The original design provided for a main central dome rising 109 feet above ground land, the remainder of the building being approximately 52 feet in height. The building has been constructed with sandstone. The building has Ashlar stone facing and brick hearting. The flooring in the corridors and offices is of Sikosa and Shahabad flag stones. The building is declared open on 6 January 1940. On the opening ceremony the Viceroy of India described this building as a poem in stone. The High Court has a fairly well planned garden on the eastern as well as western sides.
The High Court of Judicature at Nagpur continued to be housed in this building till the reorganisation of states in 1956. With effect from 1-11-1956, eight Marathi speaking districts of Vidarbha formed part of the greater bilingual State of Bombay which came into existence. Remaining fourteen Hindi speaking districts of the former State of Madhya Pradesh became part of the newly constituted State of Madhya Pradesh with the capital at Bhopal. The High Court of Madhya Pradesh was treated as the successor of the former High Court at Nagpur.
New building
A bench of the High Court at Bombay began to sit in this building at Nagpur with effect from 1-11-1956 and continues to do so even after the formation of the State of Maharashtra on 1-5-1960. During the year 1960 the strength of this Bench consisted of four Honourable Judges.
The extension of High Court building consists of two annex buildings on both sides of the existing building viz., North and South Wings. For this Government of Maharashtra has sanctioned Rs. 1,2,926,605/- on dated 21 March 1983. 'South Wing' houses various utilities for the public, i.e. litigants and the Bar as well as High Court Government Pleader's Establishment including Standing Counsel for Central Government and 'A Panel Counsels, and also for the establishment. In the North Wing, it is proposed to accommodate additional Court Halls, Chambers of the Hobble Judges, Judges' Library and the office.
Presently, the strength of this Bench consists of 10 Honourable Judges and total employees are 412.
Aurangabad bench
The Aurangabad bench was established in 1982. Initially, only a few districts of Maharashtra were under the Aurangabad bench. Subsequently, in 1988, Ahmednagar & other districts were attached to the bench. The bench at Aurangabad has more than 13 judges.
The jurisdiction of the Aurangabad Bench is over Aurangabad, Dhule, Nandurbar, Jalna, Jalgaon, Beed, Parbhani, Latur & Osmanabad. The bench also has a Bar Council of Maharashtra & Goa office. The present building of bench is situated in huge premises. The garden is beautifully maintained. Lush green grass invites the attention of any passerby. The HC bench at Aurangabad is approximately 4 km from the Aurangabad Airport and around 6 km from the central bus stand. The new building has 13 court halls in all now including two new ones. All the court halls are on the first floor of the building, while the registry of the Court is on the ground floor. The Aurangabad bench has a strong Bar of more than 1000 advocates, but the Aurangabad bench does not have jurisdiction over company law matters.
The Aurangabad Bench celebrated its 28th anniversary on 27 August 2009.
History
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This article is written like a story. Please help rewrite this article to introduce an encyclopedic style and a neutral point of view. (January 2018)
Due to the continued demand of the people of Marathwada region for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad under sub-section (2) of Sec. 51 of the Act, the State Government first took up the issue with the then Chief Justice R. M. Kantawala in 1977. On 22 March 1978, the State Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution supporting a demand for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad to the effect :
"With a view to save huge expenses and to reduce the inconvenience of the people of the Marathwada and Pune regions in connection with legal proceedings, this Assembly recommends to the Government to make a request to the President to establish a permanent Bench of the Bombay High Court having jurisdiction in Marathwada and Pune regions, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune."
The said demand for the constitution of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad was supported by the State Bar Council of Maharashtra, the Advocates' Association of Western India, several bar associations and people in general. It is necessary here to mention that the resolution as originally moved made a demand for the setting up of a permanent Bench of the High Court of Bombay at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, and there was, no reference to Pune which was added by way of amendment. Initially, the State Government recommended to the Central Government in 1978 to establish two permanent Benches under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune, but later in 1981 confined its recommendation to Aurangabad alone.
The State Government thereafter took a Cabinet decision in January 1981 to establish a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad and this was conveyed by the Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department, communicated by his letter dated 3 February 1981 to the Registrar and he was requested, with the permission of the Chief Justice, to submit proposals regarding accommodation for the Court and residential bungalows for the Judges, staff, furniture, etc. necessary for setting up the Bench. As a result of this communication, the Chief Justice wrote to the Chief Minister on 26 February 1981 signifying his consent to the establishment of a permanent Bench at Aurangabad. After adverting to the fact that his predecessors had opposed such a move and had indicated, amongst other things, that such a step involved, as it does, breaking up of the integrity of the institution and the Bar, which would necessarily impair the quality and quantity of the disposals.
It, however, became evident by the middle of June 1981 that the Central Government would take time in reaching a decision on the proposal for the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act at Aurangabad as the question involved a much larger issue, viz. the principles to be adopted and the criterion laid down for the establishment of permanent Benches of High Courts generally. This meant that there would be an inevitable delay in securing the concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a Presidential Notification under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act. On 19 June 1981, the State Government accordingly took a Cabinet decision pending the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, resort be had to the provisions of sub-section (3) thereof. On 20 June 1981, the Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department wrote to the Registrar stating that there was a possibility of a delay in securing concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a notification by the President under subsection (2) of S. 51 of the Act for the establishment of a permanent Bench at Auangabad and in order to tide over the difficulty, the provisions of sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 of the Act may be resorted to and he, therefore, requested the Chief Justice to favour the Government With his views on the matter at an early date. On 5 July 1981, the Law Secretary waited on the Chief Justice in that connection. On 7 July 1981 the Chief Justice wrote a letter to the Chief Minister in which he stated that the Law Secretary had conveyed to him the decision of the State Government to have a Circuit Bench at Auangabad under sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 pending the decision of the Central Government to establish a permanent Bench there under sub-section (2) of S. 51 of the Act. The Chief Justice then added: "I agree that some such step is necessary in view of the preparations made by the Government at huge costs and the mounting expectations of the people there."
Formation
On 20 July 1981, the Law Secretary addressed a letter to the Registrar requesting him to forward, with the permission of the Chief Justice, a proposal as is required under sub-section (3) of S. 51 for the setting up of a Bench at Auangabad . In reply to the same, the Registrar by his letter dated 24 July 1981 conveyed that the Chief Justice agreed with the suggestion of the State Government that action had to be taken under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act for which the approval of the Governor was necessary and he enclosed a copy of the draft order which the Chief Justice proposed to issue under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act. On 10 Aug. 1981, the Law Secretary conveyed to the Registrar the approval of the Governor. On 27 Aug. 1981, the Chief Justice issued an order under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act to the effect: "In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (No. 37 of 1956) and all other powers enabling him on this behalf, the Hon'ble the Chief Justice, with the approval of the Governor of Maharashtra, is pleased to appoint Aurangabad as a place at which the Hon'ble Judges and Division Courts of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay may also sit." This is the history of how the Aurangabad Bench of the Bombay High Court was constituted. The Constitution of the Bench by The Hon’ble Chief Justice V.S.Deshpande then came to be challenged before the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The Petition filed by the State of Maharashtra was allowed and the people's aspirations from Marathwada were recognized. The Judgment is a reported one (State of Maharashtra v. Narain Shyamrao Puranik) in AIR 1983 Supreme Court 46.
Goa bench
When the High Court of Bombay constituted a bench in Porvorim, Goa, Justice G.F Couto was appointed its first Goan permanent judge. Justice G.D. Kamath was appointed as judge in 1983 and later in 1996 as Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court. Justice E.S da Silva was elevated in 1990 and was a judge of this court till his retirement in 1995. Justice R.K. Batta and Justice R.M.S. Khandeparkar were Judges of the Goa bench for 8 and 12 years respectively. Justice F.I Rebello, was appointed Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court in 2010 and retired in 2011. Justice Nelson Britto was Judge for five years. Justice A.P Lavande, Justice F.M.Reis, and Justice M.S. Sonak, were senior lawyers who practiced in the Goa Bench before their elevation. Presently Goa has one lady judge, Justice Anuja Prabhudesai. Justice A Prabhudesai and retired Justice Nutan Sardesai who were both District Judges.
History
Prior to the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu the highest Court for the then Portuguese State of India was the Tribunal da Relação de Goa functioning at Panjim. Originally established in 1554, the Relação de Goa used to serve as the high court of appeal for all the Portuguese East Indies territories of the Indian Ocean and the Far East, including what are now Mozambique, Macau and East Timor, besides India itself. The Relação de Goa was abolished when a Court of Judicial Commissioner was established w.e.f. 16 December 1963 under Goa-Daman & Diu (Judicial Commissioner Court) Regulation, 1963. In May 1964 an Act was passed by the Parliament which conferred upon the Court of Judicial Commissioner, some powers of the High Court for the purposes of the Constitution of India.
Parliament by an Act extended the jurisdiction of High Court at Bombay to the Union territory of Goa Daman & Diu and established a permanent Bench of that High Court at Panaji on 30.10.1982
From its inception, the Hon'ble Shri Justice Dr. G.F.Couto who was at that time acting Judicial Commissioner was elevated to the Bench of High Court of Bombay. The Hon'ble Shri Justice G.D.Kamat was elevated to the Bench on 29.8.1983.
With the passing of Goa, Daman & Re-organization Act, 1987 by the Parliament conferring Statehood to Goa, the High Court of Bombay became the common High Court for the states of Maharashtra and Goa and the Union territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu w.e.f. 30.5.1987.
First Relocation
The High Court was shifted from the old building of Tribunal da Relação to Lyceum Complex at Altinho, Panaji and started functioning there from 3.11.1997. The main building at the said Complex, constructed in the year 1925 by the Portuguese Government, was renovated by the Goa state government and inaugurated by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court Shri M.B.Shah on 2.10.1997.The Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court, Shri Y. K. Sabharwal, inaugurated the 2nd building on 9.9.1999. Both these buildings now house several departments of the Bombay high court – panaji bench.
Second Relocation
Due to the space crunch in the lyseum complex, a new building complex is being built in alto – betim porvorim region in Porvorim. The new building was inaugurated on 27 March 2021. The first court hearing in the new building was presided on by the divisional bench composed of Chief Justice of the Bombay high court Dipankar Datta and Justice Mahesh Sonak on 17 August 2021.
Case information
The Case Status and Causelists of Bombay High Court is available on its official website at www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in. The Orders and Judgments from the year 2005 are also available on the website.
As of March 2012 the High Court has 315,988 civil cases and 45,960 criminal cases pending. At the same time, the District and subordinate courts under the Bombay High Court have a total of 3,179,475 pending cases.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bombay High Court.
High courts of India
List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court
List of chief justices of the Supreme Court of Bombay
References
^ a b "History of Bombay HC". Bombay High Court. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
^ "UPA is committed to improving justice delivery system, says Manmohan at Mumbai HC". The Hindu. 18 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
^ "Ministry of Law & Justice -Official Website". Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
^ "Govt still to clear 26 as judges, Bombay High Court down to nearly half its strength". The Indian Express. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
^ M. C. Chagla
^ "High Court Alteration of Names Bill, 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
^ "Change of the name of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta HC". 5 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^ "Names of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay HCs may not change in near future: Govt". Indian Express. 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
^ "150 years celebration of the Bombay High Court; PM to attend the closing ceremony on August 18". 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
^ Dhananjaya Chandrachud; Anoop V Mohta; Roshan S Dalvi, eds. (August 2012). A Heritage of Judging the Bombay High Court through one hundred and fifty years (PDF). Maharashtra Judicial Academy. ISBN 978-81-925582-0-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
^ Sandhii, Kanwar (28 February 1991). "Edgy Ethics". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
^ Sequeira, Rosy (23 November 2012). "Judges societies' land allotment legal'". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
^ "Bombay High Court Criminal Case" (PDF). November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ "Chief Justice and Present Judges - High Court of Bombay". bombayhighcourt.nic.in. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
^ "'I am sorry…': Who is Justice Rohit Deo and why did he resign as Bombay high court judge?". Hindustan Times. 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
^ Benwal, Narsi (10 January 2024). "Sexual relationship was out of love not lust: Bombay High Court allows bail to man booked for raping minor". Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
^ "Hon'ble Former Chief Justices". Retrieved 3 November 2021.
^ "Bombay High Court_Nagpur Bench-Official Web site". Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
^ "New Building of High Court of Bombay at Goa Inaugurated". Department of Information and Publicity, Government of Goa. 27 March 2021.
^ "High court to start hearings at new premises | Goa News – Times of India". The Times of India.
^ "Supreme Court – Court News – Apr – June 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_courts_of_India"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Bombay_HC-1"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad"},{"link_name":"Panaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaji"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Bombay_HC-1"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Independent India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_India"},{"link_name":"India's Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_India"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPA_is_committed_to_improving_justice_delivery_system,_says_Manmohan_at_Bombay_HC-2"},{"link_name":"Original Jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Appellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victorian_and_Art_Deco_Ensemble_of_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"High court of Maharashtra and Goa statesThe High Court of Bombay is the high court of the states of Maharashtra and Goa in India, and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. It is seated primarily at Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), and is one of the oldest high courts in India.[1] The High Court has circuit benches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji, the capital of Goa.[1]The first Chief Justice, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General of Independent India were from this court. Since India's Independence, 22 judges from this court have been elevated to the Supreme Court and 8 have been appointed to the office of Chief Justice of India.[2]The court has Original Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate. Judgments issued by this court can be appealed only to the Supreme Court of India. The Bombay High Court has a sanctioned strength of 94 judges (71 permanent, 23 additional).[3] The building is part of The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai, which was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in 2018.As of 2022, the Court is currently understaffed, with only 57 judges as against the permitted number of 96 judges.[4]","title":"Bombay High Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Courts Act, 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_40_Bombay_High_Court.jpg"},{"link_name":"James A. Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Fuller"},{"link_name":"M. C. Chagla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Chagla"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gothic revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Early English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_English_Period"},{"link_name":"Bandra Kurla Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra_Kurla_Complex"},{"link_name":"Rahul Mehrotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Mehrotra"},{"link_name":"Sharada Dwivedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharada_Dwivedi"}],"text":"The Bombay High Court was one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862.[citation needed] It was inaugurated on 14 August 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861.Bombay High Court, Fort, MumbaiThe work on the present building of the High Court was commenced in April 1871 and completed in November 1878. It was designed by British engineer Col. James A. Fuller. The first sitting in this building was on 10 January 1879. Justice M. C. Chagla was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of Bombay High Court after independence [1948 – 1958][5] Architecture: Gothic revival in the Early English style. It is 562 feet (171 m) long and 187 feet (57 m) wide. To the west of the central tower are two octagonal towers. The statues of Justice and Mercy are atop this building.In 2016, it was announced that the premises of the Bombay High Court would be shifting to Bandra Kurla Complex.The 125th anniversary of the building was marked by the release of a book, commissioned by the Bar Association, called \"The Bombay High Court: The Story of the Building – 1878–2003\" by local historians Rahul Mehrotra and Sharada Dwivedi.","title":"History and premises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Union Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"Calcutta High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Madras High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Kolkata High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Chennai High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Parliament of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indianexpress.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Although the name of the city was changed from Bombay to Mumbai in 1995, the Court as an institution did not follow suit and retained the name Bombay High Court. Although, a bill[6] to rename it as Mumbai High Court was approved by the Union Cabinet on 5 July 2016, along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Madras High Court as Kolkata High Court and Chennai High Court respectively, the same is pending approval before the Parliament of India but may not be enacted for some time.[7][8]","title":"Name of the court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milind Deora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milind_Deora"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prithviraj Chavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Chavan"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Manmohan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhananjaya_Y._Chandrachud"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2010, the High Court organized several functions to mark the completion of 150 years of the establishment of the High Court. A special postal cover was released by Milind Deora, the then Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology at the historical Central Court Hall of the High Court on 14 August 2012.[citation needed]An exhibition displaying important artifacts, royal charters, stamps, old maps and other documents of historical importance was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Prithviraj Chavan, in the Central Court Hall on 15 August 2012. The then Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Chief Guest at the concluding ceremony of the year-long Sesquicentennial celebrations on 18 August 2012.[9]A book titled A Heritage of Judging: The Bombay High Court through one hundred and fifty years, edited by Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, Anoop V. Mohta and Roshan S. Dalvi was published by the Maharashtra Judicial Academy.[10]","title":"Sesquicentennial celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bal Gangadhar Tilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak"},{"link_name":"sedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In its illustrious history, the Bombay High Court has been the site for numerous noteworthy trials and court cases. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was tried a number of times in the Bombay High Court, but the most famous was his trial for sedition in the 1916 case Emperor v. Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[citation needed]","title":"Famous cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Controversies","text":"Bar Council had boycotted some judges of the High Court in 1991 under the leadership of Senior Counsel Iqbal Chagla.[11] In 2011, a couple of petitions came to be filed challenging housing societies built by judges upon plots of land reserved for other purposes.[12]In November 2021, the Bombay High Court issued a controversial criminal case against AstraZeneca for misinformation and misleading claims regarding the safety of their vaccines. The suit claims this misinformation is responsible for the death of the afflicted. Some rumors appeared that the suit was against Bill Gates for partial funding of AstraZeneca, but these rumors were fake. The suit is addressed to both The State of Maharashtra and AstraZeneca.[13]","title":"Famous cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Panaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaji"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"}],"text":"The Bombay High Court sits at Mumbai, the capital of the state of Maharashtra, and has additional benches in Aurangabad and Nagpur in Maharashtra, as well as Panaji in the state of Goa. It may have a maximum of 94 judges, of which 71 must be permanently appointed and 23 may be additionally appointed. Currently, it has a total of 66 Judges.[14]","title":"Judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Permanent judges","text":"*Justice Rohit B Deo of the Nagpur bench of the Bombay high court reportedly resigned saying he could not compromise on self-respect.[15]","title":"Judges"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Additional judges","title":"Judges"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of chief justices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of sitting judges of High Courts of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_High_Courts_of_India"}],"sub_title":"Chief Justice and judges","text":"See also: List of sitting judges of High Courts of India","title":"List of chief justices"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Judges who elevated in Supreme Court of India","title":"List of chief justices"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Judges who elevated as Chief Justice of another High Court","title":"List of chief justices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Union territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territory"},{"link_name":"Daman and Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diu"},{"link_name":"Dadra and Nagar Haveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Panaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaji"}],"text":"The court has jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra, Goa and the Union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The court has benches in Nagpur, Aurangabad and Panaji.","title":"Principal seat and benches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"CP & Berar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Nagpur is an industrial and commercial city situated in the centre of India. Formerly, it was the capital of the former State of CP & Berar, later old Madhya Pradesh and now it is the sub-capital of the State of Maharashtra.[18] A full-fledged High Court was established at Nagpur on 9 January 1936. Later it was included as a separate bench in the Bombay High Court jurisdiction after the formation of the state of Maharashtra in 1960.","title":"Nagpur bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Hyde Gowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Gowan"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Sir Gilbert Stone, a Judge of the Madras High Court was appointed as first Chief Justice. The foundation stone of the new building (present High Court building) was laid by late Sir Hyde Gowan on 9-1-1937. The building was designed by Mr. H.A.N. Medd, Resident Architect. It was constructed at a cost of Rs.737,746/-.The building consisted of two stories with a garden courtyard in the centre. The outside dimensions are 400 ft x 230 ft. The original design provided for a main central dome rising 109 feet above ground land, the remainder of the building being approximately 52 feet in height. The building has been constructed with sandstone. The building has Ashlar stone facing and brick hearting. The flooring in the corridors and offices is of Sikosa and Shahabad flag stones. The building is declared open on 6 January 1940. On the opening ceremony the Viceroy of India described this building as a poem in stone. The High Court has a fairly well planned garden on the eastern as well as western sides.The High Court of Judicature at Nagpur continued to be housed in this building till the reorganisation of states in 1956. With effect from 1-11-1956, eight Marathi speaking districts of Vidarbha formed part of the greater bilingual State of Bombay which came into existence. Remaining fourteen Hindi speaking districts of the former State of Madhya Pradesh became part of the newly constituted State of Madhya Pradesh with the capital at Bhopal. The High Court of Madhya Pradesh was treated as the successor of the former High Court at Nagpur.","title":"Nagpur bench"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New building","text":"A bench of the High Court at Bombay began to sit in this building at Nagpur with effect from 1-11-1956 and continues to do so even after the formation of the State of Maharashtra on 1-5-1960. During the year 1960 the strength of this Bench consisted of four Honourable Judges.The extension of High Court building consists of two annex buildings on both sides of the existing building viz., North and South Wings. For this Government of Maharashtra has sanctioned Rs. 1,2,926,605/- on dated 21 March 1983. 'South Wing' houses various utilities for the public, i.e. litigants and the Bar as well as High Court Government Pleader's Establishment including Standing Counsel for Central Government and 'A Panel Counsels, and also for the establishment. In the North Wing, it is proposed to accommodate additional Court Halls, Chambers of the Hobble Judges, Judges' Library and the office.Presently, the strength of this Bench consists of 10 Honourable Judges and total employees are 412.","title":"Nagpur bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Ahmednagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmednagar"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad"},{"link_name":"Dhule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhule"},{"link_name":"Jalna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalna_(city)"},{"link_name":"Jalgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalgaon"},{"link_name":"Beed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beed"},{"link_name":"Parbhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbhani"},{"link_name":"Latur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latur"},{"link_name":"Osmanabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanabad"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad_Airport"}],"text":"The Aurangabad bench was established in 1982. Initially, only a few districts of Maharashtra were under the Aurangabad bench. Subsequently, in 1988, Ahmednagar & other districts were attached to the bench. The bench at Aurangabad has more than 13 judges.\nThe jurisdiction of the Aurangabad Bench is over Aurangabad, Dhule, Nandurbar, Jalna, Jalgaon, Beed, Parbhani, Latur & Osmanabad. The bench also has a Bar Council of Maharashtra & Goa office. The present building of bench is situated in huge premises. The garden is beautifully maintained. Lush green grass invites the attention of any passerby. The HC bench at Aurangabad is approximately 4 km from the Aurangabad Airport and around 6 km from the central bus stand. The new building has 13 court halls in all now including two new ones. All the court halls are on the first floor of the building, while the registry of the Court is on the ground floor. The Aurangabad bench has a strong Bar of more than 1000 advocates, but the Aurangabad bench does not have jurisdiction over company law matters.The Aurangabad Bench celebrated its 28th anniversary on 27 August 2009.","title":"Aurangabad bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathwada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathwada"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad"},{"link_name":"R. M. Kantawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._Kantawala"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Due to the continued demand of the people of Marathwada region for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad under sub-section (2) of Sec. 51 of the Act, the State Government first took up the issue with the then Chief Justice R. M. Kantawala in 1977. On 22 March 1978, the State Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution supporting a demand for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad to the effect :\n\"With a view to save huge expenses and to reduce the inconvenience of the people of the Marathwada and Pune regions in connection with legal proceedings, this Assembly recommends to the Government to make a request to the President to establish a permanent Bench of the Bombay High Court having jurisdiction in Marathwada and Pune regions, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune.\"The said demand for the constitution of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad was supported by the State Bar Council of Maharashtra, the Advocates' Association of Western India, several bar associations and people in general. It is necessary here to mention that the resolution as originally moved made a demand for the setting up of a permanent Bench of the High Court of Bombay at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, and there was, no reference to Pune which was added by way of amendment. Initially, the State Government recommended to the Central Government in 1978 to establish two permanent Benches under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune, but later in 1981 confined its recommendation to Aurangabad alone.The State Government thereafter took a Cabinet decision in January 1981 to establish a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad and this was conveyed by the Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department, communicated by his letter dated 3 February 1981 to the Registrar and he was requested, with the permission of the Chief Justice, to submit proposals regarding accommodation for the Court and residential bungalows for the Judges, staff, furniture, etc. necessary for setting up the Bench. As a result of this communication, the Chief Justice wrote to the Chief Minister on 26 February 1981 signifying his consent to the establishment of a permanent Bench at Aurangabad. After adverting to the fact that his predecessors had opposed such a move and had indicated, amongst other things, that such a step involved, as it does, breaking up of the integrity of the institution and the Bar, which would necessarily impair the quality and quantity of the disposals.It, however, became evident by the middle of June 1981 that the Central Government would take time in reaching a decision on the proposal for the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act at Aurangabad as the question involved a much larger issue, viz. the principles to be adopted and the criterion laid down for the establishment of permanent Benches of High Courts generally. This meant that there would be an inevitable delay in securing the concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a Presidential Notification under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act. On 19 June 1981, the State Government accordingly took a Cabinet decision pending the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, resort be had to the provisions of sub-section (3) thereof. On 20 June 1981, the Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department wrote to the Registrar stating that there was a possibility of a delay in securing concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a notification by the President under subsection (2) of S. 51 of the Act for the establishment of a permanent Bench at Auangabad and in order to tide over the difficulty, the provisions of sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 of the Act may be resorted to and he, therefore, requested the Chief Justice to favour the Government With his views on the matter at an early date. On 5 July 1981, the Law Secretary waited on the Chief Justice in that connection. On 7 July 1981 the Chief Justice wrote a letter to the Chief Minister in which he stated that the Law Secretary had conveyed to him the decision of the State Government to have a Circuit Bench at Auangabad under sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 pending the decision of the Central Government to establish a permanent Bench there under sub-section (2) of S. 51 of the Act. The Chief Justice then added: \"I agree that some such step is necessary in view of the preparations made by the Government at huge costs and the mounting expectations of the people there.\"","title":"Aurangabad bench"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"On 20 July 1981, the Law Secretary addressed a letter to the Registrar requesting him to forward, with the permission of the Chief Justice, a proposal as is required under sub-section (3) of S. 51 for the setting up of a Bench at Auangabad . In reply to the same, the Registrar by his letter dated 24 July 1981 conveyed that the Chief Justice agreed with the suggestion of the State Government that action had to be taken under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act for which the approval of the Governor was necessary and he enclosed a copy of the draft order which the Chief Justice proposed to issue under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act. On 10 Aug. 1981, the Law Secretary conveyed to the Registrar the approval of the Governor. On 27 Aug. 1981, the Chief Justice issued an order under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act to the effect: \"In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (No. 37 of 1956) and all other powers enabling him on this behalf, the Hon'ble the Chief Justice, with the approval of the Governor of Maharashtra, is pleased to appoint Aurangabad as a place at which the Hon'ble Judges and Division Courts of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay may also sit.\" This is the history of how the Aurangabad Bench of the Bombay High Court was constituted. The Constitution of the Bench by The Hon’ble Chief Justice V.S.Deshpande then came to be challenged before the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The Petition filed by the State of Maharashtra was allowed and the people's aspirations from Marathwada were recognized. The Judgment is a reported one (State of Maharashtra v. Narain Shyamrao Puranik) in AIR 1983 Supreme Court 46.","title":"Aurangabad bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porvorim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porvorim"}],"text":"When the High Court of Bombay constituted a bench in Porvorim, Goa, Justice G.F Couto was appointed its first Goan permanent judge. Justice G.D. Kamath was appointed as judge in 1983 and later in 1996 as Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court. Justice E.S da Silva was elevated in 1990 and was a judge of this court till his retirement in 1995. Justice R.K. Batta and Justice R.M.S. Khandeparkar were Judges of the Goa bench for 8 and 12 years respectively. Justice F.I Rebello, was appointed Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court in 2010 and retired in 2011. Justice Nelson Britto was Judge for five years. Justice A.P Lavande, Justice F.M.Reis, and Justice M.S. Sonak, were senior lawyers who practiced in the Goa Bench before their elevation. Presently Goa has one lady judge, Justice Anuja Prabhudesai. Justice A Prabhudesai and retired Justice Nutan Sardesai who were both District Judges.","title":"Goa bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goa, Daman and Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu"},{"link_name":"Portuguese State of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_State_of_India"},{"link_name":"Panjim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjim"},{"link_name":"Portuguese East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_Indies"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Prior to the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu the highest Court for the then Portuguese State of India was the Tribunal da Relação de Goa functioning at Panjim. Originally established in 1554, the Relação de Goa used to serve as the high court of appeal for all the Portuguese East Indies territories of the Indian Ocean and the Far East, including what are now Mozambique, Macau and East Timor, besides India itself. The Relação de Goa was abolished when a Court of Judicial Commissioner was established w.e.f. 16 December 1963 under Goa-Daman & Diu (Judicial Commissioner Court) Regulation, 1963. In May 1964 an Act was passed by the Parliament which conferred upon the Court of Judicial Commissioner, some powers of the High Court for the purposes of the Constitution of India.Parliament by an Act extended the jurisdiction of High Court at Bombay to the Union territory of Goa Daman & Diu and established a permanent Bench of that High Court at Panaji on 30.10.1982From its inception, the Hon'ble Shri Justice Dr. G.F.Couto who was at that time acting Judicial Commissioner was elevated to the Bench of High Court of Bombay. The Hon'ble Shri Justice G.D.Kamat was elevated to the Bench on 29.8.1983.With the passing of Goa, Daman & Re-organization Act, 1987 by the Parliament conferring Statehood to Goa, the High Court of Bombay became the common High Court for the states of Maharashtra and Goa and the Union territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu w.e.f. 30.5.1987.","title":"Goa bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyceum Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceu_de_Goa"}],"sub_title":"First Relocation","text":"The High Court was shifted from the old building of Tribunal da Relação to Lyceum Complex at Altinho, Panaji and started functioning there from 3.11.1997. The main building at the said Complex, constructed in the year 1925 by the Portuguese Government, was renovated by the Goa state government and inaugurated by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court Shri M.B.Shah on 2.10.1997.The Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court, Shri Y. K. Sabharwal, inaugurated the 2nd building on 9.9.1999. Both these buildings now house several departments of the Bombay high court – panaji bench.","title":"Goa bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porvorim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porvorim"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Second Relocation","text":"Due to the space crunch in the lyseum complex, a new building complex is being built in alto – betim porvorim region in Porvorim. The new building was inaugurated on 27 March 2021.[19] The first court hearing in the new building was presided on by the divisional bench composed of Chief Justice of the Bombay high court Dipankar Datta and Justice Mahesh Sonak on 17 August 2021.[20]","title":"Goa bench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombay_High_Court&action=edit"},{"link_name":"civil cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_case"},{"link_name":"criminal cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_case"},{"link_name":"District and subordinate courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Courts_of_India"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supreme_Court_-_Court_News_-_Apr_-_June_2012-21"}],"text":"The Case Status and Causelists of Bombay High Court is available on its official website at www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in. The Orders and Judgments from the year 2005 are also available on the website.As of March 2012[update] the High Court has 315,988 civil cases and 45,960 criminal cases pending. At the same time, the District and subordinate courts under the Bombay High Court have a total of 3,179,475 pending cases.[21]","title":"Case information"}]
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[{"title":"Bombay High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bombay_High_Court"},{"title":"High courts of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_courts_of_India"},{"title":"List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Bombay_High_Court"},{"title":"List of chief justices of the Supreme Court of Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Bombay"}]
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[{"reference":"\"History of Bombay HC\". Bombay High Court. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151020125511/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php","url_text":"\"History of Bombay HC\""},{"url":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPA is committed to improving justice delivery system, says Manmohan at Mumbai HC\". The Hindu. 18 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3790506.ece","url_text":"\"UPA is committed to improving justice delivery system, says Manmohan at Mumbai HC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120825233900/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3790506.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ministry of Law & Justice -Official Website\". Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doj.gov.in/appointment-of-judges/list-high-court-judges","url_text":"\"Ministry of Law & Justice -Official Website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170612181043/http://doj.gov.in/appointment-of-judges/list-high-court-judges","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Govt still to clear 26 as judges, Bombay High Court down to nearly half its strength\". The Indian Express. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-still-to-clear-26-as-judges-bombay-hc-down-to-nearly-half-its-strength-8009095/","url_text":"\"Govt still to clear 26 as judges, Bombay High Court down to nearly half its strength\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Court Alteration of Names Bill, 2016\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/HC%20(Alteration%20of%20Names)/High%20Courts%20(Alteration%20of%20names)%20bill.pdf","url_text":"\"High Court Alteration of Names Bill, 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820135343/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/HC%20(Alteration%20of%20Names)/High%20Courts%20(Alteration%20of%20names)%20bill.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Change of the name of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta HC\". 5 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/cabinet-renames-bombay-madras-calcutta-high-courts-kolkata-mumbai-chennai/","url_text":"\"Change of the name of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta HC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101110815/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/cabinet-renames-bombay-madras-calcutta-high-courts-kolkata-mumbai-chennai/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Names of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay HCs may not change in near future: Govt\". Indian Express. 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133724/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/names-of-calcutta-madras-bombay-hcs-may-not-change-in-near-future-govt/","url_text":"\"Names of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay HCs may not change in near future: Govt\""},{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/names-of-calcutta-madras-bombay-hcs-may-not-change-in-near-future-govt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"150 years celebration of the Bombay High Court; PM to attend the closing ceremony on August 18\". 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2012PR3741","url_text":"\"150 years celebration of the Bombay High Court; PM to attend the closing ceremony on August 18\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130807165044/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2012PR3741","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dhananjaya Chandrachud; Anoop V Mohta; Roshan S Dalvi, eds. (August 2012). A Heritage of Judging the Bombay High Court through one hundred and fifty years (PDF). Maharashtra Judicial Academy. ISBN 978-81-925582-0-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ebooks/BHCBookad.pdf","url_text":"A Heritage of Judging the Bombay High Court through one hundred and fifty years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-925582-0-2","url_text":"978-81-925582-0-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154712/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ebooks/BHCBookad.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sandhii, Kanwar (28 February 1991). \"Edgy Ethics\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140214102758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/mumbai/35318510_1_hc-judges-nyay-sagar-reservation-for-subordinate-court","url_text":"\"Edgy Ethics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/mumbai/35318510_1_hc-judges-nyay-sagar-reservation-for-subordinate-court","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sequeira, Rosy (23 November 2012). \"Judges societies' land allotment legal'\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140214102758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/mumbai/35318510_1_hc-judges-nyay-sagar-reservation-for-subordinate-court","url_text":"\"Judges societies' land allotment legal'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/mumbai/35318510_1_hc-judges-nyay-sagar-reservation-for-subordinate-court","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bombay High Court Criminal Case\" (PDF). November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianbarassociation.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/KIRAN-YADAV-WP.pdf","url_text":"\"Bombay High Court Criminal Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Justice and Present Judges - High Court of Bombay\". bombayhighcourt.nic.in. Retrieved 4 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshow.php","url_text":"\"Chief Justice and Present Judges - High Court of Bombay\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I am sorry…': Who is Justice Rohit Deo and why did he resign as Bombay high court judge?\". Hindustan Times. 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-am-sorry-who-is-justice-rohit-deo-and-why-did-he-resign-as-bombay-high-court-judge-101691202058013.html","url_text":"\"'I am sorry…': Who is Justice Rohit Deo and why did he resign as Bombay high court judge?\""}]},{"reference":"Benwal, Narsi (10 January 2024). \"Sexual relationship was out of love not lust: Bombay High Court allows bail to man booked for raping minor\". Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news. Retrieved 12 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barandbench.com/news/sexual-relationship-love-not-lust-bombay-high-court-bail-man-booked-rape-minor","url_text":"\"Sexual relationship was out of love not lust: Bombay High Court allows bail to man booked for raping minor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hon'ble Former Chief Justices\". Retrieved 3 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php","url_text":"\"Hon'ble Former Chief Justices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bombay High Court_Nagpur Bench-Official Web site\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091208043912/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/site/history/hcnaghis.html","url_text":"\"Bombay High Court_Nagpur Bench-Official Web site\""},{"url":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/site/history/hcnaghis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Building of High Court of Bombay at Goa Inaugurated\". Department of Information and Publicity, Government of Goa. 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dip.goa.gov.in/2021/03/27/new-building-of-high-court-of-bombay-at-goa-inaugurated/","url_text":"\"New Building of High Court of Bombay at Goa Inaugurated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Goa","url_text":"Government of Goa"}]},{"reference":"\"High court to start hearings at new premises | Goa News – Times of India\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/high-court-to-start-hearings-at-new-premises/articleshow/85383036.cms","url_text":"\"High court to start hearings at new premises | Goa News – Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court – Court News – Apr – June 2012\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130819162803/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/courtnews/2012_issue_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Supreme Court – Court News – Apr – June 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/courtnews/2012_issue_2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Copa_del_Rey_final
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1989 Copa del Rey final
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["1 Details","2 References"]
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Football matchCopa del Rey 1989 finalEvent1988–89 Copa del Rey
Real Madrid
Real Valladolid
1
0
Date30 June 1989VenueVicente Calderón Stadium, MadridRefereeVictoriano Sánchez ArminioAttendance30,000← 1988 1990 →
Main article: 1988–89 Copa del Rey
The 1989 Copa del Rey final was the 87th final of the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Vicente Calderón Stadium in Madrid, on 30 June 1989, being won by Real Madrid, who beat Real Valladolid 1–0.
Details
30 June 198921:00 CET
Real Madrid1–0Real Valladolid
Gordillo 5'
Report (in Spanish)
Vicente Calderón Stadium, MadridAttendance: 30,000Referee: Victoriano Sánchez Arminio
Real Madrid
Valladolid
GK
1
Francisco Buyo
DF
2
Chendo
DF
10
Ricardo Gallego (c)
DF
5
Manuel Sanchís
DF
3
Jesús Solana
MF
4
Míchel
MF
8
Bernd Schuster
MF
11
Rafael Martín Vázquez
70'
MF
6
Rafael Gordillo
FW
7
Emilio Butragueño
36'
FW
9
Hugo Sánchez
Substitutes:
DF
12
Miguel Tendillo
70'
GK
13
Agustín
MF
14
Adolfo Aldana
DF
15
Esteban
FW
16
Sebastián Losada
Manager:
Leo Beenhakker
GK
1
Mauro Ravnić
DF
2
Branko Miljuš
DF
4
Albert Albesa
DF
5
Gonzalo
DF
6
Fernando Hierro
50'
DF
3
José Lemos
MF
10
Luis Minguela (c)
MF
8
Ricardo Albis
77'
MF
11
Luis Miguel Damián
FW
7
Janko Janković
FW
9
Manuel Peña
Substitutes:
DF
12
Enrique Moreno
GK
13
Ángel Lozano
MF
14
Francisco Javier Cuaresma
FW
15
Goyo Fonseca
77'
FW
16
Alberto
Manager:
Vicente Cantatore
MATCH RULES
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Five named substitutes.
Maximum of two substitutions.
References
^ Copa del Rey 1989
vteCopa del ReySeasons
1903
1904
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Related
Finals
1902 Copa de la Coronación
Final
1937 Copa de la España Libre
Aragón Championship
Asturias Championship
Central (Castille) Championship
Catalonia Championship
Gipuzkoa Championship
North (Biscay) Championship
South (Andalusia) Championship
Real Madrid 11–1 FC Barcelona (1943)
AD Alcorcón 4–0 Real Madrid (2009)
vteReal Madrid CF matchesNationalCopa del ReyFinals
1903
1905
1906
1907
1908
1916
1917
1918
1924
1929
1930
1933
1934
1936
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Knockout
Real Madrid v Barcelona (Semifinals) (1916)
Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona (1943)
Alcorcón 4–0 Real Madrid (2009)
Copa de la Liga
1983
1985
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1982
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InternationalUEFA Champions League
1956
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Other matches
1964 Mohammed V Cup final
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MLS All-Star Game (2017)
vteReal Valladolid Club de Fútbol
History
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Current season
Teams
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Home stadium
José Zorrilla (1982–)
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Ciudad Deportiva del Real Valladolid (training)
Affiliated clubs
Atlético Tordesillas
Notable matches
1950 Copa del Generalísimo final
1989 Copa del Rey final
2012 Segunda División play-offs
Related articles
CB Ciudad de Valladolid
Ciudad de Valladolid Trophy
Castilla y León Cup
Seasons
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Portals: Association football Spain
This article about a Spanish association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Vicente Calderón Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Calder%C3%B3n_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Real Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Valladolid"}],"text":"The 1989 Copa del Rey final was the 87th final of the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Vicente Calderón Stadium in Madrid, on 30 June 1989, being won by Real Madrid, who beat Real Valladolid 1–0.","title":"1989 Copa del Rey final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Real Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Gordillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Gordillo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/Copa89.htm"},{"link_name":"Vicente Calderón Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Calder%C3%B3n_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Victoriano Sánchez Arminio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_S%C3%A1nchez_Arminio"}],"text":"30 June 198921:00 CET\nReal Madrid1–0Real Valladolid\nGordillo 5'\nReport (in Spanish)\n\nVicente Calderón Stadium, MadridAttendance: 30,000Referee: Victoriano Sánchez ArminioReal Madrid\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nValladolid","title":"Details"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/Copa89.htm","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/copa89.htm","external_links_name":"Copa del Rey 1989"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Copa_del_Rey_final&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Creek_(Little_Lehigh_Creek_tributary)
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Spring Creek (Little Lehigh Creek tributary)
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["1 Tributaries","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 40°32′01″N 75°35′58″W / 40.53361°N 75.59944°W / 40.53361; -75.59944Tributary of Little Lehigh Creek in eastern Pennsylvania
Spring Creek is a 1.0-mile-long (1.6 km) tributary of Little Lehigh Creek in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania.
It is formed by the confluences of Schaefer Run and Iron Run at Mosser Spring near Trexlertown. Spring Creek joins Little Lehigh Creek several miles upstream from Emmaus in Lehigh County.
Tributaries
Schaefer Run
Iron Run
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 1, 2011
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Spring Creek (Little Lehigh Creek tributary)
^ a b Gertler, Edward. Keystone Canoeing, Seneca Press, 2004. ISBN 0-9749692-0-6
40°32′01″N 75°35′58″W / 40.53361°N 75.59944°W / 40.53361; -75.59944
This Lehigh County, Pennsylvania state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-1"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Little Lehigh Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lehigh_Creek"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gertler-3"},{"link_name":"Trexlertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trexlertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Emmaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmaus,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gertler-3"}],"text":"Tributary of Little Lehigh Creek in eastern PennsylvaniaSpring Creek is a 1.0-mile-long (1.6 km)[1] tributary of Little Lehigh Creek in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania.[2][3]It is formed by the confluences of Schaefer Run and Iron Run at Mosser Spring near Trexlertown.[citation needed] Spring Creek joins Little Lehigh Creek several miles upstream from Emmaus in Lehigh County.[3]","title":"Spring Creek (Little Lehigh Creek tributary)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Schaefer Run\nIron Run","title":"Tributaries"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of rivers of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pennsylvania"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spring_Creek_(Little_Lehigh_Creek_tributary)¶ms=40_32_01_N_75_35_58_W_region:US-PA_source:GNIS_type:river","external_links_name":"40°32′01″N 75°35′58″W / 40.53361°N 75.59944°W / 40.53361; -75.59944"},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"The National Map"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1188213","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Spring Creek (Little Lehigh Creek tributary)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spring_Creek_(Little_Lehigh_Creek_tributary)¶ms=40_32_01_N_75_35_58_W_region:US-PA_source:GNIS_type:river","external_links_name":"40°32′01″N 75°35′58″W / 40.53361°N 75.59944°W / 40.53361; -75.59944"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Creek_(Little_Lehigh_Creek_tributary)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Creek_(Little_Lehigh_Creek_tributary)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_79_(Pennsylvania)
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Interstate 79
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["1 Route description","1.1 West Virginia","1.2 Pennsylvania","2 History","3 Exit list","4 Auxiliary routes","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Route map: Interstate Highway in Pennsylvania and West Virginia
"I-179" redirects here. For the submarine, see Japanese submarine I-179. For the identification card formerly issued by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, see Identity documents in the United States.
Interstate 79I-79 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by WVDOH and PennDOTLength343.46 mi (552.75 km)Existed1958–presentNHSEntire routeMajor junctionsSouth end I-77 near Charleston, WVMajor intersections
US 33 / US 48 / US 119 near Weston, WV
US 50 near Clarksburg, WV
I-68 near Morgantown, WV
I-70 near Washington, PA
I-376 / US 22 / US 30 near Carnegie, PA
I-279 in Franklin Park, PA
I-76 / Penna Turnpike in Cranberry Township, PA
I-80 in Findley Township, PA
I-90 in McKean, PA
North end PA 5 / PA 290 / Bayfront Parkway in Erie, PA
LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesWest Virginia, PennsylvaniaCountiesWV: Kanawha, Roane, Clay, Braxton, Gilmer, Lewis, Harrison, Marion, MonongaliaPA: Greene, Washington, Allegheny, Butler, Lawrence, Mercer, Crawford, Erie
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
← WV 78WV→ WV 80← PA 78PA→ PA 79← PA 178PA→ PA 179
Interstate 79 (I-79) is an Interstate Highway in the Eastern United States, designated from I-77 in Charleston, West Virginia, north to Pennsylvania Route 5 (PA 5) and PA 290 in Erie, Pennsylvania. It is a primary thoroughfare through western Pennsylvania and West Virginia and makes up part of an important corridor to Buffalo, New York, and the Canada–United States border. Major metropolitan areas connected by I-79 include Charleston and Morgantown in West Virginia and Greater Pittsburgh and Erie in Pennsylvania.
In West Virginia, I-79 is known as the Jennings Randolph Expressway, named for the West Virginia representative and senator. In the three most northern counties, it is signed as part of the High Tech Corridor. For most of its Pennsylvania stretch, it is known as the Raymond P. Shafer Highway, named for the 39th Pennsylvania governor.
Route description
Lengths
mi
km
WV
160.52
258.33
PA
182.94
294.41
Total
343.46
552.75
Except at its northern end, I-79 is located on the Allegheny Plateau. Despite the somewhat rugged terrain, the road is relatively flat. Most of the highway is at an elevation of about 1,000 to 1,200 feet (300 to 370 m) above sea level, with some lower areas near both ends and higher areas near Sutton, West Virginia. In the hillier areas, this flatness is achieved by curving around hills, along ridges, and in or partway up river valleys. From Sutton north, I-79 generally parallels the path of U.S. Route 19 (US 19).
West Virginia
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2022)
I-79 begins at a three-way directional Y interchange with I-77 along the northwest bank of the Elk River just northeast of Charleston. For its first 67 miles (108 km) to a point just south of Flatwoods, I-79 is located in the watershed of the Elk River, which drains into the Kanawha River. It crosses the Elk River at Frametown and again at Sutton and never strays more than about 15 to 20 miles (24 to 32 km) from it.
Pennsylvania
I-79 northbound past exit 7 in Whiteley Township, Pennsylvania
I-79 enters Pennsylvania from Morgantown, West Virginia. South of Washington, it traverses mostly rural Greene County.
Between milemarkers 34 and 38, I-79 overlaps I-70 in the Washington area before heading north toward Pittsburgh.
I-79 is carried over the Ohio River by the Neville Island Bridge, approximately eight miles (13 km) northwest of Pittsburgh.
The freeway into Pittsburgh requires drivers to use I-376 while I-79 completely bypasses the city. Beyond the Pittsburgh area, I-79 traverses more rural areas in Butler, Lawrence, Mercer, Crawford, and Erie counties before arriving at its termination point in Erie. In Erie, I-90 connects from I-79 to Buffalo, New York, and the Canadian border.
Around milemarker 100 on the northbound side are two ghost ramps that were specifically built for the Boy Scouts of America in order to have access to Moraine State Park without having to travel on US 422 for the 1973 and 1977 National Scout Jamborees, which were held at Moraine. The ramps were permanently closed after the 1977 event but remain visible under encroaching vegetation.
I-79 was completely rebuilt in Greater Pittsburgh in the early 1990s.
History
I-79 merging with I-70 in Washington, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania General Assembly authorized the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission to build two extensions in the 1950s. The Northwestern Extension, authorized in 1953, was to stretch from the main Pennsylvania Turnpike north to Erie and would have included a lateral connection between Ohio and New York, what was later built as I-90. The Southwestern Extension, authorized in 1955, was to run south from the main line near Pittsburgh to West Virginia, where it connects with an extension of the West Virginia Turnpike. Except for the section between Washington and Greater Pittsburgh, which was included as part of I-70, the first portion of I-79 to be added to the plans was north from Pittsburgh to Erie, along the US 19 corridor.
Interstate 179LocationErieExistedNovember 12, 1958–1968
Interstate 279LocationPittsburghLength13.5 mi (21.7 km)ExistedSeptember 16, 1989–present
In September 1955, two short urban portions were designated:
I-179: A spur from I-90 north to Erie, currently absorbed into I-79.
I-279: A western bypass of Pittsburgh, connecting I-70 with I-80S (now I-76); it and I-79 later swapped designations.
The number 79 was assigned in 1958, and an extension south along I-70 to Washington and beyond to Charleston was approved on October 18, 1961. This extension also paralleled US 19 to near Sutton, where it turned westerly to reach Charleston. (The part of US 19 from Sutton south to I-77 at Beckley, West Virginia, has since been four-laned as Corridor L of the Appalachian Development Highway System.)
On December 21, 1967, the first section of I-79 in West Virginia, between exits 125 (Saltwell Road) and 132 (South Fairmont), opened to traffic. This five-mile (8.0 km) section bypassed part of West Virginia Route 73 (WV 73) between Bridgeport and Fairmont. Another five miles (8.0 km) opened in July 1968, extending the highway on a bypass of downtown Fairmont to exit 137 (East Park Avenue). It was further extended 9.5 miles (15.3 km) toward Morgantown on October 15, 1970, bypassing more of WV 73 to exit 146 (Goshen Road) south of that city.
On June 29, 1970, the swap of I-79 and I-279 was approved. At the same time, I-76 was extended west from Downtown Pittsburgh over former I-79 to the new location of I-79 west of Pittsburgh, so I-279 only ran north from Downtown Pittsburgh. On December 3, 1971, I-76 was rerouted to bypass Pittsburgh, and I-279 was extended to I-79 utilizing the former section of I-76. The changes took effect on October 2, 1972.
On June 29, 1973, I-79 was extended from West Virginia exit 146 to exit 148 (I-68), where, at one point, traffic was forced onto the newly opened west end of Corridor E (now I-68) to exit 1. A further extension of six miles (9.7 km), including the Uffington Bridge over the Monongahela River southwest of Morgantown, was opened on August 30, 1973, leading north to exit 155 (Star City). This completed I-79 from north of Bridgeport to north of Morgantown.
To the south of Bridgeport, the first two sections were both opened on December 22, 1971. One of these ran 10 miles (16 km) from exit 51 (Frametown) to exit 62 (Sutton), and the other from exit 105 (Jane Lew) to exit 115 (Nutter Fort). On September 19, 1973, another 7.5-mile (12.1 km) stretch was opened, from exit 105 (Jane Lew) south to exit 99 (Weston).
In 1973, significant portions of the Interstate were completed. I-79 opened from exit 62 to exit 99. Another 23.9 miles (38.5 km), from exit 67 (Flatwoods) north to exit 91 (Roanoke), opened on November 28, 1973, along with the section from exit 115 north to exit 117 (Anmoore), completing the route between Frametown and Morgantown except in the Bridgeport area.
A 5.5-mile (8.9 km) extension from exit 51 south to exit 46 (Servia) opened on February 1, 1974, and County Route 11 to WV 4 near Duck was widened to handle the increased load. On the same day, two lanes opened from exit 155 (Osage) north to the state line.
On October 16, 1974, two pieces of I-79 were opened: the other two lanes of the 6.6 miles (10.6 km) from exit 155 to the state line and 7.1 miles (11.4 km) between exits 117 (Anmoore) and 125 (north of Bridgeport). On the same day, the eastern end of Corridor D and the western end of Corridor E, both connecting to I-79 (at exits 119 and 148), were opened. This completed I-79 in West Virginia north of exit 46 (Servia); it was extended south to exit 25 (Amma) in late November and to US 119 north of Clendenin (exit 19) on November 13, 1975. It was opened from exit 19 to exit 9 (Elkview) on November 18, 1977, and finally completed to I-77 in 1979.
On July 25, 1975, I-79 was opened between exits 1 and 14 in Pennsylvania. The last piece of I-79 between West Virginia and Erie—the Neville Island Bridge over the Ohio River—opened on September 3, 1976. In 1984, the route was extended about one mile (1.6 km) further to the north, with the opening of a new segment between US 20 and PA 5 in Erie.
In late 2008, the missing ramps of the I-79/I-376 interchange (PA 60 was designated as the route for southbound traffic seeking to go to Pittsburgh International Airport and for airport traffic seeking to go northbound on I-79) were completed.
In June 2009, I-376 was extended west and north of Downtown Pittsburgh, and I-279 was truncated back to the section only running from Downtown Pittsburgh north to I-79.
Exit list
StateCountyLocationmikmOld exitNew exitDestinationsNotes
West VirginiaKanawhaCharleston0.0000.000— I-77 to I-64 – Parkersburg, CharlestonSouthern terminus; I-77 exit 104
1.8452.9691 US 119 – Mink ShoalsAccess to Coonskin Park
5.0478.1225 US 119 (WV 114) – Big ChimneyNorthern terminus of WV 114
Pinch9.46915.2399 CR 43 (Frame Road) – Elkview
Clendenin19.09130.72419 US 119 (CR 53) – Clendenin
RoaneAmma25.28140.68625 CR 29 – Amma
33.74154.30134 WV 36 – Wallback, Clay
Clay39.89964.21140 WV 16 – Big Otter
Braxton46.09974.18946 CR 11 (Servia Road)
Frametown51.56982.99251 WV 4 – Frametown
57.60792.70957 US 19 south – Beckley, SummersvilleSouthern end of US 19 concurrency; access to New River Gorge
Sutton61.46598.91862 WV 4 – Sutton, Gassaway
Flatwoods66.965107.77067 US 19 north (WV 4) / WV 15 – FlatwoodsNorthern end of US 19 concurrency; access to Sutton Lake
Burnsville78.909126.99279 WV 5 – Burnsville, GlenvilleAccess to Glenville State College and Burnsville Dam
Gilmer
No major junctions
Lewis90.988146.43191 US 19 – Stonewall Resort, RoanokeAccess to Stonewall Jackson Lake State Park
Weston95.928154.38196 CR 30 – South WestonAccess to Stonewall Jackson Lake and Jackson's Mill
98.608158.69499 US 33 / US 48 / US 119 – Weston, BuckhannonAccess to West Virginia Wesleyan College and Davis and Elkins College
Jane Lew105.038169.042105 CR 7 – Jane LewAccess to Jackson's Mill
HarrisonLost Creek109.688–110.595176.526–177.985110 WV 270 – Lost CreekEastern terminus of WV 270
Stonewood115.75186.28115 WV 20 – Stonewood, Nutter FortAccess to Alderson Broaddus University
Clarksburg118.13190.11117 WV 58 – Anmoore
119.63192.53119 US 50 (Corridor D) – Clarksburg, BridgeportAccess to Salem International University
Bridgeport121.7195.9121 CR 24 (Meadowbrook Road)
124.34200.11124 WV 279 to US 50 eastAccess to North Central West Virginia Airport, Tygart Lake State Park, and United Hospital Center
125.36201.75125 WV 131 (Saltwell Road) – Shinnston
MarionWhitehall132.086212.572132 US 250 – Fairmont, Whitehall
Fairmont133.356214.616133 CR 641 (Kingmont Road)
134.926217.142135 CR 64 (Pleasant Valley Road)
136.006218.880136 WV 273 – Downtown FairmontSouthern terminus of WV 273; exit fully opened on December 22, 2010.
136.660219.933137 WV 310 (East Park Avenue)Access to Valley Falls State Park
138.79223.36139 CR 33 (Pricketts Creek Road) – East FairmontAccess to Prickett's Fort State Park
Monongalia145.62234.35146 CR 77 (Goshen Road)
Morgantown148.766239.416148 I-68 east – CumberlandWestern terminus of I-68; access to Mountaineer Field and Tygart Lake State Park
152.502245.428152 US 19 – Westover, MorgantownAccess to Granville
153.4246.9153 CR 467 (University Town Centre Drive)
154.836249.184155 WV 7 – West Virginia UniversityAccess to Star City, Osage, and Mountaineer Field
Mason–Dixon Line160.520.0258.330.0West Virginia–Pennsylvania state line
PennsylvaniaGreenePerry Township0.81.311 To US 19 – Mount Morris
Whiteley Township6.810.927Kirby, Garards Fort
Franklin Township14.022.5314 PA 21 – Masontown, WaynesburgAccess to Waynesburg University
Washington Township19.431.2419 US 19 / PA 221 – Ruff Creek, Jefferson
WashingtonWest Bethlehem Township23.437.7523Marianna, Prosperity
Amwell Township30.649.2630 US 19 – Amity, Lone Pine
32.952.9733 US 40 – Laboratory
South Strabane Township34.455.4—34 (NB)21 (SB) I-70 east – New StantonSouthern end of I-70 concurrency
35.457.0820 PA 136 (Beau Street)Access to Washington & Jefferson College
36.458.6719 US 19 (Murtland Avenue)Diverging diamond interchange
37.961.0—18 (NB)38 (SB) I-70 west – WheelingNorthern end of I-70 concurrency
40.364.98A40Meadow Lands
41.166.1841Race Track RoadAccess to Hollywood Casino at The Meadows
North Strabane Township43.469.8943 PA 519 – Eighty Four, Houston
45.573.21045 To PA 980 – Canonsburg
Cecil Township48.277.610A48Southpointe, HendersonvilleAccess to Pennsylvania Western University, California's Southpointe Campus and to the National Cemetery of the Alleghenies
50.280.8—49 PA Turnpike 576 west – Pittsburgh International AirportEastern terminus of PA 576; E-ZPass or toll-by-plate
AlleghenyBridgeville54.687.91154 PA 50 – Bridgeville
South Fayette Township55.288.81255 PA 50 – Heidelberg, Collier TownshipFormerly designated as "Heidelberg / Kirwan Heights"
Scott Township57.492.41357Carnegie
Pennsbury Village59.395.41459 I-376 (US 22 / US 30) – Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh International AirportI-376 exit 59; signed as exits 59A (east) and 59B (west)
Robinson Township60.497.21660 PA 60 – Crafton, Moon RunSigned as exits 60A (south) and 60B (north) southbound
Coraopolis64.1103.21764 PA 51 – Coraopolis, McKees RocksNo southbound exit
Ohio RiverNeville Island Bridge
Neville Township64.8104.31865 Yellow Belt to PA 51 – Neville IslandSouthern terminus of Yellow Belt concurrency
Ohio RiverNeville Island Bridge
Glenfield66.5107.01966 PA 65 – Emsworth, Sewickley
Ohio Township68.0109.42068 Yellow Belt (Mount Nebo Road)Northern terminus of Yellow Belt concurrency
Franklin Park72.1116.02172 I-279 south – PittsburghSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of I-279
73.3118.02273 PA 910 east / Orange Belt – WexfordWestern terminus of PA 910
Marshall Township75.7121.82375 Red Belt to US 19 south – WarrendaleNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
75.9122.12576 US 19 north – CranberryNorthbound left exit and southbound entrance
ButlerCranberry Township77.2124.2—77 I-76 / Penna Turnpike – Harrisburg, Youngstown OHI-76 / Penna Turnpike exit 28 (Cranberry)
78.7126.72578 PA 228 – Seven Fields, Mars, Cranberry
Jackson Township83.1133.72683 PA 528 – Evans CityNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
85.5137.62685 To PA 528 (US 19)Southbound exit and northbound entrance
87.3140.52787 PA 68 – ZelienopleNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
88.7142.72788 To US 19 / PA 68 – ZelienopleSigned as Little Creek Road northbound; promoted as access to Seneca Valley School District
Muddy Creek Township95.8154.22896 PA 488 – Portersville, Prospect
Muddy Creek Township99.6160.32999 US 422 – New Castle, ButlerAccess to Moraine State Park and McConnells Mill State Park
Worth Township105.4169.630105 PA 108 – Slippery RockAccess to Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania; interchange partially located in Lawrence County
Lawrence
No major junctions
MercerSpringfield Township113.7183.031113 PA 208 / PA 258 – Grove CityAccess to Grove City College and Westminster College
Findley Township116.5187.5—116 I-80 – Clarion, SharonSigned as exits 116A (east) and 116B (west); I-80 exit 19
Jackson Township121.1194.933121 US 62 – Mercer, Franklin
New Vernon Township130.6210.234130 PA 358 – Greenville, Sandy LakeAccess to Thiel College
CrawfordGreenwood Township141.5227.735141 PA 285 – Geneva, Cochranton
Vernon Township147.4237.236147 US 6 / US 19 / US 322 – Meadville, Conneaut LakeSigned as exits 147A (north/east) and 147B (south/west); access to Conneaut Lake Park and Allegheny College, to PA 102
Hayfield Township153.9247.737154 PA 198 – Conneautville, Saegertown
ErieWashington Township166.5268.038166 US 6N – Albion, EdinboroAccess to Pennsylvania Western University, Edinboro
McKean Township174.7281.239174McKean
178.6287.4—178 I-90 – Buffalo, ClevelandSigned as exits 178A (east) and 178B (west); I-90 exits 22; former southern terminus of I-179
Millcreek Township180.5290.541180 To US 19 – KearsargeAccess to Millcreek Mall and PA 99
Erie182.7294.043182 US 20 (26th Street)Access to Erie International Airport
183.6295.544183 PA 5 / PA 290 east (12th Street)Northbound exit and southbound entrance; signed as exits 183A (east) and 183B (west); access to Presque Isle State Park, Waldameer Park, and Gannon University; western terminus of PA 290
183.8295.8——Bayfront Parkway / Lincoln AvenueNorthern terminus; at-grade intersection; former northern terminus of I-179
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Electronic toll collection Incomplete access
Auxiliary routes
I-279 heads southeast from I-79 in Pittsburgh's northern suburbs to I-376 in Downtown Pittsburgh.
I-579 heads south from I-279 in Pittsburgh's North Side to the Liberty Bridge and the Boulevard of the Allies just east of Downtown Pittsburgh.
See also
U.S. Roads portal
Pennsylvania portal
References
^ a b Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
^ a b United States Geological Survey topographic maps and aerial photos, accessed via Terraserver-USA
^ National Atlas of the United States, Hydrologic Units (Watersheds) GIS dataArchived May 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Ghost Ramps". Gribblenation.com. June 5, 2005. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
^ Google (August 8, 2017). "Ghost ramps around the 100 mile marker" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
^ Grata, Joe (March 31, 1991). "PennDOT to Restrict I-79 Lanes This Year". Road Report. The Pittsburgh Press. p. A14 – via Google News Archive Search.
^ Pennsylvania Turnpike Northwestern Extension Act, P.L. 706, No. 229, passed July 28, 1953
^ Pennsylvania Turnpike Southwestern Extension Act, P.L. 174, No. 52, passed June 14, 1955
^ Public Roads Administration (August 14, 1957). Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, as adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Public Roads Administration – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955). "Erie" (Map). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955. Scale not given. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 74. OCLC 4165975 – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955). "Pittsburgh and environs" (Map). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955. Scale not given. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 77. OCLC 4165975 – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ "3-digit Interstates from I-79". kurumi.com.
^ Bureau of Public Roads (June 27, 1958). Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, as adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Roads – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ "Third Route Alters Interstate Picture, SRC Tells Mayors". Charleston Daily Mail. October 20, 1961.
^ "5-Mile I-79 Link Will Open December 21". Charleston Daily Mail. December 7, 1967.
^ "5 Miles of I-79 Opens in Marion". Charleston Daily Mail. July 20, 1968.
^ "Gov. Moore Will Open I-79 Segment". Charleston Gazette. October 10, 1970.
^ "Moore Opens I-79 Portion, Restates Vow". Charleston Gazette. October 16, 1970.
^ a b c Release Date Report. West Virginia Department of Transportation. August 2003.
^ Weingroff, Richard (June 27, 2017). "Was I-76 Numbered to Honor Philadelphia for Independence Day, 1776?". Ask the Rambler. Federal Highway Administration.
^ "Interstates Renumbered". The Pittsburgh Press. February 24, 1972. p. 8. Retrieved November 30, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "5 More Miles of I-79 Being Opened Today". Charleston Daily Mail. June 29, 1973.
^ "6-Mile Stretch of I-79 Open". Charleston Gazette. August 31, 1973.
^ Charleston Gazette. September 5, 1973. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Two I-79 Sections Opened". Dominion News. December 23, 1971.
^ "40 Miles More of I-79 Open". Charleston Daily Mail. December 23, 1971.
^ "I-79 Mileage Increased to 40". Charleston Gazette. December 23, 1971.
^ Dominion News. January 23, 1972. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "I-79 Segment Opened by Governor Moore". Charleston Daily Mail. September 20, 1973.
^ "More of I-79 to Be Opened Tomorrow". Charleston Daily Mail. November 27, 1973.
^ "Open I-79 Increasing by 25.17 Miles". Charleston Gazette. November 28, 1973.
^ "Additional Interstates to Open". Charleston Gazette. January 30, 1974.
^ "Highway Project Bids to Be Opened". Charleston Gazette. March 8, 1972.
^ "Moore Will Open 22 New Miles". Charleston Gazette. October 8, 1974.
^ "22 Miles of Roads Opened". Charleston Gazette. October 17, 1974.
^ "W. Va. to Open Over 22 Miles of Highways". Daily Courier. Prescott, Arizona. October 10, 1974.
^ "Holiday Travelers to Find I-79 Nonstop from Amma". Charleston Gazette. November 28, 1974.
^ "New I-79 Stretch Will Open Today". Charleston Gazette. November 13, 1975.
^ Charleston Daily Mail. November 18, 1977. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "I-79 Opening Today in Greene County". Daily Courier. Prescott, Arizona. July 25, 1975.
^ "Interstate 79 opened in Erie". Valley Independent. September 4, 1976.
^ "Pennsylvania Highways: Interstate 79". Pennsylvania Highways. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
^ "'Missing links' take shape at I-79/Parkway West". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
^ Federal Highway Administration, National Highway Planning Network GIS data version 2005.08
^ a b "Pennsylvania Exit Numbering" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
^ Panuska, Mallory (December 22, 2010). "Gateway Connector opens today". Times West Virginian. Fairmont, West Virginia. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 79.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 79KML is from Wikidata
Interstate Guide - I-79
I-79 in West Virginia at AARoads.com
I-79 in Pennsylvania at AARoads.com
Pennsylvania Highways: I-79
West Virginia Roads - I-79
Pennsylvania Roads - I-79
1971 Pittsburgh Press article detailing I-79 progress
Geographic data related to Interstate 79 at OpenStreetMap
vte Primary Interstate HighwaysSigned
2
4
5
8
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
19
20
22
24
25
26
27
29
30
31
35
37
39
40
41
43
44
45
49
55
57
59
64
65
66
KS–KY
VA–DC
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
CO–NE
OH–NJ
77
78
79
80
81
82
WA–OR
PA–NY
CT–RI
83
84
OR–UT
PA–MA
85
86
ID
PA–NY
CT–MA
87
NC
NY
88
IL
NY
89
90
91
93
94
95
96
97
99
H-1
H-2
H-3
Unsigned
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
PRI-1
PRI-2
PRI-3
Lists
Primary
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
Other
Standards
Gaps
Tolled
Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system. Major Interstates are highlighted.
vteAuxiliary routes of Interstate 79
Pennsylvania
1791
279
4791
579
1Former
vtePennsylvania Turnpike CommissionCompleted highways
Mainline Turnpike (I-70, I-76, I-95, I-276)
Northeast Extension (I-476)
James E. Ross Highway (I-376)
Amos K. Hutchinson Bypass (Turnpike 66)
Partially completed highways
I-95 Connector
Mon–Fayette Expressway (Turnpike 43)
Southern Beltway (Turnpike 576)
Tunnels and bridges
Allegheny Mountain Tunnel
Allegheny River Bridge
Beaver River Bridge
Blue Mountain Tunnel
Delaware River Bridge
Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel
Lehigh Tunnel
Mingo Creek Viaduct
Mon–Fayette Expressway Bridge
Schuylkill River Bridge
Susquehanna River Bridge
Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel
Aborted expansion plans
Chester Extension
Erie Extension
Gettysburg Extension
Keystone Shortway
Northwest & Southwest Extension
Philadelphia Loop Extension
Scranton Extension
Historical structures
Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike
Rays Hill Tunnel
Sideling Hill Tunnel
Laurel Hill Tunnel
South Pennsylvania Railroad
Negro Mountain Tunnel
Quemahoning Tunnel
Tolling systems
E-ZPass
Cashless Tolling
Authority control databases National
Israel
United States
Geographic
Structurae
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese submarine I-179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-179"},{"link_name":"Identity documents in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_documents_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway"},{"link_name":"Eastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"I-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_77"},{"link_name":"Charleston, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_5"},{"link_name":"PA 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_290"},{"link_name":"Erie, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Greater Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"the West Virginia representative and senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennings_Randolph"},{"link_name":"the three most northern counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"the 39th Pennsylvania governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_P._Shafer"}],"text":"Interstate Highway in Pennsylvania and West Virginia\"I-179\" redirects here. For the submarine, see Japanese submarine I-179. For the identification card formerly issued by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, see Identity documents in the United States.Interstate 79 (I-79) is an Interstate Highway in the Eastern United States, designated from I-77 in Charleston, West Virginia, north to Pennsylvania Route 5 (PA 5) and PA 290 in Erie, Pennsylvania. It is a primary thoroughfare through western Pennsylvania and West Virginia and makes up part of an important corridor to Buffalo, New York, and the Canada–United States border. Major metropolitan areas connected by I-79 include Charleston and Morgantown in West Virginia and Greater Pittsburgh and Erie in Pennsylvania.In West Virginia, I-79 is known as the Jennings Randolph Expressway, named for the West Virginia representative and senator. In the three most northern counties, it is signed as part of the High Tech Corridor. For most of its Pennsylvania stretch, it is known as the Raymond P. Shafer Highway, named for the 39th Pennsylvania governor.","title":"Interstate 79"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegheny Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Sutton, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topos-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19"}],"text":"Except at its northern end, I-79 is located on the Allegheny Plateau. Despite the somewhat rugged terrain, the road is relatively flat. Most of the highway is at an elevation of about 1,000 to 1,200 feet (300 to 370 m) above sea level, with some lower areas near both ends and higher areas near Sutton, West Virginia. In the hillier areas, this flatness is achieved by curving around hills, along ridges, and in or partway up river valleys.[2] From Sutton north, I-79 generally parallels the path of U.S. Route 19 (US 19).","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directional Y interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_Y_interchange"},{"link_name":"I-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_77"},{"link_name":"Elk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_River_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Flatwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwoods,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Kanawha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanawha_River"},{"link_name":"Frametown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frametown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topos-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watersheds-3"}],"sub_title":"West Virginia","text":"I-79 begins at a three-way directional Y interchange with I-77 along the northwest bank of the Elk River just northeast of Charleston. For its first 67 miles (108 km) to a point just south of Flatwoods, I-79 is located in the watershed of the Elk River, which drains into the Kanawha River. It crosses the Elk River at Frametown and again at Sutton and never strays more than about 15 to 20 miles (24 to 32 km) from it.[2][3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-05-14_11_27_49_View_north_along_Interstate_79_just_north_of_Exit_7_in_Whiteley_Township,_Greene_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whiteley Township, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteley_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Morgantown, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Greene County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"overlaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Neville Island Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Island_Bridge"},{"link_name":"I-376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_376"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"ghost ramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_ramp"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"Moraine State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine_State_Park"},{"link_name":"US 422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_422"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_National_Scout_Jamboree"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_National_Scout_Jamboree"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greater Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Pennsylvania","text":"I-79 northbound past exit 7 in Whiteley Township, PennsylvaniaI-79 enters Pennsylvania from Morgantown, West Virginia. South of Washington, it traverses mostly rural Greene County.Between milemarkers 34 and 38, I-79 overlaps I-70 in the Washington area before heading north toward Pittsburgh.I-79 is carried over the Ohio River by the Neville Island Bridge, approximately eight miles (13 km) northwest of Pittsburgh.The freeway into Pittsburgh requires drivers to use I-376 while I-79 completely bypasses the city. Beyond the Pittsburgh area, I-79 traverses more rural areas in Butler, Lawrence, Mercer, Crawford, and Erie counties before arriving at its termination point in Erie. In Erie, I-90 connects from I-79 to Buffalo, New York, and the Canadian border.Around milemarker 100 on the northbound side are two ghost ramps that were specifically built for the Boy Scouts of America in order to have access to Moraine State Park without having to travel on US 422 for the 1973 and 1977 National Scout Jamborees, which were held at Moraine. The ramps were permanently closed after the 1977 event but remain visible under encroaching vegetation.[4][5]I-79 was completely rebuilt in Greater Pittsburgh in the early 1990s.[6]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interstate7079Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"Washington, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike_Commission"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Greater Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"I-279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_279"},{"link_name":"I-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_76_(Ohio%E2%80%93New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_77"},{"link_name":"Beckley, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Corridor L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_L"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Development Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Development_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Route 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_73"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fairmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDR-19"},{"link_name":"Downtown Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"bypass Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1972news-21"},{"link_name":"I-68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_68"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Monongahela River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_River"},{"link_name":"Star City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_City,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Frametown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frametown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jane Lew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Lew,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nutter Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutter_Fort,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDR-19"},{"link_name":"Flatwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwoods,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Anmoore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anmoore,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoXU-25-31"},{"link_name":"Servia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servia,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"WV 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_4"},{"link_name":"Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Osage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Corridor D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_D"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Amma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amma,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"US 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_119"},{"link_name":"Clendenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clendenin,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Elkview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkview,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDR-19"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Neville Island Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Island_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"US 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20"},{"link_name":"PA 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"I-79 merging with I-70 in Washington, PennsylvaniaThe Pennsylvania General Assembly authorized the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission to build two extensions in the 1950s. The Northwestern Extension, authorized in 1953, was to stretch from the main Pennsylvania Turnpike north to Erie and would have included a lateral connection between Ohio and New York, what was later built as I-90.[7] The Southwestern Extension, authorized in 1955, was to run south from the main line near Pittsburgh to West Virginia, where it connects with an extension of the West Virginia Turnpike.[8] Except for the section between Washington and Greater Pittsburgh, which was included as part of I-70,[9] the first portion of I-79 to be added to the plans was north from Pittsburgh to Erie, along the US 19 corridor.In September 1955, two short urban portions were designated:[10][11]I-179: A spur from I-90 north to Erie, currently absorbed into I-79.[12]\nI-279: A western bypass of Pittsburgh, connecting I-70 with I-80S (now I-76); it and I-79 later swapped designations.The number 79 was assigned in 1958,[13] and an extension south along I-70 to Washington and beyond to Charleston was approved on October 18, 1961.[14] This extension also paralleled US 19 to near Sutton, where it turned westerly to reach Charleston. (The part of US 19 from Sutton south to I-77 at Beckley, West Virginia, has since been four-laned as Corridor L of the Appalachian Development Highway System.)On December 21, 1967, the first section of I-79 in West Virginia, between exits 125 (Saltwell Road) and 132 (South Fairmont), opened to traffic.[15] This five-mile (8.0 km) section bypassed part of West Virginia Route 73 (WV 73) between Bridgeport and Fairmont. Another five miles (8.0 km) opened in July 1968, extending the highway on a bypass of downtown Fairmont to exit 137 (East Park Avenue).[16] It was further extended 9.5 miles (15.3 km) toward Morgantown on October 15, 1970, bypassing more of WV 73 to exit 146 (Goshen Road) south of that city.[17][18][19]On June 29, 1970, the swap of I-79 and I-279 was approved. At the same time, I-76 was extended west from Downtown Pittsburgh over former I-79 to the new location of I-79 west of Pittsburgh, so I-279 only ran north from Downtown Pittsburgh. On December 3, 1971, I-76 was rerouted to bypass Pittsburgh, and I-279 was extended to I-79 utilizing the former section of I-76.[20] The changes took effect on October 2, 1972.[21]On June 29, 1973, I-79 was extended from West Virginia exit 146 to exit 148 (I-68), where, at one point, traffic was forced onto the newly opened west end of Corridor E (now I-68) to exit 1.[22] A further extension of six miles (9.7 km), including the Uffington Bridge over the Monongahela River southwest of Morgantown, was opened on August 30, 1973, leading north to exit 155 (Star City).[23][24] This completed I-79 from north of Bridgeport to north of Morgantown.To the south of Bridgeport, the first two sections were both opened on December 22, 1971. One of these ran 10 miles (16 km) from exit 51 (Frametown) to exit 62 (Sutton), and the other from exit 105 (Jane Lew) to exit 115 (Nutter Fort).[25][26][27][28] On September 19, 1973, another 7.5-mile (12.1 km) stretch was opened, from exit 105 (Jane Lew) south to exit 99 (Weston).[29]In 1973, significant portions of the Interstate were completed.[19] I-79 opened from exit 62 to exit 99. Another 23.9 miles (38.5 km), from exit 67 (Flatwoods) north to exit 91 (Roanoke), opened on November 28, 1973, along with the section from exit 115 north to exit 117 (Anmoore), completing the route between Frametown and Morgantown except in the Bridgeport area.[30][31]A 5.5-mile (8.9 km) extension from exit 51 south to exit 46 (Servia) opened on February 1, 1974,[32] and County Route 11 to WV 4 near Duck was widened to handle the increased load.[33] On the same day, two lanes opened from exit 155 (Osage) north to the state line.[citation needed]On October 16, 1974, two pieces of I-79 were opened: the other two lanes[citation needed] of the 6.6 miles (10.6 km) from exit 155 to the state line and 7.1 miles (11.4 km) between exits 117 (Anmoore) and 125 (north of Bridgeport). On the same day, the eastern end of Corridor D and the western end of Corridor E, both connecting to I-79 (at exits 119 and 148), were opened. This completed I-79 in West Virginia north of exit 46 (Servia);[34][35][36] it was extended south to exit 25 (Amma) in late November[37] and to US 119 north of Clendenin (exit 19) on November 13, 1975.[38] It was opened from exit 19 to exit 9 (Elkview) on November 18, 1977,[39] and finally completed to I-77 in 1979.[19]On July 25, 1975, I-79 was opened between exits 1 and 14 in Pennsylvania.[40] The last piece of I-79 between West Virginia and Erie—the Neville Island Bridge over the Ohio River—opened on September 3, 1976.[41] In 1984, the route was extended about one mile (1.6 km) further to the north, with the opening of a new segment between US 20 and PA 5 in Erie.[42]In late 2008, the missing ramps of the I-79/I-376 interchange (PA 60 was designated as the route for southbound traffic seeking to go to Pittsburgh International Airport and for airport traffic seeking to go northbound on I-79) were completed.[43]In June 2009, I-376 was extended west and north of Downtown Pittsburgh, and I-279 was truncated back to the section only running from Downtown Pittsburgh north to I-79.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_279"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"I-376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_376"},{"link_name":"Downtown Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"I-579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_579"},{"link_name":"North Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Liberty Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bridge_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Boulevard of the Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_of_the_Allies"}],"text":"I-279 heads southeast from I-79 in Pittsburgh's northern suburbs to I-376 in Downtown Pittsburgh.\nI-579 heads south from I-279 in Pittsburgh's North Side to the Liberty Bridge and the Boulevard of the Allies just east of Downtown Pittsburgh.","title":"Auxiliary routes"}]
|
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[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Pennsylvania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania"}]
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[{"reference":"Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). \"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved March 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/table01.cfm","url_text":"\"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Ghost Ramps\". Gribblenation.com. June 5, 2005. Retrieved August 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gribblenation.com/papics/ghostramps/ramps.html","url_text":"\"Ghost Ramps\""}]},{"reference":"Google (August 8, 2017). \"Ghost ramps around the 100 mile marker\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=40.972705,-80.132024&hl=en&sll=41.068419,-80.057381&sspn=0.036691,0.077162&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Ghost ramps around the 100 mile marker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Grata, Joe (March 31, 1991). \"PennDOT to Restrict I-79 Lanes This Year\". Road Report. The Pittsburgh Press. p. A14 – via Google News Archive Search.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4JQcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=92MEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6903%2C8477225","url_text":"\"PennDOT to Restrict I-79 Lanes This Year\""}]},{"reference":"Public Roads Administration (August 14, 1957). Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, as adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Public Roads Administration – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interstate_Highway_plan_August_14,_1957.jpg","url_text":"Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, as adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons","url_text":"Wikimedia Commons"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955). \"Erie\" (Map). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955. Scale not given. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 74. OCLC 4165975 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erie,_Pennsylvania_1955_Yellow_Book.jpg","url_text":"\"Erie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4165975","url_text":"4165975"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955). \"Pittsburgh and environs\" (Map). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955. Scale not given. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 77. OCLC 4165975 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania_1955_Yellow_Book.jpg","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh and environs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4165975","url_text":"4165975"}]},{"reference":"\"3-digit Interstates from I-79\". kurumi.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/ix79.html","url_text":"\"3-digit Interstates from I-79\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Public Roads (June 27, 1958). Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, as adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Roads – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interstate_Highway_plan_June_27,_1958.jpg","url_text":"Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, as adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials"}]},{"reference":"\"Third Route Alters Interstate Picture, SRC Tells Mayors\". Charleston Daily Mail. October 20, 1961.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Daily_Mail","url_text":"Charleston Daily Mail"}]},{"reference":"\"5-Mile I-79 Link Will Open December 21\". Charleston Daily Mail. December 7, 1967.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"5 Miles of I-79 Opens in Marion\". Charleston Daily Mail. July 20, 1968.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Moore Will Open I-79 Segment\". Charleston Gazette. October 10, 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Gazette","url_text":"Charleston Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Moore Opens I-79 Portion, Restates Vow\". Charleston Gazette. October 16, 1970.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weingroff, Richard (June 27, 2017). \"Was I-76 Numbered to Honor Philadelphia for Independence Day, 1776?\". Ask the Rambler. Federal Highway Administration.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/i76.htm","url_text":"\"Was I-76 Numbered to Honor Philadelphia for Independence Day, 1776?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interstates Renumbered\". The Pittsburgh Press. February 24, 1972. p. 8. Retrieved November 30, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15491728/interstates_redone_10272_february/","url_text":"\"Interstates Renumbered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"5 More Miles of I-79 Being Opened Today\". Charleston Daily Mail. June 29, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"6-Mile Stretch of I-79 Open\". Charleston Gazette. August 31, 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Gazette","url_text":"Charleston Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Charleston Gazette. September 5, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Two I-79 Sections Opened\". Dominion News. December 23, 1971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion_News&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Dominion News"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Miles More of I-79 Open\". Charleston Daily Mail. December 23, 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"I-79 Mileage Increased to 40\". Charleston Gazette. December 23, 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dominion News. January 23, 1972.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"I-79 Segment Opened by Governor Moore\". Charleston Daily Mail. September 20, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"More of I-79 to Be Opened Tomorrow\". Charleston Daily Mail. November 27, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Open I-79 Increasing by 25.17 Miles\". Charleston Gazette. November 28, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Additional Interstates to Open\". Charleston Gazette. January 30, 1974.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Highway Project Bids to Be Opened\". Charleston Gazette. March 8, 1972.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Moore Will Open 22 New Miles\". Charleston Gazette. October 8, 1974.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"22 Miles of Roads Opened\". Charleston Gazette. October 17, 1974.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"W. Va. to Open Over 22 Miles of Highways\". Daily Courier. Prescott, Arizona. October 10, 1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Courier_(Arizona)","url_text":"Daily Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Holiday Travelers to Find I-79 Nonstop from Amma\". Charleston Gazette. November 28, 1974.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New I-79 Stretch Will Open Today\". Charleston Gazette. November 13, 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Charleston Daily Mail. November 18, 1977.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"I-79 Opening Today in Greene County\". Daily Courier. Prescott, Arizona. July 25, 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Interstate 79 opened in Erie\". Valley Independent. September 4, 1976.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Independent","url_text":"Valley Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania Highways: Interstate 79\". Pennsylvania Highways. Retrieved March 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pahighways.com/interstates/I79.html","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Highways: Interstate 79\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Missing links' take shape at I-79/Parkway West\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/local/neighborhoods/2008/08/02/Missing-links-take-shape-at-I-79-Parkway-West/stories/200808020112","url_text":"\"'Missing links' take shape at I-79/Parkway West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania Exit Numbering\" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/mileageb.pdf","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Exit Numbering\""}]},{"reference":"Panuska, Mallory (December 22, 2010). \"Gateway Connector opens today\". Times West Virginian. Fairmont, West Virginia. Retrieved December 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://timeswv.com/local/x1053122549/Gateway-Connector-opens-today","url_text":"\"Gateway Connector opens today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_West_Virginian","url_text":"Times West Virginian"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Adams
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Pat Adams
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["1 Biography","2 Style","3 Exhibitions","4 Collections","5 Reviews","6 Awards","7 Publications","8 References","9 External links"]
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American modernist painter (born 1928)
For the British cyclist, see Pat Adams (cyclist). For other people, see Pat Adams (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Pat Adams" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Pat AdamsBorn (1928-07-08) July 8, 1928 (age 95)Stockton, California, U.S.EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley (BA 1949)California College of the ArtsUniversity of the PacificSchool of the Art Institute of ChicagoBrooklyn Museum Art SchoolKnown forPaintingAwardsFulbright Scholarship (1956), Jimmy Ernst Award (1996)
Pat Adams (born July 8, 1928) is an American modernist painter and mixed-media artist. She is a member of the National Academy of Design.
Biography
Adams was born in Stockton, California. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1949, after which she took courses at the California College of Arts and Crafts, University of the Pacific and the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1950 she moved to New York City and enrolled in the art program at the Brooklyn Museum Art School where she studied under Max Beckmann, John Ferren and Reuben Tam.
In 1956 she won a Fulbright scholarship to study in France, where she traveled with her husband, Vincent Longo, who is also a painter and printmaker. Adams taught at Bennington College from 1964 to 1993, and was appointed Visiting Professor of Art to Yale University's Master of Fine Arts program from 1990 to 1994.
Style
Her style, a mixture of modernism and abstraction, is described by Adams as "yield more to qualities than ideas, more to matter than its naming". She continues, "...I sense a release of potentiality, a release of more than we know....I conclude that of whatever else the artist's effort may consist, it abounds in restless projective extension; innately it bounds toward the vision of an anticipatory not-as-yet."
Exhibitions
Adams's first solo exhibition was in 1954 at the Korman Gallery, later renamed the Zabriskie Gallery, under the ownership of Virginia Zabriskie. Adams had 20 solo exhibitions at the Zabriskie Gallery between 1954 and 1997. Additionally, her art was featured at various other venues including the Fleming Museum at the University of Vermont, Burlington (1977), the Rutgers University Art Gallery in New Brunswick, New Jersey (1978), and the Jaffe/Friede/Strauss Gallery, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire. In 1993 she was made a member of the National Academy of Design. In 1994, she exhibited at Dartmouth College's Art Gallery.
Collections
Whitney Museum, New York; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts; New Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut; Fleming Museum, University of Vermont-Burlington; Bennington College, Vermont; University of North Carolina, Greensboro; University of California, Berkeley; University of Arizona, Tucson; Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Palm Springs Desert Museum, California; Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C.; National Academy of Art, New York; Brooklyn Museum of Art, Montclair Museum, New Jersey.
Reviews
Her first solo exhibition at Zabriskie was described in the New York Times as "quiet, but intense," while simultaneously abstract and "filled with lyrical allusions". Among the exhibited works was, Ribbons of Breath (1954), which used brightly colored, intertwining shapes in gouache and watercolor. Adams work was later characterized as "suggest a desire to assert the tangible actuality of what appears before the eye".
In 1960, Dore Ashton asserted that Pat Adams's works detail her "visual experiences of nature and her spiritual insights about the cosmos". Ashton places Adams in the same category as artists like Odilon Redon and Mark Tobey, in that they each "seek to find what is 'within' the inmost secrets of the universe". Hilton Kramer further noted that Adams has a "mystical temperament" and is "extraordinarily inventive in conjuring up a world of delicate perceptions and inward feelings". Kramer also notes that her "paintings fill the eye with an almost hypnotic bath of completely delightful visual detail".
In 2003, Adams exhibited a collection of new paintings at the Zabriskie Gallery including both small and larger works. Zabriskie describes this collection as "build gritty encrustations over rudimentary patterns and shapes...result in a friction between the particular and the universal". Some paintings included in this exhibition were Into the Garden (2003), Situation (2002), Following From (2002), and What Follows (2003). What Follows, in particular, has been described as "a soft, dusty mist vibrat through the space...almost impossibly, shift on occasion into liquid, giving buoyancy to the dot-filled oval and the circles in its field".
A 50th anniversary exhibition of her first show at Zabriskie and the start of her relationship with dealer Virginia Zabriskie was held 2005. Martica Sawin's essay accompanied this exhibition, in which she describes Adams's paintings Arriving, (1994) and Late, New, Again, Round (1985) in the same in much of the same context as Ribbons of Breath. Adams's Sweetness (1990) "offers a microcosm of the many divergent possibilities one might encounter traversing the cosmos of the mind's eye", and one of her newer paintings Be/Hold (2004) "has the power to draw the eye toward the minutiae of its variegated surfaces". Overall, Pat Adams's work has been well-received, and she's even been called "one of the most important abstract painters working today".
Awards
In 1995 she won the Vermont Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts.
Publications
"Remarks on Their Medium by Four Painters" in Artforum, 1975
"On Working" in Quadrille, Fall 1977
Interview with Robert Boyers in Bennington Review, 1977
"Subject and Being" in Art Journal, Spring, 1982
References
^ a b c d "Biography". Zabriskie Gallery. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
^ "Pat Adams: New Paintings". Zabriskie Gallery. April 2003. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
^ McGill, Douglas C. (1984-12-22). "Museum Closing Art School". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
^ Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (2013-12-19). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-63889-4.
^ Price, Marshall N. (2007). The abstract impulse: fifty years of abstraction at the National Academy, 1956–2006. Hudson Hills. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-887149-17-4.
^ Adams, Pat (October 25, 2003). "Untitled Lecture, Alumni Symposium, University of California, Berkeley" (PDF).
^ a b c d e Contemporary women artists. Hillstrom, Laurie Collier, 1965-, Hillstrom, Kevin, 1963-. Detroit: St. James Press. 1999. ISBN 1558623728. OCLC 40869639.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ a b c Esplund, Lance. "After Nature, But Never Imitative". The New York Sun.
^ a b c d Sawin, Martica. "Pat Adams Paintings: 1954 - 2004". Zabriskie Gallery. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28.
^ a b Ashton, Dore (March 3, 1960). "Art: A Mystic Dreamer". New York Times.
^ a b Kramer, Hilton (November 27, 1965). "The Imaginative World of Pat Adams". New York Times.
^ "Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts". Vermont Arts Council. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
External links
Pat Adams on Artnet
Pat Adams papers, (ca. 1948-1992) from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pat Adams (cyclist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Adams_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Pat Adams (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Adams_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"}],"text":"For the British cyclist, see Pat Adams (cyclist). For other people, see Pat Adams (disambiguation).Pat Adams (born July 8, 1928) is an American modernist painter and mixed-media artist. She is a member of the National Academy of Design.","title":"Pat Adams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California College of Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_College_of_Arts_and_Crafts"},{"link_name":"University of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum Art School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_Art_School"},{"link_name":"Max Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beckmann"},{"link_name":"John Ferren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ferren"},{"link_name":"Reuben Tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Tam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fulbright scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_scholarship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-5"},{"link_name":"Bennington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_College"}],"text":"Adams was born in Stockton, California. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1949, after which she took courses at the California College of Arts and Crafts, University of the Pacific and the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1950 she moved to New York City and enrolled in the art program at the Brooklyn Museum Art School where she studied under Max Beckmann, John Ferren and Reuben Tam.[3][4]In 1956 she won a Fulbright scholarship to study in France, where she traveled with her husband, Vincent Longo, who is also a painter and printmaker.[5] Adams taught at Bennington College from 1964 to 1993, and was appointed Visiting Professor of Art to Yale University's Master of Fine Arts program from 1990 to 1994.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sym-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contemporary_women_artists-7"}],"text":"Her style, a mixture of modernism and abstraction, is described by Adams as \"yield[ing] more to qualities than ideas, more to matter than its naming\".[6] She continues, \"...I sense a release of potentiality, a release of more than we know....I conclude that of whatever else the artist's effort may consist, it abounds in restless projective extension; innately it bounds toward the vision of an anticipatory not-as-yet.\"[7]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korman Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korman_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Zabriskie Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabriskie_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zg_Biography-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contemporary_women_artists-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contemporary_women_artists-7"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"}],"text":"Adams's first solo exhibition was in 1954 at the Korman Gallery, later renamed the Zabriskie Gallery, under the ownership of Virginia Zabriskie.[1] Adams had 20 solo exhibitions at the Zabriskie Gallery between 1954 and 1997.[7] Additionally, her art was featured at various other venues including the Fleming Museum at the University of Vermont, Burlington (1977), the Rutgers University Art Gallery in New Brunswick, New Jersey (1978), and the Jaffe/Friede/Strauss Gallery, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire.[7] In 1993 she was made a member of the National Academy of Design. In 1994, she exhibited at Dartmouth College's Art Gallery.","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitney Museum, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contemporary_women_artists-7"}],"text":"Whitney Museum, New York; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts; New Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut; Fleming Museum, University of Vermont-Burlington; Bennington College, Vermont; University of North Carolina, Greensboro; University of California, Berkeley; University of Arizona, Tucson; Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Palm Springs Desert Museum, California; Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C.; National Academy of Art, New York; Brooklyn Museum of Art, Montclair Museum, New Jersey.[7]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esplund-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawin-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashton-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashton-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawin-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esplund-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawin-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawin-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esplund-8"}],"text":"Her first solo exhibition at Zabriskie was described in the New York Times as \"quiet, but intense,\" while simultaneously abstract and \"filled with lyrical allusions\". Among the exhibited works was, Ribbons of Breath (1954), which used brightly colored, intertwining shapes in gouache and watercolor.[8] Adams work was later characterized as \"suggest[ing] a desire to assert the tangible actuality of what appears before the eye\".[9]In 1960, Dore Ashton asserted that Pat Adams's works detail her \"visual experiences of nature and her spiritual insights about the cosmos\".[10] Ashton places Adams in the same category as artists like Odilon Redon and Mark Tobey, in that they each \"seek to find what is 'within' the inmost secrets of the universe\".[10] Hilton Kramer further noted that Adams has a \"mystical temperament\" and is \"extraordinarily inventive in conjuring up a world of delicate perceptions and inward feelings\".[11] Kramer also notes that her \"paintings fill the eye with an almost hypnotic bath of completely delightful visual detail\".[11]In 2003, Adams exhibited a collection of new paintings at the Zabriskie Gallery including both small and larger works. Zabriskie describes this collection as \"build[ing] gritty encrustations over rudimentary patterns and shapes...result[ing] in a friction between the particular and the universal\".[9] Some paintings included in this exhibition were Into the Garden (2003), Situation (2002), Following From (2002), and What Follows (2003). What Follows, in particular, has been described as \"a soft, dusty mist vibrat[ing] through the space...almost impossibly, shift[ing] on occasion into liquid, giving buoyancy to the dot-filled oval and the circles in its field\".[8]A 50th anniversary exhibition of her first show at Zabriskie and the start of her relationship with dealer Virginia Zabriskie was held 2005. Martica Sawin's essay accompanied this exhibition, in which she describes Adams's paintings Arriving, (1994) and Late, New, Again, Round (1985) in the same in much of the same context as Ribbons of Breath. Adams's Sweetness (1990) \"offers a microcosm of the many divergent possibilities one might encounter traversing the cosmos of the mind's eye\",[9] and one of her newer paintings Be/Hold (2004) \"has the power to draw the eye toward the minutiae of its variegated surfaces\".[9] Overall, Pat Adams's work has been well-received, and she's even been called \"one of the most important abstract painters working today\".[8]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1995 she won the Vermont Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts.[12]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contemporary_women_artists-7"}],"text":"\"Remarks on Their Medium by Four Painters\" in Artforum, 1975\n\"On Working\" in Quadrille, Fall 1977\nInterview with Robert Boyers in Bennington Review, 1977\n\"Subject and Being\" in Art Journal, Spring, 1982[7]","title":"Publications"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Biography\". Zabriskie Gallery. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150737/http://www.zabriskiegallery.com/artist.php?artist=4&page=116","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.zabriskiegallery.com/artist.php?artist=4&page=116","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Adams: New Paintings\". Zabriskie Gallery. April 2003. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090727192448/http://www.zabriskiegallery.com/exhibition.php?ex=44&page=145","url_text":"\"Pat Adams: New Paintings\""},{"url":"http://www.zabriskiegallery.com/exhibition.php?ex=44&page=145","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGill, Douglas C. (1984-12-22). \"Museum Closing Art School\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/22/arts/museum-closing-art-school.html","url_text":"\"Museum Closing Art School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (2013-12-19). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-63889-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ReZkAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63889-4","url_text":"978-1-135-63889-4"}]},{"reference":"Price, Marshall N. (2007). The abstract impulse: fifty years of abstraction at the National Academy, 1956–2006. Hudson Hills. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-887149-17-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W1bynpNf4HQC&pg=PA32","url_text":"The abstract impulse: fifty years of abstraction at the National Academy, 1956–2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887149-17-4","url_text":"978-1-887149-17-4"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Pat (October 25, 2003). \"Untitled Lecture, Alumni Symposium, University of California, Berkeley\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lynnerutter.com/Artletters/symposium_1_patadams.pdf","url_text":"\"Untitled Lecture, Alumni Symposium, University of California, Berkeley\""}]},{"reference":"Contemporary women artists. Hillstrom, Laurie Collier, 1965-, Hillstrom, Kevin, 1963-. Detroit: St. James Press. 1999. ISBN 1558623728. OCLC 40869639.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/contemporarywome00kevi","url_text":"Contemporary women artists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558623728","url_text":"1558623728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40869639","url_text":"40869639"}]},{"reference":"Esplund, Lance. \"After Nature, But Never Imitative\". The New York Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nysun.com/arts/after-nature-but-never-imitative/7655/","url_text":"\"After Nature, But Never Imitative\""}]},{"reference":"Sawin, Martica. \"Pat Adams Paintings: 1954 - 2004\". Zabriskie Gallery. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205407/http://www.zabriskiegallery.com/artist.php?artist=4&page=6","url_text":"\"Pat Adams Paintings: 1954 - 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.zabriskiegallery.com/artist.php?artist=4&page=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ashton, Dore (March 3, 1960). \"Art: A Mystic Dreamer\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1960/03/03/archives/art-a-mystic-dreamer-paintings-of-pat-adams-at-zabriskie-gallery.html","url_text":"\"Art: A Mystic Dreamer\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Hilton (November 27, 1965). \"The Imaginative World of Pat Adams\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/27/archives/the-imaginative-world-of-pat-adams-exhibition-opens-at-zabriskie.html","url_text":"\"The Imaginative World of Pat Adams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts\". Vermont Arts Council. Retrieved 15 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vermontartscouncil.org/programs/arts-awards/governors-award/","url_text":"\"Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_I
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Salome I
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["1 Life","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Herodian queen regnant
See Salome (disambiguation) for other holders of this name, including Salome, John the Baptist's nemesis.
Territory of Salome I, sister of Herod the Great as given to her in 4 BCE after her brother's death and the partition of his kingdom
Salome I (ca. 65 BCE – ca. 10 CE) was the sister of Herod the Great and the mother of Berenice by her husband Costobarus, governor of Idumea. She was a nominal queen regnant of the toparchy of Iamnia, Azotus, Phasaelis from 4 BCE.
Life
She first married Joseph (fr:Joseph (iduméen)), whom she accused of familiarities with Mariamne I, wife of Herod, and thus procured his death. She had three children by her second husband Costobarus, Antipater IV (who married Cypros II, Herod's daughter by Mariamne I), Berenice (who married first Aristobulus IV, Herod's son by the same mother, and second Theudion, brother of Herod's first wife Doris) and a daughter whose name is not known (who married Alexas' son Alexas, the Temple Treasurer). Like her more famous granddaughter (and grandniece) Herodias, she divorced her husband in contravention of what Josephus (Jewish Antiquities 15.7.10) says were Jewish laws at the time:"But some time afterward, when Salome happened to quarrel with Costobarus, she sent him a bill of divorce and dissolved her marriage with him, though this was not according to the Jewish laws; for with us it is lawful for a husband to do so; but a wife, if she departs from her husband, cannot of herself be married to another, unless her former husband put her away. However, Salome chose to follow not the law of her country, but the law of her authority, and so renounced her wedlock..."
After this she accused him of treason against Herod, who put him to death. Salome's third husband was Alexas (pl:Aleksas I).
Berenice's children were Herodias, Herod Agrippa I, king of Judea, Herod of Chalcis and Aristobulus Minor, and Mariamne III (who may have been the first wife of her uncle, Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea).
Salome I played a major background role in the court intrigues that plagued the royal family. She led Herod to execute his wife Mariamne I and their two sons. She encouraged Herod to favor his first son Antipater III. She disobeyed Herod's last command to execute the Judean elders he had detained as soon as he died.
Upon the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, she was given a toparchy including the cities of Iamnia, Azotus, Phasaelis, and 5000 drachmae. The Roman emperor Augustus supplemented this with a royal habitation at Ascalon. While nominally queen of these areas, they were ultimately subject to the Judaean prefect.
After Salome's death, Iamnia fell to Livia, the Roman empress, and then to her son Tiberius.
See also
Herodian dynasty
Herodian kingdom
List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
References
^ Greenwalt, William (2002). "Salome (c. 65 BCE–10 CE)". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale. Archived from the original on 2016-04-09.
^ a b Salome entry in The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature by James Strong and John McClintock
^ Josephus, War, p. 105
^ Salome I entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
^ Jewish Virtual Library. Jabneh
External links
Salome I entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Hananya Hizmi, The Toparchy of Salome, Sister of King Herod, and its Towns: Archelais, Phasaelis, and Livias
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salome (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salome_Toparchy.svg"},{"link_name":"Herod the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Berenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Salome)"},{"link_name":"Costobarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costobarus"},{"link_name":"Idumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idumea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"toparchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toparchy"},{"link_name":"Iamnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabneh"},{"link_name":"Azotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Phasaelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasayil"}],"text":"See Salome (disambiguation) for other holders of this name, including Salome, John the Baptist's nemesis.Territory of Salome I, sister of Herod the Great as given to her in 4 BCE after her brother's death and the partition of his kingdomSalome I (ca. 65 BCE – ca. 10 CE) was the sister of Herod the Great and the mother of Berenice by her husband Costobarus, governor of Idumea.[1] She was a nominal queen regnant of the toparchy of Iamnia, Azotus, Phasaelis from 4 BCE.","title":"Salome I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fr:Joseph (iduméen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(idum%C3%A9en)"},{"link_name":"Mariamne I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamne_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strong-2"},{"link_name":"Costobarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costobarus"},{"link_name":"Mariamne I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamne_I"},{"link_name":"Berenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Salome)"},{"link_name":"Aristobulus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobulus_IV"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Herodias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"pl:Aleksas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksas_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strong-2"},{"link_name":"Herodias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias"},{"link_name":"Herod Agrippa I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_I"},{"link_name":"Herod of Chalcis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_of_Chalcis"},{"link_name":"Aristobulus Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobulus_Minor"},{"link_name":"Mariamne III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamne_III"},{"link_name":"Herod Archelaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Archelaus"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Mariamne I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamne_I"},{"link_name":"Antipater III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipater_III"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"toparchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toparchy"},{"link_name":"Iamnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabneh"},{"link_name":"Azotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Phasaelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasayil"},{"link_name":"drachmae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_drachma"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Ascalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon"},{"link_name":"Livia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livia"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"She first married Joseph (fr:Joseph (iduméen)), whom she accused of familiarities with Mariamne I, wife of Herod, and thus procured his death.[2] She had three children by her second husband Costobarus, Antipater IV (who married Cypros II, Herod's daughter by Mariamne I), Berenice (who married first Aristobulus IV, Herod's son by the same mother, and second Theudion, brother of Herod's first wife Doris) and a daughter whose name is not known (who married Alexas' son Alexas, the Temple Treasurer).[3] Like her more famous granddaughter (and grandniece) Herodias, she divorced her husband in contravention of what Josephus (Jewish Antiquities 15.7.10) says were Jewish laws at the time:\"But some time afterward, when Salome happened to quarrel with Costobarus, she sent him a bill of divorce and dissolved her marriage with him, though this was not according to the Jewish laws; for with us it is lawful for a husband to do so; but a wife, if she departs from her husband, cannot of herself be married to another, unless her former husband put her away. However, Salome chose to follow not the law of her country, but the law of her authority, and so renounced her wedlock...\"After this she accused him of treason against Herod, who put him to death. Salome's third husband was Alexas (pl:Aleksas I).[2]Berenice's children were Herodias, Herod Agrippa I, king of Judea, Herod of Chalcis and Aristobulus Minor, and Mariamne III (who may have been the first wife of her uncle, Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea).Salome I played a major background role in the court intrigues that plagued the royal family. She led Herod to execute his wife Mariamne I and their two sons. She encouraged Herod to favor his first son Antipater III. She disobeyed Herod's last command to execute the Judean elders he had detained as soon as he died.[4]Upon the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, she was given a toparchy including the cities of Iamnia, Azotus, Phasaelis, and 5000 drachmae. The Roman emperor Augustus supplemented this with a royal habitation at Ascalon. While nominally queen of these areas, they were ultimately subject to the Judaean prefect.After Salome's death, Iamnia fell to Livia, the Roman empress, and then to her son Tiberius.[5]","title":"Life"}]
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[{"image_text":"Territory of Salome I, sister of Herod the Great as given to her in 4 BCE after her brother's death and the partition of his kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Salome_Toparchy.svg/220px-Salome_Toparchy.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Herodian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_dynasty"},{"title":"Herodian kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_kingdom"},{"title":"List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hasmonean_and_Herodian_rulers"}]
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[{"reference":"Greenwalt, William (2002). \"Salome (c. 65 BCE–10 CE)\". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale. Archived from the original on 2016-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409165432/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308198.html","url_text":"Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308198.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409165432/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308198.html","external_links_name":"Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308198.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/salome.html","external_links_name":"Salome"},{"Link":"http://virtualreligion.net/iho/salome_1.html","external_links_name":"Salome I"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0011_0_09822.html","external_links_name":"Jewish Virtual Library. Jabneh"},{"Link":"http://virtualreligion.net/iho/salome_1.html","external_links_name":"Salome I"},{"Link":"https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/judea-and-samaria-research-studies/2019/06/06/the-toparchy-of-salome-sister-of-king-herod-and-its-towns-archelais-phasaelis-and-livias/","external_links_name":"The Toparchy of Salome, Sister of King Herod, and its Towns: Archelais, Phasaelis, and Livias"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaocheng_District
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Jiaocheng, Ningde
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["1 Situation","2 Administration","2.1 Subdistricts","2.2 Development zones","2.3 Towns","2.4 Townships","3 Transportation","4 Notes and references"]
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Coordinates: 26°39′42″N 119°31′23″E / 26.66167°N 119.52306°E / 26.66167; 119.52306District in Fujian, People's Republic of ChinaJiaocheng
蕉城区DistrictLocation in NingdeJiaochengLocation in FujianCoordinates: 26°39′42″N 119°31′23″E / 26.66167°N 119.52306°E / 26.66167; 119.52306CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceFujianPrefecture-level cityNingdeTime zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Jiaocheng (Chinese: 蕉城区; pinyin: Jiāochéng; Foochow Romanized: Ciĕu-siàng) is a district of Ningde, Fujian province, People's Republic of China. Also called Ningde Shiqu (宁德市区 - Ningde Centre), the district seats the municipality's executive, legislature and judiciary, together with its Communist Party and Public Security Bureau.
Situation
Jiaocheng is bordered by Xiapu and Pingnan counties to the east and west, Zhouning County and Fu'an City to the north, and to the south by Fuzhou municipality's Gutian and Luoyuan counties. A large deep-water bay Sandu Ao (三都澳) (Santuao) gives access to the East China Sea.
Administration
The district oversees two subdistricts (街道; Jiēdào), one Development zone (开发区; kāifā qū), ten towns (镇; zhèn) and four townships (乡; xiāng), of which one is an ethnic township designated for the native She people.
Subdistricts
Jiaonan Subdistrict (蕉南街道)
Jiaobei Subdistrict (蕉北街道)
Development zones
Dongqiao (东侨开发区)
Towns
Chengnan (城南镇)
Zhangwan (漳湾镇)
Qidu (七都镇)
Badu (八都镇)
Jiudu (九都镇)
Feiluan (飞鸾镇)
Sandu (三都镇)
Chixi (赤溪镇)
Huotong (霍童镇)
Yangzhong (洋中镇)
Hubei (虎贝镇)
Townships
Hongkou Township (洪口乡)
Shihou Township (石后乡)
Jinhan She Ethnic Township (金涵畲族乡)
Transportation
Both Subdistricts, the Ethnic Township and the towns of Feiluan, Chengnan, Qidu and Badu lie on National Route 104, connecting south to Fengshan and north to Fu'an City centre.
Notes and references
^ Fujian-sheng Ditu-ce, Gao XiuJing, ed., China Map Publishing, 1999, ISBN 7-5031-2176-9
^ "金农网福建省宁德市蕉城区乡镇、村信息". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
vteCounty-level divisions of Fujian ProvinceFuzhou (capital)Sub-provincial cityXiamen
Siming District
Haicang District
Fujian Free-Trade Zone
Huli District
Fujian Free-Trade Zone
Jimei District
Tong'an District
Xiang'an District
Prefecture-level citiesFuzhou
Gulou District
Taijiang District
Cangshan District
Mawei District
Fujian Free-Trade Zone
Jin'an District
Changle District
Fuqing city
Minhou County
Lianjiang County
Luoyuan County
Minqing County
Yongtai County
Pingtan County
Fujian Free-Trade Zone
Putian
Chengxiang District
Hanjiang District
Licheng District
Xiuyu District
Xianyou County
Sanming
Meilie District
Sanyuan District
Shaxian District
Yong'an city
Mingxi County
Qingliu County
Ninghua County
Datian County
Youxi County
Jiangle County
Taining County
Jianning County
Quanzhou
Licheng District
Fengze District
Luojiang District
Quangang District
Shishi city
Jinjiang city
Nan'an city
Hui'an County
Anxi County
Yongchun County
Dehua County
Kinmen County¹
Zhangzhou
Xiangcheng District
Longwen District
Longhai District
Changtai District
Yunxiao County
Zhangpu County
Zhao'an County
Dongshan County
Nanjing County
Pinghe County
Hua'an County
Nanping
Jianyang District
Yanping District
Shaowu city
Wuyishan city
Jian'ou city
Shunchang County
Pucheng County
Guangze County
Songxi County
Zhenghe County
Longyan
Xinluo District
Yongding District
Zhangping city
Changting County
Shanghang County
Wuping County
Liancheng County
Ningde
Jiaocheng District
Fu'an city
Fuding city
Shouning County
Xiapu County
Zherong County
Pingnan County
Gutian County
Zhouning County
¹ — Kinmen (Quemoy) is a county of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is claimed by the PRC.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Foochow Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foochow_Romanized"},{"link_name":"Ningde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningde"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_People%27s_Court"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Public Security Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)"}],"text":"District in Fujian, People's Republic of ChinaJiaocheng (Chinese: 蕉城区; pinyin: Jiāochéng; Foochow Romanized: Ciĕu-siàng) is a district of Ningde, Fujian province, People's Republic of China. Also called Ningde Shiqu (宁德市区 - Ningde Centre), the district seats the municipality's executive, legislature and judiciary, together with its Communist Party and Public Security Bureau.","title":"Jiaocheng, Ningde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiapu_County"},{"link_name":"Pingnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingnan_County,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Zhouning County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhouning_County"},{"link_name":"Fu'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27an"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Gutian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_County"},{"link_name":"Luoyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyuan_County"},{"link_name":"Sandu Ao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandu_Ao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jiaocheng is bordered by Xiapu and Pingnan counties to the east and west, Zhouning County and Fu'an City to the north, and to the south by Fuzhou municipality's Gutian and Luoyuan counties. A large deep-water bay Sandu Ao (三都澳) (Santuao) gives access to the East China Sea.[1]","title":"Situation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)"},{"link_name":"Development zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"ethnic township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_township"},{"link_name":"She people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The district oversees two subdistricts (街道; Jiēdào), one Development zone (开发区; kāifā qū), ten towns (镇; zhèn) and four townships (乡; xiāng), of which one is an ethnic township designated for the native She people.[2]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiaonan Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiaonan_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jiaobei Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiaobei_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Subdistricts","text":"Jiaonan Subdistrict (蕉南街道)\nJiaobei Subdistrict (蕉北街道)","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Development zones","text":"Dongqiao (东侨开发区)","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chengnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengnan,_Ningde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhangwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhangwan,_Fujian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qidu,_Fujian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Badu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badu,_Fujian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jiudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiudu,_Ningde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Feiluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feiluan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandu,_Fujian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chixi,_Ningde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huotong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huotong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yangzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangzhong,_Ningde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei,_Fujian"}],"sub_title":"Towns","text":"Chengnan (城南镇)\nZhangwan (漳湾镇)\nQidu (七都镇)\nBadu (八都镇)\nJiudu (九都镇)\nFeiluan (飞鸾镇)\nSandu (三都镇)\nChixi (赤溪镇)\nHuotong (霍童镇)\nYangzhong (洋中镇)\nHubei (虎贝镇)","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hongkou Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hongkou_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shihou Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihou_Township"},{"link_name":"Jinhan She Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinhan_She_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Townships","text":"Hongkou Township (洪口乡)\nShihou Township (石后乡)\nJinhan She Ethnic Township (金涵畲族乡)","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fengshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshan_County,_Guangxi"},{"link_name":"Fu'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27an"}],"text":"Both Subdistricts, the Ethnic Township and the towns of Feiluan, Chengnan, Qidu and Badu lie on National Route 104, connecting south to Fengshan and north to Fu'an City centre.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7-5031-2176-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5031-2176-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"金农网福建省宁德市蕉城区乡镇、村信息\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110707013900/http://ww.agri.com.cn/town-village/350902.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ww.agri.com.cn/town-village/350902.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fujian"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fujian"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fujian"},{"link_name":"County-level 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District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huli_District"},{"link_name":"Fujian Free-Trade Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Free-Trade_Zone"},{"link_name":"Jimei District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimei_District"},{"link_name":"Tong'an District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%27an_District"},{"link_name":"Xiang'an District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang%27an_District"},{"link_name":"Prefecture-level cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Gulou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulou_District,_Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Taijiang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijiang_District"},{"link_name":"Cangshan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangshan_District"},{"link_name":"Mawei District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawei_District"},{"link_name":"Fujian Free-Trade Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Free-Trade_Zone"},{"link_name":"Jin'an District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%27an_District,_Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Changle District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changle_District"},{"link_name":"Fuqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqing"},{"link_name":"Minhou County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhou_County"},{"link_name":"Lianjiang County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianjiang_County"},{"link_name":"Luoyuan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyuan_County"},{"link_name":"Minqing County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minqing_County"},{"link_name":"Yongtai County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongtai_County"},{"link_name":"Pingtan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtan_County"},{"link_name":"Fujian Free-Trade Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Free-Trade_Zone"},{"link_name":"Putian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian"},{"link_name":"Chengxiang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengxiang_District"},{"link_name":"Hanjiang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanjiang_District,_Putian"},{"link_name":"Licheng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licheng_District,_Putian"},{"link_name":"Xiuyu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiuyu_District"},{"link_name":"Xianyou County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianyou_County"},{"link_name":"Sanming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanming"},{"link_name":"Meilie District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilie_District"},{"link_name":"Sanyuan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyuan_District"},{"link_name":"Shaxian District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaxian_District"},{"link_name":"Yong'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong%27an"},{"link_name":"Mingxi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingxi_County"},{"link_name":"Qingliu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingliu_County"},{"link_name":"Ninghua County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninghua_County"},{"link_name":"Datian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datian_County"},{"link_name":"Youxi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youxi_County"},{"link_name":"Jiangle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangle_County"},{"link_name":"Taining County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taining_County"},{"link_name":"Jianning County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianning_County"},{"link_name":"Quanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou"},{"link_name":"Licheng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licheng_District,_Quanzhou"},{"link_name":"Fengze District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengze_District"},{"link_name":"Luojiang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luojiang_District,_Quanzhou"},{"link_name":"Quangang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quangang_District"},{"link_name":"Shishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishi,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Jinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Nan'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%27an,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Hui'an County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui%27an_County"},{"link_name":"Anxi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxi_County"},{"link_name":"Yongchun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongchun_County"},{"link_name":"Dehua County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehua_County"},{"link_name":"Kinmen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Zhangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangzhou"},{"link_name":"Xiangcheng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangcheng_District,_Zhangzhou"},{"link_name":"Longwen District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwen_District"},{"link_name":"Longhai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhai_District"},{"link_name":"Changtai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changtai_District"},{"link_name":"Yunxiao County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunxiao_County"},{"link_name":"Zhangpu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangpu_County"},{"link_name":"Zhao'an County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao%27an_County"},{"link_name":"Dongshan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongshan_County"},{"link_name":"Nanjing County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_County"},{"link_name":"Pinghe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghe_County"},{"link_name":"Hua'an County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%27an_County"},{"link_name":"Nanping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanping"},{"link_name":"Jianyang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianyang_District"},{"link_name":"Yanping District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanping_District"},{"link_name":"Shaowu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaowu"},{"link_name":"Wuyishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyishan,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Jian'ou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian%27ou"},{"link_name":"Shunchang County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunchang_County"},{"link_name":"Pucheng County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucheng_County,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Guangze County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangze_County"},{"link_name":"Songxi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songxi_County"},{"link_name":"Zhenghe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenghe_County"},{"link_name":"Longyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyan"},{"link_name":"Xinluo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinluo_District"},{"link_name":"Yongding District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongding_District,_Longyan"},{"link_name":"Zhangping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangping"},{"link_name":"Changting County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changting_County"},{"link_name":"Shanghang County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghang_County"},{"link_name":"Wuping County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuping_County"},{"link_name":"Liancheng County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liancheng_County"},{"link_name":"Ningde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningde"},{"link_name":"Jiaocheng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaocheng_District"},{"link_name":"Fu'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27an"},{"link_name":"Fuding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuding"},{"link_name":"Shouning County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouning_County"},{"link_name":"Xiapu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiapu_County"},{"link_name":"Zherong County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zherong_County"},{"link_name":"Pingnan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingnan_County,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Gutian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_County"},{"link_name":"Zhouning County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhouning_County"}],"text":"^ Fujian-sheng Ditu-ce, Gao XiuJing, ed., China Map Publishing, 1999, ISBN 7-5031-2176-9\n\n^ \"金农网福建省宁德市蕉城区乡镇、村信息\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-08-10.vteCounty-level divisions of Fujian ProvinceFuzhou (capital)Sub-provincial cityXiamen\nSiming District\nHaicang District\nFujian Free-Trade Zone\nHuli District\nFujian Free-Trade Zone\nJimei District\nTong'an District\nXiang'an District\nPrefecture-level citiesFuzhou\nGulou District\nTaijiang District\nCangshan District\nMawei District\nFujian Free-Trade Zone\nJin'an District\nChangle District\nFuqing city\nMinhou County\nLianjiang County\nLuoyuan County\nMinqing County\nYongtai County\nPingtan County\nFujian Free-Trade Zone\nPutian\nChengxiang District\nHanjiang District\nLicheng District\nXiuyu District\nXianyou County\nSanming\nMeilie District\nSanyuan District\nShaxian District\nYong'an city\nMingxi County\nQingliu County\nNinghua County\nDatian County\nYouxi County\nJiangle County\nTaining County\nJianning County\nQuanzhou\nLicheng District\nFengze District\nLuojiang District\nQuangang District\nShishi city\nJinjiang city\nNan'an city\nHui'an County\nAnxi County\nYongchun County\nDehua County\nKinmen County¹\nZhangzhou\nXiangcheng District\nLongwen District\nLonghai District\nChangtai District\nYunxiao County\nZhangpu County\nZhao'an County\nDongshan County\nNanjing County\nPinghe County\nHua'an County\nNanping\nJianyang District\nYanping District\nShaowu city\nWuyishan city\nJian'ou city\nShunchang County\nPucheng County\nGuangze County\nSongxi County\nZhenghe County\nLongyan\nXinluo District\nYongding District\nZhangping city\nChangting County\nShanghang County\nWuping County\nLiancheng County\nNingde\nJiaocheng District\nFu'an city\nFuding city\nShouning County\nXiapu County\nZherong County\nPingnan County\nGutian County\nZhouning County\n¹ — Kinmen (Quemoy) is a county of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is claimed by the PRC.","title":"Notes and references"}]
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[{"reference":"\"金农网福建省宁德市蕉城区乡镇、村信息\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013900/http://ww.agri.com.cn/town-village/350902.htm","url_text":"\"金农网福建省宁德市蕉城区乡镇、村信息\""},{"url":"http://ww.agri.com.cn/town-village/350902.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiaocheng,_Ningde¶ms=26_39_42_N_119_31_23_E_region:CN-35_type:city","external_links_name":"26°39′42″N 119°31′23″E / 26.66167°N 119.52306°E / 26.66167; 119.52306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiaocheng,_Ningde¶ms=26_39_42_N_119_31_23_E_region:CN-35_type:city","external_links_name":"26°39′42″N 119°31′23″E / 26.66167°N 119.52306°E / 26.66167; 119.52306"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013900/http://ww.agri.com.cn/town-village/350902.htm","external_links_name":"\"金农网福建省宁德市蕉城区乡镇、村信息\""},{"Link":"http://ww.agri.com.cn/town-village/350902.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmacs
|
Zmacs
|
["1 External links"]
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Text editor for Lisp machines
ZmacsZmacs in Texas Instrument Explorer 1Developer(s)MITOperating systemLisp machineTypeText editor
Zmacs is one of the many variants of the Emacs text editor. Zmacs was written for the MIT Lisp machine and runs on its descendants (Symbolics Genera, LMI Lambda, TI Explorer). Zmacs is written in Lisp Machine Lisp (called ZetaLisp on Symbolics Lisp Machines). It is based on the ZWEI programming substrate, which stands for "Zwei Was EINE Initially"; Zwei was a collection of routines which could be used to easily implement other programs, like the Symbolics mail program, Zmail.
A distinctive feature of Zmacs, which can also be found in Hemlock and LispWorks, is that commands look like M-x Compile Buffer instead of M-x compile-buffer as modern Emacsen, like GNU Emacs, generally format commands.
Zmacs also supports buffers and modes. Zmacs also uses the window system of the Lisp Machine with support for mouse and windows. Zmacs supports unlimited backup of files, since the file system of the Lisp Machine supports file versions. It is not compatible with GNU Emacs and its Emacs Lisp.
External links
Zmacs Manual (PDF) — For the Texas Instruments' Explorer Lisp Machine implementation.
vte EmacsImplementationsGNU andderivative
GNU Emacs
XEmacs
Other
Epsilon
Freemacs
EINE
Gosling Emacs
Mocklisp
Hemlock
JOVE
mg
MicroEMACS
MINCE
Multics Emacs
Perfect Writer
GNU TeXmacs
vile
Zmacs
ZWEI
Modes
AUCTeX
Dired
Dunnet
Emacs Speaks Statistics
Emacspeak
EMMS
ERC
eww
Gnus
Magit
Org-mode
Planner
rcirc
RefTeX
SLIME
w3m
Internals
Emacs Lisp
MULE
CommunityOrganizations
Honeywell
Lugaru Software
Perfect Software
Mark of the Unicorn
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Thorn EMI Computer Software
UniPress
People
Thomas Dickey
Paul Fox
Richard P. Gabriel
James Gosling
Jim Hall
Joris van der Hoeven
Daniel Murphy
Russ Nelson
David Reitter
Richard Stallman
Guy L. Steele Jr.
Daniel Weinreb
Other
Conkeror
Dissociated press
Editor war
Spacemacs
Emacs on Wikimedia Commons
Emacs on Wikiquotes
This text editor article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs"},{"link_name":"text editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Lisp machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_machine"},{"link_name":"TI Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_Explorer"},{"link_name":"Lisp Machine Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp"},{"link_name":"ZetaLisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZetaLisp"},{"link_name":"Symbolics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics"},{"link_name":"Lisp Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_Machines"},{"link_name":"ZWEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZWEI"},{"link_name":"EINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EINE_and_ZWEI"},{"link_name":"Hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_(text_editor)"},{"link_name":"LispWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LispWorks"},{"link_name":"GNU Emacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs"},{"link_name":"buffers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs#General_architecture"},{"link_name":"modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs#General_architecture"}],"text":"Zmacs is one of the many variants of the Emacs text editor. Zmacs was written for the MIT Lisp machine and runs on its descendants (Symbolics Genera, LMI Lambda, TI Explorer). Zmacs is written in Lisp Machine Lisp (called ZetaLisp on Symbolics Lisp Machines). It is based on the ZWEI programming substrate, which stands for \"Zwei Was EINE Initially\"; Zwei was a collection of routines which could be used to easily implement other programs, like the Symbolics mail program, Zmail.A distinctive feature of Zmacs, which can also be found in Hemlock and LispWorks, is that commands look like M-x Compile Buffer instead of M-x compile-buffer as modern Emacsen, like GNU Emacs, generally format commands.Zmacs also supports buffers and modes. Zmacs also uses the window system of the Lisp Machine with support for mouse and windows. Zmacs supports unlimited backup of files, since the file system of the Lisp Machine supports file versions. It is not compatible with GNU Emacs and its Emacs Lisp.","title":"Zmacs"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ti/explorer/2243192-0001A_Zmacs_Jun87.pdf","external_links_name":"Zmacs Manual"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zmacs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_(crater)
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List of craters on Mars: A–G
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[]
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This article should list only official names approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
Opportunity rover images Burns Cliff inside Endurance impact crater in 2004.
This is a partial list of craters on Mars. There are hundreds of thousands of impact craters on Mars, but only some of them have names. This list here only contains named Martian craters starting with the letter A – G (see also lists for H – N and O – Z).
Large Martian craters (greater than 60 kilometers in diameter) are named after famous scientists and science fiction authors; smaller ones (less than 60 km in diameter) get their names from towns on Earth. Craters cannot be named for living people, and small crater names are not intended to be commemorative – that is, a small crater isn't actually named after a specific town on Earth, but rather its name comes at random from a pool of terrestrial place names, with some exceptions made for craters near landing sites. Latitude and longitude are given as planetographic coordinates with west longitude.
List of craters on Mars — (main page)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Ref
Aban
16°06′N 249°00′W / 16.1°N 249.0°W / 16.1; -249.0 (Aban)
4.2
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Achar
45°48′N 236°54′W / 45.8°N 236.9°W / 45.8; -236.9 (Achar)
5.5
1979
Uruguay place name
WGPSN
Ada
3°00′S 3°12′W / 3.0°S 3.2°W / -3.0; -3.2 (Ada)
1.0
2006
USA (Oklahoma) place name
WGPSN
Adams
31°06′N 197°00′W / 31.1°N 197.0°W / 31.1; -197.0 (Adams)
94.9
1973
Walter Sydney Adams
WGPSN
Agassiz
70°06′S 89°00′W / 70.1°S 89.0°W / -70.1; -89.0 (Agassiz)
117.7
1973
Louis Agassiz
WGPSN
Airy
5°06′S 0°06′E / 5.1°S 0.1°E / -5.1; 0.1 (Airy)
41.0
1973
George Biddell Airy
WGPSN
Airy-0
5°06′S 0°00′E / 5.1°S -0.0°E / -5.1; -0.0 (Airy-0)
0.5
1973
WGPSN
Ajon
16°42′N 256°54′W / 16.7°N 256.9°W / 16.7; -256.9 (Ajon)
8.4
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Aki
35°48′S 60°18′W / 35.8°S 60.3°W / -35.8; -60.3 (Aki)
8.1
1979
Japan place name
WGPSN
Aktaj
20°36′N 46°36′W / 20.6°N 46.6°W / 20.6; -46.6 (Aktaj)
4.9
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Alamos
23°29′N 37°13′W / 23.48°N 37.21°W / 23.48; -37.21 (Alamos)
6.3
2006
Mexico place name
WGPSN
Albany
23°12′N 49°06′W / 23.2°N 49.1°W / 23.2; -49.1 (Albany)
2.0
1979
Albany, NY, USA
WGPSN
Albi
41°48′S 35°06′W / 41.8°S 35.1°W / -41.8; -35.1 (Albi)
8.5
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Alexey Tolstoy
47°48′S 234°48′W / 47.8°S 234.8°W / -47.8; -234.8 (Alexey Tolstoy)
95.0
1982
Aleksei Tolstoi
WGPSN
Alga
24°36′S 26°42′W / 24.6°S 26.7°W / -24.6; -26.7 (Alga)
19.2
1976
Kazakhstan place name
WGPSN
Alitus
35°12′S 38°12′W / 35.2°S 38.2°W / -35.2; -38.2 (Alitus)
50.0
1979
Alytus, Lithuania
WGPSN
Alnif
15°08′S 328°55′E / 15.14°S 328.91°E / -15.14; 328.91 (Alnif)
23.99
2017
Town in Morocco
WGPSN
Alofi
9°50′N 359°59′E / 9.84°N 359.98°E / 9.84; 359.98 (Alofi)
43
2018
Alofi, Niue
WGPSN
Amsterdam
23°12′N 47°06′W / 23.2°N 47.1°W / 23.2; -47.1 (Amsterdam)
1.3
1979
Amsterdam, Netherlands
WGPSN
Andapa
5°20′S 355°16′E / 5.33°S 355.27°E / -5.33; 355.27 (Andapa)
11
2017
Town in Madagascar
WGPSN
Angelica
18°39′N 76°57′E / 18.65°N 76.95°E / 18.65; 76.95 (Angelica)
3.5
2020
Town in New York, USA
WGPSN
Angu
20°12′N 254°24′W / 20.2°N 254.4°W / 20.2; -254.4 (Angu)
1.8
1988
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Aniak
32°12′S 69°36′W / 32.2°S 69.6°W / -32.2; -69.6 (Aniak)
51.0
1979
Aniak, Alaska, USA
WGPSN
Annapolis
23°24′N 47°48′W / 23.4°N 47.8°W / 23.4; -47.8 (Annapolis)
0.4
1979
Annapolis, MD, USA
WGPSN
Antoniadi
21°30′N 299°12′W / 21.5°N 299.2°W / 21.5; -299.2 (Antoniadi)
394.0
1973
E. M. Antoniadi
WGPSN
Apia
37°36′S 271°06′W / 37.6°S 271.1°W / -37.6; -271.1 (Apia)
10.5
1991
Samoa place name
WGPSN
Apt
40°12′N 9°36′W / 40.2°N 9.6°W / 40.2; -9.6 (Apt)
10.0
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Arago
10°12′N 330°12′W / 10.2°N 330.2°W / 10.2; -330.2 (Arago)
154.0
1973
François Arago
WGPSN
Arandas
42°42′N 15°06′W / 42.7°N 15.1°W / 42.7; -15.1 (Arandas)
25.1
1976
Arandas, Mexico
WGPSN
Argas
23°36′N 50°18′W / 23.6°N 50.3°W / 23.6; -50.3 (Argas)
3.7
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Arica
24°00′S 249°54′W / 24.0°S 249.9°W / -24.0; -249.9 (Arica)
15.5
1991
Colombia place name
WGPSN
Arima
15°48′S 296°18′E / 15.8°S 296.3°E / -15.8; 296.3 (Arima)
53.6
2012
Town in Trinidad and Tobago
WGPSN
Arkhangelsky
41°24′S 24°48′W / 41.4°S 24.8°W / -41.4; -24.8 (Arkhangelsky)
125.0
1979
Andrey Arkhangelsky
WGPSN
Arrhenius
40°18′S 237°24′W / 40.3°S 237.4°W / -40.3; -237.4 (Arrhenius)
129.0
1973
Svante Arrhenius
WGPSN
Arta
21°36′N 54°24′W / 21.6°N 54.4°W / 21.6; -54.4 (Arta)
4.0
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Artik
34°48′S 131°00′E / 34.8°S 131.0°E / -34.8; 131.0 (Artik)
5.4
2013
Town in Armenia
WGPSN
Asau
3°36′S 154°42′E / 3.6°S 154.7°E / -3.6; 154.7 (Asau)
25.0
2013
Town in Tuvalu
WGPSN
Asimov
47°00′S 355°03′W / 47.0°S 355.05°W / -47.0; -355.05 (Asimov)
85.0
2009
Isaac Asimov
WGPSN
Aspen
21°36′S 23°12′W / 21.6°S 23.2°W / -21.6; -23.2 (Aspen)
20.3
1976
Aspen, Colorado
WGPSN
Auce
27°12′S 279°54′W / 27.2°S 279.9°W / -27.2; -279.9 (Auce)
37.0
2014
Latvia place name
WGPSN
Auki
15°48′S 263°06′W / 15.8°S 263.1°W / -15.8; -263.1 (Auki)
40
2015
Auki, Solomon Islands
WGPSN
Avan
11°00′S 290°12′W / 11°S 290.2°W / -11; -290.2 (Avan)
3.3
2016
Avan, village in Armenia
WGPSN
Avarua
35°54′S 250°26′W / 35.9°S 250.43°W / -35.9; -250.43 (Avarua)
52.0
2010
Cook Islands place name
WGPSN
Aveiro
21°30′N 79°06′W / 21.5°N 79.1°W / 21.5; -79.1 (Aveiro)
9.5
1985
Portugal place name
WGPSN
Avire
40°50′S 159°54′W / 40.83°S 159.9°W / -40.83; -159.9 (Avire)
6.54
2008
Vanuatu place name
WGPSN
Ayacucho
38°30′N 92°12′W / 38.5°N 92.2°W / 38.5; -92.2 (Ayacucho)
2.5
1991
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Ayr
39°18′S 268°30′W / 39.3°S 268.5°W / -39.3; -268.5 (Ayr)
13.0
1991
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Azul
42°24′S 42°36′W / 42.4°S 42.6°W / -42.4; -42.6 (Azul)
19.7
1976
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Azusa
5°36′S 40°24′W / 5.6°S 40.4°W / -5.6; -40.4 (Azusa)
41.1
1976
USA (California) place name
WGPSN
back to top
B
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Date approved
Named after
Ref
Babakin
36°24′S 71°36′W / 36.4°S 71.6°W / -36.4; -71.6 (Babakin)
78.0
1985
Georgy Babakin
WGPSN
Bacht
18°54′N 257°24′W / 18.9°N 257.4°W / 18.9; -257.4 (Bacht)
8.0
1976
Baxt, Uzbekistan place name
WGPSN
Bacolor
33°00′N 241°24′W / 33.0°N 241.4°W / 33.0; -241.4 (Bacolor)
20.8
2006
Bacolor, Philippines
WGPSN
Bada
20°30′N 50°48′W / 20.5°N 50.8°W / 20.5; -50.8 (Bada)
2.1
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Badger
46°35′N 194°51′E / 46.58°N 194.85°E / 46.58; 194.85 (Badger)
0.734
(informal)
England place name
—
Badwater
22°48′S 297°54′W / 22.8°S 297.9°W / -22.8; -297.9 (Badwater)
33.1
2015
USA (California) place name
WGPSN
Bahn
3°30′S 43°24′W / 3.5°S 43.4°W / -3.5; -43.4 (Bahn)
12.3
1976
Liberia place name
WGPSN
Bak
18°18′N 256°18′W / 18.3°N 256.3°W / 18.3; -256.3 (Bak)
3.2
1988
Hungary place name
WGPSN
Bakhuysen
23°18′S 344°24′W / 23.3°S 344.4°W / -23.3; -344.4 (Bakhuysen)
161.0
1973
Hendricus van de Sande Bakhuyzen
WGPSN
Balboa
3°54′S 34°00′W / 3.9°S 34.0°W / -3.9; -34.0 (Balboa)
23.3
1976
Panama place name
WGPSN
Baldet
23°00′N 294°36′W / 23.0°N 294.6°W / 23.0; -294.6 (Baldet)
180.0
1973
Fernand Baldet
WGPSN
Balta
24°06′S 26°36′W / 24.1°S 26.6°W / -24.1; -26.6 (Balta)
18.2
1976
Ukraine place name
WGPSN
Baltisk
42°42′S 54°42′W / 42.7°S 54.7°W / -42.7; -54.7 (Baltisk)
52.0
1976
Baltiysk, Russia
WGPSN
Balvicar
16°24′N 53°18′W / 16.4°N 53.3°W / 16.4; -53.3 (Balvicar)
20.5
1988
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Bam
25°48′S 244°18′W / 25.8°S 244.3°W / -25.8; -244.3 (Bam)
6.8
2017
Bam, Iran
WGPSN
Bamba
3°24′S 41°42′W / 3.4°S 41.7°W / -3.4; -41.7 (Bamba)
23.0
1976
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Bamberg
40°00′N 3°12′W / 40.0°N 3.2°W / 40.0; -3.2 (Bamberg)
58.3
1976
Bamberg, Germany
WGPSN
Banes
10°46′N 355°41′W / 10.76°N 355.68°W / 10.76; -355.68 (Banes)
41
2018
Banes, Cuba
WGPSN
Banff
17°42′N 30°48′W / 17.7°N 30.8°W / 17.7; -30.8 (Banff)
5.0
1976
Canada (Alberta) place name
WGPSN
Banh
19°36′N 55°36′W / 19.6°N 55.6°W / 19.6; -55.6 (Banh)
15.0
1976
Burkina Faso place name
WGPSN
Bar
25°30′S 19°30′W / 25.5°S 19.5°W / -25.5; -19.5 (Bar)
1.9
1976
Ukraine place name
WGPSN
Barabashov
47°42′N 68°48′W / 47.7°N 68.8°W / 47.7; -68.8 (Barabashov)
125.6
1973
Nikolai P. Barabashov
WGPSN
Barnard
61°24′S 298°24′W / 61.4°S 298.4°W / -61.4; -298.4 (Barnard)
125.0
1973
Edward Emerson Barnard
WGPSN
Baro
25°00′S 249°24′W / 25.0°S 249.4°W / -25.0; -249.4 (Baro)
16.7
1991
Nigeria place name
WGPSN
Barsukov
8°00′N 29°06′W / 8.0°N 29.1°W / 8.0; -29.1 (Barsukov)
71.7
2003
Valeri Barsukov
WGPSN
Barth
7°26′N 25°40′W / 7.44°N 25.67°W / 7.44; -25.67 (Barth)
111
2019
Charles A., American atmospheric physicist (1930-2014)
WGPSN
Basin
18°00′N 253°06′W / 18.0°N 253.1°W / 18.0; -253.1 (Basin)
15.7
1976
Basin, Wyoming
WGPSN
Batoka
7°42′S 36°48′W / 7.7°S 36.8°W / -7.7; -36.8 (Batoka)
15.5
1976
Zambia place name
WGPSN
Batoş
21°42′N 29°30′W / 21.7°N 29.5°W / 21.7; -29.5 (Batoş)
17.2
1976
Romania place name
WGPSN
Batson
28°55′S 84°09′E / 28.91°S 84.15°E / -28.91; 84.15 (Batson)
75
2018
Raymond Milner, American geologist and photogrammetrist
WGPSN
Baucau
28°24′N 55°06′W / 28.4°N 55.1°W / 28.4; -55.1 (Baucau)
17.9
2012
Timor-Leste place name
WGPSN
Baum
62
2016
William Alvin; American astronomer (1924-2012)
WGPSN
Baykonyr
46°42′N 227°24′W / 46.7°N 227.4°W / 46.7; -227.4 (Baykonyr)
4.0
1979
Kazakhstan place name
WGPSN
Bazas
28°00′S 266°42′W / 28.0°S 266.7°W / -28.0; -266.7 (Bazas)
16.7
1991
France place name
WGPSN
Beagle
2°00′S 5°30′W / 2.0°S 5.5°W / -2.0; -5.5 (Beagle)
0.04
(informal)
HMS Beagle
—
Becquerel
22°18′N 8°00′W / 22.3°N 8.0°W / 22.3; -8.0 (Becquerel)
171.2
1973
Henri Becquerel
WGPSN
Beer
14°36′S 8°12′W / 14.6°S 8.2°W / -14.6; -8.2 (Beer)
89.8
1973
Wilhelm Beer
WGPSN
Beloha
39°30′S 303°24′W / 39.5°S 303.4°W / -39.5; -303.4 (Beloha)
33.5
2006
Madagascar place name
WGPSN
Beltra
18°12′N 257°42′W / 18.2°N 257.7°W / 18.2; -257.7 (Beltra)
7.4
1988
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Belva
18°29′N 77°23′E / 18.48°N 77.38°E / 18.48; 77.38 (Belva)
0.9
2020
Belva, West Virginia
WGPSN
Belyov
0.2
2013
(Belev) Town in Tula region, Russia.
WGPSN
Belz
21°48′N 43°18′W / 21.8°N 43.3°W / 21.8; -43.3 (Belz)
10.2
1976
Belz, Ukraine
WGPSN
Bend
22°36′S 27°48′W / 22.6°S 27.8°W / -22.6; -27.8 (Bend)
3.6
1976
Bend, Oregon
WGPSN
Bentham
56°06′S 40°36′W / 56.1°S 40.6°W / -56.1; -40.6 (Bentham)
11.5
1991
England place name
WGPSN
Bentong
22°30′S 19°06′W / 22.5°S 19.1°W / -22.5; -19.1 (Bentong)
10.2
1976
Malaysia place name
WGPSN
Bernard
23°36′S 154°18′W / 23.6°S 154.3°W / -23.6; -154.3 (Bernard)
131.0
1985
P. Bernard
WGPSN
Berseba
4°30′S 37°42′W / 4.5°S 37.7°W / -4.5; -37.7 (Berseba)
37.5
1976
Namibia place name
WGPSN
Beruri
5°17′N 278°50′W / 5.28°N 278.84°W / 5.28; -278.84 (Beruri)
46.6
2006
Brazil place name
WGPSN
Betio
23°06′S 78°42′W / 23.1°S 78.7°W / -23.1; -78.7 (Betio)
32.4
2013
Kiribati place name
WGPSN
Bhor
42°06′N 225°36′W / 42.1°N 225.6°W / 42.1; -225.6 (Bhor)
6.0
1979
Bhor, India place name
WGPSN
Bianchini
64°12′S 95°24′W / 64.2°S 95.4°W / -64.2; -95.4 (Bianchini)
76.0
1973
Francesco Bianchini
WGPSN
Bigbee
25°00′S 34°48′W / 25.0°S 34.8°W / -25.0; -34.8 (Bigbee)
20.5
1976
USA (Mississippi) place name
WGPSN
Bira
25°24′N 45°36′W / 25.4°N 45.6°W / 25.4; -45.6 (Bira)
2.9
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Bise
20°24′N 56°54′W / 20.4°N 56.9°W / 20.4; -56.9 (Bise)
9.8
1976
Japan place name
WGPSN
Bison
26°36′S 29°12′W / 26.6°S 29.2°W / -26.6; -29.2 (Bison)
16.0
1976
USA (Kansas) place name
WGPSN
Bjerknes
43°24′S 188°36′W / 43.4°S 188.6°W / -43.4; -188.6 (Bjerknes)
94.0
1973
Vilhelm Bjerknes
WGPSN
Bland
18°30′N 251°18′W / 18.5°N 251.3°W / 18.5; -251.3 (Bland)
7.1
1988
Bland, Missouri
WGPSN
Bled
21°48′N 31°30′W / 21.8°N 31.5°W / 21.8; -31.5 (Bled)
7.8
1976
Slovenia place name
WGPSN
Blitta
26°06′S 21°00′W / 26.1°S 21.0°W / -26.1; -21.0 (Blitta)
13.6
1976
Togo place name
WGPSN
Blois
23°48′N 56°00′W / 23.8°N 56.0°W / 23.8; -56.0 (Blois)
12.5
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Bluff
23°42′N 250°00′W / 23.7°N 250.0°W / 23.7; -250.0 (Bluff)
6.6
1976
New Zealand place name
WGPSN
Blunck
27°30′S 36°54′W / 27.5°S 36.9°W / -27.5; -36.9 (Blunk)
17.2
2013
Jürgen Blunck, German historian
WGPSN
Boeddicker
15°00′S 197°42′W / 15.0°S 197.7°W / -15.0; -197.7 (Boeddicker)
109.0
1973
Otto Boeddicker
WGPSN
Bogia
44°18′S 276°50′W / 44.3°S 276.84°W / -44.3; -276.84 (Bogia)
38.0
2008
Papua New Guinea place name
WGPSN
Bogra
24°24′S 28°54′W / 24.4°S 28.9°W / -24.4; -28.9 (Bogra)
21.3
1976
Bangladesh place name
WGPSN
Bok
20°48′N 31°42′W / 20.8°N 31.7°W / 20.8; -31.7 (Bok)
7.1
1976
Papua New Guinea place name
WGPSN
Bole
25°36′N 54°06′W / 25.6°N 54.1°W / 25.6; -54.1 (Bole)
8.3
1976
Ghana place name
WGPSN
Bombala
27°54′S 254°00′W / 27.9°S 254.0°W / -27.9; -254.0 (Bombala)
38.1
1991
Australia (New S. Wales) place name
WGPSN
Bond
33°12′S 36°00′W / 33.2°S 36.0°W / -33.2; -36.0 (Bond)
110.6
1973
George Phillips Bond
WGPSN
Bonestell
42°18′N 30°30′W / 42.3°N 30.5°W / 42.3; -30.5 (Bonestell)
42.4
1997
Chesley Bonestell
WGPSN
Bonneville
14°36′S 175°30′E / 14.6°S 175.5°E / -14.6; 175.5 (Bonneville)
0.21
(informal)
Lake Bonneville
—
Boola
81°19′N 105°42′W / 81.31°N 105.7°W / 81.31; -105.7 (Boola)
17.25
2006
Guinea place name
WGPSN
Bopolu
2°57′S 6°20′W / 2.95°S 6.33°W / -2.95; -6.33 (Bopolu)
19.3
2006
Bopolu, Liberia
WGPSN
Bor
18°24′N 33°48′W / 18.4°N 33.8°W / 18.4; -33.8 (Bor)
4.3
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Bordeaux
23°24′N 49°00′W / 23.4°N 49.0°W / 23.4; -49.0 (Bordeaux)
1.8
1979
Bordeaux, France
WGPSN
Boru
24°36′S 27°54′W / 24.6°S 27.9°W / -24.6; -27.9 (Boru)
10.9
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Bouguer
18°42′S 332°48′W / 18.7°S 332.8°W / -18.7; -332.8 (Bouguer)
107.0
1973
Pierre Bouguer
WGPSN
Boulia
23°06′S 248°48′W / 23.1°S 248.8°W / -23.1; -248.8 (Boulia)
10.5
1991
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Bozkir
44°30′S 32°12′W / 44.5°S 32.2°W / -44.5; -32.2 (Bozkir)
84.0
1976
Turkey place name
WGPSN
Bradbury
63.2
2015
Raymond Douglas "Ray"; American author (1920–2012)
WGPSN
Brashear
54°12′S 119°12′W / 54.2°S 119.2°W / -54.2; -119.2 (Brashear)
79.0
1973
John Brashear
WGPSN
Bree
37°36′N 210°24′W / 37.6°N 210.4°W / 37.6; -210.4 (Bree)
28.8
2014
Belgium place name
WGPSN
Bremerhaven
23°54′N 48°42′W / 23.9°N 48.7°W / 23.9; -48.7 (Bremerhaven)
2.5
1979
Bremerhaven, Germany
WGPSN
Briault
10°12′S 270°24′W / 10.2°S 270.4°W / -10.2; -270.4 (Briault)
96.6
1973
P. Briault
WGPSN
Bridgetown
22°06′N 47°12′W / 22.1°N 47.2°W / 22.1; -47.2 (Bridgetown)
1.3
1979
Bridgetown, Barbados
WGPSN
Bristol
22°18′N 47°00′W / 22.3°N 47.0°W / 22.3; -47.0 (Bristol)
3.0
1979
Bristol, England, UK
WGPSN
Broach
23°42′N 57°00′W / 23.7°N 57.0°W / 23.7; -57.0 (Broach)
12.0
1976
India place name
WGPSN
Bronkhorst
10°42′S 55°18′W / 10.7°S 55.3°W / -10.7; -55.3 (Bronkhorst)
17.9
2006
Netherlands place name
WGPSN
Brush
21°54′N 248°42′W / 21.9°N 248.7°W / 21.9; -248.7 (Brush)
6.4
1976
USA (Colorado) place name
WGPSN
Bulhar
50°42′N 225°36′W / 50.7°N 225.6°W / 50.7; -225.6 (Bulhar)
18.7
1979
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Bunge
34°12′S 48°42′W / 34.2°S 48.7°W / -34.2; -48.7 (Bunge)
73.7
1979
Alexander Bunge
WGPSN
Bunnik
38°24′S 142°06′W / 38.4°S 142.1°W / -38.4; -142.1 (Bunnik)
29.0
2016
Netherlands place name
WGPSN
Burroughs
72°24′S 243°00′W / 72.4°S 243.0°W / -72.4; -243.0 (Burroughs)
125.7
1973
Edgar Rice Burroughs
WGPSN
Burton
14°06′S 156°24′W / 14.1°S 156.4°W / -14.1; -156.4 (Burton)
123.0
1973
Charles E. Burton
WGPSN
Buta
23°30′S 32°30′W / 23.5°S 32.5°W / -23.5; -32.5 (Buta)
11.0
1979
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Butte
5°12′S 39°00′W / 5.2°S 39.0°W / -5.2; -39.0 (Butte)
13.0
1976
Butte, Montana
WGPSN
Byala
26.23
2013
Town in Bulgaria
WGPSN
Byrd
65°30′S 232°12′W / 65.5°S 232.2°W / -65.5; -232.2 (Byrd)
126.8
1976
Richard E. Byrd
WGPSN
Byske
5°00′S 34°00′W / 5.0°S 34.0°W / -5.0; -34.0 (Byske)
13.5
1976
Sweden place name
WGPSN
back to top
C
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Date approved
Named after
Ref
Cádiz
23°24′N 49°06′W / 23.4°N 49.1°W / 23.4; -49.1 (Cádiz)
1.5
1979
Cádiz, Spain
WGPSN
Cagli
4°44′N 356°27′E / 4.73°N 356.45°E / 4.73; 356.45 (Cagli)
28.16
2018
Cagli, Italy
WGPSN
Cairns
23°48′N 47°30′W / 23.8°N 47.5°W / 23.8; -47.5 (Cairns)
8.6
1976
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Calahorra
26°42′N 38°42′W / 26.7°N 38.7°W / 26.7; -38.7 (Calahorra)
35.2
1997
Spain place name
WGPSN
Calamar
18°30′N 55°00′W / 18.5°N 55.0°W / 18.5; -55.0 (Calamar)
7.2
1988
Colombia place name
WGPSN
Calbe
25°24′S 28°54′W / 25.4°S 28.9°W / -25.4; -28.9 (Calbe)
13.3
1976
Germany place name
WGPSN
Camargo
17°54′N 250°24′W / 17.9°N 250.4°W / 17.9; -250.4 (Camargo)
4.7
1988
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Camichel
2°18′N 51°36′W / 2.3°N 51.6°W / 2.3; -51.6 (Camichel)
65.3
2012
Henri Camichel, French astronomer
WGPSN
Camiling
0°48′S 38°06′W / 0.8°S 38.1°W / -0.8; -38.1 (Camiling)
22.5
1976
Philippines place name
WGPSN
Camiri
45°00′S 42°12′W / 45.0°S 42.2°W / -45.0; -42.2 (Camiri)
26.4
1976
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Campbell
54°42′S 194°36′W / 54.7°S 194.6°W / -54.7; -194.6 (Campbell)
129.0
1973
John W. Campbell and William Wallace Campbell
WGPSN
Campos
22°00′S 27°54′W / 22.0°S 27.9°W / -22.0; -27.9 (Campos)
8.1
1976
Brazil place name
WGPSN
Can
48°30′N 14°42′W / 48.5°N 14.7°W / 48.5; -14.7 (Can)
8.4
1976
Turkey place name
WGPSN
Canala
24°37′N 80°05′W / 24.61°N 80.09°W / 24.61; -80.09 (Canala)
12
2011
New Caledonia place name
WGPSN
Cañas
31°30′S 270°18′W / 31.5°S 270.3°W / -31.5; -270.3 (Cañas)
42.0
1991
Puerto Rico place name
WGPSN
Canaveral
47°06′N 224°12′W / 47.1°N 224.2°W / 47.1; -224.2 (Canaveral)
3.3
1979
Cape Canaveral, FL, USA
WGPSN
Canberra
47°30′N 227°24′W / 47.5°N 227.4°W / 47.5; -227.4 (Canberra)
3.0
1979
Canberra, Australia
WGPSN
Cangwu
42°12′N 89°42′W / 42.2°N 89.7°W / 42.2; -89.7 (Cangwu)
14.0
1991
China place name
WGPSN
Canillo
10°14′N 243°37′W / 10.23°N 243.61°W / 10.23; -243.61 (Canillo)
35.0
2009
Andorra place name
WGPSN
Cankuzo
19°36′S 308°00′W / 19.6°S 308.0°W / -19.6; -308.0 (Cankuzo)
48.5
2010
Burundi place name
WGPSN
Canso
21°36′N 60°42′W / 21.6°N 60.7°W / 21.6; -60.7 (Canso)
27.4
1988
Canso, Canada
WGPSN
Cantoura
15°00′N 51°48′W / 15.0°N 51.8°W / 15.0; -51.8 (Cantoura)
51.4
1988
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Capen
6°34′N 345°44′W / 6.57°N 345.73°W / 6.57; -345.73 (Capen)
70.0
2008
Charles F. Capen
WGPSN
Cardona
19°54′S 32°00′W / 19.9°S 32.0°W / -19.9; -32.0 (Cardona)
13.7
2015
Uruguay place name
WGPSN
Cartago
23°30′S 18°00′W / 23.5°S 18.0°W / -23.5; -18.0 (Cartago)
37.5
1976
Costa Rica place name
WGPSN
Cassini
23°48′N 328°12′W / 23.8°N 328.2°W / 23.8; -328.2 (Cassini)
412.0
1973
Giovanni Cassini
WGPSN
Castril
14°42′S 184°48′W / 14.7°S 184.8°W / -14.7; -184.8 (Castril)
2.2
2006
Spain place name
WGPSN
Catota
51°40′N 333°01′E / 51.67°N 333.02°E / 51.67; 333.02 (Catota)
1.3
2015
Village in Angola
WGPSN
Cave
21°48′N 35°42′W / 21.8°N 35.7°W / 21.8; -35.7 (Cave)
8.4
1976
New Zealand place name
WGPSN
Caxias
29°18′S 100°48′W / 29.3°S 100.8°W / -29.3; -100.8 (Caxias)
25.4
1991
Duque de Caxias, Brazil
WGPSN
Cayon
36°18′N 246°24′W / 36.3°N 246.4°W / 36.3; -246.4 (Cayon)
27.3
2012
Saint Kitts and Nevis place name
WGPSN
Cefalù
23°38′N 38°58′W / 23.63°N 38.97°W / 23.63; -38.97 (Cefalù)
5.3
2006
Italy place name
WGPSN
Cerulli
32°30′N 337°54′W / 32.5°N 337.9°W / 32.5; -337.9 (Cerulli)
130.0
1973
Vincenzo Cerulli
WGPSN
Chafe
15°18′N 257°42′W / 15.3°N 257.7°W / 15.3; -257.7 (Chafe)
4.8
1988
Chafe, Nigeria
WGPSN
Chaman
61°07′S 309°08′W / 61.11°S 309.13°W / -61.11; -309.13 (Chaman)
48.1
2006
Pakistan place name
WGPSN
Chamba
14°17′N 335°37′W / 14.29°N 335.62°W / 14.29; -335.62 (Chamba)
37
2019
India place name
WGPSN
Chamberlin
66°06′S 124°30′W / 66.1°S 124.5°W / -66.1; -124.5 (Chamberlin)
120.4
1973
Thomas Chamberlin
WGPSN
Changsŏng
23°42′N 57°24′W / 23.7°N 57.4°W / 23.7; -57.4 (Changsŏng)
35.0
1976
Korea place name
WGPSN
Chapais
22°36′S 20°36′W / 22.6°S 20.6°W / -22.6; -20.6 (Chapais)
37.4
1976
Chapais, Canada
WGPSN
Charleston
22°54′N 47°54′W / 22.9°N 47.9°W / 22.9; -47.9 (Charleston)
1.5
1979
Charleston, South Carolina, USA
WGPSN
Charlier
68°42′S 168°42′W / 68.7°S 168.7°W / -68.7; -168.7 (Charlier)
113.1
1973
Carl Charlier
WGPSN
Charlieu
38°30′N 84°06′W / 38.5°N 84.1°W / 38.5; -84.1 (Charlieu)
19.1
1991
France place name
WGPSN
Chatturat
35°42′N 95°06′W / 35.7°N 95.1°W / 35.7; -95.1 (Chatturat)
8.2
1991
Chatturat District, Chaiyaphum, Thailand
WGPSN
Chauk
23°36′N 56°00′W / 23.6°N 56.0°W / 23.6; -56.0 (Chauk)
10.0
1976
Burma place name
WGPSN
Cheb
24°24′S 19°30′W / 24.4°S 19.5°W / -24.4; -19.5 (Cheb)
8.3
1976
Czech Republic place name
WGPSN
Chefu
23°06′S 247°54′W / 23.1°S 247.9°W / -23.1; -247.9 (Chefu)
11.5
1991
Mozambique place name
WGPSN
Chekalin
24°30′S 26°54′W / 24.5°S 26.9°W / -24.5; -26.9 (Chekalin)
89.3
1976
Turkmenistan place name
WGPSN
Chia
1°36′N 59°48′W / 1.6°N 59.8°W / 1.6; -59.8 (Chia)
96.0
1985
Spain place name
WGPSN
Chimbote
1°30′S 39°48′W / 1.5°S 39.8°W / -1.5; -39.8 (Chimbote)
67.2
1976
Peru place name
WGPSN
Chincoteague
41°30′N 236°00′W / 41.5°N 236.0°W / 41.5; -236.0 (Chincoteague)
37.0
1979
Chincoteague, Virginia, USA
WGPSN
Chinju
4°36′S 42°12′W / 4.6°S 42.2°W / -4.6; -42.2 (Chinju)
66.6
1976
South Korea place name
WGPSN
Chinook
22°42′N 55°30′W / 22.7°N 55.5°W / 22.7; -55.5 (Chinook)
20.0
1976
Canada (Alberta) place name
WGPSN
Chive
21°54′N 56°06′W / 21.9°N 56.1°W / 21.9; -56.1 (Chive)
9.0
1976
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Choctaw
41°30′S 37°18′W / 41.5°S 37.3°W / -41.5; -37.3 (Choctaw)
23.8
1976
USA (Ohio) place name
WGPSN
Chom
38°54′N 2°36′W / 38.9°N 2.6°W / 38.9; -2.6 (Chom)
5.5
1976
Tibet place name
WGPSN
Choyr
32°24′S 18°42′W / 32.4°S 18.7°W / -32.4; -18.7 (Choyr)
536.4
2015
Mongolia place name
WGPSN
Chukhung
38°28′N 287°35′E / 38.47°N 287.58°E / 38.47; 287.58 (Chukhung)
45
2018
Chukhung, Nepal
WGPSN
Chupadero
6°09′N 276°39′W / 6.15°N 276.65°W / 6.15; -276.65 (Chupadero)
8.0
2006
USA (New Mexico) place name
WGPSN
Chur
17°06′N 29°24′W / 17.1°N 29.4°W / 17.1; -29.4 (Chur)
4.3
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Cilaos
35°42′S 230°30′W / 35.7°S 230.5°W / -35.7; -230.5 (Cilaos)
21.4
2016
Reunion place name
WGPSN
Circle
22°24′S 25°36′W / 22.4°S 25.6°W / -22.4; -25.6 (Circle)
11.5
1976
USA (Montana) place name
WGPSN
Clark
55°36′S 133°24′W / 55.6°S 133.4°W / -55.6; -133.4 (Clark)
98.0
1973
Alvan Clark
WGPSN
Clogh
20°48′N 47°48′W / 20.8°N 47.8°W / 20.8; -47.8 (Clogh)
11.1
1976
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Clova
21°42′N 52°06′W / 21.7°N 52.1°W / 21.7; -52.1 (Clova)
7.7
1988
Canada (Quebec) place name
WGPSN
Cluny
24°06′S 27°24′W / 24.1°S 27.4°W / -24.1; -27.4 (Cluny)
14.8
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Cobalt
26°00′S 27°06′W / 26.0°S 27.1°W / -26.0; -27.1 (Cobalt)
11.5
1976
USA (Connecticut) place name
WGPSN
Coblentz
55°18′S 90°18′W / 55.3°S 90.3°W / -55.3; -90.3 (Coblentz)
112.0
1973
William Coblentz
WGPSN
Cobres
11°48′S 153°48′W / 11.8°S 153.8°W / -11.8; -153.8 (Cobres)
94.0
1985
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Coimbra
4°09′N 5°21′W / 4.15°N 5.35°W / 4.15; -5.35 (Coimbra)
34.7
2008
Portugal place name
WGPSN
Colón
23°00′N 47°12′W / 23.0°N 47.2°W / 23.0; -47.2 (Cólon)
2.0
1979
Colón, Panama
WGPSN
Columbus
29°48′S 166°06′W / 29.8°S 166.1°W / -29.8; -166.1 (Columbus)
119.0
1976
Christopher Columbus
WGPSN
Comas Sola
19°54′S 158°30′W / 19.9°S 158.5°W / -19.9; -158.5 (Comas Sola)
127.0
1973
Josep Comas Solà
WGPSN
Conches
4°18′S 34°18′W / 4.3°S 34.3°W / -4.3; -34.3 (Conches)
21.2
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Concord
16°42′N 34°06′W / 16.7°N 34.1°W / 16.7; -34.1 (Concord)
20.7
1976
USA (Massachusetts) place name
WGPSN
Cooma
24°00′S 108°24′W / 24.0°S 108.4°W / -24.0; -108.4 (Cooma)
17.3
1991
Australia (New South Wales) place name
WGPSN
Copernicus
49°12′S 169°12′W / 49.2°S 169.2°W / -49.2; -169.2 (Copernicus)
294.0
1973
Nicolaus Copernicus
WGPSN
Corby
43°12′N 222°30′W / 43.2°N 222.5°W / 43.2; -222.5 (Corby)
6.7
1979
Corby, England
WGPSN
Corinto
16°56′N 218°23′W / 16.93°N 218.39°W / 16.93; -218.39 (Corinto)
13.5
2008
El Salvador place name
WGPSN
Corozal
38°48′S 200°36′W / 38.8°S 200.6°W / -38.8; -200.6 (Corozal)
8.3
2011
Belize place name
WGPSN
Cost
15°12′N 256°00′W / 15.2°N 256.0°W / 15.2; -256.0 (Cost)
11.6
1976
USA (Texas) place name
WGPSN
Cray
44°24′N 16°12′W / 44.4°N 16.2°W / 44.4; -16.2 (Cray)
7.2
1976
England place name
WGPSN
Creel
6°06′S 38°54′W / 6.1°S 38.9°W / -6.1; -38.9 (Creel)
9.3
1976
Mexico place name
WGPSN
Crewe
25°06′S 19°36′W / 25.1°S 19.6°W / -25.1; -19.6 (Crewe)
3.6
1976
Crewe, England, UK
WGPSN
Crivitz
14°42′S 185°18′W / 14.7°S 185.3°W / -14.7; -185.3 (Crivitz)
6.1
2003
Crivitz, Germany
WGPSN
Crommelin
5°06′N 10°12′W / 5.1°N 10.2°W / 5.1; -10.2 (Crommelin)
113.9
1973
Andrew Crommelin
WGPSN
Cross
30°14′S 157°47′W / 30.23°S 157.79°W / -30.23; -157.79 (Cross)
67.5
2009
Charles Arthur Cross
WGPSN
Crotone
82°18′N 69°54′W / 82.3°N 69.9°W / 82.3; -69.9 (Crotone)
6.4
2006
Italy place name
WGPSN
Cruls
43°18′S 197°06′W / 43.3°S 197.1°W / -43.3; -197.1 (Cruls)
88.0
1973
Luis Cruls
WGPSN
Cruz
38°48′N 2°06′W / 38.8°N 2.1°W / 38.8; -2.1 (Cruz)
5.4
1976
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Cue
36°06′S 266°54′W / 36.1°S 266.9°W / -36.1; -266.9 (Cue)
10.7
1991
Western Australia place name
WGPSN
Culter
8°50′S 53°59′W / 8.84°S 53.99°W / -8.84; -53.99 (Culter)
4.6
2006
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Curie
29°06′N 4°48′W / 29.1°N 4.8°W / 29.1; -4.8 (Curie)
114.1
1973
Pierre Curie
WGPSN
Cypress
47°36′S 47°24′W / 47.6°S 47.4°W / -47.6; -47.4 (Cypress)
14.2
1976
USA (Illinois) place name
WGPSN
back to top
D
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Date approved
Named after
Ref
Da Vinci
1°24′N 39°24′W / 1.4°N 39.4°W / 1.4; -39.4 (Da Vinci)
100.2
1973
Leonardo da Vinci
WGPSN
Daan
40°48′S 268°30′W / 40.8°S 268.5°W / -40.8; -268.5 (Daan)
12.5
1991
China place name
WGPSN
Dacono
18°20′N 77°57′W / 18.34°N 77.95°W / 18.34; -77.95 (Dacono)
2.2
2020
Dacono, Colorado
WGPSN
Daet
7°24′S 41°48′W / 7.4°S 41.8°W / -7.4; -41.8 (Daet)
10.5
1976
Philippines place name
WGPSN
Daly
66°30′S 23°06′W / 66.5°S 23.1°W / -66.5; -23.1 (Daly)
90.5
1973
Reginald Aldworth Daly
WGPSN
Dampier
15°44′S 203°38′W / 15.73°S 203.63°W / -15.73; -203.63 (Dampier)
27
2021
Australia place name
WGPSN
Dana
72°42′S 32°48′W / 72.7°S 32.8°W / -72.7; -32.8 (Dana)
91.7
1973
James Dwight Dana
WGPSN
Danielson
7°56′N 7°07′W / 7.93°N 7.11°W / 7.93; -7.11 (Danielson)
66.7
2009
G. Edward Danielson
WGPSN
Dank
22°12′N 253°06′W / 22.2°N 253.1°W / 22.2; -253.1 (Dank)
8.7
1976
Oman place name
WGPSN
Darvel
18°00′N 51°06′W / 18.0°N 51.1°W / 18.0; -51.1 (Darvel)
22.0
1988
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Darwin
57°18′S 19°30′W / 57.3°S 19.5°W / -57.3; -19.5 (Darwin)
178.0
1973
Charles Darwin and George Darwin
WGPSN
Davies
46°00′N 0°00′E / 46.0°N -0.0°E / 46.0; -0.0 (Davies)
49.2
2006
Merton Davies
WGPSN
Dawes
9°18′S 322°00′W / 9.3°S 322.0°W / -9.3; -322.0 (Dawes)
191.0
1973
William Rutter Dawes
WGPSN
de Vaucouleurs
13°30′S 189°06′W / 13.5°S 189.1°W / -13.5; -189.1 (de Vaucouleurs)
293.0
2000
Gérard de Vaucouleurs
WGPSN
Deba
24°12′S 17°24′W / 24.2°S 17.4°W / -24.2; -17.4 (Deba)
10.3
1976
Nigeria place name
WGPSN
Dechu
42°15′S 202°01′E / 42.25°S 202.01°E / -42.25; 202.01 (Dechu)
22
2018
Dechu, India
WGPSN
Degana
23°43′S 314°30′E / 23.72°S 314.5°E / -23.72; 314.5 (Degana)
57
2016
Town in India
WGPSN
Dein
38°30′N 2°36′W / 38.5°N 2.6°W / 38.5; -2.6 (Dein)
26.0
1976
Papua New Guinea place name
WGPSN
Dejnev
25°30′S 164°48′W / 25.5°S 164.8°W / -25.5; -164.8 (Dejnev)
156.0
1985
Semyon Dezhnev
WGPSN
Delta
46°18′S 39°12′W / 46.3°S 39.2°W / -46.3; -39.2 (Delta)
8.1
1976
USA (Louisiana) place name
WGPSN
Denning
17°42′S 326°36′W / 17.7°S 326.6°W / -17.7; -326.6 (Denning)
165.0
1973
William Frederick Denning
WGPSN
Dersu
22°54′N 52°00′W / 22.9°N 52.0°W / 22.9; -52.0 (Dersu)
6.6
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Dese
45°48′S 30°42′W / 45.8°S 30.7°W / -45.8; -30.7 (Dese)
13.7
1976
Ethiopia place name
WGPSN
Deseado
80°37′S 70°12′E / 80.61°S 70.2°E / -80.61; 70.2 (Deseado)
10.2
1976
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Dessau
80°43′S 289°48′W / 80.72°S 289.8°W / -80.72; -289.8 (Dessau)
27.0
2006
Germany place name
WGPSN
Dia-Cau
0°24′S 42°42′W / 0.4°S 42.7°W / -0.4; -42.7 (Dia-Cau)
29.7
1976
Vietnam place name
WGPSN
Dilly
13°14′N 202°54′W / 13.24°N 202.9°W / 13.24; -202.9 (Dilly)
1.3
2006
Dilly, Mali
WGPSN
Dingo
24°00′S 17°30′W / 24.0°S 17.5°W / -24.0; -17.5 (Dingo)
16.0
1976
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Dinorwic
30°24′S 101°36′W / 30.4°S 101.6°W / -30.4; -101.6 (Dinorwic)
55.8
1991
Dinorwic, Canada
WGPSN
Dison
25°18′S 16°30′W / 25.3°S 16.5°W / -25.3; -16.5 (Dison)
21.0
1976
Belgium place name
WGPSN
Dixie
17°54′N 56°00′W / 17.9°N 56.0°W / 17.9; -56.0 (Dixie)
28.7
1988
USA (Georgia) place name
WGPSN
Doba
10°55′N 240°28′W / 10.91°N 240.46°W / 10.91; -240.46 (Doba)
26.3
2009
Chad place name
WGPSN
Dogana
10°07′S 53°39′W / 10.12°S 53.65°W / -10.12; -53.65 (Dogana)
41.2
2011
San Marino place name
WGPSN
Dokka
77°16′N 145°49′W / 77.27°N 145.82°W / 77.27; -145.82 (Dokka)
52.5
2006
Norway place name
WGPSN
Dokuchaev
61°00′S 127°12′W / 61.0°S 127.2°W / -61.0; -127.2 (Dokuchaev)
78.0
1982
Vasily Dokuchaev
WGPSN
Dollfus
21°48′S 4°18′W / 21.8°S 4.3°W / -21.8; -4.3 (Dollfus)
363.1
2013
Audouin Dollfus
WGPSN
Domoni
51°42′N 125°36′W / 51.7°N 125.6°W / 51.7; -125.6 (Domoni)
13.8
2012
Union of the Comoros place name
WGPSN
Doon
23°48′N 250°36′W / 23.8°N 250.6°W / 23.8; -250.6 (Doon)
3.7
1988
Canada (Ontario) place name
WGPSN
Douglass
51°48′S 70°36′W / 51.8°S 70.6°W / -51.8; -70.6 (Douglass)
94.0
1973
Andrew E. Douglass
WGPSN
Dowa
31°40′S 249°52′W / 31.67°S 249.86°W / -31.67; -249.86 (Dowa)
42.0
2010
Malawi place name
WGPSN
Downe
16°06′S 184°18′W / 16.1°S 184.3°W / -16.1; -184.3 (Downe)
28.0
2003
Downe, England
WGPSN
Dromore
20°06′N 49°42′W / 20.1°N 49.7°W / 20.1; -49.7 (Dromore)
14.8
1976
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Du Martheray
5°30′N 266°30′W / 5.5°N 266.5°W / 5.5; -266.5 (Du Martheray)
102.0
1973
Maurice du Martheray
WGPSN
Du Toit
71°48′S 49°36′W / 71.8°S 49.6°W / -71.8; -49.6 (Du Toit)
83.0
1973
Alexander du Toit
WGPSN
Dubki
35°18′S 55°18′W / 35.3°S 55.3°W / -35.3; -55.3 (Dubki)
9.0
1979
Russia place name
WGPSN
Dukhan
7°54′N 39°06′W / 7.9°N 39.1°W / 7.9; -39.1 (Dukhan)
34.0
2012
Qatar place name
WGPSN
Dulovo
3°40′N 275°30′W / 3.66°N 275.5°W / 3.66; -275.5 (Dulovo)
18.8
2006
Bulgaria place name
WGPSN
Dunhuang
81°00′S 48°30′W / 81.0°S 48.5°W / -81.0; -48.5 (Dunhuang)
12.1
1991
China place name
WGPSN
Dunkassa
37°48′S 137°06′W / 37.8°S 137.1°W / -37.8; -137.1 (Dunkassa)
8.0
2012
Benin place name
WGPSN
Dush
22°42′N 54°06′W / 22.7°N 54.1°W / 22.7; -54.1 (Dush)
2.5
1988
Egypt place name
WGPSN
Dzeng
80°42′S 70°24′W / 80.7°S 70.4°W / -80.7; -70.4 (Dzeng)
10.6
1991
Cameroon place name
WGPSN
back to top
E
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Refs
Eads
28°48′S 30°00′W / 28.8°S 30.0°W / -28.8; -30.0 (Eads)
2.3
1976
USA (Colorado) place name
WGPSN
Eagle
44°12′N 8°12′W / 44.2°N 8.2°W / 44.2; -8.2 (Eagle)
13.0
1976
Idaho place name
WGPSN
Eagle (Opportunity)
1°54′S 5°30′W / 1.9°S 5.5°W / -1.9; -5.5
0.03
(informal)
Spacecraft Eagle, Apollo 11
—
Eberswalde
24°00′S 33°18′W / 24.0°S 33.3°W / -24.0; -33.3 (Eberswalde)
65.3
2006
Eberswalde, Germany
WGPSN
Echt
22°12′S 28°12′W / 22.2°S 28.2°W / -22.2; -28.2 (Echt)
1.1
1976
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Edam
26°30′S 20°06′W / 26.5°S 20.1°W / -26.5; -20.1 (Edam)
20.2
1976
Edam, Netherlands
WGPSN
Eddie
12°24′N 217°54′W / 12.4°N 217.9°W / 12.4; -217.9 (Eddie)
89.0
1973
Lindsay Eddie
WGPSN
Eger
48°36′S 51°54′W / 48.6°S 51.9°W / -48.6; -51.9 (Eger)
13.0
1976
Eger, Hungary
WGPSN
Ehden
8°12′N 241°06′W / 8.2°N 241.1°W / 8.2; -241.1 (Ehden)
57.7
2009
Lebanon place name
WGPSN
Eil
42°06′N 9°48′W / 42.1°N 9.8°W / 42.1; -9.8 (Eil)
5.7
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Eilat
56°31′S 309°53′W / 56.51°S 309.88°W / -56.51; -309.88 (Eilat)
31.7
2006
Eilat, Israel
WGPSN
Ejriksson
19°24′S 173°54′W / 19.4°S 173.9°W / -19.4; -173.9 (Ejriksson)
49.0
1967
Leif Ericson
WGPSN
Elath
46°12′N 13°42′W / 46.2°N 13.7°W / 46.2; -13.7 (Elath)
13.2
1976
Israel place name
WGPSN
Elim
80°13′S 263°13′W / 80.21°S 263.21°W / -80.21; -263.21 (Elim)
43.0
2006
South Africa place name
WGPSN
Ellsley
36°36′N 83°24′W / 36.6°N 83.4°W / 36.6; -83.4 (Ellsley)
11.1
1991
England place name
WGPSN
Elorza
8°44′S 55°18′W / 8.74°S 55.3°W / -8.74; -55.3 (Elorza)
47.0
2006
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Ely
23°54′S 27°24′W / 23.9°S 27.4°W / -23.9; -27.4 (Ely)
10.3
1976
USA (Nevada) place name
WGPSN
Emma Dean
2°00′S 5°30′W / 2.0°S 5.5°W / -2.0; -5.5 (Emma Dean)
0.10
(informal)
John Powell's Boat, USA
—
Endeavour
2°17′S 5°14′W / 2.28°S 5.23°W / -2.28; -5.23 (Endeavour)
22.5
2008
Endeavour, Canada
WGPSN
Endurance
1°54′S 5°30′W / 1.9°S 5.5°W / -1.9; -5.5 (Endurance)
0.13
(informal)
HMS Endurance
—
Erebus
2°06′S 5°30′W / 2.1°S 5.5°W / -2.1; -5.5 (Erebus)
0.13
(informal)
HMS Erebus
—
Escalante
0°12′N 244°42′W / 0.2°N 244.7°W / 0.2; -244.7 (Escalante)
79.3
1973
F. Escalante
WGPSN
Escorial
77°00′N 55°24′W / 77.0°N 55.4°W / 77.0; -55.4 (Escorial)
22.7
1991
Spain place name
WGPSN
Esira
9°00′N 46°36′W / 9.0°N 46.6°W / 9.0; -46.6 (Esira)
16.3
2014
Madagascar place name
WGPSN
Esk
45°36′N 7°06′W / 45.6°N 7.1°W / 45.6; -7.1 (Esk)
3.9
1976
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Espino
19°54′S 249°48′W / 19.9°S 249.8°W / -19.9; -249.8 (Espino)
12.0
1991
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Eudoxus
44°54′S 147°30′W / 44.9°S 147.5°W / -44.9; -147.5 (Eudoxus)
98.0
1973
Eudoxus of Cnidus
WGPSN
Evpatoriya
47°18′N 225°36′W / 47.3°N 225.6°W / 47.3; -225.6 (Evpatoriya)
1.0
1979
Yevpatoria, Crimea, Ukraine
WGPSN
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F
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Refs
Faith
43°18′N 11°54′W / 43.3°N 11.9°W / 43.3; -11.9 (Faith)
5.8
1976
USA (South Dakota) place name
WGPSN
Falun
24°12′S 24°42′W / 24.2°S 24.7°W / -24.2; -24.7 (Falun)
10.2
1976
Sweden place name
WGPSN
Fancy
35°48′S 246°24′W / 35.8°S 246.4°W / -35.8; -246.4 (Fancy)
49.4
2012
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines place name
WGPSN
Faqu
24°48′S 253°48′W / 24.8°S 253.8°W / -24.8; -253.8 (Faqu)
12.4
1991
Jordan place name
WGPSN
Farim
44°42′S 220°42′W / 44.7°S 220.7°W / -44.7; -220.7 (Farim)
3.9
2013
Farim, Guinea-Bissau
WGPSN
Fastov
25°18′S 20°24′W / 25.3°S 20.4°W / -25.3; -20.4 (Fastov)
10.3
1976
Ukraine place name
WGPSN
Fenagh
34°36′N 215°42′W / 34.6°N 215.7°W / 34.6; -215.7 (Fenagh)
6.3
1991
Fenagh, Ireland
WGPSN
Fesenkov
21°48′N 86°42′W / 21.8°N 86.7°W / 21.8; -86.7 (Fesenkov)
87.0
1973
Vasily Fesenkov
WGPSN
Firsoff
2°40′N 9°25′W / 2.66°N 9.42°W / 2.66; -9.42 (Firsoff)
90
2010
Axel Firsoff
WGPSN
Fitzroy
35°41′S 248°00′W / 35.68°S 248°W / -35.68; -248 (Fitzroy)
38.0
2010
Falkland Islands place name
WGPSN
Flammarion
25°24′N 311°48′W / 25.4°N 311.8°W / 25.4; -311.8 (Flammarion)
173.0
1973
Camille Flammarion
WGPSN
Flat
25°42′S 19°36′W / 25.7°S 19.6°W / -25.7; -19.6 (Flat)
2.5
1976
USA (Alaska) place name
WGPSN
Flateyri
35°52′S 330°55′E / 35.86°S 330.92°E / -35.86; 330.92 (Flateyri)
9.5
2016
Village in Iceland
WGPSN
Flaugergues
17°00′S 340°48′W / 17.0°S 340.8°W / -17.0; -340.8 (Flaugergues)
245.0
1973
Honoré Flaugergues
WGPSN
Floq
15°06′N 252°54′W / 15.1°N 252.9°W / 15.1; -252.9 (Floq)
2.2
1988
Albania place name
WGPSN
Flora
45°00′S 51°30′W / 45.0°S 51.5°W / -45.0; -51.5 (Flora)
19.0
1976
USA (Mississippi) place name
WGPSN
Focas
33°54′N 347°18′W / 33.9°N 347.3°W / 33.9; -347.3 (Focas)
76.5
1973
Jean Focas
WGPSN
Fontana
63°12′S 72°12′W / 63.2°S 72.2°W / -63.2; -72.2 (Fontana)
80.0
1973
Francesco Fontana
WGPSN
Foros
33°42′S 27°54′W / 33.7°S 27.9°W / -33.7; -27.9 (Foros)
24.5
1979
Foros, Ukraine
WGPSN
Fournier
4°24′S 287°24′W / 4.4°S 287.4°W / -4.4; -287.4 (Fournier)
118.0
1973
Georges Fournier
WGPSN
Fram
1°54′S 5°30′W / 1.9°S 5.5°W / -1.9; -5.5
0.01
(informal)
Fram
—
Freedom
43°42′N 9°06′W / 43.7°N 9.1°W / 43.7; -9.1 (Freedom)
12.9
1976
USA (Oklahoma) place name
WGPSN
Funchal
23°12′N 49°30′W / 23.2°N 49.5°W / 23.2; -49.5 (Funchal)
1.7
1979
Funchal, Madeira
WGPSN
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G
Primary Cavity of Rayed Gratteri Crater
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Refs
Gaan
39°00′N 3°30′W / 39.0°N 3.5°W / 39.0; -3.5 (Gaan)
2.8
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Gagra
20°54′S 22°12′W / 20.9°S 22.2°W / -20.9; -22.2 (Gagra)
13.3
1976
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Gah
45°00′S 32°42′W / 45.0°S 32.7°W / -45.0; -32.7 (Gah)
2.7
1976
Indonesia place name
WGPSN
Galap
37°40′S 167°11′W / 37.67°S 167.19°W / -37.67; -167.19 (Galap)
5.9
2009
Palau place name
WGPSN
Galdakao
13°30′S 183°30′W / 13.5°S 183.5°W / -13.5; -183.5 (Galdakao)
35.0
2003
Galdakao, Basque Country, Spain
WGPSN
Gale
5°30′S 222°18′W / 5.5°S 222.3°W / -5.5; -222.3 (Gale)
155.3
1991
Walter Gale
WGPSN
Gali
44°06′S 37°12′W / 44.1°S 37.2°W / -44.1; -37.2 (Gali)
26.4
1976
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Galilaei
5°42′N 27°00′W / 5.7°N 27.0°W / 5.7; -27.0 (Galilaei)
137.3
1973
Galileo Galilei
WGPSN
Galle
51°12′S 30°54′W / 51.2°S 30.9°W / -51.2; -30.9 (Galle)
230.0
1973
Johann Gottfried Galle
WGPSN
Galu
22°18′S 21°42′W / 22.3°S 21.7°W / -22.3; -21.7 (Galu)
12.5
1976
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Gamboa
40°46′N 44°26′W / 40.77°N 44.43°W / 40.77; -44.43 (Gamboa)
33.0
2006
Panama place name
WGPSN
Gan
61°42′N 229°00′W / 61.7°N 229.0°W / 61.7; -229.0 (Gan)
20.6
2013
Maldives place name
WGPSN
Gander
31°30′S 265°54′W / 31.5°S 265.9°W / -31.5; -265.9 (Gander)
38.0
1991
Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador) place name
WGPSN
Gandu
45°42′S 47°18′W / 45.7°S 47.3°W / -45.7; -47.3 (Gandu)
8.8
1976
Brazil place name
WGPSN
Gandzani
34°30′N 91°00′W / 34.5°N 91.0°W / 34.5; -91.0 (Gandzani)
54.8
1991
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Gardo
26°54′S 24°48′W / 26.9°S 24.8°W / -26.9; -24.8 (Gardo)
17.2
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Gari
36°12′S 71°18′W / 36.2°S 71.3°W / -36.2; -71.3 (Gari)
9.4
1979
Russia place name
WGPSN
Garm
48°36′N 9°06′W / 48.6°N 9.1°W / 48.6; -9.1 (Garm)
5.0
1976
Tajikistan place name
WGPSN
Garni
11°31′S 290°19′W / 11.52°S 290.31°W / -11.52; -290.31 (Garni)
2.57
2015
Garni, Armenia
WGPSN
Garu
6°23′S 141°17′E / 6.39°S 141.28°E / -6.39; 141.28 (Garu)
32
2018
Garu, Ghana
WGPSN
Gasa
35°41′S 230°43′W / 35.68°S 230.72°W / -35.68; -230.72 (Gasa)
6.5
2009
Gasa, Bhutan
WGPSN
Gastre
24°54′N 247°30′W / 24.9°N 247.5°W / 24.9; -247.5 (Gastre)
7.0
1976
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Gilbert
68°12′S 273°42′W / 68.2°S 273.7°W / -68.2; -273.7 (Gilbert)
126.4
1973
Grove Karl Gilbert
WGPSN
Gill
15°54′N 354°36′W / 15.9°N 354.6°W / 15.9; -354.6 (Gill)
83.0
1973
David Gill
WGPSN
Glazov
20°48′S 26°36′W / 20.8°S 26.6°W / -20.8; -26.6 (Glazov)
24.7
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Gledhill
53°30′S 273°00′W / 53.5°S 273.0°W / -53.5; -273.0 (Gledhill)
82.5
1973
Joseph Gledhill
WGPSN
Glendore
18°30′N 51°48′W / 18.5°N 51.8°W / 18.5; -51.8 (Glendore)
8.0
1988
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Glide
8°12′S 43°12′W / 8.2°S 43.2°W / -8.2; -43.2 (Glide)
10.5
1976
USA (Oregon) place name
WGPSN
Globe
23°54′S 27°24′W / 23.9°S 27.4°W / -23.9; -27.4 (Globe)
51.7
1976
USA (Arizona) place name
WGPSN
Goba
23°30′S 21°06′W / 23.5°S 21.1°W / -23.5; -21.1 (Goba)
10.8
1976
Ethiopia place name
WGPSN
Goff
23°30′N 255°12′W / 23.5°N 255.2°W / 23.5; -255.2 (Goff)
7.9
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Gokwe
27°08′S 78°07′E / 27.14°S 78.12°E / -27.14; 78.12 (Gokwe)
2.16
2017
Town in Zimbabwe
WGPSN
Gol
47°30′N 10°42′W / 47.5°N 10.7°W / 47.5; -10.7 (Gol)
9.6
1976
Norway place name
WGPSN
Gold
20°12′N 31°18′W / 20.2°N 31.3°W / 20.2; -31.3 (Gold)
9.0
1976
USA (Pennsylvania) place name
WGPSN
Golden
22°12′S 33°30′W / 22.2°S 33.5°W / -22.2; -33.5 (Golden)
20.2
1976
USA (Illinois) place name
WGPSN
Goldstone
48°00′N 225°30′W / 48.0°N 225.5°W / 48.0; -225.5 (Goldstone)
1.0
1979
Goldstone Observatory, CA, USA
WGPSN
Gori
23°12′S 28°54′W / 23.2°S 28.9°W / -23.2; -28.9 (Gori)
6.2
1979
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Graff
21°24′S 206°18′W / 21.4°S 206.3°W / -21.4; -206.3 (Graff)
158.0
1973
Kasimir Graff
WGPSN
Gratteri
17°43′S 160°11′W / 17.71°S 160.18°W / -17.71; -160.18 (Gratteri)
7.3
2006
Sicily place name
WGPSN
Greeley
36°48′S 3°54′W / 36.8°S 3.9°W / -36.8; -3.9 (Greeley)
457.45
2015
Ronald Greeley
WGPSN
Green
52°42′S 8°24′W / 52.7°S 8.4°W / -52.7; -8.4 (Green)
184.0
1973
Nathaniel E. Green
WGPSN
Greg
38°36′S 247°12′W / 38.6°S 247.2°W / -38.6; -247.2 (Greg)
68.0
2010
Percy Greg
WGPSN
Grindavik
25°23′N 39°04′W / 25.39°N 39.07°W / 25.39; -39.07 (Grindavik)
12.0
2006
Grindavík, Iceland
WGPSN
Gringauz
20°42′S 35°42′W / 20.7°S 35.7°W / -20.7; -35.7 (Gringauz)
71.0
2013
Konstantin Gringauz
WGPSN
Grójec
21°42′S 30°54′W / 21.7°S 30.9°W / -21.7; -30.9 (Grójec)
38.5
1976
Poland place name
WGPSN
Groves
4°06′S 44°36′W / 4.1°S 44.6°W / -4.1; -44.6 (Groves)
11.2
1976
USA (Texas) place name
WGPSN
Guaymas
25°54′N 45°06′W / 25.9°N 45.1°W / 25.9; -45.1 (Guaymas)
20.0
1976
Mexico place name
WGPSN
Guir
21°48′S 20°30′W / 21.8°S 20.5°W / -21.8; -20.5 (Guir)
18.9
1976
Mali place name
WGPSN
Gulch
16°00′N 251°06′W / 16.0°N 251.1°W / 16.0; -251.1 (Gulch)
8.2
1976
Ethiopia place name
WGPSN
Gunnison
44°00′S 257°12′W / 44.0°S 257.2°W / -44.0; -257.2 (Gunnison)
40.8
2003
USA (Colorado) place name
WGPSN
Gusev
14°42′S 184°36′W / 14.7°S 184.6°W / -14.7; -184.6 (Gusev)
166.0
1976
Matvey Gusev
WGPSN
Gwash
39°18′N 3°12′W / 39.3°N 3.2°W / 39.3; -3.2 (Gwash)
4.7
1976
Pakistan place name
WGPSN
back to top
See also
List of catenae on Mars
List of craters on Mars
List of mountains on Mars
References
^ "Mars". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 9 August 2017.
^ "Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 9 August 2017.
External links
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USGS: Mars Nomenclature: Craters
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Candor Chasma
Chasma Boreale
Coprates Chasma
Echus Chasma
Eos Chaos
Eos Chasma
Galaxias Chaos
Ganges Chasma
Gorgonum Chaos
Hebes Chasma
Hydaspis Chaos
Hydraotes Chaos
Iani Chaos
Ister Chaos
Ius Chasma
Juventae Chasma
Melas Chasma
Ophir Chasma
Tithonium Chasma
List of valles
Apsus
Ares
Arnus
Asopus
Athabasca
Auqakuh
Bahram
Buvinda
Dao
Enipeus
Frento
Granicus
Green Valley
Harmakhis
Hebrus
Her Desher
Hrad
Huo Hsing
Hypanis
Iberus
Indus
Ituxi
Kasei
Labou
Ladon
Lethe
Licus
Louros
Maʼadim
Mad
Maja
Mamers
Mangala
Marineris
Labes
Marte
Maumee
Mawrth
Minio
Naktong
Nanedi
Niger
Nirgal
Padus
Paraná
Patapsco
Peace
Rahway
Ravi
Reull
Sabis
Sabrina
Samara
Scamander
Shalbatana
Simud
Stura
Tader
Tinia
Tinjar
Tiu
Tyras
Uzboi
ULM
Vedra
Verde
Warrego
Fossae, mensaerupes and labyrinthi
Amenthes Fossae
Ceraunius Fossae
Cerberus Fossae
Coloe Fossae
Cyane Fossae
Elysium Fossae
Hephaestus Fossae
Icaria Fossae
Labeatis Fossae
Mangala Fossa
Mareotis Fossae
Medusae Fossae
Memnonia Fossae
Nili Fossae
Olympica Fossae
Oti Fossae
Sirenum Fossae
Tantalus Fossae
Tempe Fossae
Tithonium Fossae
Tractus Fossae
Ulysses Fossae
Aeolis Mensae
Ausonia Mensa
Capri Mensa
Cydonia Mensae
Deuteronilus Mensae
Ganges Mensa
Nilosyrtis Mensae
Protonilus Mensae
Sacra Mensa
Claritas Rupes
Nilokeras Scopulus
Olympus Rupes
Rupes Tenuis
Angustus Labyrinthus
Noctis Labyrinthus
Catenae andcraters
Artynia Catena
Tithoniae Catenae
Tractus Catena
Adams
Agassiz
Airy
Airy-0
Aniak
Antoniadi
Arandas
Argo
Arkhangelsky
Arrhenius
Asimov
Bacolor
Bakhuysen
Baldet
Baltisk
Bamberg
Barabashov
Barnard
Beagle
Becquerel
Beer
Belz
Bernard
Bianchini
Boeddicker
Bok
Bond
Bonestell
Bonneville
Brashear
Briault
Burroughs
Burton
Campbell
Canso
Cassini
Caxias
Cerulli
Chafe
Chapais
Chincoteague
Chryse Alien
Clark
Coblentz
Columbus
Copernicus
Corby
Crewe
Crivitz
Crommelin
Cruls
Curie
Da Vinci
Danielson
Darwin
Davies
Dawes
Dejnev
Denning
Dilly
Dinorwic
Douglass
Dromore
Du Martheray
Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)
Eagle (Meridiani Planum)
Eberswalde
Eddie
Ejriksson
Emma Dean
Endeavour
Matijevic Hill
Endurance
Erebus
Escalante
Eudoxus
Fenagh
Fesenkov
Firsoff
Flammarion
Flaugergues
Focas
Fontana
Fournier
Fram
Freedom
Galdakao
Gale
Galle
Garni
Gasa
Gilbert
Gill
Gledhill
Gold
Graff
Green
Grindavik
Gusev
Apollo 1 Hills
Chaffee
Grissom
White
Columbia Hills
Husband
McCool
Sleepy Hollow
Hadley
Haldane
Hale
Halley
Hargraves
Hartwig
Heaviside
Heimdal
Heinlein
Helmholtz
Henry
Herschel
Hipparchus
Holden
Holmes
Hooke
Huggins
Hussey
Hutton
Huxley
Huygens
Iazu
Ibragimov
Inuvik
Janssen
Jarry-Desloges
Jeans
Jezero
Jezža
Joly
Jones
Kaiser
Keeler
Kepler
Kinkora
Kipini
Knobel
Koga
Korolev
Kufra
Kuiper
Kunowsky
Lambert
Lamont
Lampland
Lassell
Lau
Le Verrier
Li Fan
Liais
Lipik
Liu Hsin
Llanesco
Lockyer
Lod
Lohse
Lomonosov
Louth
Lowell
Lyell
Lyot
Mädler
Magelhaens
Maggini
Main
Mandora
Maraldi
Mariner
Marth
Martz
Masursky
Maunder
McLaughlin
McMurdo
Mellish
Mendel
Mie
Milankovic
Millochau
Mitchel
Miyamoto
Mohawk
Mojave
Molesworth
Montevallo
Moreux
Müller
Nansen
Nereus
Newton
Nhill
Nicholson
Niesten
Nipigon
Onon
Orson Welles
Oudemans
Palana
Pangboche
Pasteur
Penticton
Perepelkin
Peridier
Persbo
Pettit
Phillips
Pickering
Playfair
Pollack
Poona
Porter
Porth
Priestley
Proctor
Ptolemaeus
Puńsk
Quenisset
Rabe
Radau
Rahe
Rayleigh
Redi
Renaudot
Reuyl
Reynolds
Richardson
Ritchey
Robert Sharp
Roddenberry
Ross
Rossby
Rudaux
Russell
Rutherford
Sagan
Saheki
Santa Maria
Schaeberle
Schiaparelli
Schmidt
Secchi
Semeykin
Sharonov
Sibu
Sinton
Sitka
Sklodowska
Slipher
Smith
South
Spallanzani
Srīpur
Steno
Stokes
Stoney
Suess
Suzhi
Tarsus
Taytay
Teisserenc de Bort
Terby
Thila
Thira
Tikhonravov
Tikhov
Timbuktu
Tombaugh
Tooting
Trouvelot
Troy
Trud
Trumpler
Tugaske
Tycho Brahe
Tyndall
Udzha
Vernal
Very
Victoria
Cape Verde
Vinogradov
Vinogradsky
Virrat
Vishniac
Vogel
Von Kármán
Vostok
Wallace
Wegener
Weinbaum
Wells
Williams
Winslow
Wirtz
Wislicenus
Wright
Yuty
Zumba
Zunil
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-Mars-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burns_cliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)"},{"link_name":"Endurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(crater)"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"list of craters on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"impact craters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"H – N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N"},{"link_name":"O – Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-Categories-2"},{"link_name":"main page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#Z"}],"text":"This article should list only official names approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[1]Opportunity rover images Burns Cliff inside Endurance impact crater in 2004.This is a partial list of craters on Mars. There are hundreds of thousands of impact craters on Mars, but only some of them have names. This list here only contains named Martian craters starting with the letter A – G (see also lists for H – N and O – Z).Large Martian craters (greater than 60 kilometers in diameter) are named after famous scientists and science fiction authors; smaller ones (less than 60 km in diameter) get their names from towns on Earth. Craters cannot be named for living people, and small crater names are not intended to be commemorative – that is, a small crater isn't actually named after a specific town on Earth, but rather its name comes at random from a pool of terrestrial place names, with some exceptions made for craters near landing sites.[2] Latitude and longitude are given as planetographic coordinates with west longitude.List of craters on Mars — (main page)\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"List of craters on Mars: A–G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Primary_Cavity_of_Rayed_Gratteri_Crater_(26808252998).jpg"},{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Primary Cavity of Rayed Gratteri Craterback to top","title":"G"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Opportunity rover images Burns Cliff inside Endurance impact crater in 2004.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Burns_cliff.jpg/220px-Burns_cliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Primary Cavity of Rayed Gratteri Crater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Primary_Cavity_of_Rayed_Gratteri_Crater_%2826808252998%29.jpg/350px-Primary_Cavity_of_Rayed_Gratteri_Crater_%2826808252998%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of catenae on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_catenae_on_Mars"},{"title":"List of craters on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars"},{"title":"List of mountains on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Mars\". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 9 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target","url_text":"\"Mars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites\". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 9 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories","url_text":"\"Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Cunts_of_Chaos
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Flying Cunts of Chaos
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["1 History","2 References"]
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American rock band; former backing band of Serj Tankian
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Flying Cunts of Chaos" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Flying Cunts of ChaosYears active2007–presentMembers
Dan Monti (lead guitar, backing vocals)
Larry LaLonde (rhythm guitar)
Mario Pagliarulo (bass, backing vocals)
Troy Zeigler (drums)
Erwin Khachikian (piano)
Flying Cunts of Chaos (F.C.C) is a rock band on Serj Tankian's label that was also his backing band on his tours from 2007 to 2009.
History
Serj Tankian was asked how the name "Flying Cunts of Chaos" was chosen and he stated; "Well, I was originally thinking of naming the record that, but I thought it might not make it into any retail stores. So when it was time to come up with a name for the band I thought 'Serj and the Flying Cunts of Chaos' just for fun, to be honest. We had two or three different names, I ran them by the guys in the band and, overwhelmingly, everyone liked the 'Cunts', so..." He also felt that the word "cunt" resonates better than "pussy", "whore"," or "bitch".
In 2007, Serj Tankian released his album "Elect the Dead" and went on tour with newly formed band F.C.C as his backup band.
The band members include: Dan Monti (lead guitar, backing vocals), the guitarist from Primus, Larry LaLonde, Mario Pagliarulo (bass, backing vocals), Troy Zeigler (drums) and Erwin Khachikian (piano).
In July 2010, they released their first single "Daysheet Blues" on iTunes.
In 2012, some members of the band went on to form the band The Hollywood Arson Project (Troy Zeigler, Mario Pagliarulo, Jeff Mallow).
In 2018, the band went on tour with Primus.
References
^ a b "A Serj of Controversy | The Skinny". www.theskinny.co.uk. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "Serj Tankian". www.ukfestivalguides.com. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ Vadillo, Miguel Ángel. "El metal y rock alternativo de 'Hollywood Arson Project' cierran el ciclo de conciertos de febrero en el Cambayá Club". El Sol de Antequera (in European Spanish). Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ a b Scaggs, Austin (November 1, 2007). "Q&A: Serj Tankian". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ Bolton, Matt (November 8, 2016). " HEAVY ROOTS | HEAVY Magazine". heavymag.com.au. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ Roberts, Michael (March 19, 2008). "Q&A With Serj Tankian". Westword. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "Serj Tankian". The Vogue.
^ Hahne, Jeff. "Live Review: Serj Tankian w/ Fair to Midland". Creative Loafing Charlotte. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "Serj Tankian – Biography – Metal Storm". www.metalstorm.net. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "THE F.C.C. Releases First Single". blabbermouth.net. July 30, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "THE HOLLYWOOD ARSON PROJECT: The Hollywood Arson Project (ROCK ALTERNATIF) : avis / chronique à lire sur Music Waves". www.musicwaves.fr (in French). Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "SERJ TANKIAN, VIZA, THE HOLLYWOOD ARSON PROJECT – FOBIAZINE metal/underground zine". www.fobiazine.net. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ web, Erimatica-Desarrollo web, programación y páginas. "Entrevista | Hollywood Arson Project: fusión malagueña-estadounidense". The Metal Circus (in Spanish). Retrieved November 5, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ The Editor (April 6, 2018). "PRIMUS // Sailing the Seas of Cheese Once Again!". Hysteria Magazine. Retrieved November 5, 2020. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serj Tankian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serj_Tankian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"American rock band; former backing band of Serj TankianFlying Cunts of Chaos (F.C.C) is a rock band on Serj Tankian's label that was also his backing band on his tours from 2007 to 2009.[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Flying Cunts of Chaos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Elect the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elect_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_4,_2020-7"},{"link_name":"Dan Monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Monti"},{"link_name":"Primus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Larry LaLonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_LaLonde"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Primus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_(band)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Serj Tankian was asked how the name \"Flying Cunts of Chaos\" was chosen and he stated; \"Well, I was originally thinking of naming the record that, but I thought it might not make it into any retail stores. So when it was time to come up with a name for the band I thought 'Serj and the Flying Cunts of Chaos' just for fun, to be honest. We had two or three different names, I ran them by the guys in the band and, overwhelmingly, everyone liked the 'Cunts', so...\"[1] He also felt that the word \"cunt\" resonates better than \"pussy\", \"whore\",\" or \"bitch\".[4][6]In 2007, Serj Tankian released his album \"Elect the Dead\" and went on tour with newly formed band F.C.C as his backup band.[7]The band members include: Dan Monti (lead guitar, backing vocals), the guitarist from Primus, Larry LaLonde,[8] Mario Pagliarulo (bass, backing vocals), Troy Zeigler (drums) and Erwin Khachikian (piano).[9]In July 2010, they released their first single \"Daysheet Blues\" on iTunes.[10]In 2012, some members of the band went on to form the band The Hollywood Arson Project (Troy Zeigler, Mario Pagliarulo, Jeff Mallow).[11][12][13]In 2018, the band went on tour with Primus.[14]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirqa
|
Khirqa
|
["1 Subdivisions","2 References"]
|
Dervish draped a blue khirqa, late 16th–early 17th century.
The khirqa is the initiatory cloak of the Sufi chain of spirituality, with which esoteric knowledge and barakah is passed from the Murshid or the Shaikh to the aspirant murid. The khirqa initiates an aspirant into the silsilah, the chain or lineage of sheikhs that goes back to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. This chain serves as the channel through which barakah flows from the source of spiritual revelation to the being of the initiate.
Subdivisions
There are two kinds of this kind of transmission (tanakkul) of barakah through the khirqa: khirqa-yi irada and khirqa-yi tabarruk. Khirqa-yi irada is characterized by the passing of barakah to the aspirant from the singular sheikh to which they have pledged allegiance (bay'at). Khirqa-yi tabarruk, also known as the "frock of blessing", is characterized by the passing of barakah to the worthy aspirant from any sheikh that they have encountered.
The silsilah chain created from the passing of the khirqa that confirms authenticity of many hadiths is a form of isnad. It was not until the late eleventh and twelfth centuries that Sufism accepted this form of isnad as a means to transmit mystical knowledge and blessings.
References
^ Hoffman, Valerie (1995). Sufism, Mysticism, and Saints in Modern Egypt. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
^ Schimmel, Annemarie (1975). Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
^ Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
vteSufism terminologySufis
Abdal
Ahl al-Khutwa
Al-Insān al-Kāmil
Bash Hezzab
Dervish
Fakir
Hafiz
Hezzab
Imam
Khatib
Majzoob
Marabout
Mudaqiq
Muqaddam
Muqarrab
Murshid
Mutahaqiq
Murid
Nass al-Houdhour
Pir
Qalandar
Qāriʾ
Qutb
Rabbani
Salik
Sheikh
Siddiq
Sufis ranks
Talibe
The Seven ranks
Wali
Wasil
Concepts
Aayane
Aayane Thabita
Aql
Baqaa
Dhawq
Fana
Ghaflah
Hal
Hijab
Huwa
Ihsan
Ishq
Ismul Azam
Lataif-e-Sitta
Maqam
Nafs
Qalb
Ran
Rūḥ
Sadr
Yaqeen
Awrad
Dhikr
Djamaa
Djoua
Dua
Ibara
Ichara
Latifa
Lazimi
Muhasabah
Muraqabah
Raising hands in Dua
Sabr
Sahar
Salat al-Fatih
Salawat
Samt
Shuhud
Shukr
Sufism pillars
Tafakur
Tahara
Tahlia
Takhlia
Tawajud
Tawakkul
Tawassul
Tazkiah
Uzla
Wajd
Wazifa
Zarruqiyya
Wird
Zuhd
Waridates
Barakah
Basirah
Bast
Djadba
Fath
Haqiqa
Hidayah
Ilham
Irfan
Ishrak
Karamat
Kashf
Khatir
Ma'rifa
Nūr
Qabdh
Rabita
Ru'ya
Secret
Tajalli
Thawab
Uns
Walayah
Warid
Misconducts
Antinomianism
Rahbaniya
Shath
Taqabbur
Zandaqa
Ceremonies
Ashura
Bay'ah
Haḍra
Hizb Rateb
Idjaza
Mawlid
Mawsim
Salka
Sbooa
Sebiba
Silsila
Sufi orders
Tariqa
Tweeza
Wezeea
Ziyarat
Arts
Ashewiq
Madih nabawi
Nasheed
Naʽat
Qawwali
Sama
Sufi cosmology
Sufism history
Sufi literature
Sufi metaphysics
Sufi music
Sufis persecution
Sufi philosophy
Sufi poetry
Sufi psychology
Sufi whirling
Places
Daara
Dargah
Datuk Keramat
Eidgah
Gonbad
Gongbei
Jama masjid
Jama'at Khana
Khalwa
Khalawi
Khanqah
Külliye
Kuttab
Madrasa
Maqam
Maqbara
Mausoleum
Mazar
Mosque
Musalla
Qubba
Rauza
Ribat
Surau
Takya
Turbah
Türbe
Zawiya
Objects
Ammama
Balgha
Burnous
Djellaba
Gandoura
Jellabiya
Khirqa
Misbaha
Miswak
Prayer rug
Qashabiya
Tagelmust
Taqiyah
Tarboosh
Turban
Authority control databases
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
|
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|
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| null |
[{"reference":"Hoffman, Valerie (1995). Sufism, Mysticism, and Saints in Modern Egypt. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schimmel, Annemarie (1975). Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mysticaldimensio00schi","url_text":"Mystical Dimensions of Islam"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mysticaldimensio00schi","external_links_name":"Mystical Dimensions of Islam"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hirka","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Beach_Company
|
Hamilton Beach Brands
|
["1 History","2 Products","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American manufacturer of home appliances, air purifiers, and commercial restaurant equipment
Hamilton Beach Brands Holding CompanyCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: HBBRussell 2000 ComponentFoundedApril 1910FounderFrederick J. OsiusHeadquartersGlen Allen, Virginia, U.S.Area servedNorth AmericaProductsHome appliancesSubsidiariesProctor SilexWebsitehamiltonbeach.com
Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company is an American designer, marketer and distributor of home appliances and commercial restaurant equipment marketed primarily in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, including blenders, mixers, toasters, slow cookers, clothes irons, and air purifiers.
Until sometime in the 1980s the company's products were marketed under the brand name "Hamilton Beach Scovill", reflecting a merger that occurred in 1923. In 1990, the company merged with Proctor Silex, another household appliance manufacturer. Key market competitors include Cuisinart, Black & Decker, Salton, De'Longhi, and Sunbeam.
History
Founded in April 1910 by inventor Frederick J. Osius in Racine, Wisconsin, the Hamilton Beach Manufacturing Company took its name from two men Osius hired, Louis Hamilton and Chester Beach. He hired Hamilton as the new company's advertising manager, and Beach to work as a mechanic. Osius did not care for his own name, so he paid Hamilton and Beach $1000 each for the right to use their names instead. The company mostly sold products that Osius had invented and patented. Still, Chester Beach had invented a high-speed fractional motor in 1905, which the company used in many of its products. Osius designed the agitator implement for the company's first milkshake machine, the Cyclone Drink Mixer, introduced in 1910. Hamilton and Beach left the company in 1913 to form their own firm, Wisconsin Electric Company. Osius sold Hamilton-Beach to Scovill Manufacturing in 1922 and moved to Millionaires' Row in Miami Beach. The Hamilton Beach drink mixer, with its characteristic spindle and metal container, was found at soda fountains of drug stores throughout North America. Other products included stand mixers (for making batter), fans, and hair dryers. The spindle drink mixer was expanded in the 1930s to enable multiple milkshakes to be processed at once. For a time, the brand was owned by NACCO Industries. The original company continues as the Hamilton Beach side of Hamilton Beach Brands, Inc. Since the 2000s, all of Hamilton Beach's appliances have been manufactured by subcontractors in China.
Products
Blenders
Bread machines
Coffeemakers
Coffee grinders
Coffee percolators
Can openers
Convection ovens
Deep fryers
Electric kettles
Electric knives
Food processors
Freezers
Ice cream makers
Indoor grills
Induction cooktops
Juicers
Mixers
Microwave Ovens
Ovens
Pie irons
Pizza makers
Popcorn makers
Refrigerators
Rice cookers
Steamers
Toaster ovens
Toasters
Waffle irons
References
^ "Hamilton Beach Brands, Inc". Hoover's. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
^ "Connecticut Digital Archive | Connect. Preserve. Share".
^ Frederick J. Osius, "Agitator implement", U.S. Patent 1,005,653, filed September 20, 1910, issued October 10, 1911.
^ "Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company - About Our Company - Our History". www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
^ Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets, 2015, ISBN 0199313628, s.v.
^ "National Heroes Play Money". National Museum of American History.
^ "Celebrating 175 years: 'Vibrator Capitol of the World'". Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ Hagerty, James R. (May 22, 2012). "Once Made in China: Jobs Trickle Back to U.S. Plants". Wall Street Journal.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamilton Beach Brands.
Hamilton Beach
Proctor Silex
Eclectrics all-metal appliances
TrueAir AirCare appliances
BrewStation 'cup-activated' dispensing, carafeless coffeemaker
Hamilton Beach in Ukraine
vteNACCO IndustriesSubsidiaries
Hamilton Beach
Le Gourmet Chef
North American Coal Corporation
Proctor Silex
Former subsidiaries
Hyster Company
Yale Materials Handling Corporation
vteHome appliance brands
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Beko
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Defy
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White-Westinghouse
Zanussi
Elica
Faema
Fulgor
Gaggia
Giacomini
Gree
Haceb
Haier
Candy
Fisher & Paykel
GE
Hoover
Hotpoint
Hamilton Beach
Proctor Silex
Havells
Hisense
Asko
Gorenje
Kelon
IKEA
InSinkErator
iRobot
Roomba
Scooba
JS Global Lifestyle
Joyoung
Kenmore
Khind-Mistral
Kleenmaid
LG
Liebherr
Lofra
Mabe
Magic Bullet
Magic Chef
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Middleby
AGA
La Cornue
Rangemaster
Rayburn
Viking
Midea
Eureka
Miele
Mitsubishi
Moffat
Morphy Richards
Newell
Crock-Pot
Holmes
Mr. Coffee
Oster
Sunbeam
Olympic
OXO
Panasonic
KDK
Sanyo
Pars Khazar
Peerless-Premier
Pensonic
Philips
Pyramis
Saeco
Samsung
Dacor
SEB
Krups
Moulinex
Rowenta
Supor
Tefal
Servis
SharkNinja
Sharp
Sisil
Skyworth
Smeg
Snowa
Spectrum
Black+Decker
George Foreman
Remington
Russell Hobbs
Toastmaster
Sub-Zero
Tiger
Vestel
Vestfrost
Finlux
Videocon
Voltas
Vorwerk
West Bend
Whirlpool
Admiral
Amana
Bauknecht
Hotpoint
Indesit
Inglis
Jenn-Air
KitchenAid
Maytag
Winia
Zojirushi
Zyliss
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_appliance"},{"link_name":"restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"blenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenders"},{"link_name":"mixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixer_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"slow cookers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cooker"},{"link_name":"air purifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Proctor Silex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor_Silex"},{"link_name":"Cuisinart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisinart"},{"link_name":"Black & Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Decker"},{"link_name":"Salton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Inc."},{"link_name":"De'Longhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%27Longhi"},{"link_name":"Sunbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbeam_Products"}],"text":"Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company is an American designer, marketer and distributor of home appliances and commercial restaurant equipment marketed primarily in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, including blenders, mixers, toasters, slow cookers, clothes irons, and air purifiers.Until sometime in the 1980s the company's products were marketed under the brand name \"Hamilton Beach Scovill\", reflecting a merger that occurred in 1923.[2] In 1990, the company merged with Proctor Silex, another household appliance manufacturer. Key market competitors include Cuisinart, Black & Decker, Salton, De'Longhi, and Sunbeam.","title":"Hamilton Beach Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Racine, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fractional motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-horsepower_motor"},{"link_name":"milkshake machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkshake_machine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ox-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"NACCO Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACCO_Industries"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Founded in April 1910 by inventor Frederick J. Osius in Racine, Wisconsin, the Hamilton Beach Manufacturing Company took its name from two men Osius hired, Louis Hamilton and Chester Beach. He hired Hamilton as the new company's advertising manager, and Beach to work as a mechanic. [citation needed] Osius did not care for his own name, so he paid Hamilton and Beach $1000 each for the right to use their names instead. The company mostly sold products that Osius had invented and patented. Still, Chester Beach had invented a high-speed fractional motor in 1905, which the company used in many of its products. Osius designed the agitator implement for the company's first milkshake machine, the Cyclone Drink Mixer, introduced in 1910.[3][4][5] Hamilton and Beach left the company in 1913 to form their own firm, Wisconsin Electric Company. Osius sold Hamilton-Beach to Scovill Manufacturing[6] in 1922 and moved to Millionaires' Row in Miami Beach.[7] The Hamilton Beach drink mixer, with its characteristic spindle and metal container, was found at soda fountains of drug stores throughout North America. Other products included stand mixers (for making batter), fans, and hair dryers. The spindle drink mixer was expanded in the 1930s to enable multiple milkshakes to be processed at once. For a time, the brand was owned by NACCO Industries. The original company continues as the Hamilton Beach side of Hamilton Beach Brands, Inc. Since the 2000s, all of Hamilton Beach's appliances have been manufactured by subcontractors in China.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender"},{"link_name":"Bread machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_machine"},{"link_name":"Coffeemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeemaker"},{"link_name":"Coffee grinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_grinder"},{"link_name":"Coffee percolators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_percolator"},{"link_name":"Can openers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_opener"},{"link_name":"Convection ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_oven"},{"link_name":"Deep fryers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fryer"},{"link_name":"Electric kettles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_kettle"},{"link_name":"Electric knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_knife"},{"link_name":"Food processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processor"},{"link_name":"Freezers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezers"},{"link_name":"Ice cream makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_maker"},{"link_name":"Juicers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicer"},{"link_name":"Mixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixer_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"Ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven"},{"link_name":"Pie irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_iron"},{"link_name":"Popcorn makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn_maker"},{"link_name":"Refrigerators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerators"},{"link_name":"Rice cookers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_cooker"},{"link_name":"Steamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamer_(appliance)"},{"link_name":"Toaster ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toaster"},{"link_name":"Toasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toaster"},{"link_name":"Waffle irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle_iron"}],"text":"Blenders\nBread machines\nCoffeemakers\nCoffee grinders\nCoffee percolators\nCan openers\nConvection ovens\nDeep fryers\nElectric kettles\nElectric knives\nFood processors\nFreezers\nIce cream makers\nIndoor grills\nInduction cooktops\nJuicers\nMixers\nMicrowave Ovens\nOvens\nPie irons\nPizza makers\nPopcorn makers\nRefrigerators\nRice cookers\nSteamers\nToaster ovens\nToasters\nWaffle irons","title":"Products"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Davidson
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Battle of Fort Davidson
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["1 Background","2 Prelude","2.1 Fort Davidson","3 Battle","4 Aftermath","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°37′10″N 90°38′29″W / 37.6194°N 90.6415°W / 37.6194; -90.6415Battle of the American Civil War
Battle of Fort DavidsonPart of the American Civil WarDateSeptember 27, 1864 (1864-09-27)LocationIron County, Missouri37°37′10″N 90°38′29″W / 37.6194°N 90.6415°W / 37.6194; -90.6415Result
Union victoryBelligerents
Confederate States
United States (Union)Commanders and leaders
James Fagan John Marmaduke
Thomas EwingUnits involved
Fagan's Division Marmaduke's Division
Fort DavidsonStrength
5,700–8,700
1,456Casualties and losses
500–1,000
213Pilot Knobclass=notpageimage| Location within MissourivtePrice's Missouri Expedition
Fort Davidson
Glasgow
Sedalia
2nd Lexington
Little Blue
2nd Independence
Byram's Ford
Westport
Marais des Cygnes
Mine Creek
Marmiton River
2nd Newtonia
The Battle of Fort Davidson, also known as the Battle of Pilot Knob, was a battle of Price's Missouri Expedition fought on September 27, 1864, near Pilot Knob, Missouri. Confederate troops under the command of Major-General Sterling Price had entered Missouri in September 1864 with hopes of challenging Union control of the state. On September 24, Price learned that Union troops held Pilot Knob. Two days later, he sent part of his command north to disrupt and then moved towards Pilot Knob with the rest of his army. The Confederate divisions of Major-General James Fagan and Brigadier-General John Marmaduke drove Union troops under Brigadier-General Thomas Ewing and Major James Wilson from the lower Arcadia Valley into Fort Davidson on September 26 and on the morning of September 27.
On the afternoon of the 27th, Price aligned troops around Fort Davidson in order to attack it from multiple sides. While intended to occur together, the attacks occurred separately and were repulsed in the same fashion. Brigadier-General William Cabell's Confederate brigade made three separate attacks against the fort, and succeeded in crossing the fort's moat on the final attempt, but were unable to enter the fort. That night, Ewing decided to abandon the fort. His men blew up the fort's magazine and slipped past Confederate troops guarding the escape routes undetected. Some of Price's men temporarily pursued Ewing beginning the next day, but eventually broke off the pursuit to rejoin Price's main body. With his troops dispirited by the unsuccessful attacks at Fort Davidson, Price decided against attacking St. Louis. The Confederate army then moved westwards, before being beaten at the Battle of Westport on October 23. Price's men then withdrew to Texas, having been defeated several more times during the retreat and pursued much of the way. The site of Fort Davidson is preserved as a historic site and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Background
At the start of the American Civil War in 1861, the state of Missouri was a slave state, but did not secede. However, the state was politically divided: Governor Claiborne Jackson and the Missouri State Guard supported secession and the rebellion, while Brigadier-General Nathaniel Lyon and the Union Army supported the United States and opposed secession. Under Major-General Sterling Price, the MSG defeated Union armies at the battles of Wilson's Creek and Lexington in 1861, but by the end of the year, Price and the MSG were restricted to the southwestern portion of the state. Meanwhile, Jackson and a portion of the state legislature voted to secede and join the Confederacy, while another element of the legislature voted to reject secession, essentially giving the state two governments. In March 1862, a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas gave the Union control of Missouri, and Confederate activity in the state was largely restricted to guerrilla warfare and raids throughout 1862 and 1863.
By the beginning of September 1864, events in the eastern United States, especially the Confederate defeat in the Atlanta campaign, gave Abraham Lincoln, who supported continuing the war, an edge in the 1864 United States presidential election over George McClellan, who favored ending the war. At this point, the Confederacy had very little chance of winning the war. Meanwhile, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, the Confederates had defeated Union attackers during the Red River campaign in Louisiana, which took place from March through May. As events east of the Mississippi River turned against the Confederates, General Kirby Smith, Confederate commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, was ordered to transfer the infantry under his command to the fighting in the Eastern and Western theaters. However, this proved to be impossible, as the Union Navy controlled the Mississippi River, preventing a large-scale crossing. Despite having limited resources for an offensive, Smith decided that an attack designed to divert Union troops from the principal theaters of combat would have an equivalent effect to the proposed transfer of troops, through decreasing the Confederates' numerical disparity east of the Mississippi. Price and the Confederate governor, Thomas Reynolds, suggested that an invasion of Missouri would be an effective offensive; Smith approved the plan and appointed Price to command the offensive. Price expected that the offensive would create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri, divert Union troops away from the principal theaters of combat (many of the Union troops previously defending Missouri had been transferred out of the state, leaving the Missouri State Militia to be the state's primary defensive force), and aid McClellan's chance of defeating Lincoln in the election. On September 19, Price's column, named the Army of Missouri, entered the state.
Prelude
Map of Price's raid
When Price entered the state, he had about 13,000 men with him, many of which were poorly armed or had no weapons at all. The Confederate force included 14 cannons, but these were of small bore, which limited their effectiveness against fortifications. Price's force was divided into three divisions, commanded by Major-General James Fagan and brigadier-generals John Marmaduke and Joseph O. Shelby. Around 10,000 Union soldiers were scattered across Missouri, of whom about 3,000 were assigned to the St. Louis region, under the command of Brigadier-General Thomas Ewing Many of Ewing's men were in units of the Missouri State Militia or the Enrolled Missouri Militia. While many of the MSM men had guerilla warfare experience, the EMM soldiers were poorly trained and equipped.
Price learned that the town of Pilot Knob and one end of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad was held by Union troops while he was at Fredericktown on September 24. Price did not want to leave a Union force free to operate in his rear, so he decided to move aggressively against the Union column. To accomplish this, he sent Shelby with his division north of Pilot Knob to disrupt the railroad on September 26, while sending Fagan and Marmaduke directly against the Union troops. Ewing commanded the Union force near Pilot Knob, which was 1,456 strong: 856 Union Army soldiers, 450 MSM men, and a group of 150 mobilized civilians. Additionally, Price learned on the 25th that Union Major-General Andrew Smith and 8,000 men were near St. Louis, which caused him to doubt his ability to take the city.
On September 26, Price began moving his army from Fredericktown towards the Arcadia Valley, with Fagan's division in the lead. The entrance to the valley, Shut-In Gap, was unguarded, so Fagan sent Colonel William F. Slemons's brigade, temporarily under the command of Colonel John C. Wright, forward. Wright, with about 250 men, surprised a small Union detachment, which managed to send a messenger warning a detachment of the 47th Missouri Infantry Regiment at Ironton and the Union command at Fort Davidson, further north. Ewing responded by sending 80 men from the 3rd MSM Cavalry Regiment to investigate the reports. Wright's men scattered the MSM soldiers, but were repulsed by the detachment of the 47th Missouri Infantry when they tried to drive through Ironton. After hearing the sounds of battle from the valley, Ewing sent Major James Wilson and several hundred cavalrymen towards the fighting and later followed Wilson himself with a force from the 14th Iowa Infantry Regiment and two cannons from the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery Regiment. The two groups joined with the Union detachment already in Ironton around 15:00, attacked under the command of Wilson, and drove Wright back towards the gap. Ewing, under the impression that he was fighting with Shelby's men, left Wilson and his force in the valley and personally returned to Fort Davidson. He then made preparations to defend the fort against Confederate attack and send extra supplies up the railroad to Smith.
As more Confederate troops passed through Shut-In Gap, Wilson realized that he was facing a very large enemy force. At around 22:30, Ewing gave Wilson permission to withdraw to a more secure position near Ironton. The reports also made Ewing unsure about the wisdom of attempting to hold Pilot Knob. That night, he asked several of his subordinates for their opinions about the best course of action. After some discussion, Ewing decided to hold the fort, influenced by the uncertainty of being able to hold the poorly trained portions of his force together during a retreat. The political aspirations of Ewing and Colonel Thomas C. Fletcher of the 47th Missouri Infantry also contributed to the decision to fight it out, as a retreat was thought to be politically detrimental. The supplies and some civilians were evacuated via the railroad.
Fort Davidson
One side of Fort Davidson as seen today. The crater from the powder magazine blast is visible on the far right. Pilot Knob is the hill at the back.
Fort Davidson is near the town of Pilot Knob, Missouri, which is located in a plain between four peaks: Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, Rock Mountain, and Cedar Hill. Fort Davidson was preceded by an earlier structure known as Fort Hovey (later renamed Fort Curtis, after Major-General Samuel Curtis), which was built by Union Army soldiers in 1861 south of the future location of Fort Davidson. Fort Curtis was armed with four 32-pounder guns, three 24-pounder howitzers, and two Coehorn mortars. Eventually, eight smaller artillery pieces were added to the fort. Fort Curtis's location was viewed as a disadvantage, as it was not located in a place where it could easily guard the important local iron deposits and a nearby railroad. Fort Davidson was constructed in 1863 near the base of Pilot Knob in order to better protect those features.
Built in the shape of a hexagon, Fort Davidson had earthen walls. In his book Price's Lost Campaign: The 1864 Invasion of Missouri, the historian Mark A. Lause stated that the fort's walls were 100 feet (30 m) long, while the historian Kyle Sinisi stated that they were 150 feet (46 m) long. These wall were either 5 feet (1.5 m), as per Sinisi, or 9 feet (2.7 m) high, as per Fort Davidson's National Register nomination form and historian Albert Castel. Two rifle pits, also described as trenches, were constructed: one to the north and one to the southwest. The fort's magazine was located in the inner portion of the fort and was located underground, with 15 feet (4.6 m) of dirt and some wood planking serving as protective covering. An 1864 inspection produced a report finding that the terrain of the mountains exposed defenders of Fort Davidson to potential enfilade fire. Surrounding the fort was a 10-foot-wide (3.0 m) moat. Castel and Lause state that the moat was around 6 feet (1.8 m) deep, the NRHP form provides the depth as 7 feet (2.1 m) and Sinisi and a writer for the Missouri Archaeological Society give a depth of 8 feet (2.4 m). Fort Davidson was named for Brigadier-General John W. Davidson, who had commanded Union troops in the area in 1862.
Battle
1865 map of Pilot Knob and its vicinity
By the morning of September 27, Marmaduke's men had reinforced Fagan. That morning, the combined Confederate force attacked and drove Wilson back; the Confederates were eventually able to take the ground between Shepherd Mountain and Pilot Knob. At 09:15, Union artillery from the fort drove off Confederate troops who were advancing from Ironton, but men from the 14th Iowa Infantry who had been holding a forward position came under friendly fire from both the fort and a group of 3rd MSM Cavalry troops under the command of Wilson holding Pilot Knob. This caused the Iowans to withdraw into Fort Davidson. Ewing was offered surrender terms, but declined, at least partially because he feared execution by Price's men as revenge for his issuance of General Order 11 the previous year, which had deported civilians from four Missouri counties. Confederate artillery then opened fire on Wilson's men at Pilot Knob, who withdrew into the fort. After Wilson fell back, the Confederate guns fired on Fort Davidson, but with little effect. With Wilson gone, Fagan moved men to the area between Pilot Knob and Rock Mountain, where they began pillaging houses until Union artillery fire drove them to the other side of Pilot Knob.
Meanwhile, Confederate troops began aligning for an attack. The brigades of Slemons and Colonel Thomas McCray aligned on Pilot Knob, and Brigadier-General William Cabell's brigade held the gap between Pilot Knob and Shepherd Mountain. Brigadier-General John Clark's brigade was on Shepherd Mountain, and Colonel Thomas Freeman's brigade and Slayback's battalion were north of Shepherd Mountain. Colonel Archibald Dobbins's brigade was also north of the town, in a position to block a Union retreat. Price's plan called for concurrent attacks. Historian Albert Castel placed Confederate strength in the two divisions of Marmaduke and Fagan at about 8,700 men, while the historian Kyle Sinisi estimated that Price had about 4,700 men available to attack the fort with, after detaching 20 percent of his force to hold the dismounted attackers's horses. Fagan and Marmaduke had supported the idea of a frontal attack, expecting the fort to fall quickly; Price's chief engineer had instead suggested that artillery should be placed on top of Shepherd Mountain and used to bombard Fort Davidson into submission.
To support the attack, the Confederates attempted to move four cannons, taken from Hynson's Battery and Harris's Battery, onto Shepherd Mountain, but only two of the guns were able to be moved into position due to rough terrain. In the early afternoon, Ewing sent part of the 14th Iowa Infantry forward to scout the Confederate position; it was driven back under heavy fire. Wilson was also sent on detached duty to hold the town of Pilot Knob. The two Confederate artillery pieces on the mountain attempted to shell the fort, but had little success. At about 14:00, the main Confederate attack began. The Confederate attacks would not be well coordinated, allowing Union troops to repulse them individually.
Clark's and Cabell's brigade started the attack. The right wing of Clark's brigade separated from the brigade's left, and served alongside Cabell's men. After crossing a creek bed, some of the Confederate reached as far as the fort's moat before firing. The Confederate fire had little effect, as most of it was stopped by sandbags. Fort Davidson was occupied at well over twice its designed capacity, and Ewing exploited this by having some of his men load weapons while others fired. This provided heavy fire that drove Cabell's and Clark's men back to the creek bank. Some of the Confederates, in particular the 4th and 8th Missouri Cavalry regiments, had made it no further than the creek.
When Slemons's and McCray's men attacked the fort from Pilot Knob, they captured Wilson, who was later executed by Confederate soldiers, and scattered his men. When the Confederates came under fire from the fort, they broke quickly. Wright, who was now back in regimental command, led his men alongside Cabell's, and made it most of the way to the moat before being repulsed. Later, Cabell's brigade made another charge, this time with the support of two cannons, but was again repulsed. North of the fort, Slayback's and Freeman's men finally attacked at 16:00. They detached a number of men to harass some Union wagons near Rock Mountain, before attacking the north rifle pits with the rest of their commands. The defenders of the line, men of the 3rd MSM Cavalry, eventually retreated, but the Confederates were unable to take the fort and fell back. Cabell order his brigade to make a third attack, and some of this men were able to cross the moat, before being driven off by hand grenades thrown by Union defenders. Cabell's survivors fell back beyond the creek; Clark's men abandoned the creek line after dark.
After the fighting died down, commander Alonzo Slayback sent Ewing a note that the U.S. Colored Troops within the fort would be massacred if captured. Price decided to try further attacks the next day. Believing that the moat had been the primary obstacle, Price ordered his men to spend the night building ladders to be used in crossing the moat. Meanwhile, Ewing decided to abandon the fort that night. The Union soldiers slipped past Confederate soldiers of Dobbins's brigade surrounding the fort, and a trailing group detonated Fort Davidson's magazine. The Confederates neither noticed the escape nor reacted to the explosion. Union casualties were 213. Castel placed Confederate casualties as between 800 and 1,000, while Sinisi placed Confederate casualties at around 500. Cabell's brigade lost about 10 percent of its strength.
Aftermath
Battle of Pilot Knob Monument at the site of the fort
Ewing's survivors retreated in the direction of Rolla via Leasburg and was pursued part of the way by Shelby's and Marmaduke's men, while Price took Fagan's division north, destroying railroad depots in the process. The Confederates pursuing Ewing's men eventually broke off the pursuit and rejoined Price's main body on September 29. On October 1, Confederate troops occupied the town of Pacific, which was within 40 miles (64 km) of St. Louis. Confederate morale was depressed by the bloody attacks, which also revealed that the units of Price's army were largely of low quality. Price decided to cancel the attack against St. Louis, and instead move westwards towards the state capital of Jefferson City.
On October 7, Price's army had reached high ground near Jefferson City. However, Price, with the failed attacks against Fort Davidson in mind, decided that the garrison of the city was too strong to attack, and instead continued moving west. With Union troops near the Kansas–Missouri state line, and more following him west, Price's army moved towards Kansas City, fighting several small actions on the way. On October 23, Price was defeated near Kansas City by a sizable Union force in the Battle of Westport. The Confederates retreated back through Kansas, suffering several further defeats along the way, including a disastrous rout at Mine Creek on October 25, in which Marmaduke and hundreds of other men were captured. Union troops pursued Price's defeated army all the way to the Arkansas; the Confederates eventually retreated all the way to Texas. During the campaign, Price had lost over two-thirds of his men.
Legacy
Main article: Fort Davidson
In 1968, the Fort Davidson battlefield was added to the Missouri State Park system. The fort was further added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 26, 1970. A mass grave containing battlefield dead is marked by a granite monument, and the fort's walls, as well as the crater created when the magazine was detonated, are still visible at the site. A visitors center is located at the site, and contains a research library, a fiber optic display, and artifacts, including Ewing's sword. The American Battlefield Trust has been involved in the preservation of 41 acres (17 ha) at the site.
See also
List of American Civil War battles
Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864
References
^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 19–20.
^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 20, 23–25.
^ Hatcher 1998, pp. 21–23.
^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 34–37.
^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 377–379.
^ Kennedy 1998, p. 343.
^ Collins 2016, pp. 27–28.
^ Collins 2016, p. 37.
^ Collins 2016, p. 39.
^ a b c d e f g Castel 1998, p. 380.
^ Collins 2016, p. 41.
^ Collins 2016, p. 43.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 69–72.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 72–74.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 60–61.
^ Busch 2011, pp. 24, 28.
^ a b c d e f Sinisi 2020, p. 61.
^ Busch 2011, p. 36.
^ a b Busch 2011, p. 31.
^ Busch 2011, pp. 38–39.
^ Piggott 1969, p. 4.
^ a b c Lause 2011, p. 40.
^ a b Piggott 1969, p. 3.
^ a b Martens 2011, p. 12.
^ "Iron County Places Names". State Historical Society of Missouri. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ Collins 2016, pp. 42–43.
^ Sinisi 2020, p. 75.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 75–76.
^ a b Castel 1998, p. 381.
^ Sinisi 2020, p. 78.
^ a b c Collins 2016, p. 45.
^ Sinisi 2020, p. 79.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 76–77.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 79–80.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 80–81.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 81–83.
^ Sinisi 2020, p. 83.
^ Castel 1998, p. 382.
^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 85–86.
^ Collins 2016, p. 46.
^ Castel 1998, pp. 381–382.
^ Collins 2016, p. 57.
^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 382–386.
^ "State Park Land Acquisition Summary". Missouri State Parks. August 25, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
^ "National Register Database and Research". National Park Service. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
^ Uhlenbrock, Tom (August 27, 2011). "1864: A Year of Action in Missouri". Daily Journal. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
^ "Visitor Center". Missouri State Parks. February 10, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
^ "Fort Davidson Battlefield". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
Bibliography
Busch, Walter E. (2011) . Fort Davidson and the Battle of Pilot Knob (ebook ed.). Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-61423-028-1.
Castel, Albert (1998). "Pilot Knob, Missouri". In Kennedy, Frances H. (ed.). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Collins, Charles D. Jr. (2016). Battlefield Atlas of Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-940804-27-9.
Hatcher, Richard (1998). "Wilson's Creek, Missouri". In Kennedy, Frances H. (ed.). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Lause, Mark (2011). Price's Lost Campaign: The 1864 Invasion of Missouri (ebook ed.). Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826272638.
Martens, Richard E. (2011). "Civil War Artifacts from the Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri" (PDF). Missouri Archaeological Society. pp. 12–16. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
Piggott, Charla A. (December 17, 1969). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
Sinisi, Kyle S. (2020) . The Last Hurrah: Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (paperback ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-4151-9.
Further reading
Castel, Albert (1993) . General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge; London: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1854-0. LCCN 68-21804.
External links
Battle of Pilot Knob at Clio
Battle of Pilot Knob at Historical Marker Database
Fort Davidson State Historic Site
Fort Davidson State Historic Site at Wikimapia
vteMissouri in the American Civil WarOrigins
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Iron County, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"37°37′10″N 90°38′29″W / 37.6194°N 90.6415°W / 37.6194; -90.6415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Fort_Davidson¶ms=37.6194_N_90.6415_W_region:US-MO_type:event"},{"link_name":"Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"James Fagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fleming_Fagan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"John Marmaduke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Marmaduke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Fort Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Davidson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Price's Missouri Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Fort Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glasgow,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Sedalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Sedalia"},{"link_name":"2nd Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Lexington"},{"link_name":"Little Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Blue_River"},{"link_name":"2nd Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Byram's Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Byram%27s_Ford"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Westport"},{"link_name":"Marais des Cygnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marais_des_Cygnes"},{"link_name":"Mine Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mine_Creek"},{"link_name":"Marmiton River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marmiton_River"},{"link_name":"2nd Newtonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newtonia"},{"link_name":"Price's Missouri Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Pilot Knob, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Knob,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Sterling Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Price"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"James Fagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fleming_Fagan"},{"link_name":"John Marmaduke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Marmaduke"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr."},{"link_name":"Arcadia Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Valley"},{"link_name":"Fort Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Davidson"},{"link_name":"William Cabell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewis_Cabell"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Battle of Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Westport"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Battle of the American Civil WarBattle of Fort DavidsonPart of the American Civil WarDateSeptember 27, 1864 (1864-09-27)LocationIron County, Missouri37°37′10″N 90°38′29″W / 37.6194°N 90.6415°W / 37.6194; -90.6415Result\nUnion victoryBelligerents\n Confederate States\n United States (Union)Commanders and leaders\n James Fagan John Marmaduke\n Thomas EwingUnits involved\n Fagan's Division Marmaduke's Division\n Fort DavidsonStrength\n5,700–8,700\n1,456Casualties and losses\n500–1,000\n213Pilot Knobclass=notpageimage| Location within MissourivtePrice's Missouri Expedition\nFort Davidson\nGlasgow\nSedalia\n2nd Lexington\nLittle Blue\n2nd Independence\nByram's Ford\nWestport\nMarais des Cygnes\nMine Creek\nMarmiton River\n2nd NewtoniaThe Battle of Fort Davidson, also known as the Battle of Pilot Knob, was a battle of Price's Missouri Expedition fought on September 27, 1864, near Pilot Knob, Missouri. Confederate troops under the command of Major-General Sterling Price had entered Missouri in September 1864 with hopes of challenging Union control of the state. On September 24, Price learned that Union troops held Pilot Knob. Two days later, he sent part of his command north to disrupt and then moved towards Pilot Knob with the rest of his army. The Confederate divisions of Major-General James Fagan and Brigadier-General John Marmaduke drove Union troops under Brigadier-General Thomas Ewing and Major James Wilson from the lower Arcadia Valley into Fort Davidson on September 26 and on the morning of September 27.On the afternoon of the 27th, Price aligned troops around Fort Davidson in order to attack it from multiple sides. While intended to occur together, the attacks occurred separately and were repulsed in the same fashion. Brigadier-General William Cabell's Confederate brigade made three separate attacks against the fort, and succeeded in crossing the fort's moat on the final attempt, but were unable to enter the fort. That night, Ewing decided to abandon the fort. His men blew up the fort's magazine and slipped past Confederate troops guarding the escape routes undetected. Some of Price's men temporarily pursued Ewing beginning the next day, but eventually broke off the pursuit to rejoin Price's main body. With his troops dispirited by the unsuccessful attacks at Fort Davidson, Price decided against attacking St. Louis. The Confederate army then moved westwards, before being beaten at the Battle of Westport on October 23. Price's men then withdrew to Texas, having been defeated several more times during the retreat and pursued much of the way. The site of Fort Davidson is preserved as a historic site and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.","title":"Battle of Fort Davidson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"slave state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"secede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Claiborne Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Fox_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Missouri State Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Guard"},{"link_name":"rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199819%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"Sterling Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Price"},{"link_name":"Wilson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Lexington"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199820,_23%E2%80%9325-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher199821%E2%80%9323-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pea Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199834%E2%80%9337-4"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998377%E2%80%93379-5"},{"link_name":"Atlanta campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_campaign"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"1864 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998343-6"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mississippi Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Red River campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_campaign"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Kirby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mississippi Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Department"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"Thomas Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Caute_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Missouri State Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Militia_(Union)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201627%E2%80%9328-7"},{"link_name":"Army of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201637-8"}],"text":"At the start of the American Civil War in 1861, the state of Missouri was a slave state, but did not secede. However, the state was politically divided: Governor Claiborne Jackson and the Missouri State Guard supported secession and the rebellion, while Brigadier-General Nathaniel Lyon and the Union Army supported the United States and opposed secession.[1] Under Major-General Sterling Price, the MSG defeated Union armies at the battles of Wilson's Creek and Lexington in 1861, but by the end of the year, Price and the MSG were restricted to the southwestern portion of the state. Meanwhile, Jackson and a portion of the state legislature voted to secede and join the Confederacy, while another element of the legislature voted to reject secession, essentially giving the state two governments.[2][3] In March 1862, a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas gave the Union control of Missouri,[4] and Confederate activity in the state was largely restricted to guerrilla warfare and raids throughout 1862 and 1863.[5]By the beginning of September 1864, events in the eastern United States, especially the Confederate defeat in the Atlanta campaign, gave Abraham Lincoln, who supported continuing the war, an edge in the 1864 United States presidential election over George McClellan, who favored ending the war. At this point, the Confederacy had very little chance of winning the war.[6] Meanwhile, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, the Confederates had defeated Union attackers during the Red River campaign in Louisiana, which took place from March through May. As events east of the Mississippi River turned against the Confederates, General Kirby Smith, Confederate commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, was ordered to transfer the infantry under his command to the fighting in the Eastern and Western theaters. However, this proved to be impossible, as the Union Navy controlled the Mississippi River, preventing a large-scale crossing. Despite having limited resources for an offensive, Smith decided that an attack designed to divert Union troops from the principal theaters of combat would have an equivalent effect to the proposed transfer of troops, through decreasing the Confederates' numerical disparity east of the Mississippi. Price and the Confederate governor, Thomas Reynolds, suggested that an invasion of Missouri would be an effective offensive; Smith approved the plan and appointed Price to command the offensive. Price expected that the offensive would create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri, divert Union troops away from the principal theaters of combat (many of the Union troops previously defending Missouri had been transferred out of the state, leaving the Missouri State Militia to be the state's primary defensive force), and aid McClellan's chance of defeating Lincoln in the election.[7] On September 19, Price's column, named the Army of Missouri, entered the state.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Price%27s_Raid.png"},{"link_name":"small bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber"},{"link_name":"Joseph O. Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201639-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998380-10"},{"link_name":"Missouri State Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Militia_(Union)"},{"link_name":"Enrolled Missouri Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrolled_Missouri_Militia"},{"link_name":"guerilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201641-11"},{"link_name":"Pilot Knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Knob,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_and_Iron_Mountain_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Fredericktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericktown,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998380-10"},{"link_name":"Andrew Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._Smith"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201643-12"},{"link_name":"Arcadia Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Valley"},{"link_name":"William F. Slemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Slemons"},{"link_name":"47th Missouri Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Missouri_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Ironton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"14th Iowa Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Iowa_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"2nd Missouri Light Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Missouri_Light_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202069%E2%80%9372-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Fletcher"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202072%E2%80%9374-14"}],"text":"Map of Price's raidWhen Price entered the state, he had about 13,000 men with him, many of which were poorly armed or had no weapons at all. The Confederate force included 14 cannons, but these were of small bore, which limited their effectiveness against fortifications. Price's force was divided into three divisions, commanded by Major-General James Fagan and brigadier-generals John Marmaduke and Joseph O. Shelby.[9][10] Around 10,000 Union soldiers were scattered across Missouri, of whom about 3,000 were assigned to the St. Louis region, under the command of Brigadier-General Thomas Ewing Many of Ewing's men were in units of the Missouri State Militia or the Enrolled Missouri Militia. While many of the MSM men had guerilla warfare experience, the EMM soldiers were poorly trained and equipped.[11]Price learned that the town of Pilot Knob and one end of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad was held by Union troops while he was at Fredericktown on September 24. Price did not want to leave a Union force free to operate in his rear, so he decided to move aggressively against the Union column. To accomplish this, he sent Shelby with his division north of Pilot Knob to disrupt the railroad on September 26, while sending Fagan and Marmaduke directly against the Union troops. Ewing commanded the Union force near Pilot Knob, which was 1,456 strong: 856 Union Army soldiers, 450 MSM men, and a group of 150 mobilized civilians.[10] Additionally, Price learned on the 25th that Union Major-General Andrew Smith and 8,000 men were near St. Louis, which caused him to doubt his ability to take the city.[12]On September 26, Price began moving his army from Fredericktown towards the Arcadia Valley, with Fagan's division in the lead. The entrance to the valley, Shut-In Gap, was unguarded, so Fagan sent Colonel William F. Slemons's brigade, temporarily under the command of Colonel John C. Wright, forward. Wright, with about 250 men, surprised a small Union detachment, which managed to send a messenger warning a detachment of the 47th Missouri Infantry Regiment at Ironton and the Union command at Fort Davidson, further north. Ewing responded by sending 80 men from the 3rd MSM Cavalry Regiment to investigate the reports. Wright's men scattered the MSM soldiers, but were repulsed by the detachment of the 47th Missouri Infantry when they tried to drive through Ironton. After hearing the sounds of battle from the valley, Ewing sent Major James Wilson and several hundred cavalrymen towards the fighting and later followed Wilson himself with a force from the 14th Iowa Infantry Regiment and two cannons from the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery Regiment. The two groups joined with the Union detachment already in Ironton around 15:00, attacked under the command of Wilson, and drove Wright back towards the gap. Ewing, under the impression that he was fighting with Shelby's men, left Wilson and his force in the valley and personally returned to Fort Davidson. He then made preparations to defend the fort against Confederate attack and send extra supplies up the railroad to Smith.[13]As more Confederate troops passed through Shut-In Gap, Wilson realized that he was facing a very large enemy force. At around 22:30, Ewing gave Wilson permission to withdraw to a more secure position near Ironton. The reports also made Ewing unsure about the wisdom of attempting to hold Pilot Knob. That night, he asked several of his subordinates for their opinions about the best course of action. After some discussion, Ewing decided to hold the fort, influenced by the uncertainty of being able to hold the poorly trained portions of his force together during a retreat. The political aspirations of Ewing and Colonel Thomas C. Fletcher of the 47th Missouri Infantry also contributed to the decision to fight it out, as a retreat was thought to be politically detrimental. The supplies and some civilians were evacuated via the railroad.[14]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vholifield-fortdavidsontoday02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Pilot Knob, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Knob,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Pilot Knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Knob_(Iron_County,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202060%E2%80%9361-15"},{"link_name":"Fort Hovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hovey"},{"link_name":"Samuel Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_R._Curtis"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch201124,_28-16"},{"link_name":"24-pounder howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1841_24-pounder_howitzer"},{"link_name":"Coehorn mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coehorn_mortar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202061-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch201136-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch201131-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch201138%E2%80%9339-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiggott19694-21"},{"link_name":"hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202061-17"},{"link_name":"Price's Lost Campaign: The 1864 Invasion of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%27s_Lost_Campaign:_The_1864_Invasion_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause201140-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202061-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202061-17"},{"link_name":"Albert Castel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Castel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiggott19693-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998380-10"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens201112-24"},{"link_name":"rifle pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_pit"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause201140-22"},{"link_name":"enfilade fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfilade_fire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202061-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause201140-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998380-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiggott19693-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202061-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens201112-24"},{"link_name":"John W. Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wynn_Davidson"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Fort Davidson","text":"One side of Fort Davidson as seen today. The crater from the powder magazine blast is visible on the far right. Pilot Knob is the hill at the back.Fort Davidson is near the town of Pilot Knob, Missouri, which is located in a plain between four peaks: Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, Rock Mountain, and Cedar Hill.[15] Fort Davidson was preceded by an earlier structure known as Fort Hovey (later renamed Fort Curtis, after Major-General Samuel Curtis), which was built by Union Army soldiers in 1861 south of the future location of Fort Davidson.[16] Fort Curtis was armed with four 32-pounder guns, three 24-pounder howitzers, and two Coehorn mortars. Eventually, eight smaller artillery pieces were added to the fort.[17][18] Fort Curtis's location was viewed as a disadvantage, as it was not located in a place where it could easily guard the important local iron deposits and a nearby railroad.[19] Fort Davidson was constructed in 1863 near the base of Pilot Knob in order to better protect those features.[20][21]Built in the shape of a hexagon, Fort Davidson had earthen walls.[17] In his book Price's Lost Campaign: The 1864 Invasion of Missouri, the historian Mark A. Lause stated that the fort's walls were 100 feet (30 m) long,[22] while the historian Kyle Sinisi stated that they were 150 feet (46 m) long.[17] These wall were either 5 feet (1.5 m), as per Sinisi,[17] or 9 feet (2.7 m) high, as per Fort Davidson's National Register nomination form and historian Albert Castel.[23][10][24] Two rifle pits, also described as trenches, were constructed: one to the north and one to the southwest. The fort's magazine was located in the inner portion of the fort and was located underground, with 15 feet (4.6 m) of dirt and some wood planking serving as protective covering.[22] An 1864 inspection produced a report finding that the terrain of the mountains exposed defenders of Fort Davidson to potential enfilade fire.[17] Surrounding the fort was a 10-foot-wide (3.0 m) moat. Castel and Lause state that the moat was around 6 feet (1.8 m) deep,[22][10] the NRHP form provides the depth as 7 feet (2.1 m)[23] and Sinisi and a writer for the Missouri Archaeological Society give a depth of 8 feet (2.4 m).[17][24] Fort Davidson was named for Brigadier-General John W. Davidson, who had commanded Union troops in the area in 1862.[25]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Pilot_Knob,_Mo.,_and_Vicinity._Wm._Hoelcke,_Captn._%26_Addl._A._de_C._-_NARA_-_305779.jpg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201642%E2%80%9343-26"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202075-27"},{"link_name":"General Order 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1863)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998380-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202075%E2%80%9376-28"},{"link_name":"Thomas McCray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._McCray"},{"link_name":"John Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Clark_Jr."},{"link_name":"Slayback's battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayback%27s_Missouri_Cavalry_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998381-29"},{"link_name":"Archibald Dobbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_S._Dobbins"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202078-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201645-31"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998380-10"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202079-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202076%E2%80%9377-33"},{"link_name":"Hynson's Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynson%27s_Texas_Battery"},{"link_name":"Harris's Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%27_Missouri_Battery_(1864)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202079%E2%80%9380-34"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998380-10"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201645-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202080%E2%80%9381-35"},{"link_name":"hand grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202081%E2%80%9383-36"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Slayback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_W._Slayback"},{"link_name":"U.S. Colored Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch201131-19"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202083-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998381-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201645-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998382-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinisi202085%E2%80%9386-39"}],"text":"1865 map of Pilot Knob and its vicinityBy the morning of September 27, Marmaduke's men had reinforced Fagan. That morning, the combined Confederate force attacked and drove Wilson back; the Confederates were eventually able to take the ground between Shepherd Mountain and Pilot Knob.[26] At 09:15, Union artillery from the fort drove off Confederate troops who were advancing from Ironton, but men from the 14th Iowa Infantry who had been holding a forward position came under friendly fire from both the fort and a group of 3rd MSM Cavalry troops under the command of Wilson holding Pilot Knob. This caused the Iowans to withdraw into Fort Davidson.[27] Ewing was offered surrender terms, but declined, at least partially because he feared execution by Price's men as revenge for his issuance of General Order 11 the previous year, which had deported civilians from four Missouri counties.[10] Confederate artillery then opened fire on Wilson's men at Pilot Knob, who withdrew into the fort. After Wilson fell back, the Confederate guns fired on Fort Davidson, but with little effect. With Wilson gone, Fagan moved men to the area between Pilot Knob and Rock Mountain, where they began pillaging houses until Union artillery fire drove them to the other side of Pilot Knob.[28]Meanwhile, Confederate troops began aligning for an attack. The brigades of Slemons and Colonel Thomas McCray aligned on Pilot Knob, and Brigadier-General William Cabell's brigade held the gap between Pilot Knob and Shepherd Mountain. Brigadier-General John Clark's brigade was on Shepherd Mountain, and Colonel Thomas Freeman's brigade and Slayback's battalion were north of Shepherd Mountain.[29] Colonel Archibald Dobbins's brigade was also north of the town, in a position to block a Union retreat.[30] Price's plan called for concurrent attacks.[31] Historian Albert Castel placed Confederate strength in the two divisions of Marmaduke and Fagan at about 8,700 men,[10] while the historian Kyle Sinisi estimated that Price had about 4,700 men available to attack the fort with, after detaching 20 percent of his force to hold the dismounted attackers's horses.[32] Fagan and Marmaduke had supported the idea of a frontal attack, expecting the fort to fall quickly; Price's chief engineer had instead suggested that artillery should be placed on top of Shepherd Mountain and used to bombard Fort Davidson into submission.[33]To support the attack, the Confederates attempted to move four cannons, taken from Hynson's Battery and Harris's Battery, onto Shepherd Mountain, but only two of the guns were able to be moved into position due to rough terrain. In the early afternoon, Ewing sent part of the 14th Iowa Infantry forward to scout the Confederate position; it was driven back under heavy fire. Wilson was also sent on detached duty to hold the town of Pilot Knob.[34] The two Confederate artillery pieces on the mountain attempted to shell the fort, but had little success. At about 14:00, the main Confederate attack began.[10] The Confederate attacks would not be well coordinated, allowing Union troops to repulse them individually.[31]Clark's and Cabell's brigade started the attack. The right wing of Clark's brigade separated from the brigade's left, and served alongside Cabell's men. After crossing a creek bed, some of the Confederate reached as far as the fort's moat before firing. The Confederate fire had little effect, as most of it was stopped by sandbags. Fort Davidson was occupied at well over twice its designed capacity, and Ewing exploited this by having some of his men load weapons while others fired. This provided heavy fire that drove Cabell's and Clark's men back to the creek bank. Some of the Confederates, in particular the 4th and 8th Missouri Cavalry regiments, had made it no further than the creek.[35]When Slemons's and McCray's men attacked the fort from Pilot Knob, they captured Wilson, who was later executed by Confederate soldiers, and scattered his men. When the Confederates came under fire from the fort, they broke quickly. Wright, who was now back in regimental command, led his men alongside Cabell's, and made it most of the way to the moat before being repulsed. Later, Cabell's brigade made another charge, this time with the support of two cannons, but was again repulsed. North of the fort, Slayback's and Freeman's men finally attacked at 16:00. They detached a number of men to harass some Union wagons near Rock Mountain, before attacking the north rifle pits with the rest of their commands. The defenders of the line, men of the 3rd MSM Cavalry, eventually retreated, but the Confederates were unable to take the fort and fell back. Cabell order his brigade to make a third attack, and some of this men were able to cross the moat, before being driven off by hand grenades thrown by Union defenders. Cabell's survivors fell back beyond the creek; Clark's men abandoned the creek line after dark.[36]After the fighting died down, commander Alonzo Slayback sent Ewing a note that the U.S. Colored Troops within the fort would be massacred if captured.[19] Price decided to try further attacks the next day. Believing that the moat had been the primary obstacle, Price ordered his men to spend the night building ladders to be used in crossing the moat.[37] Meanwhile, Ewing decided to abandon the fort that night. The Union soldiers slipped past Confederate soldiers of Dobbins's brigade surrounding the fort, and a trailing group detonated Fort Davidson's magazine. The Confederates neither noticed the escape nor reacted to the explosion.[29][31] Union casualties were 213. Castel placed Confederate casualties as between 800 and 1,000,[38] while Sinisi placed Confederate casualties at around 500. Cabell's brigade lost about 10 percent of its strength.[39]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ft_Davidson_memorial_monument-20140524-094.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolla,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Leasburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasburg,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201646-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1998381%E2%80%93382-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201657-42"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Battle of Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Westport"},{"link_name":"Mine Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mine_Creek"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998382%E2%80%93386-43"}],"text":"Battle of Pilot Knob Monument at the site of the fortEwing's survivors retreated in the direction of Rolla via Leasburg and was pursued part of the way by Shelby's and Marmaduke's men, while Price took Fagan's division north, destroying railroad depots in the process. The Confederates pursuing Ewing's men eventually broke off the pursuit and rejoined Price's main body on September 29. On October 1, Confederate troops occupied the town of Pacific, which was within 40 miles (64 km) of St. Louis.[40] Confederate morale was depressed by the bloody attacks, which also revealed that the units of Price's army were largely of low quality. Price decided to cancel the attack against St. Louis, and instead move westwards towards the state capital of Jefferson City.[41]On October 7, Price's army had reached high ground near Jefferson City. However, Price, with the failed attacks against Fort Davidson in mind, decided that the garrison of the city was too strong to attack, and instead continued moving west.[42] With Union troops near the Kansas–Missouri state line, and more following him west, Price's army moved towards Kansas City, fighting several small actions on the way. On October 23, Price was defeated near Kansas City by a sizable Union force in the Battle of Westport. The Confederates retreated back through Kansas, suffering several further defeats along the way, including a disastrous rout at Mine Creek on October 25, in which Marmaduke and hundreds of other men were captured. Union troops pursued Price's defeated army all the way to the Arkansas; the Confederates eventually retreated all the way to Texas. During the campaign, Price had lost over two-thirds of his men.[43]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri State Park system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Missouri_state_parks"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daily_journal-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"American Battlefield Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"In 1968, the Fort Davidson battlefield was added to the Missouri State Park system.[44] The fort was further added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 26, 1970.[45] A mass grave containing battlefield dead is marked by a granite monument, and the fort's walls, as well as the crater created when the magazine was detonated, are still visible at the site.[46] A visitors center is located at the site, and contains a research library, a fiber optic display, and artifacts, including Ewing's sword.[47] The American Battlefield Trust has been involved in the preservation of 41 acres (17 ha) at the site.[48]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61423-028-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61423-028-1"},{"link_name":"Castel, Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Castel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-395-74012-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5"},{"link_name":"Battlefield Atlas of Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_AtlasofPricesMissouriExpeditionof1864.pdf"},{"link_name":"Combat Studies Institute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Studies_Institute_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-940804-27-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940804-27-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-395-74012-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5"},{"link_name":"The Civil War Battlefield Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/Kennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-395-74012-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780826272638","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826272638"},{"link_name":"\"Civil War Artifacts from the Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.missouriarchaeologicalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Civil_War.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/70000332.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5381-4151-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4151-9"}],"text":"Busch, Walter E. (2011) [2010]. Fort Davidson and the Battle of Pilot Knob (ebook ed.). Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-61423-028-1.\nCastel, Albert (1998). \"Pilot Knob, Missouri\". In Kennedy, Frances H. (ed.). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.\nCollins, Charles D. Jr. (2016). Battlefield Atlas of Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-940804-27-9.\nHatcher, Richard (1998). \"Wilson's Creek, Missouri\". In Kennedy, Frances H. (ed.). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.\nKennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.\nLause, Mark (2011). Price's Lost Campaign: The 1864 Invasion of Missouri (ebook ed.). Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826272638.\nMartens, Richard E. (2011). \"Civil War Artifacts from the Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri\" (PDF). Missouri Archaeological Society. pp. 12–16. Retrieved November 17, 2020.\nPiggott, Charla A. (December 17, 1969). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form\" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved November 8, 2020.\nSinisi, Kyle S. (2020) [2015]. The Last Hurrah: Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (paperback ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-4151-9.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana State University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8071-1854-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1854-0"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"68-21804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/68-21804"}],"text":"Castel, Albert (1993) [1st pub. 1968]. General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge; London: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1854-0. LCCN 68-21804.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of Price's raid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Price%27s_Raid.png/220px-Price%27s_Raid.png"},{"image_text":"One side of Fort Davidson as seen today. The crater from the powder magazine blast is visible on the far right. Pilot Knob is the hill at the back.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vholifield-fortdavidsontoday02.jpg/305px-Vholifield-fortdavidsontoday02.jpg"},{"image_text":"1865 map of Pilot Knob and its vicinity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Map_of_Pilot_Knob%2C_Mo.%2C_and_Vicinity._Wm._Hoelcke%2C_Captn._%26_Addl._A._de_C._-_NARA_-_305779.jpg/305px-Map_of_Pilot_Knob%2C_Mo.%2C_and_Vicinity._Wm._Hoelcke%2C_Captn._%26_Addl._A._de_C._-_NARA_-_305779.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Pilot Knob Monument at the site of the fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ft_Davidson_memorial_monument-20140524-094.jpg/305px-Ft_Davidson_memorial_monument-20140524-094.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of American Civil War battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles"},{"title":"Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1864"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Iron County Places Names\". State Historical Society of Missouri. Retrieved November 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/columbia/C2366/iron-county","url_text":"\"Iron County Places Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Park Land Acquisition Summary\". Missouri State Parks. August 25, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mostateparks.com/page/59045/state-park-land-acquisition-summary","url_text":"\"State Park Land Acquisition Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Database and Research\". National Park Service. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/database-research.htm#table","url_text":"\"National Register Database and Research\""}]},{"reference":"Uhlenbrock, Tom (August 27, 2011). \"1864: A Year of Action in Missouri\". Daily Journal. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyjournalonline.com/news/local/a-year-of-action-in-missouri/article_9d4ca6da-d04b-11e0-b0a7-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"\"1864: A Year of Action in Missouri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Journal_(Missouri)","url_text":"Daily Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitor Center\". Missouri State Parks. February 10, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mostateparks.com/location/56325/visitor-center","url_text":"\"Visitor Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Davidson Battlefield\". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/fort-davidson-battlefield","url_text":"\"Fort Davidson Battlefield\""}]},{"reference":"Busch, Walter E. (2011) [2010]. Fort Davidson and the Battle of Pilot Knob (ebook ed.). Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-61423-028-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61423-028-1","url_text":"978-1-61423-028-1"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1998). \"Pilot Knob, Missouri\". In Kennedy, Frances H. (ed.). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Castel","url_text":"Castel, Albert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5","url_text":"978-0-395-74012-5"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Charles D. Jr. (2016). Battlefield Atlas of Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-940804-27-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_AtlasofPricesMissouriExpeditionof1864.pdf","url_text":"Battlefield Atlas of Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Studies_Institute_Press","url_text":"Combat Studies Institute Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940804-27-9","url_text":"978-1-940804-27-9"}]},{"reference":"Hatcher, Richard (1998). \"Wilson's Creek, Missouri\". In Kennedy, Frances H. (ed.). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5","url_text":"978-0-395-74012-5"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Kennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide/mode/2up","url_text":"The Civil War Battlefield Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5","url_text":"978-0-395-74012-5"}]},{"reference":"Lause, Mark (2011). Price's Lost Campaign: The 1864 Invasion of Missouri (ebook ed.). Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826272638.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826272638","url_text":"9780826272638"}]},{"reference":"Martens, Richard E. (2011). \"Civil War Artifacts from the Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri\" (PDF). Missouri Archaeological Society. pp. 12–16. Retrieved November 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.missouriarchaeologicalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Civil_War.pdf","url_text":"\"Civil War Artifacts from the Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri\""}]},{"reference":"Piggott, Charla A. (December 17, 1969). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form\" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/70000332.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form\""}]},{"reference":"Sinisi, Kyle S. (2020) [2015]. The Last Hurrah: Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (paperback ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-4151-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4151-9","url_text":"978-1-5381-4151-9"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1993) [1st pub. 1968]. General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge; London: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1854-0. LCCN 68-21804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press","url_text":"Louisiana State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1854-0","url_text":"0-8071-1854-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/68-21804","url_text":"68-21804"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Fort_Davidson¶ms=37.6194_N_90.6415_W_region:US-MO_type:event","external_links_name":"37°37′10″N 90°38′29″W / 37.6194°N 90.6415°W / 37.6194; -90.6415"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Fort_Davidson¶ms=37.6194_N_90.6415_W_region:US-MO_type:event","external_links_name":"37°37′10″N 90°38′29″W / 37.6194°N 90.6415°W / 37.6194; -90.6415"},{"Link":"https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/columbia/C2366/iron-county","external_links_name":"\"Iron County Places Names\""},{"Link":"https://mostateparks.com/page/59045/state-park-land-acquisition-summary","external_links_name":"\"State Park Land Acquisition Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/database-research.htm#table","external_links_name":"\"National Register Database and Research\""},{"Link":"https://dailyjournalonline.com/news/local/a-year-of-action-in-missouri/article_9d4ca6da-d04b-11e0-b0a7-001cc4c002e0.html","external_links_name":"\"1864: A Year of Action in Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://mostateparks.com/location/56325/visitor-center","external_links_name":"\"Visitor Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/fort-davidson-battlefield","external_links_name":"\"Fort Davidson Battlefield\""},{"Link":"https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_AtlasofPricesMissouriExpeditionof1864.pdf","external_links_name":"Battlefield Atlas of Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Kennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Civil War Battlefield Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.missouriarchaeologicalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Civil_War.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Civil War Artifacts from the Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/70000332.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/68-21804","external_links_name":"68-21804"},{"Link":"https://www.theclio.com/web/tour/summary?id=333","external_links_name":"Battle of Pilot Knob"},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=139827","external_links_name":"Battle of Pilot Knob"},{"Link":"https://mostateparks.com/park/battle-pilot-knob-state-historic-site","external_links_name":"Fort Davidson State Historic Site"},{"Link":"http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=37619942&x=-90639428&z=17&l=0&m=a&v=2","external_links_name":"Fort Davidson State Historic Site"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548681805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85102162","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor
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Lysophospholipid receptor
|
["1 Ligands","2 Origin of name","3 Function","4 Group members","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Type of G protein-coupled receptor
The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven LPL receptors, each encoded by a separate gene. These LPL receptor genes are also sometimes referred to as "Edg" (an acronym for endothelial differentiation gene).
Ligands
The ligands for LPL-R group are the lysophospholipid extracellular signaling molecules, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).
Origin of name
The term lysophospholipid (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or the sn-2 position. The prefix 'lyso-' comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic, however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid.
Function
LPL receptor ligands bind to and activate their cognate receptors located in the cell membrane. Depending on which ligand, receptor, and cell type is involved, the activated receptor can have a range of effects on the cell. These include primary effects of inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as secondary effects of preventing apoptosis and increasing cell proliferation.
Group members
The following is a list of the eleven known human LPL receptors:
Gene Symbol
IUPHAR Symbol
Gene / Protein Name
Agonist Ligand
Synonyms
LPAR1
272
lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1
LPA
EDG2
LPAR2
273
lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2
"
EDG4
LPAR3
274
lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3
"
EDG7
LPAR4
LPA4
lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4
"
GPR23
LPAR5
LPA5
lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5
"
GPR92
LPAR6
LPA6
lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6
"
P2RY5
S1PR1
275
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1
S1P
EDG1
S1PR2
276
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
"
EDG5
S1PR3
277
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3
"
EDG3
S1PR4
278
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4
"
EDG6
S1PR5
279
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5
"
EDG8
See also
Lipid signaling
Gintonin
References
^ a b Chun J, Goetzl EJ, Hla T, Igarashi Y, Lynch KR, Moolenaar W, Pyne S, Tigyi G (2002). "International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIV. Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature". Pharmacol Rev. 54 (2): 265–9. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.265. PMID 12037142.
^ Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Jakobs KH (2007). "Lysophospholipid receptors: signalling, pharmacology and regulation by lysophospholipid metabolism". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1768 (4): 923–40. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.026. PMID 17078925.
^ Choi JW, Herr DR, Noguchi K, Yung YC, Lee CW, Mutoh T, Lin ME, Teo ST, Park KE, Mosley AN, Chun J (January 2010). "LPA Receptors: Subtypes and Biological Actions". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 50 (1): 157–186. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105753. PMID 20055701.
^ Pasternack SM, von Kügelgen I, Aboud KA, Lee YA, Rüschendorf F, Voss K, Hillmer AM, Molderings GJ, Franz T, Ramirez A, Nürnberg P, Nöthen MM, Betz RC (March 2008). "G protein-coupled receptor P2Y5 and its ligand LPA are involved in maintenance of human hair growth". Nat. Genet. 40 (3): 329–34. doi:10.1038/ng.84. PMID 18297070.
External links
"Lysophospholipid Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
vteMembrane proteins, receptors: cell surface receptorsG protein–coupled receptorClass A
Eicosanoid receptor (Prostaglandin receptor)
Protease-activated receptor
Neurotransmitter receptor
Purinergic receptor
Biogenic amine receptor
Olfactory receptor
Class B
Secretin receptor
Class C
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
Class D
Pheromone receptor
Class E
cAMP receptor
Class F
Frizzled/smoothened
Ligand-gated ion channel
Purinergic receptor
Enzyme-linked receptor
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
Receptor tyrosine kinase
Guanylate cyclase
Other/ungrouped
Asialoglycoprotein receptor
Tumor necrosis factor receptor
Immunoglobulin superfamily
N-Acetylglucosamine receptor
Neuropilins
Transferrin receptor
EDAR
Lipoprotein receptor-related protein
Progestin and adipoQ receptor
vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic
α1 (A
B
D)
α2 (A
B
C)
β1
β2
β3
Purinergic
Adenosine (A1
A2A
A2B
A3)
P2Y (1
2
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14)
Serotonin
(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A
B
D
E
F)
5-HT2 (A
B
C)
5-HT (4
5A
6
7)
Other
Acetylcholine (M1
M2
M3
M4
M5)
Dopamine
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
GHB receptor
Histamine
H1
H2
H3
H4
Melatonin (1A
1B
1C)
TAAR (1
2
5
6
8
9)
Metabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid
CysLT (1
2)
LTB4
1
2
FPRL1
OXE
Prostaglandin
DP (1
2), EP (1
2
3
4), FP
Prostacyclin
Thromboxane
Other
Bile acid
Cannabinoid (CB1
CB2, GPR (18
55
119))
EBI2
Estrogen
Free fatty acid (1
2
3
4)
Hydroxycarboxylic acids
1
2
3
Lysophosphatidic acid (1
2
3
4
5
6)
Lysophospholipid (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8)
Oxoglutarate
PAF
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1
2
3
4
5)
Succinate
PeptideNeuropeptide
B/W (1
2)
FF (1
2)
S
Y (1
2
4
5)
Neuromedin (B
U (1
2))
Neurotensin (1
2)
Other
Anaphylatoxin (C3a
C5a (1
2))
Angiotensin (1
2)
Apelin
Bombesin
BRS3
GRPR
NMBR)
Bradykinin (B1
B2)
Chemokine
Cholecystokinin (A
B)
Endothelin
A
B
Formyl peptide (1
2
3)
FSH
Galanin (1
2
3)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Ghrelin
Kisspeptin
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
MAS (1
1L
D
E
F
G
X1
X2
X3
X4)
Melanocortin (1
2
3
4
5)
MCHR (1
2)
Motilin
Opioid (Delta
Kappa
Mu
Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)
Orexin (1
2)
Oxytocin
Prokineticin (1
2)
Prolactin-releasing peptide
Relaxin (1
2
3
4)
Somatostatin (1
2
3
4
5)
Tachykinin (1
2
3)
Thyrotropin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Urotensin-II
Vasopressin (1A
1B
2)
MiscellaneousTaste, bitter
TAS2R
1
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
13
14
16
19
20
30
31
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
50
60
Vomeronasal receptor type 1
Orphan
GPR (1
3
4
6
12
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
31
32
33
34
35
37
39
42
44
45
50
52
55
61
62
63
65
68
75
78
81
82
83
84
85
87
88
92
101
103
109A
109B
119
120
132
135
137B
139
141
142
146
148
149
150
151
152
153
160
161
162
171
173
174
176
177
182
183)
Other
Adrenomedullin
Olfactory
Opsin (3
4
5
1LW
1MW
1SW
RGR
RRH)
Protease-activated (1
2
3
4)
SREB (1
2
3)
Class B: Secretin-likeAdhesion
ADGRB
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
1
2
3
ADGRC
Cadherin
1
2
3
ADGRE
EMR
1
2
3
CD97
ADGRG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ADGRL
Latrophilin
1
2
3
ELTD1
Orphan
GPR (56
64
97
98
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
123
124
125
126
128
133
143
144
155
157)
Other
Calcitonin
CALCRL
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Glucagon (GR
GIPR
GLP1R
GLP2R)
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
PACAPR1
GPR
Methuselah-like proteins
Parathyroid hormone (1
2)
Secretin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1
2)
Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet
TAS1R
1
2
3
Vomeronasal receptor, type 2
Other
Calcium-sensing receptor
GABAB (1
2)
Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8))
GPRC6A
GPR (156
158
179)
RAIG (1
2
3
4)
Class F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled
Frizzled (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10)
Smoothened
Smoothened
vteCell signaling: lipid signalingExtracellularEicosanoids
Classic: Eoxins;
Leukotrienes (LTR)
Prostacyclin (IPR)
Prostaglandins (PGR)
Thromboxane (TXR)
Nonclassic: EETs
Endocannabinoids (CBR)
Epi-lipoxins (FPR2)
Hepoxilins
Isoprostanes
Lipoxins (FPR2)
Oxoeicosanoids (OXER)
Resolvins (FPR2)
Lysophospholipids
LPA (LPAR)
S1P (S1PR)
Steroids
Bile acids (GPBAR)
Neurosteroids
Pheromones (VNR)
Others
PAF (PAFR)
Retinal (RHO)
IntracellularNuclear receptor
Steroids: Sex steroids: Androgens (AR)
Estrogens (ER)
Progestogens (PR); Corticosteroids: Glucocorticoids (GR)
Mineralocorticoids (MR); Others: Bile acids (FXR)
Calcitriol (VDR); Others: Eicosanoids (PPAR)
Free fatty acids (PPAR)
Retinoic acid (RAR, RXR)
Second messenger
General: Arachidonic acid
DAG (PKC, TRPC)
IP3 (IP3R, RyR)
Phosphatidic acid
Phosphoinositides: PIP2 (IRKs)
PIP3 (PKB/Akt, Btk, PDPK1)
PtdIns(3,4)P2 (PKB/Akt, PDPK1); Sphingolipids: C1P
Ceramide (CAPPs, KSR1, PKCζ, CTSD)
Glucosylceramides
S1P
Sphingosine (SDK1, PKH, YPK)
PrecursorsGeneral
Fatty acids (ω-3, ω-6)
Steroids
Squalene
Lanosterol
Cholesterol
vteLysophospholipid signaling modulatorsReceptor(ligands)LPARTooltip Lysophosphatidic acid receptor
Agonists: 1-Oleoyl-LPA
1-Palmitoyl-LPA
GRI-977143
LPA
OMPT
Antagonists: H2L-5186303
H2L-5765834
Ki-16425
TC-LPA5 4
VPC-32183
S1PRTooltip Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor
Agonists: Amiselimod
Cenerimod
Ceralifimod
CS-2100
CYM-5442
CYM-5520
CYM 5541
CYM-50260
CYM-50308
Dihydro-S1P (sphinganine 1-phosphate)
Fingolimod
Fingolimod phosphate
KRP-203
Mocravimod
Ozanimod
Phyto-S1P
Ponesimod
RP-001
RP-002
RPC-1063
SEW-2871
Siponimod
S1P
SPC
TC-G 1006
TC-SP 14
W-061
XAX-162
Antagonists: CS-0777
CYM-50358
JTE-013
TY-52156
VPC-23019
W-146
Unsorted: Etrasimod
Enzyme(inhibitors)SPTTooltip Serine C-palmitoyltransferase
Myriocin
Ceramidase
Ceranib 1
OEA
SphKTooltip Sphingosine kinase
N,N-DMS
Safingol
SKI II
Others
Precursors: LPA: LPC; S1P: Palmitoyl-CoA
Serine
3-Ketosphinganine (dehydrosphingosine)
Dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine)
Dihydroceramide
Ceramide
Sphingosine
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G protein-coupled receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor"},{"link_name":"integral membrane proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"lipid signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signaling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chun_2002-1"},{"link_name":"receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"}],"text":"The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling.[1] In humans, there are eleven LPL receptors, each encoded by a separate gene. These LPL receptor genes are also sometimes referred to as \"Edg\" (an acronym for endothelial differentiation gene).","title":"Lysophospholipid receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signaling molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signaling"},{"link_name":"lysophosphatidic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid"},{"link_name":"sphingosine 1-phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine_1-phosphate"}],"text":"The ligands for LPL-R group are the lysophospholipid extracellular signaling molecules, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).","title":"Ligands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phospholipid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid"},{"link_name":"acyl chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"phospholipase A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine"},{"link_name":"phosphatidic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid"},{"link_name":"lysophosphatidic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid"}],"text":"The term lysophospholipid (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or the sn-2 position. The prefix 'lyso-' comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic, however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid.","title":"Origin of name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"adenylyl cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"cell proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_proliferation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_zu_Heringdorf_2007-2"}],"text":"LPL receptor ligands bind to and activate their cognate receptors located in the cell membrane. Depending on which ligand, receptor, and cell type is involved, the activated receptor can have a range of effects on the cell. These include primary effects of inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as secondary effects of preventing apoptosis and increasing cell proliferation.[2]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chun_2002-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi_2010-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18297070-4"}],"text":"The following is a list of the eleven known human LPL receptors:[1][3][4]","title":"Group members"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Lipid signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signaling"},{"title":"Gintonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintonin"}]
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[{"reference":"Chun J, Goetzl EJ, Hla T, Igarashi Y, Lynch KR, Moolenaar W, Pyne S, Tigyi G (2002). \"International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIV. Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature\". Pharmacol Rev. 54 (2): 265–9. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.265. PMID 12037142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.54.2.265","url_text":"10.1124/pr.54.2.265"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037142","url_text":"12037142"}]},{"reference":"Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Jakobs KH (2007). \"Lysophospholipid receptors: signalling, pharmacology and regulation by lysophospholipid metabolism\". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1768 (4): 923–40. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.026. PMID 17078925.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamem.2006.09.026","url_text":"\"Lysophospholipid receptors: signalling, pharmacology and regulation by lysophospholipid metabolism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamem.2006.09.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17078925","url_text":"17078925"}]},{"reference":"Choi JW, Herr DR, Noguchi K, Yung YC, Lee CW, Mutoh T, Lin ME, Teo ST, Park KE, Mosley AN, Chun J (January 2010). \"LPA Receptors: Subtypes and Biological Actions\". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 50 (1): 157–186. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105753. PMID 20055701.","urls":[{"url":"http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105753","url_text":"\"LPA Receptors: Subtypes and Biological Actions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pharmtox.010909.105753","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20055701","url_text":"20055701"}]},{"reference":"Pasternack SM, von Kügelgen I, Aboud KA, Lee YA, Rüschendorf F, Voss K, Hillmer AM, Molderings GJ, Franz T, Ramirez A, Nürnberg P, Nöthen MM, Betz RC (March 2008). \"G protein-coupled receptor P2Y5 and its ligand LPA are involved in maintenance of human hair growth\". Nat. Genet. 40 (3): 329–34. doi:10.1038/ng.84. PMID 18297070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.84","url_text":"10.1038/ng.84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18297070","url_text":"18297070"}]},{"reference":"\"Lysophospholipid Receptors\". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1338","url_text":"\"Lysophospholipid Receptors\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguilera_(album)
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Aguilera (album)
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["1 Development","1.1 Background","1.2 Production","2 Composition","2.1 Music, genres and themes","2.2 Content and lyrics","3 Title and artwork","4 Release","5 Promotion","5.1 Singles and music videos","5.2 Live performances","6 Reception","6.1 Critical response","6.2 Accolades","7 Commercial performance","8 Track listing","9 Personnel and credits","9.1 Musicians","9.2 Technical","10 Charts","11 Release history","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References"]
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2022 studio album by Christina Aguilera
AguileraStudio album by Christina AguileraReleasedMay 31, 2022 (2022-05-31)RecordedFebruary–April 2021StudioArt HouseCriteria (Miami)GenreLatinLength43:03LanguageSpanishLabelSony LatinProducer
Rafa Arcaute
Édgar Barrera
Luis Barrera
DallasK
Feid
HoneyBoos
JonTheProducer
Juan Diego Linares
Yasmil Marrufo
Mauricio Rengifo
Slow
Andrés Torres
Federico Vindver
Christina Aguilera chronology
La Tormenta(2022)
Aguilera(2022)
Singles from Aguilera
"Pa Mis Muchachas"Released: October 22, 2021
"Somos Nada"Released: November 18, 2021
"Santo"Released: January 20, 2022
"Suéltame"Released: May 30, 2022
"No Es Que Te Extrañe"Released: September 30, 2022
Aguilera is the ninth studio album by American singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera. It was released through Sony Music Latin on May 31, 2022, as the follow-up to her first Spanish-language album, Mi Reflejo (2000), and her previous release, Liberation (2018). Titled after her Spanish surname, Aguilera created the album as a means to pay tribute to and connect herself and her children to their Latin American heritage. Aguilera is a trilogy album, consisting of three separately-released parts: La Fuerza, La Tormenta and La Luz. Each part deals with one of the album's central themes of empowerment, vulnerability, and healing.
Aiming to pay tribute to different genres of Latin music, Aguilera includes genres such as cumbia, tango, tropical music, guaracha and reggaeton, and features heavy dance-pop, Latin pop, and urbano influences. The album features collaborations with Becky G, Nicki Nicole, Nathy Peluso, Ozuna, Tini and Christian Nodal. To promote the album, five singles were released from the album, including "Pa Mis Muchachas" and "Santo", which both received platinum certifications (Latin field) from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Upon release, the album received generally favourable reviews from critics and reached the top-twenty on the US Latin Pop Albums chart. Aguilera embarked on the EU / UK Summer Series promotional tour in summer of 2022 which featured five festival shows and three standalone shows in the UK. Aguilera and its songs received a combined total of eight Latin Grammy Award nominations, with the album being nominated for Album of the Year, winning the Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album category. The album also received two nominations at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, including Best Latin Pop Album.
Development
Background
Aguilera's first Spanish-language release was Mi Reflejo, which was released as her second studio album on September 12, 2000. After its release, Aguilera would continue release several collaborations in Spanish such as "Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti" with Alejandro Fernández in 2013, as well as incorporating Latin themes and Spanish lyrics throughout her English-language albums including the songs "Infatuation" from Stripped (2002), and "Desnudate" from Bionic (2010).
While working on her eighth studio album, Liberation (2018), Aguilera took a trip to Ecuador in September 2015 as an ambassador for the World Food Programme. Being half-Ecuadorian herself, Aguilera revealed that the trip had inspired her and that she had begun accumulating ideas for a Spanish-language album. During her appearance on Watch What Happens Live! with Andy Cohen in January 2019, Aguilera was asked about whether or not an album she had recently teased on Instagram was her Spanish album, to which she responded by saying, "It's definitely getting back to my roots again the follow-up Spanish album has been on my to-do list forever".
Production
Recording sessions on the album began in 2021 following the cancellation of Aguilera's Las Vegas residency Christina Aguilera: The Xperience due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in September 2020. In early 2021, Aguilera relocated to Miami, Florida to continue working on the album in a writing camp held by Sony Music Latin. Sessions were held at Criteria and Art House recording studios starting in February 2021, and continued into April 2021. Aguilera enlisted producers Federico Vindver, Rafa Arcaute, and DallasK to work on the album. The first song created in the first session was the album's lead single, "Pa Mis Muchachas". Aguilera conceived the idea of a multiple part album, after the album's first part, La Fuerza, was completed four weeks into production. She stated that the album would be split into three "six song increments", released as themed EPs throughout 2022 until the album's final full release.
Among the songs recorded for Aguilera but not included on its final tracklist are "Lloras Por Na’" (featuring C. Tangana), "Segura", "Dolores", and "Teatro".
Composition
Music, genres and themes
Aguilera revealed that her goal with the album's musical direction was to pay tribute to Latin music genres. The genres featured on the album include guaracha, tango, ranchera, urbano, and pasillo. It also showcases heavy influences and elements of cumbia, dance-pop, Latin pop, reggaeton, and tropical music.
The album's lyrical content is separated into three parts, with each part dealing with its own theme. The album's first part, La Fuerza (transl. The Strength), is a six-track set which focuses on emotional strength and female empowerment. The second part of the album, La Tormenta (transl. The Storm), is made up of six tracks, and its main theme is vulnerability. The album's final part, La Luz (transl. The Light), features a spoken word intro and one song. La Luz is centered on forgiveness and closure, taking inspiration from Aguilera's own experience with domestic violence.
Content and lyrics
Guest performersClockwise from top left: Becky G, Nicki Nicole, and Nathy Peluso, appear on "Pa Mis Muchachas", while Ozuna and Tini sing on "Santo" and "Suéltame" respectively. Christian Nodal provides guest vocals on the second version of "Cuando Me Dé la Gana".
The album's opening track, "Ya Llegué" (transl. "I'm Here"), is a "sultry futuristic track" which "gradually turns into a hard-hitting reggaeton". The song samples Aguilera's own 1999 song "Genie in a Bottle". The song is written in the key of E♭ Minor at a tempo of 95 beats-per-minute. The song is followed by "Pa Mis Muchachas" (transl. "For My Girls") with Becky G, Nicki Nicole and featuring Nathy Peluso and was described by Aguilera as "an homage to women". The song drew comparisons to Aguilera's 2001 "Lady Marmalade" with Mýa, Pink, and Lil' Kim. Aguilera revealed that she chose Becky G, Nicole and Peluso "because of the strength they exude". "Pa Mis Muchachas" is a guaracha song written in the key of A Minor at a tempo of 118 beats-per-minute.
"Somos Nada" (transl. "We Are Nothing") is a "stripped-down piano-led nostalgic ballad that puts deep, powerful tone at the forefront". Written in C Major at a moderately slow tempo of 50 beats-per-minute, the song was named a signature song of Aguilera's and its lyrics are about overcoming obstacles and trying to not lose faith in love. "Santo" (transl. "Saint") is a collaboration with Puerto Rican singer Ozuna and is a perreo song which "later transitions to a hip-shaking cumbia". Lyrically it is about two people who are hooked on each other". It is written in the key of A minor at 96 beats-per-minute. "Como Yo" (transl. "Like Me") is a club-friendly experimental Latin pop song. The dance-pop influenced track has been described as exploring "a different side of Xtina's musical trajectory". It is written in the key of D♭ Major at 104 beats-per-minute. The album's first part ends with "La Reina" (transl. "The Queen"), a ranchera written in E Major at 174 beats-per-minute. The song was described by Aguilera as a "respectful response" to Vicente Fernández's 1973 rendition of "El Rey" (transl. "The King"). The song received widespread acclaim from critics, calling it the best song La Fuerza, and being named the album's anthem.
"Suéltame" (transl. "Let Me Go"), a collaboration with Argentine singer Tini, begins the album's second part, La Tormenta (transl. The Storm). The song is a "seducing, catchy mix of soft reggaetón and trap" with hints of bossa nova, written in F Minor at 138 beats-per-minute. "Suéltame" was called "a sultry tango-meets-urban collab where the lady takes matters into her own hands". The following track, "Brujería" (transl. "Witchcraft") is a slow song written in D♭ Major at 186 beats-per-minute. The following track, "Traguito" (transl. "A Little Drink") was described as orthodox pop. This is followed by the ranchera "Cuando Me Dé la Gana" (transl. "When I Want It"). A duet version of the song featuring Mexican singer Christian Nodal was also released as the closing track on the second disc of the album. The song is written in the key of D♭ Major at a tempo of 146 beats-per-minute. La Tormenta ends with "Te Deseo Lo Mejor" (transl. "I Wish You The Best"), a tropical song written in the key of D♭ Major at 186 beats-per-minute.
The final part begins with a spoken intro by Aguilera in which she noted in a Billboard interview saying that it is "about finding closure and understanding that everybody has a different story that leads us to why things happen the way that they do and it's not meant for us to understand it". This is followed by the song, "No Es Que Te Extrañe" (transl. "It's Not That I Miss You") in which Aguilera sings about finding peace, closure and forgiveness for her estranged abusive father. "No Es Que Te Extrañe" is a pasillo song. It is written in D♭ Major at 184 beats-per-minute.
Title and artwork
The album title and original artwork were revealed on the day of the album's initial release on May 31, 2022. Naming the album after her father's surname, Aguilera expressed that she had the intention of "acknowledging, embracing and engaging with roots "and with the intention to share "some closure in relation to father", and to have her children reconnect with their heritage. On the album's title, Aguilera commented,
I am proud to be an Aguilera. This is a name that has been tried to be taken away from me on numerous occasions, you know, coming up in this business. But I was like 'No, I'm Aguilera.' I'm proud of who I am, I'm proud of my name, I'm proud of where I come from, my father being from Ecuador. It was important. I mean why not come full circle and on all of the EPs and close it on a name. My name I'm so proud to own.
The artwork used for the original release was a black and white image that portrayed Aguilera wearing a white dress, seen through a balcony archway with her face obscured by a shadow. On June 29, 2022, the artwork was changed to feature a front on view of Aguilera as a statue in a similar setting. The top of the archway displayed "Aguilera", in all caps. Nina Hernandez, writer for the Houston Chronicle, noted comparisons between the album artwork for Aguilera and the Mother Guadalupe.
Release
Aguilera (pictured) promoting the album's first part, La Fuerza, in January 2022.
Following the completion of the album, Aguilera held an interview with Insider in September 2021, where she first revealed the plan to release the album in separate parts, saying: "We're going to spread the music out — like six different songs released within, you know, throughout the next year. So there will be new material consistently added. On October 4, 2021, Aguilera's website featured a black screen with the text "Redescubriendo raices. Nos vemos pronto!" (transl. "Rediscovering roots. See you soon!"). On October 18, she posted a teaser video of the album's lead single, "Pa Mis Muchachas", and its music video.
In an interview with the Los Angeles Times following the release of the lead single, Aguilera revealed that the first part of the album would be titled La Fuerza (transl. The Strength). La Fuerza was released as an EP on January 21, 2022, as a digital download and on streaming services. The album's second part, La Tormenta (transl. The Storm), was announced alongside the single "Suéltame", and was expected to be released as an EP on May 27, 2022. Days after the announcement, Aguilera took to her Instagram story to announce that the EP would be postponed following the mass shooting at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas. La Tormenta was eventually released on May 30.
Aguilera was released digitally by Sony Music Latin on May 31, 2022, featuring only the songs from La Fuerza and La Tormenta in organized separate discs, and an extra version of "Cuando Me Dé la Gana" with Christian Nodal included as the final track of the second disc. The following day, Aguilera confirmed that the album would have a final part, titled La Luz (transl. The Light). On September 27, 2022, she hosted "Premiere Party with Christina Aguilera" as part of Billboard's Latin Music Week, where she premiered "No Es Que Te Extrañe". On September 30, La Luz was released as a dual single, consisting of a spoken word intro, and "No Es Que Te Extrañe". La Luz was simultaneously added as the third disc of the album's standard track list. The album was originally scheduled to be released in CD format on December 2, 2022, but was later pushed to June 2, 2023.
Promotion
Singles and music videos
"Pa Mis Muchachas" (transl. "For My Girls") was released on October 22, 2021, as the lead single from the album. The song is a collaboration with Becky G, Nicki Nicole and features Argentine singer-songwriter Nathy Peluso. "Pa Mis Muchachas" debuted and peaked at number three on the Billboard Latin Digital Song Sales on the chart issue dated November 6, 2021, and was certified platinum (Latin field) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
"Somos Nada" (transl. "We Are Nothing") was released as the second single on November 18, 2021, coinciding with her performance at the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Music videos for both "Somos Nada" and "Pa Mis Muchachas" were filmed simultaneously in Los Angeles and were released with their respective singles. They were directed by Alexandre Moors and tell a continuous story, with "Somos Nada" serving as a sequel to "Pa Mis Muchachas".
"Santo" (transl. "Saint") featuring Puerto Rican singer and rapper Ozuna was released as the third single from the album on January 20, 2022, one day before the release of La Fuerza. The music video for the song was directed by Nuno Gomez and is a continuation of the storyline in "Pa Mis Muchachas" and "Somos Nada". An alternate video for the song was released on June 15, 2022. "Santo" was certified platinum in the Latin field by the RIAA.
"Suéltame" (transl. "Let Me Go") with Tini was announced as the fourth single, alongside the announcement of its parent EP, La Tormenta. It was postponed until its release alongside La Tormenta on May 30, 2022. The murder mystery themed music video was first shown during Aguilera's performance of the song at the Mallorca Live Festival and was eventually released on July 22, 2022.
"No Es Que Te Extrañe" (transl. "It's Not That I Miss You") was announced and released as a dual single along with "Intro (La Luz)" on September 30, 2022. A music video, which Aguilera co-directed, was also released and depicted her childhood with her abusive father.
While not officially a single, a music video for "La Reina" (transl. "The Queen"), was released on May 6, 2022.
Live performances
Main article: EU / UK Summer Series
Aguilera attended the 22nd Latin Grammy Awards in Las Vegas on November 18, 2021, where she performed the album's first two singles, "Pa Mis Muchachas" and "Somos Nada" for the first time. Starting the performance with "Somos Nada", she was joined by piano player Julio Reyes Copello, before singin "Pa Mis Muchachas" alongside Becky G, Nicki Nicole and Nathy Peluso. She later performed the medley during her set at the World AIDS Day Concert LA Revival on December 1, 2022. In honor of receiving the inaugural award for People's Music Icon at the 47th People's Choice Awards, Aguilera performed a medley of her songs, including "Somos Nada".
Several of the songs on the album were performed on Aguilera's headlining sets in festivals throughout 2022, including the Cap Roig Festival in Calella de Palafrugell, the Starlite Festival in Marbella, and the Brighton Pride festival in Brighton and Hove. The festivals were part of her first promotional tour in support of Aguilera, titled EU / UK Summer Series. The tour also featured three arena concerts in Scarborough, Liverpool, and London, where Union J served as the opening act.
On September 29, 2022, Aguilera received the Billboard Spirit of Hope Award at the 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards, and performed "La Reina" in a similar setting to the song's music video. Aguilera alongside Christian Nodal performed their collaborative version of "Cuando Me Dé la Gana" for the first time at the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards on November 17, 2022, where Aguilera also received the award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. The performance's theme was inspired by the musical West Side Story.
Reception
Critical response
See also: La Fuerza § Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Aguilera was praised for Aguilera's vocal performance and her ability to fuse different Latin American music genres. Lucas Villa of Latina, praised Aguilera for giving it "her all on this album that pays homage to her Latina roots", and particularly applauded her "mighty voice" on the song "Cuando Me Dé la Gana", while BroadwayWorld writer Michael Major said that Aguilera "honoured her Latin roots in the best possible way", and complimented the album's ability to pay tribute to Latin music "without losing that essence that has made her one of the most important and respected artists of her generation". Neil Z. Yeung from AllMusic gave Aguilera a four out of five star rating, calling the album "a refreshing burst of artistry and heart from the Y2K generation's strongest voice" and hailed it as "one of the strongest statements" for Aguilera since her early work. A review from Pollstar called the album a "triumphant comeback to the Latin market", also adding that Aguilera had "proved her powerful vocal prowess is not limited to one language". In the official write-up for the Grammy Awards website, Bianca Gracie praised Aguilera's vocal performance in the album as "more confident than ever before as she celebrated her rich heritage". Jeanette Hernandez of Remezcla regarded it an "A-list effort".
Villa later stated that "LatinXtina was a bicultural force to behold this year" in a year-end review for Uproxx, considering Aguilera as one of the ten best Latin albums of 2022. Billboard's Sigal Ratner-Arias shared the same sentiment, calling it "an instant classic". TV Azteca listed Aguilera among the twenty-five best Latin albums of the year. Writing for Houston Chronicle, Nina Hernandez ranked Aguilera at number five on the list of the ten best albums of 2022, saying that the album was "perhaps her most authentic work", and that "it will stick out in her catalog for years to come". PopSugar included Aguilera on its list of the most anticipated albums of 2023. Moises Mendez II of Time called the album "a project that shows just how well understands the Latin music space", and praised her "gorgeous, bombastic vocals" on the "clear standout" song from the album, "La Reina", naming it one of the best Latin songs of the year.
Year-end list rankings for Aguilera
Publication
List
Rank
Ref.
AllMusic
Favorite Latin & Global Albums
—
Billboard
Best Latin Albums of 2022
—
Houston Chronicle
Best Albums of 2022
5
TV Azteca
The 25 Best Latin Albums of 2022
6
Uproxx
The Best Latin Albums of 2022
—
Accolades
At the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Album of the Year and won the award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album, while "Pa Mis Muchachas" received nominations for Record and Song of the Year, and was nominated alongside "Santo" for Best Urban Fusion/Performance. The duet version of "Cuando Me Dé la Gana" with Christian Nodal was nominated in the Best Regional Mexican Song category. With a total of seven nominations, Aguilera was the second most nominated female artist, behind Rosalía's eight, and third overall, tying Jorge Drexler. Aguilera also received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Latin Pop Album and Best Immersive Audio Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards which Entertainment Tonight noted as "a major moment in Latin music". At the 24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, "No Es Que Te Extrañe" was nominated for Record of the Year.
Accolades received by Aguilera
Year
Ceremony
Category
Result
Ref.
2022
23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards
Album of the Year
Nominated
Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album
Won
Top 50 Music Awards
Album of the Year
Nominated
2023
65th Annual Grammy Awards
Best Latin Pop Album
Nominated
Best Immersive Audio Album
Nominated
Commercial performance
The album peaked at number 16 on the Billboard US Latin Pop Albums chart and at number 70 on the German's Digital Albums.
Track listing
Aguilera track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Ya Llegué"Christina AguileraKat DahliaJuan MorelliJon LeoneRafa ArcauteFederico VindverJonTheProducer3:032."Pa Mis Muchachas" (with Becky G and Nicki Nicole featuring Nathy Peluso)AguileraDahliaYasmil MarrufoJorge Luis ChacínYoel HenríquezNatalia PelusoNicole Denise CuccoRebbeca Marie GomezArcauteVindver3:363."Somos Nada"AguileraMario DommSharlene TauléVindverArcauteVindver3:014."Santo" (with Ozuna)AguileraOzunaDallasKGaleJosh BarriosArcauteVindverDallasKBarrios3:035."Como Yo"AguileraDhaliaMorelliVindverArcauteGino the GhostTobias WincornArcauteVindverWincorn2:466."La Reina"AguileraServando PrimeraSantiago CastilloLuigi CastilloMarrufoArcauteVindverMarrufo3:487."Suéltame" (with Tini)Martina StoesselAguileraDahliaMauricio RengifoAndrés TorresVindverArcauteRengifoTorresArcauteVindver2:538."Brujería"AguileraGaleSalomón Villada HoyosMiguel Andrés Martinez PereaPablo PreciadoVindverArcauteFeidSlowArcauteVindver2:459."Traguito"AguileraRafael RodríguezDaniel RondónAndy ClayArcauteVindverDahliaHoneyBoosClayArcauteVindver3:1110."Cuando Me Dé la Gana"AguileraDahliaHenríquezChacínMarrufoArcauteVindverArcauteVindverMarrufo3:2611."Te Deseo lo Mejor"Edgar BarreraLuis Barrera Jr.Juan Diego LinaresAguileraElena RoseArcauteVindverE. BarreraL. Barrera Jr.LinaresVindverArcaute2:3612."Cuando Me Dé la Gana" (with Christian Nodal)AguileraDahliaHenríquezChacínMarrufoArcauteVindverArcauteVindverMarrufo3:2613."Intro (La Luz)"AguileraArcauteVindverJean Rodríguez0:4014."No Es Que Te Extrañe"AguileraBarreraPreciadoMarrufoArcauteVindverRodríguezArcauteVindver4:43Total length:43:03
Notes
Co-production for all tracks is handled by Afo Verde.
Vocal production for all tracks is handled by Rodríguez.
On digital releases, the album is separated into three discs:
Disc one, La Fuerza (1–6).
Disc two, La Tormenta (7–12).
Disc three, La Luz (13–14).
Personnel and credits
Musicians
Christina Aguilera – vocals
Rafa Arcaute – producer, arrangement, keyboards, programming (all tracks); percussion (2)
Édgar Barrera – producer (11), keyboards (11), programmer (11)
Luis Barrera Jr. – producer (11), keyboards (11), programmer (11)
Luigi Castillo – background vocals (6)
Santiago Castillo – background vocals (6)
Jorge Luis Chacín – background vocals (2, 10, 12)
Andy Clay – producer (9), keyboards (9), programmer (9)
Kat Dahlia – background vocals (2, 10, 12)
DallasK – arrangement, keyboards, programming (4)
Feid – producer (8), keyboards (8), programmer (8)
Roland Gajate – percussion (14)
Yoel Henríquez – background vocals (2, 10, 12)
Honeyboos (Daniel Rondón and Rafael Rodríguez) – producer (9)
JonTheProducer – arrangement, keyboards, programming (1)
Juan Diego Linares – producer (11)
Yasmil Marrufo – background vocals (2, 6, 10, 12); bass, guitar (6, 14), producer (10, 12), keyboards (10, 12), programmer (10, 12)
Christian Nodal – featured vocals (12)
Servando Primera – background vocals (6)
Mauricio Rengifo – producer (7), keyboards (7), programmer(7)
Rafael Rodríguez – keyboards (9), programmer (9)
Matt Rollings – piano (3)
Davide Rosi – strings (14)
Slow – producer (8), keyboards (8), programmer (8)
Tini – co-lead vocals (7)
Andrés Torres – producer (7), keyboards (7), programmer (7)
Afo Verde – co-producer
Federico Vindver – arrangement, keyboards, programming (all tracks), percussion (2), producer
Technical
José Aponte – recording (4)
Rafa Arcuate – recording engineer
Édgar Barrera – recording engineer (11)
Luis Barrera Jr. – recording engineer (11)
Rachel Blum – assistant engineer (14)
Ray Charles Brown, Jr. – recording engineer (7–11, 14)
Andy Clay – recording engineer (9)
Morgan David – assistant engineer (1, 5)
Jaycen Joshua – mastering, mixing
Juan Diego Linares – recording engineer (11)
Yasmil Marrufo – recording (6, 10)
Mauricio Rengifo – recording engineer (7)
Jacob Richards – assistant engineer (14)
DJ Riggins – assistant engineer (14)
Jean Rodríguez – recording engineer, vocal producer
Mike Seaberg – mixing engineer, mastering engineer
Slow – recording engineer (8)
Andrés Torres – recording engineer (7)
Felipe Trujillo – engineering assistance, recording engineer (14)
Federico Vindver – recording
Charts
Chart performance for Aguilera
Chart (2022–2023)
Peakposition
French Physical Albums (SNEP)
137
German Digital Albums (GfK Entertainment)
70
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
69
US Top Current Album Sales (Billboard)
83
US Latin Pop Albums (Billboard)
16
Release history
List of release dates by region, version, formats, label and references
Region
Date
Format(s)
Edition
Label
Ref.
Various
May 31, 2022
Digital downloadstreaming
Double album
Sony Latin
September 30, 2022
Digital downloadstreaming
Triple album
June 2, 2023
CD
October 27, 2023
Vinyl
See also
2022 in Latin music
Notes
^ In its independent extended play (EP) release, La Tormenta features five original songs. The version of La Tormenta featured on the album includes a second version of "Cuando Me Dé la Gana" with Christian Nodal.
^ The single was officially released under the name La Luz (transl. The Light), featuring "Intro (La Luz)" and "No Es Que Te Extrañe".
^ The album was originally released digitally, first in May 2022, then in its complete form in September, while physical formats will be released in June 2023.
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^ Gracie, Bianca (December 28, 2022). "2022 In Review: 8 Trends That Defined Pop Music". Grammy.com. The Recording Academy. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Hernandez, Jeanette. "The 2023 Grammy Awards Will Return to L.A. – Here's the 411". Remezcla. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ a b Villa, Lucas (December 6, 2022). "The Best Latin Albums Of 2022". Uproxx. Warner Music Group. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ a b "Best Latin Albums of 2022". Billboard. December 19, 2022. Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
^ a b "Los 25 mejores álbumes en español que 'la rompieron' en el 2022". TV Azteca. December 21, 2022. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Vargas, Chanel (December 8, 2022). "From Selena Gomez to Taylor Swift, the Most Anticipated Albums of 2023". PopSugar. Group Nine Media, Inc. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Mendez II, Moises (December 16, 2022). "The Best Latin Songs and Albums of 2022". Time. Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
^ "Favorite Latin & Global Albums – AllMusic 2022 in Review". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
^ Exposito, Suzy (September 20, 2022). "Bad Bunny, Christina Aguilera, Rauw Alejandro lead 2022 Latin Grammy nominees". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
^ "Latin GRAMMY Awards Nominations 2022: Bad Bunny, Christina Aguilera Among Top Contenders | Entertainment Tonight". Entertainment Tonight. September 20, 2022. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
^ a b "2022 Latin GRAMMYs Nominees Announced: See The Complete List". www.grammy.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ Sisario, Ben (September 20, 2022). "Bad Bunny Leads 2022 Latin Grammy Nominations With 10". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
^ "2023 GRAMMY Nominations Snubs and Surprises: Megan Thee Stallion, Bad Bunny, Viola Davis and More". Entertainment Tonight. November 15, 2022. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ Ratner-Arias, Sigal (September 19, 2023). "Edgar Barrera Tops 2023 Latin Grammys Nominees: Complete List". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
^ "El disco del año 2022" (in Spanish). Top 50 Oficial – Tu Portal Musical. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Grammy nominations 2023: See the list of nominees". CNN. November 15, 2022. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ "Christina Aguilera Chart History (Latin Pop Albums)". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
^ a b "Download Charts Album – Aktualisiert am: 13.06.2022" (in German). Official German Charts. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
^ a b "Aguilera — Christina Aguilera". Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022 – via Spotify.
^ "Top Albums Physiques (Semaine du 9 Juin 2023)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
^ "Spanishcharts.com – Christina Aguilera – Aguilera". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
^ "Christina Aguilera Chart History (Top Current Album Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
^ "Christina Aguilera Chart History (Latin Pop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
^ "Christina Aguilera – AGUILERA". Retrieved September 11, 2023 – via Amazon US.
vteChristina Aguilera
Discography
Songs
Concerts
Videography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Christina Aguilera
Mi Reflejo
My Kind of Christmas
Stripped
Back to Basics
Bionic
Lotus
Liberation
Aguilera
Compilation albums
Just Be Free
Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits
Soundtrack albums
Burlesque soundtrack
Live and video albums
Genie Gets Her Wish
My Reflection
Stripped Live in the U.K.
Back to Basics: Live and Down Under
EPs
Justin & Christina
La Fuerza
La Tormenta
Concerts tours
Christina Aguilera in Concert
The Justified & Stripped Tour
The Stripped Tour
Back to Basics Tour
The Liberation Tour
The X Tour
Promotional tours
EU / UK Summer Series
Concerts and residencies
Christina Aguilera: The Xperience
Christina Aguilera at Voltaire
Companies and brands
Christina Aguilera Fragrances
Playground
Related topics
Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin"},{"link_name":"Mi Reflejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_Reflejo"},{"link_name":"Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_(Christina_Aguilera_album)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americans"},{"link_name":"trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"link_name":"La Fuerza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fuerza"},{"link_name":"La Tormenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tormenta_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_music"},{"link_name":"tropical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_music"},{"link_name":"guaracha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaracha"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_music"},{"link_name":"Becky G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"Nicki Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Nicole"},{"link_name":"Nathy Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna"},{"link_name":"Tini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Pa Mis Muchachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Mis_Muchachas"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Latin field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_Certification#Spanish"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Albums"},{"link_name":"EU / UK Summer Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_/_UK_Summer_Series"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"link_name":"65th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Latin Pop Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Pop_Album"}],"text":"Aguilera is the ninth studio album by American singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera. It was released through Sony Music Latin on May 31, 2022, as the follow-up to her first Spanish-language album, Mi Reflejo (2000), and her previous release, Liberation (2018). Titled after her Spanish surname, Aguilera created the album as a means to pay tribute to and connect herself and her children to their Latin American heritage. Aguilera is a trilogy album, consisting of three separately-released parts: La Fuerza, La Tormenta and La Luz. Each part deals with one of the album's central themes of empowerment, vulnerability, and healing.Aiming to pay tribute to different genres of Latin music, Aguilera includes genres such as cumbia, tango, tropical music, guaracha and reggaeton, and features heavy dance-pop, Latin pop, and urbano influences. The album features collaborations with Becky G, Nicki Nicole, Nathy Peluso, Ozuna, Tini and Christian Nodal. To promote the album, five singles were released from the album, including \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" and \"Santo\", which both received platinum certifications (Latin field) from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).Upon release, the album received generally favourable reviews from critics and reached the top-twenty on the US Latin Pop Albums chart. Aguilera embarked on the EU / UK Summer Series promotional tour in summer of 2022 which featured five festival shows and three standalone shows in the UK. Aguilera and its songs received a combined total of eight Latin Grammy Award nominations, with the album being nominated for Album of the Year, winning the Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album category. The album also received two nominations at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, including Best Latin Pop Album.","title":"Aguilera (album)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mi Reflejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_Reflejo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy_Tengo_Ganas_de_Ti#Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_and_Christina_Aguilera_version"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoyTengoGanasDeTi-3"},{"link_name":"Stripped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripped_(Christina_Aguilera_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped_15_years_later-5"},{"link_name":"Bionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(Christina_Aguilera_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-6"},{"link_name":"Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_(Christina_Aguilera_album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"World Food Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Watch What Happens Live! with Andy Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_What_Happens_Live_with_Andy_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Aguilera's first Spanish-language release was Mi Reflejo, which was released as her second studio album on September 12, 2000.[1][2] After its release, Aguilera would continue release several collaborations in Spanish such as \"Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti\" with Alejandro Fernández in 2013,[3] as well as incorporating Latin themes and Spanish lyrics throughout her English-language albums including the songs \"Infatuation\" from Stripped (2002),[4][5] and \"Desnudate\" from Bionic (2010).[6]While working on her eighth studio album, Liberation (2018),[7] Aguilera took a trip to Ecuador in September 2015 as an ambassador for the World Food Programme.[8] Being half-Ecuadorian herself,[9] Aguilera revealed that the trip had inspired her and that she had begun accumulating ideas for a Spanish-language album.[10][11] During her appearance on Watch What Happens Live! with Andy Cohen in January 2019,[12] Aguilera was asked about whether or not an album she had recently teased on Instagram was her Spanish album, to which she responded by saying, \"It's definitely getting back to my roots again [...] the follow-up Spanish album has been on my to-do list forever\".[12]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera: The Xperience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera:_The_Xperience"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_Studios"},{"link_name":"Art House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Reyes_Copello"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aguilerahealthinterview-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Federico Vindver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Vindver"},{"link_name":"Rafa Arcaute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa_Arcaute"},{"link_name":"DallasK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DallasK"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-20"},{"link_name":"Pa Mis Muchachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Mis_Muchachas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samhan-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samhan-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"C. Tangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Tangana"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Recording sessions on the album began in 2021 following the cancellation of Aguilera's Las Vegas residency Christina Aguilera: The Xperience due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in September 2020.[13] In early 2021, Aguilera relocated to Miami, Florida to continue working on the album in a writing camp held by Sony Music Latin.[14] Sessions were held at Criteria and Art House recording studios starting in February 2021, and continued into April 2021.[15][16][17][18][19] Aguilera enlisted producers Federico Vindver, Rafa Arcaute, and DallasK to work on the album.[20] The first song created in the first session was the album's lead single, \"Pa Mis Muchachas\".[1] Aguilera conceived the idea of a multiple part album, after the album's first part, La Fuerza, was completed four weeks into production.[21][22] She stated that the album would be split into three \"six song increments\", released as themed EPs throughout 2022 until the album's final full release.[22][23]Among the songs recorded for Aguilera but not included on its final tracklist are \"Lloras Por Na’\" (featuring C. Tangana),[24] \"Segura\",[25] \"Dolores\",[26] and \"Teatro\".[27]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"guaracha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaracha"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3b-29"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_music"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT145-30"},{"link_name":"ranchera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchera"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:40-31"},{"link_name":"urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_music"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT145-30"},{"link_name":"pasillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasillo"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4b-32"},{"link_name":"cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"tropical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_music"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JNSP-34"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-20"},{"link_name":"La Fuerza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fuerza"},{"link_name":"female empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-35"},{"link_name":"La Tormenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tormenta_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-35"},{"link_name":"spoken word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-37"},{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-35"}],"sub_title":"Music, genres and themes","text":"Aguilera revealed that her goal with the album's musical direction was to pay tribute to Latin music genres.[28] The genres featured on the album include guaracha,[29] tango,[30] ranchera,[31] urbano,[30] and pasillo.[32] It also showcases heavy influences and elements of cumbia,[33] dance-pop,[33] Latin pop, reggaeton,[33] and tropical music.[34]The album's lyrical content is separated into three parts, with each part dealing with its own theme.[20] The album's first part, La Fuerza (transl. The Strength), is a six-track set which focuses on emotional strength and female empowerment.[35] The second part of the album, La Tormenta (transl. The Storm), is made up of six tracks,[a] and its main theme is vulnerability.[35] The album's final part, La Luz (transl. The Light), features a spoken word intro and one song. La Luz is centered on forgiveness and closure,[36] taking inspiration from Aguilera's own experience with domestic violence.[35]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Becky_G.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicki_Nicole_en_KEXP_(52380006338)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nathy_Peluso_Latin_Grammys_2021.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nodal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TINI_2021_01.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ozuna-2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Becky G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"Nicki Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Nicole"},{"link_name":"Nathy Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"Pa Mis Muchachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Mis_Muchachas"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna"},{"link_name":"Tini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Suéltame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9ltame"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"Cuando Me Dé la Gana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Me_D%C3%A9_la_Gana"},{"link_name":"Ya Llegué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_Llegu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"Genie in a Bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_in_a_Bottle"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"E♭ Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-flat_minor"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Pa Mis Muchachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Mis_Muchachas"},{"link_name":"Becky G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"Nicki Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Nicole"},{"link_name":"Nathy Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-39"},{"link_name":"Lady Marmalade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Marmalade#Moulin_Rouge!_version"},{"link_name":"Mýa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Lil' Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Kim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-39"},{"link_name":"guaracha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaracha"},{"link_name":"A Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_minor"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3b-29"},{"link_name":"Somos Nada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somos_Nada"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"C Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_major"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"signature song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature_song"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-42"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna"},{"link_name":"perreo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandungueo"},{"link_name":"cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-42"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"D♭ Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-flat_major"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"La Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reina_(song)"},{"link_name":"ranchera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchera"},{"link_name":"E Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_major"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"El Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rey_(song)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:40-31"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-42"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-47"},{"link_name":"Suéltame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9ltame"},{"link_name":"Tini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT145-30"},{"link_name":"bossa nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_nova"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JNSP-34"},{"link_name":"F Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_minor"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cultura-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_music"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_music"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT145-30"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"orthodox pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_pop_music"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Cuando Me Dé la Gana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Me_D%C3%A9_la_Gana"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT123A-52"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_music"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JNSP-34"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"No Es Que Te Extrañe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Es_Que_Te_Extra%C3%B1e"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"pasillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasillo"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4b-32"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Content and lyrics","text":"Guest performersClockwise from top left: Becky G, Nicki Nicole, and Nathy Peluso, appear on \"Pa Mis Muchachas\", while Ozuna and Tini sing on \"Santo\" and \"Suéltame\" respectively. Christian Nodal provides guest vocals on the second version of \"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\".The album's opening track, \"Ya Llegué\" (transl. \"I'm Here\"), is a \"sultry futuristic track\" which \"gradually turns into a hard-hitting reggaeton\".[33] The song samples Aguilera's own 1999 song \"Genie in a Bottle\".[33] The song is written in the key of E♭ Minor at a tempo of 95 beats-per-minute.[37] The song is followed by \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" (transl. \"For My Girls\") with Becky G, Nicki Nicole and featuring Nathy Peluso and was described by Aguilera as \"an homage to women\".[38] The song drew comparisons to Aguilera's 2001 \"Lady Marmalade\" with Mýa, Pink, and Lil' Kim.[1] Aguilera revealed that she chose Becky G, Nicole and Peluso \"because of the strength they exude\".[38] \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" is a guaracha song written in the key of A Minor at a tempo of 118 beats-per-minute.[29]\"Somos Nada\" (transl. \"We Are Nothing\") is a \"stripped-down piano-led nostalgic ballad that puts [Aguilera's] deep, powerful tone at the forefront\".[39] Written in C Major at a moderately slow tempo of 50 beats-per-minute,[40] the song was named a signature song of Aguilera's and its lyrics are about overcoming obstacles and trying to not lose faith in love.[41] \"Santo\" (transl. \"Saint\") is a collaboration with Puerto Rican singer Ozuna and is a perreo song which \"later transitions to a hip-shaking cumbia\".[33] Lyrically it is about two people who are hooked on each other\".[33] It is written in the key of A minor at 96 beats-per-minute.[42] \"Como Yo\" (transl. \"Like Me\") is a club-friendly experimental Latin pop song.[41] The dance-pop influenced track has been described as exploring \"a different side of Xtina's musical trajectory\".[33] It is written in the key of D♭ Major at 104 beats-per-minute.[43] The album's first part ends with \"La Reina\" (transl. \"The Queen\"), a ranchera written in E Major at 174 beats-per-minute.[44] The song was described by Aguilera as a \"respectful response\" to Vicente Fernández's 1973 rendition of \"El Rey\" (transl. \"The King\").[45] The song received widespread acclaim from critics, calling it the best song La Fuerza,[31][41] and being named the album's anthem.[46]\"Suéltame\" (transl. \"Let Me Go\"), a collaboration with Argentine singer Tini, begins the album's second part, La Tormenta (transl. The Storm).[30] The song is a \"seducing, catchy mix of soft reggaetón and trap\" with hints of bossa nova,[34] written in F Minor at 138 beats-per-minute.[47][48] \"Suéltame\" was called \"a sultry tango-meets-urban collab where the lady takes matters into her own hands\".[30] The following track, \"Brujería\" (transl. \"Witchcraft\") is a slow song written in D♭ Major at 186 beats-per-minute.[49] The following track, \"Traguito\" (transl. \"A Little Drink\") was described as orthodox pop.[50] This is followed by the ranchera \"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\" (transl. \"When I Want It\").[51] A duet version of the song featuring Mexican singer Christian Nodal was also released as the closing track on the second disc of the album.[52] The song is written in the key of D♭ Major at a tempo of 146 beats-per-minute.[53] La Tormenta ends with \"Te Deseo Lo Mejor\" (transl. \"I Wish You The Best\"), a tropical song written in the key of D♭ Major at 186 beats-per-minute.[34][54]The final part begins with a spoken intro by Aguilera in which she noted in a Billboard interview saying that it is \"about finding closure and understanding that everybody has a different story that leads us to why things happen the way that they do and it's not meant for us to understand it\".[55] This is followed by the song, \"No Es Que Te Extrañe\" (transl. \"It's Not That I Miss You\") in which Aguilera sings about finding peace, closure and forgiveness for her estranged abusive father.[56] \"No Es Que Te Extrañe\" is a pasillo song.[32] It is written in D♭ Major at 184 beats-per-minute.[57][58][59]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_artwork"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-61"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-37"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"black and white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Mother Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstchron-64"}],"text":"The album title and original artwork were revealed on the day of the album's initial release on May 31, 2022.[60] Naming the album after her father's surname, Aguilera expressed that she had the intention of \"acknowledging, embracing and engaging with [her] roots \"and with the intention to share \"some closure in relation to [her] father\", and to have her children reconnect with their heritage.[36][61] On the album's title, Aguilera commented,I am proud to be an Aguilera. This is a name that has been tried to be taken away from me on numerous occasions, you know, coming up in this business. But I was like 'No, I'm Aguilera.' I'm proud of who I am, I'm proud of my name, I'm proud of where I come from, my father being from Ecuador. It was important. I mean why not come full circle and on all of the EPs and close it on a name. My name I'm so proud to own.[62]The artwork used for the original release was a black and white image that portrayed Aguilera wearing a white dress, seen through a balcony archway with her face obscured by a shadow. On June 29, 2022, the artwork was changed to feature a front on view of Aguilera as a statue in a similar setting. The top of the archway displayed \"Aguilera\", in all caps. Nina Hernandez, writer for the Houston Chronicle, noted comparisons between the album artwork for Aguilera and the Mother Guadalupe.[63]","title":"Title and artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christina_Aguilera_in_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Fuerza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fuerza"},{"link_name":"Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Pa Mis Muchachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Mis_Muchachas"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"La Fuerza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fuerza"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"La Tormenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tormenta_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Suéltame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9ltame"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram_story"},{"link_name":"mass shooting at Robb Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb_Elementary_School_shooting"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postpone1-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"digitally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin"},{"link_name":"Cuando Me Dé la Gana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Me_D%C3%A9_la_Gana"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-61"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"No Es Que Te Extrañe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Es_Que_Te_Extra%C3%B1e"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"dual single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_single"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TR123-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdrelease-84"}],"text":"Aguilera (pictured) promoting the album's first part, La Fuerza, in January 2022.Following the completion of the album, Aguilera held an interview with Insider in September 2021, where she first revealed the plan to release the album in separate parts, saying: \"We're going to spread the music out — like six different songs released within, you know, throughout the next year. So there will be new material consistently added.[64] On October 4, 2021, Aguilera's website featured a black screen with the text \"Redescubriendo raices. Nos vemos pronto!\" (transl. \"Rediscovering roots. See you soon!\").[65] On October 18, she posted a teaser video of the album's lead single, \"Pa Mis Muchachas\", and its music video.[66][67]In an interview with the Los Angeles Times following the release of the lead single, Aguilera revealed that the first part of the album would be titled La Fuerza (transl. The Strength).[68] La Fuerza was released as an EP on January 21, 2022, as a digital download and on streaming services.[69] The album's second part, La Tormenta (transl. The Storm), was announced alongside the single \"Suéltame\", and was expected to be released as an EP on May 27, 2022.[70] Days after the announcement, Aguilera took to her Instagram story to announce that the EP would be postponed following the mass shooting at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas.[71] La Tormenta was eventually released on May 30.[72]Aguilera was released digitally by Sony Music Latin on May 31, 2022, featuring only the songs from La Fuerza and La Tormenta in organized separate discs, and an extra version of \"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\" with Christian Nodal included as the final track of the second disc.[60][73][74] The following day, Aguilera confirmed that the album would have a final part, titled La Luz (transl. The Light).[75] On September 27, 2022, she hosted \"Premiere Party with Christina Aguilera\" as part of Billboard's Latin Music Week, where she premiered \"No Es Que Te Extrañe\".[76][77] On September 30, La Luz was released as a dual single, consisting of a spoken word intro, and \"No Es Que Te Extrañe\".[78][79][80][81] La Luz was simultaneously added as the third disc of the album's standard track list.[82] The album was originally scheduled to be released in CD format on December 2, 2022, but was later pushed to June 2, 2023.[83]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pa Mis Muchachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Mis_Muchachas"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Becky G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"Nicki Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Nicole"},{"link_name":"Nathy Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Latin Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Somos Nada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somos_Nada"},{"link_name":"22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Video"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-88"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Moors"},{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingvideo-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Suéltame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9ltame"},{"link_name":"Tini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postpone1-72"},{"link_name":"murder mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Mystery"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"No Es Que Te Extrañe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Es_Que_Te_Extra%C3%B1e"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"dual single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_single"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"La Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reina_(song)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Singles and music videos","text":"\"Pa Mis Muchachas\" (transl. \"For My Girls\") was released on October 22, 2021, as the lead single from the album. The song is a collaboration with Becky G, Nicki Nicole and features Argentine singer-songwriter Nathy Peluso.[84] \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" debuted and peaked at number three on the Billboard Latin Digital Song Sales on the chart issue dated November 6, 2021, and was certified platinum (Latin field) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[85][86]\"Somos Nada\" (transl. \"We Are Nothing\") was released as the second single on November 18, 2021, coinciding with her performance at the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Music videos for both \"Somos Nada\" and \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" were filmed simultaneously in Los Angeles and were released with their respective singles.[87] They were directed by Alexandre Moors and tell a continuous story, with \"Somos Nada\" serving as a sequel to \"Pa Mis Muchachas\".[87][88][89]\"Santo\" (transl. \"Saint\") featuring Puerto Rican singer and rapper Ozuna was released as the third single from the album on January 20, 2022, one day before the release of La Fuerza.[90] The music video for the song was directed by Nuno Gomez and is a continuation of the storyline in \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" and \"Somos Nada\".[91] An alternate video for the song was released on June 15, 2022.[92] \"Santo\" was certified platinum in the Latin field by the RIAA.[93]\"Suéltame\" (transl. \"Let Me Go\") with Tini was announced as the fourth single, alongside the announcement of its parent EP, La Tormenta. It was postponed until its release alongside La Tormenta on May 30, 2022.[71] The murder mystery themed music video was first shown during Aguilera's performance of the song at the Mallorca Live Festival and was eventually released on July 22, 2022.[94][95]\"No Es Que Te Extrañe\" (transl. \"It's Not That I Miss You\")[b] was announced and released as a dual single along with \"Intro (La Luz)\" on September 30, 2022.[96] A music video, which Aguilera co-directed, was also released and depicted her childhood with her abusive father.[97]While not officially a single, a music video for \"La Reina\" (transl. \"The Queen\"), was released on May 6, 2022.[98][99]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"22nd Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Julio Reyes Copello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Reyes_Copello"},{"link_name":"Becky G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"Nicki Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Nicole"},{"link_name":"Nathy Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-47"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"People's Music Icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards#People's_Music_Icon"},{"link_name":"47th People's Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Cap Roig Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Roig_Festival"},{"link_name":"Calella de Palafrugell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calella_de_Palafrugell"},{"link_name":"Starlite Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlite_Festival"},{"link_name":"Marbella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbella"},{"link_name":"Brighton Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Pride"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"EU / UK Summer Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_/_UK_Summer_Series"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Union J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_J"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Darcy-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Billboard Spirit of Hope Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Spirit_of_Hope_Award"},{"link_name":"2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Billboard_Latin_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"La Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reina_(song)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"Cuando Me Dé la Gana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Me_D%C3%A9_la_Gana"},{"link_name":"23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"West Side Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Story"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Live performances","text":"Aguilera attended the 22nd Latin Grammy Awards in Las Vegas on November 18, 2021, where she performed the album's first two singles, \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" and \"Somos Nada\" for the first time.[100] Starting the performance with \"Somos Nada\", she was joined by piano player Julio Reyes Copello, before singin \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" alongside Becky G, Nicki Nicole and Nathy Peluso.[46] She later performed the medley during her set at the World AIDS Day Concert LA Revival on December 1, 2022.[101] In honor of receiving the inaugural award for People's Music Icon at the 47th People's Choice Awards, Aguilera performed a medley of her songs, including \"Somos Nada\".[102]Several of the songs on the album were performed on Aguilera's headlining sets in festivals throughout 2022, including the Cap Roig Festival in Calella de Palafrugell, the Starlite Festival in Marbella, and the Brighton Pride festival in Brighton and Hove. The festivals were part of her first promotional tour in support of Aguilera, titled EU / UK Summer Series.[103] The tour also featured three arena concerts in Scarborough, Liverpool, and London, where Union J served as the opening act.[104][105]On September 29, 2022, Aguilera received the Billboard Spirit of Hope Award at the 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards, and performed \"La Reina\" in a similar setting to the song's music video.[106] Aguilera alongside Christian Nodal performed their collaborative version of \"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\" for the first time at the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards on November 17, 2022, where Aguilera also received the award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.[107] The performance's theme was inspired by the musical West Side Story.[108]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Fuerza § Critical reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fuerza#Critical_reception"},{"link_name":"Latin American music genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cuando Me Dé la Gana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Me_D%C3%A9_la_Gana"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"BroadwayWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BroadwayWorld"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aguilera123-113"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allm-111"},{"link_name":"Pollstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Remezcla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezcla"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Uproxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uproxxlist-117"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardlist2022-118"},{"link_name":"TV Azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Azteca"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvaztecalist-119"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstchron-64"},{"link_name":"PopSugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopSugar"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"La Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reina"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"See also: La Fuerza § Critical receptionAguilera was praised for Aguilera's vocal performance and her ability to fuse different Latin American music genres. Lucas Villa of Latina, praised Aguilera for giving it \"her all on this album that pays homage to her Latina roots\", and particularly applauded her \"mighty voice\" on the song \"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\",[110] while BroadwayWorld writer Michael Major said that Aguilera \"honoured her Latin roots in the best possible way\", and complimented the album's ability to pay tribute to Latin music \"without losing that essence that has made her one of the most important and respected artists of her generation\".[111] Neil Z. Yeung from AllMusic gave Aguilera a four out of five star rating, calling the album \"a refreshing burst of artistry and heart from the Y2K generation's strongest voice\" and hailed it as \"one of the strongest statements\" for Aguilera since her early work.[109] A review from Pollstar called the album a \"triumphant comeback to the Latin market\", also adding that Aguilera had \"proved her powerful vocal prowess is not limited to one language\".[112] In the official write-up for the Grammy Awards website, Bianca Gracie praised Aguilera's vocal performance in the album as \"more confident than ever before as she celebrated her rich heritage\".[113] Jeanette Hernandez of Remezcla regarded it an \"A-list effort\".[114]Villa later stated that \"LatinXtina was a bicultural force to behold this year\" in a year-end review for Uproxx, considering Aguilera as one of the ten best Latin albums of 2022.[115] Billboard's Sigal Ratner-Arias shared the same sentiment, calling it \"an instant classic\".[116] TV Azteca listed Aguilera among the twenty-five best Latin albums of the year.[117] Writing for Houston Chronicle, Nina Hernandez ranked Aguilera at number five on the list of the ten best albums of 2022, saying that the album was \"perhaps her most authentic work\", and that \"it will stick out in her catalog for years to come\".[63] PopSugar included Aguilera on its list of the most anticipated albums of 2023.[c][118] Moises Mendez II of Time called the album \"a project that shows just how well [Aguilera] understands the Latin music space\", and praised her \"gorgeous, bombastic vocals\" on the \"clear standout\" song from the album, \"La Reina\", naming it one of the best Latin songs of the year.[119]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Urban Fusion/Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Urban_Fusion/Performance"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Cuando Me Dé la Gana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Me_D%C3%A9_la_Gana"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Mexican Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Regional_Mexican_Song"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-126"},{"link_name":"Rosalía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Jorge Drexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Drexler"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"65th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"No Es Que Te Extrañe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Es_Que_Te_Extra%C3%B1e"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"At the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Album of the Year and won the award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album, while \"Pa Mis Muchachas\" received nominations for Record and Song of the Year, and was nominated alongside \"Santo\" for Best Urban Fusion/Performance.[121] The duet version of \"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\" with Christian Nodal was nominated in the Best Regional Mexican Song category.[122][123] With a total of seven nominations, Aguilera was the second most nominated female artist, behind Rosalía's eight, and third overall, tying Jorge Drexler.[124] Aguilera also received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Latin Pop Album and Best Immersive Audio Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards which Entertainment Tonight noted as \"a major moment in Latin music\".[125] At the 24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, \"No Es Que Te Extrañe\" was nominated for Record of the Year.[126]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Albums"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"German's Digital Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_German_Charts"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-132"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-133"}],"text":"The album peaked at number 16 on the Billboard US Latin Pop Albums chart and at number 70 on the German's Digital Albums.[129][130]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ya Llegué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_Llegu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Kat Dahlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_Dahlia"},{"link_name":"Rafa Arcaute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa_Arcaute"},{"link_name":"Federico Vindver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Vindver"},{"link_name":"Pa Mis Muchachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Mis_Muchachas"},{"link_name":"Becky G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"Nicki Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Nicole"},{"link_name":"Nathy Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"Natalia Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"Nicole Denise Cucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Nicole"},{"link_name":"Rebbeca Marie Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"Somos Nada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somos_Nada"},{"link_name":"Mario Domm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Domm"},{"link_name":"Sharlene Taulé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharlene_Taul%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna"},{"link_name":"DallasK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DallasK"},{"link_name":"Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(singer)"},{"link_name":"La Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reina_(song)"},{"link_name":"Suéltame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9ltame"},{"link_name":"Tini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Martina Stoessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Andrés Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Torres_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Salomón Villada Hoyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feid"},{"link_name":"Feid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feid"},{"link_name":"Slow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Cuando Me Dé la Gana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Me_D%C3%A9_la_Gana"},{"link_name":"Edgar Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Barrera"},{"link_name":"Elena Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Rose"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"Jean Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"No Es Que Te Extrañe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Es_Que_Te_Extra%C3%B1e"},{"link_name":"three discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_album"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triplealbumspotify-134"}],"text":"Aguilera track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Ya Llegué\"Christina AguileraKat DahliaJuan MorelliJon LeoneRafa ArcauteFederico VindverJonTheProducer3:032.\"Pa Mis Muchachas\" (with Becky G and Nicki Nicole featuring Nathy Peluso)AguileraDahliaYasmil MarrufoJorge Luis ChacínYoel HenríquezNatalia PelusoNicole Denise CuccoRebbeca Marie GomezArcauteVindver3:363.\"Somos Nada\"AguileraMario DommSharlene TauléVindverArcauteVindver3:014.\"Santo\" (with Ozuna)AguileraOzunaDallasKGaleJosh BarriosArcauteVindverDallasKBarrios3:035.\"Como Yo\"AguileraDhaliaMorelliVindverArcauteGino the GhostTobias WincornArcauteVindverWincorn2:466.\"La Reina\"AguileraServando PrimeraSantiago CastilloLuigi CastilloMarrufoArcauteVindverMarrufo3:487.\"Suéltame\" (with Tini)Martina StoesselAguileraDahliaMauricio RengifoAndrés TorresVindverArcauteRengifoTorresArcauteVindver2:538.\"Brujería\"AguileraGaleSalomón Villada HoyosMiguel Andrés Martinez PereaPablo PreciadoVindverArcauteFeidSlowArcauteVindver2:459.\"Traguito\"AguileraRafael RodríguezDaniel RondónAndy ClayArcauteVindverDahliaHoneyBoosClayArcauteVindver3:1110.\"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\"AguileraDahliaHenríquezChacínMarrufoArcauteVindverArcauteVindverMarrufo3:2611.\"Te Deseo lo Mejor\"Edgar BarreraLuis Barrera Jr.Juan Diego LinaresAguileraElena RoseArcauteVindverE. BarreraL. Barrera Jr.LinaresVindverArcaute2:3612.\"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\" (with Christian Nodal)AguileraDahliaHenríquezChacínMarrufoArcauteVindverArcauteVindverMarrufo3:2613.\"Intro (La Luz)\"AguileraArcauteVindverJean Rodríguez0:4014.\"No Es Que Te Extrañe\"AguileraBarreraPreciadoMarrufoArcauteVindverRodríguezArcauteVindver4:43Total length:43:03NotesCo-production for all tracks is handled by Afo Verde.\nVocal production for all tracks is handled by Rodríguez.\nOn digital releases, the album is separated into three discs:[131]\nDisc one, La Fuerza (1–6).\nDisc two, La Tormenta (7–12).\nDisc three, La Luz (13–14).","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel and credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Rafa Arcaute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa_Arcaute"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Édgar Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Barrera"},{"link_name":"Kat Dahlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_Dahlia"},{"link_name":"DallasK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DallasK"},{"link_name":"Feid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feid"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"Matt Rollings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Rollings"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"Slow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Tini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Andrés Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Torres_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Federico Vindver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Vindver"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"}],"sub_title":"Musicians","text":"Christina Aguilera – vocals\nRafa Arcaute – producer, arrangement, keyboards, programming (all tracks); percussion (2)\nÉdgar Barrera – producer (11), keyboards (11), programmer (11)\nLuis Barrera Jr. – producer (11), keyboards (11), programmer (11)\nLuigi Castillo – background vocals (6)\nSantiago Castillo – background vocals (6)\nJorge Luis Chacín – background vocals (2, 10, 12)\nAndy Clay – producer (9), keyboards (9), programmer (9)\nKat Dahlia – background vocals (2, 10, 12)\nDallasK – arrangement, keyboards, programming (4)\nFeid – producer (8), keyboards (8), programmer (8)\nRoland Gajate – percussion (14)\nYoel Henríquez – background vocals (2, 10, 12)\nHoneyboos (Daniel Rondón and Rafael Rodríguez) – producer (9)\nJonTheProducer – arrangement, keyboards, programming (1)\nJuan Diego Linares – producer (11)\nYasmil Marrufo – background vocals (2, 6, 10, 12); bass, guitar (6, 14), producer (10, 12), keyboards (10, 12), programmer (10, 12)\nChristian Nodal – featured vocals (12)\nServando Primera – background vocals (6)\nMauricio Rengifo – producer (7), keyboards (7), programmer(7)\nRafael Rodríguez – keyboards (9), programmer (9)\nMatt Rollings – piano (3)\nDavide Rosi – strings (14)\nSlow – producer (8), keyboards (8), programmer (8)\nTini – co-lead vocals (7)\nAndrés Torres – producer (7), keyboards (7), programmer (7)\nAfo Verde – co-producer\nFederico Vindver – arrangement, keyboards, programming (all tracks), percussion (2), producer","title":"Personnel and credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaycen Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycen_Joshua"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"}],"sub_title":"Technical","text":"José Aponte – recording (4)\nRafa Arcuate – recording engineer\nÉdgar Barrera – recording engineer (11)\nLuis Barrera Jr. – recording engineer (11)\nRachel Blum – assistant engineer (14)\nRay Charles Brown, Jr. – recording engineer (7–11, 14)\nAndy Clay – recording engineer (9)\nMorgan David – assistant engineer (1, 5)\nJaycen Joshua – mastering, mixing\nJuan Diego Linares – recording engineer (11)\nYasmil Marrufo – recording (6, 10)\nMauricio Rengifo – recording engineer (7)\nJacob Richards – assistant engineer (14)\nDJ Riggins – assistant engineer (14)\nJean Rodríguez – recording engineer, vocal producer\nMike Seaberg – mixing engineer, mastering engineer\nSlow – recording engineer (8)\nAndrés Torres – recording engineer (7)\nFelipe Trujillo – engineering assistance, recording engineer (14)\nFederico Vindver – recording","title":"Personnel and credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Christian Nodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nodal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-120"}],"text":"^ In its independent extended play (EP) release, La Tormenta features five original songs. The version of La Tormenta featured on the album includes a second version of \"Cuando Me Dé la Gana\" with Christian Nodal.\n\n^ The single was officially released under the name La Luz (transl. The Light), featuring \"Intro (La Luz)\" and \"No Es Que Te Extrañe\".\n\n^ The album was originally released digitally, first in May 2022, then in its complete form in September, while physical formats will be released in June 2023.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Aguilera (pictured) promoting the album's first part, La Fuerza, in January 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Christina_Aguilera_in_2022.jpg/150px-Christina_Aguilera_in_2022.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"2022 in Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_Latin_music"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Christina Aguilera Returns to her Roots with a New All-Spanish Album\". Ocean Drive. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Glyn
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Ralph Glyn, 1st Baron Glyn
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Military service","2.2 Political career","3 Personal life","4 Arms","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
|
British politician (1884–1960)
Major The Right HonourableThe Lord GlynMC DLMember of Parliamentfor AbingdonIn office1924–1953Preceded byEdward LessingSucceeded byAirey NeaveMajority4,000Member of Parliamentfor Clackmannan and Eastern StirlingshireIn office1918–1922Preceded byNew constituencySucceeded byLauchlan MacNeill WeirParliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime MinisterIn office1931–1935Serving with John Worthington (1931–1935) Frank Markham (1931–1932)Prime MinisterRamsay McDonaldPreceded byRobert MorrisonSucceeded byGeoffrey Lloyd
Personal detailsBornRalph George Campbell Glyn(1884-03-03)3 March 1884Died1 May 1960(1960-05-01) (aged 76)OxfordshirePolitical partyConservativeSpouseSibell Vanden Bempde-Johnstone (m. 1921–1958, her death)RelativesEdward Carr Glyn George Glyn, 1st Baron WolvertonEducationWixenford, Wokingham Harrow SchoolAlma materRoyal Military College, SandhurstMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited KingdomBranch/serviceBritish ArmyYears of service1914–1918RankMajorBattles/warsFirst World WarAwardsMilitary Cross
Major Ralph George Campbell Glyn, 1st Baron Glyn, Bt, MC, DL (3 March 1884 – 1 May 1960), known as Sir Ralph Glyn, 1st Baronet, from 1934 to 1953, was a soldier and Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1918 to 1922, and from 1924 to 1953.
Early life
Glyn was born on 3 March 1884 to Edward Glyn, Bishop of Peterborough and Lady Emma Mary, daughter of George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll. His father was the younger son of George Glyn, 1st Baron Wolverton. He was educated at Wixenford, Harrow, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
Career
Military service
Glyn fought in the First World War, during which he was mentioned in despatches and was awarded the Military Cross.
Political career
At the 1918 general election, Glyn was elected as Unionist MP for the Scottish constituency of Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire. However he lost the seat at the 1922 general election, coming third with 28% of the votes. The following year, at the 1923 general election, Glyn stood in the Conservative-held seat of Abingdon, where the MP Arthur Loyd was not standing again. Lloyd's majority in 1922 had been only 640 votes, and Glyn lost by 254 votes (1.2% of the total) to the Liberal candidate Edward Lessing.
However, at the 1924 general election, Glyn substantially increased his vote, and won the seat with a majority of over 4,000 votes. He represented the constituency for nearly thirty years, and was returned unopposed at the 1931 election and at the 1935 election. He was made a baronet 21 January 1934, of Farnborough Downs, in the County of Berkshire, and in 1953 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Glyn, of Farnborough in the County of Berkshire.
Personal life
Lord Glyn married Sibell Vanden Bempde-Johnstone, daughter of Francis Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, 2nd Baron Derwent and widow of Brigadier-General Walter Long, in 1921. She was the mother of Walter Long, 2nd Viscount Long. There were no children from the marriage. Lady Glyn died in 1958. Lord Glyn survived her by two years and died in Oxfordshire in 1960, aged 75, when the baronetcy and barony became extinct.
Glyn was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1924 to 1952 and again from 1955 to 1960 in addition to be the vice-chairman of the Governors from 1958 until his death in 1960. and the Mayor of Abingdon.
Arms
Coat of arms of Ralph Glyn, 1st Baron Glyn
Crest
An eagle's head erased Sable guttee d'Or holding in the beak an escallop Argent.
Escutcheon
Argent an eagle displayed with two heads Sable guttee d'Or.
Motto
Fidei Tenax
Notes
^ 'Glyn, 1st Baron', in Who Was Who 1951–1960 (A. & C. Black, 1984 reprint, ISBN 0-7136-2598-8)
^ "No. 30450". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1918. p. 36.
^ "No. 34018". The London Gazette. 26 January 1934. p. 604.
^ "No. 39904". The London Gazette. 3 July 1953. p. 3677.
^ "1942 Summer Abingdonian" (PDF). Abingdon School.
^ "History of the FoA". Friends of Abingdon Civic Society.
^ Burke's Peerage. 1956.
References
Craig, F. W. S. (1983) . British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
Lundy, Darryl. "FAQ". The Peerage.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ralph Glyn
Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency
Member of Parliament for Clackmannan & Eastern Stirlingshire 1918–1922
Succeeded byLauchlan MacNeill Weir
Preceded byEdward Lessing
Member of Parliament for Abingdon 1924–1953
Succeeded byAirey Neave
Government offices
Preceded byRobert Morrison
Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister 1931–1935 serving alongside John Worthington (1931–1935) and Frank Markham (1931–1932)
Succeeded byGeoffrey Lloyd
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baron Glyn 1953–1960
Extinct
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baronet(of Farnborough Downs) 1934–1960
Extinct
vteParliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime MinisterPrime Minister's Officeto Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Carr-Gomm 1906–1908
to H. H. Asquith
Howard 1908–1909
Lyell 1908–1915
to David Lloyd George
Barran 1916–1918
D. Davies 1916–1918
Sutherland 1916–1918, 1919–1920
Astor 1918
Sassoon 1920–1922
to Bonar Law
Davidson 1922–1923
to Stanley Baldwin
Herbert 1923–1924, 1924–1927
Rhys 1927–1929
Geoffery-Lloyd 1935
Dugdale 1935–1937
to Ramsay MacDonald
Weir 1924, 1929–1931
R. Morrison 1929–1931
Markham 1931–1932
Glyn 1931–1935
Worthington 1931–1935
to Neville Chamberlain
Douglas-Home 1937–1940
to Winston Churchill
Bracken 1940–1941
Harvie-Watt 1941–1945
Soames 1952–1955
to Clement Attlee
de Freitas 1945–1946
Moyle 1946–1951
to Anthony Eden
Carr 1955
Allan 1955–1956
to Harold Macmillan
Barber 1957–1959
K. Cunningham 1959–1963
to Alec Douglas-Home
Pearson 1963–1964
to Harold Wilson
Fernyhough 1964–1967
Shore 1965–1966
H. Davies 1967–1970
Varley 1968–1969
Hamling 1974–1975
Marks 1975
Tomlinson 1975–1976
to Edward Heath
Kitson 1970–1974
to James Callaghan
J. Cunningham 1976–1977
Stott 1977–1979
to Margaret Thatcher
Gow 1979–1983
Alison 1983–1987
Hamilton 1987–1988
Lennox-Boyd 1988–1990
P. Morrison 1990
to John Major
Bright 1990–1994
Ward 1994–1997
to Tony Blair
Coffey 1997–1998
Grocott 1997–2001
Hanson 2001–2005
Hill 2005–2007
to Gordon Brown
Austin 2007–2008
Smith 2007–2009
Trickett 2008–2010
Snelgrove 2009–2010
to David Cameron
Swayne 2010–2012
Gyimah 2012–2013
Williamson 2013–2016
to Theresa May
Hollingbery 2016–2018
Kennedy 2017–2019
Bowie 2018–2019
to Boris Johnson
Burghart 2019–2021
Heappey 2019
Harrison 2019–2021
Dines 2021–2022
Griffith 2021–2022
Duddridge 2022
Nici 2022
Morrissey 2022
Stafford 2022
to Liz Truss
Webb 2022
to Rishi Sunak
Williams 2022–present
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Major Ralph George Campbell Glyn, 1st Baron Glyn, Bt, MC, DL (3 March 1884 – 1 May 1960), known as Sir Ralph Glyn, 1st Baronet, from 1934 to 1953, was a soldier and Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1918 to 1922, and from 1924 to 1953.","title":"Ralph Glyn, 1st Baron Glyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Glyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Glyn"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Peterborough"},{"link_name":"George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"George Glyn, 1st Baron Wolverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Glyn,_1st_Baron_Wolverton"},{"link_name":"Wixenford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wixenford_School"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Glyn was born on 3 March 1884 to Edward Glyn, Bishop of Peterborough and Lady Emma Mary, daughter of George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll. His father was the younger son of George Glyn, 1st Baron Wolverton. He was educated at Wixenford, Harrow, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Military service","text":"Glyn fought in the First World War, during which he was mentioned in despatches and was awarded the Military Cross.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1918 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannan_and_Eastern_Stirlingshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1922 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1923 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Loyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Loyd"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Edward Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Albert_Lessing"},{"link_name":"1924 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1931 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1935 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"At the 1918 general election, Glyn was elected as Unionist MP for the Scottish constituency of Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire. However he lost the seat at the 1922 general election, coming third with 28% of the votes. The following year, at the 1923 general election, Glyn stood in the Conservative-held seat of Abingdon, where the MP Arthur Loyd was not standing again. Lloyd's majority in 1922 had been only 640 votes, and Glyn lost by 254 votes (1.2% of the total) to the Liberal candidate Edward Lessing.However, at the 1924 general election, Glyn substantially increased his vote, and won the seat with a majority of over 4,000 votes. He represented the constituency for nearly thirty years, and was returned unopposed at the 1931 election and at the 1935 election. He was made a baronet 21 January 1934, of Farnborough Downs, in the County of Berkshire,[3] and in 1953 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Glyn, of Farnborough in the County of Berkshire.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Long_(general)"},{"link_name":"Walter Long, 2nd Viscount Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Long,_2nd_Viscount_Long"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Abingdon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lord Glyn married Sibell Vanden Bempde-Johnstone, daughter of Francis Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, 2nd Baron Derwent and widow of Brigadier-General Walter Long, in 1921. She was the mother of Walter Long, 2nd Viscount Long. There were no children from the marriage. Lady Glyn died in 1958. Lord Glyn survived her by two years and died in Oxfordshire in 1960, aged 75, when the baronetcy and barony became extinct.Glyn was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1924 to 1952 and again from 1955 to 1960 in addition to be the vice-chairman of the Governors from 1958 until his death in 1960.[5] and the Mayor of Abingdon.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7136-2598-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-2598-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"No. 30450\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30450/supplement/36"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"No. 34018\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34018/page/604"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"No. 39904\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39904/page/3677"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"1942 Summer Abingdonian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abingdon.org.uk/uploads/school/files/abingdonian/1942_Summer_V008_N004.pdf#page=11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"History of the FoA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//friendsofabingdon.org.uk/about-us/history/2/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ 'Glyn, 1st Baron', in Who Was Who 1951–1960 (A. & C. Black, 1984 reprint, ISBN 0-7136-2598-8)\n\n^ \"No. 30450\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1918. p. 36.\n\n^ \"No. 34018\". The London Gazette. 26 January 1934. p. 604.\n\n^ \"No. 39904\". The London Gazette. 3 July 1953. p. 3677.\n\n^ \"1942 Summer Abingdonian\" (PDF). Abingdon School.\n\n^ \"History of the FoA\". Friends of Abingdon Civic Society.\n\n^ Burke's Peerage. 1956.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"No. 30450\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1918. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30450/supplement/36","url_text":"\"No. 30450\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34018\". The London Gazette. 26 January 1934. p. 604.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34018/page/604","url_text":"\"No. 34018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39904\". The London Gazette. 3 July 1953. p. 3677.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39904/page/3677","url_text":"\"No. 39904\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"1942 Summer Abingdonian\" (PDF). Abingdon School.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abingdon.org.uk/uploads/school/files/abingdonian/1942_Summer_V008_N004.pdf#page=11","url_text":"\"1942 Summer Abingdonian\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the FoA\". Friends of Abingdon Civic Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://friendsofabingdon.org.uk/about-us/history/2/","url_text":"\"History of the FoA\""}]},{"reference":"Burke's Peerage. 1956.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-06-X","url_text":"0-900178-06-X"}]},{"reference":"Lundy, Darryl. \"FAQ\". The Peerage.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepeerage.com/info.htm","url_text":"\"FAQ\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30450/supplement/36","external_links_name":"\"No. 30450\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34018/page/604","external_links_name":"\"No. 34018\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39904/page/3677","external_links_name":"\"No. 39904\""},{"Link":"https://www.abingdon.org.uk/uploads/school/files/abingdonian/1942_Summer_V008_N004.pdf#page=11","external_links_name":"\"1942 Summer Abingdonian\""},{"Link":"http://friendsofabingdon.org.uk/about-us/history/2/","external_links_name":"\"History of the FoA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs"},{"Link":"http://www.thepeerage.com/info.htm","external_links_name":"\"FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/colonel-ralph-glyn","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Ralph Glyn"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A-League_Men_head_coaches
|
List of A-League Men head coaches
|
["1 Managers","1.1 By club","2 Most games coached in A-League Men","3 References","4 External links"]
|
The A-League Men is a professional soccer league in Australia which is at the top of the Australian league system. The league was formed in 2005 as a replacement for the original National Soccer League.
Some of the people have served spells as caretaker (temporary) managers in the period between a managerial departure and appointment. Several caretaker managers such as Tony Walmsley at Central Coast Mariners have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post. As of 2023, Ernie Merrick, Mike Mulvey, John Aloisi, Marko Rudan and Tony Popovic are the only coaches to have managed more than two A-League Men clubs.
Managers
Ricki Herbert has been in charge of both New Zealand Knights and Wellington Phoenix in the A-League.
Tony Popovic was the first coach of Western Sydney Wanderers.
The list of managers includes everyone who has managed clubs while they were in the A-League Men, whether in a permanent or temporary role. Caretaker managers are listed only when they managed the team for at least one match in that period.
The dates of appointment and departure may fall outside the club's period in the A-League Men, for example, John Kosmina was appointed as Adelaide United manager in 2003 (before the A-League was formed in 2005) and remained in his position through the league's establishment.
Key
†
Incumbent manager
‡
Caretaker manager
*
Present up to date as of 22 January 2024
Managers
Name
Nat.
Club
From
Until
Duration (days)
Seasons inA-League Men
Ref.
John Kosmina
AUS
Adelaide United
13 September 2003
23 February 2007
1259
2
Aurelio Vidmar
AUS
Adelaide United
23 February 2007
3 June 2010
1196
3
Rini Coolen
NED
Adelaide United
6 July 2010
18 December 2011
530
2
John Kosmina
AUS
Adelaide United
18 December 2011
28 January 2013
407
2
Michael Valkanis ‡
AUS
Adelaide United
28 January 2013
10 April 2013
72
1
Josep Gombau
ESP
Adelaide United
30 April 2013
24 July 2015
815
2
Guillermo Amor
ESP
Adelaide United
24 July 2015
10 May 2017
652
2
Marco Kurz
GER
Adelaide United
16 August 2017
30 June 2019
684
2
Gertjan Verbeek
NED
Adelaide United
1 July 2019
29 April 2020
304
1
Carl Veart ‡
AUS
Adelaide United
15 June 2020
15 June 2020
95
1
Carl Veart †
AUS
Adelaide United
18 September 2020
Present*
1464
3
Frank Farina
AUS
Brisbane Roar
15 November 2006
14 October 2009
1064
4
Rado Vidošić ‡
CRO
Brisbane Roar
14 October 2009
17 October 2009
3
1
Ange Postecoglou
AUS
Brisbane Roar
17 October 2009
24 April 2012
920
3
Rado Vidošić
CRO
Brisbane Roar
25 April 2012
18 December 2012
237
1
Mike Mulvey
ENG
Brisbane Roar
18 December 2012
23 November 2014
705
3
Frans Thijssen ‡
NED
Brisbane Roar
23 November 2014
26 May 2015
184
1
John Aloisi
AUS
Brisbane Roar
26 May 2015
28 December 2018
1313
4
Darren Davies ‡
WAL
Brisbane Roar
29 December 2018
30 June 2019
184
1
Robbie Fowler
ENG
Brisbane Roar
1 July 2019
29 June 2020
365
1
Warren MoonDarren Davies ‡
AUS WAL
Brisbane Roar
29 June 2020
16 July 2020
18
1
Warren Moon
AUS
Brisbane Roar
16 July 2020
20 February 2023
950
4
Nick Green ‡
ENG
Brisbane Roar
21 February 2023
2 May 2023
70
1
Ross Aloisi
AUS
Brisbane Roar
2 May 2023
24 December 2023
237
1
Luciano Trani ‡
AUS
Brisbane Roar
24 December 2023
1 January 2024
9
1
Ben Cahn
ENG
Brisbane Roar
1 January 2024
Present*
169
1
Lawrie McKinna
SCO
Central Coast Mariners
10 October 2004
9 February 2010
1948
5
Graham Arnold
AUS
Central Coast Mariners
9 February 2010
14 November 2013
1374
4
Phil Moss
AUS
Central Coast Mariners
15 November 2013
5 March 2015
475
2
Tony Walmsley
ENG
Central Coast Mariners
5 March 2015
8 August 2016
522
2
Paul Okon
AUS
Central Coast Mariners
28 August 2016
20 March 2018
570
2
Wayne O'Sullivan ‡
IRL
Central Coast Mariners
20 March 2018
18 April 2018
184
1
Mike Mulvey
ENG
Central Coast Mariners
1 July 2018
10 March 2019
253
1
Alen Stajcic ‡
AUS
Central Coast Mariners
12 March 2019
1 May 2019
51
1
Alen Stajcic
AUS
Central Coast Mariners
1 May 2019
1 May 2021
732
2
Nick Montgomery
SCO
Central Coast Mariners
2 July 2021
11 September 2023
802
2
Abbas Saad ‡
AUS
Central Coast Mariners
11 September 2023
27 September 2023
17
1
Mark Jackson †
ENG
Central Coast Mariners
27 September 2023
Present*
265
1
Miron Bleiberg
ISR
Gold Coast United
6 June 2008
19 February 2012
1353
3
Mike Mulvey ‡
ENG
Gold Coast United
19 February 2012
5 April 2012
46
1
Ante Milicic
AUS
Macarthur FC
15 May 2019
8 May 2022
1090
2
Dwight Yorke
TRI
Macarthur FC
15 May 2022
21 January 2023
252
1
Mile Sterjovski †
AUS
Macarthur FC
23 January 2022
Present*
512
1
John van 't Schip
NED
Melbourne Heart
12 October 2009
26 April 2012
927
2
John Aloisi
AUS
Melbourne Heart
7 May 2012
29 December 2013
601
2
John van 't Schip
NED
Melbourne City
29 December 2013
3 January 2017
1101
4
Michael Valkanis ‡
AUS
Melbourne City
3 January 2017
27 January 2017
24
1
Michael Valkanis
AUS
Melbourne City
27 January 2017
19 June 2017
144
1
Warren Joyce
ENG
Melbourne City
19 June 2017
8 May 2019
659
2
Erick Mombaerts
FRA
Melbourne City
26 June 2019
3 September 2020
436
1
Patrick Kisnorbo
AUS
Melbourne City
3 September 2020
23 November 2022
812
3
Rado Vidošić ‡
CRO
Melbourne City
23 November 2022
6 February 2023
76
1
Rado Vidošić
CRO
Melbourne City
6 February 2023
1 November 2023
269
2
Aurelio Vidmar †
AUS
Melbourne City
1 November 2023
Present*
230
1
Ernie Merrick
SCO
Melbourne Victory
20 December 2004
11 March 2011
2272
6
Mehmet Durakovic
AUS
Melbourne Victory
11 March 2011
6 January 2012
301
2
Kevin Muscat ‡
AUS
Melbourne Victory
6 January 2012
7 January 2012
1
1
Jim Magilton ‡
NIR
Melbourne Victory
7 January 2012
1 April 2012
85
1
Ange Postecoglou
AUS
Melbourne Victory
26 April 2012
25 October 2013
547
2
Kevin Muscat
AUS
Melbourne Victory
31 October 2013
19 May 2019
2027
6
Marco Kurz
GER
Melbourne Victory
27 June 2019
14 January 2020
202
1
Carlos Pérez Salvachúa ‡
ESP
Melbourne Victory
14 January 2020
29 May 2020
137
1
Grant Brebner ‡
SCO
Melbourne Victory
1 June 2020
24 August 2020
85
1
Grant Brebner
SCO
Melbourne Victory
24 August 2020
17 April 2021
237
1
Steve Kean ‡
SCO
Melbourne Victory
19 April 2021
30 June 2021
73
1
Tony Popovic †
AUS
Melbourne Victory
1 July 2021
Present*
1083
2
John Adshead
NZL
New Zealand Knights
14 January 2005
10 April 2006
451
1
Paul Nevin
ENG
New Zealand Knights
10 April 2006
15 November 2006
219
1
Barry Simmonds ‡
ENG
New Zealand Knights
15 November 2006
14 December 2006
29
1
Ricki Herbert
NZL
New Zealand Knights
14 December 2006
1 April 2007
108
1
Richard Money
ENG
Newcastle Jets
25 May 2005
3 April 2006
313
1
Nick Theodorakopoulos
AUS
Newcastle Jets
5 April 2006
10 October 2006
188
1
Gary van Egmond
AUS
Newcastle Jets
10 October 2006
28 June 2009
992
3
Branko Culina
AUS
Newcastle Jets
30 June 2009
4 October 2011
826
2
Craig Deans ‡
AUS
Newcastle Jets
4 October 2011
20 October 2011
16
1
Gary van Egmond
AUS
Newcastle Jets
20 October 2011
19 January 2014
822
3
Clayton Zane ‡
AUS
Newcastle Jets
19 January 2014
5 May 2014
106
1
Phil Stubbins
ENG
Newcastle Jets
5 May 2014
26 May 2015
386
1
Scott Miller
AUS
Newcastle Jets
18 June 2015
7 September 2016
447
1
Mark Jones
AUS
Newcastle Jets
23 September 2016
16 April 2017
205
1
Ernie Merrick
SCO
Newcastle Jets
9 May 2017
6 January 2020
973
3
Craig DeansQiang Li ‡
AUS CHN
Newcastle Jets
9 January 2020
6 February 2020
29
1
Carl Robinson
WAL
Newcastle Jets
6 February 2020
14 October 2020
252
1
Craig Deans ‡
AUS
Newcastle Jets
14 October 2020
9 February 2021
119
1
Craig Deans
AUS
Newcastle Jets
9 February 2021
3 June 2021
115
1
Arthur Papas
AUS
Newcastle Jets
28 June 2021
19 June 2023
722
2
Robert Stanton †
AUS
Newcastle Jets
26 June 2023
Present*
358
1
Ian Ferguson
SCO
North Queensland Fury
15 September 2008
6 April 2010
568
1
František Straka
CZE
North Queensland Fury
8 June 2010
1 March 2011
266
1
Steve McMahon
ENG
Perth Glory
25 January 2005
7 December 2005
316
1
Alan Vest ‡
NZL
Perth Glory
8 December 2005
26 July 2006
230
1
Ron Smith
AUS
Perth Glory
26 July 2006
3 November 2007
465
2
Dave Mitchell
AUS
Perth Glory
3 November 2007
11 October 2010
1073
4
Ian Ferguson
SCO
Perth Glory
11 October 2010
11 February 2013
854
3
Alistair Edwards
AUS
Perth Glory
11 February 2013
17 December 2013
309
2
Kenny Lowe
ENG
Perth Glory
20 December 2013
20 April 2018
1583
5
Tony Popovic
AUS
Perth Glory
11 May 2018
27 August 2020
840
2
Hayden Foxe ‡
AUS
Perth Glory
2 September 2020
18 September 2020
16
1
Richard Garcia
AUS
Perth Glory
18 September 2020
20 March 2022
549
2
Ruben Zadkovich ‡
AUS
Perth Glory
20 March 2022
2 June 2022
75
1
Ruben Zadkovich
AUS
Perth Glory
2 June 2022
2 June 2023
366
1
Kenny Lowe ‡
ENG
Perth Glory
12 July 2023
3 August 2023
23
1
Alen Stajcic †
AUS
Perth Glory
3 August 2023
Present*
320
1
Miron Bleiberg
ISR
Queensland Roar
5 February 2005
14 November 2006
647
2
Pierre Littbarski
GER
Sydney FC
26 February 2005
3 May 2006
431
1
Terry Butcher
ENG
Sydney FC
17 May 2006
8 February 2007
267
1
Branko Culina
AUS
Sydney FC
13 February 2007
22 October 2007
251
1
John Kosmina
AUS
Sydney FC
24 October 2007
31 January 2009
465
2
Vítězslav Lavička
CZE
Sydney FC
3 February 2009
30 March 2012
1151
3
Ian Crook
AUS
Sydney FC
14 May 2012
11 November 2012
181
1
Steve Corica ‡
AUS
Sydney FC
11 November 2012
28 November 2012
17
1
Frank Farina
AUS
Sydney FC
28 November 2012
23 April 2014
511
2
Graham Arnold
AUS
Sydney FC
8 May 2014
31 May 2018
1485
4
Steve Corica
AUS
Sydney FC
1 June 2018
7 November 2023
1986
6
Ufuk Talay †
AUS
Sydney FC
8 November 2023
Present*
223
1
Ricki Herbert
NZL
Wellington Phoenix
19 March 2007
26 February 2013
2171
6
Chris Greenacre ‡
ENG
Wellington Phoenix
26 February 2013
20 May 2013
83
1
Ernie Merrick
SCO
Wellington Phoenix
20 May 2013
5 December 2016
1296
4
Des Buckingham Chris Greenacre ‡
ENG ENG
Wellington Phoenix
5 December 2016
1 January 2017
28
1
Des Buckingham
ENG
Wellington Phoenix
1 January 2017
7 June 2017
158
1
Darije Kalezić
BIH
Wellington Phoenix
7 June 2017
7 March 2018
274
1
Marko Rudan
AUS
Wellington Phoenix
30 May 2018
3 May 2019
339
1
Ufuk Talay
AUS
Wellington Phoenix
20 May 2019
6 May 2023
1448
4
Giancarlo Italiano †
AUS
Wellington Phoenix
6 May 2023
Present*
409
1
Tony Popovic
AUS
Western Sydney Wanderers
18 May 2012
1 October 2017
1963
5
Hayden Foxe ‡
AUS
Western Sydney Wanderers
3 October 2017
1 November 2017
30
1
Josep Gombau
ESP
Western Sydney Wanderers
1 November 2017
19 April 2018
170
1
Sacked
Markus Babbel
GER
Western Sydney Wanderers
19 May 2018
20 January 2020
612
2
Jean-Paul De Marigny ‡
AUS
Western Sydney Wanderers
20 January 2020
14 July 2020
177
1
Jean-Paul De Marigny
AUS
Western Sydney Wanderers
14 July 2020
12 October 2020
91
1
Carl Robinson
WAL
Western Sydney Wanderers
15 October 2020
30 January 2022
473
2
Marko Rudan †
AUS
Western Sydney Wanderers
31 January 2022
Present*
869
2
Marko Rudan
AUS
Western United
23 May 2019
23 May 2021
748
2
John Aloisi †
AUS
Western United
15 July 2021
Present*
1069
2
By club
Club
Total
Adelaide United
10
Brisbane Roar
14
Central Coast Mariners
11
Gold Coast United
2
Macarthur FC
3
Melbourne City
8
Melbourne Victory
10
Newcastle Jets
15
New Zealand Knights
4
North Queensland Fury
2
Perth Glory
12
Sydney FC
10
Wellington Phoenix
8
Western Sydney Wanderers
7
Western United
2
Most games coached in A-League Men
List of head coaches who have taken charge of over 100 A-League Men matches—As of 23 June 2023
Rank
Head coach
Games
Club(s)
1
Ernie Merrick
308
Melbourne Victory (151), Wellington Phoenix (90), Newcastle Jets (67)
2
Tony Popovic
253
Western Sydney Wanderers (142), Perth Glory (57), Melbourne Victory (54)
3
Graham Arnold
211
Central Coast Mariners (98), Sydney FC (113)
4
John Aloisi
190
Melbourne Heart (39), Brisbane Roar (95), Western United (56)
5
Kevin Muscat
172
Melbourne Victory (172)
6
Ricki Herbert
159
New Zealand Knights (5), Wellington Phoenix (154)
7
John van 't Schip
144
Melbourne City (144)
8
Gary van Egmond
130
Newcastle Jets (130)
9
Steve Corica
142
Sydney FC (142)
10
Kenny Lowe
128
Perth Glory (128)
10
Marko Rudan
128
Wellington Phoenix (28), Western United (54), Western Sydney Wanderers (46)
12
Lawrie McKinna
120
Central Coast Mariners (120)
13
John Kosmina
118
Adelaide United (83), Sydney FC (35)
14
Miron Bleiberg
114
Queensland Roar (33), Gold Coast United (81)
15
Frank Farina
113
Brisbane Roar (66), Sydney FC (47)
16
Ange Postecoglou
112
Brisbane Roar (80), Melbourne Victory (32)
17
Ufuk Talay
105
Wellington Phoenix (105)
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^ Pine, Jason (18 April 2023). "Wellington Phoenix appoint Giancarlo Italiano to replace Ufuk Talay as men's head coach". The New Zealand Herald.
^ "Popovic head coach for new Sydney club". Western Sydney Wanderers FC. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
^ "Tony Popovic quits Western Sydney Wanderers to take up role coaching Karabukspor". Daily Telegraph. 1 October 2017.
^ Bossi, Dominic (3 October 2017). "Western Sydney Wanderers: Hayden Foxe appointed as caretaker coach". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ "Josep Gombau becomes Wanderers coach". FourFourTwo. 1 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
^ "Western Sydney Wanderers sack A-League coach Josep Gombau after tumultuous season". The Guardian. 19 April 2018.
^ "Western Sydney Wanderers appoint German legend Babbel as A-League coach". The Guardian. 19 May 2018.
^ a b Bossi, Dominic (20 January 2020). "Wanderers sack Babbel with de Marigny named as caretaker". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Bossi, Dominic (14 July 2020). "'The biggest club in the league': Wanderers appoint de Marigny as head coach". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Bossi, Dominic (12 October 2020). "Wanderers sack head coach Jean-Paul de Marigny". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ "Wanderers announce Carl Robinson as head coach". Western Sydney Wanderers. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
^ Monteverde, Marco (31 January 2022). "Mark Rudan appointed as coach of Western Sydney Wanderers following sacking of Carl Robinson". news.com.au.
^ "New A-League club Western United confirm Mark Rudan as inaugural coach". The Guardian. 23 May 2019.
^ "Western United and Mark Rudan have mutually agreed to part ways". Western United. 8 June 2021.
^ Monteverde, Marco (15 July 2021). "A-League: John Aloisi signs two-year coaching deal with Western United". News.com.au.
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All Stars Game
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Walmsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Walmsley"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Mariners_FC"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A-League_Men_head_coaches&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Ernie Merrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Merrick"},{"link_name":"Mike Mulvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mulvey"},{"link_name":"John Aloisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aloisi"},{"link_name":"Marko Rudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Rudan"},{"link_name":"Tony Popovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Popovic"}],"text":"Some of the people have served spells as caretaker (temporary) managers in the period between a managerial departure and appointment. Several caretaker managers such as Tony Walmsley at Central Coast Mariners have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post. As of 2023[update], Ernie Merrick, Mike Mulvey, John Aloisi, Marko Rudan and Tony Popovic are the only coaches to have managed more than two A-League Men clubs.","title":"List of A-League Men head coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ricki Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricki_Herbert"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Knights_FC"},{"link_name":"Wellington Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Popovic_Managing_Western_Sydney_Wanderers_Training.png"},{"link_name":"Tony Popovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Popovic"},{"link_name":"Western Sydney Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC"},{"link_name":"John Kosmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kosmina"}],"text":"Ricki Herbert has been in charge of both New Zealand Knights and Wellington Phoenix in the A-League.Tony Popovic was the first coach of Western Sydney Wanderers.The list of managers includes everyone who has managed clubs while they were in the A-League Men, whether in a permanent or temporary role. Caretaker managers are listed only when they managed the team for at least one match in that period.The dates of appointment and departure may fall outside the club's period in the A-League Men, for example, John Kosmina was appointed as Adelaide United manager in 2003 (before the A-League was formed in 2005) and remained in his position through the league's establishment.","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By club","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Most games coached in A-League Men"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ricki Herbert has been in charge of both New Zealand Knights and Wellington Phoenix in the A-League.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herbert1.jpg/200px-Herbert1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Popovic was the first coach of Western Sydney Wanderers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tony_Popovic_Managing_Western_Sydney_Wanderers_Training.png/200px-Tony_Popovic_Managing_Western_Sydney_Wanderers_Training.png"}]
| null |
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Daily Telegraph. 1 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/football/tony-popovic-quits-western-sydney-wanderers-to-take-up-role-coaching-karabukspor/news-story/b263e8d36ee77f54686c7e676f897ead","url_text":"\"Tony Popovic quits Western Sydney Wanderers to take up role coaching Karabukspor\""}]},{"reference":"Bossi, Dominic (3 October 2017). \"Western Sydney Wanderers: Hayden Foxe appointed as caretaker coach\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/western-sydney-wanderers/two-assistant-wanderers-coaches-follow-tony-popovic-to-karabukspor-20171003-gyt76e.html","url_text":"\"Western Sydney Wanderers: Hayden Foxe appointed as caretaker coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Josep Gombau becomes Wanderers coach\". FourFourTwo. 1 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031729/https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/josep-gombau-becomes-wanderers-coach-476605","url_text":"\"Josep Gombau becomes Wanderers coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo","url_text":"FourFourTwo"},{"url":"https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/josep-gombau-becomes-wanderers-coach-476605","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Western Sydney Wanderers sack A-League coach Josep Gombau after tumultuous season\". The Guardian. 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/apr/19/western-sydney-wanderers-sack-a-league-coach-josep-gombau-after-tumultous-season","url_text":"\"Western Sydney Wanderers sack A-League coach Josep Gombau after tumultuous season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Western Sydney Wanderers appoint German legend Babbel as A-League coach\". The Guardian. 19 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/19/western-sydney-wanderers-appoint-german-legend-babbel-as-a-league-coach","url_text":"\"Western Sydney Wanderers appoint German legend Babbel as A-League coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Bossi, Dominic (20 January 2020). \"Wanderers sack Babbel with de Marigny named as caretaker\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/babbel-sacked-after-wanderers-latest-loss-20200120-p53sxf.html","url_text":"\"Wanderers sack Babbel with de Marigny named as caretaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Bossi, Dominic (14 July 2020). \"'The biggest club in the league': Wanderers appoint de Marigny as head coach\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/wanderers-appoint-jean-paul-de-marigny-as-head-coach-20200714-p55bsb.html","url_text":"\"'The biggest club in the league': Wanderers appoint de Marigny as head coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Bossi, Dominic (12 October 2020). \"Wanderers sack head coach Jean-Paul de Marigny\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/wanderers-part-ways-with-head-coach-jean-paul-de-marigny-20201012-p564ai.html","url_text":"\"Wanderers sack head coach Jean-Paul de Marigny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Wanderers announce Carl Robinson as head coach\". Western Sydney Wanderers. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wswanderersfc.com.au/news/wanderers-announce-carl-robinson-head-coach","url_text":"\"Wanderers announce Carl Robinson as head coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC","url_text":"Western Sydney Wanderers"}]},{"reference":"Monteverde, Marco (31 January 2022). \"Mark Rudan appointed as coach of Western Sydney Wanderers following sacking of Carl Robinson\". news.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/sport/football/mark-rudan-appointed-as-coach-of-western-sydney-wanderers-following-sacking-of-carl-robinson/news-story/71adedc11323c24e783e5f91f97727f7","url_text":"\"Mark Rudan appointed as coach of Western Sydney Wanderers following sacking of Carl Robinson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"news.com.au"}]},{"reference":"\"New A-League club Western United confirm Mark Rudan as inaugural coach\". The Guardian. 23 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/may/23/new-a-league-club-western-united-confirm-mark-rudan-as-inaugural-coach","url_text":"\"New A-League club Western United confirm Mark Rudan as inaugural coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Western United and Mark Rudan have mutually agreed to part ways\". Western United. 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wufc.com.au/news/western-united-and-head-coach-mark-rudan-mutually-agree-part-ways","url_text":"\"Western United and Mark Rudan have mutually agreed to part ways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_FC","url_text":"Western United"}]},{"reference":"Monteverde, Marco (15 July 2021). \"A-League: John Aloisi signs two-year coaching deal with Western United\". News.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/sport/football/aleague-john-aloisi-signs-twoyear-coaching-deal-with-western-united/news-story/0f5561e326a1a223f8899f27c677320d","url_text":"\"A-League: John Aloisi signs two-year coaching deal with Western United\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"News.com.au"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinstedt
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Stinstedt
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["1 History","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°39′41″N 08°58′16″E / 53.66139°N 8.97111°E / 53.66139; 8.97111Municipality in Lower Saxony, GermanyStinstedt Municipality
Coat of armsLocation of Stinstedt within Cuxhaven district
Stinstedt Show map of GermanyStinstedt Show map of Lower SaxonyCoordinates: 53°39′41″N 08°58′16″E / 53.66139°N 8.97111°E / 53.66139; 8.97111CountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyDistrictCuxhaven Municipal assoc.Börde Lamstedt Subdivisions4 OrtsteileGovernment • MayorHerbert PapeArea • Total30.1 km2 (11.6 sq mi)Elevation7 m (23 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total527 • Density18/km2 (45/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes21772Dialling codes04756Vehicle registrationCUXWebsitewww.stinstedt.de
Stinstedt is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
History
Stinstedt belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. The farmers were subject with their small tithe to the Himmelpforten Convent, secularised in 1647. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown.
After a Prussian and then French occupation from 1806 to 1810, the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it with effect of 1 January 1811. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Stinstedt, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.
References
^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.
^ The great tithe comprised 10% of the field crops, whereas the small tithe amounted to 10% of the livestock and its products. Cf. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 45. No ISBN.
^ Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 8. No ISBN.
^ Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 57. No ISBN.
^ Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 56. No ISBN.
^ Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 100. No ISBN.
vteTowns and municipalities in Cuxhaven (district)
Armstorf
Belum
Beverstedt
Bülkau
Cadenberge
Cuxhaven
Geestland
Hagen im Bremischen
Hechthausen
Hemmoor
Hollnseth
Ihlienworth
Lamstedt
Loxstedt
Mittelstenahe
Neuenkirchen
Neuhaus
Nordleda
Oberndorf
Odisheim
Osten
Osterbruch
Otterndorf
Schiffdorf
Steinau
Stinstedt
Wanna
Wingst
Wurster Nordseeküste
Coat of arms
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
This Cuxhaven district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurstonland_and_Farnley_Tyas
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Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas Urban District
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°35′49″N 1°44′56″W / 53.597°N 1.749°W / 53.597; -1.749Abolished urban district of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England
53°35′49″N 1°44′56″W / 53.597°N 1.749°W / 53.597; -1.749
Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas was an urban district in the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1925 to 1938.
It was created in 1925 by the merger of the Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas urban districts (both created in 1894). In 1938 it was abolished, under a County Review Order, with most going to Kirkburton urban district, and part to Holmfirth Urban District. The area is now part of the Kirklees metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire.
References
"Relationships/unit history of Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
This West Yorkshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_socialiste_des_travailleurs
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Groupe socialiste des travailleurs du Québec
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["1 See also","2 External links"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Groupe socialiste des travailleurs du Québec" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Groupe socialiste des travailleurs du Québec or GST (in English: Quebec Socialist Workers' Group) was a far left political movement founded in 1973 by militants of the Fourth International in the province of Quebec, Canada. Involved in trade-unions, the GST worked for the creation, in 1974, of the Regroupement des militants syndicaux and, on the municipal scene in the city of Montreal, of the Montreal Citizens' Movement (Rassemblement des citoyens de Montréal). The GST was also at the origin of the electoral coalition of the Nouveau Parti démocratique du Québec (NPD-Québec) and the Regroupement des militants syndicaux that contested seats in the 1976 Quebec general election. The GST also ran independent candidates in the 1981 Quebec general election.
The GST was disbanded in 1987. Most of its members joined the NPD-Québec.
While most of the GST's political existence and history were within Quebec, there was also a small English-language group centred in Toronto which worked in the New Democratic Party and some union locals. The proper name of the group during most of its existence time was "Groupe socialiste des travailleurs" (in English: Socialist Workers' Group), reflecting the fact that it was pan-Canadian in aspiration. The Toronto cell had developed around a split in the Toronto group of the Workers' League, and came to the Organising Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International independently of the Quebec group.
See also
Politics of Quebec
List of Quebec general elections
Timeline of Quebec history
Political parties in Quebec
External links
Fonds d'archives du Groupe socialiste des travailleurs: Notice for documents (1973-1987) of the GST, donated to the archives of Université du Québec à Montréal in 1991.
Louis Gill, "Le Groupe socialiste des travailleurs (1974-1987)", originally published in Bulletin d’histoire politique, 58 p., in 2 parts: vol. 14, no 2, hiver 2006, p. 227-248, and vol. 14, no 3, printemps 2006, p. 271-292. Available in electronic version at Les Classiques des sciences sociales.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_(Egyptian_religion)
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Ra
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["1 Religious roles","1.1 The journey of the Sun","1.2 The Sun as a creator","1.3 In the underworld","2 Iconography","3 Worship","4 Relationship to other gods","4.1 Gods merged with Ra","4.2 Gods created by Ra","4.3 Other gods","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]
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Ancient Egyptian solar deity
This article is about the Egyptian deity. For other uses, see Ra (disambiguation).
RaIn one of his many forms, Ra, god of the Sun, has the head of a falcon and the sun-disk inside the Uraeus resting on his head.Name in hieroglyphs or or Major cult centerHeliopolis but was worshipped everywhere in Ancient Egypt.SymbolSun DiskPersonal informationParentsNone (most accounts)Khnum and Neith (alternative sources)Hathor (In the cycle of rebirth)
Mehet-Weret (some accounts)SiblingsApep, Sobek and Serket (as son of Khnum and Neith)ConsortHathor, Sekhmet, Bastet, Satet (in some myths)OffspringShu, Tefnut, Hathor, Sekhmet, Mafdet, Bastet, Satet, Anhur, Ma'at, MutEquivalentsGreek equivalentHelios
Ra (/rɑː/; Ancient Egyptian: rꜥ; also transliterated rꜥw /ˈɾiːʕuw/; cuneiform: 𒊑𒀀 ri-a or 𒊑𒅀ri-ia; Phoenician: 𐤓𐤏, romanized: rʿ) or Re (/reɪ/; Coptic: ⲣⲏ, romanized: Rē) was the ancient Egyptian deity of the Sun. By the Fifth Dynasty, in the 25th and 24th centuries BC, he had become one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the noon-day sun. Ra ruled in all parts of the created world: the sky, the Earth, and the underworld. He was believed to have ruled as the first pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. He was the god of the sun, order, kings and the sky.
Ra was portrayed as a falcon and shared characteristics with the sky-god Horus. At times, the two deities were merged as Ra-Horakhty, "Ra, who is Horus of the Two Horizons". When the god Amun rose to prominence during Egypt's New Kingdom, he was fused with Ra as Amun-Ra.
The cult of the Mnevis bull, an embodiment of Ra, had its center in Heliopolis and there was a formal burial ground for the sacrificed bulls north of the city.
All forms of life were believed to have been created by Ra. In some accounts, humans were created from Ra's tears and sweat, hence the Egyptians call themselves the "Cattle of Ra". In the myth of the Celestial Cow, it is recounted how humankind plotted against Ra and how he sent his eye as the goddess Sekhmet to punish them.
Religious roles
The journey of the Sun
Ra on the solar barque on his daily voyage across the sky (𓇯), adorned with the sun-diskAccording to Egyptian myth, when Ra became too old and weary to reign on Earth he relinquished and went to the skies. As the Sun god one of his duties was to carry the Sun cross the sky on his solar barque to light the day. But when the sun set and twilight came he and his vessel passes through the akhet, the horizon, in the west, and travels to the underworld. At times the horizon is described as a gate or door that leads to the Duat. There he would have to sail on the subterrestrial Nile and cross through the twelve gates and regions. On the course of the underworld journey, he transformed into his Ram headed form. Every night Apophis attempted to attack Ra and stop the sun-boat's journey. After defeating the snake, Ra would leave the underworld, returning emerging at dawn, lighting the day again. He was said to travel across the sky in his falcon-headed form on the Mandjet Barque through the hours of the day, and then switch to the Mesektet Barque in his ram-headed form to descend into the underworld for the hours of the night.
The Sun as a creator
Jewelry of Ra as a falcon with spread wings, adorned with the sun-disk and holding the ankh, the hieroglyphic symbol of life
The Sun is the giver of life, controlling the ripening of crops that were worked by man. Because of the life-giving qualities of the Sun, the Egyptians worshipped the Sun as a god. The creator of the universe and the giver of life, the Sun or Ra represented life, warmth and growth. Since the people regarded Ra as a principal god, creator of the universe and the source of life, he had a strong influence on them, which led to him being one of the most worshipped of all the Egyptian gods and even considered King of the Gods.
Inlay depicting the squatting Ra with the sun-disk placed atop his falcon head
At an early period in Egyptian history, his influence spread throughout the whole country, bringing multiple representations in form and in name. The most common form combinations are with Atum (his human form), Khepri (the scarab beetle) and Horus (the falcon). The form in which he usually appears is that of a man with a falcon's head, which is due to his combination with Horus, another sky-god. On top of his head sits a solar disc with a cobra, which in many myths represents the Eye of Ra. At the beginning of time, when there was nothing but chaos, the sun-god existed alone in the watery mass of Nun which filled the universe. The universe was enrapt by a vast mass of primordial waters, and the Benben, a pyramid mound, emerged amid this primal chaos. There was a lotus flower with Benben, and from this, when it blossomed, emerged Ra. "I am Atum when he was alone in Nun, I am Ra when he dawned, when he began to rule that which he had made." This passage talks about how Atum created everything in human form out of the chaos and how Ra then began to rule over the Earth where humans and divine beings coexisted. He created Shu, god of air, and the goddess of moisture, Tefnut. The siblings symbolized two universal principles of humans: life and right (justice). Ra was believed to have created all forms of life by calling them into existence by uttering their secret names. In some accounts humans were created from Ra's tears and sweat.
According to one myth, the first portion of Earth came into being when the sun god summoned it out of the watery mass of Nun. In the myth of the Celestial Cow (the sky was thought of as a huge cow, the goddess Meht-urt) it is recounted how humankind plotted against Ra and how he sent his eye, as the goddess Sekhmet, to punish them. Extensions of Ra's power were often shown as the Eye of Ra, which were the female versions of the sun-god. Ra had three daughters Bastet, Sekhmet and Hathor, who were all considered the Eye of Ra, who would seek out his vengeance. Sekhmet was the Eye of Ra and was created by the fire in Ra's eye. She was violent and sent to slaughter the people who betrayed Ra, but when calm she became the more kind and forgiving goddess Hathor. Sekhmet was the powerful warrior and protector while Bastet, who was depicted as a cat, was shown as gentle and nurturing.
In the underworld
Ra in his ram-headed form traveling through the underworld in his solar barque on the subterrestrial Nile, from the copy of the Book of Gates in the tomb of Ramses I (KV16)
Ra was thought to travel on the Atet, two solar barques called the Mandjet (the Boat of Millions of Years) or morning-boat and the Mesektet or evening-boat. These boats took him on his journey through the sky and the Duat – twelve hours of night which is also the literal underworld of Egypt. While Ra was on the Mesektet, he was in his ram-headed form. When Ra traveled in his sun-boat, he was accompanied by various other deities including Sia (perception) and Hu (command), as well as Heka (magic power). Sometimes, members of the Ennead helped him on his journey, including Set, who overcame the serpent Apophis, and Mehen, who defended against the monsters of the underworld. When Ra was in the underworld, he would visit all of his various forms.
Apophis, the god of chaos (isfet), was an enormous serpent who attempted to stop the sun-boat's journey every night by consuming it or by stopping it in its tracks with a hypnotic stare. During the evening, the Egyptians believed that Ra set as Atum or in the form of a ram. The night boat would carry him through the underworld and back towards the east in preparation for his rebirth. These myths of Ra represented the sun rising as the rebirth of the sun by the sky-goddess Nut; thus attributing the concept of rebirth and renewal to Ra and strengthening his role as a creator god as well.
When Ra was in the underworld, he merged with Osiris, the god of the dead.
Iconography
Ra and Imentet from the tomb of Nefertari, 13th century BC
Ra was portrayed as a man with the head of most likely either a lanner or peregrine falcon, adorned with a sun disk with a Cobra around it, and shared characteristics with the sky-god Horus.
Ra was represented in a variety of forms. Other common forms are a man with the head of a beetle (in his form as Khepri), or a man with the head of a ram. Ra was also pictured as a full-bodied ram, beetle, phoenix, heron, serpent, bull, cat, or lion, among others.
He was most commonly featured with a ram's head in the Underworld. In this form, Ra is described as being the "ram of the west" or "ram in charge of his harem.
In some literature, Ra is described as an aging king with golden flesh, silver bones, and hair of lapis lazuli.
Worship
A woman worships Ra-Horakhty, who blesses her with rays of light.
The chief cultic center of Ra was Iunu "the Place of Pillars", later known to the Ptolemaic Kingdom as Heliopolis (Koinē Greek: Ἡλιούπολις, lit. "Sun City") and today located in the suburbs of Cairo. He was identified with the local sun god Atum. As Atum or Atum-Ra, he was reckoned the first being and the originator of the Ennead ("The Nine"), consisting of Shu and Tefnut, Geb and Nut, Osiris, Set, Isis and Nephthys.
Ra's local cult began to grow from roughly the Second Dynasty, establishing him as a sun-deity. By the Fourth Dynasty, pharaohs were seen as Ra's manifestations on Earth, referred to as "Sons of Ra". Ra was called the first king of Egypt, thus it was believed pharaohs were his descendants and successors. His worship increased massively in the Fifth Dynasty, when Ra became a state-deity and pharaohs had specially aligned pyramids, obelisks, and sun temples built in his honor. The rulers of the Fifth Dynasty told their followers that they were sons of Ra himself and the wife of the high priest of Heliopolis. These pharaohs spent much of Egypt's money on sun-temples. The first Pyramid Texts began to arise, giving Ra more and more significance in the journey of the pharaoh through the Duat (underworld).
During the Middle Kingdom, Ra was increasingly affiliated and combined with other chief deities, especially Amun and Osiris.
At the time of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the worship of Ra had become more complicated and grander. The walls of tombs were dedicated to extremely detailed texts that depicted Ra's journey through the underworld. Ra was said to carry the prayers and blessings of the living with the souls of the dead on the sun-boat. The idea that Ra aged with the sun became more popular during the rise of the New Kingdom.
Many acts of worship included hymns, prayers and spells to help Ra and the sun-boat overcome Apophis.
The rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire put an end to the worship of Ra.
Relationship to other gods
Gods merged with Ra
"Ra-Horakhty" redirects here. For the Egyptian month named in his honor, see Mesori.
As with most widely worshipped Egyptian deities, Ra's identity was often combined with other gods', forming an interconnection between deities.
Amun and Amun-Ra
Ra and Amun, from the tomb of Ramses IV.Amun was a member of the Ogdoad, representing creation-energies with Amaunet, a very early patron of Thebes. He was believed to create via breath and thus was identified with the wind rather than the Sun. As the cults of Amun and Ra became increasingly popular in Upper and Lower Egypt respectively they were combined to create Amun-Ra, a solar creator god. It is hard to distinguish exactly when this combination happened, but references to Amun-Ra appeared in pyramid texts as early as the Fifth Dynasty. The most common belief is that Amun-Ra was invented as a new state-deity by the Theban rulers of the New Kingdom to unite worshippers of Amun with the older cult of Ra around the 18th Dynasty. Amun-Ra was given the official title "King of the Gods" by worshippers, and images show the combined deity as a red-eyed man with a lion's head that had a surrounding solar disk.
Atum and Atum-Ra
Atum-Ra (or Ra-Atum) was another composite deity formed from two completely separate deities; however, Ra shared more similarities with Atum than with Amun. Atum was more closely linked with the Sun, and was also a creator god of the Ennead. Both Ra and Atum were regarded as the father of the deities and pharaohs and were widely worshipped. In older myths, Atum was the creator of Tefnut and Shu, and he was born from the ocean Nun.
Ra-Horakhty
Pyramidion of Khonsu, with the image of Ra-Horakhty in the middle.In later Egyptian mythology, Ra-Horakhty was more of a title or manifestation than a composite deity. It translates as "Ra (who is) Horus of the Horizons". It was intended to link Horakhty (as a sunrise-oriented aspect of Horus) to Ra. It has been suggested that Ra-Horakhty simply refers to the sun's journey from horizon to horizon as Ra, or that it means to show Ra as a symbolic deity of hope and rebirth. (See earlier section #The sun).
He is proclaimed king of the gods in the tomb of Horemheb. Pharaoh Thutmose III dedicated the pillars of Heliopolis to Horakhty.
Ra-Horakhty is very present in the Book of the Dead of the 3rd Intermediate Period. He can be seen sitting on his throne in the Book of the Dead of Nedjmet, Padikhons, Nestanebetisheru, Djedkhonsiusankh, Tameniu and in the Amduat Papyrus Inscribed for Nesitaset.
Khepri and Khnum
Khepri was a scarab beetle who rolled up the Sun in the mornings and was sometimes seen as the morning manifestation of Ra. Similarly, the ram-headed god Khnum was also seen as the evening manifestation of Ra. The idea of different deities (or different aspects of Ra) ruling over different times of the day was fairly common but variable. With Khepri and Khnum taking precedence over sunrise and sunset, Ra often was the representation of midday when the sun reached its peak at noon. Sometimes different aspects of Horus were used instead of Ra's aspects.
Montu and Montu-Ra
Sculpture of Thutmose III (now headless), who stands hand in hand with the god Montu-Ra (falcon-headed) and the goddess Hathor.
A very ancient god, Montu was originally a manifestation of the scorching effect of Ra, the sun – and as such often appeared under the epithet Montu-Ra. It is possible that Montu-Ra and Atum-Ra symbolized the two kingships, respectively, of Upper and Lower Egypt. Montu had several consorts, including a female aspect of Ra, Raet-Tawy. In Egyptian art, Montu was depicted with his head surmounted by the solar disk, because of his conceptual link with Ra.
Raet-Tawy
Raet or Raet-Tawy was a female aspect of Ra; she did not have much importance independent of him. In some myths she was considered to be either Ra's wife or his daughter, as well as Montu's wife.
Ra-Khepri (solar disc and scarab beetle).
While in the underworld, Ra was depicted with the head of a ram
Gods created by Ra
In some myths, Ra was thought to have created almost every other Egyptian god.
Bastet
Bastet (also called Bast) is sometimes known as the "cat of Ra". She is also his daughter by Isis and is associated with Ra's instrument of vengeance, the sun-god's eye. Bastet is known for decapitating the serpent Apophis (Ra's sworn enemy and the "God" of Chaos) to protect Ra. In one myth, Ra sent Bastet as a lioness to Nubia.
Sekhmet
Sekhmet is another daughter of Ra. Sekhmet was depicted as a lioness or large cat, and was an "eye of Ra", or an instrument of the sun god's vengeance. In one myth, Sekhmet was so filled with rage that Ra was forced to turn her into a cow so that she would not cause unnecessary harm. In another myth, Ra fears that humankind is plotting against him and sends Hathor (another daughter of Ra) to punish humanity. While slaughtering humans she takes the form of Sekhmet. To prevent her from killing all humanity, Ra orders that beer be dyed red and poured out on the land. Mistaking the beer for blood, Sekhmet drinks it, and upon becoming intoxicated, she reverts to her pacified form, Hathor.
Hathor
Hathor is another daughter of Ra. When Ra feared that humankind was plotting against him, he sent Hathor as an "eye of Ra". In one myth, Hathor danced naked in front of Ra until he laughed to cure him of a fit of sulking. When Ra was without Hathor, he fell into a state of deep depression. In the New kingdom, Ra came to be associated with the epithet "Kamutef" ('Bull of his mother') alongside Amun. As Kamutef, he was seen as the son and husband of Hathor who impregnates his own mother to give birth to himself.
Other gods
Ptah
Ptah is rarely mentioned in the literature of Old Kingdom pyramids. This is believed by some to be a result of the Ra-worshipping people of Heliopolis being the main writers of these inscriptions.
Isis
In one myth, Isis created a serpent to poison Ra and only gave him the antidote when he revealed his true name to her. Isis passed this name on to Horus, bolstering his royal authority.
Apep
Ra in the form of Great Cat, slays ApophisApep, also called Apophis, was the god of chaos and Ra's arch-enemy. He was said to lie just below the horizon line, trying to devour Ra as Ra traveled through the underworld.
Aten
Aten was the focus of Atenism, the religious system established in ancient Egypt by the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. The Aten was the disc of the sun and was originally an aspect of Ra.
See also
List of solar deities
Solar myths
Teka-her
Traditional African religion portal
References
^ Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 0-415-34495-6.
^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 1023
^ Hess, Richard S. (1993). Amarna Personal Names. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9780931464713. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16.
^ CIS I 3778
^ Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-34495-1.
^ "Ra, the Sun God | Ancient Egypt Online". Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ a b "Ra | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ The Complete Gods And Goddesses Of Ancient Egypt.
^ Hart 1986, pp. 68–72.
^ Hart 1986, pp. 68–72.
^ Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. pp. 179–182. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.
^ Abubakr, Abdel Moneim (1955). "Divine Boats of Ancient Egypt". Archaeology. 8 (2): 96–101. JSTOR 41663287.
^ Pinch, Geraldine (2004). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5.
^ a b c Shorter, Alan. The Egyptian Gods.
^ "Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: From Watery Chaos to Cosmic Egg". Glencairn Museum. 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ "Lotus – Sunnataram Forest Monastery". www.sunnataram.org. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ a b "Egyptian civilization – Myths – Creation myth". www.historymuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. pp. 179–182. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.
^ Kemboly, Mpay. 2010. The Question of Evil in Ancient Egypt. London: Golden House Publications.
^ "Horus Falcon – NCMALearn". learn.ncartmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
^ The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Wilkinson ISBN 0-500-05120-8
^ Wilkinson 2003, p. 33.
^ The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart ISBN 0-415-34495-6
^ Quirke, S. (2001). The Cult of Ra: Sun-worship in ancient Egypt. New York: Thames and Hudson, p.144.
^ a b Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.
^ "Horakhty | Ancient Egypt Online".
^ Zahan, S. (2018). Mishor (Egypt). KOLKATA, INDIA: Aranyaman. p. 106.
^ "papyrus | British Museum". The British Museum.
^ "papyrus | British Museum". The British Museum.
^ "papyrus | British Museum". The British Museum.
^ "papyrus | British Museum". The British Museum.
^ "papyrus | British Museum". The British Museum.
^ "Amduat Papyrus Inscribed for Nesitaset | Third Intermediate Period". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
^ Pinch 2004, p. 166.
^ Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. pp. 203–4.
^ Rachet, Guy (1994). Dizionario della civiltà egizia. Rome: Gremese Editore. ISBN 88-7605-818-4. p. 208.
^ Wilkinson, Richard (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7.
^ Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021). World History: Our Human Story. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-60153-123-0.
^ a b c d Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. pp. 54–56. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.
^ a b c d Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.
^ Graves-Brown, Carolyn (2004). Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt. Continuum. pp. 74–75
^ a b Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. pp. 76–82. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.
^ Harris, Geraldine (1981). Gods & Pharaohs from Egyptian Mythology. London, England: Eurobook Limited. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-87226-907-1.
^ Lana Troy: Patterns of queenship in ancient Egyptian myth and history. Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm 1986, ISBN 91-554-1919-4, S. 21–22 und S. 54–59.
^ a b Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. pp. 172–178. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.
^ Harris, Geraldine (1981). Gods & Pharaohs from Egyptian Mythology. London, England: Eurobook Limited. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-87226-907-1.
^ tomb of Inherkha, Deir el-Medina
^ Pinch, Geraldine (2004). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–108. ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5.
^ Pinch, Geraldine (2004). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5.
Further reading
Media related to Ra at Wikimedia Commons
Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Revised Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ra (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/rɑː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"rꜥ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%EA%9C%A5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"/reɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian"},{"link_name":"deity of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"Fifth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"noon-day sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon"},{"link_name":"sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mnevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnevis"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"burial ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_ground"},{"link_name":"myth of the Celestial Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"}],"text":"Ancient Egyptian solar deityThis article is about the Egyptian deity. For other uses, see Ra (disambiguation).Ra (/rɑː/;[2] Ancient Egyptian: rꜥ; also transliterated rꜥw /ˈɾiːʕuw/; cuneiform: 𒊑𒀀 ri-a or 𒊑𒅀ri-ia;[3] Phoenician: 𐤓𐤏,[4] romanized: rʿ) or Re (/reɪ/; Coptic: ⲣⲏ, romanized: Rē) was the ancient Egyptian deity of the Sun. By the Fifth Dynasty, in the 25th and 24th centuries BC, he had become one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the noon-day sun. Ra ruled in all parts of the created world: the sky, the Earth, and the underworld.[5] He was believed to have ruled as the first pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.[6][7] He was the god of the sun, order, kings and the sky.Ra was portrayed as a falcon and shared characteristics with the sky-god Horus. At times, the two deities were merged as Ra-Horakhty, \"Ra, who is Horus of the Two Horizons\". When the god Amun rose to prominence during Egypt's New Kingdom, he was fused with Ra as Amun-Ra.The cult of the Mnevis bull, an embodiment of Ra, had its center in Heliopolis and there was a formal burial ground for the sacrificed bulls north of the city.All forms of life were believed to have been created by Ra. In some accounts, humans were created from Ra's tears and sweat, hence the Egyptians call themselves the \"Cattle of Ra\". In the myth of the Celestial Cow, it is recounted how humankind plotted against Ra and how he sent his eye as the goddess Sekhmet to punish them.","title":"Ra"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Religious roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ra_Barque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Egyptian myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mythology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"solar barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_barque"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-9"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abubakr1955-12"}],"sub_title":"The journey of the Sun","text":"Ra on the solar barque on his daily voyage across the sky (𓇯), adorned with the sun-diskAccording to Egyptian myth, when Ra became too old and weary to reign on Earth he relinquished and went to the skies.[8] As the Sun god one of his duties was to carry the Sun cross the sky on his solar barque to light the day. But when the sun set and twilight came he and his vessel passes through the akhet, the horizon, in the west, and travels to the underworld.[9] At times the horizon is described as a gate or door that leads to the Duat. There he would have to sail on the subterrestrial Nile and cross through the twelve gates and regions.[10] On the course of the underworld journey, he transformed into his Ram headed form.[11] Every night Apophis attempted to attack Ra and stop the sun-boat's journey. After defeating the snake, Ra would leave the underworld, returning emerging at dawn, lighting the day again. He was said to travel across the sky in his falcon-headed form on the Mandjet Barque through the hours of the day, and then switch to the Mesektet Barque in his ram-headed form to descend into the underworld for the hours of the night.[12]","title":"Religious roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tutankhamun_-_Treasures_of_the_Golden_Pharaoh_(49587454536).jpg"},{"link_name":"ankh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh"},{"link_name":"hieroglyphic symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs"},{"link_name":"King of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Gods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inlay_depicting_the_squatting_god_Re_MET_DP239682.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khepri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepri"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eye of Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Ra"},{"link_name":"Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"primordial waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ocean"},{"link_name":"Benben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benben"},{"link_name":"lotus flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali_var._caerulea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Meht-urt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehet-Weret"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-17"},{"link_name":"Bastet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastet"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"}],"sub_title":"The Sun as a creator","text":"Jewelry of Ra as a falcon with spread wings, adorned with the sun-disk and holding the ankh, the hieroglyphic symbol of lifeThe Sun is the giver of life, controlling the ripening of crops that were worked by man. Because of the life-giving qualities of the Sun, the Egyptians worshipped the Sun as a god. The creator of the universe and the giver of life, the Sun or Ra represented life, warmth and growth. Since the people regarded Ra as a principal god, creator of the universe and the source of life, he had a strong influence on them, which led to him being one of the most worshipped of all the Egyptian gods and even considered King of the Gods.Inlay depicting the squatting Ra with the sun-disk placed atop his falcon headAt an early period in Egyptian history, his influence spread throughout the whole country, bringing multiple representations in form and in name. The most common form combinations are with Atum (his human form), Khepri (the scarab beetle) and Horus (the falcon).[13] The form in which he usually appears is that of a man with a falcon's head, which is due to his combination with Horus, another sky-god. On top of his head sits a solar disc with a cobra, which in many myths represents the Eye of Ra. At the beginning of time, when there was nothing but chaos, the sun-god existed alone in the watery mass of Nun which filled the universe.[14] The universe was enrapt by a vast mass of primordial waters, and the Benben, a pyramid mound, emerged amid this primal chaos. There was a lotus flower with Benben,[15] and from this, when it blossomed, emerged Ra.[16] \"I am Atum when he was alone in Nun, I am Ra when he dawned, when he began to rule that which he had made.\"[14] This passage talks about how Atum created everything in human form out of the chaos and how Ra then began to rule over the Earth where humans and divine beings coexisted. He created Shu, god of air, and the goddess of moisture, Tefnut.[17] The siblings symbolized two universal principles of humans: life and right (justice). Ra was believed to have created all forms of life by calling them into existence by uttering their secret names. In some accounts humans were created from Ra's tears and sweat.[14]According to one myth, the first portion of Earth came into being when the sun god summoned it out of the watery mass of Nun. In the myth of the Celestial Cow (the sky was thought of as a huge cow, the goddess Meht-urt) it is recounted how humankind plotted against[17] Ra and how he sent his eye, as the goddess Sekhmet, to punish them. Extensions of Ra's power were often shown as the Eye of Ra, which were the female versions of the sun-god. Ra had three daughters Bastet, Sekhmet and Hathor, who were all considered the Eye of Ra, who would seek out his vengeance. Sekhmet was the Eye of Ra and was created by the fire in Ra's eye. She was violent and sent to slaughter the people who betrayed Ra, but when calm she became the more kind and forgiving goddess Hathor. Sekhmet was the powerful warrior and protector while Bastet, who was depicted as a cat, was shown as gentle and nurturing.","title":"Religious roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"KV16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"Duat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_(god)"},{"link_name":"Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Heka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heka_(god)"},{"link_name":"Ennead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennead"},{"link_name":"Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Apophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep"},{"link_name":"Mehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehen"},{"link_name":"monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"isfet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"Atum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"}],"sub_title":"In the underworld","text":"Ra in his ram-headed form traveling through the underworld in his solar barque on the subterrestrial Nile, from the copy of the Book of Gates in the tomb of Ramses I (KV16)Ra was thought to travel on the Atet, two solar barques called the Mandjet (the Boat of Millions of Years) or morning-boat and the Mesektet or evening-boat.[18] These boats took him on his journey through the sky and the Duat – twelve hours of night which is also the literal underworld of Egypt. While Ra was on the Mesektet, he was in his ram-headed form.[18] When Ra traveled in his sun-boat, he was accompanied by various other deities including Sia (perception) and Hu (command), as well as Heka (magic power). Sometimes, members of the Ennead helped him on his journey, including Set, who overcame the serpent Apophis, and Mehen, who defended against the monsters of the underworld. When Ra was in the underworld, he would visit all of his various forms.[18]Apophis, the god of chaos (isfet), was an enormous serpent who attempted to stop the sun-boat's journey every night by consuming it or by stopping it in its tracks with a hypnotic stare. During the evening, the Egyptians believed that Ra set as Atum or in the form of a ram. The night boat would carry him through the underworld and back towards the east in preparation for his rebirth. These myths of Ra represented the sun rising as the rebirth of the sun by the sky-goddess Nut; thus attributing the concept of rebirth and renewal to Ra and strengthening his role as a creator god as well.[19]When Ra was in the underworld, he merged with Osiris, the god of the dead.[18]","title":"Religious roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imentet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imentet"},{"link_name":"Nefertari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertari"},{"link_name":"lanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanner_falcon"},{"link_name":"peregrine falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"Khepri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepri"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"lapis lazuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazuli"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"}],"text":"Ra and Imentet from the tomb of Nefertari, 13th century BCRa was portrayed as a man with the head of most likely either a lanner or peregrine falcon,[20] adorned with a sun disk with a Cobra around it,[18] and shared characteristics with the sky-god Horus.Ra was represented in a variety of forms. Other common forms are a man with the head of a beetle (in his form as Khepri), or a man with the head of a ram. Ra was also pictured as a full-bodied ram, beetle, phoenix, heron, serpent, bull, cat, or lion, among others.[21]He was most commonly featured with a ram's head in the Underworld.[18] In this form, Ra is described as being the \"ram of the west\" or \"ram in charge of his harem.[18]In some literature, Ra is described as an aging king with golden flesh, silver bones, and hair of lapis lazuli.[18]","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taperet_stele_E52_mp3h9201.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200333-22"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Koinē Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"},{"link_name":"suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Shams"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Atum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"link_name":"Ennead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennead"},{"link_name":"Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)"},{"link_name":"Tefnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut"},{"link_name":"Geb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb"},{"link_name":"Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Nephthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephthys"},{"link_name":"Second Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Fourth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"pharaohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Fifth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid"},{"link_name":"obelisks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"sun temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_sun_temple"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Texts"},{"link_name":"Duat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ra-18"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Christianity in the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"A woman worships Ra-Horakhty, who blesses her with rays of light.[22]The chief cultic center of Ra was Iunu \"the Place of Pillars\", later known to the Ptolemaic Kingdom as Heliopolis (Koinē Greek: Ἡλιούπολις, lit. \"Sun City\")[23] and today located in the suburbs of Cairo. He was identified with the local sun god Atum. As Atum or Atum-Ra, he was reckoned the first being and the originator of the Ennead (\"The Nine\"), consisting of Shu and Tefnut, Geb and Nut, Osiris, Set, Isis and Nephthys.Ra's local cult began to grow from roughly the Second Dynasty, establishing him as a sun-deity. By the Fourth Dynasty, pharaohs were seen as Ra's manifestations on Earth, referred to as \"Sons of Ra\". Ra was called the first king of Egypt, thus it was believed pharaohs were his descendants and successors.[7] His worship increased massively in the Fifth Dynasty, when Ra became a state-deity and pharaohs had specially aligned pyramids, obelisks, and sun temples built in his honor. The rulers of the Fifth Dynasty told their followers that they were sons of Ra himself and the wife of the high priest of Heliopolis.[18] These pharaohs spent much of Egypt's money on sun-temples.[18] The first Pyramid Texts began to arise, giving Ra more and more significance in the journey of the pharaoh through the Duat (underworld).[18]During the Middle Kingdom, Ra was increasingly affiliated and combined with other chief deities, especially Amun and Osiris.At the time of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the worship of Ra had become more complicated and grander. The walls of tombs were dedicated to extremely detailed texts that depicted Ra's journey through the underworld. Ra was said to carry the prayers and blessings of the living with the souls of the dead on the sun-boat. The idea that Ra aged with the sun became more popular during the rise of the New Kingdom.Many acts of worship included hymns, prayers and spells to help Ra and the sun-boat overcome Apophis.The rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire put an end to the worship of Ra.[24]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relationship to other gods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesori"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ra_and_Amon_-_Ramses_IV_tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Ramses IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_IV"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Amaunet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaunet"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Lower Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Egypt"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Amun-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Amun-25"},{"link_name":"Atum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Ennead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennead"},{"link_name":"Atum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"link_name":"Tefnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut"},{"link_name":"Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naunet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramidion_of_Khonsu_font.jpg"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus_(god)"},{"link_name":"Horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"#The sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_sun"},{"link_name":"Horemheb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horemheb"},{"link_name":"Thutmose III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Khepri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepri"},{"link_name":"ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"Khnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khnum"},{"link_name":"sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_Thutmose_III,_with_the_god_Montu-Ra_and_goddess_Hathor,_18th_Dynasty,_from_temple_of_Amun-Ra_at_Karnak,_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thutmose III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III"},{"link_name":"Montu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montu"},{"link_name":"Upper and Lower Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-34"},{"link_name":"Raet-Tawy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raet-Tawy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-35"},{"link_name":"Egyptian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Montu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ra-Khepri_(solar_disc_and_scarab_beetle).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khnum-Ra.svg"}],"sub_title":"Gods merged with Ra","text":"\"Ra-Horakhty\" redirects here. For the Egyptian month named in his honor, see Mesori.As with most widely worshipped Egyptian deities, Ra's identity was often combined with other gods', forming an interconnection between deities.Amun and Amun-Ra\nRa and Amun, from the tomb of Ramses IV.Amun was a member of the Ogdoad, representing creation-energies with Amaunet, a very early patron of Thebes. He was believed to create via breath and thus was identified with the wind rather than the Sun. As the cults of Amun and Ra became increasingly popular in Upper and Lower Egypt respectively they were combined to create Amun-Ra, a solar creator god. It is hard to distinguish exactly when this combination happened, but references to Amun-Ra appeared in pyramid texts as early as the Fifth Dynasty. The most common belief is that Amun-Ra was invented as a new state-deity by the Theban rulers of the New Kingdom to unite worshippers of Amun with the older cult of Ra around the 18th Dynasty.[25] Amun-Ra was given the official title \"King of the Gods\" by worshippers, and images show the combined deity as a red-eyed man with a lion's head that had a surrounding solar disk.[25]\nAtum and Atum-Ra\nAtum-Ra (or Ra-Atum) was another composite deity formed from two completely separate deities; however, Ra shared more similarities with Atum than with Amun. Atum was more closely linked with the Sun, and was also a creator god of the Ennead. Both Ra and Atum were regarded as the father of the deities and pharaohs and were widely worshipped. In older myths, Atum was the creator of Tefnut and Shu, and he was born from the ocean Nun.Ra-HorakhtyPyramidion of Khonsu, with the image of Ra-Horakhty in the middle.In later Egyptian mythology, Ra-Horakhty was more of a title or manifestation than a composite deity. It translates as \"Ra (who is) Horus of the Horizons\". It was intended to link Horakhty[26] (as a sunrise-oriented aspect of Horus) to Ra. It has been suggested that Ra-Horakhty simply refers to the sun's journey from horizon to horizon as Ra, or that it means to show Ra as a symbolic deity of hope and rebirth. (See earlier section #The sun).\nHe is proclaimed king of the gods in the tomb of Horemheb. Pharaoh Thutmose III dedicated the pillars of Heliopolis to Horakhty.[27]\nRa-Horakhty is very present in the Book of the Dead of the 3rd Intermediate Period. He can be seen sitting on his throne in the Book of the Dead of Nedjmet,[28] Padikhons,[29] Nestanebetisheru,[30] Djedkhonsiusankh,[31] Tameniu [32] and in the Amduat Papyrus Inscribed for Nesitaset.[33]\nKhepri and Khnum\nKhepri was a scarab beetle who rolled up the Sun in the mornings and was sometimes seen as the morning manifestation of Ra. Similarly, the ram-headed god Khnum was also seen as the evening manifestation of Ra. The idea of different deities (or different aspects of Ra) ruling over different times of the day was fairly common but variable. With Khepri and Khnum taking precedence over sunrise and sunset, Ra often was the representation of midday when the sun reached its peak at noon. Sometimes different aspects of Horus were used instead of Ra's aspects.Montu and Montu-Ra\nSculpture of Thutmose III (now headless), who stands hand in hand with the god Montu-Ra (falcon-headed) and the goddess Hathor.A very ancient god, Montu was originally a manifestation of the scorching effect of Ra, the sun – and as such often appeared under the epithet Montu-Ra. It is possible that Montu-Ra and Atum-Ra symbolized the two kingships, respectively, of Upper and Lower Egypt.[34] Montu had several consorts, including a female aspect of Ra, Raet-Tawy.[35] In Egyptian art, Montu was depicted with his head surmounted by the solar disk, because of his conceptual link with Ra.[36]Raet-Tawy\nRaet or Raet-Tawy was a female aspect of Ra; she did not have much importance independent of him. In some myths she was considered to be either Ra's wife or his daughter,[37] as well as Montu's wife.Ra-Khepri (solar disc and scarab beetle).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhile in the underworld, Ra was depicted with the head of a ram","title":"Relationship to other gods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bastet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastet"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Bastet-39"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Bastet-39"},{"link_name":"Apophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Bastet-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Bastet-39"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Sekhmet-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Sekhmet-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Sekhmet-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Hathor-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Sekhmet-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Hathor-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Gods created by Ra","text":"In some myths, Ra was thought to have created almost every other Egyptian god.[38]Bastet\nBastet (also called Bast) is sometimes known as the \"cat of Ra\".[39] She is also his daughter by Isis and is associated with Ra's instrument of vengeance, the sun-god's eye.[39] Bastet is known for decapitating the serpent Apophis (Ra's sworn enemy and the \"God\" of Chaos) to protect Ra.[39] In one myth, Ra sent Bastet as a lioness to Nubia.[39]\nSekhmet\nSekhmet is another daughter of Ra.[40] Sekhmet was depicted as a lioness or large cat, and was an \"eye of Ra\", or an instrument of the sun god's vengeance.[40] In one myth, Sekhmet was so filled with rage that Ra was forced to turn her into a cow so that she would not cause unnecessary harm.[40] In another myth, Ra fears that humankind is plotting against him and sends Hathor (another daughter of Ra) to punish humanity. While slaughtering humans she takes the form of Sekhmet. To prevent her from killing all humanity, Ra orders that beer be dyed red and poured out on the land. Mistaking the beer for blood, Sekhmet drinks it, and upon becoming intoxicated, she reverts to her pacified form, Hathor.[41]\nHathor\nHathor is another daughter of Ra.[42] When Ra feared that humankind was plotting against him, he sent Hathor as an \"eye of Ra\".[40] In one myth, Hathor danced naked in front of Ra until he laughed to cure him of a fit of sulking.[42] When Ra was without Hathor, he fell into a state of deep depression.[43] In the New kingdom, Ra came to be associated with the epithet \"Kamutef\" ('Bull of his mother') alongside Amun. As Kamutef, he was seen as the son and husband of Hathor who impregnates his own mother to give birth to himself.[44]","title":"Relationship to other gods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ptah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ptah-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart_Ptah-45"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris_secret_name-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apep_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Apep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Aten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten"},{"link_name":"Atenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism"},{"link_name":"Akhenaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Other gods","text":"Ptah\nPtah is rarely mentioned in the literature of Old Kingdom pyramids.[45] This is believed by some to be a result of the Ra-worshipping people of Heliopolis being the main writers of these inscriptions.[45]\nIsis\nIn one myth, Isis created a serpent to poison Ra and only gave him the antidote when he revealed his true name to her. Isis passed this name on to Horus, bolstering his royal authority.[46]\nApep\nRa in the form of Great Cat, slays Apophis[47]Apep, also called Apophis, was the god of chaos and Ra's arch-enemy. He was said to lie just below the horizon line, trying to devour Ra as Ra traveled through the underworld.[48]\nAtenAten was the focus of Atenism, the religious system established in ancient Egypt by the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. The Aten was the disc of the sun and was originally an aspect of Ra.[49]","title":"Relationship to other gods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ra"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"Afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Creation myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths"},{"link_name":"Isfet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Maat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat"},{"link_name":"Maa Kheru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_Kheru"},{"link_name":"Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Numerology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Osiris myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_myth"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg"},{"link_name":"Canopic jars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopic_jar"},{"link_name":"Embalming ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus"},{"link_name":"Funerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices"},{"link_name":"Mortuary temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_temple"},{"link_name":"Offering formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula"},{"link_name":"Opening of the mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple"},{"link_name":"Veneration of the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"Deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities"},{"link_name":"Ogdoad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Amunet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amunet"},{"link_name":"Heh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heh_(god)"},{"link_name":"Hauhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauhet"},{"link_name":"Kek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kek_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Kauket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauket"},{"link_name":"Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Naunet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naunet"},{"link_name":"Ennead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennead"},{"link_name":"Atum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"link_name":"Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)"},{"link_name":"Tefnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut"},{"link_name":"Geb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb"},{"link_name":"Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Nephthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephthys"},{"link_name":"Theban Triad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_Triad"},{"link_name":"Aati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aati"},{"link_name":"Aker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aker_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Akhty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhty_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep, son of Hapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu"},{"link_name":"Amesemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesemi"},{"link_name":"Ammit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammit"},{"link_name":"Am-heh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am-heh"},{"link_name":"Amu-Aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu-Aa"},{"link_name":"Anat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat"},{"link_name":"Andjety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andjety"},{"link_name":"Anhur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhur"},{"link_name":"Anput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anput"},{"link_name":"Anubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis"},{"link_name":"Anuket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuket"},{"link_name":"Apedemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apedemak"},{"link_name":"Apep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep"},{"link_name":"Apis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Apt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apt_(Egyptian)"},{"link_name":"Aqen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqen"},{"link_name":"Arensnuphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arensnuphis"},{"link_name":"Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Assessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat"},{"link_name":"Astarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte"},{"link_name":"Aten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten"},{"link_name":"Babi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Banebdjedet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banebdjedet"},{"link_name":"Bastet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastet"},{"link_name":"Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Bata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_(god)"},{"link_name":"Ba-Pef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba-Pef"},{"link_name":"Bennu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennu"},{"link_name":"Bes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bes"},{"link_name":"Buchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchis"},{"link_name":"Cavern 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el-Bahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari"},{"link_name":"Dodekaschoinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triakontaschoinos"},{"link_name":"Dotawo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotawo"},{"link_name":"Elephantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine"},{"link_name":"Jebel Barkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Barkal"},{"link_name":"Kawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawa,_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Lisht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisht"},{"link_name":"Musawwarat es-Sufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra"},{"link_name":"Philae temple complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philae_temple_complex"},{"link_name":"Qasr Ibrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim"},{"link_name":"Qustul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qustul"},{"link_name":"Semna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semna_(Nubia)"},{"link_name":"Temple of Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Amun,_Jebel_Barkal"},{"link_name":"Temple of Dendur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Dendur"},{"link_name":"Temple of Mut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Mut,_Jebel_Barkal"},{"link_name":"Throne Hall of Dongola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola"},{"link_name":"Tombos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombos_(Nubia)"},{"link_name":"Abtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtu"},{"link_name":"Barbary lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion"},{"link_name":"Cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Nubia"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"Hieracosphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieracosphinx"},{"link_name":"Medjed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medjed_(fish)"},{"link_name":"Nile crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile"},{"link_name":"North African elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_elephant#History"},{"link_name":"Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_ibex"},{"link_name":"Serpopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpopard"},{"link_name":"Sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx"},{"link_name":"Taweret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taweret"},{"link_name":"Uraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraeus"},{"link_name":"Ankh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh"},{"link_name":"Atef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atef"},{"link_name":"Cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)"},{"link_name":"Christian cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"link_name":"Crook and flail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_and_flail"},{"link_name":"Crown of justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_justification"},{"link_name":"Deshret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshret"},{"link_name":"Djed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djed"},{"link_name":"Egyptian obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pool"},{"link_name":"Eye of Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Horus"},{"link_name":"Eye of Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Ra"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold#History"},{"link_name":"Hafir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafir"},{"link_name":"Hedjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedjet"},{"link_name":"Hemhem crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemhem_crown"},{"link_name":"Hennu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennu"},{"link_name":"Horus on the Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles"},{"link_name":"Hypocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocephalus"},{"link_name":"Imiut fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiut_fetish"},{"link_name":"Khepresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepresh"},{"link_name":"Kneph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneph"},{"link_name":"Menat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menat"},{"link_name":"Nebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebu"},{"link_name":"Nemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemes"},{"link_name":"Pschent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pschent"},{"link_name":"Scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)"},{"link_name":"Serekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serekh"},{"link_name":"Shen ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_ring"},{"link_name":"Solar barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_barque"},{"link_name":"Tyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyet"},{"link_name":"Ushabti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushabti"},{"link_name":"Vulture crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_crown"},{"link_name":"Was-sceptre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Was-sceptre"},{"link_name":"Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_languages"},{"link_name":"Blemmyes language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blemmyes#Language"},{"link_name":"Egyptian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"Meroitic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroitic_language"},{"link_name":"Meroitic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Nubian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nubian"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Kush"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1252904#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/32792135"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118749404"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027402568"}],"text":"Media related to Ra at Wikimedia Commons\nCollier, Mark and Manley, Bill. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Revised Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.vteAncient Egyptian religionBeliefs\nAfterlife\nCreation myths\nIsfet\nMaat\nMaa Kheru\nMythology\nNumerology\nOsiris myth\nPhilosophy\nSoul\nPractices\nCanopic jars\nEmbalming ritual\nFunerals\nMortuary temples\nOffering formula\nOpening of the mouth\nPyramids\nTemples\nVeneration of the dead\nDeitiesOgdoad\nAmun\nAmunet\nHeh\nHauhet\nKek\nKauket\nNu\nNaunet\nEnnead\nAtum\nShu\nTefnut\nGeb\nNut\nOsiris\nIsis\nSet\nNephthys\nTriadsTheban Triad\nA\nAati\nAker\nAkhty\nAmenhotep, son of Hapu\nAmesemi\nAmmit\nAm-heh\nAmu-Aa\nAnat\nAndjety\nAnhur\nAnput\nAnubis\nAnuket\nApedemak\nApep\nApis\nApt\nAqen\nArensnuphis\nAsh\nAssessors\nAstarte\nAten\nB\nBabi\nBanebdjedet\nBastet\nBat\nBata\nBa-Pef\nBennu\nBes\nBuchis\nC\nCavern deities\nD\nDedun\nDionysus-Osiris\nF\nFour sons of Horus\nG\nGate deities\nH\nHa\nHapi\nHauron\nHathor\nHatmehit\nHedetet\nHedjhotep\nHeka\nHemen\nHemsut\nHenet\nHeqet\nHermanubis\nHesat\nHorus\nHarpocrates\nHeryshaf\nHu\nI\nIabet\nIah\nIat\nIgai\nIhy\nIkhemu-sek\nImentet\nImhotep\nIpy\nIunit\nIusaaset\nK\nKebechet\nKhensit\nKhenti-Amentiu\nKhenti-kheti\nKhepri\nKherty\nKhnum\nKhonsu\nKothar-wa-Khasis\nM\nMaahes\nMa'at\nMafdet\nMandulis\nMedjed\nMehen\nMehet-Weret\nMehit\nMenhit\nMeret\nMeretseger\nMeskhenet\nMin\nMnevis\nMontu\nMut\nN\nNebethetepet\nNebtuwi\nNefertem\nNehebkau\nNehmetawy\nNeith\nNekhbet\nNemty\nNeper\nP\nPakhet\nPerit\nPetbe\nPtah\nQ\nQebui\nQed-her\nQetesh\nR\nRa\nRaet-Tawy\nRekhyt\nRem\nRenenutet\nRenpet\nRenpetneferet\nRepyt\nResheph\nS\nSah\nSatis\nSebiumeker\nSekhmet\nSeker\nSerapis\nSerket\nSeshat\nShai\nShed\nShesmetet\nShezmu\nSia\nSobek\nSopdet\nSopdu\nSouls of Pe and Nekhen\nT\nTatenen\nTaweret\nTayt\nTa-Bitjet\nThoth\nHermes Trismegistus\nTjenenyet\nTutu\nU\nUnut\nW\nWadjet\nWadj-wer\nWeneg\nWepset\nWepwawet\nWerethekau\nWosret\nCreatures\nAani\nAbtu\nGriffin\nHieracosphinx\nMedjed\nSerpopard\nSha\nSphinx\nUraeus\nCharacters\nDedi\nDjadjaemankh\nRededjet\nUbaoner\nLocations\nAaru\nAkhet\nBenben\nDuat\nLand of Manu\nThe Indestructibles\nSymbolsand objects\nAnkh\nAtef\nCartouche\nCorn mummy\nCrook and flail\nCrown of justification\nDeshret\nDjed\nEgyptian obelisk\nEgyptian pool\nEye of Horus\nEye of Ra\nHedjet\nHemhem crown\nHennu\nHorus on the Crocodiles\nHypocephalus\nImiut fetish\nKhepresh\nKneph\nMenat\nNebu\nNemes\nNeshmet\nOuroboros\nPschent\nScarab\nSerekh\nShen ring\nSolar barque\nTyet\nUshabti\nVulture crown\nWas-sceptre\nWinged sun\nWritings\nAmduat\nBooks of Breathing\nBook of Caverns\nBook of the Dead\nBook of the Earth\nBook of Gates\nBook of the Heavenly Cow\nBook of Traversing Eternity\nCoffin Texts\nThe Contendings of Horus and Seth\nEnigmatic Book of the Netherworld\nGreat Hymn to the Aten\nLitany of the Eye of Horus\nLitany of Re\nPyramid Texts\nSpell of the Twelve Caves\nFestivals\nBeautiful Festival of the Valley\nCattle count\nCoronation of the pharaoh\nMin festival\nOpet Festival\nSed festival\nRelated religions\nAtenism\nGnosticism\nHermeticism\nKemetism\nMysteries of Isis\nTemple of Set\nThelema\n\n Ancient Egypt portalvteKushite religionBeliefs\nAfterlife\nChristianity\nCreation myths\nEgyptian religion\nEye of Ra\nFlooding of the Nile\nMaat\nMythology\nPhilosophy\nProphecy of Neferti\nSoul\nPractices\nBurials\nExecration texts\nFunerals\nMortuary temple\nPilgrimage\nPyramids\nTemples\nVeneration of the dead\nDeitiesTriads\nElephantine\nNaqa\n\nA\nAman\nAmanete\nAmesemi\nAnaka\nApedemak\nAqedise\nArensnuphis\nAriten\nB\nBes\nBreith\nD\nDedun\nH\nHeka\nHemen\nK\nM\nMakedeke\nMash\nMehit\nMenhit\nMerul\nMiket\nN\nR\nS\nSabomakal\nT\nW\nWusa\nCultures\nA-Group\nAlodia\nB-Group\nBlemmyes\nC-Group\nKerma\nKingdom of al-Abwab\nMakuria\nMedja\nMeroë\nNapata\nNobatia\nX-Group\nLocations\nAniba\nBallana\nBigeh\nDeir el-Bahari\nDodekaschoinos\nDotawo\nElephantine\nJebel Barkal\nKawa\nLisht\nMusawwarat es-Sufra\nPhilae temple complex\nQasr Ibrim\nQustul\nSemna\nTemple of Amun\nTemple of Dendur\nTemple of Mut\nThrone Hall of Dongola\nTombos\nSacred animals\nAbtu\nBarbary lion\nCattle\nFalcon\nHieracosphinx\nMedjed\nNile crocodile\nNorth African elephant\nRam\nSerpopard\nSphinx\nTaweret\nUraeus\nSymbols and objects\nAnkh\nAtef\nCartouche\nChristian cross\nCrook and flail\nCrown of justification\nDeshret\nDjed\nEgyptian obelisk\nEgyptian pool\nEye of Horus\nEye of Ra\nGold\nHafir\nHedjet\nHemhem crown\nHennu\nHorus on the Crocodiles\nHypocephalus\nImiut fetish\nKhepresh\nKneph\nMenat\nNebu\nNemes\nPschent\nScarab\nSerekh\nShen ring\nSolar barque\nTyet\nUshabti\nVulture crown\nWas-sceptre\nLanguages\nBlemmyes language\nEgyptian language\nMeroitic language (Meroitic alphabet)\n Nubian language\n CategoryAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ra on the solar barque on his daily voyage across the sky (𓇯), adorned with the sun-disk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ra_Barque.jpg/220px-Ra_Barque.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jewelry of Ra as a falcon with spread wings, adorned with the sun-disk and holding the ankh, the hieroglyphic symbol of life","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tutankhamun_-_Treasures_of_the_Golden_Pharaoh_%2849587454536%29.jpg/220px-Tutankhamun_-_Treasures_of_the_Golden_Pharaoh_%2849587454536%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inlay depicting the squatting Ra with the sun-disk placed atop his falcon head","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Inlay_depicting_the_squatting_god_Re_MET_DP239682.jpg/220px-Inlay_depicting_the_squatting_god_Re_MET_DP239682.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ra in his ram-headed form traveling through the underworld in his solar barque on the subterrestrial Nile, from the copy of the Book of Gates in the tomb of Ramses I (KV16)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg/220px-Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ra and Imentet from the tomb of Nefertari, 13th century BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"A woman worships Ra-Horakhty, who blesses her with rays of light.[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Taperet_stele_E52_mp3h9201.jpg/260px-Taperet_stele_E52_mp3h9201.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ra and Amun, from the tomb of Ramses IV.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ra_and_Amon_-_Ramses_IV_tomb.jpg/250px-Ra_and_Amon_-_Ramses_IV_tomb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pyramidion of Khonsu, with the image of Ra-Horakhty in the middle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pyramidion_of_Khonsu_font.jpg/180px-Pyramidion_of_Khonsu_font.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sculpture of Thutmose III (now headless), who stands hand in hand with the god Montu-Ra (falcon-headed) and the goddess Hathor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sculpture_of_Thutmose_III%2C_with_the_god_Montu-Ra_and_goddess_Hathor%2C_18th_Dynasty%2C_from_temple_of_Amun-Ra_at_Karnak%2C_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Sculpture_of_Thutmose_III%2C_with_the_god_Montu-Ra_and_goddess_Hathor%2C_18th_Dynasty%2C_from_temple_of_Amun-Ra_at_Karnak%2C_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ra in the form of Great Cat, slays Apophis[47]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Apep_2.jpg/175px-Apep_2.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of solar deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_deities"},{"title":"Solar myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_myths"},{"title":"Teka-her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teka-her"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg"},{"title":"Traditional African religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religion"}]
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[{"reference":"Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 0-415-34495-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA110","url_text":"110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34495-6","url_text":"0-415-34495-6"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Richard S. (1993). Amarna Personal Names. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9780931464713. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ifqhPlmMqiwC&q=%22ni-im-mu-ri-ia%22&pg=PA117","url_text":"Amarna Personal Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780931464713","url_text":"9780931464713"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216164027/https://books.google.com/books?id=ifqhPlmMqiwC&lpg=PA117&ots=0jz3yPzFUt&dq=%22ni-im-mu-ri-ia%22&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q=%22ni-im-mu-ri-ia%22&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-34495-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA133","url_text":"The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34495-1","url_text":"978-0-415-34495-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Ra, the Sun God | Ancient Egypt Online\". Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/ra/","url_text":"\"Ra, the Sun God | Ancient Egypt Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ra | Encyclopedia.com\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/ancient-religions/ancient-religion/ra","url_text":"\"Ra | Encyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"The Complete Gods And Goddesses Of Ancient Egypt.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/TheCompleteGodsAndGoddessesOfAncientEgypt","url_text":"The Complete Gods And Goddesses Of Ancient Egypt"}]},{"reference":"Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. pp. 179–182. ISBN 978-0-415-05909-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05909-1","url_text":"978-0-415-05909-1"}]},{"reference":"Abubakr, Abdel Moneim (1955). \"Divine Boats of Ancient Egypt\". Archaeology. 8 (2): 96–101. JSTOR 41663287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41663287","url_text":"41663287"}]},{"reference":"Pinch, Geraldine (2004). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC&pg=PA184","url_text":"Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5","url_text":"978-0-19-517024-5"}]},{"reference":"Shorter, Alan. The Egyptian Gods.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: From Watery Chaos to Cosmic Egg\". Glencairn Museum. 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glencairnmuseum.org/newsletter/2021/7/13/ancient-egyptian-creation-myths-from-watery-chaos-to-cosmic-egg","url_text":"\"Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: From Watery Chaos to Cosmic Egg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lotus – Sunnataram Forest Monastery\". www.sunnataram.org. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunnataram.org/dhamma-teachings/lotus","url_text":"\"Lotus – Sunnataram Forest Monastery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egyptian civilization – Myths – Creation myth\". www.historymuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2019-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220518053743/https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcr09e.html","url_text":"\"Egyptian civilization – Myths – Creation myth\""},{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcr09e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hart, George (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. 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ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC&pg=PA106","url_text":"Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5","url_text":"978-0-19-517024-5"}]},{"reference":"Pinch, Geraldine (2004). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC&pg=PA109","url_text":"Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5","url_text":"978-0-19-517024-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Department
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Department of the West
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["1 Organization","2 Civil War","3 Western Department","4 Command history","5 See also","6 References","7 Notes"]
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1853-61 command of the U.S. Army overseeing "the frontier"
For the Confederate organization with a similar name, see Army of the West (1862). For the 1968 epic Spaghetti Western film titled "Western Department of Memories" in China, see Once Upon a Time in the West.
The Department of the West, later known as the Western Department, was a major command (Department) of the United States Army during the 19th century. It oversaw the military affairs in the country west of the Mississippi River to the borders of California and Oregon.
Organization
The Department of the West was created in a reform of army organization nationwide on October 31, 1853, from a consolidation of the existing 6th Military District (headquartered at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri) and 7th Military District (Fort Smith, Arkansas) Departments. It reported directly to the headquarters of the Army in Washington, D.C. In the 1853 reorganization the Department of the Pacific was also created, from consolidation of the 10th (California) and 11th (Oregon) Departments. The Department of the West's headquarters continued at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, although it moved briefly to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, during the Bleeding Kansas skirmishes.
Civil War
As the Southern states were seceding, just before the American Civil War began, the department was organized to include the country west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, except for Texas, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory, including Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas Territory (the state of Kansas after January 29, 1861), Nebraska Territory, Colorado Territory (after February 28, 1861), Dakota Territory (after March 2, 1861), Indian Territory (later the state of Oklahoma), and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River. On June 6, 1861, Missouri was transferred to the Department of the Ohio.
Western Department
On July 31, 1861, the Department of the West was merged into the Western Department of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont. The Western Department, which had been organized on July 3, 1861, also included Missouri and Illinois from the Department of the Ohio and New Mexico Territory from the Department of New Mexico. Western Kentucky was added from the Department of Kentucky on August 15, 1861. Frémont was relieved by Maj. Gen. David Hunter under the orders of President Abraham Lincoln, contingent upon the circumstance that Frémont did not lead an army into battle by October 24, 1861. The Western Department was discontinued on November 9, 1861, with New Mexico Territory being transferred back to the Department of New Mexico, and the rest being divided between the Departments of Missouri and Kansas.
Command history
Department commanders were:
Department of the West
Commander
From
To
Newman S. Clarke
David E. Twiggs
Persifor F. Smith
Brig. Gen. William S. Harney
November 10, 1860(assumed November 17)
April 23, 1861
Captain Nathaniel Lyon (temporary)
April 23, 1861
April 29, 1861
Colonel Edmund B. Alexander (temporary)
April 29, 1861
May 11, 1861
Brig. Gen. William S. Harney
May 11, 1861
May 31, 1861
Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon
May 31, 1861
July 3, 1861
Western Department
Commander
From
To
Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon
July 3, 1861
July 25, 1861
Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont
July 3, 1861(assumed July 25)
October 24, 1861
Maj. Gen. David Hunter
October 24, 1861(assumed November 2)
November 9, 1861
See also
Army of the West (1846)
Department of the Pacific
Department of the Missouri
References
Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Military History at rootsweb.com
Notes
^ Eicher, pp. 851-53.
^ Eicher, pp. 851-53, Rootsweb.com
|
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For the 1968 epic Spaghetti Western film titled \"Western Department of Memories\" in China, see Once Upon a Time in the West.The Department of the West, later known as the Western Department, was a major command (Department) of the United States Army during the 19th century. It oversaw the military affairs in the country west of the Mississippi River to the borders of California and Oregon.","title":"Department of the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Military_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Barracks"},{"link_name":"7th Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_Military_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Department of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Fort Leavenworth, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"}],"text":"The Department of the West was created in a reform of army organization nationwide on October 31, 1853, from a consolidation of the existing 6th Military District (headquartered at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri) and 7th Military District (Fort Smith, Arkansas) Departments. It reported directly to the headquarters of the Army in Washington, D.C. In the 1853 reorganization the Department of the Pacific was also created, from consolidation of the 10th (California) and 11th (Oregon) Departments. The Department of the West's headquarters continued at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, although it moved briefly to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, during the Bleeding Kansas skirmishes.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Utah Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territory"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Kansas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Territory"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Territory"},{"link_name":"Colorado Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Territory"},{"link_name":"Dakota Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Territory"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Department of the Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Ohio"}],"text":"As the Southern states were seceding, just before the American Civil War began, the department was organized to include the country west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, except for Texas, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory, including Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas Territory (the state of Kansas after January 29, 1861), Nebraska Territory, Colorado Territory (after February 28, 1861), Dakota Territory (after March 2, 1861), Indian Territory (later the state of Oklahoma), and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River. On June 6, 1861, Missouri was transferred to the Department of the Ohio.","title":"Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maj. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"John C. Frémont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont"},{"link_name":"David Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hunter"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Department of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Departments of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On July 31, 1861, the Department of the West was merged into the Western Department of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont. The Western Department, which had been organized on July 3, 1861, also included Missouri and Illinois from the Department of the Ohio and New Mexico Territory from the Department of New Mexico. Western Kentucky was added from the Department of Kentucky on August 15, 1861. Frémont was relieved by Maj. Gen. David Hunter under the orders of President Abraham Lincoln, contingent upon the circumstance that Frémont did not lead an army into battle by October 24, 1861. The Western Department was discontinued on November 9, 1861, with New Mexico Territory being transferred back to the Department of New Mexico, and the rest being divided between the Departments of Missouri and Kansas.[1]","title":"Western Department"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Department commanders were:[2]Department of the WestWestern Department","title":"Command history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Eicher, pp. 851-53.\n\n^ Eicher, pp. 851-53, Rootsweb.com","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Army of the West (1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_West_(1846)"},{"title":"Department of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Pacific"},{"title":"Department of the Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Missouri"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050209174418/http://www.rootsweb.com/~neresour/andreas/military/military-p8.html","external_links_name":"Military History at rootsweb.com"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bude_railway_station
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Bude railway station
|
["1 History","1.1 Stationmasters","2 The Station","3 The Station today","4 Services","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 50°49′30″N 4°32′34″W / 50.82490°N 4.54287°W / 50.82490; -4.54287Former railway station in Cornwall, England
BudePorthbudThe station in 1964General informationLocationBude, CornwallEnglandGrid referenceSS210059Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryPre-groupingLondon and South Western RailwayPost-groupingSouthern Railway Western Region of British RailwaysKey dates11 August 1898Opened7 September 1964Closed to freight3 October 1966Closed to passengers
Bude railway station (Cornish: Porthbud) was the western terminus of the Bude Branch. It was opened in 1898 by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) to serve the coastal town of Bude and closed in 1966 after having been proposed for closure in the Beeching Report.
History
The opening of Bude station in 1898 marked the completion of the LSWR's branch line from Okehampton which had taken nineteen years and four Acts of Parliament. The original line had been authorised as far as Holsworthy where a station was opened on 20 January 1879. From there, the LSWR operated a "smart coach service" to Stratton and Bude. When the railway company showed no sign of wishing to extend services westwards towards the coast, the residents of Stratton and Bude, anxious for a connection to the expanding railway network, clubbed together in 1883 to raise £1,000 towards the cost of promoting a bill for a 9.5 miles (15.3 km) extension to the railway line which would follow a route taking in the two towns as well as the small village of Bridgerule.
The LSWR took up their offer and the Holsworthy and Bude Railway Act (c.ccii) was passed on 20 August 1883. However, apart from a ceremonial cutting of the first sod, no works were commenced on the extension and the deadline for completion of the line by October 1891 was looking unlikely to be met, resulting in the LSWR asking for an extra year to complete the works. Nevertheless, since by the end of 1891 no progress had been made, a further bill was promoted seeking the abandonment of the line; the Act, the Holsworthy and Bude Rly. Abandonment Act (c.xx), was passed on 20 May 1892. This did not deter the residents of Stratton and Bude who, in 1894, successfully lobbied the LSWR to promote a second bill. The Act was passed on 6 July 1895 and authorised a somewhat different route than that set out in the first Act.
The LSWR was, at the time, investing heavily in the construction of the North Cornwall Line and adopted a more direct route to Bude which reduced the projected costs by some £10,000 avoiding the construction of a viaduct, but also avoiding Stratton altogether. To construct the line, the LSWR hired John Aird & Co. who were later involved in the Welsh Highland Railway.
Stationmasters
Thomas Furze 1898 - 1924 (formerly station master at Holsworthy)
R.J. Trigger 1924 - 1938 (formerly station master at Callington, afterwards station master at Bideford)
Arthur M. White ca. 1939
R. England 1947 - ca. 1950 (formerly station master at Pinhoe)
The Station
Bude station was deliberately sited on the outskirts of the town in order to please the residents of Stratton whose, at the time, larger town had been bypassed by the railway company. It was solidly constructed of local stone, with a refreshment room and a large bay-windowed house for the Stationmaster. From the station, a short branch was laid to the canal basin to tap the commercial traffic in sand which was used in construction, as well as to facilitate the distribution of coal which arrived in sloops from South Wales. Although traffic was heavy in the early days, the decline set in during the interwar period with the introduction of chemical fertilisers and competition from road haulage services; freight facilities were eventually withdrawn in 1964, but in reality the station saw very little traffic in its latter years. The station did not see many changes during its 68-year life, but the track layout was modified somewhat in April/May 1939 to accommodate twelve coach trains. Longer trains comprising fifteen coaches or more were handled by dividing the train between the two platforms.
Passenger services were never very frequent to Bude, although there were several useful daily through-coaches to London, with whole trains operating during Summer weekends. In addition, there was the Atlantic Coast Express, a through train from London Waterloo at 10:35, running non-stop from Exeter St Davids to Halwill, then calling at Holsworthy and Bude only, arriving at Bude at 15:25. Most trains conveyed through coaches to Padstow, usually marshalled in front of the Bude coaches in the down direction. The portions were divided at Halwill. The pattern of services changed after the handover of the line to the Western Region of British Railways from 1 January 1963 when services became more local and the through-coaches to Waterloo were discontinued. The new operator was committed to dieselisation and DMU units were introduced from September 1964, resulting in the closure of Bude's engine shed.
Bude's last direct link with London ended in Summer 1965 when the through-trains from Waterloo were diverted to London Paddington and services now reversed at Exeter St Davids. This left Bude with only a local shuttle service to and from Okehampton for the final months of its life. It was, however, the final stronghold of the Bulleid Pacifics which operated from the end of April 1962, appearing on excursion services and through-weekend trains.
The station's closure in 1966 left residents of Bude and the surrounding area with Okehampton station, some 30 miles (48 km) away, as their nearest connection to the railway. This increased to 33 miles (53 km) in January 1972 when Okehampton itself closed, leaving Barnstaple as the nearest railhead.
The Station today
Nothing remains of Bude Station today, except for one brick entrance pillar covered in ivy, as the site has been built over with low-cost housing, leaving the railway bridge over the River Neet as almost the sole clue as to there ever having been a railway in the town. Walking back along the route of the line, there are still a couple of sides to what would have been the bridges, and cattle creeps that can be seen adjacent to the new cycle path. The cycle path was built adjacent to the original trackbed.
Services
Preceding station
Disused railways
Following station
Whitstone and Bridgerule
British RailWestern RegionBude Branch
Terminus
References
Cornwall portal
^ a b c Southern E-Group, "Bude"
^ "At the end of May". Hartland and West Country Chronicle. England. 18 June 1924. Retrieved 18 July 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Bude Presentation". Western Times. England. 7 January 1938. Retrieved 18 July 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Another Promotion". Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. England. 6 June 1947. Retrieved 18 July 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ a b c Pryer, G.A.; Bowring, G.J. (1980). An Historical Survey of Selected Southern Stations: Volume One. Oxford: Oxford Publishing Company. p. 31. ISBN 0-86093-016-5.
^ Southern E-Group, "Bude"
External links
Bude station on navigable 1946 O. S. map
50°49′30″N 4°32′34″W / 50.82490°N 4.54287°W / 50.82490; -4.54287
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It was opened in 1898 by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) to serve the coastal town of Bude and closed in 1966 after having been proposed for closure in the Beeching Report.","title":"Bude railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehampton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Acts of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Holsworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsworthy,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Bridgerule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgerule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semg1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semg1-1"},{"link_name":"North Cornwall Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cornwall_Railway"},{"link_name":"John Aird & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Aird,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Welsh Highland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Highland_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semg1-1"}],"text":"The opening of Bude station in 1898 marked the completion of the LSWR's branch line from Okehampton which had taken nineteen years and four Acts of Parliament. The original line had been authorised as far as Holsworthy where a station was opened on 20 January 1879. From there, the LSWR operated a \"smart coach service\" to Stratton and Bude. When the railway company showed no sign of wishing to extend services westwards towards the coast, the residents of Stratton and Bude, anxious for a connection to the expanding railway network, clubbed together in 1883 to raise £1,000 towards the cost of promoting a bill for a 9.5 miles (15.3 km) extension to the railway line which would follow a route taking in the two towns as well as the small village of Bridgerule.[1]The LSWR took up their offer and the Holsworthy and Bude Railway Act (c.ccii) was passed on 20 August 1883. However, apart from a ceremonial cutting of the first sod, no works were commenced on the extension and the deadline for completion of the line by October 1891 was looking unlikely to be met, resulting in the LSWR asking for an extra year to complete the works. Nevertheless, since by the end of 1891 no progress had been made, a further bill was promoted seeking the abandonment of the line; the Act, the Holsworthy and Bude Rly. Abandonment Act (c.xx), was passed on 20 May 1892. This did not deter the residents of Stratton and Bude who, in 1894, successfully lobbied the LSWR to promote a second bill. The Act was passed on 6 July 1895 and authorised a somewhat different route than that set out in the first Act.[1]The LSWR was, at the time, investing heavily in the construction of the North Cornwall Line and adopted a more direct route to Bude which reduced the projected costs by some £10,000 avoiding the construction of a viaduct, but also avoiding Stratton altogether. To construct the line, the LSWR hired John Aird & Co. who were later involved in the Welsh Highland Railway.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Stationmasters","text":"Thomas Furze 1898 - 1924[2] (formerly station master at Holsworthy)\nR.J. Trigger 1924 - 1938[3] (formerly station master at Callington, afterwards station master at Bideford)\nArthur M. White ca. 1939\nR. England 1947[4] - ca. 1950 (formerly station master at Pinhoe)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canal basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bude_Canal"},{"link_name":"sloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pryer-5"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Express"},{"link_name":"London Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Exeter St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Halwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halwill_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Western Region of British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways"},{"link_name":"dieselisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselisation"},{"link_name":"DMU units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pryer-5"},{"link_name":"London Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bulleid Pacifics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_West_Country_and_Battle_of_Britain_Classes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pryer-5"}],"text":"Bude station was deliberately sited on the outskirts of the town in order to please the residents of Stratton whose, at the time, larger town had been bypassed by the railway company. It was solidly constructed of local stone, with a refreshment room and a large bay-windowed house for the Stationmaster. From the station, a short branch was laid to the canal basin to tap the commercial traffic in sand which was used in construction, as well as to facilitate the distribution of coal which arrived in sloops from South Wales. Although traffic was heavy in the early days, the decline set in during the interwar period with the introduction of chemical fertilisers and competition from road haulage services; freight facilities were eventually withdrawn in 1964, but in reality the station saw very little traffic in its latter years. The station did not see many changes during its 68-year life, but the track layout was modified somewhat in April/May 1939 to accommodate twelve coach trains. Longer trains comprising fifteen coaches or more were handled by dividing the train between the two platforms.[5]Passenger services were never very frequent to Bude, although there were several useful daily through-coaches to London, with whole trains operating during Summer weekends. In addition, there was the Atlantic Coast Express, a through train from London Waterloo at 10:35, running non-stop from Exeter St Davids to Halwill, then calling at Holsworthy and Bude only, arriving at Bude at 15:25. Most trains conveyed through coaches to Padstow, usually marshalled in front of the Bude coaches in the down direction. The portions were divided at Halwill. The pattern of services changed after the handover of the line to the Western Region of British Railways from 1 January 1963 when services became more local and the through-coaches to Waterloo were discontinued. The new operator was committed to dieselisation and DMU units were introduced from September 1964, resulting in the closure of Bude's engine shed.[5]Bude's last direct link with London ended in Summer 1965 when the through-trains from Waterloo were diverted to London Paddington and services now reversed at Exeter St Davids. This left Bude with only a local shuttle service to and from Okehampton for the final months of its life. It was, however, the final stronghold of the Bulleid Pacifics which operated from the end of April 1962, appearing on excursion services and through-weekend trains.[5]The station's closure in 1966 left residents of Bude and the surrounding area with Okehampton station, some 30 miles (48 km) away, as their nearest connection to the railway. This increased to 33 miles (53 km) in January 1972 when Okehampton itself closed, leaving Barnstaple as the nearest railhead.","title":"The Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Neet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Neet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Nothing remains of Bude Station today, except for one brick entrance pillar covered in ivy, as the site has been built over with low-cost housing, leaving the railway bridge over the River Neet as almost the sole clue as to there ever having been a railway in the town. Walking back along the route of the line, there are still a couple of sides to what would have been the bridges, and cattle creeps that can be seen adjacent to the new cycle path. The cycle path was built adjacent to the original trackbed.[6]","title":"The Station today"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Services"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Polarstern
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RV Polarstern
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["1 History","2 Expeditions updates","3 In popular culture","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
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German icebreaker and research vessel
History
Germany
NamePolarstern
NamesakePole star
OwnerBundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
OperatorAlfred Wegener Institute (AWI)
Port of registryBremerhaven, Germany
RouteArctic and Antarctica
Ordered28 August 1980
BuilderHowaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft at Kiel and the Nobiskrug at Rendsburg
Yard number707
Laid down22 September 1981
Launched6 January 1982
Completed8 December 1982
Identification
Call sign: DBLK
IMO number: 8013132
MMSI number: 211202460
DNV ID: G16829
Statusin active service
General characteristics
TypeIcebreaker, research vessel
Tonnage12,614 GT
Displacement17,300 tonnes
Length117.91 m (386 ft 10 in)
Beam25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Draught10.7 m (35 ft 1 in)
Installed powerFour diesel engines, 14,120 kW (18,940 hp)
Speed15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph)
Capacity124 persons
Crew44
RV Polarstern (meaning pole star) is a German research icebreaker of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Bremerhaven, Germany. Polarstern was built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft in Kiel and Nobiskrug in Rendsburg, was commissioned in 1982, and is mainly used for research in the Arctic and Antarctica. The ship has a length of 118 metres (387 feet) and is a double-hulled icebreaker. She is operational at temperatures as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). Polarstern can break through ice 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) thick at a speed of 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). Thicker ice of up to 3 m (9.8 ft) can be broken by ramming.
History
On 7 September 1991, Polarstern, assisted by the Swedish arctic icebreaker Oden, reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels. Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe. In 2001, Polarstern together with USCGC Healy reached the pole again. She returned for a third time on 22 August 2011. This time she reported the most frequently recurring ice thickness at 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) compared with 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in 2001.
On 2 March 2008, one of the vessel's helicopters crashed on a routine flight to the Antarctic Neumayer II base. The German pilot and a Dutch researcher were killed, and three other passengers were injured.
On 17 October 2008, Polarstern was the first research ship ever to travel through both the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage in one cruise, thus circumnavigating the North Pole.
The German government in 2015 issued a request for bids on the construction of a replacement for Polarstern, but did not award a contract and eventually withdrew the request in early 2020 as it no longer covered current technological demands for a long-term, efficient and economic vessel.
On 20 September 2019 Polarstern sailed from Tromsø, Norway, for a 12 to 14 month-long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition across the Arctic. She settled in an ice floe on 4 October 2019. The aim was drifting with this floe, passing the North pole and eventually reaching open water in the Fram Strait. While stuck in the ice in March 2020, a member of the aircraft team who had not yet joined the ship in the Arctic tested positive for COVID-19. This resulted in the entire aircraft team being placed in isolation in Germany and caused delays in the retrieval of scientific data from around the ship to provide context to the data taken aboard. After 389 days, this 2019 – 2020 arctic expedition successfully ended on 12 October 2020 when the research vessel safely returned to its home port of Bremerhaven, Germany.
A revised request for bids for a replacement, reflecting changes in technology since the first was issued, was expected, with Polarstern II possibly ordered in 2022 to enter service in 2026 or 2027. The new vessel could cost over €800m, and could include hybrid diesel-electric propulsion, integrated under-water robotic systems and several helicopter landing options.
Expeditions updates
Current listings of all cruises on board Polarstern as well as associated contents (e.g., tracklines, weekly reports, cruise reports, publications and data) are presented on the platform portal of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research.
In popular culture
The ship plays a central role in German musician Schiller's 2010 album Atemlos (German for breathless). A track is titled after the ship. It is also featured in the DVD of the same title, showing the musician's expedition on the vessel.
Gallery
Polarstern near Reykjavík, Iceland
Library in the blue saloon
Polarstern during MOSAiC expedition
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Polarstern (G16829)". Vessel Register for DNV. DNV. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
^ a b c d "Polarstern revamps as replacement tipped". The Motorship. 21 October 2020.
^ Fütterer, D. et al. (1992) The Expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV Polarstern in 1991, Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 107, 267 pp, hdl:10013/epic.10107.d001 (pdf 6.4 MB)
^ Thiede, J. et al. (2002) POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII/2 Cruise Report: AMORE 2001 (Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition), Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 421, 390 pp, hdl:10013/epic.10426.d001 (pdf 8 MB)
^ "Research Vessel Polarstern at North Pole". August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
^ "(ANT-XXIV/3 Weekly report No. 3)". Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
^ "The crash in retrospect" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
^ "idw-online.de - Research around the North Pole". Retrieved 2008-10-20.
^ Henry Fountain (19 September 2019). "Scientists to Drift With Arctic Ice to Study Climate Change". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^ "An entire year trapped in the ice". MOSAiC. Alfred Wegener Institute. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^ Henry Fountain (4 October 2019). "Scientists on Arctic Expedition Choose Ice Floe That'll Be Home for a Year". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^ Giuliana Viglione (11 March 2020). "Coronavirus crisis hits ice-locked Arctic research expedition". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00724-y. PMID 32161351. S2CID 212678332. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Lohrmann, Tanja (2020-10-12). "After 389 days in the Arctic: RV Polarstern reaches Bremerhaven". Retrieved 2020-10-12.
^ Research platform portal of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to PFS Polarstern.
Official website
Current position of Polarstern
List of all cruises with links to cruise reports and data
Secrets of the seas: Jurassic shrimp, hairy crabs and giant microbes, news article featuring Polarstern
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Superfast VII (2001)
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Naval corvettes
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People
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Subsidiaries
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VIAF
National
Germany
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pole star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_star"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research"},{"link_name":"Bremerhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howaldtswerke-Deutsche_Werft"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Nobiskrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobiskrug"},{"link_name":"Rendsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendsburg"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"double-hulled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_hull"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"}],"text":"German icebreaker and research vesselRV Polarstern (meaning pole star) is a German research icebreaker of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Bremerhaven, Germany. Polarstern was built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft in Kiel and Nobiskrug in Rendsburg, was commissioned in 1982, and is mainly used for research in the Arctic and Antarctica. The ship has a length of 118 metres (387 feet) and is a double-hulled icebreaker. She is operational at temperatures as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). Polarstern can break through ice 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) thick at a speed of 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). Thicker ice of up to 3 m (9.8 ft) can be broken by ramming.","title":"RV Polarstern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"Oden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oden_(1988_icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tug of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"USCGC Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Healy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Neumayer II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumayer_Station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"research ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ship"},{"link_name":"Northeast Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Passage"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms-2"},{"link_name":"Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"MOSAiC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSAiC_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fram Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram_Strait"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleetmon-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms-2"}],"text":"On 7 September 1991, Polarstern, assisted by the Swedish arctic icebreaker Oden, reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels.[3] Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe. In 2001, Polarstern together with USCGC Healy reached the pole again.[4] She returned for a third time on 22 August 2011. This time she reported the most frequently recurring ice thickness at 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) compared with 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in 2001.[5]On 2 March 2008, one of the vessel's helicopters crashed on a routine flight to the Antarctic Neumayer II base. The German pilot and a Dutch researcher were killed, and three other passengers were injured.[6][7]On 17 October 2008, Polarstern was the first research ship ever to travel through both the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage in one cruise, thus circumnavigating the North Pole.[8]The German government in 2015 issued a request for bids on the construction of a replacement for Polarstern, but did not award a contract and eventually withdrew the request in early 2020 as it no longer covered current technological demands for a long-term, efficient and economic vessel.[2]On 20 September 2019 Polarstern sailed from Tromsø, Norway, for a 12 to 14 month-long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition across the Arctic.[9][10] She settled in an ice floe on 4 October 2019. The aim was drifting with this floe, passing the North pole and eventually reaching open water in the Fram Strait.[11] While stuck in the ice in March 2020, a member of the aircraft team who had not yet joined the ship in the Arctic tested positive for COVID-19. This resulted in the entire aircraft team being placed in isolation in Germany and caused delays in the retrieval of scientific data from around the ship to provide context to the data taken aboard.[12] After 389 days, this 2019 – 2020 arctic expedition successfully ended on 12 October 2020 when the research vessel safely returned to its home port of Bremerhaven, Germany.[13]A revised request for bids for a replacement, reflecting changes in technology since the first was issued, was expected, with Polarstern II possibly ordered in 2022 to enter service in 2026 or 2027. The new vessel could cost over €800m, and could include hybrid diesel-electric propulsion, integrated under-water robotic systems and several helicopter landing options.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Current listings of all cruises on board Polarstern as well as associated contents (e.g., tracklines, weekly reports, cruise reports, publications and data) are presented on the platform portal of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research.[14]","title":"Expeditions updates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schiller's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiller_(band)"},{"link_name":"Atemlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemlos_(Schiller_album)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The ship plays a central role in German musician Schiller's 2010 album Atemlos (German for breathless). A track is titled after the ship. It is also featured in the DVD of the same title, showing the musician's expedition on the vessel.[citation needed]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polarstern_arriving_at_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polarstern_library_hg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polarstern_MOSAiC.jpg"}],"text":"Polarstern near Reykjavík, Iceland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLibrary in the blue saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolarstern during MOSAiC expedition","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Polarstern (G16829)\". Vessel Register for DNV. DNV. Retrieved 11 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://vesselregister.dnv.com/vesselregister/details/G16829","url_text":"\"Polarstern (G16829)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNV","url_text":"DNV"}]},{"reference":"\"Polarstern revamps as replacement tipped\". The Motorship. 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorship.com/news101/ships-and-shipyards/polarstern-revamps-as-replacement-tipped","url_text":"\"Polarstern revamps as replacement tipped\""}]},{"reference":"\"Research Vessel Polarstern at North Pole\". August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130212052710/http://www.research-in-germany.de/74228/2011-08-24-research-vessel-polarstern-at-north-pole.html","url_text":"\"Research Vessel Polarstern at North Pole\""},{"url":"http://www.research-in-germany.de/74228/2011-08-24-research-vessel-polarstern-at-north-pole.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"(ANT-XXIV/3 Weekly report No. 3)\". Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091117161741/http://www.awi.de/en/infrastructure/ships/polarstern/weekly_reports/all_expeditions/ant_xxiv/ant_xxiv3/9_march_2008/","url_text":"\"(ANT-XXIV/3 Weekly report No. 3)\""},{"url":"http://www.awi.de/en/infrastructure/ships/polarstern/weekly_reports/all_expeditions/ant_xxiv/ant_xxiv3/9_march_2008/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The crash in retrospect\" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163125/http://pooljaar.nl/ijzer/2008/03/13/terugblik-op-de-crash/","url_text":"\"The crash in retrospect\""},{"url":"http://pooljaar.nl/ijzer/2008/03/13/terugblik-op-de-crash/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"idw-online.de - Research around the North Pole\". Retrieved 2008-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news284090","url_text":"\"idw-online.de - Research around the North Pole\""}]},{"reference":"Henry Fountain (19 September 2019). \"Scientists to Drift With Arctic Ice to Study Climate Change\". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/2Qii3EZ","url_text":"\"Scientists to Drift With Arctic Ice to Study Climate Change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"An entire year trapped in the ice\". MOSAiC. Alfred Wegener Institute. Retrieved 5 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mosaic-expedition.org/expedition/","url_text":"\"An entire year trapped in the ice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSAiC_Expedition","url_text":"MOSAiC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research","url_text":"Alfred Wegener Institute"}]},{"reference":"Henry Fountain (4 October 2019). \"Scientists on Arctic Expedition Choose Ice Floe That'll Be Home for a Year\". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/2Vi0Quq","url_text":"\"Scientists on Arctic Expedition Choose Ice Floe That'll Be Home for a Year\""}]},{"reference":"Giuliana Viglione (11 March 2020). \"Coronavirus crisis hits ice-locked Arctic research expedition\". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00724-y. PMID 32161351. S2CID 212678332. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00724-y","url_text":"\"Coronavirus crisis hits ice-locked Arctic research expedition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-00724-y","url_text":"10.1038/d41586-020-00724-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32161351","url_text":"32161351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212678332","url_text":"212678332"}]},{"reference":"Lohrmann, Tanja (2020-10-12). \"After 389 days in the Arctic: RV Polarstern reaches Bremerhaven\". Retrieved 2020-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2020/31185/after-389-days-rv-polarstern-reaches-bremerhaven/","url_text":"\"After 389 days in the Arctic: RV Polarstern reaches Bremerhaven\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Strikes_Out
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Fear Strikes Out
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 1955 TV version","4 Awards and honors","5 Reception","6 See also","7 Notes","8 External links"]
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1957 biographical sports film
Fear Strikes OutDirected byRobert MulliganScreenplay byTed BerkmanRaphael BlauBased onFear Strikes Out: The Jim Piersall Story1955 bookby Jimmy Piersall and Al HirshbergProduced byAlan J. PakulaStarringAnthony PerkinsKarl MaldenCinematographyHaskell B. BoggsEdited byAaron StellMusic byElmer BernsteinDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date
March 20, 1957 (1957-03-20)
Running time100 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Fear Strikes Out is a 1957 American biographical sports drama film depicting the life and career of American baseball player Jimmy Piersall. It is based on Piersall's 1955 memoir Fear Strikes Out: The Jim Piersall Story, co-written with Al Hirshberg. The film stars Anthony Perkins as Piersall and Karl Malden as his father, and it was the first directed by Robert Mulligan.
This film is a Paramount Picture and was preceded by a 1955 TV version starring Tab Hunter.
The format of the film allows documentary footage of the stadium scenes to be used during the game sequences.
Plot
Based on Piersall's autobiography, the film traces Piersall's rise from the sandlots of Waterbury, Connecticut, to the Boston Red Sox professional baseball team. Karl Malden plays his domineering father who pushes him further and further.
Plagued by problems, Jim marries Mary, but they live with his parents. When he is eventually chosen for the Boston Red Sox it is in the infield position of shortstop for which he has little experience. He calls his father to apologise.
Daunted by the huge crowd and the pressure of his father watching his first time at-bat, the pressure nearly causes Jim to strike out. But on the final pitch, he hits a home run. Rather than celebrate in a normal way, he instead runs to the backstop fence where his father sits, shouting "Look Dad, I told you I could do it". His teammates try to restrain him as he climbs the fence. He swings his bat at them. Eventually the police subdue him, and he is taken to a mental institution.
After a long period of therapy, Jim realizes that he has excelled in baseball to please his father — not for his own gratification.
He went on to play 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for five teams, from 1950 through 1967.
Cast
Anthony Perkins as Jim Piersall
Karl Malden as John Piersall
Norma Moore as Mary Piersall
Adam Williams as Dr. Brown
Perry Wilson as Mrs. Piersall
Peter J. Votrian as young Jim Piersall
Richard Bull as Reporter Slade (uncredited)
Bart Burns as Joe Cronin (uncredited)
Edd Byrnes as Boy in Car Assisting Jimmy Up Stairway (uncredited)
Art Gilmore as Broadcaster (voice, uncredited)
Brian G. Hutton as Bernie Serwill (uncredited)
Morgan Jones as Sandy Allen (uncredited)
Bing Russell as Ballplayer Holding Trophy (uncredited)
Gary Vinson as High School Ballplayer (uncredited)
1955 TV version
The film was based on the book by Piersall and Al Hirschberg which had been adapted for TV in 1955 for the show Climax!.
Rights to the book were bought in July 1955. The television version starred Tab Hunter as Piersall, Mona Freeman as his wife, John Conte as a psychiatrist, and Robert Armstrong as his father. Herbert Swope directed and Martin Manulis prodyced.
The New York Times called the television play version "absorbing" and praised Tab Hunter's portrayal of Jimmy Piersall as "perceptive and believable." Hunter tried to get his studio, Warner Bros, to buy the film rights but these were purchased by another studio, Paramount, for $50,000. Mel Goldberg, who wrote the TV version, was hired to do the screenplay.
Hunter had a romantic relationship with Anthony Perkins. He says this relationship practically ended after Perkins took the role of Piersall in the film version without telling him beforehand, as Hunter had also been interested to portray the role of Piersall again in the film version.
Awards and honors
Robert Mulligan was a Directors Guild of America Best Director nominee.
Fear Strikes Out was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2008 list in the sports film category.
Reception
In 1957, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote:
Oddly enough, the scenes of baseball, while interesting in this account, are secondary to the scenes of drama between the father and his son. The issues are not whether Piersall will snag those long flies or clout home runs but whether he will have the approval of his old man, sitting there in the stands. The weight of the paternal ambition is the critical factor in this film. And it is felt by the nerve-racked observer to the point where it is recognizable that the young man must go mad. ...
Fortunately, Mr. Perkins plays the young fellow excellently, not only conveying the gathering torment but also actually looking like a ballplayer on the field. And Karl Malden is compelling as the father, combining the ignorant dominance of a bitter man with the occasional tenderness of a parent who genuinely loves his only son. ...Robert Mulligan's direction is vigorous..."
Dr. Sharon Packer wrote in 2012 that Fear Strikes Out is very unusual in cinematic history in that it portrays electroconvulsive therapy in a positive light.
See also
List of baseball films
Notes
^ a b Erickson, Hal. Rovi "Fear Strikes Out" Synopsis
^ Adams, Val (23 July 1955). "TV Scenic Artists Win Pay Increase: Three Major Networks and Union Agree on 3-Year Pact Retroactive to April 1". New York Times. p. 33. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ Shanley, J.P. (19 August 1955). "TV: 'Fear Strikes Out' – Outfielder's True Story Told on 'Climax!'". New York Times. p. 39. Retrieved August 28, 2018..
^ "Paramount Pays $50,000 for Jim Piersall Story". Variety. 24 August 1955. p. 5.
^ Schulman, Michael (15 October 2015). "Tab Hunter's Secrets". New Yorker.
^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Crowther, Bosley (March 21, 1957). "True-Life Story of Jim Piersall; 'Fear Strikes Out' Has Debut at the State Ballplayer Overcame a Mental Illness". p. 37. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ Packer, M.D., Sharon (18 September 2012). Cinema's Sinister Psychiatrists: From Caligari to Hannibal. McFarland. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7864-9241-1. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
External links
Fear Strikes Out at IMDb
Fear Strikes Out at AllMovie
Fear Strikes Out at the TCM Movie Database
Fear Strikes Out at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
1955 TV version at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Robert Mulligan
Fear Strikes Out (1957)
The Rat Race (1960)
The Great Impostor (1961)
Come September (1961)
The Spiral Road (1962)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
Love with the Proper Stranger (1963)
Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965)
Inside Daisy Clover (1965)
Up the Down Staircase (1967)
The Stalking Moon (1968)
The Pursuit of Happiness (1971)
Summer of '42 (1971)
The Other (1972)
The Nickel Ride (1974)
Bloodbrothers (1978)
Same Time, Next Year (1978)
Kiss Me Goodbye (1982)
Clara's Heart (1988)
The Man in the Moon (1991)
|
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It is based on Piersall's 1955 memoir Fear Strikes Out: The Jim Piersall Story, co-written with Al Hirshberg. The film stars Anthony Perkins as Piersall and Karl Malden as his father, and it was the first directed by Robert Mulligan.This film is a Paramount Picture and was preceded by a 1955 TV version starring Tab Hunter.[1]The format of the film allows documentary footage of the stadium scenes to be used during the game sequences.","title":"Fear Strikes Out"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandlots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandlot_ball"},{"link_name":"Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Karl Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Malden"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"strike out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_out"},{"link_name":"home run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"mental institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_institution"},{"link_name":"therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FandangoPlot-1"}],"text":"Based on Piersall's autobiography, the film traces Piersall's rise from the sandlots of Waterbury, Connecticut, to the Boston Red Sox professional baseball team. Karl Malden plays his domineering father who pushes him further and further.Plagued by problems, Jim marries Mary, but they live with his parents. When he is eventually chosen for the Boston Red Sox it is in the infield position of shortstop for which he has little experience. He calls his father to apologise.Daunted by the huge crowd and the pressure of his father watching his first time at-bat, the pressure nearly causes Jim to strike out. But on the final pitch, he hits a home run. Rather than celebrate in a normal way, he instead runs to the backstop fence where his father sits, shouting \"Look Dad, I told you I could do it\". His teammates try to restrain him as he climbs the fence. He swings his bat at them. Eventually the police subdue him, and he is taken to a mental institution.After a long period of therapy, Jim realizes that he has excelled in baseball to please his father — not for his own gratification.[1]He went on to play 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for five teams, from 1950 through 1967.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Jim Piersall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Piersall"},{"link_name":"Karl Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Malden"},{"link_name":"Adam Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Perry Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Richard Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bull_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bart Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Burns"},{"link_name":"Joe Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cronin"},{"link_name":"Edd Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edd_Byrnes"},{"link_name":"Art Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Brian G. Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Hutton"},{"link_name":"Morgan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Jones_(actor,_born_1928)"},{"link_name":"Bing Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Russell"},{"link_name":"Gary Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Vinson"}],"text":"Anthony Perkins as Jim Piersall\nKarl Malden as John Piersall\nNorma Moore as Mary Piersall\nAdam Williams as Dr. Brown\nPerry Wilson as Mrs. Piersall\nPeter J. Votrian as young Jim Piersall\nRichard Bull as Reporter Slade (uncredited)\nBart Burns as Joe Cronin (uncredited)\nEdd Byrnes as Boy in Car Assisting Jimmy Up Stairway (uncredited)\nArt Gilmore as Broadcaster (voice, uncredited)\nBrian G. Hutton as Bernie Serwill (uncredited)\nMorgan Jones as Sandy Allen (uncredited)\nBing Russell as Ballplayer Holding Trophy (uncredited)\nGary Vinson as High School Ballplayer (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climax!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax!"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mona Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Martin Manulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Manulis"},{"link_name":"Tab Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film was based on the book by Piersall and Al Hirschberg which had been adapted for TV in 1955 for the show Climax!.Rights to the book were bought in July 1955.[2] The television version starred Tab Hunter as Piersall, Mona Freeman as his wife, John Conte as a psychiatrist, and Robert Armstrong as his father. Herbert Swope directed and Martin Manulis prodyced.The New York Times called the television play version \"absorbing\" and praised Tab Hunter's portrayal of Jimmy Piersall as \"perceptive and believable.\"[3] Hunter tried to get his studio, Warner Bros, to buy the film rights but these were purchased by another studio, Paramount, for $50,000. Mel Goldberg, who wrote the TV version, was hired to do the screenplay.[4]Hunter had a romantic relationship with Anthony Perkins. He says this relationship practically ended after Perkins took the role of Piersall in the film version without telling him beforehand, as Hunter had also been interested to portray the role of Piersall again in the film version.[5]","title":"1955 TV version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Robert Mulligan was a Directors Guild of America Best Director nominee.Fear Strikes Out was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2008 list in the sports film category.[6]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosley Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"electroconvulsive therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1957, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote:Oddly enough, the scenes of baseball, while interesting in this account, are secondary to the scenes of drama between the father and his son. The issues are not whether Piersall will snag those long flies or clout home runs but whether he will have the approval of his old man, sitting there in the stands. The weight of the paternal ambition is the critical factor in this film. And it is felt by the nerve-racked observer to the point where it is recognizable that the young man must go mad. ...\nFortunately, Mr. Perkins plays the young fellow excellently, not only conveying the gathering torment but also actually looking like a ballplayer on the field. And Karl Malden is compelling as the father, combining the ignorant dominance of a bitter man with the occasional tenderness of a parent who genuinely loves his only son. ...Robert Mulligan's direction is vigorous...\"[7]Dr. Sharon Packer wrote in 2012 that Fear Strikes Out is very unusual in cinematic history in that it portrays electroconvulsive therapy in a positive light.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FandangoPlot_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FandangoPlot_1-1"},{"link_name":"Rovi \"Fear Strikes Out\" Synopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fandango.com/fearstrikesout_v16966/plotsummary"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"TV Scenic Artists Win Pay Increase: Three Major Networks and Union Agree on 3-Year Pact Retroactive to April 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1955/07/23/archives/tv-scenic-artists-win-pay-increase-three-major-networks-and-union.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"TV: 'Fear Strikes Out' – Outfielder's True Story Told on 'Climax!'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1955/08/19/archives/tv-fear-strikes-out-outfielders-true-story-told-on-climax.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Paramount Pays $50,000 for Jim Piersall Story\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/variety199-1955-08/page/n204/mode/1up?"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Tab Hunter's Secrets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/tab-hunters-secrets"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"True-Life Story of Jim Piersall; 'Fear Strikes Out' Has Debut at the State Ballplayer Overcame a Mental Illness\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F01E3DE163EE03BBC4951DFB566838C649EDE"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Cinema's Sinister Psychiatrists: From Caligari to Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2GQ3fRkXA2YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-9241-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9241-1"}],"text":"^ a b Erickson, Hal. Rovi \"Fear Strikes Out\" Synopsis\n\n^ Adams, Val (23 July 1955). \"TV Scenic Artists Win Pay Increase: Three Major Networks and Union Agree on 3-Year Pact Retroactive to April 1\". New York Times. p. 33. Retrieved August 28, 2018.\n\n^ Shanley, J.P. (19 August 1955). \"TV: 'Fear Strikes Out' – Outfielder's True Story Told on 'Climax!'\". New York Times. p. 39. Retrieved August 28, 2018..\n\n^ \"Paramount Pays $50,000 for Jim Piersall Story\". Variety. 24 August 1955. p. 5.\n\n^ Schulman, Michael (15 October 2015). \"Tab Hunter's Secrets\". New Yorker.\n\n^ \"AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees\" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\n\n^ Crowther, Bosley (March 21, 1957). \"True-Life Story of Jim Piersall; 'Fear Strikes Out' Has Debut at the State Ballplayer Overcame a Mental Illness\". p. 37. Retrieved August 28, 2018.\n\n^ Packer, M.D., Sharon (18 September 2012). Cinema's Sinister Psychiatrists: From Caligari to Hannibal. McFarland. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7864-9241-1. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of baseball films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baseball_films"}]
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[{"reference":"Adams, Val (23 July 1955). \"TV Scenic Artists Win Pay Increase: Three Major Networks and Union Agree on 3-Year Pact Retroactive to April 1\". New York Times. p. 33. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/23/archives/tv-scenic-artists-win-pay-increase-three-major-networks-and-union.html","url_text":"\"TV Scenic Artists Win Pay Increase: Three Major Networks and Union Agree on 3-Year Pact Retroactive to April 1\""}]},{"reference":"Shanley, J.P. (19 August 1955). \"TV: 'Fear Strikes Out' – Outfielder's True Story Told on 'Climax!'\". New York Times. p. 39. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1955/08/19/archives/tv-fear-strikes-out-outfielders-true-story-told-on-climax.html","url_text":"\"TV: 'Fear Strikes Out' – Outfielder's True Story Told on 'Climax!'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paramount Pays $50,000 for Jim Piersall Story\". Variety. 24 August 1955. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety199-1955-08/page/n204/mode/1up?","url_text":"\"Paramount Pays $50,000 for Jim Piersall Story\""}]},{"reference":"Schulman, Michael (15 October 2015). \"Tab Hunter's Secrets\". New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/tab-hunters-secrets","url_text":"\"Tab Hunter's Secrets\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees\" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781","url_text":"\"AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Bosley (March 21, 1957). \"True-Life Story of Jim Piersall; 'Fear Strikes Out' Has Debut at the State Ballplayer Overcame a Mental Illness\". p. 37. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F01E3DE163EE03BBC4951DFB566838C649EDE","url_text":"\"True-Life Story of Jim Piersall; 'Fear Strikes Out' Has Debut at the State Ballplayer Overcame a Mental Illness\""}]},{"reference":"Packer, M.D., Sharon (18 September 2012). Cinema's Sinister Psychiatrists: From Caligari to Hannibal. McFarland. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7864-9241-1. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2GQ3fRkXA2YC","url_text":"Cinema's Sinister Psychiatrists: From Caligari to Hannibal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9241-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-9241-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collation_(meal)
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Collation (meal)
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["1 History","2 Present day","3 Other uses","4 References"]
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Light meal in Christian fasting traditions
This article is about a light meal in British English and in Christian fasting traditions. For other uses, see Collation (disambiguation).
A collation is a small amount of food taken on fasting days.
The term collation refers to one or two light meals allowed on days of fasting, especially in Western Christianity. Its purpose is to allow a believer to perform his/her duties while fasting throughout the day.
History
The traditional Black Fast of Western Christianity, which was broken after sunset, did not permit a collation if strictly observed. After the 14th century AD, taking a collation became a normative part of Christian fasting practices in many localities. Water was not allowed to be consumed during the collation, but only during the main meal, which was taken after sunset.
The consumption of a collation originally derives from the rule dating from the mid-6th century A.D. in Benedictine monasteries, that the usual evening meal was to be followed by the reading of excerpts from Collationes patrum in Scetica eremo written by John Cassian in around 420 A.D. However, according to the Rule of Saint Benedict, on days of fasting there would be no evening meal: Vespers was directly followed by the readings from the Collationes or the Lives of the Fathers, and then Compline.
By the 9th century AD the strict rules about fasting in Western Christianity started to become more relaxed, as it became allowed to have a small amount of water in the evening on fast days. Over the centuries, this eventually grew to apply to the indulgence of "a recognized quantity of solid food" allowed on days of fasting, with or without abstinence. The evening collation came to be defined by the Catholic Church as being less than eight ounces of food. In the 19th century, the allowance of another collation, called a frustulum, was introduced by the Catholic Church and is permitted to be eaten in the morning.
Present day
At the present time, on Christian strict fasting days of Lent (Ash Wednesday and Good Friday), the Catholic Church prescribes "only one full meal a day, but does not prohibit taking some food in the morning and evening, observing — as far as quantity and quality are concerned — approved local custom.". This is, in some places, interpreted as "one full meal, as well as two smaller meals that together are not equal to a full meal".
Similarly, a Missouri Synod Lutheran publication delineating fasting guidelines states that "On fasting days, two ¼ meals are eaten, and one regular meal in the evening". The Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion defines "Fasting, usually meaning not more than a light breakfast, one full meal, and one half meal, on the forty days of Lent."
Other uses
The French court of Louis XIV used the term collation to refer to light meals in general. In British English today, a collation is likewise a light meal, offered to guests when there is insufficient time for fuller entertainment. It is often rendered cold collation in reference to the usual lack of hot or cooked food. The Polish word kolacja ("supper") is a derivation.
In modern Italian, the two small meals are the prima colazione (breakfast) and seconda colazione (lunch). The word "colazione" itself in the general language now means "breakfast" (whereas the English "break their fast" for breakfast; lunch is pranzo in Italian).
References
Christianity portal
^ a b Heuser, Herman Joseph (1938). The American Ecclesiastical Review;: A Monthly Publication for the Clergy. Catholic University of America Press. p. 108.
^ a b Ferm, Vergilius (1 June 1962). Encyclopedia of Religion. Philosophical Library. p. 79. ISBN 9780802204905. Gradually the black fast disappeared as the practice arose of taking a small breakfast and an evening collation on fast days.
^ Stravinskas, Peter M. J.; Shaw, Russell B. (1 September 1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 9780879736699. The so-called black fast refers to a day or days of penance on which only one meal is allowed, and that in the evening. The prescription of this type of fast not only forbids the partaking of meats but also of all dairy products, such as eggs, butter, cheese and milk. Wine and other alcoholic beverages are forbidden as well. In short, only bread, water and vegetables form part of the diet for one following such a fast.
^ Franciscan Message, Volume 2. Franciscan Fathers. 1948. p. 282. The Black Fast continued until the tenth century when the custom of taking one daily meal was advanced to mid-afternoon, followed in the fourteenth century to mid-day. Shortly thereafter, an evening collation was permitted the faithful.
^ Butler, Alban (1839). The Moveable Feasts, Fasts, and Other Annual Observances of the Catholic Church. James Duffy. p. 155.
^ Lit. 'Conferences with the fathers of Scetis in the desert'), usually translated as Conferences with the Desert Fathers,)
^ Addis, William E.; Press, Aeterna (1961). A Catholic Dictionary. Aeterna Press. p. 699. St. Benedict in his rule requires his religious to assemble after supper and before compline and listen to "collations"—i.e. the Conferences (of Cassian), the Lives of the Fathers, or other edifying books which were then read aloud by one of their number.
^ St. Benedict. "Chapter XLII: That No One Speak after Compline". The Holy Rule of St. Benedict. Translated by Boniface Verheyen. (1949 ed.). Retrieved 8 March 2019. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ a b "Lent", The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 March 2019. "Still more material was the relaxation afforded by the introduction of "collation". This seems to have begun in the ninth century, when the Council of Aix la Chapelle sanctioned the concession, even in monastic houses, of a draught of water or other beverage in the evening to quench the thirst of those who were exhausted by the manual labor of the day. From this small beginning a much larger indulgence was gradually evolved. The principle of parvitas materiae, i.e., that a small quantity of nourishment which was not taken directly as a meal did not break the fast, was adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas and other theologians, and in the course of centuries a recognized quantity of solid food, which according to received authorities must not exceed eight ounces, has come to be permitted after the midday repast. As this evening drink, when first tolerated in the ninth-century monasteries, was taken at the hour at which the "Collationes" (Conferences) of Abbot Cassian were being read aloud to the brethren, this slight indulgence came to be known as a "collation", and the name has continued since."
^ Briggs, John H. Y. (1 November 2009). A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 201. ISBN 9781608991655.
^ Anglican Theological Review. Anglican Theological Review. 1952. p. 96. In practice, however, these fasts are relieved by "collations," or what might be called an occasional snack. "Abstinence" usually involves abstention from flesh meat. In Anglican 'usage, the terms fasting and abstinence have become synonymous, probably because traditional fast days have been days of abstinence as well.
^ Prange, Joel (24 January 1977). "A Study of Fasting in the Scriptures and the Life of the Church" (PDF). Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. p. 5. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ Foley, Anthony (26 February 2021). "The history of Lent and fasting in the Church". Our Lady's Blue Army. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ "Apostolic Constitution Paenitemini". Holy See. 1966. Retrieved 22 Feb 2023.
^ "Fast & Abstinence". USCCB. 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ "Fasting Guidelines" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ Gavitt, Loren Nichols (1991). Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion. Holy Cross Publications.
^ Wojnarowski, Veronica (2014). "Speaking Polish-Piece of Cake" (PDF). Polish Journey. 12: 4.
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Its purpose is to allow a believer to perform his/her duties while fasting throughout the day.[1]","title":"Collation (meal)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Fast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferm1962-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StravinskasShaw1998-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferm1962-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Cassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisPress1961-7"},{"link_name":"Rule of Saint Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"fasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting"},{"link_name":"Vespers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespers"},{"link_name":"Lives of the Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Compline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compline"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE2019-9"},{"link_name":"abstinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinence"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE2019-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Briggs2009-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley2021-13"}],"text":"The traditional Black Fast of Western Christianity, which was broken after sunset, did not permit a collation if strictly observed.[2][3] After the 14th century AD, taking a collation became a normative part of Christian fasting practices in many localities.[2][4] Water was not allowed to be consumed during the collation, but only during the main meal, which was taken after sunset.[5]The consumption of a collation originally derives from the rule dating from the mid-6th century A.D. in Benedictine monasteries, that the usual evening meal was to be followed by the reading of excerpts from Collationes patrum in Scetica eremo[6] written by John Cassian in around 420 A.D.[7] However, according to the Rule of Saint Benedict, on days of fasting there would be no evening meal: Vespers was directly followed by the readings from the Collationes or the Lives of the Fathers, and then Compline.[8]By the 9th century AD the strict rules about fasting in Western Christianity started to become more relaxed, as it became allowed to have a small amount of water in the evening on fast days.[9] Over the centuries, this eventually grew to apply to the indulgence of \"a recognized quantity of solid food\" allowed on days of fasting, with or without abstinence.[9][10][11] The evening collation came to be defined by the Catholic Church as being less than eight ounces of food.[12] In the 19th century, the allowance of another collation, called a frustulum, was introduced by the Catholic Church and is permitted to be eaten in the morning.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Missouri Synod Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCA2016-16"},{"link_name":"Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine%27s_Prayer_Book"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavitt1991-17"}],"text":"At the present time, on Christian strict fasting days of Lent (Ash Wednesday and Good Friday), the Catholic Church prescribes \"only one full meal a day, but does not prohibit taking some food in the morning and evening, observing — as far as quantity and quality are concerned — approved local custom.\".[14] This is, in some places, interpreted as \"one full meal, as well as two smaller meals that together are not equal to a full meal\".[15]Similarly, a Missouri Synod Lutheran publication delineating fasting guidelines states that \"On fasting days, two ¼ meals are eaten, and one regular meal in the evening\".[16] The Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion defines \"Fasting, usually meaning not more than a light breakfast, one full meal, and one half meal, on the forty days of Lent.\"[17]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supper"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"}],"text":"The French court of Louis XIV used the term collation to refer to light meals in general. In British English today, a collation is likewise a light meal, offered to guests when there is insufficient time for fuller entertainment. It is often rendered cold collation in reference to the usual lack of hot or cooked food. The Polish word kolacja (\"supper\") is a derivation.[18]In modern Italian, the two small meals are the prima colazione (breakfast) and seconda colazione (lunch). The word \"colazione\" itself in the general language now means \"breakfast\" (whereas the English \"break their fast\" for breakfast; lunch is pranzo in Italian).","title":"Other uses"}]
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[{"image_text":"A collation is a small amount of food taken on fasting days.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vegetarian_%22Or-larm%22_stew_at_Kualao_Restaurant_1.jpg/220px-Vegetarian_%22Or-larm%22_stew_at_Kualao_Restaurant_1.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Heuser, Herman Joseph (1938). The American Ecclesiastical Review;: A Monthly Publication for the Clergy. Catholic University of America Press. p. 108.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ferm, Vergilius (1 June 1962). Encyclopedia of Religion. Philosophical Library. p. 79. ISBN 9780802204905. Gradually the black fast disappeared as the practice arose of taking a small breakfast and an evening collation on fast days.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802204905","url_text":"9780802204905"}]},{"reference":"Stravinskas, Peter M. J.; Shaw, Russell B. (1 September 1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 9780879736699. The so-called black fast refers to a day or days of penance on which only one meal is allowed, and that in the evening. The prescription of this type of fast not only forbids the partaking of meats but also of all dairy products, such as eggs, butter, cheese and milk. Wine and other alcoholic beverages are forbidden as well. In short, only bread, water and vegetables form part of the diet for one following such a fast.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879736699","url_text":"9780879736699"}]},{"reference":"Franciscan Message, Volume 2. Franciscan Fathers. 1948. p. 282. The Black Fast continued until the tenth century when the custom of taking one daily meal was advanced to mid-afternoon, followed in the fourteenth century to mid-day. Shortly thereafter, an evening collation was permitted the faithful.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Butler, Alban (1839). The Moveable Feasts, Fasts, and Other Annual Observances of the Catholic Church. James Duffy. p. 155.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Addis, William E.; Press, Aeterna (1961). A Catholic Dictionary. Aeterna Press. p. 699. St. Benedict in his rule requires his religious to assemble after supper and before compline and listen to \"collations\"—i.e. the Conferences (of Cassian), the Lives of the Fathers, or other edifying books which were then read aloud by one of their number.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian","url_text":"Cassian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Fathers","url_text":"Lives of the Fathers"}]},{"reference":"St. Benedict. \"Chapter XLII: That No One Speak after Compline\". The Holy Rule of St. Benedict. Translated by Boniface Verheyen. (1949 ed.). Retrieved 8 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Benedict","url_text":"St. Benedict"},{"url":"http://catholicfirst.com/thefaith/catholicclassics/benedict/benedict.html","url_text":"\"Chapter XLII: That No One Speak after Compline\""}]},{"reference":"Briggs, John H. Y. (1 November 2009). A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 201. ISBN 9781608991655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608991655","url_text":"9781608991655"}]},{"reference":"Anglican Theological Review. Anglican Theological Review. 1952. p. 96. In practice, however, these fasts are relieved by \"collations,\" or what might be called an occasional snack. \"Abstinence\" usually involves abstention from flesh meat. In Anglican 'usage, the terms fasting and abstinence have become synonymous, probably because traditional fast days have been days of abstinence as well.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Theological_Review","url_text":"Anglican Theological Review"}]},{"reference":"Prange, Joel (24 January 1977). \"A Study of Fasting in the Scriptures and the Life of the Church\" (PDF). Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. p. 5. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://essays.wls.wels.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3755/PrangeFasting.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"A Study of Fasting in the Scriptures and the Life of the Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod","url_text":"Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Anthony (26 February 2021). \"The history of Lent and fasting in the Church\". Our Lady's Blue Army. Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bluearmy.com/the-history-lent-and-fasting-in-the-church/","url_text":"\"The history of Lent and fasting in the Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apostolic Constitution Paenitemini\". Holy See. 1966. Retrieved 22 Feb 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19660217_paenitemini.html","url_text":"\"Apostolic Constitution Paenitemini\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See","url_text":"Holy See"}]},{"reference":"\"Fast & Abstinence\". USCCB. 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence.cfm","url_text":"\"Fast & Abstinence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCCB","url_text":"USCCB"}]},{"reference":"\"Fasting Guidelines\" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164934/https://www.glctulsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Fasting-Guidelines-Rev-2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Fasting Guidelines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America","url_text":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America"},{"url":"http://glctulsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Fasting-Guidelines-Rev-2016.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gavitt, Loren Nichols (1991). Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion. Holy Cross Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wojnarowski, Veronica (2014). \"Speaking Polish-Piece of Cake\" (PDF). Polish Journey. 12: 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polishculturalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014-summer-newsletter-web.pdf","url_text":"\"Speaking Polish-Piece of Cake\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://catholicfirst.com/thefaith/catholicclassics/benedict/benedict.html","external_links_name":"\"Chapter XLII: That No One Speak after Compline\""},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lent\""},{"Link":"http://essays.wls.wels.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3755/PrangeFasting.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"A Study of Fasting in the Scriptures and the Life of the Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.bluearmy.com/the-history-lent-and-fasting-in-the-church/","external_links_name":"\"The history of Lent and fasting in the Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19660217_paenitemini.html","external_links_name":"\"Apostolic Constitution Paenitemini\""},{"Link":"http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Fast & Abstinence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164934/https://www.glctulsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Fasting-Guidelines-Rev-2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fasting Guidelines\""},{"Link":"http://glctulsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Fasting-Guidelines-Rev-2016.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.polishculturalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014-summer-newsletter-web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Speaking Polish-Piece of Cake\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_fraud
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Scientific misconduct
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["1 Motivation","2 Forms","2.1 Photo manipulation","2.2 Helicopter research","3 Responsibilities","3.1 Authorship responsibility","3.2 Research institution responsibility","3.3 Scientific peer responsibility","3.4 Responsibility of journals","4 Consequences of scientific misconduct","4.1 Consequences for science","4.2 Consequences for those who expose misconduct","4.3 Regulatory Violations and Consequences (example)","5 Data issues","5.1 Exposure of fraudulent data","5.2 Data sharing","6 Underreporting","7 Some notable cases","8 Solutions","8.1 Changing research assessment","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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Violation of codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in scientific research
For dishonesty in educational settings, see Academic dishonesty. For unscientific claims presented as science, see Pseudoscience.
Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research. It is violation of scientific integrity: violation of the scientific method and of research ethics in science, including in the design, conduct, and reporting of research.
A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries provides the following sample definitions, reproduced in The COPE report 1999:
Danish definition: "Intention or gross negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist"
Swedish definition: "Intention distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or publication; or distortion of the research process in other ways."
The consequences of scientific misconduct can be damaging for perpetrators and journal audience and for any individual who exposes it. In addition there are public health implications attached to the promotion of medical or other interventions based on false or fabricated research findings.
Three percent of the 3,475 research institutions that report to the US Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Research Integrity, indicate some form of scientific misconduct. However the ORI will only investigate allegations of impropriety where research was funded by federal grants. They routinely monitor such research publications for red flags and their investigation is subject to a statute of limitations. Other private organizations like the Committee of Medical Journal Editors (COJE) can only police their own members.
Motivation
According to David Goodstein of Caltech, there are motivators for scientists to commit misconduct, which are briefly summarised here.
Career pressure
Science is still a very strongly career-driven discipline. Scientists depend on a good reputation to receive ongoing support and funding, and a good reputation relies largely on the publication of high-profile scientific papers. Hence, there is a strong imperative to "publish or perish". Clearly, this may motivate desperate (or fame-hungry) scientists to fabricate results.
Ease of fabrication
In many scientific fields, results are often difficult to reproduce accurately, being obscured by noise, artifacts, and other extraneous data. That means that even if a scientist does falsify data, they can expect to get away with it – or at least claim innocence if their results conflict with others in the same field. There are few strongly backed systems to investigate possible violations, attempt to press charges, or punish deliberate misconduct. It is relatively easy to cheat although difficult to know exactly how many scientists fabricate data.
Monetary Gain
In many scientific fields, the most lucrative options for professionals are often selling opinions. Corporations can pay experts to support products directly or indirectly via conferences. Psychologists can make money by repeatedly acting as an expert witness in custody proceedings for the same law firms.
Forms
The U.S. National Science Foundation defines three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.
Fabrication is making up results and recording or reporting them. This is sometimes referred to as "drylabbing". A more minor form of fabrication is where references are included to give arguments the appearance of widespread acceptance, but are actually fake, or do not support the argument.
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. One form is the appropriation of the ideas and results of others, and publishing as to make it appear the author had performed all the work under which the data was obtained. A subset is citation plagiarism – willful or negligent failure to appropriately credit other or prior discoverers, so as to give an improper impression of priority. This is also known as, "citation amnesia", the "disregard syndrome" and "bibliographic negligence". Arguably, this is the most common type of scientific misconduct. Sometimes it is difficult to guess whether authors intentionally ignored a highly relevant cite or lacked knowledge of the prior work. Discovery credit can also be inadvertently reassigned from the original discoverer to a better-known researcher. This is a special case of the Matthew effect.
Plagiarism-fabrication – the act of taking an unrelated figure from an unrelated publication and reproducing it exactly in a new publication, claiming that it represents new data.
Self-plagiarism – or multiple publication of the same content with different titles or in different journals is sometimes also considered misconduct; scientific journals explicitly ask authors not to do this. It is referred to as "salami" (i.e. many identical slices) in the jargon of medical journal editors. According to some editors this includes publishing the same article in a different language.
Other types of research misconduct are also recognized:
Ghostwriting – the phenomenon where someone other than the named author(s) makes a major contribution. Typically, this is done to mask contributions from authors with a conflict of interest.
Conversely, research misconduct is not limited to not listing authorship, but also includes the act of conferring authorship on those who have not made substantial contributions to the research. This is done by senior researchers who muscle their way onto the papers of inexperienced junior researchers as well as others that stack authorship in an effort to guarantee publication. This is much harder to prove due to a lack of consistency in defining "authorship" or "substantial contribution".
Scientific misconduct can also occur during the peer-review process by a reviewer or editor with a conflict of interest. Reviewer-coerced citation can also inflate the perceived citation impact of a researcher's work and their reputation in the scientific community, similar to excessive self-citation. Reviewers are expected to be impartial and assess the quality of their work. They are expected to declare a conflict of interest to the editors if they are colleagues or competitors of the authors. A rarer case of scientific misconduct is editorial misconduct, where an editor does not declare conflicts of interest, creates pseudonyms to review papers, gives strongly worded editorial decisions to support reviews suggesting to add excessive citations to their own unrelated works or to add themselves as a co-author or their name to the title of the manuscript.
Publishing in a predatory journal, knowingly or unknowingly, was discussed as a form of potential scientific misconduct.
The peer-review process can have limitations when considering research outside the conventional scientific paradigm: social factors such as "groupthink" can interfere with open and fair deliberation of new research.
Photo manipulation
Compared to other forms of scientific misconduct, image fraud (manipulation of images to distort their meaning) is of particular interest since it can frequently be detected by external parties. In 2006, the Journal of Cell Biology gained publicity for instituting tests to detect photo manipulation in papers that were being considered for publication. This was in response to the increased usage of programs such as Adobe Photoshop by scientists, which facilitate photo manipulation. Since then more publishers, including the Nature Publishing Group, have instituted similar tests and require authors to minimize and specify the extent of photo manipulation when a manuscript is submitted for publication. However, there is little evidence to indicate that such tests are applied rigorously. One Nature paper published in 2009 has subsequently been reported to contain around 20 separate instances of image fraud.
Although the type of manipulation that is allowed can depend greatly on the type of experiment that is presented and also differ from one journal to another, in general the following manipulations are not allowed:
splicing together different images to represent a single experiment
changing brightness and contrast of only a part of the image
any change that conceals information, even when it is considered to be non-specific, which includes:
changing brightness and contrast to leave only the most intense signal
using clone tools to hide information
showing only a very small part of the photograph so that additional information is not visible
Image manipulations are typically done on visually repetitive images such as those of blots and microscope images.
Helicopter research
This section is an excerpt from Neo-colonial science.
Neo-colonial research or neo-colonial science, frequently described as helicopter research, parachute science or research, parasitic research, or safari study, is when researchers from wealthier countries go to a developing country, collect information, travel back to their country, analyze the data and samples, and publish the results with no or little involvement of local researchers. A 2003 study by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences found that 70% of articles in a random sample of publications about least-developed countries did not include a local research co-author.
Frequently, during this kind of research, the local colleagues might be used to provide logistics support as fixers but are not engaged for their expertise or given credit for their participation in the research. Scientific publications resulting from parachute science frequently only contribute to the career of the scientists from rich countries, thus limiting the development of local science capacity (such as funded research centers) and the careers of local scientists. This form of "colonial" science has reverberations of 19th century scientific practices of treating non-Western participants as "others" in order to advance colonialism—and critics call for the end of these extractivist practices in order to decolonize knowledge.
This kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because international researchers may not ask the right questions or draw connections to local issues. The result of this approach is that local communities are unable to leverage the research to their own advantage. Ultimately, especially for fields dealing with global issues like conservation biology which rely on local communities to implement solutions, neo-colonial science prevents institutionalization of the findings in local communities in order to address issues being studied by scientists.
Responsibilities
Authorship responsibility
All authors of a scientific publication are expected to have made reasonable attempts to check findings submitted to academic journals for publication.
Simultaneous submission of scientific findings to more than one journal or duplicate publication of findings is usually regarded as misconduct, under what is known as the Ingelfinger rule, named after the editor of The New England Journal of Medicine 1967–1977, Franz Ingelfinger.
Guest authorship (where there is stated authorship in the absence of involvement, also known as gift authorship) and ghost authorship (where the real author is not listed as an author) are commonly regarded as forms of research misconduct. In some cases coauthors of faked research have been accused of inappropriate behavior or research misconduct for failing to verify reports authored by others or by a commercial sponsor. Examples include the case of Gerald Schatten who co-authored with Hwang Woo-Suk, the case of Professor Geoffrey Chamberlain named as guest author of papers fabricated by Malcolm Pearce, (Chamberlain was exonerated from collusion in Pearce's deception) – and the coauthors with Jan Hendrik Schön at Bell Laboratories. More recent cases include that of Charles Nemeroff, then the editor-in-chief of Neuropsychopharmacology, and a well-documented case involving the drug Actonel.
Authors are expected to keep all study data for later examination even after publication. The failure to keep data may be regarded as misconduct. Some scientific journals require that authors provide information to allow readers to determine whether the authors might have commercial or non-commercial conflicts of interest. Authors are also commonly required to provide information about ethical aspects of research, particularly where research involves human or animal participants or use of biological material. Provision of incorrect information to journals may be regarded as misconduct. Financial pressures on universities have encouraged this type of misconduct. The majority of recent cases of alleged misconduct involving undisclosed conflicts of interest or failure of the authors to have seen scientific data involve collaborative research between scientists and biotechnology companies.
Research institution responsibility
In general, defining whether an individual is guilty of misconduct requires a detailed investigation by the individual's employing academic institution. Such investigations require detailed and rigorous processes and can be extremely costly. Furthermore, the more senior the individual under suspicion, the more likely it is that conflicts of interest will compromise the investigation. In many countries (with the notable exception of the United States) acquisition of funds on the basis of fraudulent data is not a legal offence and there is consequently no regulator to oversee investigations into alleged research misconduct. Universities therefore have few incentives to investigate allegations in a robust manner, or act on the findings of such investigations if they vindicate the allegation.
Well publicised cases illustrate the potential role that senior academics in research institutions play in concealing scientific misconduct. A King's College (London) internal investigation showed research findings from one of their researchers to be 'at best unreliable, and in many cases spurious' but the college took no action, such as retracting relevant published research or preventing further episodes from occurring.
In a more recent case an internal investigation at the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune determined that there was evidence of misconduct by Gopal Kundu, but an external committee was then organised which dismissed the allegation, and the NCCS issued a memorandum exonerating the authors of all charges of misconduct. Undeterred by the NCCS exoneration, the relevant journal (Journal of Biological Chemistry) withdrew the paper based on its own analysis.
Scientific peer responsibility
Some academics believe that scientific colleagues who suspect scientific misconduct should consider taking informal action themselves, or reporting their concerns. This question is of great importance since much research suggests that it is very difficult for people to act or come forward when they see unacceptable behavior, unless they have help from their organizations. A "User-friendly Guide," and the existence of a confidential organizational ombudsman may help people who are uncertain about what to do, or afraid of bad consequences for their speaking up.
Responsibility of journals
Journals are responsible for safeguarding the research record and hence have a critical role in dealing with suspected misconduct. This is recognised by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) which has issued clear guidelines on the form (e.g. retraction) that concerns over the research record should take.
The COPE guidelines state that journal editors should consider retracting a publication if they have clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error). Retraction is also appropriate in cases of redundant publication, plagiarism and unethical research.
Journal editors should consider issuing an expression of concern if they receive inconclusive evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors, there is evidence that the findings are unreliable but the authors' institution will not investigate the case, they believe that an investigation into alleged misconduct related to the publication either has not been, or would not be, fair and impartial or conclusive, or an investigation is underway but a judgement will not be available for a considerable time.
Journal editors should consider issuing a correction if a small portion of an otherwise reliable publication proves to be misleading (especially because of honest error), or the author / contributor list is incorrect (i.e. a deserving author has been omitted or somebody who does not meet authorship criteria has been included).
Evidence emerged in 2012 that journals learning of cases where there is strong evidence of possible misconduct, with issues potentially affecting a large portion of the findings, frequently fail to issue an expression of concern or correspond with the host institution so that an investigation can be undertaken. In one case, Nature allowed a corrigendum to be published despite clear evidence of image fraud. Subsequent retraction of the paper required the actions of an independent whistleblower.
The cases of Joachim Boldt and Yoshitaka Fujii in anaesthesiology focussed attention on the role that journals play in perpetuating scientific fraud as well as how they can deal with it. In the Boldt case, the editors-in-chief of 18 specialist journals (generally anaesthesia and intensive care) made a joint statement regarding 88 published clinical trials conducted without Ethics Committee approval. In the Fujii case, involving nearly 200 papers, the journal Anesthesia & Analgesia, which published 24 of Fujii's papers, has accepted that its handling of the issue was inadequate. Following publication of a letter to the editor from Kranke and colleagues in April 2000, along with a non-specific response from Dr. Fujii, there was no follow-up on the allegation of data manipulation and no request for an institutional review of Dr. Fujii's research. Anesthesia & Analgesia went on to publish 11 additional manuscripts by Dr. Fujii following the 2000 allegations of research fraud, with Editor Steven Shafer stating in March 2012 that subsequent submissions to the Journal by Dr. Fujii should not have been published without first vetting the allegations of fraud. In April 2012 Shafer led a group of editors to write a joint statement, in the form of an ultimatum made available to the public, to a large number of academic institutions where Fujii had been employed, offering these institutions the chance to attest to the integrity of the bulk of the allegedly fraudulent papers.
Consequences of scientific misconduct
Consequences for science
The consequences of scientific fraud vary based on the severity of the fraud, the level of notice it receives, and how long it goes undetected. For cases of fabricated evidence, the consequences can be wide-ranging, with others working to confirm (or refute) the false finding, or with research agendas being distorted to address the fraudulent evidence. The Piltdown Man fraud is a case in point: The significance of the bona-fide fossils that were being found was muted for decades because they disagreed with Piltdown Man and the preconceived notions that those faked fossils supported. In addition, the prominent paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward spent time at Piltdown each year until he died, trying to find more Piltdown Man remains. The misdirection of resources kept others from taking the real fossils more seriously and delayed the reaching of a correct understanding of human evolution. (The Taung Child, which should have been the death knell for the view that the human brain evolved first, was instead treated very critically because of its disagreement with the Piltdown Man evidence.)
In the case of Prof Don Poldermans, the misconduct occurred in reports of trials of treatment to prevent death and myocardial infarction in patients undergoing operations. The trial reports were relied upon to issue guidelines that applied for many years across North America and Europe.
In the case of Dr Alfred Steinschneider, two decades and tens of millions of research dollars were lost trying to find the elusive link between infant sleep apnea, which Steinschneider said he had observed and recorded in his laboratory, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), of which he stated it was a precursor. The cover was blown in 1994, 22 years after Steinschneider's 1972 Pediatrics paper claiming such an association, when Waneta Hoyt, the mother of the patients in the paper, was arrested, indicted and convicted on five counts of second-degree murder for the smothering deaths of her five children. While that in itself was bad enough, the paper, presumably written as an attempt to save infants' lives, ironically was ultimately used as a defense by parents suspected in multiple deaths of their own children in cases of Münchausen syndrome by proxy. The 1972 Pediatrics paper was cited in 404 papers in the interim and is still listed on Pubmed without comment.
Consequences for those who expose misconduct
The potentially severe consequences for individuals who are found to have engaged in misconduct also reflect on the institutions that host or employ them and also on the participants in any peer review process that has allowed the publication of questionable research. This means that a range of actors in any case may have a motivation to suppress any evidence or suggestion of misconduct. Persons who expose such cases, commonly called whistleblowers, find themselves open to retaliation by a number of different means. These negative consequences for exposers of misconduct have driven the development of whistle blowers charters – designed to protect those who raise concerns (for more details refer to retaliation (law)).
Regulatory Violations and Consequences (example)
Title 10 Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Part 50.5, Deliberate Misconduct of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations, addresses the prohibition of certain activities by individual involved in NRC-licensed activities. 10 CFR 50.5 is designed to ensure the safety and integrity of nuclear operations. 10 CFR Part 50.9, Completeness and Accuracy of Information, focuses on the requirements for providing information and data to the NRC. The intent of 10 CFR 50.5 is to deter and penalize intentional wrongdoing (i.e., violations). 10 CFR 50.9 is crucial in maintaining transparency and reliability in the nuclear industry, which effectively emphasizes honesty and integrity in maintaining the safety and security of nuclear operations. Providing false or misleading information or data to the NRC is therefore a violation of 10 CFR 50.9.
Violation of any of these rules can lead to severe penalties, including termination, fines and criminal prosecution. It can also result in the revocation of licenses or certifications, thereby barring individuals or entities from participating in any NRC-licensed activities in the future.
Data issues
Exposure of fraudulent data
With the advancement of the internet, there are now several tools available to aid in the detection of plagiarism and multiple publication within biomedical literature. One tool developed in 2006 by researchers in Dr. Harold Garner's laboratory at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas is Déjà vu, an open-access database containing several thousand instances of duplicate publication. All of the entries in the database were discovered through the use of text data mining algorithm eTBLAST, also created in Dr. Garner's laboratory. The creation of Déjà vu and the subsequent classification of several hundred articles contained therein have ignited much discussion in the scientific community concerning issues such as ethical behavior, journal standards, and intellectual copyright. Studies on this database have been published in journals such as Nature and Science, among others.
Other tools which may be used to detect fraudulent data include error analysis. Measurements generally have a small amount of error, and repeated measurements of the same item will generally result in slight differences in readings. These differences can be analyzed, and follow certain known mathematical and statistical properties. Should a set of data appear to be too faithful to the hypothesis, i.e., the amount of error that would normally be in such measurements does not appear, a conclusion can be drawn that the data may have been forged. Error analysis alone is typically not sufficient to prove that data have been falsified or fabricated, but it may provide the supporting evidence necessary to confirm suspicions of misconduct.
Data sharing
Kirby Lee and Lisa Bero suggest, "Although reviewing raw data can be difficult, time-consuming and expensive, having such a policy would hold authors more accountable for the accuracy of their data and potentially reduce scientific fraud or misconduct."
Underreporting
The vast majority of cases of scientific misconduct may not be reported. The number of article retractions in 2022 was nearly 5,500, but Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus, co-founders of Retraction Watch, estimate that at least 100,000 retractions should occur every year, with only about one in five being due to "honest error".
Some notable cases
Main article: Scientific misconduct incidents
In 1998 Andrew Wakefield published a fraudulent research paper in The Lancet claiming links between the MMR vaccine, autism, and inflammatory bowel disease. In 2010 he was found guilty of dishonesty in his research and banned from medicine by the UK General Medical Council following an investigation by Brian Deer of the London Sunday Times.
The claims in Wakefield's paper were widely reported, leading to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland and outbreaks of mumps and measles. Promotion of the claimed link continues to fuel the anti-vaccination movement.
In 2011 Diederik Stapel, a highly regarded Dutch social psychologist, turned out to have fabricated data in dozens of studies on human behaviour. He has been called "the biggest con man in academic science".
In 2020 Sapan Desai and his coauthors published two papers, in the prestigious medical journals The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine, early in the COVID-19 pandemic. The papers were based on a very large dataset published by Surgisphere, a company owned by Desai. The dataset was exposed as a fabrication, and the papers were soon retracted.
Solutions
Changing research assessment
Since 2012, the Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA), from San Francisco, gathers many institutions, publishers and individuals committing to improve the metrics used to assess research and to stop focusing on the journal impact factor.
See also
Academic dishonesty
Archaeological forgery
Bioethics
Bullying in academia
Committee on Publication Ethics
Conflicts of interest in academic publishing
Cyril Burt
Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty
Data fabrication
Engineering ethics
Fabrication (science)
Hippocratic Oath for scientists
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
Japanese scientific misconduct allegations
List of cognitive biases
List of experimental errors and frauds in physics
List of fallacies
List of memory biases
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Lysenkoism
Mertonian norms
Metascience
Pathological science
Politicization of science
Reproducibility
Research ethics
Research integrity
Research paper mill
Retraction
Scientific method
Scientific plagiarism in India
Scientific plagiarism in the United States
Sham peer review
Source criticism
United States Office of Research Integrity (ORI)
Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles
Straight and Crooked Thinking
The Great Betrayal: Fraud In Science
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^ "Read the Declaration". DORA. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
Further reading
Claus Emmeche. "An old and a recent example of scientific fraud" (PowerPoint). Retrieved 2007-05-18.
Sam Kean (2021). The Icepick Surgeon: Murder, Fraud, Sabotage, Piracy, and Other Dastardly Deeds Perpetrated in the Name of Science. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316496506.
Patricia Keith-Spiegel, Joan Sieber, and Gerald P. Koocher (November, 2010). Responding to Research Wrongdoing: A User Friendly Guide.
Jargin SV. Misconduct in Medical Research and Practice. Nova Science Publishers, 2020. https://novapublishers.com/shop/misconduct-in-medical-research-and-practice/
External links
Media related to Scientific misconduct at Wikimedia Commons
Publication ethics checklist (PDF) (for routine use during manuscript submission to a scientific journal)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academic dishonesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonesty"},{"link_name":"Pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"scholarly conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_method"},{"link_name":"ethical behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional"},{"link_name":"scientific research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"scientific integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_integrity"},{"link_name":"scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"research ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ethics"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments"},{"link_name":"conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment"},{"link_name":"reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"link_name":"Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"US Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Office of Research Integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Research_Integrity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For dishonesty in educational settings, see Academic dishonesty. For unscientific claims presented as science, see Pseudoscience.Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research. It is violation of scientific integrity: violation of the scientific method and of research ethics in science, including in the design, conduct, and reporting of research.A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries provides the following sample definitions,[1] reproduced in The COPE report 1999:[2]Danish definition: \"Intention or gross negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist\"\nSwedish definition: \"Intention[al] distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or publication; or distortion of the research process in other ways.\"The consequences of scientific misconduct can be damaging for perpetrators and journal audience[3][4] and for any individual who exposes it.[5] In addition there are public health implications attached to the promotion of medical or other interventions based on false or fabricated research findings.Three percent of the 3,475 research institutions that report to the US Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Research Integrity, indicate some form of scientific misconduct.[6] However the ORI will only investigate allegations of impropriety where research was funded by federal grants. They routinely monitor such research publications for red flags and their investigation is subject to a statute of limitations. Other private organizations like the Committee of Medical Journal Editors (COJE) can only police their own members.[7]","title":"Scientific misconduct"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Goodstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goodstein"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"},{"link_name":"funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding"},{"link_name":"publish or perish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish_or_perish"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(observational)"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"According to David Goodstein of Caltech, there are motivators for scientists to commit misconduct, which are briefly summarised here.[8]Career pressure\nScience is still a very strongly career-driven discipline. Scientists depend on a good reputation to receive ongoing support and funding, and a good reputation relies largely on the publication of high-profile scientific papers. Hence, there is a strong imperative to \"publish or perish\". Clearly, this may motivate desperate (or fame-hungry) scientists to fabricate results.\nEase of fabrication\nIn many scientific fields, results are often difficult to reproduce accurately, being obscured by noise, artifacts, and other extraneous data. That means that even if a scientist does falsify data, they can expect to get away with it – or at least claim innocence if their results conflict with others in the same field. There are few strongly backed systems to investigate possible violations, attempt to press charges, or punish deliberate misconduct. It is relatively easy to cheat although difficult to know exactly how many scientists fabricate data.[9]\nMonetary Gain\nIn many scientific fields, the most lucrative options for professionals are often selling opinions. Corporations can pay experts to support products directly or indirectly via conferences. Psychologists can make money by repeatedly acting as an expert witness in custody proceedings for the same law firms.","title":"Motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"fabrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrication_(science)"},{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shapiro1992-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Matthew effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"multiple publication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_publication"},{"link_name":"scientific journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ghostwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"peer-review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review"},{"link_name":"Reviewer-coerced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercive_citation"},{"link_name":"citation impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"predatory journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_journal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid33836895-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid34393593-26"},{"link_name":"groupthink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The U.S. National Science Foundation defines three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.[10][11]Fabrication is making up results and recording or reporting them. This is sometimes referred to as \"drylabbing\".[12] A more minor form of fabrication is where references are included to give arguments the appearance of widespread acceptance, but are actually fake, or do not support the argument.[13]\nFalsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.\nPlagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. One form is the appropriation of the ideas and results of others, and publishing as to make it appear the author had performed all the work under which the data was obtained. A subset is citation plagiarism – willful or negligent failure to appropriately credit other or prior discoverers, so as to give an improper impression of priority. This is also known as, \"citation amnesia\", the \"disregard syndrome\" and \"bibliographic negligence\".[14] Arguably, this is the most common type of scientific misconduct. Sometimes it is difficult to guess whether authors intentionally ignored a highly relevant cite or lacked knowledge of the prior work. Discovery credit can also be inadvertently reassigned from the original discoverer to a better-known researcher. This is a special case of the Matthew effect.[15]\nPlagiarism-fabrication – the act of taking an unrelated figure from an unrelated publication and reproducing it exactly in a new publication, claiming that it represents new data.\nSelf-plagiarism – or multiple publication of the same content with different titles or in different journals is sometimes also considered misconduct; scientific journals explicitly ask authors not to do this. It is referred to as \"salami\" (i.e. many identical slices) in the jargon of medical journal editors. According to some editors this includes publishing the same article in a different language.[16]Other types of research misconduct are also recognized:Ghostwriting – the phenomenon where someone other than the named author(s) makes a major contribution. Typically, this is done to mask contributions from authors with a conflict of interest.\nConversely, research misconduct is not limited to not listing authorship, but also includes the act of conferring authorship on those who have not made substantial contributions to the research.[17][18] This is done by senior researchers who muscle their way onto the papers of inexperienced junior researchers[19] as well as others that stack authorship in an effort to guarantee publication. This is much harder to prove due to a lack of consistency in defining \"authorship\" or \"substantial contribution\".[20][21][22]\nScientific misconduct can also occur during the peer-review process by a reviewer or editor with a conflict of interest. Reviewer-coerced citation can also inflate the perceived citation impact of a researcher's work and their reputation in the scientific community,[23] similar to excessive self-citation. Reviewers are expected to be impartial and assess the quality of their work. They are expected to declare a conflict of interest to the editors if they are colleagues or competitors of the authors. A rarer case of scientific misconduct is editorial misconduct,[24] where an editor does not declare conflicts of interest, creates pseudonyms to review papers, gives strongly worded editorial decisions to support reviews suggesting to add excessive citations to their own unrelated works or to add themselves as a co-author or their name to the title of the manuscript.\nPublishing in a predatory journal, knowingly or unknowingly, was discussed as a form of potential scientific misconduct.[25][26]\nThe peer-review process can have limitations when considering research outside the conventional scientific paradigm: social factors such as \"groupthink\" can interfere with open and fair deliberation of new research.[27]","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photo manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Adobe Photoshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop"},{"link_name":"Nature Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kato-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"brightness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightness"},{"link_name":"contrast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(vision)"},{"link_name":"clone tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_tool"},{"link_name":"blots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Photo manipulation","text":"Compared to other forms of scientific misconduct, image fraud (manipulation of images to distort their meaning) is of particular interest since it can frequently be detected by external parties. In 2006, the Journal of Cell Biology gained publicity for instituting tests to detect photo manipulation in papers that were being considered for publication.[28] This was in response to the increased usage of programs such as Adobe Photoshop by scientists, which facilitate photo manipulation. Since then more publishers, including the Nature Publishing Group, have instituted similar tests and require authors to minimize and specify the extent of photo manipulation when a manuscript is submitted for publication. However, there is little evidence to indicate that such tests are applied rigorously. One Nature paper published in 2009[29] has subsequently been reported to contain around 20 separate instances[30] of image fraud.Although the type of manipulation that is allowed can depend greatly on the type of experiment that is presented and also differ from one journal to another, in general the following manipulations are not allowed:[31][32]splicing together different images to represent a single experiment\nchanging brightness and contrast of only a part of the image\nany change that conceals information, even when it is considered to be non-specific, which includes:\nchanging brightness and contrast to leave only the most intense signal\nusing clone tools to hide information\nshowing only a very small part of the photograph so that additional information is not visibleImage manipulations are typically done on visually repetitive images such as those of blots and microscope images.[33]","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo-colonial science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonial_science"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-colonial_science&action=edit"},{"link_name":"neo-colonial science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonial_science"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_budiman-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:1-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_budiman-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_the-scientist.com-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:0-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:3-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_segen-41"},{"link_name":"developing country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"least-developed countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-developed_countries"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:1-35"},{"link_name":"fixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixer_(person)"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"Scientific publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_publication"},{"link_name":"funded research centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_budiman-34"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"extractivist practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractivism"},{"link_name":"decolonize knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:2-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_Stefanoudis_R184%E2%80%93R185-44"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:0-37"},{"link_name":"global issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_issues"},{"link_name":"conservation biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology"},{"link_name":"institutionalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalization"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:0-37"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neo-colonial_science_:2-42"}],"sub_title":"Helicopter research","text":"This section is an excerpt from Neo-colonial science.[edit]\nNeo-colonial research or neo-colonial science,[34][35] frequently described as helicopter research,[34] parachute science[36][37] or research,[38] parasitic research,[39][40] or safari study,[41] is when researchers from wealthier countries go to a developing country, collect information, travel back to their country, analyze the data and samples, and publish the results with no or little involvement of local researchers. A 2003 study by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences found that 70% of articles in a random sample of publications about least-developed countries did not include a local research co-author.[35]\nFrequently, during this kind of research, the local colleagues might be used to provide logistics support as fixers but are not engaged for their expertise or given credit for their participation in the research. Scientific publications resulting from parachute science frequently only contribute to the career of the scientists from rich countries, thus limiting the development of local science capacity (such as funded research centers) and the careers of local scientists.[34] This form of \"colonial\" science has reverberations of 19th century scientific practices of treating non-Western participants as \"others\" in order to advance colonialism—and critics call for the end of these extractivist practices in order to decolonize knowledge.[42][43]\n\nThis kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because international researchers may not ask the right questions or draw connections to local issues.[44] The result of this approach is that local communities are unable to leverage the research to their own advantage.[37] Ultimately, especially for fields dealing with global issues like conservation biology which rely on local communities to implement solutions, neo-colonial science prevents institutionalization of the findings in local communities in order to address issues being studied by scientists.[37][42]","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Guest authorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_authorship"},{"link_name":"Gerald Schatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Schatten"},{"link_name":"Hwang Woo-Suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang_Woo-Suk"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ1995-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent_Committee_of_Inquiry_into_the_publication_of_articles_in_the_British_Journal_of_Obstetrics_and_Gynaecology-47"},{"link_name":"Jan Hendrik Schön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Sch%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-scientist.com-48"},{"link_name":"Actonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actonel"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-scientist.com-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Authorship responsibility","text":"All authors of a scientific publication are expected to have made reasonable attempts to check findings submitted to academic journals for publication.Simultaneous submission of scientific findings to more than one journal or duplicate publication of findings is usually regarded as misconduct, under what is known as the Ingelfinger rule, named after the editor of The New England Journal of Medicine 1967–1977, Franz Ingelfinger.[45]Guest authorship (where there is stated authorship in the absence of involvement, also known as gift authorship) and ghost authorship (where the real author is not listed as an author) are commonly regarded as forms of research misconduct. In some cases coauthors of faked research have been accused of inappropriate behavior or research misconduct for failing to verify reports authored by others or by a commercial sponsor. Examples include the case of Gerald Schatten who co-authored with Hwang Woo-Suk, the case of Professor Geoffrey Chamberlain named as guest author of papers fabricated by Malcolm Pearce,[46] (Chamberlain was exonerated from collusion in Pearce's deception)[47] – and the coauthors with Jan Hendrik Schön at Bell Laboratories. More recent cases include that of Charles Nemeroff,[48] then the editor-in-chief of Neuropsychopharmacology, and a well-documented case involving the drug Actonel.[49]Authors are expected to keep all study data for later examination even after publication. The failure to keep data may be regarded as misconduct. Some scientific journals require that authors provide information to allow readers to determine whether the authors might have commercial or non-commercial conflicts of interest. Authors are also commonly required to provide information about ethical aspects of research, particularly where research involves human or animal participants or use of biological material. Provision of incorrect information to journals may be regarded as misconduct. Financial pressures on universities have encouraged this type of misconduct. The majority of recent cases of alleged misconduct involving undisclosed conflicts of interest or failure of the authors to have seen scientific data involve collaborative research between scientists and biotechnology companies.[48][50]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Gopal Kundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Kundu"},{"link_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry"}],"sub_title":"Research institution responsibility","text":"In general, defining whether an individual is guilty of misconduct requires a detailed investigation by the individual's employing academic institution. Such investigations require detailed and rigorous processes and can be extremely costly. Furthermore, the more senior the individual under suspicion, the more likely it is that conflicts of interest will compromise the investigation. In many countries (with the notable exception of the United States) acquisition of funds on the basis of fraudulent data is not a legal offence and there is consequently no regulator to oversee investigations into alleged research misconduct. Universities therefore have few incentives to investigate allegations in a robust manner, or act on the findings of such investigations if they vindicate the allegation.Well publicised cases illustrate the potential role that senior academics in research institutions play in concealing scientific misconduct. A King's College (London) internal investigation showed research findings from one of their researchers to be 'at best unreliable, and in many cases spurious'[51] but the college took no action, such as retracting relevant published research or preventing further episodes from occurring.In a more recent case[52] an internal investigation at the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune determined that there was evidence of misconduct by Gopal Kundu, but an external committee was then organised which dismissed the allegation, and the NCCS issued a memorandum exonerating the authors of all charges of misconduct. Undeterred by the NCCS exoneration, the relevant journal (Journal of Biological Chemistry) withdrew the paper based on its own analysis.","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"organizational ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_ombudsman"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioa2009-54"}],"sub_title":"Scientific peer responsibility","text":"Some academics believe that scientific colleagues who suspect scientific misconduct should consider taking informal action themselves, or reporting their concerns.[53] This question is of great importance since much research suggests that it is very difficult for people to act or come forward when they see unacceptable behavior, unless they have help from their organizations. A \"User-friendly Guide,\" and the existence of a confidential organizational ombudsman may help people who are uncertain about what to do, or afraid of bad consequences for their speaking up.[54]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committee on Publication Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Publication_Ethics"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"expression of concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_of_concern"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kato-29"},{"link_name":"corrigendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erratum"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Joachim Boldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Boldt"},{"link_name":"Yoshitaka Fujii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshitaka_Fujii"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"anaesthesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthesiology"},{"link_name":"Anesthesia & Analgesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia_%26_Analgesia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Responsibility of journals","text":"Journals are responsible for safeguarding the research record and hence have a critical role in dealing with suspected misconduct. This is recognised by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) which has issued clear guidelines[55] on the form (e.g. retraction) that concerns over the research record should take.The COPE guidelines state that journal editors should consider retracting a publication if they have clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error). Retraction is also appropriate in cases of redundant publication, plagiarism and unethical research.\nJournal editors should consider issuing an expression of concern if they receive inconclusive evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors, there is evidence that the findings are unreliable but the authors' institution will not investigate the case, they believe that an investigation into alleged misconduct related to the publication either has not been, or would not be, fair and impartial or conclusive, or an investigation is underway but a judgement will not be available for a considerable time.\nJournal editors should consider issuing a correction if a small portion of an otherwise reliable publication proves to be misleading (especially because of honest error), or the author / contributor list is incorrect (i.e. a deserving author has been omitted or somebody who does not meet authorship criteria has been included).Evidence emerged in 2012 that journals learning of cases where there is strong evidence of possible misconduct, with issues potentially affecting a large portion of the findings, frequently fail to issue an expression of concern or correspond with the host institution so that an investigation can be undertaken. In one case,[29] Nature allowed a corrigendum to be published despite clear evidence of image fraud. Subsequent retraction of the paper required the actions of an independent whistleblower.[56]The cases of Joachim Boldt and Yoshitaka Fujii[57] in anaesthesiology focussed attention on the role that journals play in perpetuating scientific fraud as well as how they can deal with it. In the Boldt case, the editors-in-chief of 18 specialist journals (generally anaesthesia and intensive care) made a joint statement regarding 88 published clinical trials conducted without Ethics Committee approval. In the Fujii case, involving nearly 200 papers, the journal Anesthesia & Analgesia, which published 24 of Fujii's papers, has accepted that its handling of the issue was inadequate. Following publication of a letter to the editor from Kranke and colleagues in April 2000,[58] along with a non-specific response from Dr. Fujii, there was no follow-up on the allegation of data manipulation and no request for an institutional review of Dr. Fujii's research. Anesthesia & Analgesia went on to publish 11 additional manuscripts by Dr. Fujii following the 2000 allegations of research fraud, with Editor Steven Shafer stating[59] in March 2012 that subsequent submissions to the Journal by Dr. Fujii should not have been published without first vetting the allegations of fraud. In April 2012 Shafer led a group of editors to write a joint statement,[60] in the form of an ultimatum made available to the public, to a large number of academic institutions where Fujii had been employed, offering these institutions the chance to attest to the integrity of the bulk of the allegedly fraudulent papers.","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Consequences of scientific misconduct"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piltdown Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piltdown_Man"},{"link_name":"Arthur Smith Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Smith_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Taung Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taung_Child"},{"link_name":"Don Poldermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Poldermans"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"sudden infant death syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aappublications646-63"},{"link_name":"Waneta Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waneta_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon1997-64"},{"link_name":"Münchausen syndrome by proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchausen_syndrome_by_proxy"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Consequences for science","text":"The consequences of scientific fraud vary based on the severity of the fraud, the level of notice it receives, and how long it goes undetected. For cases of fabricated evidence, the consequences can be wide-ranging, with others working to confirm (or refute) the false finding, or with research agendas being distorted to address the fraudulent evidence. The Piltdown Man fraud is a case in point: The significance of the bona-fide fossils that were being found was muted for decades because they disagreed with Piltdown Man and the preconceived notions that those faked fossils supported. In addition, the prominent paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward spent time at Piltdown each year until he died, trying to find more Piltdown Man remains. The misdirection of resources kept others from taking the real fossils more seriously and delayed the reaching of a correct understanding of human evolution. (The Taung Child, which should have been the death knell for the view that the human brain evolved first, was instead treated very critically because of its disagreement with the Piltdown Man evidence.)In the case of Prof Don Poldermans, the misconduct occurred in reports of trials of treatment to prevent death and myocardial infarction in patients undergoing operations.[61] The trial reports were relied upon to issue guidelines that applied for many years across North America and Europe.[62]In the case of Dr Alfred Steinschneider, two decades and tens of millions of research dollars were lost trying to find the elusive link between infant sleep apnea, which Steinschneider said he had observed and recorded in his laboratory, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), of which he stated it was a precursor. The cover was blown in 1994, 22 years after Steinschneider's 1972 Pediatrics paper claiming such an association,[63] when Waneta Hoyt, the mother of the patients in the paper, was arrested, indicted and convicted on five counts of second-degree murder for the smothering deaths of her five children.[64] While that in itself was bad enough, the paper, presumably written as an attempt to save infants' lives, ironically was ultimately used as a defense by parents suspected in multiple deaths of their own children in cases of Münchausen syndrome by proxy. The 1972 Pediatrics paper was cited in 404 papers in the interim and is still listed on Pubmed without comment.[65]","title":"Consequences of scientific misconduct"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"whistleblowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ1995-46"},{"link_name":"retaliation (law)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaliation_(law)"}],"sub_title":"Consequences for those who expose misconduct","text":"The potentially severe consequences for individuals who are found to have engaged in misconduct also reflect on the institutions that host or employ them and also on the participants in any peer review process that has allowed the publication of questionable research. This means that a range of actors in any case may have a motivation to suppress any evidence or suggestion of misconduct. Persons who expose such cases, commonly called whistleblowers, find themselves open to retaliation by a number of different means.[46] These negative consequences for exposers of misconduct have driven the development of whistle blowers charters – designed to protect those who raise concerns (for more details refer to retaliation (law)).","title":"Consequences of scientific misconduct"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Title 10 Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Part 50.5, Deliberate Misconduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0005.html"},{"link_name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission"},{"link_name":"nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_industry"},{"link_name":"10 CFR Part 50.9, Completeness and Accuracy of Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0009.html"},{"link_name":"nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_industry"},{"link_name":"termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_employment"},{"link_name":"fines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"criminal prosecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_prosecution"},{"link_name":"revocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocation"}],"sub_title":"Regulatory Violations and Consequences (example)","text":"Title 10 Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Part 50.5, Deliberate Misconduct of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations, addresses the prohibition of certain activities by individual involved in NRC-licensed activities. 10 CFR 50.5 is designed to ensure the safety and integrity of nuclear operations. 10 CFR Part 50.9, Completeness and Accuracy of Information, focuses on the requirements for providing information and data to the NRC. The intent of 10 CFR 50.5 is to deter and penalize intentional wrongdoing (i.e., violations). 10 CFR 50.9 is crucial in maintaining transparency and reliability in the nuclear industry, which effectively emphasizes honesty and integrity in maintaining the safety and security of nuclear operations. Providing false or misleading information or data to the NRC is therefore a violation of 10 CFR 50.9.Violation of any of these rules can lead to severe penalties, including termination, fines and criminal prosecution. It can also result in the revocation of licenses or certifications, thereby barring individuals or entities from participating in any NRC-licensed activities in the future.","title":"Consequences of scientific misconduct"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Data issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"multiple publication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_publication"},{"link_name":"Harold Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Garner"},{"link_name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_at_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Déjà vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"eTBLAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETBLAST"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"ethical behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"error analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_analysis_(mathematics)"}],"sub_title":"Exposure of fraudulent data","text":"With the advancement of the internet, there are now several tools available to aid in the detection of plagiarism and multiple publication within biomedical literature. One tool developed in 2006 by researchers in Dr. Harold Garner's laboratory at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas is Déjà vu,[66] an open-access database containing several thousand instances of duplicate publication. All of the entries in the database were discovered through the use of text data mining algorithm eTBLAST, also created in Dr. Garner's laboratory. The creation of Déjà vu[67] and the subsequent classification of several hundred articles contained therein have ignited much discussion in the scientific community concerning issues such as ethical behavior, journal standards, and intellectual copyright. Studies on this database have been published in journals such as Nature and Science, among others.[68][69]Other tools which may be used to detect fraudulent data include error analysis. Measurements generally have a small amount of error, and repeated measurements of the same item will generally result in slight differences in readings. These differences can be analyzed, and follow certain known mathematical and statistical properties. Should a set of data appear to be too faithful to the hypothesis, i.e., the amount of error that would normally be in such measurements does not appear, a conclusion can be drawn that the data may have been forged. Error analysis alone is typically not sufficient to prove that data have been falsified or fabricated, but it may provide the supporting evidence necessary to confirm suspicions of misconduct.","title":"Data issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Bero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bero"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Data sharing","text":"Kirby Lee and Lisa Bero suggest, \"Although reviewing raw data can be difficult, time-consuming and expensive, having such a policy would hold authors more accountable for the accuracy of their data and potentially reduce scientific fraud or misconduct.\"[70]","title":"Data issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"article retractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_retraction"},{"link_name":"Ivan Oransky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Oransky"},{"link_name":"Retraction Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_Watch"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"The vast majority of cases of scientific misconduct may not be reported. The number of article retractions in 2022 was nearly 5,500, but Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus, co-founders of Retraction Watch, estimate that at least 100,000 retractions should occur every year, with only about one in five being due to \"honest error\".[71]","title":"Underreporting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"MMR vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder"},{"link_name":"inflammatory bowel disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease"},{"link_name":"General Medical Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Medical_Council"},{"link_name":"Brian Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Deer"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"outbreaks of mumps and measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism#Disease_outbreaks"},{"link_name":"anti-vaccination movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccination_movement"},{"link_name":"Diederik Stapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diederik_Stapel"},{"link_name":"social psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychologist"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Sapan Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapan_Desai"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"The New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Surgisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgisphere"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retractNEJM-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retract_Lancet-77"}],"text":"In 1998 Andrew Wakefield published a fraudulent research paper in The Lancet claiming links between the MMR vaccine, autism, and inflammatory bowel disease. In 2010 he was found guilty of dishonesty in his research and banned from medicine by the UK General Medical Council following an investigation by Brian Deer of the London Sunday Times.[72]The claims in Wakefield's paper were widely reported,[73] leading to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland and outbreaks of mumps and measles. Promotion of the claimed link continues to fuel the anti-vaccination movement.In 2011 Diederik Stapel, a highly regarded Dutch social psychologist, turned out to have fabricated data in dozens of studies on human behaviour.[74] He has been called \"the biggest con man in academic science\".[75]In 2020 Sapan Desai and his coauthors published two papers, in the prestigious medical journals The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine, early in the COVID-19 pandemic. The papers were based on a very large dataset published by Surgisphere, a company owned by Desai. The dataset was exposed as a fabrication, and the papers were soon retracted.[76][77]","title":"Some notable cases"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Declaration on Research Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment"},{"link_name":"journal impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Changing research assessment","text":"Since 2012, the Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA), from San Francisco, gathers many institutions, publishers and individuals committing to improve the metrics used to assess research and to stop focusing on the journal impact factor.[78]","title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"An old and a recent example of scientific fraud\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nbi.dk/natphil/kur/phd/3.Fraud_def_ex_01a.ppt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0316496506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316496506"},{"link_name":"Responding to Research Wrongdoing: A User Friendly Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethicsresearch.com/freeresources/rrwresearchwrongdoing.html"},{"link_name":"https://novapublishers.com/shop/misconduct-in-medical-research-and-practice/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//novapublishers.com/shop/misconduct-in-medical-research-and-practice/"}],"text":"Claus Emmeche. \"An old and a recent example of scientific fraud\" (PowerPoint). Retrieved 2007-05-18.\nSam Kean (2021). The Icepick Surgeon: Murder, Fraud, Sabotage, Piracy, and Other Dastardly Deeds Perpetrated in the Name of Science. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316496506.\nPatricia Keith-Spiegel, Joan Sieber, and Gerald P. Koocher (November, 2010). Responding to Research Wrongdoing: A User Friendly Guide.\nJargin SV. Misconduct in Medical Research and Practice. Nova Science Publishers, 2020. https://novapublishers.com/shop/misconduct-in-medical-research-and-practice/","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Academic dishonesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonesty"},{"title":"Archaeological forgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_forgery"},{"title":"Bioethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics"},{"title":"Bullying in academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_in_academia"},{"title":"Committee on Publication Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Publication_Ethics"},{"title":"Conflicts of interest in academic publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest_in_academic_publishing"},{"title":"Cyril Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt"},{"title":"Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Committees_on_Scientific_Dishonesty"},{"title":"Data fabrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_fabrication"},{"title":"Engineering ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_ethics"},{"title":"Fabrication (science)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrication_(science)"},{"title":"Hippocratic Oath for scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath_for_scientists"},{"title":"International Committee of Medical Journal Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_Medical_Journal_Editors"},{"title":"Japanese scientific misconduct allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_scientific_misconduct_allegations"},{"title":"List of cognitive biases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases"},{"title":"List of experimental errors and frauds in physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experimental_errors_and_frauds_in_physics"},{"title":"List of fallacies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies"},{"title":"List of memory biases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biases"},{"title":"List of topics characterized as pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience"},{"title":"Lysenkoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysenkoism"},{"title":"Mertonian norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertonian_norms"},{"title":"Metascience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metascience"},{"title":"Pathological science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_science"},{"title":"Politicization of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicization_of_science"},{"title":"Reproducibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility"},{"title":"Research ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ethics"},{"title":"Research integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_integrity"},{"title":"Research paper mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_paper_mill"},{"title":"Retraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractions_in_academic_publishing"},{"title":"Scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"title":"Scientific plagiarism in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_plagiarism_in_India"},{"title":"Scientific plagiarism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_plagiarism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Sham peer review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_peer_review"},{"title":"Source criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_criticism"},{"title":"United States Office of Research Integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Research_Integrity"},{"title":"Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayers_of_the_Truth:_Fraud_and_Deceit_in_the_Halls_of_Science"},{"title":"EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EASE_Guidelines_for_Authors_and_Translators_of_Scientific_Articles"},{"title":"Straight and Crooked Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_and_Crooked_Thinking"},{"title":"The Great Betrayal: Fraud In Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Betrayal:_Fraud_In_Science"}]
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[{"reference":"Nylenna, M.; Andersen, D.; Dahlquist, G.; Sarvas, M.; Aakvaag, A. (1999). \"Handling of scientific dishonesty in the Nordic countries. National Committees on Scientific Dishonesty in the Nordic Countries\". Lancet. 354 (9172): 57–61. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07133-5. PMID 10406378. S2CID 36326829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2898%2907133-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07133-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10406378","url_text":"10406378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36326829","url_text":"36326829"}]},{"reference":"\"Coping with fraud\" (PDF). The COPE Report 1999: 11–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-09-02. It is 10 years, to the month, since Stephen Lock ... Reproduced with kind permission of the Editor, The Lancet.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151119/http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/reports/1999/1999pdf3.pdf","url_text":"\"Coping with fraud\""},{"url":"http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/reports/1999/1999pdf3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Xie, Yun (2008-08-12). \"What are the consequences of scientific misconduct?\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2008/08/what-are-the-consequences-for-scientific-misconduct/","url_text":"\"What are the consequences of scientific misconduct?\""}]},{"reference":"Redman, B. K.; Merz, J. F. (2008). \"SOCIOLOGY: Scientific Misconduct: Do the Punishments Fit the Crime?\" (PDF). Science. 321 (5890): 775. doi:10.1126/science.1158052. PMID 18687942. S2CID 206512870.","urls":[{"url":"http://astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/ethics/documents/redan08.pdf","url_text":"\"SOCIOLOGY: Scientific Misconduct: Do the Punishments Fit the Crime?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1158052","url_text":"10.1126/science.1158052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18687942","url_text":"18687942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206512870","url_text":"206512870"}]},{"reference":"\"Consequences of Whistleblowing for the Whistleblower in Misconduct in Science Cases\". Research Triangle Institute. 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2012-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170824051717/https://it.umn.edu/news/umwiki-retired","url_text":"\"Consequences of Whistleblowing for the Whistleblower in Misconduct in Science Cases\""},{"url":"https://wiki.umn.edu/pub/IBS8099F10/WhistleBlowing/RTI_-_Consequences_of_Whistleblowing_report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Dr. Yatendra Kumar; Kumar Dubey, Bipin (2021). Introduction of Research Methods and Publication Ethics. New Delhi: Friends Publications (India). p. 90. ISBN 978-93-90649-38-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R0U1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90","url_text":"Introduction of Research Methods and Publication Ethics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90649-38-9","url_text":"978-93-90649-38-9"}]},{"reference":"Goodstein, David (January–February 2002). \"Scientific misconduct\". Academe. 88 (1): 28–31. doi:10.2307/40252116. JSTOR 40252116.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2002/JF/Feat/good.htm","url_text":"\"Scientific misconduct\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40252116","url_text":"10.2307/40252116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40252116","url_text":"40252116"}]},{"reference":"Fanelli, D. (2009). Tregenza, Tom (ed.). \"How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data\". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5738. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5738F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005738. PMC 2685008. PMID 19478950.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685008","url_text":"\"How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macei%C3%B3
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Maceió
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Economy","5 Gallery","6 Education","7 Culture","7.1 Festa Junina","8 Main sights","9 Food","10 Transportation","10.1 Public Transportation","10.2 International Airport","10.3 Port","10.4 Highways","11 Twin towns – sister cities","12 Neighbourhoods","13 Surrounding highlights","14 Notable people","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]
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Coordinates: 9°39′57″S 35°44′06″W / 9.66583°S 35.73500°W / -9.66583; -35.73500Capital city of Alagoas, Brazil
Municipality in Alagoas, BrazilMaceióMunicipalityMunicipality of MaceióFrom the top, clockwise: Aerialview of Maceió; Alagoas State Museum; Álvaro Otacílio Avenue; Pajuçara beach; Ipioca beach and Ponta Verde seen from above.
FlagCoat of armsNickname: "Brazilian Caribbean"Location of Maceió in the State of AlagoasMaceióLocation in BrazilCoordinates: 9°39′57″S 35°44′06″W / 9.66583°S 35.73500°W / -9.66583; -35.73500Country BrazilState AlagoasMesoregionLeste AlagoanoMicroregionMaceió, Alagoas, BrasilFoundedDecember 5, 1815Government • MayorJoão Henrique Caldas (PL)Area • Total511 km2 (197 sq mi)Elevation7 m (23 ft)Population (2021) • Total1,031,597 • Density2,018.7/km2 (5,228/sq mi)DemonymMaceioenseTime zoneUTC−3 (BRT)Postal code57000-001 a 57099-999Area code+55 82HDI (2010)0.721 – highWebsitewww.maceio.al.gov.br
Maceió (Portuguese pronunciation: ), formerly sometimes Anglicised as Maceio, is the capital and the largest city of the coastal state of Alagoas, Brazil. The name "Maceió" is an Indigenous term for a spring. Most maceiós flow to the sea, but some get trapped and form lakes ("lagoas", in Portuguese).
There are numerous maceiós and lakes in this part of Brazil; because of this, the city was named Maceió, and the state, Alagoas. The new Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport connects Maceió with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights. The city is home to the Federal University of Alagoas.
Etymology
The name "Maceió" has origin in the term tupi maçayó or maçaio-k, that means "what it covers the swamp". The Aurélio Dictionary says that the term "maceió" means a temporary and cyclic lagoon that is located at the edge of the sea at the mouth of a watercourse small enough to be interrupted by a silicate bar until the high tide opens the way temporarily cyclically related to the season, river flow, lunar seasons, etc.
Nineteenth-century shipping reports, which reported on ships bringing cotton from Maceió, spelt it as Macaio.
History
Maceió in 1905
The city began in an old sugar mill and plantation complex around the 19th century. Its development started with the arrival of ships taking wood from Jaraguá bay.
With the installation of the sugar mills, Maceió started to export sugar, then tobacco, coconut, leather, and some spices. Prosperity made it possible for the settlement to become a village on December 5, 1815. Thanks to its continued growth, Maceió became the capital of the Alagoas state on December 9, 1839.
Maceió is also a port city and due to its port development about 200 years ago it changed from a village into a city.
Geography
The city is located between the Mundaú Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean, with a tropical climate with average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). As of 2021, its metropolitan area had a total population of 1,354,973 inhabitants.
Climate
Maceió has a typical tropical climate, specifically a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am), with very warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and trade winds blowing from the ocean.
January is the warmest month, with mean maximum of 32 °C (89.6 °F) and minimum of 22 °C (71.6 °F) and more sun; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with mean maximum of 27 °C (80.6 °F) and minimum of 17 °C (62.6 °F) accompanied by higher humidity and much more rain.
The natural vegetation surrounding Maceió is tropical rainforest. Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 and 1,700 millimetres (79 and 67 in; 2 and 2 m). The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients.
Climate data for Maceió (1981–2010, extremes 1961–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
34.8(94.6)
34.9(94.8)
35.0(95.0)
35.3(95.5)
36.4(97.5)
31.8(89.2)
31.1(88.0)
31.8(89.2)
39.3(102.7)
34.6(94.3)
38.4(101.1)
35.4(95.7)
39.3(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
31.0(87.8)
31.4(88.5)
31.5(88.7)
30.6(87.1)
29.5(85.1)
28.3(82.9)
27.6(81.7)
27.6(81.7)
28.4(83.1)
29.9(85.8)
30.8(87.4)
31.2(88.2)
29.8(85.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.0(78.8)
26.2(79.2)
26.5(79.7)
26.0(78.8)
25.1(77.2)
24.1(75.4)
23.5(74.3)
23.5(74.3)
24.1(75.4)
25.1(77.2)
25.6(78.1)
26.0(78.8)
25.1(77.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
21.4(70.5)
21.8(71.2)
22.1(71.8)
21.8(71.2)
21.2(70.2)
20.3(68.5)
19.7(67.5)
19.7(67.5)
19.9(67.8)
20.3(68.5)
20.9(69.6)
21.2(70.2)
20.9(69.6)
Record low °C (°F)
17.9(64.2)
17.8(64.0)
16.4(61.5)
13.2(55.8)
17.0(62.6)
11.3(52.3)
15.0(59.0)
15.0(59.0)
15.8(60.4)
17.0(62.6)
17.4(63.3)
17.9(64.2)
11.3(52.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
83.0(3.27)
72.9(2.87)
117.4(4.62)
207.5(8.17)
296.9(11.69)
353.8(13.93)
265.2(10.44)
201.5(7.93)
120.2(4.73)
61.6(2.43)
46.9(1.85)
40.5(1.59)
1,867.4(73.52)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)
9
7
10
16
18
22
23
20
13
7
5
6
156
Average relative humidity (%)
75.9
74.2
74.9
77.8
81.1
82.6
82.8
81.9
78.7
76.1
74.1
73.9
77.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours
241.4
218.6
209.6
202.5
198.5
162.8
169.2
180.6
190.2
220.4
247.9
257.5
2,499.2
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)
Climate data for Maceió (1991-2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
31.0(87.8)
31.3(88.3)
31.5(88.7)
30.7(87.3)
29.5(85.1)
28.4(83.1)
27.6(81.7)
27.8(82.0)
28.6(83.5)
29.9(85.8)
30.8(87.4)
31.3(88.3)
29.9(85.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
91.2(3.59)
80.2(3.16)
101.3(3.99)
194.3(7.65)
294.7(11.60)
322.8(12.71)
270.9(10.67)
191.5(7.54)
109.2(4.30)
70.2(2.76)
45.1(1.78)
36.7(1.44)
1,808.1(71.19)
Average rainy days
10
11
17
19
22
24
23
19
15
10
6
9
185
Average relative humidity (%)
77.1
76.0
—
78.3
81.3
83.3
84.1
82.7
80.4
77.4
75.6
75.1
—
Average dew point °C (°F)
22.2(72.0)
22.3(72.1)
22.6(72.7)
22.6(72.7)
22.4(72.3)
22.0(71.6)
21.5(70.7)
21.3(70.3)
21.4(70.5)
21.6(70.9)
21.7(71.1)
22.0(71.6)
22.0(71.5)
Mean daily sunshine hours
8.2
8.1
6.5
6.6
6.2
6
5.7
6.6
6.8
8.1
9.2
8.5
7.2
Mean daily daylight hours
12.6
12.4
12.1
11.9
11.7
11.6
11.6
11.8
12.1
12.3
12.6
12.7
12.1
Average ultraviolet index
12
12
12
12
10
9
9
10
12
12
12
12
11
Source 1: INMET(Precipitation), (Dew Point), (Humidity)
Source 2: Weather atlas(Sun-daylight-UV-Rainy days)
Economy
One substantial local industry is based on chemical products from brine pumped from deep wells on the outskirts of Maceió. Another substantial industry is the production of ethanol and sugar from sugarcane grown in the region. In the last thirty years the tourist industry has transformed the coastal areas of the city into vibrant centers of entertainment for Brazilian and foreign tourists (Americans, Italians, French, Germans, Argentinians, etc.).
These coastal neighborhoods include coconut palm trees, playgrounds, squares, open-to-the-public football, volleyball, and basketball fields, residential buildings, bars, nightclubs, tourist-oriented shops, restaurants, banks, hotels, and gambling houses (slot machines and bingo only, since casino games are illegal in Brazil).
The GDP for the city was R$23,400,000,000 (as of 2019); The per capita income for the city was R$22,976.51 (as of 2019).
Strong point in the municipality's economy is tourism. Maceió has a great potential to attract tourists due to its natural beauties and great cultural diversity. In addition, Maceió offers several leisure options and modern spaces for business, such as the new Cultural and Exhibition Center of Maceió, in the Jaraguá District. In September 2005, the new Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport, one of the most modern in Brazil, was inaugurated. The Jaraguá neighborhood was very popular during the end of the 1990s, with large investments by the Maceió prefecture. Nowadays, the Jaraguá is a commercial district, equipped with banks, museums, pubs and colleges. Nordeste Invest, an event of tourism and real estate investments of international scope, happened in Maceió in the editions of years 2006 and 2009.
Gallery
Panoramic of Maceió
Ipioca beach in Maceió
Ponta Verde beach
Aerial view
Entrecoqueiros Avenue
Education
University level institutions include:
Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL);
Universidade Estadual de Alagoas (Uneal);
Universidade de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas (Uncisal);
Centro de Ensino Superior de Maceió (CESMAC);
Faculdade de Alagoas (FAL);
Instituto Federal de Alagoas (IFAL);
Faculdade Maurício de Nassau
Faculdade Pitágoras de Maceió
Top high schools of the city are: Maria Montessori (the best according to ENEM), Colégio Oswaldo Cruz (A.K.A. COC) Colégio Santa Úrsula, Colégio Intensivo, Colégio Marista de Maceió, Colégio Santa Madalena Sofia, Colégio Contato and others. (All private)
Culture
Great Maceió aerial view.
Hall of the Deodoro Theatre.
Carnival in Maceió.
American jazz and rock and almost all Brazilian styles and dances are played all over the city in bars, pubs, restaurants, nightclubs, street festivals, concerts, private gatherings, and churches all the year round. Some classical music in concerts in the university, in the theater, and museums can also be heard.
Movie theaters can be found in the Maceió Shopping, Pátio Maceió, Parque Shopping Maceió and Farol malls.
Shows can be seen at the Deodoro Theatre and Gustavo Leite Theatre.
Théo Brandão Museum (folk and primitive arts), Museum of the Historical and Geographical Institute of Alagoas (fine arts and historical objects), Pierre Chalita Museum (fine arts), Museum of Image and Music (photographic, cinematographic, and sound exhibitions and archives), Museum of sport, Museum of natural history UFAL(museum which serves as the search for the Federal University of Alagoas).
Folk art in the Théo Brandão Museum, and in outdoor markets at Pajuçara Beach and Pontal da Barra where one can buy works by local folk artists.
The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maceió.
Festa Junina
Festa Junina was introduced to Northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese for whom St John's day (also celebrated as Midsummer Day in several European countries), on June 24, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year. Differently from what happens on the European Midsummer Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during the summer solstice but during the southern hemisphere winter solstice. The festivities traditionally begin after June 12, on the eve of St Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets (step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe). Typical refreshments and dishes are served. Like during Carnival, these festivities involve costumes-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing). Like what happens on Midsummer and St John's Day in Europe, bonfires are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.
This is a typical Alagoas revelry that resulted from the union of Reisado (an Epiphany celebration), Auto dos Caboclinhos (Caboclinhos' Play), Chegança (public folk play depicting a naval battle) and Pastoril (outdoor folk play). Its choreography and costumes with colored ribbons and beads reproduce the cathedral's façades on the monumental hats covered with mirrors.
This is a dramatic dance motivated by the sea. It tells the sea adventures of the first navigators in its songs accompanied by guitar and ukulele.
Boi do Carnaval is a popular culture display derived from Bumba-Meu-Boi. It is always presented together with La Ursa (The Bear), Vaqueiro (Cowboy) and a percussion band whose rhythm captivates everyone that hears it.
Gogó da Ema was a famous palm tree with a crooked trunk roughly shaped like a curvilinear letter N. The tree fell on July 27, 1955, at 2:20 in the afternoon. It has become a symbol for Maceian culture and tourism, and there is a beach named after the celebrated tree. The tree also appears in folkloric art and music throughout northeastern Brazil.
Main sights
Maceió is home to numerous beaches, the color of sea varying from emerald green to blue; the water is always clear. The sand is white and there are many coconut plantations.
The Maceió sea has natural pools and reefs a few meters off the coast, that can be accessed by boat or raft sailings. The Mundaú lake is another option for sailing and bathing in transparent water.
Historical buildings include the Cathedral of Our Lady of Pleasures (1840), the Deodoro Theatre, the Municipal Market, the Historical Institute Museum and the Floriano Peixoto Palace, seat of Alagoas State government.
Panoramic view of Pajuçara beach and Ponta Verde (in the background)
Food
Gastronomy include fishes, shrimps, crabs and lobsters are some of Maceió's specialties. Fresh seafood is prepared from local recipes, such as tapioca, acaraje, carne-de-sol, cuscuz de tapioca. A kind of mollusk, the sururu, is appreciated in the city and is incorporated in many typical dishes.
Transportation
Public Transportation
Maceió Light Train
Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport.
Port of Maceió.
Maceió is served by Maceió Urban Rail, a light rail system.
International Airport
Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport located outside Maceió serves the area with international connections to Lisbon in Portugal and Buenos Aires in Argentina, as well as cities throughout Brazil.
In 2021 the airport handled 1,893,812 passengers.
Port
The Port of Jaraguá is a Brazilian port located in Maceió. The commercial and economic development of the Port of Jaraguá, next to the margins of the Mundaú lagoon, was responsible for the emergence of an important settlement that received the name of Maceió and later became the present capital of Alagoas. The Port of Jaraguá is situated in a natural port area that facilitates the ships docking. During the Brazilian colonial period, the most important products exported from there port were sugar, tobacco, coconut and spices. The Biggest Cruise Ship to attract at port was MSC Seashore in 2022.
Highways
Maceió is connected to the main cities of Brazil by the BR-104, BR-101, BR-316 and AL-101 highways. The distances to other Brazilian cities are shown below:
Brasília: 2010 km (1249 mi);
Recife: 270 km (168 mi);
Aracaju: 290 km (180 mi);
Salvador: 610 km (379 mi).
Twin towns – sister cities
Aracaju, Brazil
João Pessoa, Brazil
Gwangju, South Korea
Milan, Italy
Neighbourhoods
There are today about 50 districts in Maceió:
Antares
Barro Duro
Bebedouro
Benedito Bentes
Bom Parto
Canaã
Centro de Maceió (Downtown)
Chã de Bebedouro
Chã da Jaqueira
Cidade Universitária
Clima Bom
Cruz das Almas
Farol
Feitosa
Fernão Velho
Garça Torta
Gruta de Lourdes
Guaxuma
Ipioca
Jacarecica
Jacintinho
Jaraguá
Jardim Petrópolis
Jatiúca
Levada
Mangabeiras
Mutange
Ouro Preto
Pajuçara
Pescaria
Pinheiro
Pitanguinha
Poço
Ponta da Terra
Ponta Grossa
Ponta Verde
Pontal da Barra
Prado
Petrópolis
Riacho Doce
Rio Novo
Santa Amélia
Santo Amaro
Santos Dumont
São Jorge
Serraria
Tabuleiro do Martins
Trapiche da Barra
Vergel do Lago.
Surrounding highlights
Maceió State Museum.
Praia do Francês (French's Beach)
Barra Nova (New Waterway)
Dunas de Marapé (Dunes of Marapé)
Nove Ilhas (Nine Islands)
Massagüera (or Massagueira)
Barra de São Miguel (San Miguel Waterway)
Praia do Gunga (Gunga's Beach)
Sonho Verde (Green Dream)
Barra de Santo Antônio (Santo Antonio Waterway)
Maragogi
Murici
Japaratinga
Pontal do Coruripe
Statue of Liberty replica in front of Museu da Imagem e do Som de Alagoas (Museum of Image and Sound of Alagoas)
Notable people
Zagallo football coach born in Maceió.
Arthur Lira, president of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.
Bruna Tenório, fashion model.
Bruno de Barros, Brazilian sprinter, Olympic medallist.
Maurício Borges, Brazilian volleyball player, Olympic champion.
Djavan, singer and musician.
Fernando Collor de Mello, Brazilian president from 1990 - 1992.
Floriano Peixoto, second president of the Brazilian republic.
Graciliano Ramos, Brazilian writer and journalist.
Tiago Fernandes, former Brazilian tennis player, champion of the 2010 Australian Open at Boys Singles
Zagallo (Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo), football coach.
Maria Eduarda Arakaki, considered the best Brazilian rhythmic gymnast of all time.
Yohansson Nascimento, athlete, paralympic champion.
Nise da Silveira, psychiatrist.
Képler Laveran Lima Ferreira aka 'Pepe', footballer.
Adriano Gabiru, football player, winner of the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup playing for Sport Club Internacional.
Roberto Firmino, footballer.
Roberval Davino, football coach.
Sandra Suruagy, volleyball player, Olympic medallist
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, First Brazilian President
See also
Historic and Geographic Institute of Alagoas
History of Alagoas
References
^ IBGE 2021
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Brazil)". Liverpool Mercury. Imports. No. 705. 26 Nov 1824.
^ "Liverpool, Friday, November 26th". Liverpool Mercury. No. 705. 26 Nov 1824.
^ "Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^
"Station Maceio" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Normal Climatológica do Brasil 1991-2020: Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
^ "Precipitação Acumulada Decendial Mensal e Anual (mm) Period:1991-2020" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
^ "Temperatura do Ponto de Orvalho Mensal e Anual (°C) Periodo:1991-2020" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
^ "Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%): Período: 1991-2020" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
^ "Climate and monthly weather forecast Maceió, Brazil". weather atlas. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
^ a b Maceió. Retrieved 2022-04-11. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ "Praça Gogó da Ema" from Coisas de Maceió: O portal dos alagoanos (Things from Maceió: The port of the Alagoans) (website) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2008-02-05.
External links
Maceió at Wikipedia's sister projects
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(in Portuguese) Only Maceió
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(in Portuguese) About Maceió
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[masejˈjɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbi_dos_Palmares_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Federal University of Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Alagoas"}],"text":"Capital city of Alagoas, BrazilMunicipality in Alagoas, BrazilMaceió (Portuguese pronunciation: [masejˈjɔ]), formerly sometimes Anglicised as Maceio, is the capital and the largest city of the coastal state of Alagoas, Brazil. The name \"Maceió\" is an Indigenous term for a spring. Most maceiós flow to the sea, but some get trapped and form lakes (\"lagoas\", in Portuguese).There are numerous maceiós and lakes in this part of Brazil; because of this, the city was named Maceió, and the state, Alagoas. The new Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport connects Maceió with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights. The city is home to the Federal University of Alagoas.","title":"Maceió"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The name \"Maceió\" has origin in the term tupi maçayó or maçaio-k, that means \"what it covers the swamp\". The Aurélio Dictionary says that the term \"maceió\" means a temporary and cyclic lagoon that is located at the edge of the sea at the mouth of a watercourse small enough to be interrupted by a silicate bar until the high tide opens the way temporarily cyclically related to the season, river flow, lunar seasons, etc.[citation needed]Nineteenth-century shipping reports, which reported on ships bringing cotton from Maceió, spelt it as Macaio.[3][4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_de_Macei%C3%B3_(AL).tif"},{"link_name":"Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas"}],"text":"Maceió in 1905The city began in an old sugar mill and plantation complex around the 19th century. Its development started with the arrival of ships taking wood from Jaraguá bay.With the installation of the sugar mills, Maceió started to export sugar, then tobacco, coconut, leather, and some spices. Prosperity made it possible for the settlement to become a village on December 5, 1815. Thanks to its continued growth, Maceió became the capital of the Alagoas state on December 9, 1839.Maceió is also a port city and due to its port development about 200 years ago it changed from a village into a city.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mundaú Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda%C3%BA_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macei%C3%B3&action=edit"}],"text":"The city is located between the Mundaú Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean, with a tropical climate with average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). As of 2021[update], its metropolitan area had a total population of 1,354,973 inhabitants.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate"},{"link_name":"tropical monsoon climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Meteorologia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INMET-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meteoclimat-6"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"daylight hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlas-11"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Maceió has a typical tropical climate, specifically a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am), with very warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and trade winds blowing from the ocean.January is the warmest month, with mean maximum of 32 °C (89.6 °F) and minimum of 22 °C (71.6 °F) and more sun; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with mean maximum of 27 °C (80.6 °F) and minimum of 17 °C (62.6 °F) accompanied by higher humidity and much more rain.The natural vegetation surrounding Maceió is tropical rainforest. Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 and 1,700 millimetres (79 and 67 in; 2 and 2 m). The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients.Climate data for Maceió (1981–2010, extremes 1961–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n35.3(95.5)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n39.3(102.7)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n38.4(101.1)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n39.3(102.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n83.0(3.27)\n\n72.9(2.87)\n\n117.4(4.62)\n\n207.5(8.17)\n\n296.9(11.69)\n\n353.8(13.93)\n\n265.2(10.44)\n\n201.5(7.93)\n\n120.2(4.73)\n\n61.6(2.43)\n\n46.9(1.85)\n\n40.5(1.59)\n\n1,867.4(73.52)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n9\n\n7\n\n10\n\n16\n\n18\n\n22\n\n23\n\n20\n\n13\n\n7\n\n5\n\n6\n\n156\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n75.9\n\n74.2\n\n74.9\n\n77.8\n\n81.1\n\n82.6\n\n82.8\n\n81.9\n\n78.7\n\n76.1\n\n74.1\n\n73.9\n\n77.8\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n241.4\n\n218.6\n\n209.6\n\n202.5\n\n198.5\n\n162.8\n\n169.2\n\n180.6\n\n190.2\n\n220.4\n\n247.9\n\n257.5\n\n2,499.2\n\n\nSource 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[5]\n\n\nSource 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[6]Climate data for Maceió (1991-2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n91.2(3.59)\n\n80.2(3.16)\n\n101.3(3.99)\n\n194.3(7.65)\n\n294.7(11.60)\n\n322.8(12.71)\n\n270.9(10.67)\n\n191.5(7.54)\n\n109.2(4.30)\n\n70.2(2.76)\n\n45.1(1.78)\n\n36.7(1.44)\n\n1,808.1(71.19)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n10\n\n11\n\n17\n\n19\n\n22\n\n24\n\n23\n\n19\n\n15\n\n10\n\n6\n\n9\n\n185\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n77.1\n\n76.0\n\n—\n\n78.3\n\n81.3\n\n83.3\n\n84.1\n\n82.7\n\n80.4\n\n77.4\n\n75.6\n\n75.1\n\n—\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n22.0(71.5)\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n8.2\n\n8.1\n\n6.5\n\n6.6\n\n6.2\n\n6\n\n5.7\n\n6.6\n\n6.8\n\n8.1\n\n9.2\n\n8.5\n\n7.2\n\n\nMean daily daylight hours\n\n12.6\n\n12.4\n\n12.1\n\n11.9\n\n11.7\n\n11.6\n\n11.6\n\n11.8\n\n12.1\n\n12.3\n\n12.6\n\n12.7\n\n12.1\n\n\nAverage ultraviolet index\n\n12\n\n12\n\n12\n\n12\n\n10\n\n9\n\n9\n\n10\n\n12\n\n12\n\n12\n\n12\n\n11\n\n\nSource 1: INMET[7](Precipitation[8]), (Dew Point[9]), (Humidity[10])\n\n\nSource 2: Weather atlas(Sun-daylight-UV-Rainy days)[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coconut palm trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_palm_tree"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macei%C3%B3&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panorama-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macei%C3%B3&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panorama-12"}],"text":"One substantial local industry is based on chemical products from brine pumped from deep wells on the outskirts of Maceió. Another substantial industry is the production of ethanol and sugar from sugarcane grown in the region. In the last thirty years the tourist industry has transformed the coastal areas of the city into vibrant centers of entertainment for Brazilian and foreign tourists (Americans, Italians, French, Germans, Argentinians, etc.).These coastal neighborhoods include coconut palm trees, playgrounds, squares, open-to-the-public football, volleyball, and basketball fields, residential buildings, bars, nightclubs, tourist-oriented shops, restaurants, banks, hotels, and gambling houses (slot machines and bingo only, since casino games are illegal in Brazil).The GDP for the city was R$23,400,000,000 (as of 2019[update]);[12] The per capita income for the city was R$22,976.51 (as of 2019[update]).[12]Strong point in the municipality's economy is tourism. Maceió has a great potential to attract tourists due to its natural beauties and great cultural diversity. In addition, Maceió offers several leisure options and modern spaces for business, such as the new Cultural and Exhibition Center of Maceió, in the Jaraguá District. In September 2005, the new Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport, one of the most modern in Brazil, was inaugurated. The Jaraguá neighborhood was very popular during the end of the 1990s, with large investments by the Maceió prefecture. Nowadays, the Jaraguá is a commercial district, equipped with banks, museums, pubs and colleges. Nordeste Invest, an event of tourism and real estate investments of international scope, happened in Maceió in the editions of years 2006 and 2009.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_de_Macei%C3%B3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Praia_de_Ipioca_-_Macei%C3%B3_-_Alagoas_(11394615784).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macei%C3%B3,_Ponta_Verde..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macei%C3%B3_Brasil_Ponta_Verde_.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avenida_Entrecoqueiros.JPG"}],"text":"Panoramic of Maceió\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIpioca beach in Maceió\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPonta Verde beach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrecoqueiros Avenue","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universidade Federal de Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Federal_de_Alagoas"},{"link_name":"Universidade Estadual de Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Estadual_de_Alagoas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Universidade de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universidade_de_Ci%C3%AAncias_da_Sa%C3%BAde_de_Alagoas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Centro de Ensino Superior de Maceió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centro_de_Ensino_Superior_de_Macei%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faculdade de Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Alagoas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Instituto Federal de Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Federal_de_Alagoas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faculdade Maurício de Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_Maur%C3%ADcio_de_Nassau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faculdade Pitágoras de Maceió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_Pit%C3%A1goras_de_Macei%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ENEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENEM"}],"text":"University level institutions include:Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL);\nUniversidade Estadual de Alagoas (Uneal);\nUniversidade de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas (Uncisal);\nCentro de Ensino Superior de Maceió (CESMAC);\nFaculdade de Alagoas (FAL);\nInstituto Federal de Alagoas (IFAL);\nFaculdade Maurício de Nassau\nFaculdade Pitágoras de MaceióTop high schools of the city are: Maria Montessori (the best according to ENEM), Colégio Oswaldo Cruz (A.K.A. COC) Colégio Santa Úrsula, Colégio Intensivo, Colégio Marista de Maceió, Colégio Santa Madalena Sofia, Colégio Contato and others. (All private)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_%C3%A1rea_metropolitana_de_Macei%C3%B3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teatro_deodoro_de_alagoas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloco-Pinto-da-Madrugada-nas-pr%C3%A9vias-de-2018-Foto-Marco-Antonio-Secom-Maceio.png"},{"link_name":"Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas"},{"link_name":"UFAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFAL"},{"link_name":"Folk art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maceió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Macei%C3%B3"}],"text":"Great Maceió aerial view.Hall of the Deodoro Theatre.Carnival in Maceió.American jazz and rock and almost all Brazilian styles and dances are played all over the city in bars, pubs, restaurants, nightclubs, street festivals, concerts, private gatherings, and churches all the year round. Some classical music in concerts in the university, in the theater, and museums can also be heard.Movie theaters can be found in the Maceió Shopping, Pátio Maceió, Parque Shopping Maceió and Farol malls.Shows can be seen at the Deodoro Theatre and Gustavo Leite Theatre.Théo Brandão Museum (folk and primitive arts), Museum of the Historical and Geographical Institute of Alagoas (fine arts and historical objects), Pierre Chalita Museum (fine arts), Museum of Image and Music (photographic, cinematographic, and sound exhibitions and archives), Museum of sport, Museum of natural history UFAL(museum which serves as the search for the Federal University of Alagoas).Folk art in the Théo Brandão Museum, and in outdoor markets at Pajuçara Beach and Pontal da Barra where one can buy works by local folk artists.The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maceió.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Festa Junina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festa_Junina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"Midsummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer"},{"link_name":"Midsummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer"},{"link_name":"summer solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_solstice"},{"link_name":"winter solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice"},{"link_name":"bonfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfires"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"Midsummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer"},{"link_name":"bonfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfires"},{"link_name":"monumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"dramatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy"},{"link_name":"palm tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_tree"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Festa Junina","text":"Festa Junina was introduced to Northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese for whom St John's day (also celebrated as Midsummer Day in several European countries), on June 24, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year. Differently from what happens on the European Midsummer Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during the summer solstice but during the southern hemisphere winter solstice. The festivities traditionally begin after June 12, on the eve of St Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets (step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe). Typical refreshments and dishes are served. Like during Carnival, these festivities involve costumes-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing). Like what happens on Midsummer and St John's Day in Europe, bonfires are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.This is a typical Alagoas revelry that resulted from the union of Reisado (an Epiphany celebration), Auto dos Caboclinhos (Caboclinhos' Play), Chegança (public folk play depicting a naval battle) and Pastoril (outdoor folk play). Its choreography and costumes with colored ribbons and beads reproduce the cathedral's façades on the monumental hats covered with mirrors.This is a dramatic dance motivated by the sea. It tells the sea adventures of the first navigators in its songs accompanied by guitar and ukulele.Boi do Carnaval is a popular culture display derived from Bumba-Meu-Boi. It is always presented together with La Ursa (The Bear), Vaqueiro (Cowboy) and a percussion band whose rhythm captivates everyone that hears it.Gogó da Ema was a famous palm tree with a crooked trunk roughly shaped like a curvilinear letter N. The tree fell on July 27, 1955, at 2:20 in the afternoon.[13] It has become a symbol for Maceian culture and tourism, and there is a beach named after the celebrated tree. The tree also appears in folkloric art and music throughout northeastern Brazil.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Praia_Paju%C3%A7ara_Macei%C3%B3_04_2015_3258.JPG"}],"text":"Maceió is home to numerous beaches, the color of sea varying from emerald green to blue; the water is always clear. The sand is white and there are many coconut plantations.The Maceió sea has natural pools and reefs a few meters off the coast, that can be accessed by boat or raft sailings. The Mundaú lake is another option for sailing and bathing in transparent water.Historical buildings include the Cathedral of Our Lady of Pleasures (1840), the Deodoro Theatre, the Municipal Market, the Historical Institute Museum and the Floriano Peixoto Palace, seat of Alagoas State government.Panoramic view of Pajuçara beach and Ponta Verde (in the background)","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gastronomy include fishes, shrimps, crabs and lobsters are some of Maceió's specialties. Fresh seafood is prepared from local recipes, such as tapioca, acaraje, carne-de-sol, cuscuz de tapioca. A kind of mollusk, the sururu, is appreciated in the city and is incorporated in many typical dishes.","title":"Food"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TUDH_Bom_Sinal_Maceio-AL_27.06.2012_-_ELIAS_VIEIRA.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeroporto_Internacional_Zumbi_dos_Palmares_-_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porto_de_Macei%C3%B3_no_Jaragu%C3%A1,_Alagoas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maceió Urban Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macei%C3%B3_Urban_Rail"}],"sub_title":"Public Transportation","text":"Maceió Light TrainZumbi dos Palmares International Airport.Port of Maceió.Maceió is served by Maceió Urban Rail, a light rail system.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbi_dos_Palmares_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"}],"sub_title":"International Airport","text":"Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport located outside Maceió serves the area with international connections to Lisbon in Portugal and Buenos Aires in Argentina, as well as cities throughout Brazil.In 2021 the airport handled 1,893,812 passengers.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil"},{"link_name":"MSC Seashore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSC_Seashore"}],"sub_title":"Port","text":"The Port of Jaraguá is a Brazilian port located in Maceió. The commercial and economic development of the Port of Jaraguá, next to the margins of the Mundaú lagoon, was responsible for the emergence of an important settlement that received the name of Maceió and later became the present capital of Alagoas. The Port of Jaraguá is situated in a natural port area that facilitates the ships docking. During the Brazilian colonial period, the most important products exported from there port were sugar, tobacco, coconut and spices. The Biggest Cruise Ship to attract at port was MSC Seashore in 2022.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"BR-104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BR-104"},{"link_name":"BR-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BR-101"},{"link_name":"BR-316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BR-316"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Aracaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracaju"},{"link_name":"Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"Maceió is connected to the main cities of Brazil by the BR-104, BR-101, BR-316 and AL-101 highways. The distances to other Brazilian cities are shown below:Brasília: 2010 km (1249 mi);\nRecife: 270 km (168 mi);\nAracaju: 290 km (180 mi);\nSalvador: 610 km (379 mi).","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Aracaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracaju"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"João Pessoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Gwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Aracaju, Brazil\n João Pessoa, Brazil\n Gwangju, South Korea\n Milan, Italy","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guaxuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guaxuma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ipioca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ipioca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jatiúca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jati%C3%BAca"},{"link_name":"Pajuçara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paju%C3%A7ara"},{"link_name":"Ponta Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_Verde"},{"link_name":"Tabuleiro do Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabuleiro_do_Martins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trapiche da Barra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapiche_da_Barra&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"There are today about 50 districts in Maceió:Antares\nBarro Duro\nBebedouro\nBenedito Bentes\nBom Parto\nCanaã\nCentro de Maceió (Downtown)\nChã de Bebedouro\nChã da Jaqueira\nCidade Universitária\nClima Bom\nCruz das Almas\nFarol\nFeitosa\nFernão Velho\nGarça Torta\nGruta de Lourdes\nGuaxuma\nIpioca\nJacarecica\nJacintinho\nJaraguá\nJardim Petrópolis\nJatiúca\nLevada\nMangabeiras\nMutange\nOuro Preto\nPajuçara\nPescaria\nPinheiro\nPitanguinha\nPoço\nPonta da Terra\nPonta Grossa\nPonta Verde\nPontal da Barra\nPrado\nPetrópolis\nRiacho Doce\nRio Novo\nSanta Amélia\nSanto Amaro\nSantos Dumont\nSão Jorge\nSerraria\nTabuleiro do Martins\nTrapiche da Barra\nVergel do Lago.","title":"Neighbourhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museu_de_Macei%C3%B3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barra de São Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barra_de_S%C3%A3o_Miguel,_Alagoas"},{"link_name":"Praia do Gunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia_do_Gunga"},{"link_name":"Barra de Santo Antônio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barra_de_Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio"},{"link_name":"Maragogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragogi"},{"link_name":"Japaratinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaratinga"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty replica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty#Brazil"}],"text":"Maceió State Museum.Praia do Francês (French's Beach)\nBarra Nova (New Waterway)\nDunas de Marapé (Dunes of Marapé)\nNove Ilhas (Nine Islands)\nMassagüera (or Massagueira)\nBarra de São Miguel (San Miguel Waterway)\nPraia do Gunga (Gunga's Beach)\nSonho Verde (Green Dream)\nBarra de Santo Antônio (Santo Antonio Waterway)\nMaragogi\nMurici\nJaparatinga\nPontal do Coruripe\nStatue of Liberty replica in front of Museu da Imagem e do Som de Alagoas (Museum of Image and Sound of Alagoas)","title":"Surrounding highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zagallo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lira"},{"link_name":"Bruna Tenório","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna_Ten%C3%B3rio"},{"link_name":"Bruno de Barros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_de_Barros"},{"link_name":"Maurício Borges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Borges_Silva"},{"link_name":"Djavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djavan"},{"link_name":"Fernando Collor de Mello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello"},{"link_name":"Floriano Peixoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriano_Peixoto"},{"link_name":"Graciliano Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciliano_Ramos"},{"link_name":"Tiago Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago_Fernandes_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Zagallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Zagallo"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Maria Eduarda Arakaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Eduarda_Arakaki"},{"link_name":"Yohansson Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohansson_Nascimento"},{"link_name":"Nise da Silveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nise_da_Silveira"},{"link_name":"Képler Laveran Lima Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepe_(footballer_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"Adriano Gabiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Gabiru"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sport Club Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Roberto Firmino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Firmino"},{"link_name":"Roberval Davino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberval_Davino"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sandra Suruagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Suruagy"},{"link_name":"Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Deodoro_da_Fonseca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Zagallo football coach born in Maceió.Arthur Lira, president of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.\nBruna Tenório, fashion model.\nBruno de Barros, Brazilian sprinter, Olympic medallist.\nMaurício Borges, Brazilian volleyball player, Olympic champion.\nDjavan, singer and musician.\nFernando Collor de Mello, Brazilian president from 1990 - 1992.\nFloriano Peixoto, second president of the Brazilian republic.\nGraciliano Ramos, Brazilian writer and journalist.\nTiago Fernandes, former Brazilian tennis player, champion of the 2010 Australian Open at Boys Singles\nZagallo (Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo), football coach.\nMaria Eduarda Arakaki, considered the best Brazilian rhythmic gymnast of all time.\nYohansson Nascimento, athlete, paralympic champion.\nNise da Silveira, psychiatrist.\nKépler Laveran Lima Ferreira aka 'Pepe', footballer.\nAdriano Gabiru, football player, winner of the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup playing for Sport Club Internacional.\nRoberto Firmino, footballer.\nRoberval Davino, football coach.\nSandra Suruagy, volleyball player, Olympic medallist\nManuel Deodoro da Fonseca[citation needed], First Brazilian President","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Maceió in 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vista_de_Macei%C3%B3_%28AL%29.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Vista_de_Macei%C3%B3_%28AL%29.tif.png"},{"image_text":"Great Maceió aerial view.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vista_%C3%A1rea_metropolitana_de_Macei%C3%B3.jpg/220px-Vista_%C3%A1rea_metropolitana_de_Macei%C3%B3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hall of the Deodoro Theatre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Teatro_deodoro_de_alagoas.jpg/220px-Teatro_deodoro_de_alagoas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carnival in Maceió.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bloco-Pinto-da-Madrugada-nas-pr%C3%A9vias-de-2018-Foto-Marco-Antonio-Secom-Maceio.png/220px-Bloco-Pinto-da-Madrugada-nas-pr%C3%A9vias-de-2018-Foto-Marco-Antonio-Secom-Maceio.png"},{"image_text":"Panoramic view of Pajuçara beach and Ponta Verde (in the background)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Praia_Paju%C3%A7ara_Macei%C3%B3_04_2015_3258.JPG/1000px-Praia_Paju%C3%A7ara_Macei%C3%B3_04_2015_3258.JPG"},{"image_text":"Maceió Light Train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TUDH_Bom_Sinal_Maceio-AL_27.06.2012_-_ELIAS_VIEIRA.png/220px-TUDH_Bom_Sinal_Maceio-AL_27.06.2012_-_ELIAS_VIEIRA.png"},{"image_text":"Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aeroporto_Internacional_Zumbi_dos_Palmares_-_03.jpg/220px-Aeroporto_Internacional_Zumbi_dos_Palmares_-_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port of Maceió.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Porto_de_Macei%C3%B3_no_Jaragu%C3%A1%2C_Alagoas.jpg/220px-Porto_de_Macei%C3%B3_no_Jaragu%C3%A1%2C_Alagoas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maceió State Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Museu_de_Macei%C3%B3.jpg/220px-Museu_de_Macei%C3%B3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zagallo football coach born in Maceió.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zagallo.jpg/110px-Zagallo.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Historic and Geographic Institute of Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_and_Geographic_Institute_of_Alagoas"},{"title":"History of Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alagoas"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme","url_text":"United Nations Development Programme"},{"url":"http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil)\". Liverpool Mercury. Imports. No. 705. 26 Nov 1824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Mercury","url_text":"Liverpool Mercury"}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool, Friday, November 26th\". Liverpool Mercury. No. 705. 26 Nov 1824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Mercury","url_text":"Liverpool Mercury"}]},{"reference":"\"Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010\" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas","url_text":"\"Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140905073726/http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima%2FnormaisClimatologicas","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Maceio\" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1351-Maceio.php","url_text":"\"Station Maceio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Normal Climatológica do Brasil 1991-2020: Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)\" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx","url_text":"\"Normal Climatológica do Brasil 1991-2020: Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Meteorologia","url_text":"Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia"}]},{"reference":"\"Precipitação Acumulada Decendial Mensal e Anual (mm) Period:1991-2020\" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PDEC.xlsx","url_text":"\"Precipitação Acumulada Decendial Mensal e Anual (mm) Period:1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temperatura do Ponto de Orvalho Mensal e Anual (°C) Periodo:1991-2020\" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TORV.xlsx","url_text":"\"Temperatura do Ponto de Orvalho Mensal e Anual (°C) Periodo:1991-2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Meteorologia","url_text":"Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia"}]},{"reference":"\"Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%): Período: 1991-2020\" (XLSX). portal.inmet.gov (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx","url_text":"\"Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%): Período: 1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate and monthly weather forecast Maceió, Brazil\". weather atlas. Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/maceio-climate","url_text":"\"Climate and monthly weather forecast Maceió, Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"Maceió. Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/al/maceio/panorama","url_text":"Maceió"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Macei%C3%B3¶ms=9_39_57_S_35_44_06_W_region:BR-AL_type:city","external_links_name":"9°39′57″S 35°44′06″W / 9.66583°S 35.73500°W / -9.66583; -35.73500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Macei%C3%B3¶ms=9_39_57_S_35_44_06_W_region:BR-AL_type:city","external_links_name":"9°39′57″S 35°44′06″W / 9.66583°S 35.73500°W / -9.66583; -35.73500"},{"Link":"http://www.maceio.al.gov.br/","external_links_name":"www.maceio.al.gov.br"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macei%C3%B3&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macei%C3%B3&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macei%C3%B3&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/al/maceio/panorama","external_links_name":"IBGE 2021"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas","external_links_name":"\"Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140905073726/http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima%2FnormaisClimatologicas","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1351-Maceio.php","external_links_name":"\"Station Maceio\""},{"Link":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Normal Climatológica do Brasil 1991-2020: Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)\""},{"Link":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PDEC.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Precipitação Acumulada Decendial Mensal e Anual (mm) Period:1991-2020\""},{"Link":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TORV.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Temperatura do Ponto de Orvalho Mensal e Anual (°C) Periodo:1991-2020\""},{"Link":"https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%): Período: 1991-2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/maceio-climate","external_links_name":"\"Climate and monthly weather forecast Maceió, Brazil\""},{"Link":"https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/al/maceio/panorama","external_links_name":"Maceió"},{"Link":"http://www.coisasdemaceio.com.br/modules/myalbum/photo.php?lid=123","external_links_name":"\"Praça Gogó da Ema\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513235138/http://www.turismomaceio.com.br/index-en.htm","external_links_name":"Tourism Maceió"},{"Link":"http://www.aboutbrasil.com/modules/brazil-brasil/rio-de-janeiro_sao-paulo_fortaleza.php?hoofd=3&sub=20&art=655","external_links_name":"AboutBrasil/Maceió"},{"Link":"http://www.maceioturismo.com.br/","external_links_name":"City Tour"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617034420/http://www.somaceio.com.br/","external_links_name":"Only Maceió"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430064511/http://www.bairrosdemaceio.net/site/index.php?Canal=Mapa%20dos%20Bairros","external_links_name":"Neighborhoods of Maceió"},{"Link":"http://www.maceio40graus.com.br/","external_links_name":"Events in Maceió"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010802052546/http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Chateau/2931/pespmaceio.html","external_links_name":"About Maceió"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123160218","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566734005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81002729","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/632cdfc5-ec3e-491f-a3e1-169f4f7d7e98","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Zilli
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Nina Zilli
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["1 Biography","1.1 Childhood and early beginnings","1.2 TV career and the band Chiara e gli Scuri","1.3 Debut EP Nina Zilli","1.4 Sanremo Music Festival 2010 and Sempre Lontano","1.5 Sanremo Music Festival 2012, L'amore è Femmina and Eurovision Song Contest","1.6 Italia's Got Talent and Frasi & fumo","2 Discography","3 Awards","4 Notes","5 External links"]
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Italian singer-songwriter
Nina ZilliNina Zilli at the presentation of her first album Sempre lontano in 2010Background informationBirth nameMaria Chiara FraschettaBorn (1980-02-02) 2 February 1980 (age 44)Piacenza, ItalyGenres
Pop rock
R&B
soul
reggae
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriterYears active2000–presentLabelsUniversalWebsiteninazilli.comMusical artist
Maria Chiara Fraschetta (born 2 February 1980), better known by her stage name Nina Zilli (pronounced ), is an Italian singer-songwriter. After releasing her debut single "50mila", she achieved commercial success with the album Sempre lontano, released after participating in the newcomers' section of the Sanremo Music Festival 2010. During the Sanremo Music Festival 2012, Zilli was chosen to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan, where she placed 9th with the song "L'amore è femmina (Out of Love)", included in her second studio album. Zilli returned to the Sanremo Music Festival in 2015, and competed with the song "Sola" from her upcoming album, Frasi&Fumo. She was also a judge of Italia's Got Talent from 2015 to 2017.
Biography
Childhood and early beginnings
Nina Zilli was born on 2 February 1980 in Piacenza, Italy, to a father from Emilia-Romagna and a mother from Apulia, and grew up in Gossolengo, 9 km (5.5 mi) southwest of Piacenza,
After moving to Ireland, she started performing live and, at the age of thirteen, she started studying opera singing at the conservatory.
In 1997 she founded her first band, The Jerks. After completing high school at the Liceo Scientifico Respighi in Piacenza, she spent two years in the United States, living in Chicago and New York.
TV career and the band Chiara e gli Scuri
Between 2000 and 2001 she co-presented Red Ronnie's TV show Roxy Bar, broadcast in Italy by TMC2. In 2001 she also debuted as a VJ for MTV Italy. Meanwhile she obtained a recording contract with her new band, Chiara e gli Scuri, founded in 2000. In 2001 the band released the single "Tutti al mare". They also started working on an album, but it was never released, due to some disagreements with the recording label.
During the same years, Zilli started her academic studies, later graduating in Public Relations from the IULM University of Milan.
Debut EP Nina Zilli
In 2009, she chose the stage name Nina Zilli, combining her mother's surname with Nina Simone's first name. Zilli released her debut single, "50mila", on 28 July 2009. The song features vocals by Giuliano Palma, though a Nina only version was later included in the soundtrack of Ferzan Özpetek's film Loose Cannons.
Nina Zilli's self-titled debut extended play, Nina Zilli, was released by Universal Music on 11 September 2011. The EP peaked at number 54 on the Italian Albums Chart, and it also spawned the singles "L'inferno", released in September 2009, and "L'amore verrà", an Italian-language cover of The Supremes "You Can't Hurry Love".
Sanremo Music Festival 2010 and Sempre Lontano
Nina Zilli in concert in 2009
On 12 January 2010, it was announced that Nina Zilli was one of the winners of the contest Sanremo New Generation, allowing her to participate in the newcomers section of the 60th Sanremo Music Festival. Zilli's entry, "L'uomo che amava le donne ", was performed for the first time on 18 February 2010, and it was admitted to the final, later won by Tony Maiello's "Il linguaggio della resa". During the competition, Zilli received the Critics' Award "Mia Martini" and the Press, Radio & TV Award. The single was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry and it was included in Zilli's debut album, Sempre lontano, released on 19 February 2010. A special edition of the album was released on 30 November 2010, together with the single "Bacio d'a(d)dio". On 18 February 2011, the album was certified platinum in Italy, for domestic sales exceeding 60,000 copies.
In February 2011, she received two nominations at the 2011 TRL Awards in the categories Best Look and Italians Do It Better. Zilli was also the presenter of the night, broadcast by MTV Italy on 20 April 2011. In March 2011, Sempre lontano was also released in Spain.
Sanremo Music Festival 2012, L'amore è Femmina and Eurovision Song Contest
In January 2012, Zilli was chosen as one of the participants in the Big Artists section of the 62nd Sanremo Music Festival, performing the song "Per sempre". During the competition, Zilli also performed a cover of Mina's "Grande grande grande", in a duet with British singer Skye Edwards. On the final of the show, she was chosen by a specific jury as the Italian entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2012.
Zilli's second studio album, L'amore è femmina, was released on 15 February 2012. In March of the same year, she co-presented the show Panariello non esiste, created by Italian comedian Giorgio Panariello and broadcast by Canale 5.
Zilli represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 with the song "L'amore è femmina (Out of Love)". As Italy is one of the "Big Five" who provide the most financial funding into the contest she was automatically allocated in the final. After scoring 101 points, she placed in 9th place.
Italia's Got Talent and Frasi & fumo
Zilli was a judge on Italia's Got Talent from 2015 to 2017, which aired on Sky Uno. Zilli was also a contestant on the Sanremo Music Festival 2015. She competed with the song "Sola", which was being included in her third studio album, Frasi & fumo.
Discography
Main article: Nina Zilli discography
Sempre lontano (2010)
L'amore è femmina (2012)
Frasi & fumo (2015)
Modern Art (2017)
Awards
Year
Award
Nomination
Work
Result
2010
Sanremo Music Festival
Newcomers' Critics Award "Mia Martini"
"L'uomo che amava le donne"
Won
Assomusica Award
Won
Press, Radio & TV Award
Won
2010
Wind Music Awards
Young Artists Award
Herself
Won
2010
TRL Awards
Best Look
Herself
Nominated
2010
Premio Videoclip Italiano
Best Video by a Female Artist
"L'uomo che amava le donne"
Nominated
2010
MTV Europe Music Awards
Best Italian Act
Herself
Nominated
2011
Premio Videoclip Italiano
Best Video by a Female Artist
"Bacio d'a(d)dio"
Nominated
2011
Wind Music Awards
Platinum Award
Sempre lontano
Won
2011
TRL Awards
Italians Do It Better
Herself
Nominated
Best Look
Herself
Nominated
2015
Lunezia Award
Vintage-Pop Award
Frasi & fumo
Won
Notes
^ "Sanremo 2012, gli Artisti " Nina-Zilli". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2012 – Artisti in gara – Nina Zilli". La Stampa (in Italian). 2 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Nina Zilli in concerto al Teatro Politeama Greco di Lecce
^ NINA ZILLI/ Chi è la cantante ospite all'Arena di Verona 2015 (oggi, 3 giugno)
^ "Nina Zilli – Recanati (MC) – 3 luglio 2010". LaPrimaWeb.it (in Italian). 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2012: Nina Zilli canta la Tigre di Cremona" (in Italian). Excite.it. 2 February 2012.
^ Pierluigi Pisa, Alessandra Vitali (19 February 2010). "Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. E pensare che mi volevano suora". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Beppe de' Mayer (30 April 2010). "Nina Zilli conquista il Disco d'Oro per le vendite dell'album Sempre Lontano" (in Italian). Musicalnews.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2012: la scheda di Nina Zilli con il brano "Per sempre"" (in Italian). NewNotizie.it. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Red Ronnie intervistato su Rai 2" (in Italian). Roxybar.it. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ a b Matteo Cruccu (22 January 2010). "Nina Zilli: "Amo reggae, soul e Amy Winehouse"". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Chiara e gli Scuri" (in Italian). Roxybar.it. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Marinella Venegoni (19 March 2010). "Nina Zilli che conosce i congiuntivi e canta nel segno di Otis Redding". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2012.
^ "Da Nina Simone alla Zilli". L'isola che non-c'era (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "50mila (feat. Giuliano Palma) – Single di Nina Zilli" (in Italian). iTunes.
^ "Nina Zilli – Biografia". Rockol.it. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ a b "Nina Zilli, L'Inferno, nuovo singolo" (in Italian). Universal Music Group. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Artisti – Classifica settimanale dal 14/09/2009 al 20/09/2009". Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Nina Zilli – L'amore verrà" (in Italian). Radio Kiss Kiss. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2010: ecco i giovani" (in Italian). TGCOM. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo: Luca Marino e Nina Zilli sono i due giovani che passano il turno" (in Italian). Adnkronos. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
^ Valentina Greggio (20 February 2010). "Sanremo 2010 – Quarta serata" (in Italian). Nonsolocinema.com. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo Giovani, vince Tony Maiello". TGCOM (in Italian). 20 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Mario Guglielmi (20 February 2010). "Festival Sanremo 2010, Nina Zilli vince anche il Premio Sala Stampa Radio Tv" (in Italian). Riviera24.it. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
^ "Italian single certifications" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Select "Tutti gli anni" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
^ Andrea Conti (11 February 2010). "Nina Zilli, una diva a Sanremo". TGCOM (in Italian). Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Nina Zilli: Sempre Lontano – Special Edition" (in Italian). Italianissima.net. 7 December 2010.
^ "Nina Zilli" (in Italian). RAI. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Trl Awards 2011, tutte le nomination" (in Italian). Excite.it. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Lo show degli Mtv Awards in Santa Croce. Leonardo vs Michelangelo a Casa Buonarroti". la Repubblica (in Italian). 20 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Nina Zilli alla conquista della Spagna" (in Italian). Universal Music Group. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo, ecco i nomi dei Big. Il Festival al tempo della crisi". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 January 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2012: i nomi e le canzoni dei Big in gara e dei duetti del giovedì". Rockol.it. 15 January 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
^ Matteo Cruccu (16 February 2012). "Le star straniere rilanciano il Festival. Loredana canta Mia. E passa con D'Alessio". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2012, varie ed eventuali". Rockol.it. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2012: videointervista a Nina Zilli" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Alessandra Clementi (20 March 2012). "Panariello, basta macchiette. Torno in tv con uno show maturo". la Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ "Pastora Soler, décima en Eurovisión" (in Spanish). Telecinco. 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Alessandro Buttitta (8 August 2014). "Italia's Got Talent, Sky sceglie Vanessa Incontrada, Claudio Bisio, Luciana Littizzetto, Nina Zilli e Frank Matano. Casting aperti fino a settembre". The Huffington Post (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Alessandro Alicandri. "Sanremo 2015, i nomi dei 20 cantanti in gara". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
^ "Nina Zilli: il nuovo album si chiama Frasi&Fumo, ecco la copertina!" (in Italian). MTV News. 16 January 2015.
^ Pierluigi Pisa, Alessandra Vitali (19 February 2010). "Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. E pensare che mi volevano suora". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "Sanremo 2010: Assomusica premia Nina Zilli" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "Nina Zilli da Sanremo a Napoli: canta L'amore è femmina". Corriere del Mezzogiorno (in Italian). 27 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "Wind Music Awards 2010: Grandi stelle della musica all'Arena di Verona. Il 28 e 29 maggio all'Arena di Verona". NonSoloCinema.com. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "TRL Awards nominations" (in Italian). Newsic.it. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "Premio Videoclip Italiano 2010: continuano le votazioni" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 11 October 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^ "Marco Mengoni vince nella categoria Best Italian Act!" (in Italian). MTV Europe Music Awards. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
^ "PVI 2011: ecco i nomi dei 20 finalisti, scelti da voi" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Alessia Malorgio (22 June 2011). "Ecco tutti i vincitori dei Wind Music Awards: da Marco Carta a Emma Marrone" (in Italian). FunWeek.it. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ a b "Ecco tutte le nomination dei TRL Awards 2011" (in Italian). Melodicamente.com. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "I Premi Lunezia da Fedez a Francesca Michielin" (in Italian). Radio Italia Solo Musica Italiana. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nina Zilli.
Official website
Nina Zilli at Allmusic
Awards and achievements
Preceded byRaphael Gualazziwith "Madness of Love"
Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012
Succeeded byMarco Mengoniwith "L'essenziale"
vteNina ZilliDiscographyStudio albums
Sempre lontano (2010)
L'amore è femmina (2012)
Frasi & fumo (2015)
Modern Art (2017)
Extended plays
Nina Zilli (2009)
Singles
"L'amore verrà"
"Per sempre"
"L'amore è femmina"
Other songs
"Grande, grande, grande"
Contests
Sanremo Music Festival (2010
2012
2015)
Eurovision Song Contest (2012)
Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest (2012)
Related articles
Universal Music Group
Italia's Got Talent
Loose Cannons
Giuliano Palma
Skye Edwards
Nina Simone
vteItaly in the Eurovision Song ContestSanremo Music FestivalCanzonissimaParticipation
1956
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1990
1991
1992
1993
1997
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Artists
Al Bano and Romina Power
Alice
Luca Barbarossa
Franco Battiato
Blanco
Gigliola Cinquetti
Betty Curtis
Toto Cutugno
Nicola Di Bari
Peppino di Capri
Diodato
Emma
Sergio Endrigo
Riccardo Fogli
Francesco Gabbani
Nunzio Gallo
Dori Ghezzi
Raphael Gualazzi
Jalisse
Fausto Leali
Mahmood
Måneskin
Angelina Mango
Mia Martini
Matia Bazar
Marco Mengoni
Ermal Meta
Francesca Michielin
Domenico Modugno
Gianni Morandi
Fabrizio Moro
Anna Oxa
Emilio Pericoli
Raf
Franca Raimondi
Massimo Ranieri
Renato Rascel
Ricchi e Poveri
Enrico Ruggeri
Bobby Solo
Alan Sorrenti
Tonina Torrielli
Umberto Tozzi
Claudio Villa
Il Volo
Wess
Iva Zanicchi
Nina Zilli
Songs
"Addio, addio"
"Al di là"
"Amami se vuoi"
"L'amore è femmina (Out of Love)"
"L'amore è un attimo"
"Aprite le finestre"
"Avrei voluto"
"Brividi"
"Chi sarà con te"
"Comme è ddoce 'o mare"
"Corde della mia chitarra"
"Dio, come ti amo"
"Due grosse lacrime bianche"
"Due vite"
"Era"
"L'essenziale"
"Fai rumore"
"Fiumi di parole"
"Gente di mare"
"I giorni dell'arcobaleno"
"Grande amore"
"Insieme: 1992"
"Libera"
"Madness of Love"
"Magic Oh Magic"
"Marianne"
"La mia città"
"La noia"
"Nel blu, dipinto di blu"
"No Degree of Separation"
"Non andare più lontano"
"Non ho l'età"
"Non mi avete fatto niente"
"Non so che darei"
"Occhi di ragazza"
"Occidentali's Karma"
"Per Lucia"
"Piove (Ciao, ciao bambina)"
"Questo amore"
"Raggio di luna"
"Rapsodia"
"Romantica"
"Se piangi, se ridi"
"Sì"
"Soldi"
"Sole d'Europa"
"I treni di Tozeur"
"Uno per tutte"
"Vivo (Ti scrivo)"
"We'll Live It All Again"
"Zitti e buoni"
Note: Entries scored out signify where Italy did not compete
vteEurovision Song Contest 2012CountriesFinal
Albania
Azerbaijan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cyprus
Denmark
Estonia
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Lithuania
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Norway
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Semi-finals
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Finland
Georgia
Israel
Latvia
Montenegro
Netherlands
Portugal
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Switzerland
Withdrawn
Armenia
ArtistsFinal
Ivi Adamou
Anggun
Sabina Babayeva
Can Bonomo
Buranovskiye Babushki
Kurt Calleja
Compact Disco
Eleftheria Eleftheriou
Gaitana
Greta Salóme and Jónsi
Engelbert Humperdinck
Jedward
Željko Joksimović
Kaliopi
Ott Lepland
Roman Lob
Loreen
Mandinga
Donny Montell
Rona Nishliu
Pasha Parfeni
Soluna Samay
Maya Sar
Pastora Soler
Tooji
Nina Zilli
Semi-finals
Rambo Amadeus
Anmary
Nina Badrić
Eva Boto
Joan Franka
Iris
Izabo
Anri Jokhadze
Litesound
Max Jason Mai
Sofi Marinova
Valentina Monetta
Pernilla
Sinplus
Filipa Sousa
Trackshittaz
SongsFinal
"L'amore è femmina (Out of Love)"
"Aphrodisiac"
"Be My Guest"
"Crno i belo"
"Echo (You and I)"
"Euphoria"
"Korake ti znam"
"Kuula"
"La La Love"
"Lăutar"
"Love Is Blind"
"Love Me Back"
"Love Will Set You Free"
"Never Forget"
"Nije ljubav stvar"
"Party for Everybody"
"Quédate conmigo"
"Should've Known Better"
"Sound of Our Hearts"
"Standing Still"
"Stay"
"Suus"
"This Is the Night"
"Waterline"
"When the Music Dies"
"Zaleilah"
Semi-finals
"Beautiful Song"
"Don't Close Your Eyes"
"Euro Neuro"
"I'm a Joker"
"Love Unlimited"
"När jag blundar"
"Nebo"
"The Social Network Song (Oh Oh – Uh - Oh Oh)"
"Time"
"Unbreakable"
"Verjamem"
"Vida minha"
"We Are the Heroes"
"Woki mit deim Popo"
"Would You?"
"You and Me"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Artists
MusicBrainz
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After releasing her debut single \"50mila\", she achieved commercial success with the album Sempre lontano, released after participating in the newcomers' section of the Sanremo Music Festival 2010. During the Sanremo Music Festival 2012, Zilli was chosen to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan, where she placed 9th with the song \"L'amore è femmina (Out of Love)\", included in her second studio album. Zilli returned to the Sanremo Music Festival in 2015, and competed with the song \"Sola\" from her upcoming album, Frasi&Fumo. She was also a judge of Italia's Got Talent from 2015 to 2017.","title":"Nina Zilli"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gossolengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossolengo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Liceo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceo_(Italian_school)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Childhood and early beginnings","text":"Nina Zilli was born on 2 February 1980 in Piacenza, Italy,[2] to a father from Emilia-Romagna and a mother from Apulia,[3][4] and grew up in Gossolengo, 9 km (5.5 mi) southwest of Piacenza,[5]After moving to Ireland, she started performing live and, at the age of thirteen, she started studying opera singing at the conservatory.[6]In 1997 she founded her first band, The Jerks.[7] After completing high school at the Liceo Scientifico Respighi in Piacenza,[8] she spent two years in the United States, living in Chicago and New York.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TMC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemontecarlo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"VJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VJ_(media_personality)"},{"link_name":"MTV Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Italy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corriere220110-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corriere220110-11"},{"link_name":"IULM University of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IULM_University_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"TV career and the band Chiara e gli Scuri","text":"Between 2000 and 2001 she co-presented Red Ronnie's TV show Roxy Bar, broadcast in Italy by TMC2.[10] In 2001 she also debuted as a VJ for MTV Italy.[11] Meanwhile she obtained a recording contract with her new band, Chiara e gli Scuri, founded in 2000. In 2001 the band released the single \"Tutti al mare\".[12] They also started working on an album, but it was never released, due to some disagreements with the recording label.[11]During the same years, Zilli started her academic studies, later graduating in Public Relations from the IULM University of Milan.[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nina Simone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"50mila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50mila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Palma_%26_the_Bluebeaters"},{"link_name":"Ferzan Özpetek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferzan_%C3%96zpetek"},{"link_name":"Loose 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Zilli","text":"In 2009, she chose the stage name Nina Zilli, combining her mother's surname with Nina Simone's first name.[14] Zilli released her debut single, \"50mila\", on 28 July 2009.[15] The song features vocals by Giuliano Palma, though a Nina only version was later included in the soundtrack of Ferzan Özpetek's film Loose Cannons.[16]Nina Zilli's self-titled debut extended play, Nina Zilli, was released by Universal Music on 11 September 2011.[17] The EP peaked at number 54 on the Italian Albums Chart,[18] and it also spawned the singles \"L'inferno\", released in September 2009,[17] and \"L'amore verrà\", an Italian-language cover of The Supremes \"You Can't Hurry Love\".[19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nina_Zilli_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"60th Sanremo Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_2010"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"L'uomo che 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lontano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempre_lontano"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"TRL Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRL_Awards_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"MTV Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Italy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Sanremo Music Festival 2010 and Sempre Lontano","text":"Nina Zilli in concert in 2009On 12 January 2010, it was announced that Nina Zilli was one of the winners of the contest Sanremo New Generation, allowing her to participate in the newcomers section of the 60th Sanremo Music Festival.[20] Zilli's entry, \"L'uomo che amava le donne [it]\", was performed for the first time on 18 February 2010, and it was admitted to the final,[21] later won by Tony Maiello's \"Il linguaggio della resa\".[22] During the competition, Zilli received the Critics' Award \"Mia Martini\"[23] and the Press, Radio & TV Award.[24] The single was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry[25] and it was included in Zilli's debut album, Sempre lontano, released on 19 February 2010.[26] A special edition of the album was released on 30 November 2010, together with the single \"Bacio d'a(d)dio\".[27] On 18 February 2011, the album was certified platinum in Italy, for domestic sales exceeding 60,000 copies.[28]In February 2011, she received two nominations at the 2011 TRL Awards in the categories Best Look and Italians Do It Better.[29] Zilli was also the presenter of the night, broadcast by MTV Italy on 20 April 2011.[30] In March 2011, Sempre lontano was also released in Spain.[31]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"62nd Sanremo Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_2012"},{"link_name":"Per sempre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Sempre_(Nina_Zilli_song)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Participants-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_(Italian_singer)"},{"link_name":"Grande grande grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_grande_grande"},{"link_name":"Skye Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye_Edwards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"L'amore è 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performed a cover of Mina's \"Grande grande grande\", in a duet with British singer Skye Edwards.[34] On the final of the show, she was chosen by a specific jury as the Italian entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2012.[35]Zilli's second studio album, L'amore è femmina, was released on 15 February 2012.[36] In March of the same year, she co-presented the show Panariello non esiste, created by Italian comedian Giorgio Panariello and broadcast by Canale 5.[37]Zilli represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 with the song \"L'amore è femmina (Out of Love)\". As Italy is one of the \"Big Five\" who provide the most financial funding into the contest she was automatically allocated in the final. After scoring 101 points, she placed in 9th place.[38]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italia's Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia%27s_Got_Talent"},{"link_name":"Sky Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Uno"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sanremo Music Festival 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_2015"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Italia's Got Talent and Frasi & fumo","text":"Zilli was a judge on Italia's Got Talent from 2015 to 2017, which aired on Sky Uno.[39] Zilli was also a contestant on the Sanremo Music Festival 2015. She competed with the song \"Sola\", which was being included in her third studio album, Frasi & fumo.[40][41]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sempre lontano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempre_lontano"},{"link_name":"L'amore è femmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27amore_%C3%A8_femmina"},{"link_name":"Frasi & fumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasi_%26_fumo"},{"link_name":"Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Art_(Nina_Zilli_album)"}],"text":"Sempre lontano (2010)\nL'amore è femmina (2012)\nFrasi & fumo (2015)\nModern Art (2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sanremo 2012, gli Artisti \" Nina-Zilli\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130416090308/http://www.sorrisi.com/2012/02/11/sanremo-2012-gli-artisti/roma-62a%C2%B0festival-della-canzone-italiana-30/"},{"link_name":"TV Sorrisi e Canzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Sorrisi_e_Canzoni"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sorrisi.com/2012/02/11/sanremo-2012-gli-artisti/roma-62a%C2%B0festival-della-canzone-italiana-30/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sanremo 2012 – Artisti in gara – Nina Zilli\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130111201211/http://www3.lastampa.it/focus/sanremo-2012/scheda-artista/lstp/440954/"},{"link_name":"La Stampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.lastampa.it/focus/sanremo-2012/scheda-artista/lstp/440954/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Nina Zilli in concerto al Teatro Politeama Greco di Lecce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.puglia.com/nina-zilli-in-concerto-al-teatro-politeama-greco-di-lecce/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"NINA ZILLI/ Chi è la cantante ospite all'Arena di Verona 2015 (oggi, 3 giugno)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cinema-Televisione-e-Media/2015/6/3/NINA-ZILLI-Chi-e-la-cantante-ospite-all-Arena-di-Verona-2015-oggi-3-giugno-/614055/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Nina Zilli – Recanati (MC) – 3 luglio 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100501153645/http://www.laprimaweb.it/2010/04/06/nina-zilli-recanati-mc-3-luglio-2010/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.laprimaweb.it/2010/04/06/nina-zilli-recanati-mc-3-luglio-2010/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Sanremo 2012: Nina Zilli canta la Tigre di Cremona\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//musica.excite.it/sanremo-2012-nina-zilli-canta-la-tigre-di-cremona-N120187.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. 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Casting aperti fino a settembre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.huffingtonpost.it/2014/08/08/italia-got-talent-sky_n_5662019.html"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150118233616/http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2014/08/08/italia-got-talent-sky_n_5662019.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Sanremo 2015, i nomi dei 20 cantanti in gara\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141216090722/http://www.sorrisi.com/2014/12/14/i-cantanti-di-sanremo-2015-i-20-concorrenti/"},{"link_name":"TV Sorrisi e Canzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Sorrisi_e_Canzoni"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sorrisi.com/2014/12/14/i-cantanti-di-sanremo-2015-i-20-concorrenti/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"Nina Zilli: il nuovo album si chiama Frasi&Fumo, ecco la copertina!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.mtv.it/musica/nina-zilli-il-nuovo-album-si-chiama-frasifumo-ecco-la-copertina/"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. E pensare che mi volevano suora\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.repubblica.it/speciali/sanremo/servizi/2010/02/19/news/nina_zilli-2360097/"},{"link_name":"la Repubblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"Sanremo 2010: Assomusica premia Nina Zilli\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rockol.it/news-106014/Sanremo-2010--Assomusica-premia-Nina-Zilli"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Nina Zilli da Sanremo a Napoli: canta L'amore è femmina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/spettacoli/2012/27-febbraio-2012/nina-zilli-sanremo-napolicanta-l-amore-femmina-1903461312772.shtml"},{"link_name":"Corriere del Mezzogiorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_del_Mezzogiorno"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"Wind Music Awards 2010: Grandi stelle della musica all'Arena di Verona. Il 28 e 29 maggio all'Arena di Verona\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nonsolocinema.com/WIND-MUSIC-AWARDS-2010-grandi_20323.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"\"TRL Awards nominations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304055342/http://www.newsic.it/news/body_news.php?id=27412"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newsic.it/news/body_news.php?id=27412"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"Premio Videoclip Italiano 2010: continuano le votazioni\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rockol.it/news-163615/Premio-Videoclip-Italiano-2010--continuano-le-votazioni"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"Marco Mengoni vince nella categoria Best Italian Act!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121229110811/http://it.mtvema.com/notizie/2010-best-italian-act-winner"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//it.mtvema.com/notizie/2010-best-italian-act-winner"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"PVI 2011: ecco i nomi dei 20 finalisti, scelti da voi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rockol.it/news-291938/PVI-2011--ecco-i-nomi-dei-20-finalisti,-scelti-da-voi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"Ecco tutti i vincitori dei Wind Music Awards: da Marco Carta a Emma Marrone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170406110050/http://www.funweek.it/home/ecco-tutti-i-vincitori-dei-wind-music-awards-da-m.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.funweek.it/home/ecco-tutti-i-vincitori-dei-wind-music-awards-da-m.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TRLAwards2011_51-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TRLAwards2011_51-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ecco tutte le nomination dei TRL Awards 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.melodicamente.com/ecco-tutte-le-nomination-dei-trl-awards-2011/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"I Premi Lunezia da Fedez a Francesca Michielin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150715204851/http://www.radioitalia.it/news/fedez/evento/10463_i_premi_lunezia_da_fedez_a_francesca_michielin.php"},{"link_name":"Radio Italia Solo Musica Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Italia_Solo_Musica_Italiana"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.radioitalia.it/news/fedez/evento/10463_i_premi_lunezia_da_fedez_a_francesca_michielin.php"}],"text":"^ \"Sanremo 2012, gli Artisti \" Nina-Zilli\". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo 2012 – Artisti in gara – Nina Zilli\". La Stampa (in Italian). 2 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ Nina Zilli in concerto al Teatro Politeama Greco di Lecce\n\n^ NINA ZILLI/ Chi è la cantante ospite all'Arena di Verona 2015 (oggi, 3 giugno)\n\n^ \"Nina Zilli – Recanati (MC) – 3 luglio 2010\". LaPrimaWeb.it (in Italian). 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo 2012: Nina Zilli canta la Tigre di Cremona\" (in Italian). Excite.it. 2 February 2012.\n\n^ Pierluigi Pisa, Alessandra Vitali (19 February 2010). \"Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. E pensare che mi volevano suora\". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ Beppe de' Mayer (30 April 2010). \"Nina Zilli conquista il Disco d'Oro per le vendite dell'album Sempre Lontano\" (in Italian). Musicalnews.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo 2012: la scheda di Nina Zilli con il brano \"Per sempre\"\" (in Italian). NewNotizie.it. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Red Ronnie intervistato su Rai 2\" (in Italian). Roxybar.it. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ a b Matteo Cruccu (22 January 2010). \"Nina Zilli: \"Amo reggae, soul e Amy Winehouse\"\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Chiara e gli Scuri\" (in Italian). Roxybar.it. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ Marinella Venegoni (19 March 2010). \"Nina Zilli che conosce i congiuntivi e canta nel segno di Otis Redding\". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2012.\n\n^ \"Da Nina Simone alla Zilli\". L'isola che non-c'era (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"50mila (feat. Giuliano Palma) – Single di Nina Zilli\" (in Italian). iTunes.\n\n^ \"Nina Zilli – Biografia\". Rockol.it. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ a b \"Nina Zilli, L'Inferno, nuovo singolo\" (in Italian). Universal Music Group. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Artisti – Classifica settimanale dal 14/09/2009 al 20/09/2009\". Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Nina Zilli – L'amore verrà\" (in Italian). Radio Kiss Kiss. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo 2010: ecco i giovani\" (in Italian). TGCOM. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo: Luca Marino e Nina Zilli sono i due giovani che passano il turno\" (in Italian). Adnkronos. 18 February 2010. 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Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 17 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo 2012, varie ed eventuali\". Rockol.it. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo 2012: videointervista a Nina Zilli\" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.\n\n^ Alessandra Clementi (20 March 2012). \"Panariello, basta macchiette. Torno in tv con uno show maturo\". la Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.\n\n^ \"Pastora Soler, décima en Eurovisión\" (in Spanish). Telecinco. 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.\n\n^ Alessandro Buttitta (8 August 2014). \"Italia's Got Talent, Sky sceglie Vanessa Incontrada, Claudio Bisio, Luciana Littizzetto, Nina Zilli e Frank Matano. Casting aperti fino a settembre\". The Huffington Post (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.\n\n^ Alessandro Alicandri. \"Sanremo 2015, i nomi dei 20 cantanti in gara\". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.\n\n^ \"Nina Zilli: il nuovo album si chiama Frasi&Fumo, ecco la copertina!\" (in Italian). MTV News. 16 January 2015.\n\n^ Pierluigi Pisa, Alessandra Vitali (19 February 2010). \"Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. E pensare che mi volevano suora\". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ \"Sanremo 2010: Assomusica premia Nina Zilli\" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ \"Nina Zilli da Sanremo a Napoli: canta L'amore è femmina\". Corriere del Mezzogiorno (in Italian). 27 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ \"Wind Music Awards 2010: Grandi stelle della musica all'Arena di Verona. Il 28 e 29 maggio all'Arena di Verona\". NonSoloCinema.com. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ \"TRL Awards nominations\" (in Italian). Newsic.it. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ \"Premio Videoclip Italiano 2010: continuano le votazioni\" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 11 October 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Marco Mengoni vince nella categoria Best Italian Act!\" (in Italian). MTV Europe Music Awards. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.\n\n^ \"PVI 2011: ecco i nomi dei 20 finalisti, scelti da voi\" (in Italian). Rockol.it. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ Alessia Malorgio (22 June 2011). \"Ecco tutti i vincitori dei Wind Music Awards: da Marco Carta a Emma Marrone\" (in Italian). FunWeek.it. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ a b \"Ecco tutte le nomination dei TRL Awards 2011\" (in Italian). Melodicamente.com. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012.\n\n^ \"I Premi Lunezia da Fedez a Francesca Michielin\" (in Italian). Radio Italia Solo Musica Italiana. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Nina Zilli in concert in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nina_Zilli_3.jpg/170px-Nina_Zilli_3.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sanremo 2012, gli Artisti \" Nina-Zilli\". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130416090308/http://www.sorrisi.com/2012/02/11/sanremo-2012-gli-artisti/roma-62a%C2%B0festival-della-canzone-italiana-30/","url_text":"\"Sanremo 2012, gli Artisti \" Nina-Zilli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Sorrisi_e_Canzoni","url_text":"TV Sorrisi e Canzoni"},{"url":"http://www.sorrisi.com/2012/02/11/sanremo-2012-gli-artisti/roma-62a%C2%B0festival-della-canzone-italiana-30/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sanremo 2012 – Artisti in gara – Nina Zilli\". La Stampa (in Italian). 2 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130111201211/http://www3.lastampa.it/focus/sanremo-2012/scheda-artista/lstp/440954/","url_text":"\"Sanremo 2012 – Artisti in gara – Nina Zilli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"},{"url":"http://www3.lastampa.it/focus/sanremo-2012/scheda-artista/lstp/440954/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nina Zilli – Recanati (MC) – 3 luglio 2010\". LaPrimaWeb.it (in Italian). 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100501153645/http://www.laprimaweb.it/2010/04/06/nina-zilli-recanati-mc-3-luglio-2010/","url_text":"\"Nina Zilli – Recanati (MC) – 3 luglio 2010\""},{"url":"http://www.laprimaweb.it/2010/04/06/nina-zilli-recanati-mc-3-luglio-2010/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sanremo 2012: Nina Zilli canta la Tigre di Cremona\" (in Italian). Excite.it. 2 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://musica.excite.it/sanremo-2012-nina-zilli-canta-la-tigre-di-cremona-N120187.html","url_text":"\"Sanremo 2012: Nina Zilli canta la Tigre di Cremona\""}]},{"reference":"Pierluigi Pisa, Alessandra Vitali (19 February 2010). \"Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. E pensare che mi volevano suora\". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/sanremo/servizi/2010/02/19/news/nina_zilli-2360097/","url_text":"\"Nina fra l'Ariston e Etta James. E pensare che mi volevano suora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"la Repubblica"}]},{"reference":"Beppe de' Mayer (30 April 2010). \"Nina Zilli conquista il Disco d'Oro per le vendite dell'album Sempre Lontano\" (in Italian). Musicalnews.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. 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Casting aperti fino a settembre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150118233616/http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2014/08/08/italia-got-talent-sky_n_5662019.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alessandro Alicandri. \"Sanremo 2015, i nomi dei 20 cantanti in gara\". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141216090722/http://www.sorrisi.com/2014/12/14/i-cantanti-di-sanremo-2015-i-20-concorrenti/","url_text":"\"Sanremo 2015, i nomi dei 20 cantanti in gara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Sorrisi_e_Canzoni","url_text":"TV Sorrisi e Canzoni"},{"url":"http://www.sorrisi.com/2014/12/14/i-cantanti-di-sanremo-2015-i-20-concorrenti/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nina Zilli: il nuovo album si chiama Frasi&Fumo, ecco la copertina!\" (in Italian). 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc_de_La_Rochefoucauld
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House of La Rochefoucauld
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["1 Origins of the name","2 Lords then Barons de La Rochefoucauld (10th–15th centuries)","3 Comtes de La Rochefoucauld (and princes de Marcillac) (16th Century)","4 Dukes de La Rochefoucauld (17th–21st Centuries)","5 Marquises of Montendre and Surgères","5.1 Marquis of Montendre","5.2 Marquis of Surgères","6 Dukes of Doudeaville (1782–1995), of Bisaccia (1851–1995), and of Estrées (1892–1907)","7 Armorial","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
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Noble House of France
Achievement of arms of the Dukes de La Rochefoucauld
The title of Duke de La Rochefoucauld is a French peerage, from the great House La Rochefoucauld, cadets of the Lusignan family, whose origins go back to Lord Rochefoucauld in Charente in the 10th century with Foucauld 1st (973–1047), first Lord of La Roche then La Rochefoucauld, possibly son of Adémar, Lord of La Roche (952–1037). They got the title of Baron in the 13th century, then became Count in 1528 with Francis I de La Rochefoucauld, godfather of King Francis I and in 1622, Francis V de La Rochefoucauld, whose son was a leading figure of La Fronde and the author of the Maxims, was made Duke by Louis XIII. They are also, since 16th century, Prince of Marcillac. Then they become during the 18th century: Duke of Liancourt (Francis XII, eminent philanthropist, saying to Louis XVI : “Sir, it’s not a revolt, it’s a revolution”), Duke of Anville and Duke of Estissac. Afterwards : Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel, Duke of Doudeauville, Duke of Estrées and Duke of Bisaccia. They are also: Marquises of Montendre, of Barbezieux, of Surgères and Bayers; also Count de Duretal, Count de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel and Baron de Verteuil. They were : bienheureux, cardinals, bishops, grand maîtres de la garde robe and Leader of the Kings hunts, chambellans, ministers, lieutenants general des armées, field marshal, Denmark marshal, ambassadors, grand hospitaller of the Order of Malta, presidents and founders of multiple clubs (jockey club, polo, …). Many of them were elevated in the Order of the Légion d’Honneur and around 40 of them were/are members of the Order of Malta. The La Rochefoucauld-Montbel owned the Lascaux caves at the moment of their discovery and are closely linked to the Pellevoisin sanctuary (holy Mary apparitions) in France.
Origins of the name
Authors have advanced, but without evidence, that the first member of this family, Adémar, known as Amaury or Esmerin, by Viscounty of Limoges, or the son of the lord Hugh I of Lusignan. This latter hypothesis could be reinforced by the armorial bearings of the family. The work of André Debord leaves it to the house of Montbron in the 12th century.
The seigniory of La Roche was originally a barony in the 13th century. The descendants of Foucauld I de La Roche and of Jarsande, united their name Foucauld.
Lords then Barons de La Rochefoucauld (10th–15th centuries)
Adémar de La Roche, (952–1037).
Foucauld I de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld (978–1047), married and had four children
Guy I de La Rochefoucauld(son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld, founded in 1060 the priory of Saint-Florent de La Rochefoucauld.
Guy II de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld (1081). He married Eve, they had three children.
Guy III de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld (died 1120).
Aymar de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld et de Verteuil (died in 1140). Led several wars against Wulgrin II, count of Angoulême. He married Mathilde de Chabanais.
Guy IV de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld, Verteuil, Marthon, Blanzac. He was in war against William of Angoulême; in 1170 he assisted the dedication of the Abbaye de Saint-Amant-de-Boixe. Married the daughter of Aimery, vicomte de Rochechouart, and they had two children.
Foucauld II de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding) Lord de La Rochefoucauld. He served in the army of the King Philip II Augustus, and was made prisoner in 1198 at the battle of Gisors. He was father of four children.
Guy V de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), founded the Cordeliers Convent d'Angoulême in 1230.
Aimeri I de La Rochefoucauld (brother of preceding and son of Foucauld II), Lord de La Rochefoucauld in 1219, and of Verteuil comte de la Marche. He died after 1250. He married Létice de Parthenay, and they had five children.
Guy VI de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld, de Verteuil, de Marthon, de Saint Claud, de Saint Laurent, de Blanzac et de Cellefrouin, rallied to the cause of Hugues VII de Lusignan, comte de La Marche, against the King of France Louis IX. In 1295, he retired to the abbaye de Grosbos, and he died th same year. He married Agnès de Rochechouart, and they had nine children.
Aimeri II de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld, Lord de Verteuil, de Marthon, de Saint Claud, de Saint Laurent, de Blanzac, de Monteil et de Cellefrouin (v.1265–1295). In 1280 he married Dauphine de La Tour-d'Auvergne, and they had five children.
Guy VII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld. Served the King Philip V of France against the County of Flanders (1317–1318). Excommunicated by Aiguelin de Blaye (bishop of Angoulême). Founder of the Couvent des Carmes de La Rochefoucauld (1329). Killed next to the King of France (Jean II) at the Battle of Poitiers (1356). He married in 1309 Agnès de Culant and they had nine children.
Aimeri III de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld. Rendered service to the King Philippe VI (1338). Died 16 September 1362. He married Rogette de Grailly, and they had Gui VIII.
Guy VIII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld, governor of l'Angoumois, councillor et Grand Chamberlain of France of Kings Charles V, Charles VI and of Philip II of Burgundy. Battled in Bordeaux, William de Montferrand, partisan of the English. He married Jeanne de Luxembourg, then Marguerite de Craon who gave him eight children.
Foucauld III de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld, councillor, chamberlain of king Charles VII (died 1467). Chevalier (1451), participated in the siege of Fronsac. Rescued King Charles VII and his château (from 12 July until 27 July 1453, at the battle of Castillon, which marked the end of the Hundred Years War. He married Jeanne de Rochechouart who gave him three children.
Jean I de La Rochefoucauld, baron de La Rochefoucauld, councillor and Grand Chamberlain of France for the kings Louis XI and Charles VIII, and governor of Bayonne.
Comtes de La Rochefoucauld (and princes de Marcillac) (16th Century)
King Francis I gave to his godfather Francois I de La Rochefoucauld the title of Comte de La Rochefoucauld in April 1528.
François I de La Rochefoucauld, comte de La Rochefoucauld (died 1541). Chambellan of Kings Charles VIII and Louis XII. He married Louise de Crussol.
François II de La Rochefoucauld, comte de La Rochefoucauld, prince de Marcillac, baron de Verteuil, etc. (1494–1533). Married Anne de Polignac (1518).
François III de La Rochefoucauld (1521 – 24 August 1572), comte de La Rochefoucauld, prince de Marcillac, comte de Roucy, baron de Verteuil, etc. He married first Sylvie Pic de la Mirandole, and second Charlotte de Roye (died 8 April 1571), comtesse de Roucy, sister-in-law to Louis I de Bourbon-Condé. Protestant, he was killed at the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
François IV de La Rochefoucauld (1554 – 15 March 1591) (son of preceding). Comte de La Rochefoucauld, prince de Marcillac, comte de Roucy, baron de Verteuil, etc. Married with Claude d'Estissac (27 September 1587). Protestant, he was killed at Saint-Yrieix by the Catholic League (French).
Dukes de La Rochefoucauld (17th–21st Centuries)
The Duchesse de la Rochefoucauld (née Mattie Elizabeth Mitchell)
Louis XIII raised the comté de La Rochefoucauld into a duchy-pairie on 22 April 1622.
François V de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (7 September 1588 – 8 February 1650). Catholic, married to Gabrielle du Plessis-Liancourt (July 1611).
François VI de La Rochefoucauld
François VI de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (15 December 1613 – 17 March 1680). Married Andrée de Vivonne (20 January 1628). moralist writer (Maximes, Mémoires), He wrote a history of the Fronde.
François VII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (15 June 1634 – 12 January 1714). Grand veneur de France. Married Jeanne du Plessis-Liancourt, one of his cousins.
François VIII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (17 August 1663 – 22 April 1728). Married Magdeleine Charlotte le Tellier, daughter of François Michel Le Tellier de Louvois.
François IX de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (1681–1699).
Alexandre I de La Rochefoucauld (son of François VIII), duc de La Rochefoucauld (29 September 1690 – 1762). Married Elisabeth-Marie-Louise-Nicole de Caylard de Toiras d'Amboise (30 July 1715).
François X de La Rochefoucauld (son of Alexandre) (1717–1718)
François XI de La Rochefoucauld (son of Alexandre) (1720–1721)
Marie-Louise-Elisabeth (daughter of Alexandre). Married (28 February 1732) to her cousin Jean-Baptiste Louis Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld de Roye, duc d'Anville. As Alexandre had no surviving male heir, by letters patent of Louis XV, the title duc de La Rochefoucauld was transmitted to the male issue of Marie-Louise-Elisabeth on the condition that she married a member of the La Rochefoucauld family. She chose her cousin Jean-Baptiste.
Louis-Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld (1743–1792, assassinated), son of Marie-Louise-Elisabeth and Jean-Baptiste. He inherited two ducal titles and is known as duc de La Rochefoucauld-d'Anville. Member of the Académie des sciences, member of the Assembly of notables de 1787, deputy of the nobility at the French States-General of 1789. He was a victim of the September massacres in Gisors. He died without heir, and the title passed to his first cousin.
Le Duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
François XII (Alexandre-Frédéric) duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt (Paris, 11 January 1747 – 27 March 1827). Philanthropist, creator of the École des Arts et Métiers, propagator of vaccination in France. It was he who, on 12 July 1789, responded to Louis XVI who asked "It is a revolt?": "No, Sire, it's a Revolution". He was in the liberal opposition party during the Bourbon Restoration.
François, duc de La Rochefoucauld (1765-1848), duc de La Rochefoucauld (Paris, 8 September 1765 – 3 September 1848). Married Marie-Françoise de Tott (1770–1854), at La Haye (24 September 1793). His first brother was Alexandre, comte de La Rochefoucauld (1767–1841), married Adélaïde de Pyvart de Chastullé, a San Domingo heiress allied to the Beauharnais family. Mme de La Rochefoucauld became dame d'honneur to the empress Josephine, and their eldest daughter married Francesco Borghese , a brother-in-law of Pauline Bonaparte, Princess Borghese. La Rochefoucauld became ambassador successively to Vienna (1805) and to The Hague (1808–1810), where he negotiated the union of the Kingdom of Holland with France. During the "Hundred Days" he was made a peer of France. He subsequently devoted himself to philanthropic work, and in 1822 became deputy to the Chamber of Deputies and sat with the constitutional royalists. He was again raised to the peerage in 1831. His descendants became Dukes of Estissac and Princes of La Rochefoucauld-Montbel. The duke second brother was Frédéric Gaëtan, marquis de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, (1779–1863).
François XIV de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld (The Hague, 11 September 1794 – Paris, 11 December 1874). Married in (Paris, 10 June 1817) with Zénaide Chapt de Rastignac (b. Paris, 1798 – Paris, 19 December 1875). Alfred de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Roche-Guyon, second son of François XIV de La Rochefoucauld and Zénaide Chapt de Rastignac is the start of the cadet branch of the family La Rochefoucauld – La Roche-Guyon
François XV de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld (14 April 1818 – 4 December 1879). Married (Paris, 1852) with Radegonde-Euphrasie Bouvery (Paris, 13 March 1832 – Paris, 7 November 1901).
François-Alfred-Gaston XVI, duc de La Rochefoucauld (Paris, 21 April 1853 – Monaco, 24 February 1925). Married (11 February 1892) with Mattie-Elizabeth Mitchell (Portland (Oregon), 28 August 1866 – Paris, 21 February 1933). They rest at the chapel of château de La Rochefoucauld. Mattie-Elizabeth Mitchell was the daughter of U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell.
François XVII de La Rochefoucauld (François-Marie-Alfred) (Paris, 25 June 1905 – Paris, 11 March 1909). Interred in the chapel of château.
Marie-François-Gabriel-Alfred, duc de La Rochefoucauld (Paris, 27 September 1854 – Paris, 29 July 1926). Brother of François XV, the ducal title was transferred to him. Married (5 June 1884) with Pauline Piscatory de Vaufreland.
Jean de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld, duc de Liancourt, prince de Marcillac, duc d'Anville (Paris, 10 March 1887 – Paris, 3 January 1970). Married (Paris, 27 December 1917) with Edmée Frish de Fels (Paris, 1895–1991).
François XVIII de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld, duc de Liancourt, duc d'Anville (Paris, 12 December 1920 – 29 novembre 2011). Married (Paris, 11 October 1950) with Sonia Marie Matossian.
François XIX de La Rochefoucauld (François-Alexandre), 15th duc de La Rochefoucauld, 10th duc de Liancourt, duc d'Anville, prince de Marcillac (born 2 April 1958, Neuilly-sur-Seine), son of François XVIII.
François de La Rochefoucauld, 11th duke de Liancourt, prince de Marcillac (born 1986), heir to the ducal title, son of François XIX. Other famous living member is, Dominique Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel (1950), Grand Hospitaler of the Order of Malta, president of the french association.
Marquises of Montendre and Surgères
These branches were formed by Louis de La Rochefoucauld, Lord of Montendre, Montguyon, Roissac and des Salles, who was a younger son of François I de La Rochefoucauld, comte de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1541), by his second marriage Barbe du Bois. He married Jacquette de Mortemer in 1534. His son was François de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1600), Lord of Montguyon, Baron of Montendre, who married Hélène de Goulard (only daughter and heiress of Egmond Goulard, Lord of Marsay). His son, Isaac de La Rochefoucauld (d. c. 1626), Lord of Montguyon, Baron of Montendre, married Hélène de Fonsèque (daughter of Charles de Fonsèque, Lord of Surgères) in 1600. Among others, they were the parents of Charles, progenitor of the Montendre branch and François, progenitor of the Surgères branch.
Marquis of Montendre
Mary Anne von Spanheim, wife of de François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre, by Michael Dahl, c. 1720
Charles de La Rochefoucauld, 1st Marquis of Montendre (son of Isaac). He married Renée Thévin in 1633.
Charles-Louis de La Rochefoucauld, 2nd Marquis of Montendre. He married Anne de Pithou (daughter of Pierre de Pithou, Lord of Luyere).
Isaac Charles de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1702), Count of Montendre. Fought in the Siege of Mainz, the Battle of Fleurus, the Siege of Mons, the Siege of Barcelona, the Battle of Cremona (where he was wounded), and the Battle of Luzzara (where he was killed). No issue.
François de La Rochefoucauld (1672–1739), 3rd Marquis of Montendre, He married Marie-Anne von Spanheim (daughter of Baron Ezéchiel von Spanheim, Prussian Ambassador to England). No issue.
Louis de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1742), 4th Marquis of Montendre. He married Suzanne d'Argouges in 1710. No issue.
Marquis of Surgères
François de La Rochefoucauld (c. 1620–c. 1680), 1st Marquis of Surgères. He married Anne de Philippier
Charles-François de La Rochefoucauld (c. 1643–c. 1714), 2nd Marquis of Surgères. He married Anne de La Rochefoucauld (daughter of Benjamin de La Rochefoucauld, baron d'Estissac) in 1662.
François de La Rochefoucauld (1664–1731), 3rd Marquis of Surgères. He married Angélique Lee (widow of François Lucas de Démuin) in 1704.
Alexandre-Nicolas de La Rochefoucauld (1709–1760), 4th Marquis of Surgères, Lieutenant General of the King's Armies. He married Jeanne-Thérèse Fleuriau de Morville (daughter of Charles-Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau de Morville) in 1728.
Jean-François de La Rochefoucauld (1735–1789), 5th Marquis of Surgères, governor of Chartres. He married Anne Chauvelin de Grosbois, daughter of Germain Louis Chauvelin, Marquis of Grosbois) in 1752.
Dukes of Doudeaville (1782–1995), of Bisaccia (1851–1995), and of Estrées (1892–1907)
Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld, by Pierre-Louis Delaval, 1827Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld, by François Joseph HeimSosthènes II de La Rochefoucauld, by Léon Bonnat, 1899
The Duke of Doudeauville title was created in Kingdom of Spain in 1782 granting him precedence as a Grandee of Spain (through his wife as heir to the title of Duke of Doudeauville of the Le Tellier de Courtanvaux family). The title was recognized in France by the peerage ordinance of 4 June 1814; a Hereditary peer of France on 19 August 1815, Hereditary Duke-Peer on 31 August 1817. The title became extinct in 1995 upon the death of the 7th Duke. The Duke of Bisaccia title was created in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1851 (by inheritance of Montmorency-Laval), and also became extinct in 1995. The Duke of Estrées was recreated in Spain in 1892 by King Alfonso XIII of Spain, but became extinct upon the Duke's death, without male issue, in 1907.
Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld (1765–1841) (son of 5th Marquis of Surgères), 1st Duke of Doudeauville, 6th Marquis of Surgères, Grandee of Spain (under the title Duke of Doudeauville). He married Bénigne le Tellier de Louvois (founder of the Religieuses de Nazareth in 1822).
Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld (1785–1864), 2nd Duke of Doudeauville. He married Élisabeth de Montmorency-Laval (a daughter of Minister of Foreign Affairs Duke Mathieu de Montmorency).
Stanislas de La Rochefoucauld (1822–1887), 3rd Duke of Doudeauville. He married Marie de Colbert-Chabanais.
Sosthènes II de La Rochefoucauld (1825–1908), 4th Duke of Doudeauville, 1st Duke of Bisaccia. He married Princess Yolande of Polignac (daughter of Prime Minister Prince Jules de Polignac).
Charles Marie François de La Rochefoucauld (1863–1907), Duke of Estrées (took the Spanish title, not recognized in France, by transfer). He married Princess Charlotte of La Trémoïlle (daughter of Prince Louis Charles de La Trémoille).
Armand François Jules Marie de La Rochefoucauld (1870–1963), 5th Duke of Doudeauville, President of the Jockey-Club de Paris and the Polo de Paris. He married Princess Marié Lise Radziwill.
Sosthènes III de La Rochefoucauld (1897–1970), 6th Duke of Doudeauville. He married Countess Leonor de Saavedra of Torrehermosa.
Armand Charles François Marie de La Rochefoucauld (1902–1995), 7th Duke of Doudeauville. He married Esther Millicent Clarke and had a natural son with Clémentine Elisabeth Brandt.
Armand Sosthènes de La Rochefoucauld (b. 1944). He married Geneviève Rose Blanche Fourny.
Édouard François Marie de La Rochefoucauld (1874–1968), 2nd Duke of Bisaccia. He married Camille de Colbert-Chabanais.
Marie-Carmen de La Rochefoucauld (1902–1999). She married Count of Mailly-Nesles in 1928.
Stanislas of La Rochefoucauld (1903–1965), Count. He married Sophie Alice Cocea in 1926; and Princess Jeanne Princess of San Felice de Viggiano in 1947.
Elisabeth de La Rochefoucauld (1909–2006) married Elliot Robert Le Gras du Luart de Montsaulnin in 1929; and Mario Fausto Maria Pinci in 1958.
Armorial
Figure
Name and blazon
House of Rochefoucauld
Barruly argent and azure, overall three chevrons gules, the uppermost écimé.
(Sometimes represented with the upper chevron extending beyond the shield, its tip cut off by the edge.)
These arms can be seen as those of Lusignan (barruly argent and azure) with the addition of the chevrons as a brisure. For this reason certain authors have claimed that the house of Rochefoucauld had a common origin with that of Lusignan.
Charles de La Rochefoucauld (1520–1582), Seigneur de Barbezieux, de Linières, de Meillant et de Preuilly, Chevalier du Saint-Esprit (reçu le 31 décembre 1578)
Quarterly: 1 and 4 as above; 2 and 3, Or an escutcheon azure.
François XII de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt (1747–1827), duc de Liancourt, then duc de La Rochefoucauld, politician, scientist and philanthropist. Quarterly: 1 and 4, Gules a bend argent (de Roye); 2, Or a lion azure, armed and langued gules. Over all the arms of Rochefoucauld as above.
See also
Peerage of France
List of French peerages
List of French dukedoms
Notes
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "House of La Rochefoucauld" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ "MISS MITCHELL'S WEDDING.; THE CIVIL MARRIAGE TO THE DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD". The New York Times. 11 February 1892. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
^ "AMERICAN DUCHESS DIES.; Widow of Due de la Rochefoucauld Was Former Mattie Mitchell". The New York Times. 21 February 1933. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
^ "SON OF DUCHESS DEAD.; Mother Is a Daughter of the Late Senator Mitchell". The New York Times. 12 March 1909. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
^ Elward, Ronald (15 February 2010). "The Heirs of Europe".
^ Malte-Brun, Victor Adolphe (1883). La France illustrée. . p. .
^ a b "Armorial de J.B. RIETSTAP – et ses Compléments".
^ Potter 2004, p. 95 (footnote 251).
^ Bunel, Arnaud (2011). "Duché de La Rochefoucauld". Retrieved 1 April 2012.
References
Potter, David, ed. (2004). Foreign Intelligence And Information in Elizabethan England: Two English Treatises on the State of France, 1580–1584. Camden Fifth Series. Vol. 25. Cambridge University Press. p. 95 (footnote 251). ISBN 978-0-521-84724-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Rochefoucauld family.
Château de La Rochefoucauld
Armorial de La Rochefoucauld
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rochefoucauld_Wappen_coat_of_arms.jpg"},{"link_name":"French peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peerage"},{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord"},{"link_name":"Charente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_La_Rochefoucauld-Montbel"},{"link_name":"Duke of Doudeauville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Doudeauville"},{"link_name":"Duke of Estrées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Estr%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bisaccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Bisaccia"},{"link_name":"Marquises of Montendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Montendre"},{"link_name":"Barbezieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_of_Barbezieux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surgères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Surg%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Bayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_of_Bayers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Achievement of arms of the Dukes de La RochefoucauldThe title of Duke de La Rochefoucauld is a French peerage, from the great House La Rochefoucauld, cadets of the Lusignan family, whose origins go back to Lord Rochefoucauld in Charente in the 10th century with Foucauld 1st (973–1047), first Lord of La Roche then La Rochefoucauld, possibly son of Adémar, Lord of La Roche (952–1037). They got the title of Baron in the 13th century, then became Count in 1528 with Francis I de La Rochefoucauld, godfather of King Francis I and in 1622, Francis V de La Rochefoucauld, whose son was a leading figure of La Fronde and the author of the Maxims, was made Duke by Louis XIII. They are also, since 16th century, Prince of Marcillac. Then they become during the 18th century: Duke of Liancourt (Francis XII, eminent philanthropist, saying to Louis XVI : “Sir, it’s not a revolt, it’s a revolution”), Duke of Anville and Duke of Estissac. Afterwards : Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel, Duke of Doudeauville, Duke of Estrées and Duke of Bisaccia. They are also: Marquises of Montendre, of Barbezieux, of Surgères and Bayers; also Count de Duretal, Count de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel and Baron de Verteuil. They were : bienheureux, cardinals, bishops, grand maîtres de la garde robe and Leader of the Kings hunts, chambellans, ministers, lieutenants general des armées, field marshal, Denmark marshal, ambassadors, grand hospitaller of the Order of Malta, presidents and founders of multiple clubs (jockey club, polo, …). Many of them were elevated in the Order of the Légion d’Honneur and around 40 of them were/are members of the Order of Malta. The La Rochefoucauld-Montbel owned the Lascaux caves at the moment of their discovery and are closely linked to the Pellevoisin sanctuary (holy Mary apparitions) in France.","title":"House of La Rochefoucauld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viscounty of Limoges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscounty_of_Limoges"},{"link_name":"Hugh I of Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_I_of_Lusignan"},{"link_name":"house of Montbron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Montbron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochefoucauld,_Charente"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_barony"},{"link_name":"Foucauld I de La Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foucauld_I_de_La_Roche&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Authors have advanced, but without evidence, that the first member of this family, Adémar, known as Amaury or Esmerin, by Viscounty of Limoges, or the son of the lord Hugh I of Lusignan. This latter hypothesis could be reinforced by the armorial bearings of the family. The work of André Debord leaves it to the house of Montbron in the 12th century.The seigniory of La Roche was originally a barony in the 13th century. The descendants of Foucauld I de La Roche and of Jarsande, united their name Foucauld.","title":"Origins of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wulgrin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulgrin_II_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"count of Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Chabanais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabanais"},{"link_name":"Abbaye de Saint-Amant-de-Boixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbaye_de_Saint-Amant-de-Boixe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip II Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_Augustus"},{"link_name":"battle of Gisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gisors"},{"link_name":"Cordeliers Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordeliers_Convent"},{"link_name":"Verteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verteuil-sur-Charente"},{"link_name":"Verteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verteuil-sur-Charente"},{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX"},{"link_name":"Verteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verteuil-sur-Charente"},{"link_name":"La Tour-d'Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tour-d%27Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Philip V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"County of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicated"},{"link_name":"Aiguelin de Blaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aiguelin_de_Blaye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bishop of Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Couvent des Carmes de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couvent_des_Carmes_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poitiers (1356)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)"},{"link_name":"Philippe VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_VI"},{"link_name":"Grand Chamberlain of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"William de Montferrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_de_Montferrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)"},{"link_name":"Charles VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"siege of Fronsac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fronsac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"battle of Castillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Grand Chamberlain of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne"}],"text":"Adémar de La Roche, (952–1037).\nFoucauld I de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld (978–1047), married and had four children\nGuy I de La Rochefoucauld(son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld, founded in 1060 the priory of Saint-Florent de La Rochefoucauld.\nGuy II de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld (1081). He married Eve, they had three children.\nGuy III de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld (died 1120).\nAymar de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld et de Verteuil (died in 1140). Led several wars against Wulgrin II, count of Angoulême. He married Mathilde de Chabanais.\nGuy IV de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld, Verteuil, Marthon, Blanzac. He was in war against William of Angoulême; in 1170 he assisted the dedication of the Abbaye de Saint-Amant-de-Boixe. Married the daughter of Aimery, vicomte de Rochechouart, and they had two children.\nFoucauld II de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding) Lord de La Rochefoucauld. He served in the army of the King Philip II Augustus, and was made prisoner in 1198 at the battle of Gisors. He was father of four children.\nGuy V de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), founded the Cordeliers Convent d'Angoulême in 1230.\nAimeri I de La Rochefoucauld (brother of preceding and son of Foucauld II), Lord de La Rochefoucauld in 1219, and of Verteuil comte de la Marche. He died after 1250. He married Létice de Parthenay, and they had five children.\nGuy VI de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), Lord de La Rochefoucauld, de Verteuil, de Marthon, de Saint Claud, de Saint Laurent, de Blanzac et de Cellefrouin, rallied to the cause of Hugues VII de Lusignan, comte de La Marche, against the King of France Louis IX. In 1295, he retired to the abbaye de Grosbos, and he died th same year. He married Agnès de Rochechouart, and they had nine children.\nAimeri II de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld, Lord de Verteuil, de Marthon, de Saint Claud, de Saint Laurent, de Blanzac, de Monteil et de Cellefrouin (v.1265–1295). In 1280 he married Dauphine de La Tour-d'Auvergne, and they had five children.\nGuy VII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld. Served the King Philip V of France against the County of Flanders (1317–1318). Excommunicated by Aiguelin de Blaye (bishop of Angoulême). Founder of the Couvent des Carmes de La Rochefoucauld (1329). Killed next to the King of France (Jean II) at the Battle of Poitiers (1356). He married in 1309 Agnès de Culant and they had nine children.\nAimeri III de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld. Rendered service to the King Philippe VI (1338). Died 16 September 1362. He married Rogette de Grailly, and they had Gui VIII.\nGuy VIII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld, governor of l'Angoumois, councillor et Grand Chamberlain of France of Kings Charles V, Charles VI and of Philip II of Burgundy. Battled in Bordeaux, William de Montferrand, partisan of the English. He married Jeanne de Luxembourg, then Marguerite de Craon who gave him eight children.\nFoucauld III de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), baron de La Rochefoucauld, councillor, chamberlain of king Charles VII (died 1467). Chevalier (1451), participated in the siege of Fronsac. Rescued King Charles VII and his château (from 12 July until 27 July 1453, at the battle of Castillon, which marked the end of the Hundred Years War. He married Jeanne de Rochechouart who gave him three children.\nJean I de La Rochefoucauld, baron de La Rochefoucauld, councillor and Grand Chamberlain of France for the kings Louis XI and Charles VIII, and governor of Bayonne.","title":"Lords then Barons de La Rochefoucauld (10th–15th centuries)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Chambellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambellan"},{"link_name":"Louis XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII"},{"link_name":"prince de Marcillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_de_Marcillac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anne de Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_de_Polignac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François III de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_III_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"prince de Marcillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_de_Marcillac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"comte de Roucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comte_de_Roucy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis I de Bourbon-Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_de_Bourbon-Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"François IV de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_IV_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"prince de Marcillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_de_Marcillac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"comte de Roucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comte_de_Roucy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Saint-Yrieix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche"},{"link_name":"Catholic League (French)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"}],"text":"King Francis I gave to his godfather Francois I de La Rochefoucauld the title of Comte de La Rochefoucauld in April 1528.François I de La Rochefoucauld, comte de La Rochefoucauld (died 1541). Chambellan of Kings Charles VIII and Louis XII. He married Louise de Crussol.\nFrançois II de La Rochefoucauld, comte de La Rochefoucauld, prince de Marcillac, baron de Verteuil, etc. (1494–1533). Married Anne de Polignac (1518).\nFrançois III de La Rochefoucauld (1521 – 24 August 1572), comte de La Rochefoucauld, prince de Marcillac, comte de Roucy, baron de Verteuil, etc. He married first Sylvie Pic de la Mirandole, and second Charlotte de Roye (died 8 April 1571), comtesse de Roucy, sister-in-law to Louis I de Bourbon-Condé. Protestant, he was killed at the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.\nFrançois IV de La Rochefoucauld (1554 – 15 March 1591) (son of preceding). Comte de La Rochefoucauld, prince de Marcillac, comte de Roucy, baron de Verteuil, etc. Married with Claude d'Estissac (27 September 1587). Protestant, he was killed at Saint-Yrieix by the Catholic League (French).","title":"Comtes de La Rochefoucauld (and princes de Marcillac) (16th Century)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duchess_De_La_Rochefoucauld_LCCN2014682495.tif"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy"},{"link_name":"pairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairie"},{"link_name":"François V de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_V_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle du Plessis-Liancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle_du_Plessis-Liancourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld.jpg"},{"link_name":"François VI de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)"},{"link_name":"François VI de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Vivonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivonne"},{"link_name":"Fronde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde"},{"link_name":"François VII de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_VII_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Grand veneur de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_veneur_de_France"},{"link_name":"Jeanne du Plessis-Liancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeanne_du_Plessis-Liancourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François VIII de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_VIII_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"François Michel Le Tellier de Louvois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Michel_Le_Tellier_de_Louvois"},{"link_name":"François IX de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_IX_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexandre I de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_I_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"François X de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_X_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François XI de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XI_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Louis Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld de Roye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louis_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_La_Rochefoucauld_de_Roye"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Louis-Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_de_La_Rochefoucauld_d%27Enville"},{"link_name":"Académie des sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_(France)"},{"link_name":"Assembly of notables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_notables"},{"link_name":"French States-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_States-General"},{"link_name":"September massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_massacres"},{"link_name":"Gisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duc-de-liancourt.png"},{"link_name":"Le Duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt"},{"link_name":"François XII (Alexandre-Frédéric) duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt"},{"link_name":"École des Arts et Métiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers"},{"link_name":"vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"François, duc de La Rochefoucauld (1765-1848)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(1765-1848)"},{"link_name":"Alexandre, comte de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandre,_comte_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adélaïde de Pyvart de Chastullé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Pyvart_de_Chastull%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"San Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Beauharnais family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauharnais_family"},{"link_name":"dame d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"empress Josephine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Josephine"},{"link_name":"Francesco Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Borghese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pauline Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"peer of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_France"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"constitutional royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_royalists"},{"link_name":"Princes of La Rochefoucauld-Montbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_La_Rochefoucauld-Montbel"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Gaëtan, marquis de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ga%C3%ABtan,_marquis_de_La_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt"},{"link_name":"François XIV de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XIV_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Alfred de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François XIV de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XIV_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cadet branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch"},{"link_name":"François XV de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XV_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1892Wedding-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1933Duchess-2"},{"link_name":"château de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochefoucauld_(Charente)#Ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"John H. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"François XVII de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XVII_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochefoucauld_(Charente)#Ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Jean de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"prince de Marcillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_de_Marcillac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edmée Frish de Fels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edm%C3%A9e_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"François XVIII de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XVIII_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François XIX de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XIX_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neuilly-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"François de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_XX_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_La_Rochefoucauld-Montbel"}],"text":"The Duchesse de la Rochefoucauld (née Mattie Elizabeth Mitchell)Louis XIII raised the comté de La Rochefoucauld into a duchy-pairie on 22 April 1622.François V de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (7 September 1588 – 8 February 1650). Catholic, married to Gabrielle du Plessis-Liancourt (July 1611).\nFrançois VI de La Rochefoucauld\nFrançois VI de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (15 December 1613 – 17 March 1680). Married Andrée de Vivonne (20 January 1628). moralist writer (Maximes, Mémoires), He wrote a history of the Fronde.\nFrançois VII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (15 June 1634 – 12 January 1714). Grand veneur de France. Married Jeanne du Plessis-Liancourt, one of his cousins.\nFrançois VIII de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (17 August 1663 – 22 April 1728). Married Magdeleine Charlotte le Tellier, daughter of François Michel Le Tellier de Louvois.\nFrançois IX de La Rochefoucauld (son of preceding), duc de La Rochefoucauld (1681–1699).\nAlexandre I de La Rochefoucauld (son of François VIII), duc de La Rochefoucauld (29 September 1690 – 1762). Married Elisabeth-Marie-Louise-Nicole de Caylard de Toiras d'Amboise (30 July 1715).\nFrançois X de La Rochefoucauld (son of Alexandre) (1717–1718)\nFrançois XI de La Rochefoucauld (son of Alexandre) (1720–1721)\nMarie-Louise-Elisabeth (daughter of Alexandre). Married (28 February 1732) to her cousin Jean-Baptiste Louis Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld de Roye, duc d'Anville. As Alexandre had no surviving male heir, by letters patent of Louis XV, the title duc de La Rochefoucauld was transmitted to the male issue of Marie-Louise-Elisabeth on the condition that she married a member of the La Rochefoucauld family. She chose her cousin Jean-Baptiste.\nLouis-Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld (1743–1792, assassinated), son of Marie-Louise-Elisabeth and Jean-Baptiste. He inherited two ducal titles and is known as duc de La Rochefoucauld-d'Anville. Member of the Académie des sciences, member of the Assembly of notables de 1787, deputy of the nobility at the French States-General of 1789. He was a victim of the September massacres in Gisors. He died without heir, and the title passed to his first cousin.\nLe Duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt\nFrançois XII (Alexandre-Frédéric) duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt (Paris, 11 January 1747 – 27 March 1827). Philanthropist, creator of the École des Arts et Métiers, propagator of vaccination in France. It was he who, on 12 July 1789, responded to Louis XVI who asked \"It is a revolt?\": \"No, Sire, it's a Revolution\". He was in the liberal opposition party during the Bourbon Restoration.\nFrançois, duc de La Rochefoucauld (1765-1848), duc de La Rochefoucauld (Paris, 8 September 1765 – 3 September 1848). Married Marie-Françoise de Tott (1770–1854), at La Haye (24 September 1793). His first brother was Alexandre, comte de La Rochefoucauld (1767–1841), married Adélaïde de Pyvart de Chastullé, a San Domingo heiress allied to the Beauharnais family. Mme de La Rochefoucauld became dame d'honneur to the empress Josephine, and their eldest daughter married Francesco Borghese [fr], a brother-in-law of Pauline Bonaparte, Princess Borghese. La Rochefoucauld became ambassador successively to Vienna (1805) and to The Hague (1808–1810), where he negotiated the union of the Kingdom of Holland with France. During the \"Hundred Days\" he was made a peer of France. He subsequently devoted himself to philanthropic work, and in 1822 became deputy to the Chamber of Deputies and sat with the constitutional royalists. He was again raised to the peerage in 1831. His descendants became Dukes of Estissac and Princes of La Rochefoucauld-Montbel. The duke second brother was Frédéric Gaëtan, marquis de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, (1779–1863).\nFrançois XIV de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld (The Hague, 11 September 1794 – Paris, 11 December 1874). Married in (Paris, 10 June 1817) with Zénaide Chapt de Rastignac (b. Paris, 1798 – Paris, 19 December 1875). Alfred de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Roche-Guyon, second son of François XIV de La Rochefoucauld and Zénaide Chapt de Rastignac is the start of the cadet branch of the family La Rochefoucauld – La Roche-Guyon\nFrançois XV de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld (14 April 1818 – 4 December 1879). Married (Paris, 1852) with Radegonde-Euphrasie Bouvery (Paris, 13 March 1832 – Paris, 7 November 1901).\nFrançois-Alfred-Gaston XVI, duc de La Rochefoucauld (Paris, 21 April 1853 – Monaco, 24 February 1925). Married (11 February 1892)[1] with Mattie-Elizabeth Mitchell (Portland (Oregon), 28 August 1866 – Paris, 21 February 1933).[2] They rest at the chapel of château de La Rochefoucauld.[3] Mattie-Elizabeth Mitchell was the daughter of U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell.\nFrançois XVII de La Rochefoucauld (François-Marie-Alfred) (Paris, 25 June 1905 – Paris, 11 March 1909). Interred in the chapel of château.\nMarie-François-Gabriel-Alfred, duc de La Rochefoucauld (Paris, 27 September 1854 – Paris, 29 July 1926). Brother of François XV, the ducal title was transferred to him. Married (5 June 1884) with Pauline Piscatory de Vaufreland.\nJean de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld, duc de Liancourt, prince de Marcillac, duc d'Anville (Paris, 10 March 1887 – Paris, 3 January 1970). Married (Paris, 27 December 1917) with Edmée Frish de Fels (Paris, 1895–1991).\nFrançois XVIII de La Rochefoucauld, duc de La Rochefoucauld, duc de Liancourt, duc d'Anville (Paris, 12 December 1920 – 29 novembre 2011). Married (Paris, 11 October 1950) with Sonia Marie Matossian.\nFrançois XIX de La Rochefoucauld (François-Alexandre), 15th duc de La Rochefoucauld, 10th duc de Liancourt, duc d'Anville, prince de Marcillac (born 2 April 1958, Neuilly-sur-Seine), son of François XVIII.\nFrançois de La Rochefoucauld, 11th duke de Liancourt, prince de Marcillac (born 1986), heir to the ducal title, son of François XIX.[4][better source needed] Other famous living member is, Dominique Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel (1950), Grand Hospitaler of the Order of Malta, president of the french association.","title":"Dukes de La Rochefoucauld (17th–21st Centuries)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François I de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_I_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surgères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surg%C3%A8res"}],"text":"These branches were formed by Louis de La Rochefoucauld, Lord of Montendre, Montguyon, Roissac and des Salles, who was a younger son of François I de La Rochefoucauld, comte de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1541), by his second marriage Barbe du Bois. He married Jacquette de Mortemer in 1534. His son was François de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1600), Lord of Montguyon, Baron of Montendre, who married Hélène de Goulard (only daughter and heiress of Egmond Goulard, Lord of Marsay). His son, Isaac de La Rochefoucauld (d. c. 1626), Lord of Montguyon, Baron of Montendre, married Hélène de Fonsèque (daughter of Charles de Fonsèque, Lord of Surgères) in 1600. Among others, they were the parents of Charles, progenitor of the Montendre branch and François, progenitor of the Surgères branch.","title":"Marquises of Montendre and Surgères"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Anne_Spanheim.jpg"},{"link_name":"François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld,_Marquis_de_Montandre"},{"link_name":"Michael Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Siege of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1689)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1691)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(1697)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cremona"},{"link_name":"Battle of Luzzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luzzara"},{"link_name":"François de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld,_Marquis_de_Montandre"},{"link_name":"Ezéchiel von Spanheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel,_Freiherr_von_Spanheim"}],"sub_title":"Marquis of Montendre","text":"Mary Anne von Spanheim, wife of de François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre, by Michael Dahl, c. 1720Charles de La Rochefoucauld, 1st Marquis of Montendre (son of Isaac). He married Renée Thévin in 1633.\nCharles-Louis de La Rochefoucauld, 2nd Marquis of Montendre. He married Anne de Pithou (daughter of Pierre de Pithou, Lord of Luyere).\nIsaac Charles de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1702), Count of Montendre. Fought in the Siege of Mainz, the Battle of Fleurus, the Siege of Mons, the Siege of Barcelona, the Battle of Cremona (where he was wounded), and the Battle of Luzzara (where he was killed). No issue.\nFrançois de La Rochefoucauld (1672–1739), 3rd Marquis of Montendre, He married Marie-Anne von Spanheim (daughter of Baron Ezéchiel von Spanheim, Prussian Ambassador to England). No issue.\nLouis de La Rochefoucauld (d. 1742), 4th Marquis of Montendre. He married Suzanne d'Argouges in 1710. No issue.","title":"Marquises of Montendre and Surgères"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germain Louis Chauvelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin"},{"link_name":"Grosbois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Grosbois"}],"sub_title":"Marquis of Surgères","text":"François de La Rochefoucauld (c. 1620–c. 1680), 1st Marquis of Surgères. He married Anne de Philippier\nCharles-François de La Rochefoucauld (c. 1643–c. 1714), 2nd Marquis of Surgères. He married Anne de La Rochefoucauld (daughter of Benjamin de La Rochefoucauld, baron d'Estissac) in 1662.\nFrançois de La Rochefoucauld (1664–1731), 3rd Marquis of Surgères. He married Angélique Lee (widow of François Lucas de Démuin) in 1704.\nAlexandre-Nicolas de La Rochefoucauld (1709–1760), 4th Marquis of Surgères, Lieutenant General of the King's Armies. He married Jeanne-Thérèse Fleuriau de Morville (daughter of Charles-Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau de Morville) in 1728.\nJean-François de La Rochefoucauld (1735–1789), 5th Marquis of Surgères, governor of Chartres. He married Anne Chauvelin de Grosbois, daughter of Germain Louis Chauvelin, Marquis of Grosbois) in 1752.","title":"Marquises of Montendre and Surgères"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delaval_-_Ambroise_Polycarpe_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(1827).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise-Polycarpe_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heim_-_Sosth%C3%A8ne_Ier_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(1785-1864).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosth%C3%A8nes_I_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"François Joseph Heim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%A9on_Bonnat_-_Sosth%C3%A8ne_II_de_La_Rochefoucauld.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sosthènes II de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosth%C3%A8nes_II_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Léon Bonnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bonnat"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Grandee of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Le Tellier de Courtanvaux family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Tellier"},{"link_name":"Hereditary peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bisaccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Bisaccia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Duke of Estrées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Estr%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XIII of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise-Polycarpe_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Grandee of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Religieuses de Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religieuses_de_Nazareth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religieuses_de_Nazareth"},{"link_name":"Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosth%C3%A8nes_I_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Mathieu de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"Stanislas de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanislas_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sosthènes II de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosth%C3%A8nes_II_de_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Jules de Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac"},{"link_name":"Charles Marie François de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_La_Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duke of Estrées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Estr%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Louis Charles de La Trémoille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Charles_de_La_Tr%C3%A9moille"},{"link_name":"Armand François Jules Marie de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armand_Fran%C3%A7ois_Jules_Marie_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jockey-Club de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey-Club_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Radziwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_family"},{"link_name":"Sosthènes III de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sosth%C3%A8nes_III_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armand Charles François Marie de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armand_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Édouard François Marie de La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_La_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld, by Pierre-Louis Delaval, 1827Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld, by François Joseph HeimSosthènes II de La Rochefoucauld, by Léon Bonnat, 1899The Duke of Doudeauville title was created in Kingdom of Spain in 1782 granting him precedence as a Grandee of Spain (through his wife as heir to the title of Duke of Doudeauville of the Le Tellier de Courtanvaux family). The title was recognized in France by the peerage ordinance of 4 June 1814; a Hereditary peer of France on 19 August 1815, Hereditary Duke-Peer on 31 August 1817. The title became extinct in 1995 upon the death of the 7th Duke. The Duke of Bisaccia title was created in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1851 (by inheritance of Montmorency-Laval), and also became extinct in 1995. The Duke of Estrées was recreated in Spain in 1892 by King Alfonso XIII of Spain, but became extinct upon the Duke's death, without male issue, in 1907.Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld (1765–1841) (son of 5th Marquis of Surgères), 1st Duke of Doudeauville, 6th Marquis of Surgères, Grandee of Spain (under the title Duke of Doudeauville). He married Bénigne le Tellier de Louvois (founder of the Religieuses de Nazareth [fr] in 1822).\nSosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld (1785–1864), 2nd Duke of Doudeauville. He married Élisabeth de Montmorency-Laval (a daughter of Minister of Foreign Affairs Duke Mathieu de Montmorency).\nStanislas de La Rochefoucauld (1822–1887), 3rd Duke of Doudeauville. He married Marie de Colbert-Chabanais.\nSosthènes II de La Rochefoucauld (1825–1908), 4th Duke of Doudeauville, 1st Duke of Bisaccia. He married Princess Yolande of Polignac (daughter of Prime Minister Prince Jules de Polignac).\nCharles Marie François de La Rochefoucauld (1863–1907), Duke of Estrées (took the Spanish title, not recognized in France, by transfer). He married Princess Charlotte of La Trémoïlle (daughter of Prince Louis Charles de La Trémoille).\nArmand François Jules Marie de La Rochefoucauld (1870–1963), 5th Duke of Doudeauville, President of the Jockey-Club de Paris and the Polo de Paris. He married Princess Marié Lise Radziwill.\nSosthènes III de La Rochefoucauld (1897–1970), 6th Duke of Doudeauville. He married Countess Leonor de Saavedra of Torrehermosa.\nArmand Charles François Marie de La Rochefoucauld (1902–1995), 7th Duke of Doudeauville. He married Esther Millicent Clarke and had a natural son with Clémentine Elisabeth Brandt.\nArmand Sosthènes de La Rochefoucauld (b. 1944). He married Geneviève Rose Blanche Fourny.\nÉdouard François Marie de La Rochefoucauld (1874–1968), 2nd Duke of Bisaccia. He married Camille de Colbert-Chabanais.\nMarie-Carmen de La Rochefoucauld (1902–1999). She married Count of Mailly-Nesles in 1928.\nStanislas of La Rochefoucauld (1903–1965), Count. He married Sophie Alice Cocea in 1926; and Princess Jeanne Princess of San Felice de Viggiano in 1947.\nElisabeth de La Rochefoucauld (1909–2006) married Elliot Robert Le Gras du Luart de Montsaulnin in 1929; and Mario Fausto Maria Pinci in 1958.","title":"Dukes of Doudeaville (1782–1995), of Bisaccia (1851–1995), and of Estrées (1892–1907)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Armorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1892Wedding_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"MISS MITCHELL'S WEDDING.; THE CIVIL MARRIAGE TO THE DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1892/02/11/archives/miss-mitchells-wedding-the-civil-marriage-to-the-duke-de-la.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1933Duchess_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"AMERICAN DUCHESS DIES.; Widow of Due de la Rochefoucauld Was Former Mattie Mitchell\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1933/02/21/archives/american-duchess-dies-widow-of-due-de-la-rochefoucauld-was-former.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"SON OF DUCHESS DEAD.; Mother Is a Daughter of the Late Senator Mitchell\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1909/03/12/archives/son-of-duchess-dead-mother-is-a-daughter-of-the-late-senator.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Heirs of Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//heirsofeurope.blogspot.com/2010/02/la-rochefoucauld.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Malte-Brun, Victor Adolphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Adolphe_Malte-Brun"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euraldic.com_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euraldic.com_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Armorial de J.B. RIETSTAP – et ses Compléments\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.euraldic.com/blas_ro.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter200495_(footnote_251)_7-0"},{"link_name":"Potter 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPotter2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Duché de La Rochefoucauld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heraldique-europeenne.org/Regions/France/Duche_La_Rochefoucauld.htm"}],"text":"^ \"MISS MITCHELL'S WEDDING.; THE CIVIL MARRIAGE TO THE DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD\". The New York Times. 11 February 1892. Retrieved 10 December 2020.\n\n^ \"AMERICAN DUCHESS DIES.; Widow of Due de la Rochefoucauld Was Former Mattie Mitchell\". The New York Times. 21 February 1933. Retrieved 10 December 2020.\n\n^ \"SON OF DUCHESS DEAD.; Mother Is a Daughter of the Late Senator Mitchell\". The New York Times. 12 March 1909. Retrieved 10 December 2020.\n\n^ Elward, Ronald (15 February 2010). \"The Heirs of Europe\".\n\n^ Malte-Brun, Victor Adolphe (1883). La France illustrée. [publisher need]. p. [page needed].\n\n^ a b \"Armorial de J.B. RIETSTAP – et ses Compléments\".\n\n^ Potter 2004, p. 95 (footnote 251).\n\n^ Bunel, Arnaud (2011). \"Duché de La Rochefoucauld\". Retrieved 1 April 2012.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Achievement of arms of the Dukes de La Rochefoucauld","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rochefoucauld_Wappen_coat_of_arms.jpg/150px-Rochefoucauld_Wappen_coat_of_arms.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Duchesse de la Rochefoucauld (née Mattie Elizabeth Mitchell)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Duchess_De_La_Rochefoucauld_LCCN2014682495.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Duchess_De_La_Rochefoucauld_LCCN2014682495.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"François VI de La Rochefoucauld","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld.jpg"},{"image_text":"Le Duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Duc-de-liancourt.png/220px-Duc-de-liancourt.png"},{"image_text":"Mary Anne von Spanheim, wife of de François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre, by Michael Dahl, c. 1720","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mary_Anne_Spanheim.jpg/220px-Mary_Anne_Spanheim.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld, by Pierre-Louis Delaval, 1827","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Delaval_-_Ambroise_Polycarpe_de_La_Rochefoucauld_%281827%29.jpg/220px-Delaval_-_Ambroise_Polycarpe_de_La_Rochefoucauld_%281827%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld, by François Joseph Heim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Heim_-_Sosth%C3%A8ne_Ier_de_La_Rochefoucauld_%281785-1864%29.jpg/220px-Heim_-_Sosth%C3%A8ne_Ier_de_La_Rochefoucauld_%281785-1864%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sosthènes II de La Rochefoucauld, by Léon Bonnat, 1899","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/L%C3%A9on_Bonnat_-_Sosth%C3%A8ne_II_de_La_Rochefoucauld.jpg/220px-L%C3%A9on_Bonnat_-_Sosth%C3%A8ne_II_de_La_Rochefoucauld.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Peerage of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_France"},{"title":"List of French peerages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_peerages"},{"title":"List of French dukedoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_dukedoms"}]
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[{"reference":"\"MISS MITCHELL'S WEDDING.; THE CIVIL MARRIAGE TO THE DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD\". The New York Times. 11 February 1892. Retrieved 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1892/02/11/archives/miss-mitchells-wedding-the-civil-marriage-to-the-duke-de-la.html","url_text":"\"MISS MITCHELL'S WEDDING.; THE CIVIL MARRIAGE TO THE DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"AMERICAN DUCHESS DIES.; Widow of Due de la Rochefoucauld Was Former Mattie Mitchell\". The New York Times. 21 February 1933. Retrieved 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/21/archives/american-duchess-dies-widow-of-due-de-la-rochefoucauld-was-former.html","url_text":"\"AMERICAN DUCHESS DIES.; Widow of Due de la Rochefoucauld Was Former Mattie Mitchell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"SON OF DUCHESS DEAD.; Mother Is a Daughter of the Late Senator Mitchell\". The New York Times. 12 March 1909. Retrieved 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1909/03/12/archives/son-of-duchess-dead-mother-is-a-daughter-of-the-late-senator.html","url_text":"\"SON OF DUCHESS DEAD.; Mother Is a Daughter of the Late Senator Mitchell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Elward, Ronald (15 February 2010). \"The Heirs of Europe\".","urls":[{"url":"http://heirsofeurope.blogspot.com/2010/02/la-rochefoucauld.html","url_text":"\"The Heirs of Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Malte-Brun, Victor Adolphe (1883). La France illustrée. [publisher need]. p. [page needed].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Adolphe_Malte-Brun","url_text":"Malte-Brun, Victor Adolphe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources","url_text":"page needed"}]},{"reference":"\"Armorial de J.B. RIETSTAP – et ses Compléments\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euraldic.com/blas_ro.html","url_text":"\"Armorial de J.B. RIETSTAP – et ses Compléments\""}]},{"reference":"Bunel, Arnaud (2011). \"Duché de La Rochefoucauld\". Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldique-europeenne.org/Regions/France/Duche_La_Rochefoucauld.htm","url_text":"\"Duché de La Rochefoucauld\""}]},{"reference":"Potter, David, ed. (2004). Foreign Intelligence And Information in Elizabethan England: Two English Treatises on the State of France, 1580–1584. Camden Fifth Series. Vol. 25. Cambridge University Press. p. 95 (footnote 251). ISBN 978-0-521-84724-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYb5CU8Gi4C&pg=PA95","url_text":"95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84724-7","url_text":"978-0-521-84724-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASBS
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Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences
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["1 The University Campus","2 Departments and Research Centers","2.1 Department of Physics","2.2 Department of Mathematics","2.3 Department of Chemistry","2.4 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology","2.5 Department of Earth Sciences","2.6 Department of Biological Sciences","2.7 Advanced Research Centers","3 Programs","4 Awards and Rankings","5 The International Advisory Council","5.1 Members","6 Notable alumni","7 See also","8 References"]
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Coordinates: 36°42′19″N 48°30′24″E / 36.70528°N 48.50667°E / 36.70528; 48.50667University in Zanjan, Iran
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic SciencesInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences(IASBS)TypePublicEstablished1991FounderYousef SoboutiRectorBabak Karimi (2016-present) HamidReza Khalesifard (2014-2016) Rasoul Khodabakhsh (2010-2014) Yousef Sobouti (1991-2010)Students1163LocationZanjan, Zanjan Province, IranCampusSuburbanColours Milano Red NobelWebsitehttp://www.iasbs.ac.ir/
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) (Persian: دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی علوم پایه زنجان, Daneshgah-e Tehesilât-e Tekimili-ye Olum-e Paih-e Zanjaan) also known as Zanjan Graduate University of Basic Sciences is a public advanced research center and university in Zanjan, Iran founded in 1991 by Prof. Yousef Sobouti. The goal of establishing IASBS was to provide a leading research-based institute in advanced science topics for both researchers and students in Iran.
The institute offers various M.Sc. and PhD degrees in Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Geophysics, Biophysics, Biochemistry and Chemistry. Although IASBS was established as a graduate-level degree-granting institution, it also offers a B.Sc. program in Computer Engineering. Acceptance to the institute is competitive and entrance to its programs requires performing well in the Iranian University Entrance Exam, known as 'Konkour'.
The University Campus
Zanjan city in Iranian Azerbaijan region, 298 km to the north-west of Tehran, was chosen for the Institute. The location was far enough from Tehran to not be affected by the distractions of the city but close enough to pursue the many ensuing official and budgetary problems in Tehran. The main campus of the university is located close to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in Gavazang area, Zanjan, Iran. IASBS campus is widely credited to be a Green campus with plants and greeneries being part of the campus design, even in classes and buildings. Moreover, IASBS is one of the few universities in Iran benefiting from solar energy solutions. Buildings in main campus are:
Department of Physics
Department of Chemistry
Department of Mathematics
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
Department of Earth Sciences
Department of Biological Sciences
Torkaman Library
House of Science
Science and Technology Park (Zanjan Techno-Center)
University Dining Hall
Gym (I and II)
Mosque
Dormitories
Torkaman Library
Torkaman Library
Departments and Research Centers
IASBS has 6 departments and 2 research centers.
Department of Physics
The Physics Department started its activity in 1992 as the first department of IASBS. The M.Sc. program was launched in 1992 with 3 faculty members and 7 students. In 1995, the first PhD students were admitted to work on theoretical condensed matter physics, astrophysics and mathematical physics. After a while, graduate programs in experimental optics were established. In 2000, a 7-year program leading to a PhD degree was established. In this program students directly proceed to their PhD thesis after completing their undergraduate and graduate courses, thereby skipping the M.Sc. dissertation. At present, IASBS is the only institute in the country offering such a program. Research in Department of Physics is focused in Astrophysics and Cosmology, Hard condensed matter, Soft condensed matter, Statistical mechanics, Optics and Photonics.
Department of Physics
Department of Physics
Department of Mathematics
Established in 1994, The Department of Mathematics offers M.Sc. and PhD programs. The active research groups of the Department are in the fields of Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, Graph theory, Computer Science and Financial Mathematics.
Department of Chemistry
The Department of Chemistry at the IASBS started its formal activities in fall 1999 with five Master’s students and five faculty members, seven years after the opening of the Institute. The courses initially focused in two areas, analytical chemistry, and organic chemistry. In the winter of 2005, first group of PhD students started their studies. Currently, there are more than 200 PhD and Master’s Students and 20 faculty members in the department. Research is focused in Organic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Nano Chemistry, and Polymer Chemistry.
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology was established in 2003 with the B.Sc. program in Information Technology and, immediately after, the M.Sc. program in Computer Science. Now department runs an undergraduate program in computer engineering and M.Sc. and PhD programs in Computer Science. Research in this department is mainly focused on Algorithms and Theory of Computing, Artificial Intelligence, System Theory and Data Mining.
Department of Earth Sciences
Department of Earth Sciences was established in 1999 inside the Department of Physics. Now as an independent department, It offers M.Sc. and PhD programs in geophysics and M.Sc. programs in Structural Geology and Tectonics. Department of Earth Sciences is currently active in the fields of Geophysics, Tectonics, Petrology and Hydrology and Hydrogeology.
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Biological Sciences was established in 2008 as the newest department of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences. At present, the department offers M.Sc. programs in biochemistry and biophysics and direct PhD programs in biochemistry and biophysics. The research laboratories in department of biological sciences are Biochemistry, Biophysics, Bacterial Culture, Cell Culture and Bio-informatics.
Advanced Research Centers
Center for Research in Climate Change and Global Warming
Research Center for Basic Sciences and Modern Technologies (RBST)
Programs
IASBS was established as a graduate-level degree-granting institution. Now it offers M.Sc. and PhD degrees in Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Geophysics, Biophysics, Biochemistry and Chemistry. Since September 2000, however, it has started a program in physics for a group of distinguished high school graduates. The program, a first attempt at the national level, will train these selected groups of students over a period of seven years, granting them a PhD degree in physics. In this program students directly proceed to their PhD thesis after completing their undergraduate and graduate courses, thereby skipping the M.Sc. dissertation. IASBS also offers a bachelor of science degree in computer engineering which is the only undergraduate program in the institute. The institute also used to run a joint undergraduate program in Information Technology with Heriot-Watt University of the United Kingdom.
Awards and Rankings
Ranked 2nd in Iran by Iran Science Elites Federation (2016)
Ranked 8th in Iran by Islamic Science Citation Center in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017
Announced as the centre of excellence in physics by Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology
Awarded by Islamic Development Bank in science and technology
SCImago Institutions Rankings:
2017 World Ranking: 612
2016 World Ranking: 620
2015 World Ranking: 617
The International Advisory Council
The International Advisory Council of the Institute is composed of a host of scholars and scientists. Members of the Council assist the Institute in delineating its general themes of research, establishing new disciplines, attracting prominent researchers and evaluating its scientific achievements.
Members
Mohammad Abdus Salam, The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy (deceased)
Asim Orhan Barut, University of Colorado, USA
Nasser Peyghambarian, University of Arizona, USA
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, University of Chicago, USA (deceased)
Govind Swarup, Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), India
Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi, The Abdus Salam ICTP, Italy
Mehran Kardar, MIT, USA
John Clark, Washington University, USA
Sang-Soo Lee, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
Bahram Mashhoon, University of Missouri, USA
Mudumbai S. Narasimhan, The Abdus Salam ICTP, Italy
Cumrun Vafa, Harvard University, USA
E. Van den Heuvel, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Notable alumni
List of notable alumni from the institute include:
Yousef Sobouti (Physics): First place of the Khwarizmi International Award in basic sciences (1999). Medal Lecture, in Physical Sciences, The Third World Academy of Sciences, TWAS (2000). Selected member of Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame, Unforgettable Faces (2001)
Babak Karimi (Chemistry): First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (1999). Distinguished researcher elected by Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology (2003). Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (2004)
Ramin Golestanian (Physics): He was awarded the Holweck Prize (2014). First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2000). Distinguished researcher elected by Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology (2001). Frederic Joliot Visiting Chair at Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) in Paris (2000)
Arashmid Nahal (Physics): ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award (2001)
Mehdi Khakian (Physics): First place of the Khwarizmi International Award in basic sciences (2006)
Mohammad Rafiee (Chemistry): First place the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2008)
Alireza Qaiumzadeh (Physics): Second place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2009)
Saifollah Rasouli (Physics): ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award (2009)
Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour (Chemistry): First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2010)
Ali Ghorbanzadeh Moghaddam (Physics): Second place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2010)
Mohammad Taghi Tavassoly (Physics): The ICO Galileo Galilei Award (2010) for lifelong effort in optics education in Iran dedicated by the International Commission for Optics (ICO)
See also
University of Zanjan
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
Islamic Azad University of Zanjan
Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM)
Higher Education in Iran
List of universities in Iran
References
^ Center, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Information Technology. "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)". iasbs.ac.ir.
^ a b c اولین بروشور مرکز تحصیلات تکمیلی در علوم پایه زنجان (1373) (فایل pdf) Archived 2013-09-02 at the Wayback Machine، مهر ۱۳۷۳
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)".
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)". iasbs.ac.ir.
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)". iasbs.ac.ir.
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)".
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)". iasbs.ac.ir.
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)". iasbs.ac.ir.
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)".
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)". iasbs.ac.ir.
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)".
^ "رتبه نخست سرآمدان علمی کشور برای دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران". 13 March 2017.
^ "نتایج رتبه بندی دانشگاه ها و موسسات پژوهشی کشور اعلام شد". March 12, 2017.
^ "نتایج رتبهبندی دانشگاهها و موسسات پژوهشی کشور اعلام شد". June 18, 2018.
^ a b c "دانشگاه در یک نگاه" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-10.
^ "Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences Ranking". www.scimagoir.com.
36°42′19″N 48°30′24″E / 36.70528°N 48.50667°E / 36.70528; 48.50667
Portal: Iran
Authority control databases
ISNI
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The goal of establishing IASBS was to provide a leading research-based institute in advanced science topics for both researchers and students in Iran.[2]The institute offers various M.Sc. and PhD degrees in Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Geophysics, Biophysics, Biochemistry and Chemistry. Although IASBS was established as a graduate-level degree-granting institution, it also offers a B.Sc. program in Computer Engineering. 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The location was far enough from Tehran to not be affected by the distractions of the city but close enough to pursue the many ensuing official and budgetary problems in Tehran.[2] The main campus of the university is located close to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in Gavazang area, Zanjan, Iran. IASBS campus is widely credited to be a Green campus with plants and greeneries being part of the campus design, even in classes and buildings. Moreover, IASBS is one of the few universities in Iran benefiting from solar energy solutions. Buildings in main campus are:Department of Physics\nDepartment of Chemistry\nDepartment of Mathematics\nDepartment of Computer Science and Information Technology\nDepartment of Earth Sciences\nDepartment of Biological Sciences\nTorkaman Library\nHouse of Science\nScience and Technology Park (Zanjan Techno-Center)\nUniversity Dining Hall\nGym (I and II)\nMosque\nDormitoriesTorkaman LibraryTorkaman Library","title":"The University Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"IASBS has 6 departments and 2 research centers.","title":"Departments and Research Centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iasbs4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iasbs1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Department of Physics","text":"The Physics Department started its activity in 1992 as the first department of IASBS. 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Since September 2000, however, it has started a program in physics for a group of distinguished high school graduates. The program, a first attempt at the national level, will train these selected groups of students over a period of seven years, granting them a PhD degree in physics. In this program students directly proceed to their PhD thesis after completing their undergraduate and graduate courses, thereby skipping the M.Sc. dissertation. IASBS also offers a bachelor of science degree in computer engineering which is the only undergraduate program in the institute. 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Van den Heuvel, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands","title":"The International Advisory Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IASBS_at_a_glance-15"},{"link_name":"Yousef Sobouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousef_Sobouti"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi International Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award"},{"link_name":"basic sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research"},{"link_name":"Physical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science"},{"link_name":"Third World Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWAS"},{"link_name":"Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Science_and_Culture_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Babak Karimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150624070553/http://iasbs.ac.ir/~karimi/karimi.htm"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award#Khwarizmi_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science,_Research_and_Technology_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Ramin Golestanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin_Golestanian"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award#Khwarizmi_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science,_Research_and_Technology_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//e-ico.org/activities/awards#ictp"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi International Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award#Khwarizmi_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Alireza Qaiumzadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ntnu.edu/employees/alireza.qaiumzadeh"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award#Khwarizmi_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Saifollah Rasouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iasbs.ac.ir/~rasouli/"},{"link_name":"ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//e-ico.org/activities/awards#ictp"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iasbs.ac.ir/~mmnajafpour/"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award#Khwarizmi_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Ali Ghorbanzadeh Moghaddam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iasbs.ac.ir/~agorbanz/index/welcome.html"},{"link_name":"Khwarizmi Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award#Khwarizmi_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"ICO Galileo Galilei Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//e-ico.org/node/110#Iran"},{"link_name":"International Commission for Optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics"}],"text":"List of notable alumni from the institute include:[15]Yousef Sobouti (Physics): First place of the Khwarizmi International Award in basic sciences (1999). Medal Lecture, in Physical Sciences, The Third World Academy of Sciences, TWAS (2000). Selected member of Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame, Unforgettable Faces (2001)\nBabak Karimi (Chemistry): First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (1999). Distinguished researcher elected by Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology (2003). Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (2004)\nRamin Golestanian (Physics): He was awarded the Holweck Prize (2014). First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2000). Distinguished researcher elected by Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology (2001). Frederic Joliot Visiting Chair at Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) in Paris (2000)\nArashmid Nahal (Physics): ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award (2001)\nMehdi Khakian (Physics): First place of the Khwarizmi International Award in basic sciences (2006)\nMohammad Rafiee (Chemistry): First place the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2008)\nAlireza Qaiumzadeh (Physics): Second place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2009)\nSaifollah Rasouli (Physics): ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award (2009)\nMohammad Mahdi Najafpour (Chemistry): First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2010)\nAli Ghorbanzadeh Moghaddam (Physics): Second place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2010)\nMohammad Taghi Tavassoly (Physics): The ICO Galileo Galilei Award (2010) for lifelong effort in optics education in Iran dedicated by the International Commission for Optics (ICO)","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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[{"title":"University of Zanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zanjan"},{"title":"Zanjan University of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_University_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"title":"Islamic Azad University of Zanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Azad_University_of_Zanjan"},{"title":"Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Studies_in_Theoretical_Physics_and_Mathematics"},{"title":"Higher Education in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_in_Iran"},{"title":"List of universities in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kippist
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Richard Kippist
|
["1 Life","2 References"]
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English botanist and librarian (1812–1882)
Richard Kippist (1812–1882) was an English botanist and librarian.
Life
Kippist was born in Stoke Newington, London, on 11 June 1812. He worked as a clerk in the office of Joseph Woods, F.L.S., architect, with whom he shared an interest in botany. He was employed by the Linnean Society from 1830, holding the position of librarian from 1842 to 1881. His special interest was Australian flora, and he advised George Bentham, Ferdinand von Mueller and others on this subject.
His published works include "On Jansonia, a new genus of Leguminosae from Western Australia" and "On Acradenia, a new genus of Diosmae" in the Transactions of the society, describing the genera Jansonia (Gastrolobium) and Acradenia. He assisted with the editing of Wood's The Tourists Flora, published in 1830. His important papers include one on the discovery of spiral cells in the seeds of the family Acanthaceae. Kippist was a founding member of The Microscopical Society of London and associate of the Royal Botanical Society, Regent's Park.
Kippist died in Chelsea, London, on 14 January 1882, notices of his life appeared Proceedings of the society. The names of the genus Kippistia and species Banksia kippistiana and Hakea kippistiana commemorate his contribution to Australian botany.
The standard author abbreviation Kippist is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
References
^ Walker, Margot. "Kippist, Richard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15643. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b "Notes". Nature. 25 (638): 275–277. 1882. Bibcode:1882Natur..25..275.. doi:10.1038/025275a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ a b "Kippist, Richard (1812 - 1882)". Collectors & Illustrators. Australian National Herbarium.
^ International Plant Names Index. Kippist.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Academics
International Plant Names Index
Artists
Scientific illustrators
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Richard Kippist (1812–1882) was an English botanist and librarian.[1]","title":"Richard Kippist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newington"},{"link_name":"Joseph Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Woods_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-2"},{"link_name":"Linnean Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society"},{"link_name":"Australian flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_flora"},{"link_name":"George Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Gastrolobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrolobium"},{"link_name":"Acradenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acradenia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANBG-3"},{"link_name":"Acanthaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthaceae"},{"link_name":"The Microscopical Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Microscopical_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-2"},{"link_name":"Kippistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippistia"},{"link_name":"Banksia kippistiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_kippistiana"},{"link_name":"Hakea kippistiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakea_kippistiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANBG-3"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kippist was born in Stoke Newington, London, on 11 June 1812. He worked as a clerk in the office of Joseph Woods, F.L.S., architect, with whom he shared an interest in botany.[2] He was employed by the Linnean Society from 1830, holding the position of librarian from 1842 to 1881. His special interest was Australian flora, and he advised George Bentham, Ferdinand von Mueller and others on this subject.His published works include \"On Jansonia, a new genus of Leguminosae from Western Australia\" and \"On Acradenia, a new genus of Diosmae\" in the Transactions of the society, describing the genera Jansonia (Gastrolobium) and Acradenia.[3] He assisted with the editing of Wood's The Tourists Flora, published in 1830. His important papers include one on the discovery of spiral cells in the seeds of the family Acanthaceae. Kippist was a founding member of The Microscopical Society of London and associate of the Royal Botanical Society, Regent's Park.[2]Kippist died in Chelsea, London, on 14 January 1882, notices of his life appeared Proceedings of the society. The names of the genus Kippistia and species Banksia kippistiana and Hakea kippistiana commemorate his contribution to Australian botany.[3]The standard author abbreviation Kippist is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[4]","title":"Life"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_High_(2003_film)
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Hollywood High (2003 film)
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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2003 American documentary film
Hollywood HighDirected byBruce SinofskyCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerMichael BonfiglioCinematographyRobert RichmanEditorsMyron I. KersteinKristine SmithRunning time60 minutesOriginal releaseReleaseMarch 31, 2003 (2003-03-31)
Hollywood High is a 2003 documentary television film about the depiction of drug addiction in film. It was directed by Bruce Sinofsky, and features appearances by Darren Aronofsky, Jared Leto and Hubert Selby Jr. It was originally aired on AMC on March 31, 2003.
The Los Angeles Times reported that the documentary "examines how the seductive highs and excruciating lows of drug use have evolved on-screen during the last 60 years" and that "it offers plenty for movie fans to think about." The Cincinnati Enquirer called it "a surprisingly well-crafted and honest documentary" containing interviews with "some frank people who have something to say." The Columbia Companion to American History on Film calls it "particularly acute in its analysis of Hollywood 'drug movies' from Reefer Madness (1936) to Requiem for a Dream (2000)."
References
^ Josh Friedman, "A survey of drugs on-screen", Los Angeles Times, February 18, 2003.
^ "On TV: Top Pick", Cincinnati Enquirer, March 31, 2003.
^ Peter C. Rollins, The Columbia Companion to American History on Film: How the Movies Have Portrayed the American Past (Columbia University Press, 2003), ISBN 978-0231112222, p. 524. Excerpt available at Google Books.
External links
Hollywood High at IMDb
vteWorks directed by Joe Berlinger and Bruce SinofskyTogether
Brother's Keeper (1992)
Metallica: Some Kind of Monster (2004)
Paradise Lost trilogy
The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills (1996)
2: Revelations (2000)
3: Purgatory (2011)
SoloJoe Berlinger
Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 (2000)
Crude (2009)
Under African Skies (2012)
Whitey: United States of America v. James J. Bulger (2014)
Tony Robbins: I Am Not Your Guru (2016)
Intent to Destroy (2017)
Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes (2019)
Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile (2019)
Crime Scene: The Times Square Killer (2021)
Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel (2021)
Confronting a Serial Killer (2021)
Murder Among the Mormons (2021)
Crime Scene: The Texas Killing Fields
Conversations with a Killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes (2022)
Conversations with a Killer: The Jeffrey Dahmer Tapes (2022)
Madoff: The Monster of Wall Street (2023)
Bruce Sinofsky
Hollywood High (2003)
This article about a documentary film about the arts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a made-for-TV documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_television_film"},{"link_name":"drug addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addiction"},{"link_name":"Bruce Sinofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sinofsky"},{"link_name":"Darren Aronofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky"},{"link_name":"Jared Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Leto"},{"link_name":"Hubert Selby Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Selby,_Jr."},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reefer Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_Madness"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Dream"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hollywood High is a 2003 documentary television film about the depiction of drug addiction in film. It was directed by Bruce Sinofsky, and features appearances by Darren Aronofsky, Jared Leto and Hubert Selby Jr. It was originally aired on AMC on March 31, 2003.The Los Angeles Times reported that the documentary \"examines how the seductive highs and excruciating lows of drug use have evolved on-screen during the last 60 years\" and that \"it offers plenty for movie fans to think about.\"[1] The Cincinnati Enquirer called it \"a surprisingly well-crafted and honest documentary\" containing interviews with \"some frank people who have something to say.\"[2] The Columbia Companion to American History on Film calls it \"particularly acute in its analysis of Hollywood 'drug movies' from Reefer Madness (1936) to Requiem for a Dream (2000).\"[3]","title":"Hollywood High (2003 film)"}]
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[{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2003/feb/18/entertainment/et-tips18","external_links_name":"\"A survey of drugs on-screen\""},{"Link":"http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2003/03/31/tem_get31.html","external_links_name":"\"On TV: Top Pick\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xB1rhm6Ke2UC&pg=PA524","external_links_name":"Excerpt available"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0356695/","external_links_name":"Hollywood High"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_High_(2003_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_High_(2003_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Jones
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Ryan Jones
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["1 Early life","2 Club career","3 International career","3.1 International tries","4 Post rugby career","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
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Welsh rugby union player
For other people named Ryan Jones, see Ryan Jones (disambiguation).
Rugby playerRyan JonesMBEBirth nameRyan Paul JonesDate of birth (1981-03-13) 13 March 1981 (age 43)Place of birthNewport, WalesHeight196 cm (6 ft 5 in)Weight114 kg (17 st 13 lb; 251 lb)SchoolBassaleg Comprehensive SchoolUniversityUWICRugby union careerPosition(s)
Number 8, Flanker, LockSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1998–20002001–20032003–20042004–20142014–2015
NewportBridgendCeltic WarriorsOspreysBristol
112161509
(0)(5)(5)(100)(10)
Correct as of 21 March 2015International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2004–2014 2005
WalesBritish & Irish Lions
753
(10)(0)
Correct as of 17 November 2013 (UTC)
Ryan Paul Jones MBE (born 13 March 1981) is a Wales former international rugby union player who played at number eight, blindside flanker or second row. He was involved in three Grand Slam wins, in 2005, as captain in 2008, and 2012. He is one of a small group of Welsh players to have won three Grand Slams including Gerald Davies, Gareth Edwards, J.P.R. Williams, Adam Jones, Gethin Jenkins and Alun Wyn Jones.
Early life
Jones was born in Newport, and played junior football for Bristol City as a goalkeeper until the age of 14. He took up rugby union at age 17 to be with his friends at Risca RFC.
Ryan Jones studied at UWIC, now Cardiff Metropolitan University, gaining a BSc (Hons) from 1999 to 2002. He played over a hundred games for UWIC RFC and captained the firsts in his final year.
Jones said of the university:
"I was a student at Cardiff Met's Cyncoed Campus for three years. I was really inspired by the ethos of sporting excellence and University rugby was the springboard for my international career".
Club career
Jones started his club career with Newport RFC making just one appearance as a replacement for Alix Popham versus Bridgend in May 1999. After leaving Newport he made 12 appearances for Bridgend RFC, before moving on to the Celtic Warriors at the start of regional rugby in 2003. In 2004, when the Celtic Warriors were disbanded he was offered a contract with the Ospreys, who went on to win the Celtic League in 2004–05 and its replacement, the Celtic League in 2006–07. Jones was appointed captain of the Ospreys at the start of the 2007–08 season and under his captaincy the team went on to win the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2007–08, beating Leicester Tigers in the final at Twickenham and the Magners League for the third time in 2009–10, beating Leinster at the RDS Arena in Dublin in the play-off final. He was succeeded as captain by his Wales and British & Irish Lions colleague Alun Wyn Jones at the start of the 2010–11 season. On 24 March 2014, Jones signed for English club Bristol Rugby, who were competing in the RFU Championship, on a two-year contract from the 2014–15 season.
Jones retired from rugby in 2015 on medical advice following a reoccurring shoulder injury.
International career
Jones made his international debut for Wales against South Africa in November 2004. He featured in Wales' 2005 Grand Slam-winning side.
He was not initially selected for the 44-man squad for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. He was later called up as a replacement for the injured Simon Taylor. After his performance in the 30–19 win over Otago he was selected for the squad for the first test. He came on as a replacement and went on to start in the final two tests.
In January 2008, Jones was appointed captain of Wales by new coach Warren Gatland. In his first Six Nations tournament as captain, he led his team to a second Grand Slam in four years.
In November 2008, Ryan Jones and Shane Williams became the first Welsh players to be nominated in a group of five players for the IRB International Player of the Year award, first awarded in 2001. Shane Williams was selected as the 2008 International Player of the Year.
In April 2009, Jones was omitted from the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa. He was subsequently called up to join the squad on 9 June after Stephen Ferris pulled out with a knee injury, however within days of arriving in South Africa he was declared unfit by the Lions medical team due to head injuries he had sustained in a previous Wales test match.
Jones was named captain of the Welsh team for the Autumn internationals in 2009, when the side faced New Zealand, Samoa, Argentina and Australia.
Jones featured in all five of Wales' 2012 Six Nations matches, starting two, as he and the team secured a third Grand Slam in seven years. He also featured heavily in the following years championship, captaining Wales in three of the five games, only missing the final 30–3 defeat of England through injury, as Wales defended their championship title.
Jones held the record as Wales most capped captain by overtaking the record of 28 caps held by Ieuan Evans on 16 November 2012 versus Samoa. Jones' record of 33 caps as captain was surpassed by Sam Warburton on 14 March 2015.
He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to rugby union football and charitable fundraising in Wales.
International tries
Try
Opponent
Location
Venue
Competition
Date
Result
1
Scotland
Edinburgh, Scotland
Murrayfield
2005 Six Nations
13 March 2005
Win
2
Australia
Sydney, Australia
Sydney Football Stadium
2012 Summer Internationals
23 June 2012
Loss
Post rugby career
During February 2016, Jones was appointed as a joint Head of Rugby Performance for the Wales Rugby Union alongside Geraint John who was also newly appointed replacing Josh Lewsey in the role on the executive board. From January 2019, Jones was promoted to become the WRU Performance Director, a newly created role as part of the Professional Rugby Board (PRB), effectively swapping jobs with Geraint John. However, less than 2 years later in October 2020, Jones resigned from the executive job at WRU.
Personal life
His father, Stephen Jones, was a police officer in the Gwent Constabulary, based in Cwmbran.
In 2022, he was diagnosed with early onset dementia, probable chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In the same interview, he also noted that he had been diagnosed with depression following his retirement from rugby in 2015, which was believed to be a symptom of the later dementia diagnosis.
References
^ "Veterans salute third Grand Slam". BBC Sport.
^ "Ryan Jones in launch of rugby competition for junior stars". walesonline.co.uk. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
^ "Ryan Jones: Bristol sign Wales forward from Ospreys". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
^ "Ryan Jones: Wales and Bristol forward retires from rugby". BBC Sport. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ Ryan Jones player biography Scrum.com
^ Ryan Jones is Wales captain, Martyn Williams returns Daily Post 14 January 2008
^ Boyo wonder The Guardian, 23 November 2008
^ "Williams wins top rugby accolade". BBC. 23 November 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
^ "Ryan Jones suffers shock omission". BBC Sport. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
^ "Jones called up after Ferris blow". BBC Sport. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
^ "Ryan Jones makes swift Lions exit". BBC Sport. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
^ "Ryan Jones breaks captaincy record". BBC Sport. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ "No. 63377". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 June 2021. p. B19.
^ "Geraint John appointed as WRU's elite coach development manager". skysports.com. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ "Jones appointed Head of Rugby Participation". wru.wales. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ "Ryan Jones moves on". wru.wales. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ "Ryan Jones appointed performance director in WRU reshuffle". bbc.co.uk. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ Walsh, David (16 July 2022). "Ryan Jones: Rugby is walking eyes closed into a catastrophe – I feel like my world is falling apart". The Times. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
^ "'My world is falling apart': Former Lion Ryan Jones reveals dementia diagnosis aged 41". theguardian.com. 17 July 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
External links
Ospreys profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 December 2012)
Wales profile
vteBritish & Irish Lions – 2005 New Zealand tourForwards
Back
Bulloch
Byrne
Cockbain
Corry
Dallaglio
Easterby
Grewcock
Hayes
Hill
Jenkins
R. Jones
Kay
Moody
O'Callaghan
O'Connell
O'Kelly
Owen
Rowntree
Shaw
Sheridan
Stevens
Taylor
Thompson
Titterrell
Ja. White
Ju. White
M. Williams
Backs
Cooper
Cueto
Cusiter
D'Arcy
Dawson
Greenwood
Henson
Hickie
Hodgson
S. Jones
Horgan
Lewsey
Murphy
O'Driscoll (c)
O'Gara
Peel
Robinson
Shanklin
Smith
Thomas
Wilkinson
S. Williams
CoachWoodward
vteBritish & Irish Lions – 2009 South Africa tourForwards
Croft
Ferris
Ford
Flannery (injured)
Hayes
Heaslip
Hines
Jenkins
A. Jones
A. W. Jones
Mears
Murray
O'Connell (c)
O'Callaghan
Payne
Powell
Quinlan (suspended)
Rees
Shaw
Sheridan
Wallace
M. Williams
Worsley
Vickery
Backs
Blair
Bowe
Byrne
D'Arcy
Earls
Ellis
Fitzgerald
Flutey
Halfpenny (injured)
Hook
S. Jones
Kearney
Monye
O'Driscoll
O'Gara
O'Leary (injured)
Phillips
Roberts
Shanklin (injured)
S. Williams
CoachMcGeechan
vteWales squad – 2011 Rugby World Cup fourth placeForwards
Bennett
Bevington
Burns
Charteris
B. Davies
Faletau
James
Jenkins
A. Jones
A. W. Jones
R. Jones
Lydiate
Mitchell
Owens
Powell
Warburton (c)
Backs
Brew
Byrne
J. Davies
Halfpenny
Hook
S. Jones
Knoyle
North
Phillips
Priestland
Roberts
L. Williams
Sc. Williams
Sh. Williams
Coach: Gatland
Sports
Wales
|
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Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P.R._Williams"},{"link_name":"Adam Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jones_(rugby_union,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Gethin Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethin_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Alun Wyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Wyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Ryan Jones, see Ryan Jones (disambiguation).Rugby playerRyan Paul Jones MBE (born 13 March 1981) is a Wales former international rugby union player who played at number eight, blindside flanker or second row. He was involved in three Grand Slam wins, in 2005, as captain in 2008, and 2012. He is one of a small group of Welsh players to have won three Grand Slams including Gerald Davies, Gareth Edwards, J.P.R. Williams, Adam Jones, Gethin Jenkins and Alun Wyn Jones.[1]","title":"Ryan Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Risca RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risca_RFC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jones was born in Newport, and played junior football for Bristol City as a goalkeeper until the age of 14. He took up rugby union at age 17 to be with his friends at Risca RFC.[2]Ryan Jones studied at UWIC, now Cardiff Metropolitan University, gaining a BSc (Hons) from 1999 to 2002. He played over a hundred games for UWIC RFC and captained the firsts in his final year. \nJones said of the university: \n\"I was a student at Cardiff Met's Cyncoed Campus for three years. I was really inspired by the ethos of sporting excellence and University rugby was the springboard for my international career\".","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Celtic Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Celtic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro14"},{"link_name":"Celtic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro14"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Welsh Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Welsh_Cup"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster"},{"link_name":"RDS Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS_Arena"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"British & Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions"},{"link_name":"Alun Wyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Wyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"Bristol Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rugby"},{"link_name":"RFU Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFU_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jones started his club career with Newport RFC making just one appearance as a replacement for Alix Popham versus Bridgend in May 1999. After leaving Newport he made 12 appearances for Bridgend RFC, before moving on to the Celtic Warriors at the start of regional rugby in 2003. In 2004, when the Celtic Warriors were disbanded he was offered a contract with the Ospreys, who went on to win the Celtic League in 2004–05 and its replacement, the Celtic League in 2006–07. Jones was appointed captain of the Ospreys at the start of the 2007–08 season and under his captaincy the team went on to win the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2007–08, beating Leicester Tigers in the final at Twickenham and the Magners League for the third time in 2009–10, beating Leinster at the RDS Arena in Dublin in the play-off final. He was succeeded as captain by his Wales and British & Irish Lions colleague Alun Wyn Jones at the start of the 2010–11 season. On 24 March 2014, Jones signed for English club Bristol Rugby, who were competing in the RFU Championship, on a two-year contract from the 2014–15 season.[3]Jones retired from rugby in 2015 on medical advice following a reoccurring shoulder injury.[4]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Simon Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Taylor_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Warren Gatland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Gatland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shane Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Williams"},{"link_name":"IRB International Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRB_International_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ferris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ferris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Autumn internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_internationals"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Ieuan Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieuan_Evans"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sam Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Warburton"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2021 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Jones made his international debut for Wales against South Africa in November 2004.[5] He featured in Wales' 2005 Grand Slam-winning side.\nHe was not initially selected for the 44-man squad for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. He was later called up as a replacement for the injured Simon Taylor. After his performance in the 30–19 win over Otago he was selected for the squad for the first test. He came on as a replacement and went on to start in the final two tests.In January 2008, Jones was appointed captain of Wales by new coach Warren Gatland.[6] In his first Six Nations tournament as captain, he led his team to a second Grand Slam in four years.[7]\nIn November 2008, Ryan Jones and Shane Williams became the first Welsh players to be nominated in a group of five players for the IRB International Player of the Year award, first awarded in 2001. Shane Williams was selected as the 2008 International Player of the Year.[8]In April 2009, Jones was omitted from the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa.[9] He was subsequently called up to join the squad on 9 June after Stephen Ferris pulled out with a knee injury,[10] however within days of arriving in South Africa he was declared unfit by the Lions medical team due to head injuries he had sustained in a previous Wales test match.[11]Jones was named captain of the Welsh team for the Autumn internationals in 2009, when the side faced New Zealand, Samoa, Argentina and Australia.Jones featured in all five of Wales' 2012 Six Nations matches, starting two, as he and the team secured a third Grand Slam in seven years. He also featured heavily in the following years championship, captaining Wales in three of the five games, only missing the final 30–3 defeat of England through injury, as Wales defended their championship title.Jones held the record as Wales most capped captain by overtaking the record of 28 caps held by Ieuan Evans on 16 November 2012 versus Samoa.[12] Jones' record of 33 caps as captain was surpassed by Sam Warburton on 14 March 2015.He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to rugby union football and charitable fundraising in Wales.[13]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International tries","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Josh Lewsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Lewsey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"During February 2016, Jones was appointed as a joint Head of Rugby Performance for the Wales Rugby Union alongside Geraint John who was also newly appointed replacing Josh Lewsey in the role on the executive board.[14][15] From January 2019, Jones was promoted to become the WRU Performance Director, a newly created role as part of the Professional Rugby Board (PRB), effectively swapping jobs with Geraint John. However, less than 2 years later in October 2020, Jones resigned from the executive job at WRU.[16][17]","title":"Post rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwent Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwent_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Cwmbran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmbran"},{"link_name":"early onset dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_onset_dementia"},{"link_name":"chronic traumatic encephalopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"His father, Stephen Jones, was a police officer in the Gwent Constabulary, based in Cwmbran.In 2022, he was diagnosed with early onset dementia, probable chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In the same interview, he also noted that he had been diagnosed with depression following his retirement from rugby in 2015, which was believed to be a symptom of the later dementia diagnosis.[18][19]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_philosophy
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Public philosophy
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Engagement of philosophy in public venues
Public philosophy is a subfield of philosophy that involves engagement with the public. Jack Russell Weinstein defines public philosophy as "doing philosophy with general audiences in a non-academic setting". It must be undertaken in a public venue but might deal with any philosophical issue. Michael J. Sandel describes public philosophy as having two aspects. The first is to "find in the political and legal controversies of our day an occasion for philosophy". The second is "to bring moral and political philosophy to bear on contemporary public discourse." James Tully emphasizes that public philosophy is done through practice, through the contestable concepts of citizenship, civic freedom, and nonviolence. According to Sharon Meagher, one of the founders of the Public Philosophy Network, "'public philosophy' is not simply a matter of doing philosophy in public, but must also engage with the community it finds itself in."
Some public philosophers are academic professionals, such as Cornel West, Jürgen Habermas, Martha Nussbaum, Richard Rorty, James Tully, Jack Russell Weinstein , but others may work outside of the usual academic contexts of teaching and writing for peer-reviewed journals such as social activist Jane Addams and novelist Ayn Rand.
Jack Russell Weinstein, director of The Institute for Philosophy In Public Life, contends that although it is commonplace to argue that public philosophy promotes democracy, this argument assumes philosophers are better citizens than non-philosophers.
See also
Public history
Public intellectual
References
^ Weinstein, Jack Russell (2014). "Public Philosophy: Introduction". Essays in Philosophy. 15 (1): 1–4. doi:10.7710/1526-0569.1485.
^ Sandel, Michael J. (2005). Public Philosophy: Essays on Morality in Politics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-674-01928-8. OCLC 60321410.
^ Tully, James (2008). Public Philosophy in a New Key: Volume 1, Democracy and Civic Freedom. Ideas in Context series. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 243–309. ISBN 978-0-521-44961-8.
^ Sharon M. Meagher. "Public Philosophy: Revitalizing Philosophy as a Civic Discipline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
^ Posner, Richard A. (2003). Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline (paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 320–321. ISBN 0-674-01246-1. OCLC 491547976.
^ Hamington, Maurice (June 15, 2010). "Jane Addams". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
^ Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1995). Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-271-01440-7. OCLC 31133644.
^ Weinstein, Jack Russell (2014). "What Does Public Philosophy Do? (Hint: It Does Not Make Better Citizens)". Essays in Philosophy. 15 (1): 33–57. doi:10.7710/1526-0569.1488.
External links
Essays in Philosophy, special issue on public philosophy
Committee on Public Philosophy of the American Philosophical Association
Institute for Philosophy in Public Life
Public Philosophy Journal
Public Philosophy Network
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This philosophy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(Erykah_Badu_album)
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Live (Erykah Badu album)
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["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Personnel","6 Production","7 See also","8 Certifications","9 References"]
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1997 live album by Erykah BaduLiveLive album by Erykah BaduReleasedNovember 18, 1997 (1997-11-18)Recorded1997StudioSony (New York City)Genre
R&B
neo soul
hip hop
Length76:58Label
Kedar
Universal
Producer
Kedar Massenburg
Erykah Badu
Norman Hurt
Erykah Badu chronology
Baduizm(1997)
Live(1997)
Mama's Gun(2000)
Singles from Live
"Tyrone"Released: October 27, 1997
Live is a live concert album by American singer Erykah Badu, released in 1997. Released in the fall of 1997, with her debut album Baduizm released earlier that year, Live quickly went double platinum with the radio hit "Tyrone".
Live includes cover versions of songs by Rufus featuring Chaka Khan ("Stay"), Roy Ayers ("Searchin'") and a medley of Heatwave's "Boogie Nights", The Mary Jane Girls' "All Night Long", and "Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)" by Tom Browne.
The album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 1999 Grammy Awards, while the track "Tyrone" was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.
Background
After she signed to Universal Records, Badu released her debut studio album Baduizm, in early 1997. The album was met with critical and commercial success, debuting at number two on the Billboard charts and number one on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Baduizm's commercial and critical success helped establish Badu as one of the emerging neo soul genre's leading artists. Her particular style of singing drew many comparisons to Billie Holiday.
Baduizm was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, Gold by the British Phonographic Industry and the Canadian Recording Industry Association.
Badu recorded the live album while pregnant with son Seven, and the release of the recording coincided with his birth.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkEntertainment WeeklyB+Los Angeles TimesfavorableRhapsodyfavorable linkRobert Christgau linkRolling Stone link
Upon release Live was met with acclaim from music critics.
Leo Stanley of Allmusic praised Badu's decision to release a live album so shortly after releasing her debut. "Not only does it illustrate the depths of Badu's talents, but Live is as strong and captivating as Baduizm, Stanley wrote. A reviewer of Entertainment Weekly praised the album's jazz influenced sounds, calling the album "sassy" and "relaxed".
The album was released on November 18, 1997, and reached number four on the US Billboard 200
and number one on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album was certified two times platinum by RIAA for shipments of over two million copies.
Track listing
"Rimshot (Intro)" (Erykah Badu, Madukwu Chinwah, Miles Davis) – 3:48
"Otherside of the Game" (Badu, Bro.Questlove, Richard Nichols, James Poyser, The Roots) – 8:21
"On & On" (Badu, Jaborn Jamal) – 5:25
"Reprise" – 2:13
"Appletree" (Badu, Robert Bradford) – 2:54
"Ye Yo" (Badu) – 6:07
"Searching" (Roy Ayers) – 4:26
"Boogie Nights/All Night" (James A. Johnson, Rodney L. Temperton) – 6:03
"Certainly" (Badu, Chinwah) – 7:06
"Stay" (Rufus, Richard Calhoun, Chaka Khan) – 4:58
"Next Lifetime (Interlude)" (Badu, Tone The Backbone ) – 1:30
"Tyrone" (Badu, Norman "Keys" Hurt) – 3:56
"Next Lifetime" (Badu, Tone the Backbone ) – 12:05
"Tyrone" (Badu, Hurt) – 5:40
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1997–98)
Peak position
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
5
UK Albums (OCC)
195
UK R&B Albums (OCC)
27
US Billboard 200
4
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (1998)
Position
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
27
US Billboard 200
48
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
9
Personnel
Erykah Badu – vocals
Charles "Poogie" Bell Jr. – drums
Karen Bernod – background vocals
Hubert Eaves IV – bass
Norman "Keys" Hurt – keyboard
N'dambi – background vocals
Joyce M. Strong – background vocals
Production
Producers: Erykah Badu, Norman "Keys" Hurt
Executive producers: Erykah Badu, Kedar Massenburg
Engineers: Erykah Badu, Norman "Keys" Hurt, Gorden Mack, Kenny Ortíz
Mixing: Erykah Badu, Norman "Keys" Hurt, Gorden Mack, Kenny Ortíz
Mastering: Tom Coyne
Art direction: D. Simmons, M. Warlow
Cover art concept: Erykah Badu, Clymenza Hawkins
Design: P. Geczik, Lance Ong
Layout design: P. Geczik
Photography: Imari Dusauzay, Imari Dusauzay
Artwork: P. Geczik, Lance Ong
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1997 (U.S.)
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Netherlands (NVPI)
Platinum
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
2× Platinum
2,000,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/erykah-badu/chart-history/
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: December 09, 2000 | Billboard Chart Archive". Billboard. December 9, 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^ O'Donnell, David. Review: Baduizm. BBC Music. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
^ "Erykah Badu". Rock on the Net. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
^ a b RIAA Archived February 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Gold and Platinum". Cria.ca. December 1, 2011. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
^ Archived May 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Considine, J.D. (November 28, 1997). "Live". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
^ Hilburn, Robert (May 5, 1998). "The Wonder of Baduizm". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
^ "Live - Erykah Badu | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ "Album Info: Live – Erykah Badu". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
^ "R&B/Hip Hop Albums: Week of December 06, 1997". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: December 06, 1997". Billboard. December 6, 1997. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Erykah Badu – Baduizm Live" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ Zywietz, Tobias. "Chart Log UK: 1994–2010: Darren B – David Byrne". Zobbel. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
^ "Erykah Badu Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Erykah Badu Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 1998". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1998". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1998". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Dutch album certifications – Erykah Badu – Live" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Enter Live in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 2001 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
^ "American album certifications – Erykah Badu – Live". Recording Industry Association of America.
vteErykah BaduStudio albums
Baduizm
Mama's Gun
Worldwide Underground
New Amerykah Part One (4th World War)
New Amerykah Part Two (Return of the Ankh)
Other albums
Live
Icon: The Best of Erykah Badu
But You Caint Use My Phone
Singles
"On & On"
"Next Lifetime"
"Otherside of the Game"
"Tyrone"
"Appletree"
"All Night Long"
"One"
"You Got Me"
"Southern Gul"
"Bag Lady"
"Didn't Cha Know?
"Cleva"
"Sweet Baby"
"Love of My Life (An Ode to Hip-Hop)"
"Danger"
"Back in the Day (Puff)"
"Honey"
"Soldier"
"Window Seat"
"Turn Me Away (Get MuNNY)"
Tours
Mama's Gun World Tour
Frustrated Artist Tour
Worldwide Underground Tour
Sugar Water Festival
Summer Tour
The Vortex World Tour
Jam Tour
Out My Mind, Just in Time World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Soulquarians
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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Released in the fall of 1997, with her debut album Baduizm released earlier that year, Live quickly went double platinum with the radio hit \"Tyrone\".Live includes cover versions of songs by Rufus featuring Chaka Khan (\"Stay\"), Roy Ayers (\"Searchin'\") and a medley of Heatwave's \"Boogie Nights\", The Mary Jane Girls' \"All Night Long\", and \"Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)\" by Tom Browne.The album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 1999 Grammy Awards, while the track \"Tyrone\" was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.","title":"Live (Erykah Badu album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baduizm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduizm"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Donnell-3"},{"link_name":"Billie Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"Canadian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRIA-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"After she signed to Universal Records, Badu released her debut studio album Baduizm, in early 1997. The album was met with critical and commercial success, debuting at number two on the Billboard charts and number one on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[1][2] Baduizm's commercial and critical success helped establish Badu as one of the emerging neo soul genre's leading artists.[3] Her particular style of singing drew many comparisons to Billie Holiday.[4] \nBaduizm was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, Gold by the British Phonographic Industry and the Canadian Recording Industry Association.\n[5]\n[6]\n[7]\nBadu recorded the live album while pregnant with son Seven, and the release of the recording coincided with his birth.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EntW-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_Info:_Live_%E2%80%93_Erykah_Badu-12"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-5"}],"text":"Upon release Live was met with acclaim from music critics. \nLeo Stanley of Allmusic praised Badu's decision to release a live album so shortly after releasing her debut. \"Not only does it illustrate the depths of Badu's talents, but Live is as strong and captivating as Baduizm, Stanley wrote.[11] A reviewer of Entertainment Weekly praised the album's jazz influenced sounds, calling the album \"sassy\" and \"relaxed\".[9]The album was released on November 18, 1997, and reached number four on the US Billboard 200\n[12]\nand number one on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[13][14] The album was certified two times platinum by RIAA for shipments of over two million copies.[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otherside of the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherside_of_the_Game"},{"link_name":"On & On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_%26_On_(Erykah_Badu_song)"},{"link_name":"Roy Ayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Ayers"},{"link_name":"Boogie Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights_(song)"},{"link_name":"All Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Night_Long_(Mary_Jane_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chaka Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khan"},{"link_name":"Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_(song)"},{"link_name":"Next Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Lifetime"}],"text":"\"Rimshot (Intro)\" (Erykah Badu, Madukwu Chinwah, Miles Davis) – 3:48\n\"Otherside of the Game\" (Badu, Bro.Questlove, Richard Nichols, James Poyser, The Roots) – 8:21\n\"On & On\" (Badu, Jaborn Jamal) – 5:25\n\"Reprise\" – 2:13\n\"Appletree\" (Badu, Robert Bradford) – 2:54\n\"Ye Yo\" (Badu) – 6:07\n\"Searching\" (Roy Ayers) – 4:26\n\"Boogie Nights/All Night\" (James A. Johnson, Rodney L. Temperton) – 6:03\n\"Certainly\" (Badu, Chinwah) – 7:06\n\"Stay\" (Rufus, Richard Calhoun, Chaka Khan) – 4:58\n\"Next Lifetime (Interlude)\" (Badu, Tone The Backbone [Anthony Scott]) – 1:30\n\"Tyrone\" (Badu, Norman \"Keys\" Hurt) – 3:56\n\"Next Lifetime\" (Badu, Tone the Backbone [Anthony Scott]) – 12:05\n\"Tyrone\" [Extended Version] (Badu, Hurt) – 5:40","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_(Erykah_Badu_album)&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Erykah_Badu-15"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UKR&B_-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Erykah_Badu-18"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Erykah_Badu-19"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_(Erykah_Badu_album)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1997–98)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[15]\n\n5\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[16]\n\n195\n\n\nUK R&B Albums (OCC)[17]\n\n27\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[18]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[19]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1998)\n\nPosition\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[20]\n\n27\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[21]\n\n48\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[22]\n\n9","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles \"Poogie\" Bell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poogie_Bell"},{"link_name":"Karen Bernod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Bernod"},{"link_name":"N'dambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27dambi"}],"text":"Erykah Badu – vocals\nCharles \"Poogie\" Bell Jr. – drums\nKaren Bernod – background vocals\nHubert Eaves IV – bass\nNorman \"Keys\" Hurt – keyboard\nN'dambi – background vocals\nJoyce M. Strong – background vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Producers: Erykah Badu, Norman \"Keys\" Hurt\nExecutive producers: Erykah Badu, Kedar Massenburg\nEngineers: Erykah Badu, Norman \"Keys\" Hurt, Gorden Mack, Kenny Ortíz\nMixing: Erykah Badu, Norman \"Keys\" Hurt, Gorden Mack, Kenny Ortíz\nMastering: Tom Coyne\nArt direction: D. Simmons, M. Warlow\nCover art concept: Erykah Badu, Clymenza Hawkins\nDesign: P. Geczik, Lance Ong\nLayout design: P. Geczik\nPhotography: Imari Dusauzay, Imari Dusauzay\nArtwork: P. Geczik, Lance Ong","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"List of number-one R&B albums of 1997 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_1997_(U.S.)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: December 09, 2000 | Billboard Chart Archive\". Billboard. December 9, 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/2000-12-09/r-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: December 09, 2000 | Billboard Chart Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erykah Badu\". Rock on the Net. Retrieved October 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-b/erykahbadu_main.htm","url_text":"\"Erykah Badu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold and Platinum\". Cria.ca. December 1, 2011. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412081617/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php","url_text":"\"Gold and Platinum\""},{"url":"http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Considine, J.D. (November 28, 1997). \"Live\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1997/11/28/live-4/","url_text":"\"Live\""}]},{"reference":"Hilburn, Robert (May 5, 1998). \"The Wonder of Baduizm\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-05-ca-46325-story.html","url_text":"\"The Wonder of Baduizm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live - Erykah Badu | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-mw0000596174","url_text":"\"Live - Erykah Badu | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Album Info: Live – Erykah Badu\". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/erykah-badu/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Album Info: Live – Erykah Badu\""}]},{"reference":"\"R&B/Hip Hop Albums: Week of December 06, 1997\". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1997-12-06/r-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"R&B/Hip Hop Albums: Week of December 06, 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: December 06, 1997\". Billboard. December 6, 1997. Retrieved February 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1997-12-06/r-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: December 06, 1997\""}]},{"reference":"Zywietz, Tobias. \"Chart Log UK: 1994–2010: Darren B – David Byrne\". Zobbel. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_B.HTM","url_text":"\"Chart Log UK: 1994–2010: Darren B – David Byrne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 1998\". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1998&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1998\". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1998/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1998\". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1998/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch album certifications – Erykah Badu – Live\" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers.","urls":[{"url":"https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/","url_text":"\"Dutch album certifications – Erykah Badu – Live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVPI","url_text":"Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Erykah Badu – Live\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Erykah+Badu&ti=Live&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Erykah Badu – Live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party
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Kataeb Party
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["1 Names","2 Origins","3 Ideology","4 Kataeb Regulatory Forces","5 Main events","5.1 1936–1943","5.2 1943–1958","5.3 1958–1969","5.4 1970–1982","5.5 1982–1988","5.6 1989–2000","5.7 2000–2010","5.8 2020–present","6 War era and decline","7 Syrian occupation","8 Cedar Revolution","9 Siniora Government","10 2009 elections","11 March 14 and the breakup","12 The Kataeb Party today","13 2022 elections","14 Presidents of the Party","15 Electoral performance","16 See also","17 Citations","18 General and cited sources","19 Further reading","20 External links"]
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Lebanese Christian democratic political party
Lebanese Kataeb Party حزب الكتائب اللبنانيةAbbreviationKataebPresidentSamy GemayelFounderPierre GemayelFounded5 November 1936 (1936-11-05)HeadquartersSaifi, BeirutIdeologyLebanese nationalismChristian democracySocial conservatismMaronite politicsHistorical:FalangismAnti-communismPhoenicianismChristian nationalismPolitical positionCurrent:Centre-rightHistorical:Right-wing to far-rightReligionMostly Christianity (Officially Secular)National affiliationHelf Alliance (1968–1969)Lebanese Front (1976–1986)March 14 Alliance (2005–2016)Lebanese Opposition (2016–present)European affiliationEuropean People’s Party (regional partner)International affiliationCDIIDUColours Green White Brown (customary)Slogan"God. Homeland. Family."Military wingKataeb Regulatory Forces (1961–1980)Lebanese Forces (1980–1985)Parliament of Lebanon4 / 128Cabinet of Lebanon0 / 20Party flagWebsitekataeb.org Politics of LebanonPolitical partiesElections
This article is part of a series onMaronite politics
People
Samir Geagea
Émile Eddé
Bechara El Khoury
Alfred Naqqache
Camille Chamoun
Suleiman Frangieh
Pierre Gemayel
Bachir Gemayel
Amine Gemayel
Michel Aoun
Gebran Bassil
Families
Chamoun
Frangieh
Gemayel
Khazen
Moawad
Parties
Lebanese Forces
National Bloc
Constitutional Bloc
Kataeb
National Liberal
Marada Movement
Free Patriotic Movement
Militias
Lebanese Forces (Lebanese Resistance)
Kataeb Regulatory Forces
Tigers
Al-Tanzim
Guardians of the Cedars
Lebanon portalvte
The Kataeb Party, officially the Kataeb Party – Lebanese Social Democratic Party (Arabic: حزب الكتائب اللبنانية - الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي اللبناني Ḥizb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnānīya), also known as the Phalanges, is a right-wing Christian political party in Lebanon founded by Pierre Gemayel in 1936. The party and its paramilitary wings played a major role in the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), opposing Palestinian forces in the country as well as collaborating with Israel. Pierre's youngest son Bachir, the leader of the party's militia, was elected President in 1982, but was assassinated before he could take office. He was succeeded by his older brother Amine, who led the party through much of the war. In decline in the late 1980s and 1990s, the party slowly re-emerged in the early 2000s and is currently part of the Lebanese opposition. The party currently holds 4 out of the 128 seats in the Lebanese Parliament.
Names
The Lebanese Phalanges Party is also known as Phalanges Libanaises in French and either Kataeb (الكتائب اللبنانية al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya) or Phalangist Party (حزب الكتائب اللبنانية Ḥizb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya) in Arabic. Kataeb is the plural of Katiba which is a translation into Arabic of the Greek word phalanx ("battalion") which is also the origin of the Spanish term Falange. In 2021, the party changed its official name to "The Kataeb Party – Lebanese Social Democratic Party" (Arabic: حزب الكتائب اللبنانيّة – الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي اللبناني, Hiẓb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya – Hiẓb al-dīmūqrāṭī al-ijtimāʿī al-lubnānī).
Origins
The Kataeb party was established on November 5, 1936 as a Maronite paramilitary youth organization by Pierre Gemayel who modeled the party after Spanish Falange and Italian Fascist parties he had observed as an Olympic athlete during the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, then Nazi Germany. The movement's uniforms originally included brown shirts and members used the Fascist salute.
In an interview by Robert Fisk, Gemayel stated about the Berlin Olympics:
I was the captain of the Lebanese football team and the president of the Lebanese Football Federation. We went to the Olympic Games of 1936 in Berlin. And I saw then this discipline and order. And I said to myself: "Why can't we do the same thing in Lebanon?" So when we came back to Lebanon, we created this youth movement. When I was in Berlin then, Nazism did not have the reputation that it has now. Nazism? In every system in the world, you can find something good. But Nazism was not Nazism at all. The word came afterwards. In their system, I saw discipline. And we in the Middle East, we need discipline more than anything else.
He founded the party along with four other young Lebanese: Charles Helou, who later became a President of Lebanon, Chafic Nassif, Emile Yared, and Georges Naccache. Gemayel was chosen to lead the organization, in part because he was not a political figure at that time.
During the first years of the Kataeb Party, the Party was strongly opposed to having anyone dominate Lebanon. They opposed the pan-Arabists who tried to take over Lebanon and also the French, whom they saw as trying to infiltrate their culture and impose themselves within Lebanon. Gemayel and the Kataeb Party have always believed in an independent and sovereign Lebanon free of all foreign influence. It actively took part in the struggle against the French Mandate, until Lebanese independence was proclaimed in November 1943. Its motto was "God, Nation and Family."
The influence of the Phalangists was very limited in the early years of Lebanon's independence but came to prominence as a strong ally of the government in the 1958 crisis. In the aftermath of the crisis, Gemayel was appointed to the cabinet, and two years later, was elected to the National Assembly.
In 1968, the party joined the Helf Alliance formed with the two other big mainly Christian parties in Lebanon: the National Liberal Party of former President Camille Chamoun, and National Bloc of Raymond Eddé, and won 9 seats of 99 in the 1968 parliamentary elections, making it one of the largest groupings in Lebanon's notoriously fractured political system. By the end of the decade, the party created its own militia, the Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) and soon clashes began with the rising Palestinian militant guerrillas.
By the 1970s, the party had become a political giant in Lebanon, with an estimated membership of 60,000 to 70,000. The vast majority (85%) of members were Maronites, but some were members of minority Christian communities, Shiites, Druze, and Jews.
Ideology
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The primacy of preserving the Lebanese nation, but with a "Phoenician" identity, distinct from its Arab neighbors. Party policies have been uniformly anticommunist and have allowed no place for pan-Arab ideals.
A nationalistic ideology that considers the Lebanese people to be a unique nation independent from the Arab nation. It considers the Lebanese as a Phoenician people.
Independent, sovereign, and pluralistic Lebanon that safeguards basic human rights and fundamental freedoms for all its constituents.
Lebanon as a liberal outlet where Eastern Christianity, particularly Eastern Catholicism and the Maronite Church, can socially, politically, and economically flourish at peace with its surroundings.
Kataeb Regulatory Forces
Main article: Kataeb Regulatory Forces
The Phalange party's militia was not only the largest and best organized political paramilitary force in Lebanon but also the oldest. It was founded in 1937 as the "Militants' organization" by the President of the Party Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi, a Lebanese-American glass industrialist, who led them during the 1958 civil war. Fighting alongside the pro-government forces, the Phalangists defended the Metn region.
Disbanded in January 1961 by order of the Kataeb Party's Political Bureau, Hawi created in their place the Kataeb Regulatory Forces. In order to coordinate the activities of all Phalange paramilitary forces, the Political Bureau set up the Kataeb War Council (Arabic: Majliss al-Harbi) in 1970, with William Hawi being appointed as head. The seat of the Council was allocated at the Kataeb Party's Headquarters at the heart of Ashrafieh quarter in East Beirut and a quiet expansion of KRF units followed suit, complemented by the development of a training infrastructure.
Two company-sized Special Forces units, the "1st Commando" and the "2nd Commando" were created in 1963, soon followed by the "Pierre Gemayel" squad (later a company) and a VIP protection squad. To this was added in 1973 another commando platoon (Arabic: Maghaweer) and a "Combat School" was secretly opened at Tabrieh, near Bsharri in the Keserwan District. Another special unit, the "Bashir Gemayel brigade" – named after Pierre Gemayel's youngest son, Bashir – was formed in 1964, absorbing the old "PG" company in the process.
Considered by many analysts as the best organized of all militia "fiefs" in the whole of Lebanon under the leadership of "chef" Boutros Khawand, it was administered by a network of Phalangist-controlled business corporations headed by the GAMMA Group "brain-trust", backed by the DELTA computer company, and the SONAPORT holding. The latter had run since 1975 the legal commercial ports of Jounieh and Beirut, including the infamous clandestine "Dock Five" – "Cinquième basin" in French – from which the Phalange extracted additional revenues by levying illegal taxes and carried out arms-smuggling operations. The KRF was served by a clandestine-built airstrip, the Pierre Gemayel International Airport, opened in 1976 at Hamat, north of Batroun, and had its own radio station "The Voice of Lebanon" (Arabic: Iza'at Sawt Loubnan) or "La Voix du Liban" (VDL) in French set up in 1976.
In July–August of that same year, the Phalangists headed alongside its allies, the Army of Free Lebanon, Al-Tanzim, NLP Tigers Militia, Guardians of the Cedars (GoC), the Tyous Team of Commandos (TTC) and the Lebanese Youth Movement (LYM) in the sieges – and subsequent massacres – of Karantina, al-Masklah and Tel al-Zaatar Massacres at the Muslim-populated slum districts and adjacent Palestinian refugee camps of East Beirut, and at the town of Dbayeh in the Metn.
During the 1975–76 phase of the Lebanese Civil War, the Kataeb Regulatory Forces' own mobilization and street action skills allowed the Kataeb to become the primary and most fearsome fighting force in the Christian-conservative camp.
At Beirut and elsewhere, Phalange militia sections were heavily committed in several battles against Lebanese National Movement (LNM) leftist militias and suffered considerable casualties, notably at the Battle of the Hotels in October 1975 where they fought the al-Murabitoun and the Nasserite Correctionist Movement (NCM), and later at the 'Spring Offensive' held against Mount Lebanon in March 1976.
Main events
1936–1943
In 1943, the Kataeb played an instrumental role in attaining Lebanon's first independence from the French mandate. During this period, Kataeb led many social struggles to consolidate national cohesion and promote individual liberties and social welfare. The Kataeb elaborated the first Lebanese "labour charter" in 1937. It was a pioneering initiative as it called for a minimum wage, a limitation of working hours, and paid leaves. The Kataeb was one of the first Lebanese parties to have a solid avant-garde economic program and organized social activism throughout Lebanon.
1941 saw the creation of the first women section in a Lebanese Party. It called openly for stopping any kind of discrimination towards women. Since 1939, the Party has issued Al Amal, a leading bilingual political publication.
1943–1958
The Kataeb Party entered the political and parliamentary scene during the late 1940s after a period in which it refrained from entering the political arena to focus mainly on the promotion of the youth and on social issues, away from the trivialities of post-mandate politics.
Kataeb struggled to preserve Lebanon's independence facing the growing appetite of its neighbors. The Party expanded considerably its presence throughout the territory and attracted thousands of new members, undoubtedly forming one of the largest parties in the Middle East. Kataeb adopted a modern organization which made its fame and became its trademark. In 1958 the Kataeb was the key actor in confronting the coup influenced by pan-Arabists led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of the ephemeral United Arab Republic (Egypt, Syria, and Yemen), and succeeded in maintaining Lebanon's independence and liberal identity.
1958–1969
After having succeeded in preserving the Lebanese formula, Kataeb Party ranks grew considerably and reached 70,000 members, out of a total population of 2.2 million. The Party achieved many electoral successes and became the main Christian component of successive governments. During the ministerial mandates held by its members, it made elementary education mandatory, and improved the public school infrastructure. On a social level, the Kataeb Party introduced "labor laws" and contributed decisively to social security law. The party played a key role in promoting modern institutions that are still today the pillars of the Lebanese administrative system, including the Civil Service Council, the Central Inspection Board, and many others.
Pierre Gemayel, leader of the party and minister of public works, gave Lebanon a large part of its modern infrastructure by completing 440 development projects during his term. Lebanon was at its peak and became a first-tier destination for world tourism. But what was labeled as the "Switzerland of the Middle East" was a shaky construction, with the influx of Palestinian refugees after 1949 setting the stage for an ominous future.
1970–1982
Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi celebrating the anniversary of the Kataeb in 1971.
In the early 1970s, Christian leaders in Lebanon feared that the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was increasingly operating in Lebanon as a state within a state. While it is contested whether the Palestinian presence was a cause of the Lebanese Civil War, Lebanon's political balance had been fragile since 1958 and political tensions were already running high among the Lebanese.
In 1975, following these developments, and coupled with the disintegration of the state institutions and the army, the country became an open battlefield. Many foreign states were directly and militarily involved in the Lebanese conflict, especially Syria, which, under the banner of Arab solidarity, tried to impose its authority upon the country, and Israel, which invaded Lebanon in 1978. The Kataeb Party, along with other political parties, formed the Lebanese Forces and battled to preserve Lebanon and its independence and integrity.
Driven by this ideal and the preservation of freedom and Christian dignity in the Middle East, more than 4,000 members of the party died for this cause. The Kataeb Party succeeded in getting two of its leaders elected to the presidency. President-elect Bachir Gemayel, son of Pierre Gemayel and leader of the Lebanese Forces, was assassinated in 1982 when an explosion rocked the Party's headquarters in the Achrafieh area of Beirut. The architect of the blast was a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. In the aftermath of the assassination, Amin Gemayel, the eldest son of Pierre Gemayel, was elected President of the Lebanese Republic.
The 1982 Israeli Judicial inquiry into the Sabra and Shatila massacre estimated that when fully mobilized, the Phalange had 5,000 fighters, of whom 2,000 were full-time. From the start of the invasion, Israeli Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan told the Phalange not to engage in any fighting. In February 1983, the UN commission found that "Israeli authorities or forces were involved, directly or indirectly in the massacres".
1982–1988
Despite the turmoil caused by the civil strife in Lebanon and the raging wars that devastated the country, President Gemayel was able to accomplish many achievements during his presidential mandate. One of his first achievements was to rebuild the State's institutions and to reorganize and resupply the Army in preparation for the struggle to recover sovereignty and provide security for Lebanon. The same efforts to liberate the country culminated in the Agreement on Security Arrangements of 17 May 1983, which was somewhat an affirmation of the Armistice Agreement of 1949 with Israel even though this agreement was never concluded because of the opposition of Syria and then Israel.
Amin Gemayel called for and chaired national dialogue conferences in Geneva and Lausanne and succeeded in creating a national accord and the formation of a fully representative government. He rebuilt the Lebanese University and laid its modern foundation, introduced many economic reforms, and started to rebuild Beirut's central district. The war was still raging and Lebanon's neighbors, mainly Syria and Israel, expanded their influence in Lebanon. On the other hand, the Kataeb Party suffered a great loss with the death of its founder, Cheikh Pierre Gemayel in 1984.
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the slaughter of between 762 and 3,500 civilians, almost all Palestinians, by a Lebanese Christian militia in the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, Lebanon from approximately 6:00 pm 16 September to 8:00 am 18 September 1982. The massacre was presented as retaliation for the assassination of the newly elected Lebanese president Bachir Gemayel, the leader of the Lebanese Kataeb Party. The Phalangist militia was led by the intelligence chief Elie Hobeika. Many of the victims were tortured before they were killed. Women were raped and some victims were skinned alive. Others had limbs chopped off with axes. In February 1983, the UN commission found that "Israeli authorities or forces were involved, directly or indirectly in the massacres".
1989–2000
In 1990, the Lebanese War came to a close when Syrian forces maintained their grip over the entire country leading to fifteen years of occupation during which President Amin Gemayel was exiled to France and the Kataeb Party fell under Syrian influence. Organized institutions that could endanger Syrian rule in Lebanon were systematically muzzled. Christian parties paid the highest price for their resistance to Syrian hegemony and their leaders were either eliminated, exiled, or imprisoned. Kataeb's spirit was still strong between its members and sympathizers. This started to be visible in the late 1990s when Kataeb students participated actively in the student and intellectual resistance that started to be heard.
On September 15, 1992, at 9:15 AM, Boutros Khawand was heading to Kataeb headquarters in Beirut when his car, a red Opel, was intercepted by two BMW cars and one red van, 100m away from his home. Between eight and ten gunmen were in the attacking squad, they pulled him out of his car and forced him into the van.
2000–2010
Protesters at Pierre Amine Gemayel's funeral
The revival of Lebanon and the Party: Amin Gemayel returned to Lebanon in June 2000 and was welcomed by large crowds that filled the streets and squares of Bikfaya. Pierre Amin Gemayel was elected MP for Metn district, signalling the rebirth of the Kataeb Party. "Kataeb opposition" was structured and began its activities within the framework of the "Kornet Shahwan Coalition", and then through the Bristol Gathering, which formed a platform for the joint Christian-Muslim opposition.
Eventually, all this led to the Independence Uprising in February 2005 and on 14 March 2005 more than a million Lebanese filled the streets of central Beirut to demand Syrian withdrawal and the restoration of sovereignty. The Kataeb Party extensively participated in the Cedar Revolution and MP Pierre Gemayel played a significant role in shaping this uprising which led to Lebanon's second independence.
Syrian troops effectively left Lebanon on 26 April 2005. At the same time, the Kataeb Party reunited and retrieved its historical role. Pierre Amin Gemayel played a key role in reuniting the Party in 2006. Pierre Gemayel was assassinated on 21 November 2006, and in 2007, the Party was dealt another blow when MP Antoine Ghanem was assassinated as well. During the 2009 general elections, under the leadership of Amine Gemayel, they managed to receive 5 seats in parliament.
2020–present
In 2020, Kataeb Secretary-General Nazar Najarian was killed in the 2020 Beirut explosions on 4 August 2020, after a series of explosions had occurred at the Port of Beirut, sending debris across the city. He suffered head trauma and succumbed to his injuries. He was buried on 8 August 2020.
During the Lebanese general elections, candidates were announced on the 20 February 2022 under the campaign slogan Ma minsawim (ما منساوم ). Kataeb leader Samy Gemayel insisted that the Kataeb party was the only one that has "faced the fact of surrendering to Hezbollah's will, electing Michel Aoun as president and isolating Lebanon from its surroundings. Samy Gemayel emphasized:
We, as the Kataeb party, have alone faced surrender to Hezbollah's will, isolating Lebanon from its surroundings, electing Michel Aoun as president, the electoral law that gave the majority to Hezbollah, and quotas and fictitious budgets such as taxes, power ships, and seaports.
On 2 April Nadim Gemayel, a cousin of Samy, promoted his candidacy in a speech during a small event. Kataeb secured 4 seats for Salim Sayegh (3,477 votes), Nadim Gemayel (4,425 votes), Sami Gemayel (10,466 votes), and Elias Hankash (6,148 votes). A close ally of the party, Jean Talozian, also managed to wain a seat with 4,043 votes in Beirut I with Nadim.
War era and decline
Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi, Chief of the Kataeb Security Council
Throughout the 1975 Civil War, the Phalange Party was the most important force within the Christian camp, and its militia carried out most of the fighting as part of the Lebanese Front, the mostly Christian rightist coalition.
In April 1975, four persons, among them two men close to the Gemayel family, were killed during an attack on a church inauguration ceremony by unknown attackers in the Beirut suburb of Ain El Remmaneh. In retaliation Phalangist militias killed 28 passengers of a bus later that day, most of them Palestinian with some that were deemed to be armed and were coming back from a rally at camp Tel el-Zaatar, since they suspected Palestinians to be behind the church attack. The Bus Massacre is commonly considered as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War.
In the following days, the 8,000-strong party militia, the Kataeb Regulatory Forces, together with its allies, the Tigers militia, Al-Tanzim, Marada Brigade, Guardians of the Cedars, Lebanese Youth Movement, Tyous Team of Commandos and other formations, was heavily engaged in street fights against the Palestinian militias and their allies in the anti-government secular Lebanese National Movement.
During the Lebanese Civil War, many predominantly Christian militias were formed that gained support from the north of Lebanon. These militias were staunchly right-wing, nationalist, and anti-Palestinian with a majority of their members being Maronite. The Kataeb party was the most powerful of these militias at the time of the Lebanese Civil War. The party later went on to help found the right-wing Lebanese Forces militia in 1977 which played a large role in the Lebanese Civil War.
In September 1982, Bachir Gemayel was elected President of Lebanon by the National Assembly. He was assassinated less than a month later in an operation thought to have been arranged by Syrian intelligence and was succeeded by his brother, Amine Gemayel. Bachir was thought to have been radical in his approach and hinted at possible peace agreements with Israel while trying to expel all Palestinian refugees from Lebanon. In contrast, Amine was thought to have been much more moderate.
On 16 September 1982, Elie Hobeika led the massacre of between 762 and 3,500 Palestinian refugees in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, while the periphery of the camps was under the control of the Israeli Defense Forces.
After the death of Pierre Gemayel in 1984, his successors Elie Karamé and Amine Gemayel struggled to maintain influence over the actions of the Lebanese Army, which became virtually independent as Muslim recruits deserted and rebelled against the mostly Christian officer ranks. The Kataeb party began to decline, not playing a major role for the remainder of the war.
Syrian occupation
The party, lacking direction, broke down into several rival factions. Georges Saadeh took control of the Party from 1986 until his death in 1998. He took a moderate position toward the Syrian presence. Mounir Hajj became the president of the party in 1999, followed by Karim Pakradouni in 2002. Amine Gemayel left Lebanon in 1988 after his mandate had ended, mainly to avoid a clash with Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces and avoid more intra-Christian bloodshed. He returned in 2000 to oppose the Syrian role in Lebanon and to back his son Pierre's parliamentary election campaign, which he won.
His sons Pierre and Samy, had returned in 1997 and had been working on reorganizing the popular base of the party. His return was not welcomed by the established leadership of the party who had become government puppets. To distinguish themselves from the official leadership, Gemayel's supporters started referring to themselves as "The Kataeb Base" or "The Kataeb Reform Movement". General consensus amongst Lebanese always recognized Gemayel as the legitimate Leader of the party, not because of lineage but because of most of the popular support.
Cedar Revolution
In March 2005 after the Rafik Hariri assassination, the Kataeb took part in an anti-Syrian presence demonstration, commonly known as the Cedar Revolution. It became a member of the March 14 Alliance, along with the Future Movement, Progressive Socialist Party, Lebanese Forces and other minor parties. The Kataeb won 4 seats in the June 2005 elections, 3 representing the Gemayel Leadership (Pierre Gemayel, Solange Gemayel, and Antoine Ghanem) and 1 representing the official leadership of the Party. They formed one parliamentary bloc after a reconciliation that took place in 2005.
This reconciliation was marketed as a gesture of goodwill from Pierre Amine Gemayel who deemed it was time to turn the page and give those who were unfaithful to the party principles a second chance. Practically, it was a way for Pakradouni and his men to leave the Party with as little humiliation as possible since the reconciliation deal stipulated the resignation of the entire political bureau after 2 years. This reconciliation saw Amine come back to the Party as Supreme President of the Party while Pakradouni stayed on as President.
Samy Gemayel, Amine's second son, had formed his own political ideas and identity at the time, much closer in principle and in a manner to those of his uncle Bachir. He was very opposed to Pakradouni and his Syrian ties and thus was not a fan of this reconciliation. This drew Samy away from the party and prompted him to create a Think-Tank/Research-Center on Federalism named Loubnanouna, "Our Lebanon".
Siniora Government
In July 2005, the party participated in the Fouad Siniora Government, with Pierre Amine Gemayel as the minister of industry. Pierre played an important role in the reorganization and development of the party. His assassination in November 2006 was a major blow to the party. Syrian intelligence and "Fateh Al Islam" have been accused of the assassination. With 14 March Alliance forces, the party supports the Lebanese government against Hezbollah.
In September 2007 another Kataeb MP, Antoine Ghanem was assassinated in a car bombing. Solange Gemayel remained the party's only MP since Pierre Gemayel's seat was lost to the Free Patriotic Movement of Michel Aoun in a special election in August 2007.
In 2007, Samy Gemayel and most of his Loubnanouna companions rejoined the Kataeb, prompting a renaissance in the party.
2009 elections
In the 2009 parliamentary elections the Kataeb Party managed to win 5 seats. 1 in the Metn Caza, 1 in the Beirut-1 Caza, 1 in Zahle, 1 in the Aley Caza and another in the Tripoli Caza. The victories in Beirut-1 and Zahle as well as not allowing the opposition's list to win fully in Metn were major upsets to the General Aoun's FPM who is an ally of Iranian-backed Hezbollah, although the opposition's list was not 100% complete, leaving one Maronite seat vacant by purpose for the candidate of the Gemayel family.
These victories enabled Samy Gemayel, Nadim Gemayel (son of the assassinated President Bachir Gemayel), Elie Marouni, Fady el-Haber, and Samer Saade to join the Parliament.
In the first Government of PM Saad Hariri, the Kataeb were assigned the Social Affairs portfolio.
March 14 and the breakup
Disagreements between Kataeb and March 14 deepened in 2016 when the Lebanese Forces endorsed March 8 candidate Michel Aoun for presidency.
Kataeb left the government and, thus, the March 14 alliance in June 2016.
The Kataeb Party today
Since the end of Syria's occupation of Lebanon in 2005, the Kataeb Party has been attracted once again to new generations and has regained its role as one of the major political actors in Lebanon. The Party has a large network in Lebanon and abroad and one cannot find a major city or town without a Kataeb presence.
The Party has an active parliamentary group and has MPs elected in nearly all major Christian constituencies such as Beirut, Metn, Zahlé, Aley, and the North. Kataeb Ministers have been particularly active in governments led by the 14 March coalition, namely in the Ministries of Industry, Social Affairs, and Tourism.
The Kataeb Party calls for an objective assessment of the Lebanese political system's limitations in order to guarantee the required political stability, security, and economic prosperity. The series of political crises that Lebanon witnessed since its first independence in 1943 highlighted the shortcomings of the consensual and unitary system and its inadequacy with pluralistic countries such as Lebanon.
During the 2009 parliamentary elections that saw the victory of the Party and its allies, Kataeb presented a comprehensive program under the title of "Pact of Stability". The vision of the Party revolves around the following main ideas:
Adopting decentralization in order to be closer to the citizens and guarantee basic rights and freedoms, in order to manage constructively Lebanon's cultural pluralism and to ensure development in all parts of the Lebanese territory.
Proclaiming the neutrality of Lebanon towards all armed conflicts in the region in order to protect Lebanon from external meddling in its affairs, except for the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Safeguarding the secular State in Lebanon and completing its legal framework to guarantee the freedom of the individual and the respect of his rights and integrity.
Ending the military status of several Lebanese and non-Lebanese groups such as Hezbollah, Palestinian armed militias, and other Islamist groups, and calling for their immediate disarmament.
Committing to all relevant UN Security Council Resolutions, primarily 1559 (2004), 1680 (2006), 1701 (2006) and 1757 (2007).
Rejecting any form of permanent settlement of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon at the expense of their right of return.
Reforming the Lebanese Administration and adopting modern economic policies to stimulate the economy, ensure prosperity, and therefore stop emigration.
The Party is strongly concerned about the presence of Palestinian refugees with their regional and domestic ramifications. Notwithstanding that the Kataeb has recently attempted to improve the inhumane living conditions of refugees through Parliament, it remains concerned about latent or gradual attempts to force their permanent settlement in Lebanon.
On 11 March 2018, the Kataeb Party unveiled its 131-point platform, in which they expressed some progressive values such as decriminalizing homosexuality, abolishing capital punishment, removing censorship laws, and adopting a 30% female quota system in the parliament.
The secretary-general of the party, Nazar Najarian, was killed in the 2020 Port of Beirut explosions.
2022 elections
Candidates were announced on 20 February 2022 under the campaign slogan Ma minsawim (ما منساوم). Kataeb leader Samy Gemayel insisted that the Kataeb party was the only one that has faced the fact of surrendering to Hezbollah's will, electing Michel Aoun as president and isolating Lebanon from its surroundings. Samy Gemayel emphasized:We, as the Kataeb party, have alone faced surrendering to Hezbollah's will, isolating Lebanon from its surroundings, electing Michel Aoun as president, the electoral law that gave the majority to Hezbollah, and quotas and fictitious budgets such as taxes, power ships, and seaports.On 2 April Nadim Gemayel, cousin of Samy, promoted his candidacy in a speech during a small event.
Kataeb secured 4 seats for Salim Sayegh (3,477 votes), Nadim Gemayel (4,425 votes), Sami Gemayel (10,466 votes), and Elias Hankash (6,148 votes).
Name
District
Sect
Nadim Bachir Gemayel
Beirut 1
Maronite
Sami Amin Gemayel
Mount Lebanon 2 - Metn
Maronite
Elias Rakif Hankash
Mount Lebanon 2 - Metn
Maronite
Salim Boutros Sayegh
Mount Lebanon 1 - Kesserwan
Maronite
Presidents of the Party
Pierre Gemayel (1936–1984)
Elie Karameh (1984–1986)
Georges Saadeh (1986–1998)
Mounir El Hajj (1998–2001)
Karim Pakradouni (2001–2007)
Amine Gemayel (2007–2015)
Samy Gemayel (2015–present)
Electoral performance
Election
Leader
Vote %
Seats
Government
1947
Pierre Gemayel
0 / 55
1951
Pierre Gemayel
3 / 77
1953
Pierre Gemayel
1 / 44
1957
Pierre Gemayel
2 / 66
1960
Pierre Gemayel
6 / 99
1964
Pierre Gemayel
4 / 99
1968
Pierre Gemayel
9 / 99
1972
Pierre Gemayel
7 / 100
Saeb Salam-led Government
1992
Georges Saadeh
0 / 128
Rafic Hariri-led Unity Government
1996
Georges Saadeh
0 / 128
Rafic Hariri-led Unity Government
2000
Mounir El Hajj
3 / 128
Rafic Hariri-led Unity Government
2005
Karim Pakradouni
1.56%
3 / 128
March 14 Alliance-led Unity Government
2009
Amine Gemayel for Metn
5 / 128
March 14 Alliance-led Unity Government
2018
Samy Gemayel for Metn
1.82%
3 / 128
FPM-led Unity Government
2022
Samy Gemayel for Metn
1.86%
4 / 128
TBD
See also
Lebanon portal
Cedar Revolution
Qaa massacre
William Hawi
Kataeb Regulatory Forces
Lebanese Forces (Resistance)
Najjadeh Party
Political parties in Lebanon
Tyous Team of Commandos
Citations
^ a b Daoud, David (12 January 2017). "Hezbollah's Latest Conquest: Lebanon's Cabinet". Newsweek.
^ Gambill, Gary C.; Bassam Endrawos (January 2002). "The Assassination of Elie Hobeika". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 4 (1). Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ a b "#2022: Reorganizing and Reforming". en.kataeb.org. 6 December 2021.
^ "Lebanese Kataeb Party".
^ "بالصورة- تعديل اسم حزب "الكتائب"". IMLebanon. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^ "History of the Lebanese Kataeb Party". حزب الكتائب اللبنانية (Lebanese Kataeb Party). Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ Lee Griffith, The war on terrorism and the terror of God (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1 June 2004), p. 3, ISBN 0-8028-2860-4
^ Mark Ensalaco, Middle Eastern terrorism: from Black September to September 11 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 30 November 2007), p. 85, ISBN 0-8122-4046-4
^ Thomas Collelo, ed. Lebanon: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987. "Phalange Party" chapter
^ Michael Johnson, All honorable men: the social origins of war in Lebanon (I. B. Tauris, 23 November 2002), p.148, ISBN 1-86064-715-4
^ Fisk, Robert (7 August 2007). "Lebanese strike a blow at US-backed government". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
^ Fisk, R. (1990). Pity the Nation, the abduction of Lebanon. New York: Nation Books. 65 p.
^ a b c d e f g h El Kataeb – Founder Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal". Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
^ Rola L. Husseini (2012). Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon. Syracuse University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780815651949.
^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), p. 36.
^ a b c d e f Tony Badran, Lebanon's Militia Wars in Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis (2009), p. 38.
^ Saghieh, Ta'rib al-Kata'eb al-Lubnaniyya: al-Hizb, al-sulta, al-khawf (1991), p. 163.
^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), pp. 58–59.
^ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 47.
^ Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux (2007), page unknown.
^ Fisk, Pity the Nation (2001), p. 179.
^ "The Facts: AG and Tal el Za3tar - Page 2 - the Orange Room - forum.tayyar.org". forum.tayyar.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ a b Abraham, The Lebanon war (1996), p. 195.
^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), p. 6.
^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 29.
^ Muhammad I. Ayish (2008). The New Arab Public Sphere. Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-86596-168-6.
^ John Pierre Entelis (1974). Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970. Leiden: BRILL. p. 62. ISBN 978-90-04-03911-7.
^ Eugene Rogan. The Arabs: A History. New York: Basic Books, 2011. pp. 380–381.
^ Itamar Rabinovich, The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985 (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition)), p.60, ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3
^ Kahan, Yitzhak, Barak, Aharon, Efrat, Yona (1983) The Commission of Inquiry into events at the refugee camps in Beirut 1983 FINAL REPORT (Authorized translation) p.108 has "This report was signed on 7 February 1982." p7
^ Kahan. p.10
^ Austenfeld, Thomas; Daphinoff, Dimiter; Herlth, Jens (2011). Terrorism and Narrative Practice. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-3-643-80082-4.
^ "Official of Christian Party Is Kidnapped in East Beirut". The New York Times. 16 September 1992.
^ "Lebanon news – NOW Lebanon -March14 – March 8 MPs". 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
^ Liz Sly. "Scores dead and more than 3,000 injured as explosions rock Beirut, Health Ministry says". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Lebanese Kataeb Party's Secretary-General Nazar Najarian killed in Beirut blast". Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ Ben Hubbard; Maria Abi-Habib (4 August 2020). "Deadly Explosions Shatter Beirut, Lebanon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Secretary-general of Lebanese Kataeb Party Najarian dies in Beirut blast". news.am. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "تشييع نزار نجاريان واستقالة نواب الكتائب من المجلس (صور)" (in Arabic). 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ a b لقاء الماكينة الانتخابية الكتائبية, retrieved 22 February 2022
^ a b "الجميّل في اللقاء العام لإطلاق الماكينة الانتخابية: ليكن تقييمكم على الأفعال في 15 أيار كي نبني بلدًا جديدًا ولنذهب بإيمان إلى الانتخابات وبمعنويات عالية وما منساوم". Kataeb.org. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^ a b كلمة للنائب السابق نديم الجميل من أمام بيت الكتائب في منطقة الرميل, retrieved 2 April 2022
^ a b "Here's The Full List Of How Many Seats Each Party Won In The 2022 Lebanon Elections". 961. 961. 961News. 17 May 2022.
^ Khalaf, Samir (2002): Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact; New York: Columbia University Press; p. 228f
^ El-Kazen, The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon (2000), p. 303.
^ "Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal". Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
^ Amine Gemayel
^ William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967, University of California Press p.266
^ Yossi Alpher, Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 p.48
^ Nathan Gonzalez, The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East, Nortia Media Ltd, 2013 p.113.
^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), pp. 52-55.
^ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), pp. 45–46.
^ "الكتائب اللبنانية – آخر الأخبار المحلية والعربية والدولية". Kataeb.org. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ "Elections 09 - Lebanon Elections 2009". Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
^ "Kataeb Party Unveils 131-Point Platform". Kataeb.org. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
^ At least 25 people killed, 2,200 injured in Beirut blast, CNN, 04/08/20
General and cited sources
Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2, 1943–1990, Fayard, Paris 2005. ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 (in French).
Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280130-9 (3rd ed. 2001).
Matthew S. Gordon, The Gemayels (World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ISBN 978-1-55546-834-7
Michael Maschek, Myrtom House Building: Un quartier de Beyrouth en guerre civile, L'Harmattan, 2018.
Jonathan Randal, The Tragedy of Lebanon, Just World Books, 1983.
Jean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French).
Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007 (in French).
Further reading
Frank Stoakes, The Super Vigilantes: the Lebanese Kata'eb Party as Builder, Surrogate, and Defender of the State, Middle East Studies 11, 3 (October 1975): 215236.
John P. Entelis, Pluralism and party transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kata'ib, 1936–1970, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1974.
Leila Haoui Zod, William Haoui, temoin et martyr, Mémoire DEA, Faculté d'Histoire, Université Saint Esprit, Kaslik, Liban 2004. (in French)
Marie-Christine Aulas, The Socio-Ideological Development of the Maronite Community: The Emergence of the Phalanges and Lebanese Forces, Arab Studies Quarterly 7, 4 (Fall 1985): pp. 1–27.
External links
Official website of the Kataeb party
Official website of The Lebanese Phalanges – Kataeb
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The party and its paramilitary wings played a major role in the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), opposing Palestinian forces in the country as well as collaborating with Israel. Pierre's youngest son Bachir, the leader of the party's militia, was elected President in 1982, but was assassinated before he could take office. He was succeeded by his older brother Amine, who led the party through much of the war. In decline in the late 1980s and 1990s, the party slowly re-emerged in the early 2000s and is currently part of the Lebanese opposition. The party currently holds 4 out of the 128 seats in the Lebanese Parliament.","title":"Kataeb Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"plural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural"},{"link_name":"phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_formation"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Falange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangism"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Lebanese Phalanges Party is also known as Phalanges Libanaises in French and either Kataeb (الكتائب اللبنانية al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya) or Phalangist Party (حزب الكتائب اللبنانية Ḥizb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya) in Arabic. Kataeb is the plural of Katiba which is a translation into Arabic of the Greek word phalanx (\"battalion\") which is also the origin of the Spanish term Falange. In 2021, the party changed its official name to \"The Kataeb Party – Lebanese Social Democratic Party\" (Arabic: حزب الكتائب اللبنانيّة – الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي اللبناني, Hiẓb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya – Hiẓb al-dīmūqrāṭī al-ijtimāʿī al-lubnānī).[5]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Falange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1936 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"brown shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_shirts"},{"link_name":"Fascist salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_salute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Robert Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Libanaise_de_Football"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisk90-12"},{"link_name":"Charles Helou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Helou"},{"link_name":"President of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Chafic Nassif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chafic_Nassif"},{"link_name":"Georges Naccache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Naccache"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"pan-Arabists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabists"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"French Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"1958 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_crisis_of_1958"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Helf Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helf_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"Camille Chamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chamoun"},{"link_name":"National Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_National_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Raymond Eddé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Edd%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Kataeb Regulatory Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Maronites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Shiites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Jews"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Husseini-15"}],"text":"The Kataeb party was established on November 5, 1936[6] as a Maronite paramilitary youth organization by Pierre Gemayel who modeled the party after Spanish Falange and Italian Fascist parties[7][8] he had observed as an Olympic athlete during the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, then Nazi Germany.[9][10] The movement's uniforms originally included brown shirts and members used the Fascist salute.[11]In an interview by Robert Fisk, Gemayel stated about the Berlin Olympics:I was the captain of the Lebanese football team and the president of the Lebanese Football Federation. We went to the Olympic Games of 1936 in Berlin. And I saw then this discipline and order. And I said to myself: \"Why can't we do the same thing in Lebanon?\" So when we came back to Lebanon, we created this youth movement. When I was in Berlin then, Nazism did not have the reputation that it has now. Nazism? In every system in the world, you can find something good. But Nazism was not Nazism at all. The word came afterwards. In their system, I saw discipline. And we in the Middle East, we need discipline more than anything else.[12]He founded the party along with four other young Lebanese: Charles Helou, who later became a President of Lebanon, Chafic Nassif, Emile Yared, and Georges Naccache. Gemayel was chosen to lead the organization, in part because he was not a political figure at that time.[13]During the first years of the Kataeb Party, the Party was strongly opposed to having anyone dominate Lebanon. They opposed the pan-Arabists who tried to take over Lebanon and also the French, whom they saw as trying to infiltrate their culture and impose themselves within Lebanon.[13] Gemayel and the Kataeb Party have always believed in an independent and sovereign Lebanon free of all foreign influence.[14] It actively took part in the struggle against the French Mandate, until Lebanese independence was proclaimed in November 1943. Its motto was \"God, Nation and Family.\"The influence of the Phalangists was very limited in the early years of Lebanon's independence but came to prominence as a strong ally of the government in the 1958 crisis. In the aftermath of the crisis, Gemayel was appointed to the cabinet, and two years later, was elected to the National Assembly.In 1968, the party joined the Helf Alliance formed with the two other big mainly Christian parties in Lebanon: the National Liberal Party of former President Camille Chamoun, and National Bloc of Raymond Eddé, and won 9 seats of 99 in the 1968 parliamentary elections, making it one of the largest groupings in Lebanon's notoriously fractured political system. By the end of the decade, the party created its own militia, the Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) and soon clashes began with the rising Palestinian militant guerrillas.By the 1970s, the party had become a political giant in Lebanon, with an estimated membership of 60,000 to 70,000. The vast majority (85%) of members were Maronites, but some were members of minority Christian communities, Shiites, Druze, and Jews.[15]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicianism"},{"link_name":"anticommunist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"pan-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism"},{"link_name":"Eastern Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Maronite Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The primacy of preserving the Lebanese nation, but with a \"Phoenician\" identity, distinct from its Arab neighbors. Party policies have been uniformly anticommunist and have allowed no place for pan-Arab ideals.\nA nationalistic ideology that considers the Lebanese people to be a unique nation independent from the Arab nation. It considers the Lebanese as a Phoenician people.\nIndependent, sovereign, and pluralistic Lebanon that safeguards basic human rights and fundamental freedoms for all its constituents.\nLebanon as a liberal outlet where Eastern Christianity, particularly Eastern Catholicism and the Maronite Church, can socially, politically, and economically flourish at peace with its surroundings.[citation needed]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"William Hawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawi"},{"link_name":"Lebanese-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese-American"},{"link_name":"1958 civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis"},{"link_name":"Metn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-17"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-17"},{"link_name":"Ashrafieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashrafieh"},{"link_name":"East Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-17"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-17"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Bsharri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bsharri"},{"link_name":"Keserwan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keserwan_District"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"fiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefdom"},{"link_name":"Boutros Khawand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutros_Khawand"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hamat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"La Voix du Liban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voix_du_Liban"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Army of Free Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Free_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Al-Tanzim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tanzim"},{"link_name":"Tigers Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigers_Militia_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Cedars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars"},{"link_name":"Tyous Team of Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyous_Team_of_Commandos"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Youth Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Youth_Movement"},{"link_name":"Karantina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantina_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Tel al-Zaatar Massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Zaatar_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Palestinian refugee camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps"},{"link_name":"Dbayeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbayeh"},{"link_name":"Metn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metn"},{"link_name":"1975–76 phase of the Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War#First_phase_(1975%E2%80%931977)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham,_1996_p._195-24"},{"link_name":"Lebanese National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hotels"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"al-Murabitoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Murabitoun"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"}],"text":"The Phalange party's militia was not only the largest and best organized political paramilitary force in Lebanon but also the oldest. It was founded in 1937 as the \"Militants' organization\" by the President of the Party Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi, a Lebanese-American glass industrialist, who led them during the 1958 civil war. Fighting alongside the pro-government forces, the Phalangists defended the Metn region.[16][17]Disbanded in January 1961 by order of the Kataeb Party's Political Bureau, Hawi created in their place the Kataeb Regulatory Forces. In order to coordinate the activities of all Phalange paramilitary forces, the Political Bureau set up the Kataeb War Council (Arabic: Majliss al-Harbi) in 1970, with William Hawi being appointed as head.[17] The seat of the Council was allocated at the Kataeb Party's Headquarters at the heart of Ashrafieh quarter in East Beirut and a quiet expansion of KRF units followed suit, complemented by the development of a training infrastructure.[17]Two company-sized Special Forces units, the \"1st Commando\" and the \"2nd Commando\" were created in 1963, soon followed by the \"Pierre Gemayel\" squad (later a company) and a VIP protection squad.[17] To this was added in 1973 another commando platoon (Arabic: Maghaweer) and a \"Combat School\" was secretly opened at Tabrieh, near Bsharri in the Keserwan District. Another special unit, the \"Bashir Gemayel brigade\" – named after Pierre Gemayel's youngest son, Bashir – was formed in 1964, absorbing the old \"PG\" company in the process.[17][18]Considered by many analysts as the best organized of all militia \"fiefs\" in the whole of Lebanon under the leadership of \"chef\" Boutros Khawand, it was administered by a network of Phalangist-controlled business corporations headed by the GAMMA Group \"brain-trust\", backed by the DELTA computer company, and the SONAPORT holding. The latter had run since 1975 the legal commercial ports of Jounieh and Beirut, including the infamous clandestine \"Dock Five\" – \"Cinquième basin\" in French – from which the Phalange extracted additional revenues by levying illegal taxes and carried out arms-smuggling operations.[19][20][21] The KRF was served by a clandestine-built airstrip, the Pierre Gemayel International Airport, opened in 1976 at Hamat, north of Batroun,[22] and had its own radio station \"The Voice of Lebanon\" (Arabic: Iza'at Sawt Loubnan) or \"La Voix du Liban\" (VDL) in French set up in 1976.In July–August of that same year, the Phalangists headed alongside its allies, the Army of Free Lebanon, Al-Tanzim, NLP Tigers Militia, Guardians of the Cedars (GoC), the Tyous Team of Commandos (TTC) and the Lebanese Youth Movement (LYM) in the sieges – and subsequent massacres – of Karantina, al-Masklah and Tel al-Zaatar Massacres[23] at the Muslim-populated slum districts and adjacent Palestinian refugee camps of East Beirut, and at the town of Dbayeh in the Metn.During the 1975–76 phase of the Lebanese Civil War, the Kataeb Regulatory Forces' own mobilization and street action skills allowed the Kataeb to become the primary and most fearsome fighting force in the Christian-conservative camp.[24]At Beirut and elsewhere, Phalange militia sections were heavily committed in several battles against Lebanese National Movement (LNM) leftist militias and suffered considerable casualties, notably at the Battle of the Hotels in October 1975[25][26] where they fought the al-Murabitoun and the Nasserite Correctionist Movement (NCM), and later at the 'Spring Offensive' held against Mount Lebanon in March 1976.","title":"Kataeb Regulatory Forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"fact or opinion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ASF"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"Al Amal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Amal_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entelis1974-28"}],"sub_title":"1936–1943","text":"In 1943, the Kataeb played an instrumental role in attaining Lebanon's first independence from the French mandate. During this period, Kataeb led many social struggles to consolidate national cohesion and promote individual liberties and social welfare.[13][fact or opinion?] The Kataeb elaborated the first Lebanese \"labour charter\" in 1937. It was a pioneering initiative as it called for a minimum wage, a limitation of working hours, and paid leaves. The Kataeb was one of the first Lebanese parties to have a solid avant-garde economic program and organized social activism throughout Lebanon.[14]1941 saw the creation of the first women section in a Lebanese Party. It called openly for stopping any kind of discrimination towards women. Since 1939, the Party has issued Al Amal, a leading bilingual political publication.[27][28]","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"editorializing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"1943–1958","text":"The Kataeb Party entered the political and parliamentary scene during the late 1940s after a period in which it refrained from entering the political arena to focus mainly on the promotion of the youth and on social issues, away from the trivialities of post-mandate politics.Kataeb struggled to preserve Lebanon's independence facing the growing appetite of its neighbors.[editorializing] The Party expanded considerably its presence throughout the territory and attracted thousands of new members, undoubtedly forming one of the largest parties in the Middle East. Kataeb adopted a modern organization which made its fame and became its trademark.[citation needed] In 1958 the Kataeb was the key actor in confronting the coup influenced by pan-Arabists led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of the ephemeral United Arab Republic (Egypt, Syria, and Yemen), and succeeded in maintaining Lebanon's independence and liberal identity.[13][failed verification]","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-kataeb.org-13"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"1958–1969","text":"After having succeeded in preserving the Lebanese formula, Kataeb Party ranks grew considerably and reached 70,000 members, out of a total population of 2.2 million.[13][failed verification] The Party achieved many electoral successes and became the main Christian component of successive governments. During the ministerial mandates held by its members, it made elementary education mandatory, and improved the public school infrastructure. On a social level, the Kataeb Party introduced \"labor laws\" and contributed decisively to social security law. The party played a key role in promoting modern institutions that are still today the pillars of the Lebanese administrative system, including the Civil Service Council, the Central Inspection Board, and many others.[13][failed verification]Pierre Gemayel, leader of the party and minister of public works, gave Lebanon a large part of its modern infrastructure by completing 440 development projects during his term.[13][failed verification] Lebanon was at its peak and became a first-tier destination for world tourism. But what was labeled as the \"Switzerland of the Middle East\" was a shaky construction, with the influx of Palestinian refugees after 1949 setting the stage for an ominous future.[13][failed verification]","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celebrating_the_anniversary_of_the_Kataeb_in_1971_(William_Hawi_and_Pierre_Gemayel).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"William Hawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawi"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Liberation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"state within a state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_within_a_state"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"in 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Bachir Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Sabra and Shatila massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"the invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"Rafael Eitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Eitan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"1970–1982","text":"Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi celebrating the anniversary of the Kataeb in 1971.In the early 1970s, Christian leaders in Lebanon feared that the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was increasingly operating in Lebanon as a state within a state. While it is contested whether the Palestinian presence was a cause of the Lebanese Civil War, Lebanon's political balance had been fragile since 1958 and political tensions were already running high among the Lebanese.[29]In 1975, following these developments, and coupled with the disintegration of the state institutions and the army, the country became an open battlefield. Many foreign states were directly and militarily involved in the Lebanese conflict, especially Syria, which, under the banner of Arab solidarity, tried to impose its authority upon the country, and Israel, which invaded Lebanon in 1978. The Kataeb Party, along with other political parties, formed the Lebanese Forces and battled to preserve Lebanon and its independence and integrity.[30]Driven by this ideal and the preservation of freedom and Christian dignity in the Middle East, more than 4,000 members of the party died for this cause. The Kataeb Party succeeded in getting two of its leaders elected to the presidency. President-elect Bachir Gemayel, son of Pierre Gemayel and leader of the Lebanese Forces, was assassinated in 1982 when an explosion rocked the Party's headquarters in the Achrafieh area of Beirut. The architect of the blast was a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. In the aftermath of the assassination, Amin Gemayel, the eldest son of Pierre Gemayel, was elected President of the Lebanese Republic.The 1982 Israeli Judicial inquiry into the Sabra and Shatila massacre estimated that when fully mobilized, the Phalange had 5,000 fighters, of whom 2,000 were full-time.[31] From the start of the invasion, Israeli Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan told the Phalange not to engage in any fighting.[32] In February 1983, the UN commission found that \"Israeli authorities or forces were involved, directly or indirectly in the [Sabra and Shatila] massacres\".","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"editorializing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lebanese University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sabra and Shatila massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre"},{"link_name":"Elie Hobeika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Hobeika"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"1982–1988","text":"Despite the turmoil caused by the civil strife in Lebanon and the raging wars that devastated the country, President Gemayel was able to accomplish many achievements during his presidential mandate.[citation needed] One of his first achievements was to rebuild the State's institutions and to reorganize and resupply the Army in preparation for the struggle to recover sovereignty and provide security for Lebanon.[citation needed] The same efforts to liberate the country[editorializing] culminated in the Agreement on Security Arrangements of 17 May 1983, which was somewhat an affirmation of the Armistice Agreement of 1949 with Israel even though this agreement was never concluded because of the opposition of Syria and then Israel.[citation needed]Amin Gemayel called for and chaired national dialogue conferences in Geneva and Lausanne and succeeded in creating a national accord and the formation of a fully representative government.[citation needed] He rebuilt the Lebanese University and laid its modern foundation, introduced many economic reforms, and started to rebuild Beirut's central district.[citation needed] The war was still raging and Lebanon's neighbors, mainly Syria and Israel, expanded their influence in Lebanon. On the other hand, the Kataeb Party suffered a great loss with the death of its founder, Cheikh Pierre Gemayel in 1984.The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the slaughter of between 762 and 3,500 civilians, almost all Palestinians, by a Lebanese Christian militia in the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, Lebanon from approximately 6:00 pm 16 September to 8:00 am 18 September 1982. The massacre was presented as retaliation for the assassination of the newly elected Lebanese president Bachir Gemayel, the leader of the Lebanese Kataeb Party. The Phalangist militia was led by the intelligence chief Elie Hobeika. Many of the victims were tortured before they were killed. Women were raped and some victims were skinned alive. Others had limbs chopped off with axes.[33] In February 1983, the UN commission found that \"Israeli authorities or forces were involved, directly or indirectly in the [Sabra and Shatila] massacres\".","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boutros Khawand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutros_Khawand"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"1989–2000","text":"In 1990, the Lebanese War came to a close when Syrian forces maintained their grip over the entire country leading to fifteen years of occupation during which President Amin Gemayel was exiled to France and the Kataeb Party fell under Syrian influence. Organized institutions that could endanger Syrian rule in Lebanon were systematically muzzled. Christian parties paid the highest price for their resistance to Syrian hegemony and their leaders were either eliminated, exiled, or imprisoned. Kataeb's spirit was still strong between its members and sympathizers. This started to be visible in the late 1990s when Kataeb students participated actively in the student and intellectual resistance that started to be heard.On September 15, 1992, at 9:15 AM, Boutros Khawand was heading to Kataeb headquarters in Beirut when his car, a red Opel, was intercepted by two BMW cars and one red van, 100m away from his home. Between eight and ten gunmen were in the attacking squad, they pulled him out of his car and forced him into the van.[34]","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protester_at_Pierre_Amine_Gemayel%27s_funeral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amin Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Bikfaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikfaya"},{"link_name":"Kornet Shahwan Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qornet_Shehwan_Gathering"},{"link_name":"Cedar Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Antoine Ghanem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Ghanem"},{"link_name":"2009 general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Amine Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"2000–2010","text":"Protesters at Pierre Amine Gemayel's funeralThe revival of Lebanon and the Party: Amin Gemayel returned to Lebanon in June 2000 and was welcomed by large crowds that filled the streets and squares of Bikfaya. Pierre Amin Gemayel was elected MP for Metn district, signalling the rebirth of the Kataeb Party. \"Kataeb opposition\" was structured and began its activities within the framework of the \"Kornet Shahwan Coalition\", and then through the Bristol Gathering, which formed a platform for the joint Christian-Muslim opposition.Eventually, all this led to the Independence Uprising in February 2005 and on 14 March 2005 more than a million Lebanese filled the streets of central Beirut to demand Syrian withdrawal and the restoration of sovereignty. The Kataeb Party extensively participated in the Cedar Revolution and MP Pierre Gemayel played a significant role in shaping this uprising which led to Lebanon's second independence.Syrian troops effectively left Lebanon on 26 April 2005. At the same time, the Kataeb Party reunited and retrieved its historical role. Pierre Amin Gemayel played a key role in reuniting the Party in 2006. Pierre Gemayel was assassinated on 21 November 2006, and in 2007, the Party was dealt another blow when MP Antoine Ghanem was assassinated as well. During the 2009 general elections, under the leadership of Amine Gemayel, they managed to receive 5 seats in parliament.[35]","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazar Najarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazar_Najarian"},{"link_name":"a series of explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosions"},{"link_name":"Port of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Lebanese general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-41"},{"link_name":"Samy Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Michel Aoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aoun"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kataeb.org-42"},{"link_name":"Nadim Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadim_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-43"},{"link_name":"Salim Sayegh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Sayegh"},{"link_name":"Nadim Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadim_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Sami Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Elias Hankash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Hankash"},{"link_name":"Jean Talozian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Talouzian"},{"link_name":"Beirut I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_I"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Here's_The_Full_List_Of_How_Many_Seats_Each_Party_Won_In_The_2022_Lebanon_Elections-44"}],"sub_title":"2020–present","text":"In 2020, Kataeb Secretary-General Nazar Najarian was killed in the 2020 Beirut explosions on 4 August 2020, after a series of explosions had occurred at the Port of Beirut, sending debris across the city. He suffered head trauma and succumbed to his injuries.[36][37][38][39] He was buried on 8 August 2020.[40]During the Lebanese general elections, candidates were announced on the 20 February 2022 under the campaign slogan Ma minsawim (ما منساوم ).[41] Kataeb leader Samy Gemayel insisted that the Kataeb party was the only one that has \"faced the fact of surrendering to Hezbollah's will, electing Michel Aoun as president and isolating Lebanon from its surroundings.[42] Samy Gemayel emphasized:We, as the Kataeb party, have alone faced surrender to Hezbollah's will, isolating Lebanon from its surroundings, electing Michel Aoun as president, the electoral law that gave the majority to Hezbollah, and quotas and fictitious budgets such as taxes, power ships, and seaports.On 2 April Nadim Gemayel, a cousin of Samy, promoted his candidacy in a speech during a small event.[43] Kataeb secured 4 seats for Salim Sayegh (3,477 votes), Nadim Gemayel (4,425 votes), Sami Gemayel (10,466 votes), and Elias Hankash (6,148 votes). A close ally of the party, Jean Talozian, also managed to wain a seat with 4,043 votes in Beirut I with Nadim.[44]","title":"Main events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Hawi,_Chief_of_the_Kataeb_Security_Council,_and_Pierre_Gemayel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"William Hawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawi"},{"link_name":"Kataeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham,_1996_p._195-24"},{"link_name":"Ain El Remmaneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_El_Remmaneh"},{"link_name":"Tel el-Zaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_el-Zaatar"},{"link_name":"Bus Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalaf,_Samir_2002-45"},{"link_name":"Kataeb Regulatory Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces"},{"link_name":"Tigers militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigers_Militia_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"Al-Tanzim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tanzim"},{"link_name":"Marada Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marada_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Cedars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Youth Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Youth_Movement"},{"link_name":"Tyous Team of Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyous_Team_of_Commandos"},{"link_name":"Lebanese National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Forces militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces_(militia)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Bachir Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"President of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Amine Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Elie Hobeika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Hobeika"},{"link_name":"Sabra and Shatila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Amine Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Army"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-17"}],"text":"Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi, Chief of the Kataeb Security CouncilThroughout the 1975 Civil War, the Phalange Party was the most important force within the Christian camp, and its militia carried out most of the fighting as part of the Lebanese Front, the mostly Christian rightist coalition.[24]In April 1975, four persons, among them two men close to the Gemayel family, were killed during an attack on a church inauguration ceremony by unknown attackers in the Beirut suburb of Ain El Remmaneh. In retaliation Phalangist militias killed 28 passengers of a bus later that day, most of them Palestinian with some that were deemed to be armed and were coming back from a rally at camp Tel el-Zaatar, since they suspected Palestinians to be behind the church attack. The Bus Massacre is commonly considered as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War.[45]In the following days, the 8,000-strong party militia, the Kataeb Regulatory Forces, together with its allies, the Tigers militia, Al-Tanzim, Marada Brigade, Guardians of the Cedars, Lebanese Youth Movement, Tyous Team of Commandos and other formations, was heavily engaged in street fights against the Palestinian militias and their allies in the anti-government secular Lebanese National Movement.[46]During the Lebanese Civil War, many predominantly Christian militias were formed that gained support from the north of Lebanon. These militias were staunchly right-wing, nationalist, and anti-Palestinian with a majority of their members being Maronite. The Kataeb party was the most powerful of these militias at the time of the Lebanese Civil War. The party later went on to help found the right-wing Lebanese Forces militia in 1977 which played a large role in the Lebanese Civil War.[47]In September 1982, Bachir Gemayel was elected President of Lebanon by the National Assembly. He was assassinated less than a month later in an operation thought to have been arranged by Syrian intelligence and was succeeded by his brother, Amine Gemayel. Bachir was thought to have been radical in his approach and hinted at possible peace agreements with Israel while trying to expel all Palestinian refugees from Lebanon.[48] In contrast, Amine was thought to have been much more moderate.On 16 September 1982, Elie Hobeika led the massacre of between 762 and 3,500 Palestinian refugees in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, while the periphery of the camps was under the control of the Israeli Defense Forces.[49][50][51]After the death of Pierre Gemayel in 1984, his successors Elie Karamé and Amine Gemayel struggled to maintain influence over the actions of the Lebanese Army, which became virtually independent as Muslim recruits deserted and rebelled against the mostly Christian officer ranks. The Kataeb party began to decline, not playing a major role for the remainder of the war.[17]","title":"War era and decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Saadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Saadeh"},{"link_name":"Karim Pakradouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Pakradouni"},{"link_name":"Samir Geagea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Geagea"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"The party, lacking direction, broke down into several rival factions. Georges Saadeh took control of the Party from 1986 until his death in 1998. He took a moderate position toward the Syrian presence. Mounir Hajj became the president of the party in 1999, followed by Karim Pakradouni in 2002. Amine Gemayel left Lebanon in 1988 after his mandate had ended, mainly to avoid a clash with Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces and avoid more intra-Christian bloodshed. He returned in 2000 to oppose the Syrian role in Lebanon and to back his son Pierre's parliamentary election campaign, which he won.His sons Pierre and Samy, had returned in 1997 and had been working on reorganizing the popular base of the party. His return was not welcomed by the established leadership of the party who had become government puppets. To distinguish themselves from the official leadership, Gemayel's supporters started referring to themselves as \"The Kataeb Base\" or \"The Kataeb Reform Movement\". General consensus amongst Lebanese always recognized Gemayel as the legitimate Leader of the party, not because of lineage but because of most of the popular support.[52][53]","title":"Syrian occupation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafik Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafik_Hariri"},{"link_name":"Cedar Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution"},{"link_name":"March 14 Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_14_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Future Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Movement"},{"link_name":"Progressive Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces"},{"link_name":"Pierre Amine Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Amine_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Samy Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Gemayel"}],"text":"In March 2005 after the Rafik Hariri assassination, the Kataeb took part in an anti-Syrian presence demonstration, commonly known as the Cedar Revolution. It became a member of the March 14 Alliance, along with the Future Movement, Progressive Socialist Party, Lebanese Forces and other minor parties. The Kataeb won 4 seats in the June 2005 elections, 3 representing the Gemayel Leadership (Pierre Gemayel, Solange Gemayel, and Antoine Ghanem) and 1 representing the official leadership of the Party. They formed one parliamentary bloc after a reconciliation that took place in 2005.This reconciliation was marketed as a gesture of goodwill from Pierre Amine Gemayel who deemed it was time to turn the page and give those who were unfaithful to the party principles a second chance. Practically, it was a way for Pakradouni and his men to leave the Party with as little humiliation as possible since the reconciliation deal stipulated the resignation of the entire political bureau after 2 years. This reconciliation saw Amine come back to the Party as Supreme President of the Party while Pakradouni stayed on as President.Samy Gemayel, Amine's second son, had formed his own political ideas and identity at the time, much closer in principle and in a manner to those of his uncle Bachir. He was very opposed to Pakradouni and his Syrian ties and thus was not a fan of this reconciliation. This drew Samy away from the party and prompted him to create a Think-Tank/Research-Center on Federalism named Loubnanouna, \"Our Lebanon\".","title":"Cedar Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fouad Siniora Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_government_of_July_2005"},{"link_name":"Pierre Amine Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Amine_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Antoine Ghanem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Ghanem"},{"link_name":"Free Patriotic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement"},{"link_name":"Michel Aoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aoun"},{"link_name":"Samy Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Gemayel"}],"text":"In July 2005, the party participated in the Fouad Siniora Government, with Pierre Amine Gemayel as the minister of industry. Pierre played an important role in the reorganization and development of the party. His assassination in November 2006 was a major blow to the party. Syrian intelligence and \"Fateh Al Islam\" have been accused of the assassination. With 14 March Alliance forces, the party supports the Lebanese government against Hezbollah.[54]In September 2007 another Kataeb MP, Antoine Ghanem was assassinated in a car bombing. Solange Gemayel remained the party's only MP since Pierre Gemayel's seat was lost to the Free Patriotic Movement of Michel Aoun in a special election in August 2007.In 2007, Samy Gemayel and most of his Loubnanouna companions rejoined the Kataeb, prompting a renaissance in the party.","title":"Siniora Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Bachir Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Saad Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Hariri"}],"text":"In the 2009 parliamentary elections the Kataeb Party managed to win 5 seats. 1 in the Metn Caza, 1 in the Beirut-1 Caza, 1 in Zahle, 1 in the Aley Caza and another in the Tripoli Caza.[55] The victories in Beirut-1 and Zahle as well as not allowing the opposition's list to win fully in Metn were major upsets to the General Aoun's FPM who is an ally of Iranian-backed Hezbollah, although the opposition's list was not 100% complete, leaving one Maronite seat vacant by purpose for the candidate of the Gemayel family.These victories enabled Samy Gemayel, Nadim Gemayel (son of the assassinated President Bachir Gemayel), Elie Marouni, Fady el-Haber, and Samer Saade to join the Parliament.\nIn the first Government of PM Saad Hariri, the Kataeb were assigned the Social Affairs portfolio.","title":"2009 elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opposition-3"}],"text":"Disagreements between Kataeb and March 14 deepened in 2016 when the Lebanese Forces endorsed March 8 candidate Michel Aoun for presidency.Kataeb left the government and, thus, the March 14 alliance in June 2016.[3]","title":"March 14 and the breakup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"Arab-Israeli conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"1559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1559"},{"link_name":"1680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1680"},{"link_name":"1701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701"},{"link_name":"1757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1737"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"censorship laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"female quota system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_government#Quotas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Nazar Najarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazar_Najarian"},{"link_name":"2020 Port of Beirut explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Port_of_Beirut_explosions"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Since the end of Syria's occupation of Lebanon in 2005, the Kataeb Party has been attracted once again to new generations and has regained its role as one of the major political actors in Lebanon.[citation needed] The Party has a large network in Lebanon and abroad and one cannot find a major city or town without a Kataeb presence.[citation needed]The Party has an active parliamentary group and has MPs elected in nearly all major Christian constituencies such as Beirut, Metn, Zahlé, Aley, and the North. Kataeb Ministers have been particularly active in governments led by the 14 March coalition, namely in the Ministries of Industry, Social Affairs, and Tourism.The Kataeb Party calls for an objective assessment of the Lebanese political system's limitations in order to guarantee the required political stability, security, and economic prosperity. The series of political crises that Lebanon witnessed since its first independence in 1943 highlighted the shortcomings of the consensual and unitary system and its inadequacy with pluralistic countries such as Lebanon.During the 2009 parliamentary elections that saw the victory of the Party and its allies, Kataeb presented a comprehensive program under the title of \"Pact of Stability\". The vision of the Party revolves around the following main ideas:Adopting decentralization in order to be closer to the citizens and guarantee basic rights and freedoms, in order to manage constructively Lebanon's cultural pluralism and to ensure development in all parts of the Lebanese territory.\nProclaiming the neutrality of Lebanon towards all armed conflicts in the region in order to protect Lebanon from external meddling in its affairs, except for the Arab-Israeli conflict.\nSafeguarding the secular State in Lebanon and completing its legal framework to guarantee the freedom of the individual and the respect of his rights and integrity.\nEnding the military status of several Lebanese and non-Lebanese groups such as Hezbollah, Palestinian armed militias, and other Islamist groups, and calling for their immediate disarmament.\nCommitting to all relevant UN Security Council Resolutions, primarily 1559 (2004), 1680 (2006), 1701 (2006) and 1757 (2007).\nRejecting any form of permanent settlement of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon at the expense of their right of return.\nReforming the Lebanese Administration and adopting modern economic policies to stimulate the economy, ensure prosperity, and therefore stop emigration.The Party is strongly concerned about the presence of Palestinian refugees with their regional and domestic ramifications. Notwithstanding that the Kataeb has recently attempted to improve the inhumane living conditions of refugees through Parliament, it remains concerned about latent or gradual attempts to force their permanent settlement in Lebanon.On 11 March 2018, the Kataeb Party unveiled its 131-point platform, in which they expressed some progressive values such as decriminalizing homosexuality, abolishing capital punishment, removing censorship laws, and adopting a 30% female quota system in the parliament.[56]The secretary-general of the party, Nazar Najarian, was killed in the 2020 Port of Beirut explosions.[57]","title":"The Kataeb Party today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-41"},{"link_name":"Samy 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Ma minsawim (ما منساوم).[41] Kataeb leader Samy Gemayel insisted that the Kataeb party was the only one that has faced the fact of surrendering to Hezbollah's will, electing Michel Aoun as president and isolating Lebanon from its surroundings.[42] Samy Gemayel emphasized:We, as the Kataeb party, have alone faced surrendering to Hezbollah's will, isolating Lebanon from its surroundings, electing Michel Aoun as president, the electoral law that gave the majority to Hezbollah, and quotas and fictitious budgets such as taxes, power ships, and seaports.On 2 April Nadim Gemayel, cousin of Samy, promoted his candidacy in a speech during a small event.[43]Kataeb secured 4 seats for Salim Sayegh (3,477 votes), Nadim Gemayel (4,425 votes), Sami Gemayel (10,466 votes), and Elias Hankash (6,148 votes).[44]","title":"2022 elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Elie 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الرميل","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Gl0Yt3ozs"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Here's_The_Full_List_Of_How_Many_Seats_Each_Party_Won_In_The_2022_Lebanon_Elections_44-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Here's_The_Full_List_Of_How_Many_Seats_Each_Party_Won_In_The_2022_Lebanon_Elections_44-1"},{"link_name":"\"Here's The Full List Of How Many Seats Each Party Won In The 2022 Lebanon Elections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.the961.com/list-of-seats-each-party-won-2022-lebanon-elections"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khalaf,_Samir_2002_45-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090611231436/http://www.kataeb.org/index.asp?stay=1"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kataeb.org/index.asp?stay%3D1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Amine Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"William B. Quandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Quandt"},{"link_name":"Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=PA256"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Yossi Alpher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yossi_Alpher"},{"link_name":"Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eCxyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Nathan Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HypnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"الكتائب اللبنانية – آخر الأخبار المحلية والعربية والدولية\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kataeb.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Elections 09 - Lebanon Elections 2009\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100625143740/http://www.elections.gov.lb/Parliamentary/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.gov.lb/Parliamentary/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Kataeb Party Unveils 131-Point Platform\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kataeb.org/local/2018/03/11/kataeb-party-unveils-131-point-platform"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"At least 25 people killed, 2,200 injured in Beirut blast, CNN, 04/08/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/index.html"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meforum-58"}],"text":"^ a b Daoud, David (12 January 2017). \"Hezbollah's Latest Conquest: Lebanon's Cabinet\". Newsweek.\n\n^ Gambill, Gary C.; Bassam Endrawos (January 2002). \"The Assassination of Elie Hobeika\". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 4 (1). Retrieved 15 June 2012.\n\n^ a b \"#2022: Reorganizing and Reforming\". en.kataeb.org. 6 December 2021.\n\n^ \"Lebanese Kataeb Party\".\n\n^ \"بالصورة- تعديل اسم حزب \"الكتائب\"\". IMLebanon. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.\n\n^ \"History of the Lebanese Kataeb Party\". حزب الكتائب اللبنانية (Lebanese Kataeb Party). Retrieved 17 January 2022.\n\n^ Lee Griffith, The war on terrorism and the terror of God (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1 June 2004), p. 3, ISBN 0-8028-2860-4\n\n^ Mark Ensalaco, Middle Eastern terrorism: from Black September to September 11 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 30 November 2007), p. 85, ISBN 0-8122-4046-4\n\n^ Thomas Collelo, ed. Lebanon: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987. \"Phalange Party\" chapter\n\n^ Michael Johnson, All honorable men: the social origins of war in Lebanon (I. B. Tauris, 23 November 2002), p.148, ISBN 1-86064-715-4\n\n^ Fisk, Robert (7 August 2007). \"Lebanese strike a blow at US-backed government\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2009.\n\n^ Fisk, R. (1990). Pity the Nation, the abduction of Lebanon. New York: Nation Books. 65 p.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h El Kataeb – Founder Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b \"Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal\". Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.\n\n^ Rola L. Husseini (2012). Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon. Syracuse University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780815651949.\n\n^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), p. 36.\n\n^ a b c d e f Tony Badran, Lebanon's Militia Wars in Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis (2009), p. 38.\n\n^ Saghieh, Ta'rib al-Kata'eb al-Lubnaniyya: al-Hizb, al-sulta, al-khawf (1991), p. 163.\n\n^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), pp. 58–59.\n\n^ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 47.\n\n^ Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux (2007), page unknown.\n\n^ Fisk, Pity the Nation (2001), p. 179.\n\n^ \"The Facts: AG and Tal el Za3tar - Page 2 - the Orange Room - forum.tayyar.org\". forum.tayyar.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.\n\n^ a b Abraham, The Lebanon war (1996), p. 195.\n\n^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), p. 6.\n\n^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 29.\n\n^ Muhammad I. Ayish (2008). The New Arab Public Sphere. Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-86596-168-6.\n\n^ John Pierre Entelis (1974). Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970. Leiden: BRILL. p. 62. ISBN 978-90-04-03911-7.\n\n^ Eugene Rogan. The Arabs: A History. New York: Basic Books, 2011. pp. 380–381.\n\n^ Itamar Rabinovich, The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985 (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition)), p.60, ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3\n\n^ Kahan, Yitzhak, Barak, Aharon, Efrat, Yona (1983) The Commission of Inquiry into events at the refugee camps in Beirut 1983 FINAL REPORT (Authorized translation) p.108 has \"This report was signed on 7 February 1982.\" p7\n\n^ Kahan. p.10\n\n^ Austenfeld, Thomas; Daphinoff, Dimiter; Herlth, Jens (2011). Terrorism and Narrative Practice. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-3-643-80082-4.\n\n^ \"Official of Christian Party Is Kidnapped in East Beirut\". The New York Times. 16 September 1992.\n\n^ \"Lebanon news – NOW Lebanon -March14 – March 8 MPs\". 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2022.\n\n^ Liz Sly. \"Scores dead and more than 3,000 injured as explosions rock Beirut, Health Ministry says\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.\n\n^ \"Lebanese Kataeb Party's Secretary-General Nazar Najarian killed in Beirut blast\". Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.\n\n^ Ben Hubbard; Maria Abi-Habib (4 August 2020). \"Deadly Explosions Shatter Beirut, Lebanon\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.\n\n^ \"Secretary-general of Lebanese Kataeb Party Najarian dies in Beirut blast\". news.am. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.\n\n^ \"تشييع نزار نجاريان واستقالة نواب الكتائب من المجلس (صور)\" (in Arabic). 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.\n\n^ a b لقاء الماكينة الانتخابية الكتائبية, retrieved 22 February 2022\n\n^ a b \"الجميّل في اللقاء العام لإطلاق الماكينة الانتخابية: ليكن تقييمكم على الأفعال في 15 أيار كي نبني بلدًا جديدًا ولنذهب بإيمان إلى الانتخابات وبمعنويات عالية وما منساوم\". Kataeb.org. Retrieved 22 February 2022.\n\n^ a b كلمة للنائب السابق نديم الجميل من أمام بيت الكتائب في منطقة الرميل, retrieved 2 April 2022\n\n^ a b \"Here's The Full List Of How Many Seats Each Party Won In The 2022 Lebanon Elections\". 961. 961. 961News. 17 May 2022.\n\n^ Khalaf, Samir (2002): Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact; New York: Columbia University Press; p. 228f\n\n^ El-Kazen, The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon (2000), p. 303.\n\n^ \"Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal\". Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.\n\n^ Amine Gemayel\n\n^ William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967, University of California Press p.266\n\n^ Yossi Alpher, Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 p.48\n\n^ Nathan Gonzalez, The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East, Nortia Media Ltd, 2013 p.113.\n\n^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), pp. 52-55.\n\n^ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), pp. 45–46.\n\n^ \"الكتائب اللبنانية – آخر الأخبار المحلية والعربية والدولية\". Kataeb.org. Retrieved 28 March 2018.\n\n^ \"Elections 09 - Lebanon Elections 2009\". Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.\n\n^ \"Kataeb Party Unveils 131-Point Platform\". Kataeb.org. Retrieved 19 May 2018.\n\n^ At least 25 people killed, 2,200 injured in Beirut blast, CNN, 04/08/20[1]","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-213-61521-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-61521-9"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Robert Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-280130-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280130-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55546-834-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55546-834-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-13-045801-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-045801-2"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2, 1943–1990, Fayard, Paris 2005. ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 (in French).\nRex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.\nRobert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280130-9 (3rd ed. 2001).\nMatthew S. Gordon, The Gemayels (World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ISBN 978-1-55546-834-7\nMichael Maschek, Myrtom House Building: Un quartier de Beyrouth en guerre civile, L'Harmattan, 2018.\nJonathan Randal, The Tragedy of Lebanon, Just World Books, 1983.\nJean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French).\nFawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007 (in French).","title":"General and cited sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"Frank Stoakes, The Super Vigilantes: the Lebanese Kata'eb Party as Builder, Surrogate, and Defender of the State, Middle East Studies 11, 3 (October 1975): 215236.\nJohn P. Entelis, Pluralism and party transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kata'ib, 1936–1970, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1974.\nLeila Haoui Zod, William Haoui, temoin et martyr, Mémoire DEA, Faculté d'Histoire, Université Saint Esprit, Kaslik, Liban 2004. (in French)\nMarie-Christine Aulas, The Socio-Ideological Development of the Maronite Community: The Emergence of the Phalanges and Lebanese Forces, Arab Studies Quarterly 7, 4 (Fall 1985): pp. 1–27.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi celebrating the anniversary of the Kataeb in 1971.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Celebrating_the_anniversary_of_the_Kataeb_in_1971_%28William_Hawi_and_Pierre_Gemayel%29.jpg/294px-Celebrating_the_anniversary_of_the_Kataeb_in_1971_%28William_Hawi_and_Pierre_Gemayel%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protesters at Pierre Amine Gemayel's funeral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Protester_at_Pierre_Amine_Gemayel%27s_funeral.jpg/252px-Protester_at_Pierre_Amine_Gemayel%27s_funeral.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi, Chief of the Kataeb Security Council","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_Hawi%2C_Chief_of_the_Kataeb_Security_Council%2C_and_Pierre_Gemayel.jpg/200px-William_Hawi%2C_Chief_of_the_Kataeb_Security_Council%2C_and_Pierre_Gemayel.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Lebanon portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lebanon"},{"title":"Cedar Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution"},{"title":"Qaa massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaa_massacre"},{"title":"William Hawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawi"},{"title":"Kataeb Regulatory Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces"},{"title":"Lebanese Forces (Resistance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces_(Resistance)"},{"title":"Najjadeh Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najjadeh_Party"},{"title":"Political parties in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_Lebanon"},{"title":"Tyous Team of Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyous_Team_of_Commandos"}]
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[{"reference":"Daoud, David (12 January 2017). \"Hezbollah's Latest Conquest: Lebanon's Cabinet\". Newsweek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/hezbollahs-latest-conquest-lebanons-cabinet-541487","url_text":"\"Hezbollah's Latest Conquest: Lebanon's Cabinet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"Gambill, Gary C.; Bassam Endrawos (January 2002). \"The Assassination of Elie Hobeika\". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 4 (1). Retrieved 15 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0201_l1.htm","url_text":"\"The Assassination of Elie Hobeika\""}]},{"reference":"\"#2022: Reorganizing and Reforming\". en.kataeb.org. 6 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.kataeb.org/articles/local-2021-12-06-2022-reorganizing-and-reforming","url_text":"\"#2022: Reorganizing and Reforming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Party\".","urls":[{"url":"https://lebanesekataeb.com/home/general-principles","url_text":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"بالصورة- تعديل اسم حزب \"الكتائب\"\". IMLebanon. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imlebanon.org/2021/03/26/kataeb-party-change-name","url_text":"\"بالصورة- تعديل اسم حزب \"الكتائب\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMLebanon&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"IMLebanon"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Lebanese Kataeb Party\". حزب الكتائب اللبنانية (Lebanese Kataeb Party). Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lebanesekataeb.com/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8","url_text":"\"History of the Lebanese Kataeb Party\""}]},{"reference":"Fisk, Robert (7 August 2007). \"Lebanese strike a blow at US-backed government\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk","url_text":"Fisk, Robert"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100213103037/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-lebanese-strike-a-blow-at-usbacked-government-460547.html","url_text":"\"Lebanese strike a blow at US-backed government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-lebanese-strike-a-blow-at-usbacked-government-460547.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal\". Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090418080904/http://www.kataeb.org/pages.asp?pageid=3","url_text":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal\""},{"url":"http://www.kataeb.org/pages.asp?pageid%3D3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rola L. Husseini (2012). Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon. Syracuse University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780815651949.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vYiiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42","url_text":"Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815651949","url_text":"9780815651949"}]},{"reference":"\"The Facts: AG and Tal el Za3tar - Page 2 - the Orange Room - forum.tayyar.org\". forum.tayyar.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727163158/http://forum.tayyar.org/f8/facts-ag-tal-el-za3tar-28096/index2.html","url_text":"\"The Facts: AG and Tal el Za3tar - Page 2 - the Orange Room - forum.tayyar.org\""},{"url":"http://forum.tayyar.org/f8/facts-ag-tal-el-za3tar-28096/index2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muhammad I. Ayish (2008). The New Arab Public Sphere. Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-86596-168-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=veftcUFbyGMC&pg=PA110","url_text":"The New Arab Public Sphere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86596-168-6","url_text":"978-3-86596-168-6"}]},{"reference":"John Pierre Entelis (1974). Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970. Leiden: BRILL. p. 62. ISBN 978-90-04-03911-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_bAfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62","url_text":"Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03911-7","url_text":"978-90-04-03911-7"}]},{"reference":"Austenfeld, Thomas; Daphinoff, Dimiter; Herlth, Jens (2011). Terrorism and Narrative Practice. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-3-643-80082-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80082-4","url_text":"978-3-643-80082-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Official of Christian Party Is Kidnapped in East Beirut\". The New York Times. 16 September 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/16/world/official-of-christian-party-is-kidnapped-in-east-beirut.html","url_text":"\"Official of Christian Party Is Kidnapped in East Beirut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanon news – NOW Lebanon -March14 – March 8 MPs\". 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090616051352/http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=97943","url_text":"\"Lebanon news – NOW Lebanon -March14 – March 8 MPs\""},{"url":"http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=97943","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liz Sly. \"Scores dead and more than 3,000 injured as explosions rock Beirut, Health Ministry says\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/major-explosion-rocks-beirut/2020/08/04/53ff4dd6-d666-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html","url_text":"\"Scores dead and more than 3,000 injured as explosions rock Beirut, Health Ministry says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806220359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/major-explosion-rocks-beirut/2020/08/04/53ff4dd6-d666-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Party's Secretary-General Nazar Najarian killed in Beirut blast\". Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.armradio.am/2020/08/04/lebanese-kataeb-party-leader-nizar-najarian-killed-in-beirut-blast/","url_text":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Party's Secretary-General Nazar Najarian killed in Beirut blast\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806215822/https://en.armradio.am/2020/08/04/lebanese-kataeb-party-leader-nizar-najarian-killed-in-beirut-blast/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ben Hubbard; Maria Abi-Habib (4 August 2020). \"Deadly Explosions Shatter Beirut, Lebanon\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. 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Kataeb.org. 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Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090611231436/http://www.kataeb.org/index.asp?stay=1","url_text":"\"Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal\""},{"url":"http://www.kataeb.org/index.asp?stay%3D1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"الكتائب اللبنانية – آخر الأخبار المحلية والعربية والدولية\". Kataeb.org. Retrieved 28 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kataeb.org/","url_text":"\"الكتائب اللبنانية – آخر الأخبار المحلية والعربية والدولية\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elections 09 - Lebanon Elections 2009\". Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100625143740/http://www.elections.gov.lb/Parliamentary/","url_text":"\"Elections 09 - Lebanon Elections 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.elections.gov.lb/Parliamentary/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kataeb Party Unveils 131-Point Platform\". Kataeb.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin_wine
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Straw wine
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["1 History","2 Australia","3 Austria/Germany","4 Croatia","5 Czech Republic","6 France","7 Greece/Cyprus","8 Italy","8.1 Tuscany","8.2 Piedmont","8.3 Veneto","9 Slovakia","10 South Africa","11 Spain","12 Dominican Republic","13 United States","14 Denmark","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]
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Wine made from dried grapes
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Muscat grapes drying in the sun
Grapes sun-wilting on the plant
Grapes laid out to dry
Straw wine, or raisin wine, is a wine made from grapes that have been dried off the vine to concentrate their juice. Under the classic method, after a careful hand harvest, selected bunches of ripe grapes will be laid out on mats in full sun. (Originally the mats were made of straw, but these days the plastic nets for the olive harvest are likely to be used). This drying will probably be done on well exposed terraces somewhere near the wine press and the drying process will take around a week or longer. Small scale productions were laid out on flat roofs; however, if this still happens, it is extremely rare nowadays.
Under less labour-intensive versions of the technique, easily portable racks might be used instead of mats or nets, or the grapes are left lying on the ground beneath the vines, or even left hanging on the vine with the vine-arm cut or the stem twisted. Technically speaking the grapes must be cut off from the vine in order for the wine to be a 'straw wine'. If the grapes are just left to over-ripen before being harvested, even if this is to the point of raisining, this is a 'late harvest' wine.
The exact technique used varies according to local conditions, traditions and increasingly modern innovations. In some regions the grapes are laid first in the sun and later covered or they are covered at night to protect them against dew fall. In cooler, damper regions, the entire drying process takes place indoors in huts, attics or greenhouses with the bunches lying on racks or hanging up with good air circulation.
Straw wines are typically sweet to very sweet white wines, similar in density and sweetness to Sauternes but potentially sweeter. They are capable of long ageing. The low yields and labour-intensive production method means that they are quite expensive. Around Verona red grapes are dried, and are fermented in two different ways to make a strong dry red wine (Amarone) and a sweet red wine (Recioto della Valpolicella).
History
The technique dates back to pre-Classical times with wines becoming fashionable in Roman times and in late Medieval/Renaissance Europe when wines such as Malmsey ('Malvasia' originally from Greece) and Candia (from Crete) were highly sought after. Traditionally, most production of these wines has been in Greece, the islands of Sicily, Cyprus, Northern Italy and the French Alps. However, producers in other areas now use the method as well.
Excavations in Cyprus on the Neolithic site at Erimi have revealed that sweet wine was made there some 6000 years ago. This is the earliest appearance of sweet wine in the Mediterranean region. A wine grape wine known as the Cypriot Manna (or Nama). Similar principles were used to make the medieval Cypriot wine Commandaria, which is still produced today.
The process of making raisin wines was described by the Greek poet Hesiod in mainland Greece around 800 BC. Various Mediterranean raisin wines were described in the first century AD by Columella and Pliny the Elder. Pliny uses the Greek term for honey wine for the following raisin wine:
The grapes are left on the vine to dry in the sun ... It is made by drying grapes in the sun, and then placing them for seven days in a closed place upon hurdles, some seven feet from the ground, care being taken to protect them at night from the dews: on the eighth day they are trodden out: this method, it is said, produces a liquor of exquisite bouquet and flavour. The liquor known as melitites is also one of the sweet wines.
Columella discusses the Passum wine made in ancient Carthage. The modern Italian name for this wine, passito, echoes this ancient word, as does the French word used to describe the process of producing straw wines, passerillage. Perhaps the closest thing to passum is Moscato Passito di Pantelleria from Zibibbo, a variety of the ancient muscat grape, produced on Pantelleria, an island in the Strait of Sicily (50 miles from Tunisia) opposite to where Carthage used to be.
Australia
Barossa Valley producer, Turkey Flat Vineyards has been experimenting with this style since 2002 with their 100% Marsanne named 'The Last Straw'. Air-dried on racks for approximately six weeks it is fermented in new oak and then bottle post-fermentation to retain freshness. Residual sugar sits at a comparatively low 59g/L.
Austria/Germany
Strohwein or Schilfwein is an Austrian wine term in the Prädikatswein category which designates a straw wine, a sweet dessert wine made from raisin-like dried grapes. Stroh is German for straw, while Schilf means reed.
The minimum must weight requirements for Strohwein or Schilfwein is 25 degrees KMW, the same as for Austrian Beerenauslese, and these regulations are part of the Austrian wine law. The grapes are furthermore required to be dried for a minimum of three months, either by laying the grape bunches on mats of straw or reed, or by hanging the bunches up for drying by suspending them from pieces of string. However, if the grapes have reached a must weight of at least 30 ºKMW (same must weight as a Trockenbeerenauslese) after a minimum of two months, the grapes are allowed to be pressed at this earlier time.
Strohwein and Schilfwein are treated as synonyms by the wine law, and the choice between them therefore depends on local naming tradition rather than the specific material used for the drying mats for a specific batch of wine.
The Strohwein Prädikat exists only in Austria, not in Germany.
Croatia
The raisin wine most commonly seen in Croatia is Prošek which is traditionally from the southern area of Dalmatia. It is made using dried wine grapes in the passito method. There are only a few commercial producers as it is typically homemade.
Czech Republic
Slámové víno is the Czech term for straw wine that, under Czech wine law, is classified as a Predicate wine (Czech: Jakostní víno s přívlastkem). Czech regulations require the harvested grapes to come from a single wine sub-region, the grapes must be dried for at least three months either on straw or reed mats or hung in a well-ventilated space, and the must weight is required to reach at least 27° NM on the Normalizovaný moštomer scale. Straw wine in the Czech Republic is typically made from white grapes that are well-ripened and undamaged.
France
Vin de Paille
Vin de Paille is the French for 'straw wine', made only in the ripest vintages. Perhaps the best known example is made in the Cotes du Jura (Arbois and sometimes L'Étoile) from a blend of Chardonnay, Savagnin and the red grape Poulsard. Vins de paille are also made from Marsanne in Hermitage, and from Riesling in Alsace. In Corrèze, it is called Vin paillé. Traditionally the grapes are placed indoors on straw mats for up to three months, and the final wine has 10-20% residual sugar, with flavours of peaches and apricots . It is an excellent accompaniment to foie gras.
Greece/Cyprus
Liastos is Greek for "sun-dried" and is the word used to describe Passito or straw wine. Greece and Cyprus are the original home of the style and quite a few Liastos wines are produced here.
Cyprus Commandaria claims descent from the native Cypriot wine served at the wedding of King Richard the Lionheart, just after he conquered the island, and then produced by the Knights Templar at La Grande Commanderie in Cyprus after they purchased it from him, and hence claims to be oldest named wine still in production. Commandaria is made from two indigenous grapes, the white Xynisteri and the red Mavro, an ancestor of the Négrette grape known as Pinot St-George in the US.
Monemvasia. Monemvasia-Malvasia is a recreation of the famous Malmsey or Malvasia wine traded by the Venetians and made originally here in the Southeast Peloponnese. The version made by Monemvasia Winery has won many awards recently.
It is worth noting that Monemvasia-Malvasia is NOT made from any of the various grapes called Malvasia. It is made from a blend of grapes including Kidonitsa, Assyrtiko, Monemvasia and Asproudi. Some of these varieties are, (or are related to) the ancestor varieties of the Malvasia family, as are Aidani and Athiri mentioned below.
Santorini. Vinsanto, the hallmark dessert wine of the island of Santorini, is made of the choicest Assyrtiko grapes, usually blended with small quantities of Aidani and Athiri. These will be pressed and vinified after a few days of sundrying. It is then barrel aged to mature for several years or sometimes much longer. Its capacity for ageing in bottle is measured in decades. Producers include: Argyros, Artemis Karamolegos, Boutari, Gaia, Hadjidakis, Canava Roussos, Santo Wines, Sigalas and Venetsanos Winery.
Samos Some of the famed sweet wines of Samos Island are also made of sundried Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains grapes. The most widely available is Nectar, made by the EOSS cooperative. The small wineries Vakakis and Nopera also make examples. Many growers also make private productions, especially around the village of Platanos.
Liastos wines are also made on the islands of Paros, Evvia, Tinos, Ikaria and Crete.
Italy
In Italy, the generic name for these wines is passito. The method of production is called rasinate (to dry and shrivel). The Moscato Passito di Pantelleria has already been mentioned above. Other famous passiti include Malvasia delle Lipari Passito D.O.C., Vin Santo in Tuscany, Recioto around Verona, the historical (made since Roman times) Caluso Passito made from Erbaluce grapes from the Canavese region in Piedmont and Sciachetrà from the Cinque terre east of Genoa.
Tuscany
Cantucci e Vin Santo in a restaurant in Milan, Italy
See also: Vin Santo
Vin Santo is made in Tuscany from hand-picked grapes that are hung from the rafters to dry. They are fermented in small cigar-shaped barrels called caratelli, and then aged in the caratelli for up to ten years in the roof of the winery. The wine develops a deep golden or amber color, and a sweet, often nutty, taste. Vin Santo is often served as 'Cantucci e Vin Santo', with almond or hazelnut biscuits which are then dipped in the wine.
Piedmont
Passito di Caluso, precious straw wine made from Erbaluce di Caluso best grapes harvested, it stays 6 months on straw mats to dry, then after a soft pressing it goes in oak barrels for at least 4 yrs. before being bottled. It is one of the three historical passito wines: Pantelleria, Sciacchetrà and Caluso.
Veneto
Main article: Amarone
The more famous are the passito wines made from the blend of red wine grapes typical of Valpolicella : 40-70% Corvina, 20-40% Rondinella and 5-25% Molinara. The grapes are dried on traditional straw mats or on racks on the valley slopes. There are two styles of red passito produced in Veneto. If fermentation is complete, the result is Amarone della Valpolicella ("Amarone" - literally "extra bitter", as opposed to sweet). Amarone is a very ripe, raisiny red wine with very little acid, often >15% alcohol (the legal minimum is 14%). Typically Amarone is released five years after the vintage, even though this is not a legal requirement. The pomace left over from pressing off the Amarone is used in the production of ripasso Valpolicellas. Amarone was awarded Denominazione di Origine Controllata status in December 1990 and promoted to Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status in December 2009. If fermentation is incomplete, the result is a sweet red wine called Recioto della Valpolicella. Fermentation may stop for several reasons including low nutrient levels, high alcohol, and Botrytis metabolites. Grapes dried in the valley bottoms are more prone to noble rot and are favored for Recioto, whereas grapes intended for Amarone are dried on the higher slopes to avoid Botrytis.
Recioto della Valpolicella is regarded as a good companion to chocolate desserts because of the high acidity in cocoa.
Refrontolo passito is a passito red wine produced in a hilly area close to Conegliano in the Treviso province. In a few hectares of this small area in the core of Prosecco, only a few thousand bottles of Refrontolo passito, a Denominazione of Colli di Conegliano DOCG, are produced. This wine is made from Marzemino grapes, it was already appreciated in the past as documented in the opera Don Giovanni of W.A. Mozart, where the protagonist describes it as an excellent wine.
Recioto di Soave is the passito white wine from around Verona, made from the Garganega grape used in Soave. The name comes from the word, recie that in the native Venetian language means 'ears', a reference to this variety's habit of forming two small clusters of extra-ripe grapes sticking out of the top of the main bunch, that were preferred for this wine. It seems to be an ancient wine, in the 5th century AD, Cassiodorus refers to a sweet white wine from Verona that sounds like Recioto di Soave. A classic accompaniment can be the Christmas sweets panettone and Pandoro of Verona.
Torcolato is also passito style white wine from the region. It has a warm golden color and sweet flavor, pleasantly persistent, round and thick; it is an excellent dessert wine, one of the top national wines. It is produced in Breganze, along the Strada (or Wine Road) between the Astico and Brenta rivers, in the strip of land between the city of Bassano del Grappa and the Valdastico valley. The name comes from a word of the Venetian language and means twisted, indeed, in the traditional production method, the clusters were twisted to dried.
Ramandolo passito is a passito wine from the closely Friuli region. Typically produced in the hilly area around Nimis closed to Udine by Verduzzo Friulano grapes, is sweet full-bodied and honey taste. In the same area is produced even the prestigious Picolit, an extremely high quality passito wine. In the Treviso and Venice area are often produced some 'Ramandolo style' wines by the varieties Verduzzo Friulano and Verduzzo Trevigiano A match up that could be recommended is between the Venetian sweet bussolà and Verduzzo passito wines.
Slovakia
Slamové víno is the Slovak term for straw wine that, under Slovak wine law, is classified as a Predicate wine (Slovak: Akostné víno s prívlastkom). Slovak regulations require the wine to be produced from well ripened grapes, stored before processing on straw or reed matting, or hung on strings for at least three months; additionally, the must weight is required to reach at least 27 °NM on the Normalizovaný muštomer scale. Grapes should originate in a single wine sub-region and reach at least 6% of alcohol.
South Africa
De Trafford created the first Vin de Paille to be released under the new appellation "Wine from Naturally Dried Grapes" in 1997. They use 100% Chenin blanc.
Spain
A number of wineries produce straw wine, known in Spanish as vino de pasas, including Bodegas Oliveros and Bodegas Gonzalez Palacios. Most involve a blend of two grapes, the first one usually a Muscat.
Pedro Ximénez grapes are dried in the sun before being vinified, fortified and matured in a solera system like other sherries.
Another straw wine of Spain, produced only by locals of the town of Pedro Bernardo, province of Ávila, Castile and Leon is known as Ligeruelo wine. Grapes of the Uva Ligeruela variety are cultivated in drained, warm, sunny vineyards, and then collected and partially dehydrated over "zardos", or wicker beds constructed to give a light maturation to the grapes, exposed to sun during the first days of fall. These half-dried grapes are then vinified in big clay jars or amphorae (called tinaja), and conserved in clay or crystal recipients.
In Galicia straw wine is known as viño tostado, and is traditionally produced at Ribeiro (DO).
Dominican Republic
Barcelo Winery produces a straw wine known as Caballo Blanco primarily from Alexandrian Muscat.
United States
When commercial wine was banned during Prohibition from 1920 to 1933, homemade raisin wine became a popular substitute. Raisin producers circuitously promoted the practice by issuing warnings against winemaking that were so detailed as to function as winemaking instructions.
Some California wineries are experimenting with the vin de paille style. Tablas Creek Vineyard, in Paso Robles, make one from 100% Roussanne, one from 100% Mourvèdre, and one from a blend of Roussanne, Viognier, Grenache blanc and Marsanne, while cult winery Sine Qua Non makes one from 100% Sémillon. Stony Hill winery, a Chardonnay producer in the Napa Valley, makes a 100% Semillon in the Italian passito style. Qupé, in Santa Barbara County, makes a vin de paille from 100% Marsanne, sourced from the Sawyer Lindquist Vineyard.
Barboursville Vineyards in Virginia produces a straw wine in the Italian passito style, based on Moscato Ottonel and Vidal grapes. Potomac Point Winery, also in Virginia, produces a straw wine based on the Petit Manseng grape. Likewise, King Family Vineyards in Crozet, Virginia produces a 100% Petit Manseng in the vin de paille style, called "Loreley".
In Texas, it was illegal to make wine from dried grapes until 1999, when following pressure from Shawn and Rocko Bruno, who wanted to recreate the raisin wines of their Sicilian heritage, the Alcoholic Beverage Code was amended.
Ravines Wine Cellars in the Finger Lakes produces a vin de paille from Chardonnay grapes. The cool climate of the Finger Lakes gives the grapes a good acidity like the Jura region of France.
Silver Springs Winery in the Finger Lakes produces a vin de paille from 100% Cayuga White and 100% Pinot Grigio.
Denmark
A Danish winery, Vester Ulslev Vingaard, has made wine from dried grapes since 2007. The varieties used are Léon Millot and Cabernet Cantor. The grapes are dried for 4–5 weeks using forced ventilation. During that time the grapes lose up to 50% of their weight, the remaining juice being similarly more concentrated. The wines produced are red, dry wines with a level of alcohol of more than 15%. Vester Ulslev Vingaard sees the use of dried grapes as a means to make more powerful wines in a cool climate and also as a means to redress deficits in concentration and sugars in bad seasons. In 2010 a double-fermented (ripasso-method) wine was also produced using the pomace of the first wine.
See also
Dessert wine
Late harvest wine
Sweetness of wine
Vin Santo
References
^ Inglett, George E.; Charalambous, George, eds. (1981). The Quality of Foods and Beverages: Chemistry and Technology. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0-12-169101-2.
^ Kambas, Michele (21 May 2005). "Cypriots thought to be first Mediterranean winemakers". Kathimerini. Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
^ "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES., CHAP. 11. (9.) — EIGHTEEN VARIETEIS OF SWEET WINE. RAISIN-WINE AND HEPSEMA". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ Article on italianmade.com about Moscato Passito di Pantelleria. Archived March 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Turkey Flat Vineyards". www.turkeyflat.com.au. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ "Wines from Austria: Quality Designations in Detail". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
^ a b c "Bundesgesetz über den Verkehr mit Wein und Obstwein (Weingesetz 1999)" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. § 11. Prädikatswein
^ Czech Wine Fund: Viticulture Act of 2004 Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine", p. 10, (Czech Language), accessed: January 13, 2011.
^ Wine of the Czech Republic: Description of Wines", accessed: January 22, 2011 Archived December 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "De Trafford Wines Stellenbosch South Africa". detrafford.co.za. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ Italianmade.com article on Recioto di Soave Archived May 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Pedro Ximénez". Sherry Wines. 6 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2009). The Prohibition Era. Infobase Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4381-0437-9.
^ Tablas Creek wine list Archived December 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Barboursville wine list Archived November 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Potomac Point wine list". potomacpointwinery.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010.
^ "2008 Potomac Point Vineyard & Winery Petit Manseng". CellarTracker. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010..
^ "King Family Vineyards - 404 Error". www.kingfamilyvineyards.com. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ Bill SB1676 Archived 2010-10-05 at the Wayback Machine of Texas Legislative Session 76(R).
^ "Ravines Wine Cellars". ravineswine.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ "Zuccarino , Silver Springs Winery L.L.C." www.silverspringswinery.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
External links
"Vin de Paille: A Dessert Wine Making Technique for the Obsessed" from the Tablas Creek Vineyard blog
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Under the classic method, after a careful hand harvest, selected bunches of ripe grapes will be laid out on mats in full sun. (Originally the mats were made of straw, but these days the plastic nets for the olive harvest are likely to be used). This drying will probably be done on well exposed terraces somewhere near the wine press and the drying process will take around a week or longer. Small scale productions were laid out on flat roofs; however, if this still happens, it is extremely rare nowadays.Under less labour-intensive versions of the technique, easily portable racks might be used instead of mats or nets, or the grapes are left lying on the ground beneath the vines, or even left hanging on the vine with the vine-arm cut or the stem twisted. Technically speaking the grapes must be cut off from the vine in order for the wine to be a 'straw wine'. If the grapes are just left to over-ripen before being harvested, even if this is to the point of raisining, this is a 'late harvest' wine.The exact technique used varies according to local conditions, traditions and increasingly modern innovations. In some regions the grapes are laid first in the sun and later covered or they are covered at night to protect them against dew fall. In cooler, damper regions, the entire drying process takes place indoors in huts, attics or greenhouses with the bunches lying on racks or hanging up with good air circulation.Straw wines are typically sweet to very sweet white wines, similar in density and sweetness to Sauternes but potentially sweeter. They are capable of long ageing. The low yields and labour-intensive production method means that they are quite expensive. Around Verona red grapes are dried, and are fermented in two different ways to make a strong dry red wine (Amarone) and a sweet red wine (Recioto della Valpolicella).","title":"Straw wine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Malmsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmsey"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"French Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alps"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Commandaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandaria"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"mainland Greece around 800 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Greece"},{"link_name":"Columella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Passum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passum"},{"link_name":"passerillage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerillage"},{"link_name":"Pantelleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria"},{"link_name":"Zibibbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibibbo"},{"link_name":"muscat grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_grape"},{"link_name":"Strait of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The technique dates back to pre-Classical times with wines becoming fashionable in Roman times and in late Medieval/Renaissance Europe when wines such as Malmsey ('Malvasia' originally from Greece) and Candia (from Crete) were highly sought after. Traditionally, most production of these wines has been in Greece, the islands of Sicily, Cyprus, Northern Italy and the French Alps. However, producers in other areas now use the method as well.Excavations in Cyprus on the Neolithic site at Erimi have revealed that sweet wine was made there some 6000 years ago. This is the earliest appearance of sweet wine in the Mediterranean region. A wine grape wine known as the Cypriot Manna (or Nama).[1][2] Similar principles were used to make the medieval Cypriot wine Commandaria, which is still produced today.The process of making raisin wines was described by the Greek poet Hesiod in mainland Greece around 800 BC. Various Mediterranean raisin wines were described in the first century AD by Columella and Pliny the Elder. Pliny uses the Greek term for honey wine for the following raisin wine:The grapes are left on the vine to dry in the sun ... It is made by drying grapes in the sun, and then placing them for seven days in a closed place upon hurdles, some seven feet from the ground, care being taken to protect them at night from the dews: on the eighth day they are trodden out: this method, it is said, produces a liquor of exquisite bouquet and flavour. The liquor known as melitites is also one of the sweet wines.[3]Columella discusses the Passum wine made in ancient Carthage. The modern Italian name for this wine, passito, echoes this ancient word, as does the French word used to describe the process of producing straw wines, passerillage. Perhaps the closest thing to passum is Moscato Passito di Pantelleria from Zibibbo, a variety of the ancient muscat grape, produced on Pantelleria, an island in the Strait of Sicily (50 miles from Tunisia) opposite to where Carthage used to be.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkey Flat Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Flat"},{"link_name":"'The Last Straw'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.turkeyflat.com.au/wines/the-last-straw"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Barossa Valley producer, Turkey Flat Vineyards has been experimenting with this style since 2002 with their 100% Marsanne named 'The Last Straw'. Air-dried on racks for approximately six weeks it is fermented in new oak and then bottle post-fermentation to retain freshness. Residual sugar sits at a comparatively low 59g/L.[5]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_wine"},{"link_name":"wine term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_term"},{"link_name":"Prädikatswein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4dikatswein"},{"link_name":"dessert wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"},{"link_name":"raisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin"},{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wines_from_Austria-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeinG_1999_%C2%A7_11-7"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw"},{"link_name":"reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_(plant)"},{"link_name":"must weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_weight"},{"link_name":"degrees KMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_KMW"},{"link_name":"Beerenauslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerenauslese"},{"link_name":"wine law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeinG_1999_%C2%A7_11-7"},{"link_name":"Trockenbeerenauslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese"},{"link_name":"pressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressed_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeinG_1999_%C2%A7_11-7"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine"}],"text":"Strohwein or Schilfwein is an Austrian wine term in the Prädikatswein category which designates a straw wine, a sweet dessert wine made from raisin-like dried grapes.[6][7] Stroh is German for straw, while Schilf means reed.The minimum must weight requirements for Strohwein or Schilfwein is 25 degrees KMW, the same as for Austrian Beerenauslese, and these regulations are part of the Austrian wine law.[7] The grapes are furthermore required to be dried for a minimum of three months, either by laying the grape bunches on mats of straw or reed, or by hanging the bunches up for drying by suspending them from pieces of string. However, if the grapes have reached a must weight of at least 30 ºKMW (same must weight as a Trockenbeerenauslese) after a minimum of two months, the grapes are allowed to be pressed at this earlier time.[7]Strohwein and Schilfwein are treated as synonyms by the wine law, and the choice between them therefore depends on local naming tradition rather than the specific material used for the drying mats for a specific batch of wine.The Strohwein Prädikat exists only in Austria, not in Germany.","title":"Austria/Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Prošek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro%C5%A1ek"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"}],"text":"The raisin wine most commonly seen in Croatia is Prošek which is traditionally from the southern area of Dalmatia. It is made using dried wine grapes in the passito method. There are only a few commercial producers as it is typically homemade.","title":"Croatia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Czech wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_wine"},{"link_name":"sub-region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"Normalizovaný moštomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalizovan%C3%BD_mu%C5%A1tomer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Slámové víno is the Czech term for straw wine that, under Czech wine law, is classified as a Predicate wine (Czech: Jakostní víno s přívlastkem). Czech regulations require the harvested grapes to come from a single wine sub-region, the grapes must be dried for at least three months either on straw or reed mats or hung in a well-ventilated space, and the must weight is required to reach at least 27° NM on the Normalizovaný moštomer scale.[8] Straw wine in the Czech Republic is typically made from white grapes that are well-ripened and undamaged.[9]","title":"Czech Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vin_paille.jpg"},{"link_name":"ripest vintages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripest_vintages_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Cotes du Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_wine"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Savagnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savagnin"},{"link_name":"Poulsard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulsard"},{"link_name":"Marsanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsanne_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_AOC"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_wine"},{"link_name":"Corrèze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"foie gras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foie_gras"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Vin de PailleVin de Paille is the French for 'straw wine', made only in the ripest vintages. Perhaps the best known example is made in the Cotes du Jura (Arbois and sometimes L'Étoile) from a blend of Chardonnay, Savagnin and the red grape Poulsard. Vins de paille are also made from Marsanne in Hermitage, and from Riesling in Alsace. In Corrèze, it is called Vin paillé. Traditionally the grapes are placed indoors on straw mats for up to three months, and the final wine has 10-20% residual sugar, with flavours of peaches and apricots [original research?]. It is an excellent accompaniment to foie gras.[according to whom?]","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trafford-10"},{"link_name":"Commandaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandaria"},{"link_name":"Richard the Lionheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Xynisteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xynisteri"},{"link_name":"Mavro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavro"},{"link_name":"Négrette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9grette"},{"link_name":"Monemvasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monemvasia"},{"link_name":"Malvasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvasia"},{"link_name":"Assyrtiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrtiko"},{"link_name":"Aidani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidani"},{"link_name":"Athiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athiri"},{"link_name":"Vinsanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinsanto#Wine_regions"},{"link_name":"Santorini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santorini_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Assyrtiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrtiko"},{"link_name":"Aidani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidani"},{"link_name":"Athiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athiri"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains"}],"text":"Liastos is Greek for \"sun-dried\" and is the word used to describe Passito or straw wine. Greece and Cyprus are the original home of the style and quite a few Liastos wines are produced here.Cyprus[10] Commandaria claims descent from the native Cypriot wine served at the wedding of King Richard the Lionheart, just after he conquered the island, and then produced by the Knights Templar at La Grande Commanderie in Cyprus after they purchased it from him, and hence claims to be oldest named wine still in production. Commandaria is made from two indigenous grapes, the white Xynisteri and the red Mavro, an ancestor of the Négrette grape known as Pinot St-George in the US.Monemvasia. Monemvasia-Malvasia is a recreation of the famous Malmsey or Malvasia wine traded by the Venetians and made originally here in the Southeast Peloponnese. The version made by Monemvasia Winery has won many awards recently.It is worth noting that Monemvasia-Malvasia is NOT made from any of the various grapes called Malvasia. It is made from a blend of grapes including Kidonitsa, Assyrtiko, Monemvasia and Asproudi. Some of these varieties are, (or are related to) the ancestor varieties of the Malvasia family, as are Aidani and Athiri mentioned below.Santorini. Vinsanto, the hallmark dessert wine of the island of Santorini, is made of the choicest Assyrtiko grapes, usually blended with small quantities of Aidani and Athiri. These will be pressed and vinified after a few days of sundrying. It is then barrel aged to mature for several years or sometimes much longer. Its capacity for ageing in bottle is measured in decades. Producers include: Argyros, Artemis Karamolegos, Boutari, Gaia, Hadjidakis, Canava Roussos, Santo Wines, Sigalas and Venetsanos Winery.Samos Some of the famed sweet wines of Samos Island are also made of sundried Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains grapes. The most widely available is Nectar, made by the EOSS cooperative. The small wineries Vakakis and Nopera also make examples. Many growers also make private productions, especially around the village of Platanos.Liastos wines are also made on the islands of Paros, Evvia, Tinos, Ikaria and Crete.","title":"Greece/Cyprus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cinque terre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinque_terre"}],"text":"In Italy, the generic name for these wines is passito. The method of production is called rasinate (to dry and shrivel). The Moscato Passito di Pantelleria has already been mentioned above. Other famous passiti include Malvasia delle Lipari Passito D.O.C., Vin Santo in Tuscany, Recioto around Verona, the historical (made since Roman times) Caluso Passito made from Erbaluce grapes from the Canavese region in Piedmont and Sciachetrà from the Cinque terre east of Genoa.","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vin_Santo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cantucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantucci"},{"link_name":"Vin Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Santo"},{"link_name":"Cantucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantucci"}],"sub_title":"Tuscany","text":"Cantucci e Vin Santo in a restaurant in Milan, ItalySee also: Vin SantoVin Santo is made in Tuscany from hand-picked grapes that are hung from the rafters to dry. They are fermented in small cigar-shaped barrels called caratelli, and then aged in the caratelli for up to ten years in the roof of the winery. The wine develops a deep golden or amber color, and a sweet, often nutty, taste. Vin Santo is often served as 'Cantucci e Vin Santo', with almond or hazelnut biscuits which are then dipped in the wine.","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Piedmont","text":"Passito di Caluso, precious straw wine made from Erbaluce di Caluso best grapes harvested, it stays 6 months on straw mats to dry, then after a soft pressing it goes in oak barrels for at least 4 yrs. before being bottled. It is one of the three historical passito wines: Pantelleria, Sciacchetrà and Caluso.","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valpolicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpolicella"},{"link_name":"Corvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvina"},{"link_name":"Rondinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondinella"},{"link_name":"Molinara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinara_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Amarone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarone"},{"link_name":"pomace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomace"},{"link_name":"ripasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripasso"},{"link_name":"Denominazione di Origine Controllata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_di_Origine_Controllata"},{"link_name":"Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_di_Origine_Controllata_e_Garantita"},{"link_name":"Recioto della Valpolicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recioto_della_Valpolicella"},{"link_name":"Botrytis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea"},{"link_name":"noble rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_rot"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"cocoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_solids"},{"link_name":"Prosecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecco"},{"link_name":"Refrontolo passito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refrontolo_passito&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marzemino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzemino"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"W.A. Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.A._Mozart"},{"link_name":"Garganega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garganega"},{"link_name":"Soave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soave_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"panettone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panettone"},{"link_name":"Pandoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoro"},{"link_name":"passito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passito"},{"link_name":"Breganze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breganze"},{"link_name":"Brenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenta_River"},{"link_name":"Bassano del Grappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassano_del_Grappa"},{"link_name":"Valdastico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdastico"},{"link_name":"Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli"},{"link_name":"Nimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimis"},{"link_name":"Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine"},{"link_name":"Verduzzo Friulano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verduzzo_Friulano"},{"link_name":"Picolit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picolit"},{"link_name":"Verduzzo Friulano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verduzzo_Friulano"},{"link_name":"Verduzzo Trevigiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verduzzo_Trevigiano"}],"sub_title":"Veneto","text":"The more famous are the passito wines made from the blend of red wine grapes typical of Valpolicella : 40-70% Corvina, 20-40% Rondinella and 5-25% Molinara. The grapes are dried on traditional straw mats or on racks on the valley slopes. There are two styles of red passito produced in Veneto. If fermentation is complete, the result is Amarone della Valpolicella (\"Amarone\" - literally \"extra bitter\", as opposed to sweet). Amarone is a very ripe, raisiny red wine with very little acid, often >15% alcohol (the legal minimum is 14%). Typically Amarone is released five years after the vintage, even though this is not a legal requirement. The pomace left over from pressing off the Amarone is used in the production of ripasso Valpolicellas. Amarone was awarded Denominazione di Origine Controllata status in December 1990 and promoted to Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status in December 2009. If fermentation is incomplete, the result is a sweet red wine called Recioto della Valpolicella. Fermentation may stop for several reasons including low nutrient levels, high alcohol, and Botrytis metabolites. Grapes dried in the valley bottoms are more prone to noble rot and are favored for Recioto, whereas grapes intended for Amarone are dried on the higher slopes to avoid Botrytis.Recioto della Valpolicella is regarded as a good companion to chocolate desserts because of the high acidity in cocoa.Refrontolo passito is a passito red wine produced in a hilly area close to Conegliano in the Treviso province. In a few hectares of this small area in the core of Prosecco, only a few thousand bottles of Refrontolo passito, a Denominazione of Colli di Conegliano DOCG, are produced. This wine is made from Marzemino grapes, it was already appreciated in the past as documented in the opera Don Giovanni of W.A. Mozart, where the protagonist describes it as an excellent wine.Recioto di Soave is the passito white wine from around Verona, made from the Garganega grape used in Soave. The name comes from the word, recie that in the native Venetian language means 'ears', a reference to this variety's habit of forming two small clusters of extra-ripe grapes sticking out of the top of the main bunch, that were preferred for this wine. It seems to be an ancient wine, in the 5th century AD, Cassiodorus refers to a sweet white wine from Verona that sounds like Recioto di Soave.[11] A classic accompaniment can be the Christmas sweets panettone and Pandoro of Verona.Torcolato is also passito style white wine from the region. It has a warm golden color and sweet flavor, pleasantly persistent, round and thick; it is an excellent dessert wine, one of the top national wines. It is produced in Breganze, along the Strada (or Wine Road) between the Astico and Brenta rivers, in the strip of land between the city of Bassano del Grappa and the Valdastico valley. The name comes from a word of the Venetian language and means twisted, indeed, in the traditional production method, the clusters were twisted to dried.Ramandolo passito is a passito wine from the closely Friuli region. Typically produced in the hilly area around Nimis closed to Udine by Verduzzo Friulano grapes, is sweet full-bodied and honey taste. In the same area is produced even the prestigious Picolit, an extremely high quality passito wine. In the Treviso and Venice area are often produced some 'Ramandolo style' wines by the varieties Verduzzo Friulano and Verduzzo Trevigiano A match up that could be recommended is between the Venetian sweet bussolà and Verduzzo passito wines.","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_wine"},{"link_name":"Normalizovaný muštomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalizovan%C3%BD_mu%C5%A1tomer"},{"link_name":"sub-region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Slamové víno is the Slovak term for straw wine that, under Slovak wine law, is classified as a Predicate wine (Slovak: Akostné víno s prívlastkom). Slovak regulations require the wine to be produced from well ripened grapes, stored before processing on straw or reed matting, or hung on strings for at least three months; additionally, the must weight is required to reach at least 27 °NM on the Normalizovaný muštomer scale. Grapes should originate in a single wine sub-region and reach at least 6% of alcohol.[citation needed]","title":"Slovakia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trafford-10"},{"link_name":"Chenin blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenin_blanc"}],"text":"De Trafford created the first Vin de Paille to be released under the new appellation \"Wine from Naturally Dried Grapes\" in 1997.[10] They use 100% Chenin blanc.","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Ximénez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Xim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"solera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solera"},{"link_name":"sherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherries"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pedro Bernardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Bernardo"},{"link_name":"Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_%C3%81vila"},{"link_name":"Castile and Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Leon"},{"link_name":"Uva Ligeruela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uva_Ligeruela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tinaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinaja"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ribeiro (DO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribeiro_(DO)"}],"text":"A number of wineries produce straw wine, known in Spanish as vino de pasas, including Bodegas Oliveros and Bodegas Gonzalez Palacios. Most involve a blend of two grapes, the first one usually a Muscat.Pedro Ximénez grapes are dried in the sun before being vinified, fortified and matured in a solera system like other sherries.[12]Another straw wine of Spain, produced only by locals of the town of Pedro Bernardo, province of Ávila, Castile and Leon is known as Ligeruelo wine. Grapes of the Uva Ligeruela variety are cultivated in drained, warm, sunny vineyards, and then collected and partially dehydrated over \"zardos\", or wicker beds constructed to give a light maturation to the grapes, exposed to sun during the first days of fall. These half-dried grapes are then vinified in big clay jars or amphorae (called tinaja), and conserved in clay or crystal recipients.[citation needed]In Galicia straw wine is known as viño tostado, and is traditionally produced at Ribeiro (DO).","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Barcelo Winery produces a straw wine known as Caballo Blanco primarily from Alexandrian Muscat.[citation needed]","title":"Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slavicek2009-13"},{"link_name":"California wineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_wine"},{"link_name":"Tablas Creek Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablas_Creek_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Paso Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_Robles_AVA"},{"link_name":"Roussanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussanne"},{"link_name":"Mourvèdre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre"},{"link_name":"Viognier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viognier"},{"link_name":"Grenache blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache_blanc"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sine Qua Non","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_Qua_Non_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Sémillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9millon"},{"link_name":"Napa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Barboursville Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barboursville_Vineyards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"When commercial wine was banned during Prohibition from 1920 to 1933, homemade raisin wine became a popular substitute. Raisin producers circuitously promoted the practice by issuing warnings against winemaking that were so detailed as to function as winemaking instructions.[13]Some California wineries are experimenting with the vin de paille style. Tablas Creek Vineyard, in Paso Robles, make one from 100% Roussanne, one from 100% Mourvèdre, and one from a blend of Roussanne, Viognier, Grenache blanc and Marsanne,[14] while cult winery Sine Qua Non makes one from 100% Sémillon. Stony Hill winery, a Chardonnay producer in the Napa Valley, makes a 100% Semillon in the Italian passito style.[citation needed] Qupé, in Santa Barbara County, makes a vin de paille from 100% Marsanne, sourced from the Sawyer Lindquist Vineyard.[citation needed]Barboursville Vineyards in Virginia produces a straw wine in the Italian passito style, based on Moscato Ottonel and Vidal grapes.[15] Potomac Point Winery, also in Virginia, produces a straw wine based on the Petit Manseng grape.[16][17] Likewise, King Family Vineyards in Crozet, Virginia produces a 100% Petit Manseng in the vin de paille style, called \"Loreley\".[18]In Texas, it was illegal to make wine from dried grapes until 1999, when following pressure from Shawn and Rocko Bruno, who wanted to recreate the raisin wines of their Sicilian heritage, the Alcoholic Beverage Code was amended.[19]Ravines Wine Cellars in the Finger Lakes produces a vin de paille from Chardonnay grapes. The cool climate of the Finger Lakes gives the grapes a good acidity like the Jura region of France.[20]Silver Springs Winery in the Finger Lakes produces a vin de paille from 100% Cayuga White and 100% Pinot Grigio.[21]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A Danish winery, Vester Ulslev Vingaard, has made wine from dried grapes since 2007. The varieties used are Léon Millot and Cabernet Cantor. The grapes are dried for 4–5 weeks using forced ventilation. During that time the grapes lose up to 50% of their weight, the remaining juice being similarly more concentrated. The wines produced are red, dry wines with a level of alcohol of more than 15%. Vester Ulslev Vingaard sees the use of dried grapes as a means to make more powerful wines in a cool climate and also as a means to redress deficits in concentration and sugars in bad seasons. In 2010 a double-fermented (ripasso-method) wine was also produced using the pomace of the first wine.","title":"Denmark"}]
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[{"image_text":"Muscat grapes drying in the sun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%27Liastos%27_Traditional_straw_wine_in_Greece.jpg/220px-%27Liastos%27_Traditional_straw_wine_in_Greece.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grapes sun-wilting on the plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/October_15%2C_The_grape_sun-wilting_on_the_plant%2C_ending.jpg/170px-October_15%2C_The_grape_sun-wilting_on_the_plant%2C_ending.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grapes laid out to dry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Passito_z01.JPG/220px-Passito_z01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vin de Paille","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vin_paille.jpg/250px-Vin_paille.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cantucci e Vin Santo in a restaurant in Milan, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vin_Santo.JPG/250px-Vin_Santo.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Dessert wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"},{"title":"Late harvest wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_harvest_wine"},{"title":"Sweetness of wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine"},{"title":"Vin Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Santo"}]
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[{"reference":"Inglett, George E.; Charalambous, George, eds. (1981). The Quality of Foods and Beverages: Chemistry and Technology. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0-12-169101-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/qualityoffoods01char","url_text":"The Quality of Foods and Beverages: Chemistry and Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-169101-2","url_text":"0-12-169101-2"}]},{"reference":"Kambas, Michele (21 May 2005). \"Cypriots thought to be first Mediterranean winemakers\". Kathimerini. Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060136/http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid%3D56560","url_text":"\"Cypriots thought to be first Mediterranean winemakers\""},{"url":"http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid%3D56560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES., CHAP. 11. (9.) — EIGHTEEN VARIETEIS OF SWEET WINE. RAISIN-WINE AND HEPSEMA\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=14:chapter=11","url_text":"\"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES., CHAP. 11. (9.) — EIGHTEEN VARIETEIS OF SWEET WINE. RAISIN-WINE AND HEPSEMA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106193206/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey Flat Vineyards\". www.turkeyflat.com.au. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.turkeyflat.com.au/wines/the-last-straw","url_text":"\"Turkey Flat Vineyards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621172159/http://www.turkeyflat.com.au/wines/the-last-straw","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wines from Austria: Quality Designations in Detail\". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065426/http://www.winesfromaustria.com/data/law1.html","url_text":"\"Wines from Austria: Quality Designations in Detail\""},{"url":"http://www.winesfromaustria.com/data/law1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bundesgesetz über den Verkehr mit Wein und Obstwein (Weingesetz 1999)\" [The Austrian Wine Law – updated BGBl. I Nr. 87/2005] (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. § 11. Prädikatswein","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928075751/http://www.api.or.at/akis/download/gestze/weingesetz%20bgbl%2087%202005.pdf","url_text":"\"Bundesgesetz über den Verkehr mit Wein und Obstwein (Weingesetz 1999)\""},{"url":"http://www.api.or.at/akis/download/gestze/weingesetz%20bgbl%2087%202005.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"De Trafford Wines Stellenbosch South Africa\". detrafford.co.za. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170101/http://detrafford.co.za/w_straw1997.htm","url_text":"\"De Trafford Wines Stellenbosch South Africa\""},{"url":"http://detrafford.co.za/w_straw1997.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pedro Ximénez\". Sherry Wines. 6 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sherry.wine/wines/vino-dulce-natural/pedro-ximenez","url_text":"\"Pedro Ximénez\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606143532/http://www.sherry.wine/wines/vino-dulce-natural/pedro-ximenez","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2009). The Prohibition Era. Infobase Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4381-0437-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ceTybFidBkwC","url_text":"The Prohibition Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0437-9","url_text":"978-1-4381-0437-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Potomac Point wine list\". potomacpointwinery.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100621064247/http://www.potomacpointwinery.com/Wines.aspx","url_text":"\"Potomac Point wine list\""},{"url":"http://www.potomacpointwinery.com/Wines.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Potomac Point Vineyard & Winery Petit Manseng\". CellarTracker. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cellartracker.com//wine.asp?iWine=961099","url_text":"\"2008 Potomac Point Vineyard & Winery Petit Manseng\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100621064247/http://www.potomacpointwinery.com/Wines.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"King Family Vineyards - 404 Error\". www.kingfamilyvineyards.com. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingfamilyvineyards.com/product/Loreley-2012?pageID=17992B02-CD4C-BC50-527A-A6A9093A8AC4","url_text":"\"King Family Vineyards - 404 Error\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ravines Wine Cellars\". ravineswine.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ravineswine.com/","url_text":"\"Ravines Wine Cellars\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170605125213/http://www.ravineswine.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Zuccarino , Silver Springs Winery L.L.C.\" www.silverspringswinery.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silverspringswinery.com/","url_text":"\"Zuccarino , Silver Springs Winery L.L.C.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170605170322/http://www.silverspringswinery.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES., CHAP. 11. (9.) — EIGHTEEN VARIETEIS OF SWEET WINE. RAISIN-WINE AND HEPSEMA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106193206/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D11","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://italianmade.com/wine-details/moscato-passito-di-pantelleria-19-459.html","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002442/http://italianmade.com/wine-details/moscato-passito-di-pantelleria-19-459.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.turkeyflat.com.au/wines/the-last-straw","external_links_name":"\"Turkey Flat Vineyards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621172159/http://www.turkeyflat.com.au/wines/the-last-straw","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065426/http://www.winesfromaustria.com/data/law1.html","external_links_name":"\"Wines from Austria: Quality Designations in Detail\""},{"Link":"http://www.winesfromaustria.com/data/law1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928075751/http://www.api.or.at/akis/download/gestze/weingesetz%20bgbl%2087%202005.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bundesgesetz über den Verkehr mit Wein und Obstwein (Weingesetz 1999)\""},{"Link":"http://www.api.or.at/akis/download/gestze/weingesetz%20bgbl%2087%202005.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vinarskyfond.cz/legislativa/1-vinarska_legislativa_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"Czech Wine Fund: Viticulture Act of 2004"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718190125/http://www.vinarskyfond.cz/legislativa/1-vinarska_legislativa_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wineofczechrepublic.cz/4-1-description-of-wines-in-cr-en.html","external_links_name":"Wine of the Czech Republic: Description of Wines"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206100513/http://www.wineofczechrepublic.cz/4-1-description-of-wines-in-cr-en.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170101/http://detrafford.co.za/w_straw1997.htm","external_links_name":"\"De Trafford Wines Stellenbosch South Africa\""},{"Link":"http://detrafford.co.za/w_straw1997.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://italianmade.com/wine-details/recioto-di-soave-5-110.html","external_links_name":"Italianmade.com article on Recioto di Soave"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110508082735/http://italianmade.com/wine-details/recioto-di-soave-5-110.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sherry.wine/wines/vino-dulce-natural/pedro-ximenez","external_links_name":"\"Pedro Ximénez\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606143532/http://www.sherry.wine/wines/vino-dulce-natural/pedro-ximenez","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ceTybFidBkwC","external_links_name":"The Prohibition Era"},{"Link":"https://www.cleverconcepts.net/tablascreek.com/order.php","external_links_name":"Tablas Creek wine list"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228103431/https://www.cleverconcepts.net/tablascreek.com/order.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.barboursvillewine.net/wine/vineyard-and-wines/wine-at-barboursville/our-wines","external_links_name":"Barboursville wine list"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091124112306/http://www.barboursvillewine.net/wine/vineyard-and-wines/wine-at-barboursville/our-wines","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100621064247/http://www.potomacpointwinery.com/Wines.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Point wine list\""},{"Link":"http://www.potomacpointwinery.com/Wines.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cellartracker.com//wine.asp?iWine=961099","external_links_name":"\"2008 Potomac Point Vineyard & Winery Petit Manseng\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100621064247/http://www.potomacpointwinery.com/Wines.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kingfamilyvineyards.com/product/Loreley-2012?pageID=17992B02-CD4C-BC50-527A-A6A9093A8AC4","external_links_name":"\"King Family Vineyards - 404 Error\""},{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.tx.us/billlookup/Text.aspx?LegSess=76R&Bill=SB1676","external_links_name":"Bill SB1676"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005074910/http://www.legis.state.tx.us/billlookup/Text.aspx?LegSess=76R&Bill=SB1676","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ravineswine.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ravines Wine Cellars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170605125213/http://www.ravineswine.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.silverspringswinery.com/","external_links_name":"\"Zuccarino , Silver Springs Winery L.L.C.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170605170322/http://www.silverspringswinery.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://tablascreek.typepad.com/tablas/2010/11/vin-de-paille-dessert-wine-making-for-the-obsessed.html","external_links_name":"\"Vin de Paille: A Dessert Wine Making Technique for the Obsessed\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552205205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009007846","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph734946&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilyev
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Mogilev
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["1 History","2 Religion","3 Economy","4 Cityscape","5 Geography","5.1 Climate","6 Notable citizens","7 Sports","8 Twin towns – sister cities","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 53°55′N 30°21′E / 53.917°N 30.350°E / 53.917; 30.350City in Mogilev Region, Belarus
This article is about the city in Belarus. For the city in Ukraine, see Mohyliv-Podilskyi.
City in Mogilev Region, BelarusMogilev
Магілёў • МогилёвMahilyowCityBelarusian transcription(s) • BGN/PCGNMahilyow • Official, ŁacinkaMahilioŭ • ScholarlyMahilëŭ • ALA-LCMahili͡oŭ • BritishMahilëw
FlagCoat of armsMogilevLocation of Mogilev, shown within Mogilev RegionCoordinates: 53°55′N 30°21′E / 53.917°N 30.350°E / 53.917; 30.350CountryBelarusRegionMogilev RegionFounded1267Government • MayorAlyaksandr Studnew Area • Total118.50 km2 (45.75 sq mi)Elevation192 m (630 ft)Population (2024) • Total353,110 • Density3,000/km2 (7,700/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)Postal code212 001Area code+375 222License plate6WebsiteCity's executive committee's official website
Mogilev (US: /məɡɪlˈjɔːf/), also transliterated as Mahilyow (Belarusian: Магілёў, romanized: Mahilioŭ, IPA: ; Russian: Могилёв, romanized: Mogilyov, IPA: ; Yiddish: מאָגילעוו, romanized: Mogilev, IPA: ), is a city in eastern Belarus. It is located on the Dnieper River, about 76 kilometres (47 miles) from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km (65 miles) from Bryansk Oblast. As of 2024, it has a population of 353,110. In 2011, its population was 360,918, up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956. It serves as the administrative centre of Mogilev Region, and is the third-largest city in Belarus.Historical populationYearPop.±%189743,119— 192341,622−3.5%192646,562+11.9%193999,428+113.5%1959121,712+22.4%1970202,314+66.2%1979290,361+43.5%1989359,188+23.7%1999356,500−0.7%2009358,279+0.5%2019356,821−0.4%Source: pop-stat.mashke.org
History
Mogilev Governorate in Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906-1913Wehrmacht propaganda photograph of Jewish women in Mogilev, July 1941; Mogilev Jews were murdered by Nazi Police Battalion 322 in October.
Mogilev in July 1941
The city was first mentioned in historical records in 1267. From the 14th century, it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and since the Union of Lublin (1569), part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where it became known as Mohylew. In the 16th-17th centuries, the city flourished as one of the main nodes of the east–west and north–south trading routes.
In 1577, Polish King Stefan Batory granted it city rights under Magdeburg law. In 1654, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), the townsmen negotiated a treaty of surrender to the Russians peacefully, if the Jews were to be expelled and their property divided up among Mogilev's inhabitants. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovitch agreed. However, instead of expelling the Jews, the Russian troops massacred them after they had led them to the outskirts of the town. During this war, the city was besieged twice by the Lithuanian army: in 1655 and in 1660. In 1661, local residents started an uprising against the Russian imperial rule . The city was set afire by Peter the Great's forces in 1708, during the Great Northern War. After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Mogilev became part of the Russian Empire and became the centre of the Mogilev Governorate. In 1938 it was decided Mogilev was to become the capital of Belarus because Minsk was too close to the then-Polish-Soviet border.
In the years 1915–1917, during World War I, the Stavka, the headquarters of the Russian Imperial Army, was based in the city and the Tsar, Nicholas II, spent long periods there as Commander-in-Chief.
Following the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the city was briefly occupied by Germany and placed under their short-lived Belarusian People's Republic. In 1919, Mogilev was captured by the forces of Soviet Russia and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. Up to World War II and the Holocaust, like many other cities in Europe, Mogilev had a significant Jewish population: according to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 41,100, 21,500 were Jews (i.e. over 50 percent). In 1938 the leadership of Soviet Belarus decided to move the capital of the country from Minsk to Mogilev. Due to that, the now-Mogilev City Council building was built in 1938–1940 with the aim of being the government building. It was designed to resemble the Minsk Government building.
During Operation Barbarossa, the city was conquered by Wehrmacht forces on 26 July 1941 and remained under German occupation until 28 June 1944. Mogilev became the official residence of High SS and police leader (HSSPF) Erich von dem Bach. During that period, the Jews of Mogilev were ghettoized and systematically murdered by Ordnungspolizei and SS personnel. Heinrich Himmler personally witnessed the executions of 279 Jews on 23 October 1941. Later that month, a number of mentally disabled patients were poisoned with car exhaust fumes as an experiment; the method of killing was thereafter applied in several Nazi extermination camps. Initial plans for establishing a death camp in Mogilev were abandoned in favour of Maly Trostenets.
In 1944, with the Mogilev offensive, the devastated city was liberated by the Red Army and returned to Soviet control. Mogilev then was the site of a labour camp for German POW soldiers.
Since Belarus gained its independence in 1991, Mogilev has remained one of its principal cities.
Religion
Mohilev was the episcopal see of the Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev until its 1991 merger into the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev.
It remains the see of the Eparchy (Eastern diocese) of Mogilev and Mstsislaw in the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Economy
After World War II, a huge metallurgy centre with several major steel mills was built. Also, several major factories of cranes, cars, tractors and a chemical plant were established. By the 1950s, tanning was Mogilev's principal industry, and it was a major trading centre for cereal, leather, salt, sugar, fish, timber and flint: the city has been home to a major inland port on the Dnieper river since and an airport since. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of Belarus as an independent country, Mogilev has become one of that country's main economic and industrial centres.
Cityscape
The town's most notable landmark is the late 17th-century town hall, named the Ratuša (Rathaus), that was built during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The grand tower of the town hall sustained serious damage during the Great Northern War and the Great Patriotic War. It was eventually demolished in 1957 and rebuilt in its pre-war form in 2008.
Another important landmark of Mogilev is the six-pillared St. Stanisław's Cathedral, built in the Baroque style between 1738 and 1752 and distinguished by its frescoes.
The convent of St. Nicholas preserves its magnificent cathedral of 1668, as well as the original iconostasis, bell tower, walls, and gates. It is currently under consideration to become a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Minor landmarks include the archiepiscopal palace and memorial arch, both dating from the 1780s, and the enormous theater in a blend of the Neo-Renaissance and Russian Revival styles.
At Polykovichi, an urban part of Mogilev, there is a 350 metre tall guyed TV mast, one of the tallest structures in Belarus.
The Convent of St. Nicholas
The Russian Orthodox church
St. Stanisław's Cathedral
The city center
Mogilev City Council building which was intended to be the government building after the 1938 propposed relocation of the capital from Minsk to Mogilev.
Another view of the Mogilev City Council building.
Geography
Climate
Mogilev has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm summers and cold winters.
Climate data for Mogilev
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
9.8(49.6)
12.9(55.2)
19.3(66.7)
29.1(84.4)
30.8(87.4)
32.6(90.7)
34.3(93.7)
36.8(98.2)
30.6(87.1)
25.5(77.9)
14.5(58.1)
10.9(51.6)
36.8(98.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−3.0(26.6)
−2.5(27.5)
3.0(37.4)
12.0(53.6)
18.6(65.5)
21.5(70.7)
23.6(74.5)
22.7(72.9)
16.7(62.1)
9.9(49.8)
2.3(36.1)
−2.0(28.4)
10.2(50.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−5.3(22.5)
−5.5(22.1)
−0.8(30.6)
6.7(44.1)
12.9(55.2)
16.1(61.0)
18.1(64.6)
17.0(62.6)
11.6(52.9)
6.0(42.8)
−0.1(31.8)
−4.2(24.4)
6.0(42.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−7.8(18.0)
−8.5(16.7)
−4.2(24.4)
2.0(35.6)
7.3(45.1)
10.8(51.4)
12.7(54.9)
11.6(52.9)
7.1(44.8)
2.6(36.7)
−2.3(27.9)
−6.6(20.1)
2.1(35.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−37.3(−35.1)
−34.7(−30.5)
−35.0(−31.0)
−17.7(0.1)
−4.4(24.1)
−0.7(30.7)
3.0(37.4)
0.9(33.6)
−4.8(23.4)
−14.8(5.4)
−23.5(−10.3)
−33.4(−28.1)
−37.3(−35.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
39(1.5)
34(1.3)
39(1.5)
41(1.6)
53(2.1)
75(3.0)
81(3.2)
65(2.6)
55(2.2)
54(2.1)
45(1.8)
41(1.6)
622(24.5)
Average rainy days
8
7
9
12
15
17
15
13
14
15
14
10
149
Average snowy days
21
20
13
4
0.2
0
0
0
0.1
3
12
20
93
Average relative humidity (%)
87
85
80
72
69
74
74
75
80
84
89
89
80
Source: Pogoda.ru.net
Notable citizens
David Pinski around 1900
Rita Achkina, cross country skier
Matest M. Agrest, ethnologist and mathematician
Modest Altschuler, orchestra conductor
Abe Anellis, microbiologist
Olga Bogdanova, chemist
Kanstancin Dziubajla (nom de guerre "Dranik") (1988-2022), Belarusian volunteer killed in action defending Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion
Petr Elfimov, musician
Svetlana Baitova, gymnast
Ihar Hershankou, serial killer
Alyona Lanskaya, singer
Eugenia Logvinovna Lashnyukova, nun
Joseph Lookstein, Rabbi and President of Bar-Ilan University
Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam, physicist
Andrey Melnikov, soldier and recipient of Hero of the Soviet Union award
Andrej Mryj, satirical writer, journalist, translator and a victim of Stalin's purges
Ivan Nasovič, author of the first Belarusian dictionary
Stanisław Julian Ostroróg, Polish count, Crimean War veteran, noted Victorian Photographic portraitist, naturalised British subject
David Pinski, Yiddish playwright
Simeon Piščević, major-general and governor of Mogilev (1777)
Lev Polugaevsky, International Grandmaster of chess
Leo Rogin, Economist and Writer
Otto Schmidt, scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, academician
Issai Schur, mathematician
Spiridon Sobol, Belarusian enlightener and printer; published the first ABC-book in Belarus in 1631
Mikałaj Sudziłoŭski, revolutionary and scientist
Sergey Evtuhov (born 1953), painter
Sports
Spartak Stadium
City sports teams:
Football: FC Torpedo Mogilev, FC Dnepr Mogilev and ZhFC Dnepr Mogilev, Nadezhda Mogilev
Hockey: HK Mogilev
Volleyball: Mogilev Lions, Kommunalnik
Handball: Masheka
Basketball: BC Borisfen
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus
Mogilev is twinned with:
Al Rayyan, Qatar
Bursa, Turkey
Changsha, China
Eisenach, Germany
Gabrovo, Bulgaria
Kerch, Ukraine
Kragujevac, Serbia
Mykolaiv, Ukraine
Nanjing, China
Penza, Russia
Sokolinaya Gora (Moscow), Russia
Sumgait, Azerbaijan
Tabriz, Iran
Tula, Russia
Villeurbanne, France
Wittenberg, Germany
Yuzhne, Ukraine
Zhengzhou, China
Zvenigorod, Russia
Notes
^ BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian
^ Official transliteration
References
^ British Standard 2979 : 1958, London: British Standards Institution.
^ a b c "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "Definition of MOGILEV".
^ Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Магілёўская вобласць: нарматыўны даведнік / І. А. Гапоненка і інш.; пад рэд. В. П. Лемуюгова . — Мн.: Тэхналогія, 2007. — 406 с. — ISBN 978-985-458-159-0. (DJVU) (in Belarusian)
^ Ярковец, А.И. (2011). "Численность населения на 1 января 2011 года и среднегодовая численность населения за 2010 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". Статистический бюллетень (in Russian). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь: 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
^ "Cities & Towns of Belarus". 2024-04-15.
^ Breitman, Richard (1998). Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew. New York:, 1998. New York: Hill and Wang/Farrar Straus & Giroux. p. 66. ISBN 9780809001842.
^ Russia's First Modern Jews, NYU Press 1995, David Fishman, p.2
^ Катлярчук, Андрэй (2007). Швэды ў гісторыі й культуры беларусаў (PDF) (in Belarusian). Ėntsyklapedyks. ISBN 978-9856599586.
^ Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pages 36 - 39, 41 - 42, 111-112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
^ "Mogilev invites tourists to take a stroll with Emperor Nicholas II". Official website of Belarus.
^ Massie, Robert (1967). Nicholas and Alexandria. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 300. ISBN 9780345438317.
^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
^ "Mogilev The fate of the Jews under the German Invasion & Occupation". Holocaustresearchproject.org. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
^ "Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus". Jhrgbelarus.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
^ "Mogilev Region". Belarus.by. Govt of Belarus.
^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2004-01-30). "St. Nicholas Monastery Complex in the city of Mahilyou – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
^ "КЛИМАТ МОГИЛЕВА" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ ""Самыя блізкія пабрацімы называлі яго "Дранік"". У Данецкай вобласьці загінуў яшчэ адзін беларус, які бараніў Украіну ("The closest brothers called him" Dranik "." Another Belarusian defending Ukraine died in Donetsk region) Радыё Свабода (Radio Liberty) (in Belarusian)". Retrieved 14 May 2022.
^ FC Torpedo Mogilev (2015-01-30). "Official Website of FC Torpedo Mogilev". torpedomogilev.by. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
^ "Города-побратимы". mogilev.gov.by (in Russian). Mogilev. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
^ "白俄罗斯莫吉廖夫市". changsha.gov.cn (in Chinese). Changsha. 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahilioŭ.
Look up mogilev in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Mogilev city executive committee
Photos on Radzima.org
Historic images of Mogilev
Mogilev Jewish Center Archived 2010-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
Jewish Encyclopedia on Moghilef (Mohilev)
"Mogilev on the Dnieper" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
The murder of the Jews of Mogilev during World War II, at Yad Vashem website
Mahilyow, Belarus at JewishGen
City and regional maps of Mogilev
Zoomable map of Mogilev and Belarus -> In page click КАРТЫ in middle
Overview map of roads and railways
General overview of Baltics, Belarus and east-europe
Belarus, topographic map
"Baltic countries full detail railway map. Belarus and Baltics in C1 sector". Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
General detail, downloadable PDF map of Belarus
vteAdministrative seats of the regions of Belarus
Brest
Gomel
Grodno
Minsk
Mogilev
Vitebsk
vteSubdivisions of Mogilev Region, BelarusDistricts(raiony)
Asipovichy
Byalynichy
Babruysk
Bykhaw
Chavusy
Cherykaw
Hlusk
Horki
Drybin
Khotsimsk
Kirawsk
Klimavichy
Klichaw
Krasnapollye
Krychaw
Kruhlaye
Kastsyukovichy
Mogilev
Mstsislaw
Slawharad
Shklow
Cities and towns
Asipovichy
Babruysk
Bykhaw
Byalynichy
Cherykaw
Chavusy
Hlusk
Horki
Kastsyukovichy
Kirawsk
Klichaw
Klimavichy
Kruhlaye
Krychaw
Mogilev
Mstsislaw
Slawharad
Shklow
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohyliv-Podilskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohyliv-Podilskyi"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/məɡɪlˈjɔːf/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[maɣʲiˈlʲou̯]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[məɡʲɪˈlʲɵf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish"},{"link_name":"[mɔˈgilɛv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Dnieper River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_border"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Smolensk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Bryansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belstat2011-7"},{"link_name":"Mogilev Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_Region"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-2"},{"link_name":"third-largest city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus"}],"text":"City in Mogilev Region, BelarusThis article is about the city in Belarus. For the city in Ukraine, see Mohyliv-Podilskyi.City in Mogilev Region, BelarusMogilev (US: /məɡɪlˈjɔːf/),[3] also transliterated as Mahilyow[a] (Belarusian: Магілёў, romanized: Mahilioŭ,[b] IPA: [maɣʲiˈlʲou̯];[4] Russian: Могилёв, romanized: Mogilyov, IPA: [məɡʲɪˈlʲɵf]; Yiddish: מאָגילעוו, romanized: Mogilev, IPA: [mɔˈgilɛv]), is a city in eastern Belarus. It is located on the Dnieper River, about 76 kilometres (47 miles) from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km (65 miles) from Bryansk Oblast. As of 2024, it has a population of 353,110.[2] In 2011, its population was 360,918,[5] up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956. It serves as the administrative centre of Mogilev Region,[2] and is the third-largest city in Belarus.","title":"Mogilev"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e11_151-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mogilev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1091-06A,_Russland,_Mogilew,_j%C3%BCdische_Frauen_auf_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht_Propaganda_Troops"},{"link_name":"Police Battalion 322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Battalion_322"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1091-29A,_Russland,_Mogilew,_Ansicht.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Union of Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Lublin"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Stefan Batory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Batory"},{"link_name":"city rights under Magdeburg law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_law"},{"link_name":"Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"in 1655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mogilev_(1655)"},{"link_name":"in 1660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mogilev_(1660)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"local residents started an uprising against the Russian imperial rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogilev_uprising_(1661)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1661)"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"First Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mogilev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Stavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"Russian Imperial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Army"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Belarusian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Russian census of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_census_of_1897"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mogilev City Council building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2)"},{"link_name":"Minsk Government building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Minsk"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"High SS and police leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_and_police_leader"},{"link_name":"Erich von dem Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski"},{"link_name":"ghettoized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Ordnungspolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnungspolizei"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"extermination camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp"},{"link_name":"Maly Trostenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maly_Trostenets_extermination_camp"},{"link_name":"Mogilev offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_offensive"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"German POW soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"}],"text":"Mogilev Governorate in Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906-1913Wehrmacht propaganda photograph of Jewish women in Mogilev, July 1941; Mogilev Jews were murdered by Nazi Police Battalion 322 in October.[7]Mogilev in July 1941The city was first mentioned in historical records in 1267. From the 14th century, it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and since the Union of Lublin (1569), part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where it became known as Mohylew. In the 16th-17th centuries, the city flourished as one of the main nodes of the east–west and north–south trading routes.In 1577, Polish King Stefan Batory granted it city rights under Magdeburg law. In 1654, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), the townsmen negotiated a treaty of surrender to the Russians peacefully, if the Jews were to be expelled and their property divided up among Mogilev's inhabitants. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovitch agreed. However, instead of expelling the Jews, the Russian troops massacred them after they had led them to the outskirts of the town.[8] During this war, the city was besieged twice by the Lithuanian army: in 1655 and in 1660. In 1661, local residents started an uprising against the Russian imperial rule [ru]. The city was set afire by Peter the Great's forces in 1708, during the Great Northern War.[9] After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Mogilev became part of the Russian Empire and became the centre of the Mogilev Governorate. In 1938 it was decided Mogilev was to become the capital of Belarus because Minsk was too close to the then-Polish-Soviet border.In the years 1915–1917, during World War I, the Stavka, the headquarters of the Russian Imperial Army, was based in the city [10] and the Tsar, Nicholas II, spent long periods there as Commander-in-Chief.[11][12]Following the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the city was briefly occupied by Germany and placed under their short-lived Belarusian People's Republic. In 1919, Mogilev was captured by the forces of Soviet Russia and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. Up to World War II and the Holocaust, like many other cities in Europe, Mogilev had a significant Jewish population: according to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 41,100, 21,500 were Jews (i.e. over 50 percent).[13] In 1938 the leadership of Soviet Belarus decided to move the capital of the country from Minsk to Mogilev. Due to that, the now-Mogilev City Council building was built in 1938–1940 with the aim of being the government building. It was designed to resemble the Minsk Government building.During Operation Barbarossa, the city was conquered by Wehrmacht forces on 26 July 1941 and remained under German occupation until 28 June 1944.[14] Mogilev became the official residence of High SS and police leader (HSSPF) Erich von dem Bach. During that period, the Jews of Mogilev were ghettoized and systematically murdered by Ordnungspolizei and SS personnel.[15] Heinrich Himmler personally witnessed the executions of 279 Jews on 23 October 1941. Later that month, a number of mentally disabled patients were poisoned with car exhaust fumes as an experiment; the method of killing was thereafter applied in several Nazi extermination camps. Initial plans for establishing a death camp in Mogilev were abandoned in favour of Maly Trostenets.In 1944, with the Mogilev offensive, the devastated city was liberated by the Red Army and returned to Soviet control. Mogilev then was the site of a labour camp for German POW soldiers.Since Belarus gained its independence in 1991, Mogilev has remained one of its principal cities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mohilev"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Minsk-Mohilev"},{"link_name":"Eparchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy"},{"link_name":"Mstsislaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstsislaw"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Exarchate_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church"}],"text":"Mohilev was the episcopal see of the Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev until its 1991 merger into the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev.It remains the see of the Eparchy (Eastern diocese) of Mogilev and Mstsislaw in the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahilyow_Airport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"After World War II, a huge metallurgy centre with several major steel mills was built. Also, several major factories of cranes, cars, tractors and a chemical plant were established. By the 1950s, tanning was Mogilev's principal industry, and it was a major trading centre for cereal, leather, salt, sugar, fish, timber and flint: the city has been home to a major inland port on the Dnieper river since and an airport since. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of Belarus as an independent country, Mogilev has become one of that country's main economic and industrial centres.[16]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"iconostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Neo-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Russian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revival"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sviato-Nikolskij_monastyr_v_Mogileve.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%91%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mogilev_City_Center,_Astrologer_Statue,_2014.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E_-_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_PICT1773.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%96_(01).jpg"}],"text":"The town's most notable landmark is the late 17th-century town hall, named the Ratuša (Rathaus), that was built during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The grand tower of the town hall sustained serious damage during the Great Northern War and the Great Patriotic War. It was eventually demolished in 1957 and rebuilt in its pre-war form in 2008.Another important landmark of Mogilev is the six-pillared St. Stanisław's Cathedral, built in the Baroque style between 1738 and 1752 and distinguished by its frescoes.The convent of St. Nicholas preserves its magnificent cathedral of 1668, as well as the original iconostasis, bell tower, walls, and gates. It is currently under consideration to become a UNESCO World Heritage site.[17]Minor landmarks include the archiepiscopal palace and memorial arch, both dating from the 1780s, and the enormous theater in a blend of the Neo-Renaissance and Russian Revival styles.At Polykovichi, an urban part of Mogilev, there is a 350 metre tall guyed TV mast, one of the tallest structures in Belarus.The Convent of St. Nicholas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Russian Orthodox church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Stanisław's Cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe city center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMogilev City Council building which was intended to be the government building after the 1938 propposed relocation of the capital from Minsk to Mogilev.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnother view of the Mogilev City Council building.","title":"Cityscape"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pogoda-20"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Mogilev has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm summers and cold winters.Climate data for Mogilev\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−5.3(22.5)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−7.8(18.0)\n\n−8.5(16.7)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n−2.3(27.9)\n\n−6.6(20.1)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−37.3(−35.1)\n\n−34.7(−30.5)\n\n−35.0(−31.0)\n\n−17.7(0.1)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n−14.8(5.4)\n\n−23.5(−10.3)\n\n−33.4(−28.1)\n\n−37.3(−35.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n39(1.5)\n\n34(1.3)\n\n39(1.5)\n\n41(1.6)\n\n53(2.1)\n\n75(3.0)\n\n81(3.2)\n\n65(2.6)\n\n55(2.2)\n\n54(2.1)\n\n45(1.8)\n\n41(1.6)\n\n622(24.5)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n8\n\n7\n\n9\n\n12\n\n15\n\n17\n\n15\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n14\n\n10\n\n149\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n21\n\n20\n\n13\n\n4\n\n0.2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.1\n\n3\n\n12\n\n20\n\n93\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n87\n\n85\n\n80\n\n72\n\n69\n\n74\n\n74\n\n75\n\n80\n\n84\n\n89\n\n89\n\n80\n\n\nSource: Pogoda.ru.net[18]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Pinsky.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rita Achkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Achkina"},{"link_name":"Matest M. Agrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matest_M._Agrest"},{"link_name":"Modest Altschuler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Altschuler"},{"link_name":"Abe Anellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Anellis"},{"link_name":"Olga Bogdanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bogdanova_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"the 2022 Russian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Petr Elfimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Elfimov"},{"link_name":"Svetlana Baitova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Baitova"},{"link_name":"Ihar Hershankou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihar_Hershankou"},{"link_name":"Alyona Lanskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyona_Lanskaya"},{"link_name":"Eugenia Logvinovna Lashnyukova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Logvinovna_Lashnyukova"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lookstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lookstein"},{"link_name":"Bar-Ilan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University"},{"link_name":"Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Isaakovich_Mandelshtam"},{"link_name":"Andrey Melnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Melnikov"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Andrej Mryj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Mryj"},{"link_name":"Stalin's purges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin%27s_purges"},{"link_name":"Ivan Nasovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Belarusian_Dictionary_by_Ivan_Nasovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Julian Ostroróg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Julian_Ostror%C3%B3g"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Photographic portraitist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_portrait"},{"link_name":"British subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_subject"},{"link_name":"David Pinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pinski"},{"link_name":"Simeon Piščević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Pi%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lev Polugaevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Polugaevsky"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Leo Rogin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Rogin"},{"link_name":"Otto Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Issai Schur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issai_Schur"},{"link_name":"Spiridon Sobol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiridon_Sobol"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Mikałaj Sudziłoŭski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika%C5%82aj_Sudzi%C5%82o%C5%ADski"},{"link_name":"Sergey Evtuhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Evtuhov"}],"text":"David Pinski around 1900Rita Achkina, cross country skier\nMatest M. Agrest, ethnologist and mathematician\nModest Altschuler, orchestra conductor\nAbe Anellis, microbiologist\nOlga Bogdanova, chemist\nKanstancin Dziubajla (nom de guerre \"Dranik\") (1988-2022), Belarusian volunteer killed in action defending Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion[19]\nPetr Elfimov, musician\nSvetlana Baitova, gymnast\nIhar Hershankou, serial killer\nAlyona Lanskaya, singer\nEugenia Logvinovna Lashnyukova, nun\nJoseph Lookstein, Rabbi and President of Bar-Ilan University\nLeonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam, physicist\nAndrey Melnikov, soldier and recipient of Hero of the Soviet Union award\nAndrej Mryj, satirical writer, journalist, translator and a victim of Stalin's purges\nIvan Nasovič, author of the first Belarusian dictionary\nStanisław Julian Ostroróg, Polish count, Crimean War veteran, noted Victorian Photographic portraitist, naturalised British subject\nDavid Pinski, Yiddish playwright\nSimeon Piščević, major-general and governor of Mogilev (1777)\nLev Polugaevsky, International Grandmaster of chess\nLeo Rogin, Economist and Writer\nOtto Schmidt, scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, academician\nIssai Schur, mathematician\nSpiridon Sobol, Belarusian enlightener and printer; published the first ABC-book in Belarus in 1631\nMikałaj Sudziłoŭski, revolutionary and scientist\nSergey Evtuhov (born 1953), painter","title":"Notable citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%22_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9)_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spartak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartak_Stadium_(Mogilev)"},{"link_name":"FC Torpedo Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Mogilev"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"FC Dnepr Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dnepr_Mogilev"},{"link_name":"ZhFC Dnepr Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZhFC_Dnepr_Mogilev"},{"link_name":"HK Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK_Mogilev"},{"link_name":"BC Borisfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Borisfen"}],"text":"Spartak StadiumCity sports teams:Football: FC Torpedo Mogilev,[20] FC Dnepr Mogilev and ZhFC Dnepr Mogilev, Nadezhda Mogilev\nHockey: HK Mogilev\nVolleyball: Mogilev Lions, Kommunalnik\nHandball: Masheka\nBasketball: BC Borisfen","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Al Rayyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rayyan_(city)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Gabrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kerch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Mykolaiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Penza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sokolinaya Gora (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolinaya_Gora_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Sumgait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Villeurbanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeurbanne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Yuzhne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zvenigorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenigorod"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in BelarusMogilev is twinned with:[21]Al Rayyan, Qatar\n Bursa, Turkey\n Changsha, China[22]\n Eisenach, Germany\n Gabrovo, Bulgaria\n Kerch, Ukraine\n Kragujevac, Serbia\n Mykolaiv, Ukraine\n Nanjing, China\n Penza, Russia\n Sokolinaya Gora (Moscow), Russia\n Sumgait, Azerbaijan\n Tabriz, Iran\n Tula, Russia\n Villeurbanne, France\n Wittenberg, Germany\n Yuzhne, Ukraine\n Zhengzhou, China\n Zvenigorod, Russia","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Official transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script"}],"text":"^ BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian\n\n^ Official transliteration","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mogilev Governorate in Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906-1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e11_151-0.jpg/220px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e11_151-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wehrmacht propaganda photograph of Jewish women in Mogilev, July 1941; Mogilev Jews were murdered by Nazi Police Battalion 322 in October.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1091-06A%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_j%C3%BCdische_Frauen_auf_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1091-06A%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_j%C3%BCdische_Frauen_auf_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mogilev in July 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1091-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Ansicht.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1091-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Ansicht.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Pinski around 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David_Pinsky.jpg/150px-David_Pinsky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spartak Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%22_%28%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%22_%28%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29_-_panoramio.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","url_text":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\""},{"url":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of MOGILEV\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mogilev","url_text":"\"Definition of MOGILEV\""}]},{"reference":"Ярковец, А.И. (2011). \"Численность населения на 1 января 2011 года и среднегодовая численность населения за 2010 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\". Статистический бюллетень (in Russian). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь: 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209082642/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/population/2011/bul_population.rar","url_text":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2011 года и среднегодовая численность населения за 2010 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\""},{"url":"http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/2011/bul_population.rar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cities & Towns of Belarus\". 2024-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-cities.htm","url_text":"\"Cities & Towns of Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"Breitman, Richard (1998). Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew. New York:, 1998. New York: Hill and Wang/Farrar Straus & Giroux. p. 66. ISBN 9780809001842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Breitman","url_text":"Breitman, Richard"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g9g5M2Nf1DgC&q=%22police+regiment+center%22&pg=PA46","url_text":"Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew. New York:, 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809001842","url_text":"9780809001842"}]},{"reference":"Катлярчук, Андрэй (2007). Швэды ў гісторыі й культуры беларусаў (PDF) (in Belarusian). Ėntsyklapedyks. ISBN 978-9856599586.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:860434/FULLTEXT01.pdf","url_text":"Швэды ў гісторыі й культуры беларусаў"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9856599586","url_text":"978-9856599586"}]},{"reference":"\"Mogilev invites tourists to take a stroll with Emperor Nicholas II\". Official website of Belarus.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/press-release/mogilev-invites-tourists-to-take-a-stroll-with-emperor-nicholas-ii_i_0000051069.html","url_text":"\"Mogilev invites tourists to take a stroll with Emperor Nicholas II\""}]},{"reference":"Massie, Robert (1967). Nicholas and Alexandria. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 300. ISBN 9780345438317.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345438317","url_text":"9780345438317"}]},{"reference":"\"Mogilev The fate of the Jews under the German Invasion & Occupation\". Holocaustresearchproject.org. Retrieved 2014-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/mogilev.html","url_text":"\"Mogilev The fate of the Jews under the German Invasion & Occupation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\". Jhrgbelarus.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2014-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103123/http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","url_text":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\""},{"url":"http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mogilev Region\". Belarus.by. Govt of Belarus.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/geography/mogilev-region","url_text":"\"Mogilev Region\""}]},{"reference":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2004-01-30). \"St. Nicholas Monastery Complex in the city of Mahilyou – UNESCO World Heritage Centre\". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1896/","url_text":"\"St. Nicholas Monastery Complex in the city of Mahilyou – UNESCO World Heritage Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"КЛИМАТ МОГИЛЕВА\" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26863.htm","url_text":"\"КЛИМАТ МОГИЛЕВА\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Самыя блізкія пабрацімы называлі яго \"Дранік\"\". У Данецкай вобласьці загінуў яшчэ адзін беларус, які бараніў Украіну (\"The closest brothers called him\" Dranik \".\" Another Belarusian defending Ukraine died in Donetsk region) Радыё Свабода (Radio Liberty) (in Belarusian)\". Retrieved 14 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svaboda.org/a/31848004.html","url_text":"\"\"Самыя блізкія пабрацімы называлі яго \"Дранік\"\". У Данецкай вобласьці загінуў яшчэ адзін беларус, які бараніў Украіну (\"The closest brothers called him\" Dranik \".\" Another Belarusian defending Ukraine died in Donetsk region) Радыё Свабода (Radio Liberty) (in Belarusian)\""}]},{"reference":"FC Torpedo Mogilev (2015-01-30). \"Official Website of FC Torpedo Mogilev\". torpedomogilev.by. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2015-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160131022820/http://www.torpedomogilev.by/","url_text":"\"Official Website of FC Torpedo Mogilev\""},{"url":"http://www.torpedomogilev.by/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Города-побратимы\". mogilev.gov.by (in Russian). Mogilev. Retrieved 2020-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://mogilev.gov.by/goroda-pobratimy.html","url_text":"\"Города-побратимы\""}]},{"reference":"\"白俄罗斯莫吉廖夫市\". changsha.gov.cn (in Chinese). Changsha. 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/yhcs/201707/t20170720_5685956.html","url_text":"\"白俄罗斯莫吉廖夫市\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mogilev on the Dnieper\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mogilev_on_the_Dnieper","url_text":"\"Mogilev on the Dnieper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Baltic countries full detail railway map. Belarus and Baltics in C1 sector\". Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120523225400/http://parovoz.com/maps/supermap/supermap.php?X=C&Y=1&LANG=en","url_text":"\"Baltic countries full detail railway map. Belarus and Baltics in C1 sector\""},{"url":"http://parovoz.com/maps/supermap/supermap.php?X=C&Y=1&LANG=en","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mogilev¶ms=53_55_N_30_21_E_region:BY_type:city(353110)","external_links_name":"53°55′N 30°21′E / 53.917°N 30.350°E / 53.917; 30.350"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mogilev¶ms=53_55_N_30_21_E_region:BY_type:city(353110)","external_links_name":"53°55′N 30°21′E / 53.917°N 30.350°E / 53.917; 30.350"},{"Link":"http://mogilev.gov.by/","external_links_name":"City's executive committee's official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","external_links_name":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\""},{"Link":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mogilev","external_links_name":"\"Definition of MOGILEV\""},{"Link":"http://files.knihi.com/Knihi/Slounik/NNP.djvu.zip/NNP.Mahilouskaja.djvu","external_links_name":"DJVU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209082642/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/population/2011/bul_population.rar","external_links_name":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2011 года и среднегодовая численность населения за 2010 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\""},{"Link":"http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/2011/bul_population.rar","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-cities.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cities & Towns of Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g9g5M2Nf1DgC&q=%22police+regiment+center%22&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew. New York:, 1998"},{"Link":"http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:860434/FULLTEXT01.pdf","external_links_name":"Швэды ў гісторыі й культуры беларусаў"},{"Link":"https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/press-release/mogilev-invites-tourists-to-take-a-stroll-with-emperor-nicholas-ii_i_0000051069.html","external_links_name":"\"Mogilev invites tourists to take a stroll with Emperor Nicholas II\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"Google Print, p.16"},{"Link":"http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/mogilev.html","external_links_name":"\"Mogilev The fate of the Jews under the German Invasion & Occupation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103123/http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","external_links_name":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\""},{"Link":"http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/geography/mogilev-region","external_links_name":"\"Mogilev Region\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1896/","external_links_name":"\"St. Nicholas Monastery Complex in the city of Mahilyou – UNESCO World Heritage Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26863.htm","external_links_name":"\"КЛИМАТ МОГИЛЕВА\""},{"Link":"https://www.svaboda.org/a/31848004.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Самыя блізкія пабрацімы называлі яго \"Дранік\"\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_(General_Hospital)
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Franco (General Hospital)
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["1 Casting and creation","2 Storylines","3 Reception","3.1 Casting","3.2 Popular culture","3.3 Impact","4 References"]
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Fictional character
Soap opera character
FrancoGeneral Hospital characterRoger Howarth as FrancoPortrayed by
James Franco (2009–2012)
Roger Howarth (2013–2021)
Duration2009–2021First appearanceNovember 19, 2009 (November 19, 2009)Last appearanceMarch 11, 2021 (2021-03-11)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byRobert Guza, Jr., James Franco and John CarterIntroduced by
Jill Farren Phelps (2009)
Frank Valentini (2013)
Spin-offappearancesGeneral Hospital: Night ShiftIn-universe informationOther names
Franco Baldwin
Franco Quartermaine (2013)
Jason Morgan (2013)
Drew Cain (2019)
Robert James Frank
Occupation
Art therapist (2014–2021)
Multi-media artist
FamilyBaldwinParents
Scott Baldwin
Heather Webber
Adoptive motherBetsy FrankBrothersDrew Cain (foster)Half-brothers
Steven Webber
Logan Hayes
Half-sisters
Esme Prince
Karen Wexler
Serena Baldwin
Christina Baldwin (adoptive)
SpouseElizabeth Webber (2019–2021)Stepchildren
Cameron Spencer
Jake Spencer
Aiden Spencer
Grandparents
David Bordisso
Lee Baldwin (adoptive)
Meg Bentley
Alice Grant
Nieces and nephews
Ace Prince-Cassadine
Other relatives
Susan Moore
Jason Morgan
Drew Cain
Jake Webber
Franco Baldwin is a fictional character from General Hospital, an American soap opera on the ABC network. James Franco originated the character in November 2009, after seeking out a soap opera role. He continued to portray the character in intermittent guest stints through January 2012. The character of Franco is a multi-media artist and serial killer who becomes fixated on Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), a known hitman. Franco terrorizes Jason, along with his friends and family. Jason supposedly kills Franco in January 2012, after Franco allegedly rapes Jason's wife Sam (Kelly Monaco). The character is mentioned often after his alleged death, and for a time it was believed that he was Jason's twin brother. In May 2013, Roger Howarth assumed the role when the character was revealed to be alive. Franco's return brought about the revelation that his biological parents are Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner) and Heather Webber (Robin Mattson). In March 2021, the character was written off after being fatally shot by Peter August (Wes Ramsey).
James Franco's casting on General Hospital was met by surprise and mixed reviews. Franco also used his time on the series to create a documentary that was shown at the Tribeca Film Festival, and turned a scene filming at MOCA into a live performance piece. The attention Franco garnered boosted publicity for General Hospital and the soap opera genre.
Casting and creation
Actor James Franco created the role, alongside writers Robert Guza, Jr. and John Carter.
In 2009, James Franco sought out a soap opera role. Sharing the same agent as Steve Burton, who played Jason Morgan on General Hospital, he went to that series for his request. Franco signed on for a series of 20 episodes that he filmed in three days. He was credited as a special guest star, and first appeared on November 19, 2009. His scenes aired through February 2010. He returned on June 30, 2010, for a summer-long storyline. He next appeared on February 25 and February 28, 2011, bookending his co-hosting job of the 83rd Academy Awards. Franco returned for a longterm stint on September 20, 2011, that aired until January 13, 2012.
“Franco is an artist who works with death. He works in a lot of different ways. He does graffiti, performances, photographs. He creates installations based on murder scenes featuring murders he possibly was involved with. He's interested in pushing the boundaries of art – both aesthetically and ethically – and he will go way too far."
—Franco in 2010, on his character
James Franco recalled approaching General Hospital in an interview with The New Yorker: "I wanted their full treatment, so all I said was that I wanted to be an artist and I wanted my character to be crazy." Franco's friend and colleague Carter, a conceptual artist who Franco was collaborating with on the film Maladies, had suggested that Franco take a soap opera role and play an artist. They would use the material in the film, where Franco plays a former soap opera star. The General Hospital writing staff created the rest of the character, who they named "Franco, just Franco." Executive producer at the time Jill Farren Phelps stated, "He’s an unusual character and he has an unusual goal", promising his primary story arc would involve character Jason Morgan. The series promoted the character as "an artist whose canvas is murder". Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly compared the characters art installations to a rip off of Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring. Franco is revealed to be a serial killer and a sociopath, whose vendetta against Jason that becomes an obsession. Michael Logan of TV Guide called Franco's fascination of Jason an "ongoing man-crush." James Franco explained to TV Guide: "Jason is a master assassin who's murdered a lot of people and gotten away with it, which is very attractive to Franco. He likes that danger. (Long thoughtful pause) There's an underlying sexiness to that....if that's what you're getting at. Yes, there's a underlying sexiness to that connection."
In May 2013, Roger Howarth—who previously appeared as his One Life to Live character Todd Manning—was cast as Franco. With Howarth's casting, several scenes were re-shot; his casting also marked the first time the character would appear in a regular capacity. On March 9, 2021, it was announced Howarth departed General Hospital as Franco, however, would return at a later date as another character. Franco made his last appearance on March 11.
Storylines
In November 2009, Franco witnesses the cover up of Michael Corinthos (then Drew Garrett)'s accidental murder of his stepmother, and sends reenactment photos to Michael's uncle Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Disguised as a homeless vagrant, he spray paints the phrase CO77X around Port Charles. He witnesses a shootout involving Jason and Joey Limbo (Sal Landi), afterwards killing Limbo and repositioning the body in an odd figure. He goes to the opening of his art exhibit, consisting of numerous crime scene reenactments. He asks to meet Jason, who refuses. Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms) accompanies Franco to his apartment, where he blindfolds her, photographs her in a chalk outline, and they sleep together. Franco invites Jason to his apartment and says he idolizes Jason's work in organized crime, calling it "art". He tells Jason that they are the same, and is upset when Jason does not agree. Franco hits police officer Ronnie Dimestico (Ronnie Marmo) with a car and tells him to give Jason the message "you choose". Franco kidnaps Jason's girlfriend Sam McCall (Kelly Monaco) and his best friend Carly Corinthos Jacks (Laura Wright). Jason saves Carly, but Franco escapes before Jason can follow him. Franco goes to find Maxie, and kidnaps Lulu Spencer (Julie Marie Berman) instead. He holds Lulu and Sam captive above bomb timers on opposite sides of town. Jason races to Sam while Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna) goes to Lulu. Sam's bomb turns out to be fake, while Dante reaches Lulu just in time to save her before her bomb explodes. Franco leaves town, later sending a DVD to Carly's daughter Josslyn Jacks as a christening present. The video explains his past motivations and reminds Jason he plans to kill someone for every person Jason kills.
In June, Jason kills Carter (Josh Wingate), who had abused Michael (now Chad Duell) in prison, and his last words are "Franco says hi." In July, Franco dresses as a homeless person and follows Jason home. Dante and Jason continue to investigate Franco, finding his real name to be Robert Frank. They track down his mother, played by James Franco's real-life mother Betsy Franco. The character has changed her name from Betsy Frank to Karen Anderson, and denies that she has a son. Franco leaves clues that lead Jason and Dante to Franco's exhibit in Los Angeles, held at MOCA. Based on his exploits in Port Charles, the exhibit is entitled "Francophrenia: Dissolving the Boundary Between Illusion and Reality". Jason and Dante meanwhile discover a DVD that reveals Franco had paid Carter to attack Michael in prison. In an ensuing battle with Jason, Franco apparently jumps off the roof of the building, although the crowd brushes it off as live entertainment. Meanwhile, Franco is suspected of kidnapping Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst)'s newborn son Aiden, and is seen giving Aiden to Franco's mother to raise. Lucky Spencer (Jonathan Jackson) is able to reclaim the child without incident. As he leaves town, Franco is seen requesting his agent to book international model Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil), who later turns down the offer. In February 2011, Franco calls Jason and takes credit for the bombing of Brenda and Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard)'s wedding limo. In March, Carly receives a video where Franco says he will keep a close eye on Josslyn.
In September, Franco is seen taking photos and telling his toy monkey that Jason and Sam forgot his invitation to their wedding. He sets up cameras around the church and replaces Sam's wedding dress. During the reception, Franco watches from his apartment and dances with the dress. He sets up cameras in their honeymoon cabin in Hawaii. Carly finds a package to Josslyn from Hawaii with a note from Franco, and goes to warn Jason. She leaves after Jason hears that Franco is in Toronto, who is then seen at the cabin. Jason and Sam separately return and each find a note and bottle of beer laced by Franco that they drink. Jason wakes up in a locked room, with a TV screen that shows live footage of Franco carrying Sam, passed out, to the bedroom. He taunts Jason about privacy and covers the camera. When Jason is released, he goes to Sam, who faintly remembers being in bed with someone, leading them to believe Franco raped her. Franco sends Josslyn a wind-up baby toy and a video where he promises he will always be there for her. Sam sees Franco's signature NO2CCAH5 recently spray painted in an alley, and their friend Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson) believes the last character is symbol meaning 'creation', possibly referencing something Franco created during their honeymoon. Franco adds a zero, which they interpret to mean that there is no beginning and no end to Franco's game. Sam and Michael find a DVD where Franco taunts Jason, saying they are going to be a father. Sam finds out she is pregnant, and has a paternity test that shows Jason as the father. Jason shoots Franco, and as he dies, he says that Jason will never know. Sam finds another DVD from Franco that shows a home video of a baby boy. She goes to see Heather Webber (Robin Mattson), who reveals that her deceased cousin, Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey), was Franco's biological mother, making him Jason's fraternal twin brother. Susan had never known about the baby because Heather sold Franco to Susan's nurse, Betsy Frank. Sam has another test done that shows Franco as the father of her baby, which causes tension between her and Jason. It is later revealed that Heather switched the paternity test and Jason is the father.
In May 2013, Franco (Roger Howarth) gathers Jason's friends at the Haunted Star and reveals himself to be alive. He then admits that he only led Jason to believe he raped Sam, by showing a DVD of what really happened that night. He also reveals with another DVD that he only instructed Carter to protect Michael, not hurt him in any way. Carter's assault of Michael was completely separate from Franco's agenda. After being arrested, Franco gets out on a bail where he makes himself known to the Quartermaine family and connects with his presumed daughter Kiki Jerome (Kristen Alderson) and her mother Ava Jerome (Maura West). Sonny orders Shawn Butler (Sean Blakemore) to perform a hit, but calls it off for fear of innocent people being harmed. Carly lures Franco to the Metro Court and orders Shawn to perform the hit, making him believe it is with Sonny's approval. Shawn fails to kill Franco and Olivia Falconeri (Lisa LoCicero) is shot instead, though this is revealed to have been due to a shot fired by Ava who was also trying to kill Franco at the same time. When Sonny's son Morgan Corinthos (Bryan Craig) begins living with Kiki at the Quartermaine mansion, Sonny and Shawn beat up Franco to warn him away from Morgan. Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn), looking for Franco because he is a prospective bone marrow donor for Sam's son Danny, comes upon the scene and takes Franco to General Hospital. Having lost consciousness, Franco wakes up in a hospital bed believing himself to be Jason and abducts Danny to protect him from "Franco", later confronting Sam who he believes has been tricked by "Franco" to not recognize him as Jason. It is revealed Franco has a brain tumor that has been altering his personality for years. After having a duel with a delusion of himself, Franco is prepared to kill himself and Danny to save them from what he comes to believe are innately violent tendencies, but Carly convinces him to return Danny and go back to the hospital. His tumor is found to be benign and removed, but due to some cancerous cells he cannot donate bone marrow to Danny after his struggle with Epiphany Johnson (Sonya Eddy). While he is sleeping in recovery, it is found that Kiki is not his daughter. In November 2013, Heather reveals that she is Franco's biological mother and Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner) is his father. Not too long after, Franco begins a secret relationship with Carly Jacks.
In December, Franco stabbed his mother during a struggle, after he found her about to kill Carly in his apartment. Franco buried Heather, but it was later discovered that she was alive. Later, Heather kidnapped Carly in another attempt to keep them apart.
Carly is eventually rescued, thanks to intervention from Franco and the police. Since then, Franco has been plagued by jealousy over the connection between Carly and Sonny. It turns out this jealousy, fueled by Franco's new friend and Silas Clay (Michael Easton)'s wife Nina Clay (Michelle Stafford) is "correct", as Kiki informs Franco that Carly slept with Sonny behind his back after he was employed as Art therapist at General Hospital by Chief of Staff and Nina's Aunt Liesl Obrecht (Kathleen Gati). At his birthday party, Franco shocks everyone by proposing to Carly, and he suggests a Halloween 2014 date for the wedding, with it becoming plainly evident that he intends to exact revenge against Sonny and Carly. After exposing Sonny for killing A.J. at the wedding, he trapped Heather, Shawn, Carly, and Jordon in a warehouse and claimed that the door was rigged with a bomb. Although, it wasn't, he used the time to escape with Nina and the baby she had just kidnapped. After being on the run for a short time they were captured. While Nina was sent to Shadybrooke, Franco was sent to prison to await trial for his many crimes. In prison he participated in an escape with Ava, Sonny, and Julian. Franco made it to Shadybrooke in time to save Nina from Heather and injected himself with an overdose of LSD to stay at Shadybrooke with Nina. He survived the overdose, but continues to have trouble with hallucinations.
In March 2021, Franco is shot and killed by Peter August (Wes Ramsey).
Reception
Casting
James Franco's guest-starring role as Franco brought positive reception in the press.
“I disrupted the audience's suspension of disbelief, because no matter how far I got into the character, I was going to be perceived as something that doesn't belong to the incredibly stylized world of soap operas. Everyone watching would see an actor they recognized, a real person in a made-up world."
—Franco, in 2009
The announcement of James Franco's casting on General Hospital was met by surprise. Some critics felt Franco's appearance was a satire on the soap opera genre. Vulture writers Jada Yuan called it "bizarre but fascinating", and Lane Brown stated "the answer was either a drinking problem or a maniacal desire to be written about on more blogs." Michelle Kung of The Wall Street Journal wrote in 2009: "Fans were puzzled. Had he lost a bet? Was this an elaborate prank? Was he a closet Luke and Laura junkie?" Some critics expressed the role would be detrimental to Franco's career. Others felt it was a smart move that would benefit Franco with publicity; New York Magazine wrote: "Joining General Hospital, and acting like it's just another gig, displays a ballsy disregard for conventional Hollywood wisdom, and adds a line to his résumé that has already generated more discussion than all the Spider-Man movies combined. For any ridicule Franco may get, he's created twice as much intrigue." Kung interviewed executive producer Phelps who explained: "We all had the same reaction of 'Really? Are you kidding?' (...) But we made the plane reservation and he showed up – and could not have been nicer or more humble; he was willing to do whatever we asked."
The reception of Franco's guest stints was mixed. Ratings from young woman viewers increased only five percent, the category that had been expected to rise the most. Roberta Smith of The New York Times stated: " earned him something of a cult following, although I can’t be alone in feeling that their irony is outdone by their lameness." Other viewers positively received Franco's character. The New Yorker magazine called their July 2010 article "Francophenia" one of the top ten highlights of 2010. Willa Paskin of Vulture stated Franco was snubbed to not have been nominated at the 2010 Daytime Emmy Awards. Mickey O'Connor of TV Guide named Franco's 2010 return "Best Weirdness" in his Top Moments column.
Popular culture
The character Franco's 2010 exhibit at MOCA coincided with James Franco's real life exhibit at MOCA scheduled that summer, presenting his video documentary on his time at General Hospital. Before becoming the director at MOCA, Jeffrey Deitch had been approached by Franco to use his New York gallery Deitch Projects, but Deitch was closing the gallery to assume his role at MOCA. Deitch offered the use of MOCA, despite hesitation from some of his colleagues. Randy Kennedy of The New York Times spoke of Deitch and the General Hospital filming at MOCA in tandem: "That the museum had become a soap opera set was pure Deitch, for better or worse: stuntlike, crazily experimental, scrambling high and low culture, risking ridicule and seeming not to care much when it rains down on his head." Deitch made a small cameo appearance during the filming, as the director of Franco's exhibit. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times Deitch compared Franco's appearances on the series to "the ultimate extension of Andy Warhol guest starring in The Love Boat." The filming at MOCA was simultaneously called a performance piece for the museum, entitled: SOAP at MOCA: James Franco on General Hospital. Franco described: "Soap at MOCA is an attempt to both blur and define the lines between different disciplines, between life and art, between art and popular culture, and between representations of the self as both performative character and as non-performative self." The series won Daytime Emmy Awards for the episode filmed at MOCA, although it received mixed reactions from viewers.
James Franco's real-life documentary/fiction feature Francophenia (or Don't Kill Me, I Know Where the Baby Is) was shown at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival, described as "an experimental psychological thriller set amid the spectacle of a celebrity’s escalating paranoia". Genna Terranova, Tribeca's director of programming, commented: "He's kind of constructed this really interesting and well-crafted film about that experience that plays with the boundaries of documentary. It's a bit tongue in cheek, as James himself can be. He's a bit enigmatic and the film is as well.”
Impact
“James Franco's guest stint – or metaphysical investigation into the hall-of-mirrors recursion of celebrity, take your pick – on General Hospital was one of the few times in recent history that daytime television broke out into mainstream discussion, and it's hard to argue that the spotlight wasn't a boo for the genre."
—Keith Staskiewicz of Entertainment Weekly
Franco joined General Hospital during a time of declining ratings for all soap operas. Franco was published in The Wall Street Journal, where he explained his use of the experience as an experiment in performance art and stated: "My hope was for people to ask themselves if soap operas are really that far from entertainment that is considered critically legitimate. Whether they did was out of my hands." Phelps also commented on Franco's appearance helping the genre, stating: "It's just such a kick that somebody who has never done this sort of material doesn't hold that sort of prejudice that we suffer from on a daily basis. It makes General Hospital – and hopefully all of daytime television – a cool place to be." New York Magazine wrote on Franco's impact on soap operas:
Franco essentially is doing something no one has done before: voluntarily, and apparently by his own design, embracing daytime drama. Soaps tend to be treated (unfairly) like a training ground for actors who want to achieve 'real' stardom elsewhere, so an artist of James's talent, youth, and fame level choosing to act there, even for two weeks, is like eating lunch alone in the cafeteria for two years only to have the hottest dude in school ask if he can sit with you and share a plate of fries.
Even in 2013, the character was still an intricate part of several major plots with the reveal of his connection to the Quartermaines, and the introductions of his former lover Ava Jerome, played by Emmy winner Maura West, and his daughter, Kiki Jerome (originated by Kristen Alderson in the spring of 2013).
In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed Franco at #35 on his ranked list of General Hospital’s 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting "Once a fearsome villain, Liz’s latest late husband — thanks to the removal of that pesky homicidal brain tumor — became known as not only one of Port Charles’ biggest sweethearts but one of its funniest residents, too."
References
^ a b Buchanan, Kyle (November 12, 2009). "Exclusive: The Real Story (and the Mastermind) Behind James Franco's Soap Opera Career Move". Moveline. moveline.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Series Producer: Frank Valentini; Writer: Ron Carlivati (June 5, 2013). General Hospital. Season 50. ABC.
^ a b c d e Goodyear, Dana (July 12, 2010). "Francophrenia". The New Yorker. newyorker.com. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
^ a b c d Franco, James (December 4, 2009). "A Star, a Soap and the Meaning of Art". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b c Fairman, Michael (July 1, 2010). "The James Franco Interview - General Hospital". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b c d e Kung, Michell (November 6, 2009). "James Franco's Upcoming 'General Hospital' Appearance Explained". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com/speakeasy. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b Kung, Michelle (November 19, 2009). "James Franco on 'General Hospital': The Guest Arc Commences Early". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com/speakeasy. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b Eng, Joyce (May 18, 2010). "James Franco Returning to General Hospital". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b c d e f Logan, Michael (July 18, 2010). "New Details on James Franco's Crazy General Hospital Return". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
^ Logan, Michael (February 7, 2011). "General Hospital Scoop on the Sonny-Brenda Wedding and the Return of James Franco". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
^ a b Logan, Michael (July 25, 2011). "Exclusive: James Franco Returns to General Hospital". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b c Logan, Michael (June 15, 2010). "TV Guide Magazine Exclusive Q&A: James Franco Checks Back Into General Hospital". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b c Yan, Cathy (December 3, 2009). "Conceptual Artist Carter on James Franco's General Hospital Appearance: 'It was my idea'". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b Yuan, Jada (January 20, 2010). "James Franco Finally Fully Explains How His Grand General Hospital Plan Came to Be". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b Tucker, Ken (November 20, 2009). "James Franco's debut on 'General Hospital': 'Should I wear anything special, or nothing at all?'". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ SOD (March 9, 2021). "Exclusive: Roger Howarth on GH Status". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
^ Cushman, Dustin (March 11, 2021). "After Chase Sees Messages About the DNA Results on Finn's Phone, Decides to Tell Him the Truth". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
^ a b West, Abby (November 19, 2009). "James Franco's 'General Hospital' sneak peek". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ "Franco's Mom to Play Franco's Mom". SOAPnet. sn.soapnet.go.com. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ Paskin, Willa (February 25, 2011). "James Franco Cracks Oscar Jokes on General Hospital". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Brown, Lane (November 12, 2009). "James Franco's Stint on General Hospital All for Some Art Movie". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b "Fug Girls: James Franco's Soap-Opera Stint Is a Genius Move". New York Magazine. nymag.com. November 5, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Rice, Lynette (January 1, 2010). "How Long Will They Last?". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Smith, Roberta (August 19, 2010). "When an Actor Casts Himself as an Artist". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Bruno, Mike (May 18, 2010). "James Franco headed back to 'General Hospital': Jason is sooooo pissed". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ "The Best of Talk of the Town, 2010". The New Yorker. newyorker.com. December 15, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Paskin, Willa (May 12, 2010). "Daytime Emmys Fail to Nominate James Franco". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ O'Connor, Mickey (July 2, 2010). "Top Moments: Risky Business on Entourage, True Blood and The Bachelorette". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ a b c Kennedy, Randy (June 30, 2010). "Museum Role Fits a Former Art Dealer". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Finkel, Jori (June 7, 2010). "His Pop idol". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
^ Fischer, Molly (July 1, 2010). "Jeffrey Deitch, Francophile?". The New York Observer. observer.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Adalian, Josef (December 2, 2011). "James Franco Defends Deposed General Hospital Showrunner". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Logan, Michael (April 18, 2011). "Daytime Emmy Watch: Handicapping the Best Soap Nominations". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Itzkoff, Dave (March 6, 2012). "Tribeca Festival Announces First Slate of Films for 2012". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Labrecque, Jeff (March 6, 2012). "James Franco's 'General Hospital' film to highlight Tribeca Film Festival". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Staskiewicz, Keith (June 11, 2012). "James Franco to return to soaps in 'Hollywood Heights' on June 29". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Rice, Lynette (October 30, 2009). "James Franco on 'General Hospital': Can he help save daytime?". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Fairman, Michael (May 9, 2013). "Maura West Debuts as Ava Jerome on General Hospital! What Was Your Reaction?". On-Air On-Soaps. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
^ Mason, Charlie. "General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, Ranked ". Soaps She Knows. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
vteGeneral HospitalCast and crew
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Corinthos
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Jerome
Lord
Quartermaine
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Related articles
Twist of Fate
Port Charles (spin-off)
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What If...
Luke and Laura
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Frisco and Felicia
Jason and Sam
Lucky and Elizabeth
Jason and Elizabeth
The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli
History of General Hospital
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vteGeneral Hospital charactersPresent characters
TJ Ashford
Scott Baldwin
Nikolas Cassadine
Valentin Cassadine
Lucy Coe
Carly Corinthos
Michael Corinthos
Sonny Corinthos
Alexis Davis
Kristina Davis
Anna Devane
Dante Falconeri
Olivia Falconeri
Ava Jerome
Maxie Jones
Sam McCall
Jason Morgan
Monica Quartermaine
Tracy Quartermaine
Trina Robinson
Mac Scorpio
Robert Scorpio
Laura Spencer
Damian Spinelli
Elizabeth Webber
Heather Webber
Past characters
Diego Alcazar
Lorenzo Alcazar
Peter August
Franco Baldwin
Lee Baldwin
Brenda Barrett
Nelle Benson
Jessie Brewer
Phil Brewer
Shawn Butler
Helena Cassadine
Stone Cates
Skye Chandler
Morgan Corinthos
Blair Cramer
Rae Cummings
Marco Dane
Téa Delgado
Noah Drake
Patrick Drake
Robin Scorpio-Drake
Levi Dunkleman
Nora Hanen Buchanan
Audrey Hardy
Steve Hardy
Kate Howard
Jasper Jacks
Jerry Jacks
Julian Jerome
Kiki Jerome
Georgie Jones
Lucas Jones
Ric Lansing
Duke Lavery
Ethan Lovett
Starr Manning
Todd Manning
Courtney Matthews
John McBain
Griffin Munro
Lisa Niles
Liesl Obrecht
A. J. Quartermaine
Alan Quartermaine
Dillon Quartermaine
Edward Quartermaine
Emily Quartermaine
Madeline Reeves
Sabrina Santiago
Jennifer Smith
Bobbie Spencer
Lucky Spencer
Luke Spencer
Lulu Spencer
Valerie Spencer
Cole Thornhart
Justus Ward
Mary Mae Ward
Lesley Webber
Steven Webber
Nathan West
Britt Westbourne
Claudia Zacchara
Johnny Zacchara
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"James Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"multi-media artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media_art"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Steve Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"rapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Roger Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Howarth"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Kin Shriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_Shriner"},{"link_name":"Heather Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Webber_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Robin Mattson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Mattson"},{"link_name":"Peter August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_August"},{"link_name":"Wes Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"MOCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Soap opera characterFranco Baldwin is a fictional character from General Hospital, an American soap opera on the ABC network. James Franco originated the character in November 2009, after seeking out a soap opera role. He continued to portray the character in intermittent guest stints through January 2012. The character of Franco is a multi-media artist and serial killer who becomes fixated on Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), a known hitman. Franco terrorizes Jason, along with his friends and family. Jason supposedly kills Franco in January 2012, after Franco allegedly rapes Jason's wife Sam (Kelly Monaco). The character is mentioned often after his alleged death, and for a time it was believed that he was Jason's twin brother. In May 2013, Roger Howarth assumed the role when the character was revealed to be alive. Franco's return brought about the revelation that his biological parents are Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner) and Heather Webber (Robin Mattson). In March 2021, the character was written off after being fatally shot by Peter August (Wes Ramsey).James Franco's casting on General Hospital was met by surprise and mixed reviews. Franco also used his time on the series to create a documentary that was shown at the Tribeca Film Festival, and turned a scene filming at MOCA into a live performance piece. The attention Franco garnered boosted publicity for General Hospital and the soap opera genre.","title":"Franco (General Hospital)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Franco_@_United_Artists_Theater.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Guza, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guza,_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_(artist)"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francophrenia-3"},{"link_name":"Steve Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francophrenia-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_WSJ_09-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_MF-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF_Explanation_09-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_Start_Date_09-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_dates-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Return-9"},{"link_name":"83rd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVG_Feb-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sept_2011_return-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVG_Franco_Jun_10-12"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francophrenia-3"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_MF-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter_WSJ_09-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_MF-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter_WSJ_09-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_WSJ_09-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan_Jan_10-14"},{"link_name":"Executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Jill Farren Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Farren_Phelps"},{"link_name":"story arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_arc"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF_Explanation_09-6"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Basquiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat"},{"link_name":"Keith Haring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Haring"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Tucker_Nov_09-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sept_2011_return-11"},{"link_name":"sociopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy#Sociopathy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVG_Franco_Jun_10-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_dates-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Return-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVG_Franco_Jun_10-12"},{"link_name":"Roger Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Howarth"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Actor James Franco created the role, alongside writers Robert Guza, Jr. and John Carter.In 2009, James Franco sought out a soap opera role.[3] Sharing the same agent as Steve Burton, who played Jason Morgan on General Hospital, he went to that series for his request.[3] Franco signed on for a series of 20 episodes[4] that he filmed in three days.[5] He was credited as a special guest star,[6] and first appeared on November 19, 2009.[7] His scenes aired through February 2010.[8] He returned on June 30, 2010, for a summer-long storyline.[9] He next appeared on February 25 and February 28, 2011, bookending his co-hosting job of the 83rd Academy Awards.[10] Franco returned for a longterm stint on September 20, 2011,[11] that aired until January 13, 2012.“Franco is an artist who works with death. He works in a lot of different ways. He does graffiti, performances, photographs. He creates installations based on murder scenes featuring murders he possibly was involved with. He's interested in pushing the boundaries of art – both aesthetically and ethically – and he will go way too far.\"\n\n\n—Franco in 2010, on his character[12]James Franco recalled approaching General Hospital in an interview with The New Yorker: \"I wanted their full treatment, so all I said was that I wanted to be an artist and I wanted my character to be crazy.\"[3] Franco's friend and colleague Carter, a conceptual artist who Franco was collaborating with on the film Maladies,[5] had suggested that Franco take a soap opera role and play an artist.[13] They would use the material in the film, where Franco plays a former soap opera star.[5] The General Hospital writing staff created the rest of the character,[13] who they named \"Franco, just Franco.\"[4][14] Executive producer at the time Jill Farren Phelps stated, \"He’s an unusual character and he has an unusual goal\", promising his primary story arc would involve character Jason Morgan.[6] The series promoted the character as \"an artist whose canvas is murder\". Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly compared the characters art installations to a rip off of Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring.[15] Franco is revealed to be a serial killer[11] and a sociopath,[12] whose vendetta against Jason that becomes an obsession.[8] Michael Logan of TV Guide called Franco's fascination of Jason an \"ongoing man-crush.\"[9] James Franco explained to TV Guide: \"Jason is a master assassin who's murdered a lot of people and gotten away with it, which is very attractive to Franco. He likes that danger. (Long thoughtful pause) There's an underlying sexiness to that....if that's what you're getting at. Yes, there's a underlying sexiness to that connection.\"[12]In May 2013, Roger Howarth—who previously appeared as his One Life to Live character Todd Manning—was cast as Franco. With Howarth's casting, several scenes were re-shot; his casting also marked the first time the character would appear in a regular capacity. On March 9, 2021, it was announced Howarth departed General Hospital as Franco, however, would return at a later date as another character.[16] Franco made his last appearance on March 11.[17]","title":"Casting and creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Drew Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Garrett"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Sneak_Peak_09-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_Start_Date_09-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Sneak_Peak_09-18"},{"link_name":"Joey Limbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#L"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Tucker_Nov_09-15"},{"link_name":"Maxie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Storms"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Dimestico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Dimestico"},{"link_name":"Sam McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McCall"},{"link_name":"Kelly Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Carly Corinthos Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos_Jacks"},{"link_name":"Laura Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Wright"},{"link_name":"Lulu Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Julie Marie Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Marie_Berman"},{"link_name":"Dante Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Falconeri"},{"link_name":"Dominic Zamprogna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Zamprogna"},{"link_name":"Josslyn Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josslyn_Jacks"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#C"},{"link_name":"Josh Wingate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Wingate"},{"link_name":"Chad Duell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Duell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Return-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Return-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Betsy Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#F"},{"link_name":"Karen Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#A"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"MOCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francophrenia-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Return-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francophrenia-3"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Herbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Herbst"},{"link_name":"Aiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Lucky Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Jackson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Brenda Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Marcil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Marcil"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Maurice Benard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Benard"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture_Oscars_11-20"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"laced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacing_(drugs)"},{"link_name":"raped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"Damian Spinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Spinelli"},{"link_name":"Bradford Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Anderson"},{"link_name":"paternity test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_test"},{"link_name":"Heather Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Webber_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Robin Mattson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Mattson"},{"link_name":"Susan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Moore_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Gail Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gail_Ramsey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fraternal twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_twin"},{"link_name":"Kiki Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Kristen Alderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Alderson"},{"link_name":"Ava Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Maura West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_West"},{"link_name":"Shawn Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Butler"},{"link_name":"Sean Blakemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Blakemore"},{"link_name":"Olivia Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Falconeri"},{"link_name":"Lisa LoCicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_LoCicero"},{"link_name":"Morgan Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Bryan Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Craig"},{"link_name":"Alexis Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Davis_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Lee Grahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Lee_Grahn"},{"link_name":"Epiphany Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Sonya Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonya_Eddy"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Kin Shriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_Shriner"},{"link_name":"Silas Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Clay"},{"link_name":"Michael Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Easton"},{"link_name":"Nina Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Clay"},{"link_name":"Michelle Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Stafford"},{"link_name":"Liesl Obrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesl_Obrecht"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Gati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Gati"},{"link_name":"Peter August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_August"},{"link_name":"Wes Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Ramsey"}],"text":"In November 2009, Franco witnesses the cover up of Michael Corinthos (then Drew Garrett)'s accidental murder of his stepmother,[18] and sends reenactment photos to Michael's uncle Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Disguised as a homeless vagrant, he spray paints the phrase CO77X around Port Charles.[7] He witnesses a shootout involving Jason[18] and Joey Limbo (Sal Landi), afterwards killing Limbo and repositioning the body in an odd figure.[15] He goes to the opening of his art exhibit, consisting of numerous crime scene reenactments. He asks to meet Jason, who refuses. Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms) accompanies Franco to his apartment, where he blindfolds her, photographs her in a chalk outline, and they sleep together. Franco invites Jason to his apartment and says he idolizes Jason's work in organized crime, calling it \"art\". He tells Jason that they are the same, and is upset when Jason does not agree. Franco hits police officer Ronnie Dimestico (Ronnie Marmo) with a car and tells him to give Jason the message \"you choose\". Franco kidnaps Jason's girlfriend Sam McCall (Kelly Monaco) and his best friend Carly Corinthos Jacks (Laura Wright). Jason saves Carly, but Franco escapes before Jason can follow him. Franco goes to find Maxie, and kidnaps Lulu Spencer (Julie Marie Berman) instead. He holds Lulu and Sam captive above bomb timers on opposite sides of town. Jason races to Sam while Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna) goes to Lulu. Sam's bomb turns out to be fake, while Dante reaches Lulu just in time to save her before her bomb explodes. Franco leaves town, later sending a DVD to Carly's daughter Josslyn Jacks as a christening present. The video explains his past motivations and reminds Jason he plans to kill someone for every person Jason kills.In June, Jason kills Carter (Josh Wingate), who had abused Michael (now Chad Duell) in prison, and his last words are \"Franco says hi.\" In July, Franco dresses as a homeless person[9] and follows Jason home. Dante and Jason continue to investigate Franco, finding his real name to be Robert Frank. They track down his mother, played by James Franco's real-life mother Betsy Franco.[9][19] The character has changed her name from Betsy Frank to Karen Anderson, and denies that she has a son. Franco leaves clues that lead Jason and Dante to Franco's exhibit in Los Angeles, held at MOCA. Based on his exploits in Port Charles,[3] the exhibit is entitled \"Francophrenia: Dissolving the Boundary Between Illusion and Reality\".[9] Jason and Dante meanwhile discover a DVD that reveals Franco had paid Carter to attack Michael in prison. In an ensuing battle with Jason, Franco apparently jumps off the roof of the building,[3] although the crowd brushes it off as live entertainment. Meanwhile, Franco is suspected of kidnapping Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst)'s newborn son Aiden, and is seen giving Aiden to Franco's mother to raise. Lucky Spencer (Jonathan Jackson) is able to reclaim the child without incident. As he leaves town, Franco is seen requesting his agent to book international model Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil), who later turns down the offer. In February 2011, Franco calls Jason and takes credit for the bombing of Brenda and Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard)'s wedding limo.[20] In March, Carly receives a video where Franco says he will keep a close eye on Josslyn.In September, Franco is seen taking photos and telling his toy monkey that Jason and Sam forgot his invitation to their wedding. He sets up cameras around the church and replaces Sam's wedding dress. During the reception, Franco watches from his apartment and dances with the dress. He sets up cameras in their honeymoon cabin in Hawaii. Carly finds a package to Josslyn from Hawaii with a note from Franco, and goes to warn Jason. She leaves after Jason hears that Franco is in Toronto, who is then seen at the cabin. Jason and Sam separately return and each find a note and bottle of beer laced by Franco that they drink. Jason wakes up in a locked room, with a TV screen that shows live footage of Franco carrying Sam, passed out, to the bedroom. He taunts Jason about privacy and covers the camera. When Jason is released, he goes to Sam, who faintly remembers being in bed with someone, leading them to believe Franco raped her. Franco sends Josslyn a wind-up baby toy and a video where he promises he will always be there for her. Sam sees Franco's signature NO2CCAH5 recently spray painted in an alley, and their friend Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson) believes the last character is symbol meaning 'creation', possibly referencing something Franco created during their honeymoon. Franco adds a zero, which they interpret to mean that there is no beginning and no end to Franco's game. Sam and Michael find a DVD where Franco taunts Jason, saying they are going to be a father. Sam finds out she is pregnant, and has a paternity test that shows Jason as the father. Jason shoots Franco, and as he dies, he says that Jason will never know. Sam finds another DVD from Franco that shows a home video of a baby boy. She goes to see Heather Webber (Robin Mattson), who reveals that her deceased cousin, Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey), was Franco's biological mother, making him Jason's fraternal twin brother. Susan had never known about the baby because Heather sold Franco to Susan's nurse, Betsy Frank. Sam has another test done that shows Franco as the father of her baby, which causes tension between her and Jason. It is later revealed that Heather switched the paternity test and Jason is the father.In May 2013, Franco (Roger Howarth) gathers Jason's friends at the Haunted Star and reveals himself to be alive. He then admits that he only led Jason to believe he raped Sam, by showing a DVD of what really happened that night. He also reveals with another DVD that he only instructed Carter to protect Michael, not hurt him in any way. Carter's assault of Michael was completely separate from Franco's agenda. After being arrested, Franco gets out on a bail where he makes himself known to the Quartermaine family and connects with his presumed daughter Kiki Jerome (Kristen Alderson) and her mother Ava Jerome (Maura West). Sonny orders Shawn Butler (Sean Blakemore) to perform a hit, but calls it off for fear of innocent people being harmed. Carly lures Franco to the Metro Court and orders Shawn to perform the hit, making him believe it is with Sonny's approval. Shawn fails to kill Franco and Olivia Falconeri (Lisa LoCicero) is shot instead, though this is revealed to have been due to a shot fired by Ava who was also trying to kill Franco at the same time. When Sonny's son Morgan Corinthos (Bryan Craig) begins living with Kiki at the Quartermaine mansion, Sonny and Shawn beat up Franco to warn him away from Morgan. Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn), looking for Franco because he is a prospective bone marrow donor for Sam's son Danny, comes upon the scene and takes Franco to General Hospital. Having lost consciousness, Franco wakes up in a hospital bed believing himself to be Jason and abducts Danny to protect him from \"Franco\", later confronting Sam who he believes has been tricked by \"Franco\" to not recognize him as Jason. It is revealed Franco has a brain tumor that has been altering his personality for years. After having a duel with a delusion of himself, Franco is prepared to kill himself and Danny to save them from what he comes to believe are innately violent tendencies, but Carly convinces him to return Danny and go back to the hospital. His tumor is found to be benign and removed, but due to some cancerous cells he cannot donate bone marrow to Danny after his struggle with Epiphany Johnson (Sonya Eddy). While he is sleeping in recovery, it is found that Kiki is not his daughter. In November 2013, Heather reveals that she is Franco's biological mother and Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner) is his father. Not too long after, Franco begins a secret relationship with Carly Jacks.In December, Franco stabbed his mother during a struggle, after he found her about to kill Carly in his apartment. Franco buried Heather, but it was later discovered that she was alive. Later, Heather kidnapped Carly in another attempt to keep them apart.Carly is eventually rescued, thanks to intervention from Franco and the police. Since then, Franco has been plagued by jealousy over the connection between Carly and Sonny. It turns out this jealousy, fueled by Franco's new friend and Silas Clay (Michael Easton)'s wife Nina Clay (Michelle Stafford) is \"correct\", as Kiki informs Franco that Carly slept with Sonny behind his back after he was employed as Art therapist at General Hospital by Chief of Staff and Nina's Aunt Liesl Obrecht (Kathleen Gati). At his birthday party, Franco shocks everyone by proposing to Carly, and he suggests a Halloween 2014 date for the wedding, with it becoming plainly evident that he intends to exact revenge against Sonny and Carly. After exposing Sonny for killing A.J. at the wedding, he trapped Heather, Shawn, Carly, and Jordon in a warehouse and claimed that the door was rigged with a bomb. Although, it wasn't, he used the time to escape with Nina and the baby she had just kidnapped. After being on the run for a short time they were captured. While Nina was sent to Shadybrooke, Franco was sent to prison to await trial for his many crimes. In prison he participated in an escape with Ava, Sonny, and Julian. Franco made it to Shadybrooke in time to save Nina from Heather and injected himself with an overdose of LSD to stay at Shadybrooke with Nina. He survived the overdose, but continues to have trouble with hallucinations.In March 2021, Franco is shot and killed by Peter August (Wes Ramsey).","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Franco_2007_Spiderman_3_premiere.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_WSJ_09-4"},{"link_name":"satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter_WSJ_09-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan_Jan_10-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_09-21"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Luke and Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_and_Laura"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF_Explanation_09-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moveline_09-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYM_09-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF_Explanation_09-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Rice_Jan_10-23"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_NYT_10-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_May_10-25"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Best_2010-26"},{"link_name":"2010 Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture_Emmy_10-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weird-28"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"James Franco's guest-starring role as Franco brought positive reception in the press.“I disrupted the audience's suspension of disbelief, because no matter how far I got into the character, I was going to be perceived as something that doesn't belong to the incredibly stylized world of soap operas. Everyone watching would see an actor they recognized, a real person in a made-up world.\"\n\n\n—Franco, in 2009[4]The announcement of James Franco's casting on General Hospital was met by surprise. Some critics felt Franco's appearance was a satire on the soap opera genre.[13] Vulture writers Jada Yuan called it \"bizarre but fascinating\",[14] and Lane Brown stated \"the answer was either a drinking problem or a maniacal desire to be written about on more blogs.\"[21] Michelle Kung of The Wall Street Journal wrote in 2009: \"Fans were puzzled. Had he lost a bet? Was this an elaborate prank? Was he a closet Luke and Laura junkie?\"[6] Some critics expressed the role would be detrimental to Franco's career.[1] Others felt it was a smart move that would benefit Franco with publicity; New York Magazine wrote: \"Joining General Hospital, and acting like it's just another gig, displays a ballsy disregard for conventional Hollywood wisdom, and adds a line to his résumé that has already generated more discussion than all the Spider-Man movies combined. For any ridicule Franco may get, he's created twice as much intrigue.\"[22] Kung interviewed executive producer Phelps who explained: \"We all had the same reaction of 'Really? Are you kidding?' (...) But we made the plane reservation and he showed up – and could not have been nicer or more humble; he was willing to do whatever we asked.\"[6]The reception of Franco's guest stints was mixed. Ratings from young woman viewers increased only five percent, the category that had been expected to rise the most.[23] Roberta Smith of The New York Times stated: \"[Franco's appearances] earned him something of a cult following, although I can’t be alone in feeling that their irony is outdone by their lameness.\"[24] Other viewers positively received Franco's character.[25] The New Yorker magazine called their July 2010 article \"Francophenia\" one of the top ten highlights of 2010.[26] Willa Paskin of Vulture stated Franco was snubbed to not have been nominated at the 2010 Daytime Emmy Awards.[27] Mickey O'Connor of TV Guide named Franco's 2010 return \"Best Weirdness\" in his Top Moments column.[28]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MOCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Return-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deitch_NYT-29"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deitch_NYT-29"},{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deitch_NYT-29"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deitch-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Observer_MOCA-31"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_Phelps_11-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_2011-33"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribeca-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Tribeca-35"}],"sub_title":"Popular culture","text":"The character Franco's 2010 exhibit at MOCA coincided with James Franco's real life exhibit at MOCA scheduled that summer, presenting his video documentary on his time at General Hospital.[9] Before becoming the director at MOCA, Jeffrey Deitch had been approached by Franco to use his New York gallery Deitch Projects, but Deitch was closing the gallery to assume his role at MOCA. Deitch offered the use of MOCA, despite hesitation from some of his colleagues.[29] Randy Kennedy of The New York Times spoke of Deitch and the General Hospital filming at MOCA in tandem: \"That the museum had become a soap opera set was pure Deitch, for better or worse: stuntlike, crazily experimental, scrambling high and low culture, risking ridicule and seeming not to care much when it rains down on his head.\"[29] Deitch made a small cameo appearance during the filming, as the director of Franco's exhibit.[29] In an interview with the Los Angeles Times Deitch compared Franco's appearances on the series to \"the ultimate extension of Andy Warhol guest starring in The Love Boat.\"[30] The filming at MOCA was simultaneously called a performance piece for the museum, entitled: SOAP at MOCA: James Franco on General Hospital. Franco described: \"Soap at MOCA is an attempt to both blur and define the lines between different disciplines, between life and art, between art and popular culture, and between representations of the self as both performative character and as non-performative self.\"[31] The series won Daytime Emmy Awards for the episode filmed at MOCA,[32] although it received mixed reactions from viewers.[33]James Franco's real-life documentary/fiction feature Francophenia (or Don't Kill Me, I Know Where the Baby Is) was shown at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival, described as \"an experimental psychological thriller set amid the spectacle of a celebrity’s escalating paranoia\".[34] Genna Terranova, Tribeca's director of programming, commented: \"He's kind of constructed this really interesting and well-crafted film about that experience that plays with the boundaries of documentary. It's a bit tongue in cheek, as James himself can be. He's a bit enigmatic and the film is as well.”[35]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_June_12-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Oct_09-37"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_WSJ_09-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF_Explanation_09-6"},{"link_name":"New York Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYM_09-22"},{"link_name":"Ava Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Maura West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_West"},{"link_name":"Kiki Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Kristen Alderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Alderson"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Soaps She Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_She_Knows"},{"link_name":"Liz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Impact","text":"“James Franco's guest stint – or metaphysical investigation into the hall-of-mirrors recursion of celebrity, take your pick – on General Hospital was one of the few times in recent history that daytime television broke out into mainstream discussion, and it's hard to argue that the spotlight wasn't a boo[n] for the genre.\"\n\n\n—Keith Staskiewicz of Entertainment Weekly[36]Franco joined General Hospital during a time of declining ratings for all soap operas.[37] Franco was published in The Wall Street Journal, where he explained his use of the experience as an experiment in performance art and stated: \"My hope was for people to ask themselves if soap operas are really that far from entertainment that is considered critically legitimate. Whether they did was out of my hands.\"[4] Phelps also commented on Franco's appearance helping the genre, stating: \"It's just such a kick that somebody who has never done this sort of material doesn't hold that sort of prejudice that we suffer from on a daily basis. It makes General Hospital – and hopefully all of daytime television – a cool place to be.\"[6] New York Magazine wrote on Franco's impact on soap operas:Franco essentially is doing something no one has done before: voluntarily, and apparently by his own design, embracing daytime drama. Soaps tend to be treated (unfairly) like a training ground for actors who want to achieve 'real' stardom elsewhere, so an artist of James's talent, youth, and fame level choosing to act there, even for two weeks, is like eating lunch alone in the cafeteria for two years only to have the hottest dude in school ask if he can sit with you and share a plate of fries.[22]Even in 2013, the character was still an intricate part of several major plots with the reveal of his connection to the Quartermaines, and the introductions of his former lover Ava Jerome, played by Emmy winner Maura West, and his daughter, Kiki Jerome (originated by Kristen Alderson in the spring of 2013).[38]In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed Franco at #35 on his ranked list of General Hospital’s 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting \"Once a fearsome villain, Liz’s latest late husband — thanks to the removal of that pesky homicidal brain tumor — became known as not only one of Port Charles’ biggest sweethearts but one of its funniest residents, too.\"[39]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Actor James Franco created the role, alongside writers Robert Guza, Jr. and John Carter.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/James_Franco_%40_United_Artists_Theater.jpg/200px-James_Franco_%40_United_Artists_Theater.jpg"},{"image_text":"James Franco's guest-starring role as Franco brought positive reception in the press.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/James_Franco_2007_Spiderman_3_premiere.jpg/200px-James_Franco_2007_Spiderman_3_premiere.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Buchanan, Kyle (November 12, 2009). \"Exclusive: The Real Story (and the Mastermind) Behind James Franco's Soap Opera Career Move\". Moveline. moveline.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://movieline.com/2009/11/12/the-real-story-and-the-artist-behind-james-franco-soap-star/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: The Real Story (and the Mastermind) Behind James Franco's Soap Opera Career Move\""}]},{"reference":"Series Producer: Frank Valentini; Writer: Ron Carlivati (June 5, 2013). General Hospital. Season 50. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini","url_text":"Frank Valentini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carlivati","url_text":"Ron Carlivati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital","url_text":"General Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"Goodyear, Dana (July 12, 2010). \"Francophrenia\". The New Yorker. newyorker.com. Retrieved August 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2010/07/12/100712ta_talk_goodyear","url_text":"\"Francophrenia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Franco, James (December 4, 2009). \"A Star, a Soap and the Meaning of Art\". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704107104574570313372878136#printMode","url_text":"\"A Star, a Soap and the Meaning of Art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Fairman, Michael (July 1, 2010). \"The James Franco Interview - General Hospital\". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/general-hospital/the-james-franco-interview-general-hospital/2010/07/01/","url_text":"\"The James Franco Interview - General Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fairman_On-Air_On-Soaps","url_text":"Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps"}]},{"reference":"Kung, Michell (November 6, 2009). \"James Franco's Upcoming 'General Hospital' Appearance Explained\". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com/speakeasy. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/11/06/james-francos-upcoming-general-hospital-appearance-explained/","url_text":"\"James Franco's Upcoming 'General Hospital' Appearance Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Kung, Michelle (November 19, 2009). \"James Franco on 'General Hospital': The Guest Arc Commences Early\". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com/speakeasy. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/11/19/james-franco-on-general-hospital-the-guest-arc-commences-early/","url_text":"\"James Franco on 'General Hospital': The Guest Arc Commences Early\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Eng, Joyce (May 18, 2010). \"James Franco Returning to General Hospital\". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/James-Franco-GH-1018612.aspx","url_text":"\"James Franco Returning to General Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Logan, Michael (July 18, 2010). \"New Details on James Franco's Crazy General Hospital Return\". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved November 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/General-Hospital-Franco-1019732.aspx","url_text":"\"New Details on James Franco's Crazy General Hospital Return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Logan, Michael (February 7, 2011). \"General Hospital Scoop on the Sonny-Brenda Wedding and the Return of James Franco\". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/General-Hospital-Scoop-1028959.aspx","url_text":"\"General Hospital Scoop on the Sonny-Brenda Wedding and the Return of James Franco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Logan, Michael (July 25, 2011). \"Exclusive: James Franco Returns to General Hospital\". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/James-Franco-General-Hospital-1035645.aspx","url_text":"\"Exclusive: James Franco Returns to General Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Logan, Michael (June 15, 2010). \"TV Guide Magazine Exclusive Q&A: James Franco Checks Back Into General Hospital\". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/James-Franco-General-1019624.aspx","url_text":"\"TV Guide Magazine Exclusive Q&A: James Franco Checks Back Into General Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Yan, Cathy (December 3, 2009). \"Conceptual Artist Carter on James Franco's General Hospital Appearance: 'It was my idea'\". The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/12/03/conceptual-artist-carter-on-james-francos-general-hospital-appearance-it-was-my-idea/?mod=","url_text":"\"Conceptual Artist Carter on James Franco's General Hospital Appearance: 'It was my idea'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Yuan, Jada (January 20, 2010). \"James Franco Finally Fully Explains How His Grand General Hospital Plan Came to Be\". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2010/01/james_franco_why_he_joined_gen.html","url_text":"\"James Franco Finally Fully Explains How His Grand General Hospital Plan Came to Be\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Ken (November 20, 2009). \"James Franco's debut on 'General Hospital': 'Should I wear anything special, or nothing at all?'\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://watching-tv.ew.com/2009/11/20/james-franco-general-hospital/","url_text":"\"James Franco's debut on 'General Hospital': 'Should I wear anything special, or nothing at all?'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"SOD (March 9, 2021). \"Exclusive: Roger Howarth on GH Status\". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"SOD"},{"url":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/exclusive-roger-howarth-on-gh-status/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Roger Howarth on GH Status\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Media,_Inc.","url_text":"American Media, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Cushman, Dustin (March 11, 2021). \"After Chase Sees Messages About the DNA Results on Finn's Phone, [SPOILER] Decides to Tell Him the Truth\". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved April 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://soaps.sheknows.com/general-hospital/recaps/594461/general-hospital-jackie-prepares-tell-chase-truth/","url_text":"\"After Chase Sees Messages About the DNA Results on Finn's Phone, [SPOILER] Decides to Tell Him the Truth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps.com","url_text":"Soaps.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheKnows_Media","url_text":"SheKnows Media"}]},{"reference":"West, Abby (November 19, 2009). \"James Franco's 'General Hospital' sneak peek\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/11/19/james-francos-general-hospital-sneak-peek-2/","url_text":"\"James Franco's 'General Hospital' sneak peek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Franco's Mom to Play Franco's Mom\". SOAPnet. sn.soapnet.go.com. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/francos-mom-to-play-francos-mom","url_text":"\"Franco's Mom to Play Franco's Mom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAPnet","url_text":"SOAPnet"}]},{"reference":"Paskin, Willa (February 25, 2011). \"James Franco Cracks Oscar Jokes on General Hospital\". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2011/02/james_franco_general_hospital.html","url_text":"\"James Franco Cracks Oscar Jokes on General Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Lane (November 12, 2009). \"James Franco's Stint on General Hospital All for Some Art Movie\". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2009/11/james_francos_general_hospital.html","url_text":"\"James Franco's Stint on General Hospital All for Some Art Movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fug Girls: James Franco's Soap-Opera Stint Is a Genius Move\". New York Magazine. nymag.com. November 5, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/thecut/2009/11/fug_girls_james_francos_soap-o.html","url_text":"\"Fug Girls: James Franco's Soap-Opera Stint Is a Genius Move\""}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lynette (January 1, 2010). \"How Long Will They Last?\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20333856,00.html","url_text":"\"How Long Will They Last?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Roberta (August 19, 2010). \"When an Actor Casts Himself as an Artist\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/20/arts/design/20franco.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"When an Actor Casts Himself as an Artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bruno, Mike (May 18, 2010). \"James Franco headed back to 'General Hospital': Jason is sooooo pissed\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/05/18/james-franco-returns-general-hospital/","url_text":"\"James Franco headed back to 'General Hospital': Jason is sooooo pissed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of Talk of the Town, 2010\". The New Yorker. newyorker.com. December 15, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2010/12/the-best-of-the-talk-of-the-town-2010.html","url_text":"\"The Best of Talk of the Town, 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Paskin, Willa (May 12, 2010). \"Daytime Emmys Fail to Nominate James Franco\". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2010/05/daytime_emmys_fail_to_nominate.html","url_text":"\"Daytime Emmys Fail to Nominate James Franco\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Mickey (July 2, 2010). \"Top Moments: Risky Business on Entourage, True Blood and The Bachelorette\". TV Guide. tvguide.com. 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Retrieved November 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/07/entertainment/la-et-deitchonwarhol-20100607","url_text":"\"His Pop idol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Molly (July 1, 2010). \"Jeffrey Deitch, Francophile?\". The New York Observer. observer.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2010/07/jeffrey-deitch-francophile/","url_text":"\"Jeffrey Deitch, Francophile?\""}]},{"reference":"Adalian, Josef (December 2, 2011). \"James Franco Defends Deposed General Hospital Showrunner\". New York Media. vulture.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2011/12/james-franco-defends-deposed-general-hospital-showrunner.html","url_text":"\"James Franco Defends Deposed General Hospital Showrunner\""}]},{"reference":"Logan, Michael (April 18, 2011). \"Daytime Emmy Watch: Handicapping the Best Soap Nominations\". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Daytime-Emmy-Watch-1031980.aspx","url_text":"\"Daytime Emmy Watch: Handicapping the Best Soap Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (March 6, 2012). \"Tribeca Festival Announces First Slate of Films for 2012\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/06/tribeca-festival-announces-first-films-for-2012/","url_text":"\"Tribeca Festival Announces First Slate of Films for 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Labrecque, Jeff (March 6, 2012). \"James Franco's 'General Hospital' film to highlight Tribeca Film Festival\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/03/06/james-franco-general-hospital-tribeca-film-festival/","url_text":"\"James Franco's 'General Hospital' film to highlight Tribeca Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Staskiewicz, Keith (June 11, 2012). \"James Franco to return to soaps in 'Hollywood Heights' on June 29\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/06/11/james-franco-hollywood-heights/","url_text":"\"James Franco to return to soaps in 'Hollywood Heights' on June 29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lynette (October 30, 2009). \"James Franco on 'General Hospital': Can he help save daytime?\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2009/10/30/james-franco-on-general-hospital-save-daytime/","url_text":"\"James Franco on 'General Hospital': Can he help save daytime?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Fairman, Michael (May 9, 2013). \"Maura West Debuts as Ava Jerome on General Hospital! What Was Your Reaction?\". On-Air On-Soaps. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130613003218/http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/maura-west-debuts-as-ava-jerome-on-general-hospital-what-was-your-reaction/2013/05/09","url_text":"\"Maura West Debuts as Ava Jerome on General Hospital! What Was Your Reaction?\""},{"url":"http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/maura-west-debuts-as-ava-jerome-on-general-hospital-what-was-your-reaction/2013/05/09/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Charlie. \"General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, Ranked [PHOTOS]\". Soaps She Knows. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://soaps.sheknows.com/gallery/general-hospital-greatest-characters-ever-pictures/","url_text":"\"General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, Ranked [PHOTOS]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_She_Knows","url_text":"Soaps She Knows"}]}]
|
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Explained\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/11/19/james-franco-on-general-hospital-the-guest-arc-commences-early/","external_links_name":"\"James Franco on 'General Hospital': The Guest Arc Commences Early\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/James-Franco-GH-1018612.aspx","external_links_name":"\"James Franco Returning to General Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/General-Hospital-Franco-1019732.aspx","external_links_name":"\"New Details on James Franco's Crazy General Hospital Return\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/General-Hospital-Scoop-1028959.aspx","external_links_name":"\"General Hospital Scoop on the Sonny-Brenda Wedding and the Return of James Franco\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/James-Franco-General-Hospital-1035645.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: James Franco Returns to General Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/James-Franco-General-1019624.aspx","external_links_name":"\"TV Guide Magazine Exclusive Q&A: James Franco Checks Back Into General Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/12/03/conceptual-artist-carter-on-james-francos-general-hospital-appearance-it-was-my-idea/?mod=","external_links_name":"\"Conceptual Artist Carter on James Franco's General Hospital Appearance: 'It was my idea'\""},{"Link":"http://www.vulture.com/2010/01/james_franco_why_he_joined_gen.html","external_links_name":"\"James Franco Finally Fully Explains How His Grand General Hospital Plan Came to Be\""},{"Link":"http://watching-tv.ew.com/2009/11/20/james-franco-general-hospital/","external_links_name":"\"James Franco's debut on 'General Hospital': 'Should I wear anything special, or nothing at all?'\""},{"Link":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/exclusive-roger-howarth-on-gh-status/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Roger Howarth on GH Status\""},{"Link":"https://soaps.sheknows.com/general-hospital/recaps/594461/general-hospital-jackie-prepares-tell-chase-truth/","external_links_name":"\"After Chase Sees Messages About the DNA Results on Finn's Phone, [SPOILER] Decides to Tell Him the Truth\""},{"Link":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/11/19/james-francos-general-hospital-sneak-peek-2/","external_links_name":"\"James Franco's 'General Hospital' sneak peek\""},{"Link":"http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/francos-mom-to-play-francos-mom","external_links_name":"\"Franco's Mom to Play Franco's Mom\""},{"Link":"http://www.vulture.com/2011/02/james_franco_general_hospital.html","external_links_name":"\"James Franco Cracks Oscar Jokes on General Hospital\""},{"Link":"http://www.vulture.com/2009/11/james_francos_general_hospital.html","external_links_name":"\"James Franco's Stint on General Hospital All for Some Art Movie\""},{"Link":"http://nymag.com/thecut/2009/11/fug_girls_james_francos_soap-o.html","external_links_name":"\"Fug Girls: James Franco's Soap-Opera Stint Is a Genius Move\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20333856,00.html","external_links_name":"\"How Long Will They Last?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/20/arts/design/20franco.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"When an Actor Casts Himself as an Artist\""},{"Link":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/05/18/james-franco-returns-general-hospital/","external_links_name":"\"James Franco headed back to 'General Hospital': Jason is sooooo pissed\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2010/12/the-best-of-the-talk-of-the-town-2010.html","external_links_name":"\"The Best of Talk of the Town, 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.vulture.com/2010/05/daytime_emmys_fail_to_nominate.html","external_links_name":"\"Daytime Emmys Fail to Nominate James Franco\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Top-Moments-Blood-Bachelorette-1020146.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Top Moments: Risky Business on Entourage, True Blood and The Bachelorette\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/arts/design/04deitch.html?_r=1&","external_links_name":"\"Museum Role Fits a Former Art Dealer\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/07/entertainment/la-et-deitchonwarhol-20100607","external_links_name":"\"His Pop idol\""},{"Link":"https://observer.com/2010/07/jeffrey-deitch-francophile/","external_links_name":"\"Jeffrey Deitch, Francophile?\""},{"Link":"http://www.vulture.com/2011/12/james-franco-defends-deposed-general-hospital-showrunner.html","external_links_name":"\"James Franco Defends Deposed General Hospital Showrunner\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Daytime-Emmy-Watch-1031980.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Daytime Emmy Watch: Handicapping the Best Soap Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/06/tribeca-festival-announces-first-films-for-2012/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca Festival Announces First Slate of Films for 2012\""},{"Link":"http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/03/06/james-franco-general-hospital-tribeca-film-festival/","external_links_name":"\"James Franco's 'General Hospital' film to highlight Tribeca Film Festival\""},{"Link":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/06/11/james-franco-hollywood-heights/","external_links_name":"\"James Franco to return to soaps in 'Hollywood Heights' on June 29\""},{"Link":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2009/10/30/james-franco-on-general-hospital-save-daytime/","external_links_name":"\"James Franco on 'General Hospital': Can he help save daytime?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130613003218/http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/maura-west-debuts-as-ava-jerome-on-general-hospital-what-was-your-reaction/2013/05/09","external_links_name":"\"Maura West Debuts as Ava Jerome on 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Eriksson
|
Magdalena Eriksson
|
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Swedish footballer (born 1993)
Magdalena Eriksson
Eriksson after a match with Chelsea in 2019Personal informationFull name
Magdalena Lilly ErikssonDate of birth
(1993-09-08) 8 September 1993 (age 30)Place of birth
Stockholm, SwedenHeight
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s)
Centre-back, left-backTeam informationCurrent team
Bayern MunichNumber
5Youth career
Enskede IK2009–2010
Hammarby IFSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2011
Hammarby IF
19
(0)2012
Djurgårdens IF
19
(1)2013–2017
Linköpings FC
88
(5)2017–2023
Chelsea
104
(8)2023–
Bayern Munich
13
(4)International career‡2008
Sweden U15
2
(0)2009
Sweden U16
8
(1)2009–2010
Sweden U17
18
(3)2011–2012
Sweden U19
24
(0)2013
Sweden U23
4
(0)2014–
Sweden
111
(13)
Medal record
Women's football
Representing Sweden
Olympic Games
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Team
2020 Tokyo
Team
FIFA Women's World Cup
2019 France
2023 Australia/New Zealand
UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship
Winner
2012 Turkey
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 May 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 4 June 2024
Magdalena Lilly Eriksson (also Ericsson, born 8 September 1993) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for Frauen-Bundesliga side Bayern Munich and the Sweden national team. Primarily a centre-back, she can also play as a left-back.
At the beginning of her professional career, Eriksson played for the Stockholm clubs Hammarby IF and Djurgårdens IF until she moved to Linköpings FC in 2013, where she won two cup titles and the league title in 2016 during her five years at the club.
In 2017, Eriksson moved to England and signed for Chelsea in the Women's Super League (WSL). There, she established herself as one of the best central defenders in the league and was named team captain in 2019. With Chelsea, she won five WSL titles, and also reached the final of the UEFA Women's Champions League in the 2020–21 season. In 2020, she was named Swedish Footballer of the Year.
Eriksson, like her partner Pernille Harder, is also known for her LGBTQ+ advocacy and LGBTQ+ rights in sport.
Club career
Eriksson began her football career with local team Enskede IK, but was encouraged by her father to join Hammarby IF in order to improve her game. Aged 17, she broke into Hammarby's first team in the 2011 Damallsvenskan season and made her debut against Umeå IK.
In November 2011, Eriksson left relegated Hammarby for their Stockholm rivals Djurgårdens IF. After scoring one goal in 19 appearances in the 2012 Damallsvenskan, she left Djurgården, who were facing relegation, and joined Linköpings FC.
Eriksson (blue) with Chelsea in 2021
In July 2017, after almost five years with Linköpings FC, Eriksson signed a two-year contract with Women's Super League team Chelsea Ladies. In August 2018, she extended her contract until 2021, and eventually became the team's captain in 2019. She extended her contract once again in November 2020, this time until 2023. On 9 December 2020, Eriksson made her 100th appearance for Chelsea in a 5–0 Champions League win over Benfica.
Her performances over the years, especially following Chelsea's WSL title-winning 2020–21 season, have seen Eriksson hailed as one of the best defenders in Europe. After six years with Chelsea, for whom she made over 180 appearances and won over 10 trophies, Eriksson left the club at the end of the 2022–23 season along with her partner Pernille Harder.
On 1 June 2023, Eriksson and Harder were unveiled as a new players of Frauen-Bundesliga club Bayern Munich, signing three-year contracts. In December's Champions League clash against Ajax, she suffered a broken metatarsal in her left foot, which required surgery. She returned to the team three months later, in March 2024, coming on as a second-half substitute during a 5–0 victory over RB Leipzig.
International career
As a Swedish under-19 international, Eriksson was part of the victorious squad at the 2012 U-19 European Championship. In November 2013, national team coach Pia Sundhage called her to a senior squad training camp at Bosön. Eriksson made her debut for the senior Sweden team in a 3–0 friendly defeat by France in Amiens on 8 February 2014. She was part of the Swedish squad that won silver at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Eriksson has since represented Sweden at every major tournament, namely UEFA Women's Euro 2017, 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2020 Summer Olympics, UEFA Women's Euro 2022, and 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. At the 2020 Olympics, she won the silver medal after Sweden lost to Canada in the final on penalties.
Personal life
Eriksson's mother is of Finnish descent. She is openly lesbian and, since 2014, in a relationship with Danish international Pernille Harder. She and Harder work with the charity Common Goal and pledged 1% of their salaries to help tackle social issues throughout football. The couple also both push for equality and LGBTQ+ rights in sport.
During her upbringing, she assumed her last name was spelled with a C because that was how her father spelled it. When she was 17 and looked in her passport she realised it was actually spelled with a K. As such, her last name is often misspelled as "Ericsson" rather than the correct "Eriksson".
Eriksson has a bachelor's degree in political science and took a course in feminist theory and intersectional power analysis.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 27 May 2023
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
Leagues
National cup
League cup
Continental
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Hammarby IF
2011
Damallsvenskan
19
0
2
0
—
—
—
21
0
Djurgårdens IF
2012
Damallsvenskan
19
1
2
0
—
—
—
21
1
Linköpings FC
2013
Damallsvenskan
19
2
5
0
—
—
—
24
2
2014
16
0
4
0
—
—
—
20
0
2015
22
1
5
0
—
6
1
1
0
34
2
2016
21
2
5
2
—
—
1
0
27
4
2017
10
0
0
0
—
—
—
10
0
Total
88
5
19
2
0
0
6
1
2
0
115
8
Chelsea
2017–18
Women's Super League
15
2
5
0
3
0
8
0
—
31
2
2018–19
19
2
4
0
5
0
7
0
—
35
2
2019–20
14
1
2
0
7
2
—
—
23
3
2020–21
20
1
4
0
5
1
6
0
1
0
36
2
2021–22
16
1
2
1
0
0
6
0
—
24
2
2022–23
20
1
5
0
2
0
9
0
—
36
1
Total
104
8
22
1
22
3
36
0
1
0
185
12
Career total
230
14
45
3
22
3
42
1
3
0
342
21
^ Includes Svenska Cupen Damer and Women's FA Cup
^ Includes FA Women's League Cup
^ Includes UEFA Women's Champions League
^ a b Appearances in Svenska Supercupen
^ Appearance in Women's FA Community Shield
International
Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Eriksson goal.
List of international goals scored by Magdalena Eriksson
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
26 January 2016
Prioritet Serneke Arena, Gothenburg, Sweden
Scotland
2–0
6–0
Friendly
2
21 October 2016
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Iran
2–0
7–0
Friendly
3
4–0
4
7–0
5
30 August 2018
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Ukraine
2–0
3–0
2019 FIFA World Cup qualification
6
4 October 2019
Diósgyőri Stadion, Miskolc, Hungary
Hungary
1–0
5–0
UEFA Euro 2022 qualifying
7
17 September 2020
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Hungary
4–0
8–0
UEFA Euro 2022 qualifying
8
22 October 2020
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Latvia
4–0
7–0
UEFA Euro 2022 qualifying
9
30 July 2021
Saitama Stadium 2002, Saitama, Japan
Japan
1–0
3–1
2020 Olympics
10
21 September 2021
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Georgia
2–0
4–0
2023 FIFA World Cup qualification
11
22 September 2023
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Spain
1–0
2–3
2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League
12
27 October 2023
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Switzerland
1–0
1–0
2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League
13
4 June 2024
Friends Arena, Stockholm, Sweden
Republic of Ireland
1–0
1–0
UEFA Euro 2025 qualifying League A
Honours
Linköpings FC
Damallsvenskan: 2016
Svenska Cupen: 2013–14, 2014–15
Chelsea
Women's Super League: 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23
Women's FA Cup: 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23
FA Women's League Cup: 2019–20, 2020–21
FA Community Shield: 2020
Bayern Munich
Frauen-Bundesliga: 2023–24
Sweden U19
UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2012
Sweden
Summer Olympic Games silver medal: 2016, 2020
FIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2019, 2023
Algarve Cup: 2018
Individual
Diamantbollen: 2020
Fotbollsgalan – Swedish Defender of the Year: 2020, 2021
FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2021
FA WSL PFA Team of the Year: 2019–20, 2020–21
References
^ "FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019 List of Players – Sweden" (PDF). FIFA. 27 May 2019. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
^ "Magdalena Eriksson – Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté". sok.se.
^ "Magdalena Eriksson". Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ a b "Magdalena Eriksson – Spelarstatistik Svensk Fotboll". Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Magdalena Eriksson Archived 20 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. nbcolympics.com
^ Burhan, Asif. "Chelsea's Pernille Harder And Magda Eriksson Proud To Be LGBTQ+ Ambassadors". Forbes. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ Chulani, Nikhita (7 August 2019). "'We're powerful together': Harder and Eriksson on being a gay couple in football – video". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ Andersdotter, Anna (19 May 2011). "Morsning Magda!". Hammarby IF DFF. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ "Hammarby tappar Magdalena Ericsson". Damfotboll.com (in Swedish). 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ "Ännu en vinnare till LFC" (in Swedish). Linköpings FC. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ "Linköpings FC – Linköpings Fotboll Club". Linköpings Fotboll Club.
^ "Ladies sign Sweden international". Chelsea F.C. 15 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Eriksson extends and aims to be even better". Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Magdalena Eriksson to captain Chelsea Women". Chelsea F.C. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Captain Eriksson pens new deal". Chelsea F.C. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Women's Match Report: Benfica 0 Chelsea 5". Chelsea F.C. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ Ruszkai, Ameé (10 May 2021). "Miedema, Kerr and the Women's Super League team of the season". goal.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
^ "Chelsea: Pernille Harder & Magdalena Eriksson to leave club in summer". BBC Sport. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Chelsea: Bayern Munich sign Pernille Harder and Magdalena Eriksson from WSL champions". BBC Sport. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ "Bayern Munich sign Chelsea pair Pernille Harder and Magdalena Eriksson on three-year deals". Sky Sports. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ "Magdalena Eriksson has operation on broken metatarsal". FC Bayern Munich. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
^ "Siegesserie ausgebaut! FCB-Frauen jubeln gegen Leipzig im Sondertrikot" (in German). FC Bayern Munich. 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
^ Hammarlund, Pauline (13 July 2012). "Hammarlund's inside track on finalists Sweden". Uefa.com. Antalya: UEFA. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ Åhlin, Per. "Ericsson uttagen i landslaget" (in Swedish). Östgöta Correspondenten. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ Magdalena Eriksson Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. rio2016.com
^ "Women's World Cup: Magdalena Eriksson is enthusiastic about next stages". chelseafc.com. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ Eriksson, Mia (18 July 2021). "Tokyo Olympics: Can Magda Eriksson be the golden ticket for Sweden?". Her Football Hub. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ "Magdalena Eriksson » Internationals". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ "Women's World Cup 2023: Sweden veteran Caroline Seger to play at fifth World Cup". BBC Sport. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Women Olympic Games 2021 Tokyo – Final". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ "Ruotsin supertähdet odottavat Suomen kohtaamista EM-pettymyksen jälkeen – Chelsea-kapteenilta yllättävä paljastus: "Äitini on suomalainen"". Yle Urheilu (in Finnish). 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
^ Wrack, Suzanne (13 February 2018). "Pernille Harder: 'I was the only girl in the team but they wanted to play with me'". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ Ames, Nick (7 August 2019). "Harder and Eriksson: 'After the photo people wrote and said how much we'd helped'". The Guardian. Wolfsburg. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
^ "Pernille Harder & Magdalena Eriksson: Chelsea's football power couple". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
^ Chulani, Nikhita (7 August 2019). "'We're powerful together': Harder and Eriksson on being a gay couple in football – video". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
^ Bråstedt, Mats. ""Det är min pappa som har lurat mig"" (in Swedish). Expressen. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ "Eriksson hemma" (in Swedish). Sport Bladet. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
^ "M. Eriksson". soccerway.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Magdalena Eriksson". Olympics.com. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ Andersson, Louise (24 November 2020). "Magdalena Eriksson vinner Diamantbollen 2020" (in Swedish). SVT Sport. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^ "2020–2021 Women's FIFA FIFPRO World 11 revealed". FIFPRO. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
^ "Bethany England named number one by peers". Chelsea F.C. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Chelsea players, including Fran Kirby and Sam Kerr, dominate PFA WSL Team of the Year". Sky Sports. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magdalena Eriksson.
Magdalena Eriksson – UEFA competition record (archive)
Magdalena Eriksson at the Swedish Football Association (in Swedish)
Magdalena Eriksson at Soccerway
vteFC Bayern Munich (women) – current squad
2 Sembrant
3 Bellomou
4 Glódís (c)
5 Eriksson
6 Hansen
7 Gwinn
9 Damnjanović
10 Dallmann
11 Schüller
12 Lohmann
13 Tainara
14 Şehitler
16 Guzmán
17 Bühl
18 Baijings
19 Naschenweng
20 Kett
21 Harder
22 Grohs
23 Nayler
24 Zawistowska
25 Zadrazil
26 Kerr
30 Simon
31 Stanway
41 Wellmann
44 Cecilía
Coach: Straus
Awards
vte2019–20 FA WSL PFA Team of the Year
GK: Berger
DF: Mjelde
DF: Williamson
DF: Bright
DF: Eriksson
MF: Weir
MF: Little
MF: Ji
FW: England
FW: Miedema
FW: Kelly
vte2020–21 FA WSL PFA Team of the Year
GK: Berger
DF: McCabe
DF: Williamson
DF: Eriksson
DF: Mjelde
MF: Mewis
MF: Weir
MF: Kerr
FW: Kelly
FW: Kirby
FW: Hemp
vteSwedish Women's Footballer of the YearÅrets fotbollstjej award
1980: Svenjeby
1981: Sundhage
1982: Börjesson
1983: Leidinge
1984: Videkull
1985: Andersson
1986: Axén
1987: Hultin
1988: Videkull
1989: Hultin
Diamantbollen
1990: Zeikfalvy
1991: Leidinge
1992: Andelén
1993: Videkull
1994: Bengtsson
1995: Andersson
1996: Swedberg
1997: Karlsson
1998: Svensson
1999: Sandell
2000: Nordlund
2001: Moström
2002: Ljungberg
2003: Svensson
2004: Bengtsson
2005: Marklund
2006: Schelin
2007: Sjögran
2008: Östberg
2009: Seger
2010: Sjögran
2011: Schelin
2012: Schelin
2013: Schelin
2014: Schelin
2015: Lindahl
2016: Lindahl
2017: Asllani
2018: Fischer
2019: Seger
2020: Eriksson
2021: Rolfö
2022: Rolfö
2023: Rubensson
Sweden squads
vteSweden women's football squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – Silver medalists
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Berglund
5 Fischer
6 Eriksson
7 Dahlkvist
8 Schelin (c)
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Schough
13 Rolfö
14 Appelqvist
15 Samuelsson
16 Rubensson
17 Seger
18 Carlén
19 Hammarlund
Coach: Sundhage
vteSweden squad – UEFA Women's Euro 2017
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Berglund
5 Fischer
6 Eriksson
7 Dahlkvist
8 Schelin
9 Asllani
10 Spetsmark
11 Blackstenius
12 Carlén
13 Johansson
14 Folkesson
15 Samuelsson
16 Glas
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Hammarlund
20 Larsson
21 Lundberg
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Sundhage
vteSweden squad – 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup third place
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Glas
5 Fischer
6 Eriksson
7 Janogy
8 Hurtig
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Falk
13 Ilestedt
14 Roddar
15 Björn
16 Zigiotti Olme
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Anvegård
20 Larsson
21 Mušović
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Gerhardsson
vteSweden women's football squad – 2020 Summer Olympics – Silver medalists
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Kullberg
4 Glas
5 Bennison
6 Eriksson
7 Janogy
8 Hurtig
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Falk
13 Ilestedt
14 Björn
15 Schough
16 Angeldal
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Anvegård
20 Roddar
21 Blomqvist
22 Mušović
Coach: Gerhardsson
vteSweden squad – UEFA Women's Euro 2022 semi-finalists
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Glas
5 Nildén
6 Eriksson
7 Kullberg
8 Hurtig
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Falk
13 Ilestedt
14 Björn
15 Blomqvist
16 Angeldahl
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Rytting Kaneryd
20 Bennison
21 Mušović
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Gerhardsson
vteSweden squad – 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup third place
1 Mušović
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Lennartsson
5 Sandberg
6 Eriksson
7 Janogy
8 Hurtig
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Falk
13 Ilestedt
14 Björn
15 Blomqvist
16 Angeldahl
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Rytting Kaneryd
20 Bennison
21 Enblom
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Gerhardsson
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Frauen-Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauen-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"Sweden national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbc-5"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"left-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-back"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll_(women)"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll_(women)"},{"link_name":"Linköpings FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6pings_FC"},{"link_name":"cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen_(women)"},{"link_name":"league title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Women"},{"link_name":"Women's Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Super_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Swedish Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantbollen"},{"link_name":"Pernille Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernille_Harder_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Magdalena Lilly Eriksson (also Ericsson, born 8 September 1993) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for Frauen-Bundesliga side Bayern Munich and the Sweden national team.[5] Primarily a centre-back, she can also play as a left-back.At the beginning of her professional career, Eriksson played for the Stockholm clubs Hammarby IF and Djurgårdens IF until she moved to Linköpings FC in 2013, where she won two cup titles and the league title in 2016 during her five years at the club.In 2017, Eriksson moved to England and signed for Chelsea in the Women's Super League (WSL). There, she established herself as one of the best central defenders in the league and was named team captain in 2019. With Chelsea, she won five WSL titles, and also reached the final of the UEFA Women's Champions League in the 2020–21 season. In 2020, she was named Swedish Footballer of the Year.Eriksson, like her partner Pernille Harder, is also known for her LGBTQ+ advocacy and LGBTQ+ rights in sport.[6][7]","title":"Magdalena Eriksson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enskede IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enskede_IK"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll_(women)"},{"link_name":"2011 Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Umeå IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_IK"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morsning-8"},{"link_name":"relegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll_(women)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2012 Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Linköpings FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6pings_FC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelsea_FC_Women_v_Everton_FC_Women,_12_September_2021_(13).jpg"},{"link_name":"Women's Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_WSL_1"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Women"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica_(women)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Chelsea_F.C._Women_season"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Chelsea_F.C._Women_season"},{"link_name":"Pernille Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernille_Harder_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Frauen-Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauen-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax_(women)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"RB Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RB_Leipzig_(women)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Eriksson began her football career with local team Enskede IK, but was encouraged by her father to join Hammarby IF in order to improve her game. Aged 17, she broke into Hammarby's first team in the 2011 Damallsvenskan season and made her debut against Umeå IK.[8]In November 2011, Eriksson left relegated Hammarby for their Stockholm rivals Djurgårdens IF.[9] After scoring one goal in 19 appearances in the 2012 Damallsvenskan, she left Djurgården, who were facing relegation, and joined Linköpings FC.[10]Eriksson (blue) with Chelsea in 2021In July 2017, after almost five years with Linköpings FC, Eriksson signed a two-year contract with Women's Super League team Chelsea Ladies.[11][12] In August 2018, she extended her contract until 2021,[13] and eventually became the team's captain in 2019.[14] She extended her contract once again in November 2020, this time until 2023.[15] On 9 December 2020, Eriksson made her 100th appearance for Chelsea in a 5–0 Champions League win over Benfica.[16]Her performances over the years, especially following Chelsea's WSL title-winning 2020–21 season, have seen Eriksson hailed as one of the best defenders in Europe.[17] After six years with Chelsea, for whom she made over 180 appearances and won over 10 trophies, Eriksson left the club at the end of the 2022–23 season along with her partner Pernille Harder.[18]On 1 June 2023, Eriksson and Harder were unveiled as a new players of Frauen-Bundesliga club Bayern Munich, signing three-year contracts.[19][20] In December's Champions League clash against Ajax, she suffered a broken metatarsal in her left foot, which required surgery.[21] She returned to the team three months later, in March 2024, coming on as a second-half substitute during a 5–0 victory over RB Leipzig.[22]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish under-19 international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"2012 U-19 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pia Sundhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Sundhage"},{"link_name":"Bosön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game#Association_football"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Swedish squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_squads#Sweden"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rio-25"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2017"},{"link_name":"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament#Gold_medal_match"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"As a Swedish under-19 international, Eriksson was part of the victorious squad at the 2012 U-19 European Championship.[23] In November 2013, national team coach Pia Sundhage called her to a senior squad training camp at Bosön.[24] Eriksson made her debut for the senior Sweden team in a 3–0 friendly defeat by France in Amiens on 8 February 2014. She was part of the Swedish squad that won silver at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[25] Eriksson has since represented Sweden at every major tournament, namely UEFA Women's Euro 2017, 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup,[26] 2020 Summer Olympics,[27] UEFA Women's Euro 2022,[28] and 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.[29] At the 2020 Olympics, she won the silver medal after Sweden lost to Canada in the final on penalties.[30]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pernille Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernille_Harder_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grauniad-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Common Goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Goal_(charity)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#Sweden"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"intersectional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Eriksson's mother is of Finnish descent.[31] She is openly lesbian and, since 2014, in a relationship with Danish international Pernille Harder.[32][33][34] She and Harder work with the charity Common Goal and pledged 1% of their salaries to help tackle social issues throughout football. The couple also both push for equality and LGBTQ+ rights in sport.[35]During her upbringing, she assumed her last name was spelled with a C because that was how her father spelled it. When she was 17 and looked in her passport she realised it was actually spelled with a K. As such, her last name is often misspelled as \"Ericsson\" rather than the correct \"Eriksson\".[36]Eriksson has a bachelor's degree in political science and took a course in feminist theory and intersectional power analysis.[37]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svenskfotboll-4"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen Damer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen_Damer"},{"link_name":"Women's FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"FA Women's League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Women%27s_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-supercup_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-supercup_42-1"},{"link_name":"Svenska Supercupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Supercupen_(women)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Women's FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_FA_Community_Shield"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 27 May 2023[4][38]^ Includes Svenska Cupen Damer and Women's FA Cup\n\n^ Includes FA Women's League Cup\n\n^ Includes UEFA Women's Champions League\n\n^ a b Appearances in Svenska Supercupen\n\n^ Appearance in Women's FA Community Shield","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Eriksson goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen_(women)"},{"link_name":"Women's Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_FA_WSL"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_FA_WSL"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_FA_WSL"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_FA_WSL"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Women%27s_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Women's FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_FA_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Women%27s_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Women%27s_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Women%27s_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Women's League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Women%27s_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_FA_Women%27s_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_FA_Women%27s_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Women%27s_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"Frauen-Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauen-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Frauen-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Algarve Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"Diamantbollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantbollen"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-45"},{"link_name":"Fotbollsgalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotbollsgalan"},{"link_name":"FIFA FIFPro World XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_FIFPro_World_XI"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Linköpings FCDamallsvenskan: 2016\nSvenska Cupen: 2013–14, 2014–15ChelseaWomen's Super League: 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23\nWomen's FA Cup: 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23\nFA Women's League Cup: 2019–20, 2020–21\nFA Community Shield: 2020Bayern MunichFrauen-Bundesliga: 2023–24Sweden U19UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2012SwedenSummer Olympic Games silver medal: 2016, 2020[39]\nFIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2019, 2023\nAlgarve Cup: 2018IndividualDiamantbollen: 2020[40]\nFotbollsgalan – Swedish Defender of the Year: 2020, 2021\nFIFA FIFPro World XI: 2021[41]\nFA WSL PFA Team of the Year: 2019–20,[42] 2020–21[43]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Eriksson (blue) with Chelsea in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chelsea_FC_Women_v_Everton_FC_Women%2C_12_September_2021_%2813%29.jpg/220px-Chelsea_FC_Women_v_Everton_FC_Women%2C_12_September_2021_%2813%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019 List of Players – Sweden\" (PDF). FIFA. 27 May 2019. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190606143649/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"\"FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019 List of Players – Sweden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"},{"url":"https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magdalena Eriksson – Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté\". sok.se.","urls":[{"url":"http://sok.se/idrottare/idrottare/m/magdalena-eriksson.html","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson – Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magdalena Eriksson\". Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230528091555/https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/magdalena-eriksson","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson\""},{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/magdalena-eriksson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magdalena Eriksson – Spelarstatistik Svensk Fotboll\". Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/magdalena-eriksson/9f286f67-a4be-49f9-9498-fc2131e16f1f","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson – Spelarstatistik Svensk Fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"Burhan, Asif. \"Chelsea's Pernille Harder And Magda Eriksson Proud To Be LGBTQ+ Ambassadors\". Forbes. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/asifburhan/2020/12/16/chelseas-pernille-harder-and-magda-eriksson-proud-to-be-lgbtq-ambassadors/","url_text":"\"Chelsea's Pernille Harder And Magda Eriksson Proud To Be LGBTQ+ Ambassadors\""}]},{"reference":"Chulani, Nikhita (7 August 2019). \"'We're powerful together': Harder and Eriksson on being a gay couple in football – video\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/video/2019/aug/07/were-powerful-together-harder-and-eriksson-on-being-a-gay-couple-in-football-video","url_text":"\"'We're powerful together': Harder and Eriksson on being a gay couple in football – video\""}]},{"reference":"Andersdotter, Anna (19 May 2011). \"Morsning Magda!\". Hammarby IF DFF. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140702003754/http://hammarbydamfotboll.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=422:morsning-magda&catid=38:foereningen&Itemid=167","url_text":"\"Morsning Magda!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll_(women)","url_text":"Hammarby IF DFF"},{"url":"http://hammarbydamfotboll.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=422:morsning-magda&catid=38:foereningen&Itemid=167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hammarby tappar Magdalena Ericsson\". Damfotboll.com (in Swedish). 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120627142717/http://damfotboll.com/nyheter/2011/11/hammarby-tappar-magdalena-ericsson","url_text":"\"Hammarby tappar Magdalena Ericsson\""},{"url":"http://www.damfotboll.com/nyheter/2011/11/hammarby-tappar-magdalena-ericsson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ännu en vinnare till LFC\" (in Swedish). Linköpings FC. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linkopingfc.com/index.php?articleid=700","url_text":"\"Ännu en vinnare till LFC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6pings_FC","url_text":"Linköpings FC"}]},{"reference":"\"Linköpings FC – Linköpings Fotboll Club\". Linköpings Fotboll Club.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linkopingfc.com/index.php?articleid=1087","url_text":"\"Linköpings FC – Linköpings Fotboll Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ladies sign Sweden international\". Chelsea F.C. 15 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170718110033/https://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2017/07/chelsea-ladies-sign-sweden-international1.html","url_text":"\"Ladies sign Sweden international\""},{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2017/07/chelsea-ladies-sign-sweden-international1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eriksson extends and aims to be even better\". Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190411120555/https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2018/8/20/eriksson-extends-and-aims-to-be-even-better","url_text":"\"Eriksson extends and aims to be even better\""},{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2018/8/20/eriksson-extends-and-aims-to-be-even-better","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magdalena Eriksson to captain Chelsea Women\". Chelsea F.C. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2019/09/06/eriksson-to-captain-chelsea-women","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson to captain Chelsea Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"Captain Eriksson pens new deal\". Chelsea F.C. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2020/11/12/captain-eriksson-pens-new-deal","url_text":"\"Captain Eriksson pens new deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Match Report: Benfica 0 Chelsea 5\". Chelsea F.C. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/women-s-match-report--benfica-vs-chelsea","url_text":"\"Women's Match Report: Benfica 0 Chelsea 5\""}]},{"reference":"Ruszkai, Ameé (10 May 2021). \"Miedema, Kerr and the Women's Super League team of the season\". goal.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/en-us/lists/miedema-kerr-womens-super-league-team-of-the-season/zgm5e1fe11zw1nw6uppk9mqzd","url_text":"\"Miedema, Kerr and the Women's Super League team of the season\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210510233959/https://www.goal.com/en-us/lists/miedema-kerr-womens-super-league-team-of-the-season/zgm5e1fe11zw1nw6uppk9mqzd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea: Pernille Harder & Magdalena Eriksson to leave club in summer\". BBC Sport. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65632991","url_text":"\"Chelsea: Pernille Harder & Magdalena Eriksson to leave club in summer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea: Bayern Munich sign Pernille Harder and Magdalena Eriksson from WSL champions\". BBC Sport. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65776529","url_text":"\"Chelsea: Bayern Munich sign Pernille Harder and Magdalena Eriksson from WSL champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bayern Munich sign Chelsea pair Pernille Harder and Magdalena Eriksson on three-year deals\". Sky Sports. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12894226/bayern-munich-sign-chelsea-pair-pernille-harder-and-magdalena-eriksson-on-three-year-deals","url_text":"\"Bayern Munich sign Chelsea pair Pernille Harder and Magdalena Eriksson on three-year deals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magdalena Eriksson has operation on broken metatarsal\". FC Bayern Munich. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2023/12/magdalena-eriksson-undergoes-operation-on-broken-metatarsal","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson has operation on broken metatarsal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich","url_text":"FC Bayern Munich"}]},{"reference":"\"Siegesserie ausgebaut! FCB-Frauen jubeln gegen Leipzig im Sondertrikot\" (in German). FC Bayern Munich. 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://fcbayern.com/frauen/de/spiele/frauen/bundesliga/2023-2024/fc-bayern-frauen-rb-leipzig-14-03-2024/spielbericht","url_text":"\"Siegesserie ausgebaut! FCB-Frauen jubeln gegen Leipzig im Sondertrikot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich","url_text":"FC Bayern Munich"}]},{"reference":"Hammarlund, Pauline (13 July 2012). \"Hammarlund's inside track on finalists Sweden\". Uefa.com. Antalya: UEFA. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Hammarlund","url_text":"Hammarlund, Pauline"},{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/news/newsid=1841083.html#hammarlunds+sweden+guide","url_text":"\"Hammarlund's inside track on finalists Sweden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"Åhlin, Per. \"Ericsson uttagen i landslaget\" (in Swedish). Östgöta Correspondenten. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corren.se/sport/lfc/ericsson-uttagen-i-landslaget-6612332-artikel.aspx","url_text":"\"Ericsson uttagen i landslaget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stg%C3%B6ta_Correspondenten","url_text":"Östgöta Correspondenten"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's World Cup: Magdalena Eriksson is enthusiastic about next stages\". chelseafc.com. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/women-s-world-cup--magdalena-eriksson-is-enthusiastic-about-next","url_text":"\"Women's World Cup: Magdalena Eriksson is enthusiastic about next stages\""}]},{"reference":"Eriksson, Mia (18 July 2021). \"Tokyo Olympics: Can Magda Eriksson be the golden ticket for Sweden?\". Her Football Hub. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://herfootballhub.com/is-magdalena-eriksson-the-golden-ticket-for-sweden-at-the-tokyo-olympics/","url_text":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Can Magda Eriksson be the golden ticket for Sweden?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magdalena Eriksson » Internationals\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/magdalena-eriksson/4/","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson » Internationals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's World Cup 2023: Sweden veteran Caroline Seger to play at fifth World Cup\". BBC Sport. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65902530","url_text":"\"Women's World Cup 2023: Sweden veteran Caroline Seger to play at fifth World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women Olympic Games 2021 Tokyo – Final\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/schedule/frauen-olympische-spiele-2021-tokyo/","url_text":"\"Women Olympic Games 2021 Tokyo – Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruotsin supertähdet odottavat Suomen kohtaamista EM-pettymyksen jälkeen – Chelsea-kapteenilta yllättävä paljastus: \"Äitini on suomalainen\"\". Yle Urheilu (in Finnish). 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/urheilu/3-12609281","url_text":"\"Ruotsin supertähdet odottavat Suomen kohtaamista EM-pettymyksen jälkeen – Chelsea-kapteenilta yllättävä paljastus: \"Äitini on suomalainen\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wrack, Suzanne (13 February 2018). \"Pernille Harder: 'I was the only girl in the team but they wanted to play with me'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2018/feb/13/pernille-harder-wolfsburg-denmark-champions-league-best-womens-players","url_text":"\"Pernille Harder: 'I was the only girl in the team but they wanted to play with me'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Ames, Nick (7 August 2019). \"Harder and Eriksson: 'After the photo people wrote and said how much we'd helped'\". The Guardian. Wolfsburg. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/aug/07/magda-eriksson-pernille-harder-kiss-womens-world-cup-common-goal","url_text":"\"Harder and Eriksson: 'After the photo people wrote and said how much we'd helped'\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210510234947/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/aug/07/magda-eriksson-pernille-harder-kiss-womens-world-cup-common-goal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pernille Harder & Magdalena Eriksson: Chelsea's football power couple\". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54931693","url_text":"\"Pernille Harder & Magdalena Eriksson: Chelsea's football power couple\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210510235430/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54931693","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chulani, Nikhita (7 August 2019). \"'We're powerful together': Harder and Eriksson on being a gay couple in football – video\". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/video/2019/aug/07/were-powerful-together-harder-and-eriksson-on-being-a-gay-couple-in-football-video","url_text":"\"'We're powerful together': Harder and Eriksson on being a gay couple in football – video\""}]},{"reference":"Bråstedt, Mats. \"\"Det är min pappa som har lurat mig\"\" (in Swedish). Expressen. Retrieved 1 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/landslaget/det-ar-min-pappa-som-har-lurat-mig/","url_text":"\"\"Det är min pappa som har lurat mig\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen","url_text":"Expressen"}]},{"reference":"\"Eriksson hemma\" (in Swedish). Sport Bladet. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/AdwkQM/eriksson-hemma--gor-inte-som-zlatan","url_text":"\"Eriksson hemma\""}]},{"reference":"\"M. Eriksson\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/magdalena--ericsson/183663/","url_text":"\"M. Eriksson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magdalena Eriksson\". Olympics.com. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/magdalena-eriksson","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson\""}]},{"reference":"Andersson, Louise (24 November 2020). \"Magdalena Eriksson vinner Diamantbollen 2020\" (in Swedish). SVT Sport. Retrieved 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svt.se/sport/fotboll/magdalena-eriksson-vinner-diamantbollen-2020","url_text":"\"Magdalena Eriksson vinner Diamantbollen 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020–2021 Women's FIFA FIFPRO World 11 revealed\". FIFPRO. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-women-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed","url_text":"\"2020–2021 Women's FIFA FIFPRO World 11 revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bethany England named number one by peers\". Chelsea F.C. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/bethany-england-named-number-one-by-peers","url_text":"\"Bethany England named number one by peers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea players, including Fran Kirby and Sam Kerr, dominate PFA WSL Team of the Year\". Sky Sports. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/28508/12324582/chelsea-players-including-fran-kirby-and-sam-kerr-dominate-pfa-wsl-team-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Chelsea players, including Fran Kirby and Sam Kerr, dominate PFA WSL Team of the Year\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_O%27Neill
|
Kristin O'Neill
|
["1 Playing career","1.1 NCAA","1.2 Hockey Canada","2 Career statistics","2.1 Provincial Women's Hockey League","2.2 NCAA","2.3 Hockey Canada","3 Awards and honours","4 References"]
|
Canadian ice hockey player
Ice hockey player
Kristin O'Neill
O'Neill with PWHL Montreal in 2024Born
(1998-03-30) March 30, 1998 (age 26)Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaHeight
5 ft 4 in (163 cm)Weight
125 lb (57 kg; 8 st 13 lb)Position
ForwardShoots
LeftPWHL team
PWHL MontrealNational team
CanadaPlaying career
2012–present
Medal record
Women's ice hockey
Representing Canada
World Championships
2021 Canada
2022 Denmark
2024 United States
2023 Canada
4 Nations Cup
2018 Canada
Kristin O'Neill (born March 30, 1998) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player for PWHL Montreal of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She made her debut for the Canada women's national ice hockey team at the 2018 4 Nations Cup.
Playing career
In 2013, O'Neill participated with Team Ontario Blue at the 2013 Canadian Under-18 Women’s Nationals, securing a silver medal. O'Neill was named to the Ontario team, which captured the silver medal in women's ice hockey at the 2015 Canada Winter Games.
Later that year, she won the Provincial Women's Hockey League championship with the Stoney Creek Jr. Sabres. With the same Sabres team, she would also gain a silver medal at the 2015 OWHA Provincial championships.
During her final season (2015–16) in the Provincial Women's Hockey League, she was bestowed the captaincy of the Stoney Creek Jr. Sabres. Leading the team in goals, assists and points, she ranked sixth overall in the league. In addition, she was part of the Team Ontario Red roster that won the gold medal at the 2015 Canadian Under-18 Women's Nationals.
NCAA
As a freshman, O'Neill ranked second in scoring on the Cornell Big Red. Finishing as the NCAA’s leading scorer in shorthanded goals with five, she placed seventh in the nation among all freshman with 0.84 points per game.
O'Neill experienced greater success as a sophomore. In addition to leading the Big Red in scoring, she tied for the NCAA lead in shorthanded goals, scoring four, while her seven game-winning goals tied for fourth in the nation. Recognized as the Ivy League Player of the Year, she also gained spots on the ECAC and Ivy League First-Team All-Stars, respectively.
Hockey Canada
O'Neill and Jamie Lee Rattray recorded the assists on Loren Gabel’s first career goal for the Canadian team in a 2-1 preliminary round loss on November 7, 2018, versus the United States at the 4 Nations Cup.
Career statistics
Provincial Women's Hockey League
Season
Team
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
2013-14
Stoney Creek Jr. Sabres
33
15
17
32
46
2014-15
Stoney Creek Jr. Sabres
33
15
18
33
34
2015-16
Stoney Creek Jr. Sabres
30
19
17
36
44
NCAA
Year
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
PPG
SHG
GWG
2016-17
31
14
12
26
34
3
5
3
2017-18
31
20
21
41
30
4
4
7
2018-19
33
22
16
38
32
7
1
6
2019-20
30
25
15
40
38
1
0
5
Hockey Canada
Year
Event
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
2016
NWDT vs Sweden
1
0
2
2
2
2016
NWDT vs USA
3
0
0
0
0
2017
Nations Cup (NWDT)
5
0
1
1
8
2017
NWDT vs Japan
2
0
0
0
2
2018
Nations Cup (NWDT)
4
1
0
1
4
2018
NWDT vs Japan
1
2
0
2
0
2018
NWDT vs USA
3
0
0
0
12
Awards and honours
2017 ECAC All-Rookie Team
2017 Ivy League Rookie of the Year
2017 Ivy League Second All-Star Team
2016-17 NCAA leader in shorthanded goals (5)
2018 Ivy League Player of the Year Award
2017-18 First Team All-Ivy
2019-20 First Team All-Ivy
References
^ "2018 National Women's Team Four Nations Cup Media Guide" (PDF). Hockey Canada. n.d. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
^ "2014-15 League Awards | Provincial Women's Hockey League". pwhl.pointstreaksites.com. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
^ Ali Wilson (8 November 2018). "CANADA EDGED BY U.S. IN 4 NATIONS PRELIMS". Hockey Canada. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
^ "Kristin O'Neill: Career Statistics". US College Hockey. n.d. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "WOMEN'S ICE HOCKEY ALL-IVY, POSTSEASON AWARDS ANNOUNCED". ivyleague.com. February 22, 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
^ "Women's Ice Hockey Sweeps Ivy League Major Awards, Five Named All-Ivy". cornellbigred.com. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
|
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Woman
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Free Woman
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["1 Background and recording","2 Release and composition","3 Critical reception","4 Commercial performance","5 Remixes","6 Live performances and media appearances","7 Track listing","8 Credits and personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","10 Certifications","11 Release history","12 References"]
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2021 single by Lady Gaga
For other uses, see Free Woman (disambiguation).
"Free Woman"Honey Dijon remix single coverSingle by Lady Gagafrom the album Chromatica ReleasedApril 13, 2021Studio
Conway, EastWest (Hollywood)
Good Father (Los Angeles)
Genre
Eurohouse
eurodance
EDM
Length3:11LabelInterscopeSongwriter(s)
Lady Gaga
Michael Tucker
Axel Hedfors
Johannes Klahr
Producer(s)
Lady Gaga
BloodPop
Axwell
Klahr
Lady Gaga singles chronology
"911" (2020)
"Free Woman" (2021)
"I Get a Kick Out of You" (2021)
Audio video"Free Woman" on YouTube
"Free Woman" is a song by American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga recorded for her sixth studio album Chromatica (2020). Gaga co-wrote it with the song's producers BloodPop, Axwell and Johannes Klahr. "Free Woman" was released as the album's fifth track, several weeks after a high-quality demo version of the song was leaked onto the Internet. It is a Eurohouse and Eurodance song that draws influences from the music of the 1990s. Gaga was inspired by her real life events; the song talks about her coping with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), from which she suffered after being sexually assaulted by a music producer. Gaga also wanted to celebrate her LGBT+ fans; she wrote the song especially with the trans community in mind. The song's lyrics talk about reclaiming one's identity and answer the question "what does it mean to be a free woman?".
Many music critics highlighted the song for its strong, empowering lyrics while some deemed its production generic. On April 13, 2021, "Free Woman" was released to radio in France as the fourth single from Chromatica. Honey Dijon and Clarence Clarity produced remix edits of the song; Clarity's version includes additional vocals by British singer Rina Sawayama and is included on Gaga's remix album Dawn of Chromatica (2021). "Free Woman" was part of the setlist of Gaga's 2022 stadium tour The Chromatica Ball, and was also included in Apple's GarageBand app and her commercial for Dom Pérignon champagne.
Background and recording
Axwell (pictured) co-wrote and produced "Free Woman".
Lady Gaga co-wrote "Free Woman" with the track's producers, BloodPop, Axwell and Johannes Klahr. Axwell said he liked the retro sound of the song's early version, which Gaga created with Bloodpop, and he "was picturing clubs in New York in the '90s" when he heard it. Klahr added they "amplified the '80s and '90s sounds and added flavor to see where could take it but kept the soul" and "with Gaga's lush vocals on top of that, wanted to make the groove as nice and fluid as possible to make it authentically club". Gaga said she was in a dark state of mind while writing the song, "thinking on some days was going to die ... so better say something important", and completing the song helped her get over this feeling, saying "now I listen to it and know that I'm going to live". Talking with Zane Lowe on Apple Music, she discussed the song's personal background:
"I was sexually assaulted by a music producer. It’s compounded all of my feelings about life, feelings about the world, feelings about the industry, what I had to compromise and go through to get to where I am. I had to put it there. And when I was able to finally celebrate it, I said, 'You know what?' ... I’m no longer going to define myself as a 'survivor' or a victim of sexual assault. I am just a person who is free that went through some fucked up shit."
Gaga also said "Free Woman" was written with the trans community in mind. She wanted to acknowledge her own strength with the song while also celebrating the LGBT community, who helped her cope with PTSD and move forward. Gaga further revealed that she wanted to name the album after the song but instead chose Chromatica because she felt her internal struggles called into question the proposed title's integrity.
Release and composition
"I ponder often why I chose to declare my womanhood in this song. I've realized that question is futile. Woman could be synonymous with any creative force. I'm proud of my womb, proud of yours, and proud of those who were born without wombs and have phantom ones. Every gender has a spirit womb. I believe this is hinged on creating with three things the same way a door has three hinges: a steady hand, knowing you can, and not needing a relationship to define your power. Before you know it you are closed, you can open, just like a door."
–Gaga talking about "Free Woman" on Spotify
On May 7, 2020, a high-quality leak of "Free Woman" surfaced on the Internet and became a trending topic on Twitter. Interscope Records swiftly removed all leaked versions of the song. Three days before the album's release, Gaga shared a promotional image with the lyrics "This is my dancefloor / I fought for", and the caption "THIS IS A MESSAGE FROM #CHROMATICA", on her Instagram account. Chromatica was released On May 29, 2020, with "Free Woman" included as the fifth track. On April 13, 2021, "Free Woman" was released to radio in France as the album's fourth single.
"Free Woman" is a 1990s-influenced Eurodance and Eurohouse song with elements of acid house and disco. It involves a mid-tempo gospel groove from a keyboard line. According to Alexandra Pollard of The Independent, there are similarities between the sounds of "Free Woman" and Robyn & La Bagatelle Magique's 2015 single "Love is Free", while Salvatore Maicki of Nylon compared it to the music of La Bouche. According to the sheet music published on Musicnotes.com, "Free Woman" is written in the time signature of common time and is composed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. The vocals range from the tonal nodes of A♭3 to E♭5.
The song sees Gaga answer the question "what does it mean to be a free woman?" and challenges the need for a relationship with a man for her survival. Gaga says she can feel free on her own and "victoriously move forward", saying "I'm still something if I don't got a man / I'm a free woman". According to Annie Zaleski of Time, the song is about reclaiming one's "identity and gender after a sexual assault", while Laura Alvarez from Forbes described the lyrics as a "battle with happiness due to life's adversities". Carl Wilson from Slate said the track "flashes back to Stefani Germanotta pre-Fame in New York" with the line "I walk the downtown, hear my sound / No one knows me yet, not right now".
Critical reception
According to Jem Aswad from Variety, "Free Woman" "has a liberating and empowered feel and a rousing chorus". Jeremy J. Fisette from Beats Per Minute said the song "offers us a self-empowerment anthem we’ve all sort of heard before, but Gaga sells it with her moody melodies and strong vocals on the hook". USA Today's Patrick Ryan called it an "euphoric thumper". Slate's Carl Wilson wrote; "it's the wistfulness, and the little bit of musical theater in it, that make it more than a rote empowerment anthem". Mark Richardson from The Wall Street Journal said "Free Woman" "seems crafted for future Gay Pride celebrations, with lyrics that frame the dance floor as something communities have to fight for". Nick Smith of MusicOMH called the track "dancefloor empowerment at its finest".
Insider picked "Free Woman" as one of the best tracks of the album, saying it is "both a powerful statement and an irresistible pop anthem". Insider's Callie Ahlgrim highlighted "the blunt confidence" in the lyrics while Courteney Larocca described the song as "an intimate, triumphant exploration of healing and moving forward after enduring a sexual assault". Laura Dzubay of Consequence named it as one of the essential songs of the album, and appreciated the line "This is my dance floor / I fought for", saying it "carries a resonance beyond itself in this specific moment—dancing is almost always something fought for in one way or another, but particularly for those who have gone through traumatic experiences, and the power to create the space for dancing is never one to be taken lightly". Kory Grow from Rolling Stone highlighted the line "I'm still something if I don't got a man" for being "bold".
According to Stephen Daw of Billboard, the song "pales in comparison to the rest of the album's impressive track list". He also said; "The beat is certainly fun, the melody is definitely catchy, but there's nothing in the fabric of the song that passes the Gaga test of grabbing you by your shirt collar and refusing to let you go". Michael Cragg from The Guardian called it "generic" and "overworked". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine also called the song generic and wrote it "sounds like a Cher outtake". According to Alessa Dominguez at BuzzFeed News, the track "adds nothing to the endless theme of letting loose on the dance floor". Louise Bruton from The Irish Times named "Free Woman" one of "the rare lows" on the album.
Commercial performance
In the Billboard issue dated June 13, 2020, "Free Woman" debuted on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 2, and on the Hot Dance/Electronic Digital Songs at number eleven. Two weeks later, the song peaked at number ten, becoming Gaga's ninth top-10 song on Billboard's Dance/Electronic Songs chart, extending her mark for the most top 10s among female acts. In Canada, the song charted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 80 in the issue dated June 13, 2020. "Free Woman" also debuted at number 75 on the Australian Singles Chart, at number 143 in France, at number 28 in Hungary, at number 89 in Lithuania, at number 100 in Portugal, and at number 93 in Sweden.
Remixes
A Chicago house-inspired remix of "Free Woman" by Honey Dijon (pictured left) was released in August 2020, while a remix featuring Rina Sawayama (pictured right) appeared on the remix album, Dawn of Chromatica, in September 2021.
On August 28, 2020, a remix of "Free Woman" by Honey Dijon was released to celebrate the last episode of Gaga's weekly podcast on Apple Music, called Gaga Radio. Talking about their collaboration, Dijon said:
"I approach most of the people that I work with more from a cultural perspective than a mainstream priority. Because I think for me, Gaga has always been about the club and been about the LGBTQI community, and she's been a staunch supporter of that, and most of her music has been influenced by the clubs."
Dijon was initially asked to remix Gaga's duet with Ariana Grande, "Rain on Me", but felt "Free Woman" was a better fit for her because she envisioned a multicultural club atmosphere for her version of the song. Dijon chose the title "Realness Remix" because she wanted to pay tribute to the diverse club community. Dijon also saw her remix as an opportunity to showcase Chicago house for a mainstream audience.
On April 4, 2021, BloodPop teased the possibility of a Chromatica remix album and asked his Twitter followers to suggest artists they would like to see on such a project. He later replied to his tweet and tagged Japanese-British musician Rina Sawayama, who replied to it with a smirking emoji. During an interview at the 2021 Brit Awards, Sawayama talked about the project, stating; "The wish is on the internet, and I've done my bit, let's just say that. So, it's in the works." She also hinted the song on which she featured is "Free Woman". The remix album, titled Dawn of Chromatica, was released on September 3, 2021; it includes a "metal-edged" remix of the song by Sawayama and British producer Clarence Clarity. This version has influences of metal with wailing riffs and drum fills, which resembles Gaga's 2011 studio album Born This Way. Robin Murray from Clash called this version of the song "arena-worthy". Alex Rigotti at Gigwise said "it's hard to compete with Gaga’s legendary pipes" and that "Rina Sawayama delivers a killer second verse with some of the best vocals she’s ever done. She sounds nearly indistinguishable from Gaga herself—her vibrato is so warm and beautiful, her delivery fluid and free." Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic named the remix one of the highlights of Dawn of Chromatica, saying Rina Sawayama "liberates 'Free Woman' with buoyant and inspirational flair". Sawayama performed this version of the song as part of the encore to The Dynasty Tour (2021–2022).
Live performances and media appearances
Gaga performing "Free Woman" on The Chromatica Ball tour
In 2022, Gaga performed "Free Woman" as part of The Chromatica Ball stadium tour while processioning through the audience between her main stage and a second, smaller stage. She was wearing a claw-like, gold headpiece by Philip Treacy and a poofy gold gown designed by her sister, Natali Germanotta.
According to Neil McCormick of The Telegraph, Gaga delivered an "exuberant gospel vocal" during "Free Woman". Chicago Tribune's Bob Gendron said with her "Free Woman" performance, Gaga "promptly brought intimacy to a stadium environment by slowly parading through the crowd".
In April 2021, "Free Woman" was used in champagne brand Dom Pérignon's commercial, titled "The Queendom", which was filmed by Nick Knight and visualized by Nicola Formichetti. It shows Gaga holding a giant champagne bottle, making moves while blending with the background in swirling patterns of movement before joining a group of others for a toast. The following July, "Free Woman" was included in Apple's GarageBand app as a Remix Session sound pack along with step-by-step remix instructions and an "inspirational video" by Gaga, who said:
"GarageBand is my idea bank and where I start my songwriting, so I'm excited to make my song 'Free Woman' available as a Remix Session. I want musicians and music lovers to be able to see how a song is produced and be able to hear all the individual parts, and then put their own creative color on it, doing whatever they want in GarageBand."
Track listing
Digital download and streaming (Honey Dijon Realness Remix)
"Free Woman" (Honey Dijon Realness Remix Edit) – 3:31
"Free Woman" (Honey Dijon Realness Remix) – 6:46
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Lady Gaga – vocals, songwriter
Axwell – producer, songwriter, bass, drums, guitar, keyboards, percussion
BloodPop – producer, songwriter, bass, drums, guitar, keyboards, percussion
Johannes Klahr – producer, songwriter, bass, drums, guitar, keyboards, percussion
Burns – songwriter
Scott Kelly – mix engineer
Benjamin Rice – mixing
Tom Norris – mixing
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Free Woman"
Chart (2020)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
75
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
80
France (SNEP)
143
Hungary (Single Top 40)
28
Lithuania (AGATA)
89
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)
6
Portugal (AFP)
100
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
93
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
2
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)
10
US Rolling Stone Top 100
92
Weekly chart performance for "Free Woman (Rina Sawayama & Clarence Clarity remix)"
Chart (2021)
Peakposition
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)
20
Year-end charts
2020 year-end chart performance for "Free Woman"
Chart (2020)
Position
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)
32
Certifications
Certifications for "Free Woman"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
Platinum
40,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Release dates and formats for "Free Woman"
Region
Date
Format(s)
Version
Label
Ref.
Various
August 28, 2020
Digital downloadstreaming
Honey Dijon Realness remix
Interscope
France
April 13, 2021
Radio airplay
Radio edit
Universal
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^ Gaga, Lady (August 28, 2020). "To celebrate the final episode of #GAGARADIO on @applemusic, my buddy @zanelowe just debuted the one and only Miss @HoneyDijon's remix of Free Woman on New Music Daily Radio. And it's available everywhere now. Don't miss the final Gaga Radio at 11am PT" (Tweet). Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ a b Lowe, Zane (August 27, 2020). "Honey Dijon on "Free Woman (Honey Dijon Realness Remix Edit)"". Apple Music. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ Strauss, Matthew (August 30, 2021). "Lady Gaga Announces New Chromatica Remix Album". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ Daw, Stephen (April 5, 2021). "Are Rina Sawayama & Lady Gaga Uniting for a Chromatica Remix?". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ Joey, Nolfi (May 12, 2021). "Rina Sawayama confirms Lady Gaga duet on Chromatica remix album is 'in the works'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ Moen, Matt (August 30, 2021). "The Chromatica Remix Album Is Real and It's Glorious". Paper. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ Nolfi, Joey (September 3, 2021). "Hear all the killer features on Lady Gaga's 'Dawn of Chromatica' remix album". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ Murphy, Sam (September 7, 2021). "Lady Gaga's 'Chromatica' Remix Album Unlocks The Thrilling Potential Of The Original". Junkee. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
^ Cox, Jamieson (September 8, 2021). "Lady Gaga - Dawn of Chromatica". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
^ Murray, Robin (September 3, 2021). "Lady Gaga - Dawn of Chromatica". Clash. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ Rigotti, Alex (September 10, 2021). "All 14 remixes on Dawn of Chromatica ranked from worst to best". Gigwise. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
^ Z. Yeung, Neil. "Lady Gaga - Dawn of Chromatica". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
^ Mylrea, Hannah (November 10, 2021). "Rina Sawayama live in Manchester: a jubilant, fun-filled spectacle". NME. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
^ Cobbald, David (July 17, 2022). "At the Chromatica Ball, Lady Gaga proves herself as this generation's rockstar". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Roby, India (August 18, 2022). "All of Lady Gaga's Chromatica Ball Tour Outfits". Nylon. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
^ DeLuca, Dan (August 29, 2022). "Review: Lady Gaga brings her over-the-top Chromatica Ball tour to Hershey". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
^ McCormick, Neil (July 21, 2022). "Lady Gaga review: Spectacular freak show from a superheroine of pop". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
^ Gendron, Bob (August 16, 2022). "Review: In Lady Gaga's sold-out show at Wrigley Field, every song was a larger-than-life experience". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
^ "Lady Gaga revisits Born This Way vibes in new Chromatica video for 'Free Woman'". Yahoo! Movies. April 6, 2021. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "GarageBand amps up music creation with all-new Sound Packs from Dua Lipa, Lady Gaga, and today's top music producers". Apple Inc. July 29, 2021. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "Lady Gaga Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ "Top 100 Songs". Rolling Stone. May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
^ "Lady Gaga Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ "Hot Dance/Electronic Songs – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
^ "Brazilian single certifications – Lady Gaga – Free Woman" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
vteLady Gaga songs
Discography
Songs
The Fame
"Just Dance"
"LoveGame"
"Paparazzi"
"Poker Face"
"Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)"
"Beautiful, Dirty, Rich"
The Fame Monster
"Bad Romance"
"Alejandro"
"Monster"
"Speechless"
"Dance in the Dark"
"Telephone"
"So Happy I Could Die"
"Teeth"
Born This Way
"Marry the Night"
"Born This Way"
"Government Hooker"
"Judas"
"Americano"
"Hair"
"Scheiße"
"Bloody Mary"
"Electric Chapel"
"You and I"
"The Edge of Glory"
Artpop
"Aura"
"Venus"
"G.U.Y."
"Sexxx Dreams"
"Do What U Want"
"Artpop"
"Swine"
"Dope"
"Gypsy"
"Applause"
Cheek to Cheek
"Anything Goes"
"I Can't Give You Anything but Love"
"Nature Boy"
"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)"
Joanne
"A-Yo"
"Joanne"
"John Wayne"
"Perfect Illusion"
"Million Reasons"
"Angel Down"
A Star Is Born
"Shallow"
"Always Remember Us This Way"
"Is That Alright?"
"Why Did You Do That?"
"I'll Never Love Again"
Chromatica
"Alice"
"Stupid Love"
"Rain on Me"
"Free Woman"
"911"
"Sour Candy"
"Sine from Above"
Love for Sale
"Love for Sale"
"I Get a Kick Out of You"
Top Gun: Maverick
"Hold My Hand"
As featured artist
"Chillin"
"Video Phone" (remix)
"3-Way (The Golden Rule)"
"Sweet Sounds of Heaven"
Other songs recorded
"Christmas Tree"
"The Lady Is a Tramp"
"Til It Happens to You"
"The Cure"
"Your Song"
Other songs written/produced
"Make Her Say"
"Fever"
"Invading My Mind"
"Hypnotico"
"Maybe It's Time"
Category
vteRina Sawayama
Discography
Live performances
Albums
Sawayama
Hold the Girl
Extended plays
Rina
Singles
"STFU!"
"Comme des Garçons (Like the Boys)"
"XS"
"Bad Friend"
"Dance in the Dark"
"Lucid"
"This Hell"
"Catch Me in the Air"
"Hold the Girl"
Featured singles
"Beg for You"
Other songs
"Free Woman" (remix)
"Eve, Psyche & the Bluebeard's Wife" (remix)
Related articles
Charli Live Tour
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Woman (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Woman_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Chromatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatica"},{"link_name":"BloodPop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BloodPop"},{"link_name":"Axwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axwell"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Eurohouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohouse"},{"link_name":"Eurodance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"the music of the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_music"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"LGBT+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"trans community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Honey Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Dijon"},{"link_name":"Clarence Clarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Clarity"},{"link_name":"Rina Sawayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rina_Sawayama"},{"link_name":"Dawn of Chromatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_Chromatica"},{"link_name":"The Chromatica Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chromatica_Ball"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"GarageBand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GarageBand"},{"link_name":"Dom Pérignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon"}],"text":"2021 single by Lady GagaFor other uses, see Free Woman (disambiguation).\"Free Woman\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga recorded for her sixth studio album Chromatica (2020). Gaga co-wrote it with the song's producers BloodPop, Axwell and Johannes Klahr. \"Free Woman\" was released as the album's fifth track, several weeks after a high-quality demo version of the song was leaked onto the Internet. It is a Eurohouse and Eurodance song that draws influences from the music of the 1990s. Gaga was inspired by her real life events; the song talks about her coping with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), from which she suffered after being sexually assaulted by a music producer. Gaga also wanted to celebrate her LGBT+ fans; she wrote the song especially with the trans community in mind. The song's lyrics talk about reclaiming one's identity and answer the question \"what does it mean to be a free woman?\".Many music critics highlighted the song for its strong, empowering lyrics while some deemed its production generic. On April 13, 2021, \"Free Woman\" was released to radio in France as the fourth single from Chromatica. Honey Dijon and Clarence Clarity produced remix edits of the song; Clarity's version includes additional vocals by British singer Rina Sawayama and is included on Gaga's remix album Dawn of Chromatica (2021). \"Free Woman\" was part of the setlist of Gaga's 2022 stadium tour The Chromatica Ball, and was also included in Apple's GarageBand app and her commercial for Dom Pérignon champagne.","title":"Free Woman"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axwell_@_TomorrowWorld_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Axwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axwell"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"BloodPop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BloodPop"},{"link_name":"Axwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axwell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWproduction-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWproduction-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paper-4"},{"link_name":"Zane Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"trans community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GagaRadio-6"},{"link_name":"LGBT community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"PTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paper-4"},{"link_name":"Chromatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GagaRadio-6"}],"text":"Axwell (pictured) co-wrote and produced \"Free Woman\".Lady Gaga co-wrote \"Free Woman\" with the track's producers, BloodPop, Axwell and Johannes Klahr.[1][2] Axwell said he liked the retro sound of the song's early version, which Gaga created with Bloodpop, and he \"was picturing clubs in New York in the '90s\" when he heard it.[3] Klahr added they \"amplified the '80s and '90s sounds and added [their] flavor to see where [they] could take it but kept the soul\" and \"with Gaga's lush vocals on top of that, [they] wanted to make the groove as nice and fluid as possible to make it authentically club\".[3] Gaga said she was in a dark state of mind while writing the song, \"thinking on some days [she] was going to die ... so [she] better say something important\", and completing the song helped her get over this feeling, saying \"now I listen to it and know that I'm going to live\".[4] Talking with Zane Lowe on Apple Music, she discussed the song's personal background:\"I was sexually assaulted by a music producer. It’s compounded all of my feelings about life, feelings about the world, feelings about the industry, what I had to compromise and go through to get to where I am. I had to put it there. And when I was able to finally celebrate it, I said, 'You know what?' ... I’m no longer going to define myself as a 'survivor' or a victim of sexual assault. I am just a person who is free that went through some fucked up shit.\"[5]Gaga also said \"Free Woman\" was written with the trans community in mind.[6] She wanted to acknowledge her own strength with the song while also celebrating the LGBT community, who helped her cope with PTSD and move forward.[4] Gaga further revealed that she wanted to name the album after the song but instead chose Chromatica because she felt her internal struggles called into question the proposed title's integrity.[6]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tidal-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francerelease-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DIY-12"},{"link_name":"Eurodance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-13"},{"link_name":"Eurohouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohouse"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-14"},{"link_name":"acid house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_house"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-15"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Robyn & La Bagatelle Magique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_%26_La_Bagatelle_Magique"},{"link_name":"Love is Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Free_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-15"},{"link_name":"Nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"La Bouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bouche"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"time signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"A minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_minor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musicnotes-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paper-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paper-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Annie Zaleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Zaleski"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Stefani Germanotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate-24"}],"text":"\"I ponder often why I chose to declare my womanhood in this song. I've realized that question is futile. Woman could be synonymous with any creative force. I'm proud of my womb, proud of yours, and proud of those who were born without wombs and have phantom ones. Every gender has a spirit womb. I believe this is hinged on creating with three things the same way a door has three hinges: a steady hand, knowing you can, and not needing a relationship to define your power. Before you know it you are closed, you can open, just like a door.\"\n\n\n–Gaga talking about \"Free Woman\" on Spotify[7]On May 7, 2020, a high-quality leak of \"Free Woman\" surfaced on the Internet and became a trending topic on Twitter. Interscope Records swiftly removed all leaked versions of the song.[8] Three days before the album's release, Gaga shared a promotional image with the lyrics \"This is my dancefloor / I fought for\", and the caption \"THIS IS A MESSAGE FROM #CHROMATICA\", on her Instagram account.[9] Chromatica was released On May 29, 2020, with \"Free Woman\" included as the fifth track.[10] On April 13, 2021, \"Free Woman\" was released to radio in France as the album's fourth single.[11]\"Free Woman\" is a 1990s-influenced[12] Eurodance[13] and Eurohouse[14] song with elements of acid house[15] and disco.[16] It involves a mid-tempo gospel groove from a keyboard line.[17] According to Alexandra Pollard of The Independent, there are similarities between the sounds of \"Free Woman\" and Robyn & La Bagatelle Magique's 2015 single \"Love is Free\",[15] while Salvatore Maicki of Nylon compared it to the music of La Bouche.[18] According to the sheet music published on Musicnotes.com, \"Free Woman\" is written in the time signature of common time and is composed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. The vocals range from the tonal nodes of A♭3 to E♭5.[19]The song sees Gaga answer the question \"what does it mean to be a free woman?\" and challenges the need for a relationship with a man for her survival.[4] Gaga says she can feel free on her own and \"victoriously move[s] forward\",[4][20] saying \"I'm still something if I don't got a man / I'm a free woman\".[21] According to Annie Zaleski of Time, the song is about reclaiming one's \"identity and gender after a sexual assault\",[22] while Laura Alvarez from Forbes described the lyrics as a \"battle with happiness due to life's adversities\".[23] Carl Wilson from Slate said the track \"flashes back to Stefani Germanotta pre-Fame in New York\" with the line \"I walk the downtown, hear my sound / No one knows me yet, not right now\".[24]","title":"Release and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Beats Per Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Per_Minute_(website)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate-24"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Gay Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_pride"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-16"},{"link_name":"MusicOMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_Inc.#Insider"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Consequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_(publication)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-13"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-14"},{"link_name":"BuzzFeed News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_News"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"According to Jem Aswad from Variety, \"Free Woman\" \"has a liberating and empowered feel and a rousing chorus\".[25] Jeremy J. Fisette from Beats Per Minute said the song \"offers us a self-empowerment anthem we’ve all sort of heard before, but Gaga sells it with her moody melodies and strong vocals on the hook\".[26] USA Today's Patrick Ryan called it an \"euphoric thumper\".[27] Slate's Carl Wilson wrote; \"it's the wistfulness, and the little bit of musical theater in it, that make it more than a rote empowerment anthem\".[24] Mark Richardson from The Wall Street Journal said \"Free Woman\" \"seems crafted for future Gay Pride celebrations, with lyrics that frame the dance floor as something communities have to fight for\".[16] Nick Smith of MusicOMH called the track \"dancefloor empowerment at its finest\".[28]Insider picked \"Free Woman\" as one of the best tracks of the album, saying it is \"both a powerful statement and an irresistible pop anthem\". Insider's Callie Ahlgrim highlighted \"the blunt confidence\" in the lyrics while Courteney Larocca described the song as \"an intimate, triumphant exploration of healing and moving forward after enduring a sexual assault\".[29] Laura Dzubay of Consequence named it as one of the essential songs of the album, and appreciated the line \"This is my dance floor / I fought for\", saying it \"carries a resonance beyond itself in this specific moment—dancing is almost always something fought for in one way or another, but particularly for those who have gone through traumatic experiences, and the power to create the space for dancing is never one to be taken lightly\".[30] Kory Grow from Rolling Stone highlighted the line \"I'm still something if I don't got a man\" for being \"bold\".[31]According to Stephen Daw of Billboard, the song \"pales in comparison to the rest of the album's impressive track list\". He also said; \"The beat is certainly fun, the melody is definitely catchy, but there's nothing in the fabric of the song that passes the Gaga test of grabbing you by your shirt collar and refusing to let you go\".[32] Michael Cragg from The Guardian called it \"generic\" and \"overworked\".[13] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine also called the song generic and wrote it \"sounds like a Cher outtake\".[14] According to Alessa Dominguez at BuzzFeed News, the track \"adds nothing to the endless theme of letting loose on the dance floor\".[33] Louise Bruton from The Irish Times named \"Free Woman\" one of \"the rare lows\" on the album.[34]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bub-35"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance/Electronic_Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-37"},{"link_name":"Australian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lit-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-por-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swe-43"}],"text":"In the Billboard issue dated June 13, 2020, \"Free Woman\" debuted on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 2,[35] and on the Hot Dance/Electronic Digital Songs at number eleven. Two weeks later, the song peaked at number ten, becoming Gaga's ninth top-10 song on Billboard's Dance/Electronic Songs chart, extending her mark for the most top 10s among female acts.[36] In Canada, the song charted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 80 in the issue dated June 13, 2020.[37] \"Free Woman\" also debuted at number 75 on the Australian Singles Chart,[38] at number 143 in France,[39] at number 28 in Hungary,[40] at number 89 in Lithuania,[41] at number 100 in Portugal,[42] and at number 93 in Sweden.[43]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honey_Dijon_on_the_LOVE_18_set.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rina_Sawayama_04_30_2018_-48_(43206473721).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_house"},{"link_name":"Honey Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Dijon"},{"link_name":"Rina Sawayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rina_Sawayama"},{"link_name":"remix album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_album"},{"link_name":"Dawn of Chromatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_Chromatica"},{"link_name":"Honey Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Dijon"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdr-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dijon-46"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Rain on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_on_Me_(Lady_Gaga_and_Ariana_Grande_song)"},{"link_name":"Chicago house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_house"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dijon-46"},{"link_name":"Rina Sawayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rina_Sawayama"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"2021 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PaperMag-50"},{"link_name":"Dawn of Chromatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_Chromatica"},{"link_name":"Clarence Clarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Clarity"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Born This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-53"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clash-54"},{"link_name":"Gigwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigwise"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GigWise-55"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-56"},{"link_name":"The Dynasty Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dynasty_Tour"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"A Chicago house-inspired remix of \"Free Woman\" by Honey Dijon (pictured left) was released in August 2020, while a remix featuring Rina Sawayama (pictured right) appeared on the remix album, Dawn of Chromatica, in September 2021.On August 28, 2020, a remix of \"Free Woman\" by Honey Dijon was released to celebrate the last episode of Gaga's weekly podcast on Apple Music, called Gaga Radio.[44][45] Talking about their collaboration, Dijon said:\"I approach most of the people that I work with more from a cultural perspective than a mainstream priority. Because I think for me, Gaga has always been about the club and been about the LGBTQI community, and she's been a staunch supporter of that, and most of her music has been influenced by the clubs.\"[46]Dijon was initially asked to remix Gaga's duet with Ariana Grande, \"Rain on Me\", but felt \"Free Woman\" was a better fit for her because she envisioned a multicultural club atmosphere for her version of the song. Dijon chose the title \"Realness Remix\" because she wanted to pay tribute to the diverse club community. Dijon also saw her remix as an opportunity to showcase Chicago house for a mainstream audience.[46]On April 4, 2021, BloodPop teased the possibility of a Chromatica remix album and asked his Twitter followers to suggest artists they would like to see on such a project. He later replied to his tweet and tagged Japanese-British musician Rina Sawayama, who replied to it with a smirking emoji.[47][48] During an interview at the 2021 Brit Awards, Sawayama talked about the project, stating; \"The wish is on the internet, and I've done my bit, let's just say that. So, it's in the works.\"[49] She also hinted the song on which she featured is \"Free Woman\".[50] The remix album, titled Dawn of Chromatica, was released on September 3, 2021; it includes a \"metal-edged\" remix of the song by Sawayama and British producer Clarence Clarity.[51] This version has influences of metal with wailing riffs and drum fills, which resembles Gaga's 2011 studio album Born This Way.[52][53] Robin Murray from Clash called this version of the song \"arena-worthy\".[54] Alex Rigotti at Gigwise said \"it's hard to compete with Gaga’s legendary pipes\" and that \"Rina Sawayama delivers a killer second verse with some of the best vocals she’s ever done. She sounds nearly indistinguishable from Gaga herself—her vibrato is so warm and beautiful, her delivery fluid and free.\"[55] Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic named the remix one of the highlights of Dawn of Chromatica, saying Rina Sawayama \"liberates 'Free Woman' with buoyant and inspirational flair\".[56] Sawayama performed this version of the song as part of the encore to The Dynasty Tour (2021–2022).[57]","title":"Remixes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GagaSpurs290722_(20_of_39)_(52251723180)(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Chromatica Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chromatica_Ball"},{"link_name":"The Chromatica Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chromatica_Ball"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlobf-58"},{"link_name":"Philip Treacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Treacy"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philadelphia-60"},{"link_name":"Neil McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McCormick"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"gospel vocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagotribune-62"},{"link_name":"Dom Pérignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon"},{"link_name":"Nick Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Formichetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Formichetti"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"GarageBand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GarageBand"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Gaga performing \"Free Woman\" on The Chromatica Ball tourIn 2022, Gaga performed \"Free Woman\" as part of The Chromatica Ball stadium tour while processioning through the audience between her main stage and a second, smaller stage.[58] She was wearing a claw-like, gold headpiece by Philip Treacy[59] and a poofy gold gown designed by her sister, Natali Germanotta.[60]\nAccording to Neil McCormick of The Telegraph, Gaga delivered an \"exuberant gospel vocal\" during \"Free Woman\".[61] Chicago Tribune's Bob Gendron said with her \"Free Woman\" performance, Gaga \"promptly brought intimacy to a stadium environment by slowly parading through the crowd\".[62]In April 2021, \"Free Woman\" was used in champagne brand Dom Pérignon's commercial, titled \"The Queendom\", which was filmed by Nick Knight and visualized by Nicola Formichetti. It shows Gaga holding a giant champagne bottle, making moves while blending with the background in swirling patterns of movement before joining a group of others for a toast.[63] The following July, \"Free Woman\" was included in Apple's GarageBand app as a Remix Session sound pack along with step-by-step remix instructions and an \"inspirational video\" by Gaga, who said:\"GarageBand is my idea bank and where I start my songwriting, so I'm excited to make my song 'Free Woman' available as a Remix Session. I want musicians and music lovers to be able to see how a song is produced and be able to hear all the individual parts, and then put their own creative color on it, doing whatever they want in GarageBand.\"[64]","title":"Live performances and media appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honey Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Dijon"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdr-44"}],"text":"Digital download and streaming (Honey Dijon Realness Remix)[44]\"Free Woman\" (Honey Dijon Realness Remix Edit) – 3:31\n\"Free Woman\" (Honey Dijon Realness Remix) – 6:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tidal-10"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Axwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axwell"},{"link_name":"BloodPop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BloodPop"},{"link_name":"Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Norris_(record_producer)"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Tidal.[10]Lady Gaga – vocals, songwriter\nAxwell – producer, songwriter, bass, drums, guitar, keyboards, percussion\nBloodPop – producer, songwriter, bass, drums, guitar, keyboards, percussion\nJohannes Klahr – producer, songwriter, bass, drums, guitar, keyboards, percussion\nBurns – songwriter\nScott Kelly – mix engineer\nBenjamin Rice – mixing\nTom Norris – mixing","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Woman&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-38"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-37"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-39"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun-40"},{"link_name":"AGATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lit-41"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-por-42"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swe-43"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bub-35"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceelectronic_Lady_Gaga-66"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xyzzy-68"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Woman&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Free Woman\"\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[38]\n\n75\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[37]\n\n80\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[39]\n\n143\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[40]\n\n28\n\n\nLithuania (AGATA)[41]\n\n89\n\n\nNew Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)[65]\n\n6\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[42]\n\n100\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[43]\n\n93\n\n\nUS Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[35]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[66]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Rolling Stone Top 100[67]\n\n92\n\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Free Woman (Rina Sawayama & Clarence Clarity remix)\"\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[68]\n\n20\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2020 year-end chart performance for \"Free Woman\"\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[69]\n\n32","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Axwell (pictured) co-wrote and produced \"Free Woman\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Axwell_%40_TomorrowWorld_2013.jpg/170px-Axwell_%40_TomorrowWorld_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gaga performing \"Free Woman\" on The Chromatica Ball tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GagaSpurs290722_%2820_of_39%29_%2852251723180%29%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-GagaSpurs290722_%2820_of_39%29_%2852251723180%29%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Lady Gaga Confirms 'Chromatica' Track List\". Billboard. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9363808/lady-gaga-chromatica-official-track-list","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga Confirms 'Chromatica' Track List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200518070411/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9363808/lady-gaga-chromatica-official-track-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lady Gaga (2020). Chromatica (booklet). Interscope.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga","url_text":"Lady Gaga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatica","url_text":"Chromatica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records","url_text":"Interscope"}]},{"reference":"Nolfi, Joey. \"Lady Gaga's 'Chromatica' team reveals the history and future of her new era\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/music/lady-gaga-chromatica-behind-the-scenes/","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga's 'Chromatica' team reveals the history and future of her new era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200613100924/https://ew.com/music/lady-gaga-chromatica-behind-the-scenes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moran, Justin (March 16, 2020). \"Lady Gaga: Life on Chromatica\". Paper. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.papermag.com/lady-gaga-chromatica-2645479910.html","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga: Life on Chromatica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_(magazine)","url_text":"Paper"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200330225855/https://www.papermag.com/lady-gaga-chromatica-2645479910.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Devaney, Susan (May 26, 2020). \"The Powerful Reason Why Lady Gaga Won't Call Herself A \"Survivor Of Sexual Assault\"\". Vogue. Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/lady-gaga-sexual-assault","url_text":"\"The Powerful Reason Why Lady Gaga Won't Call Herself A \"Survivor Of Sexual Assault\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)","url_text":"Vogue"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200912172519/https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/lady-gaga-sexual-assault","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tai, Anita (August 7, 2020). \"Lady Gaga Shares That The Trans Community Inspired 'Free Woman'\". ET Canada. Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200912173608/https://etcanada.com/news/677467/lady-gaga-shares-that-the-trans-community-inspired-free-woman/","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga Shares That The Trans Community Inspired 'Free Woman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight_Canada","url_text":"ET Canada"},{"url":"https://etcanada.com/news/677467/lady-gaga-shares-that-the-trans-community-inspired-free-woman/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Chromatica – Experience the vibrant world of Chromatica with this Enhanced Album curated for you by Lady Gaga\". Spotify. May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DXaB4n0u69YR3","url_text":"\"Welcome to Chromatica – Experience the vibrant world of Chromatica with this Enhanced Album curated for you by Lady Gaga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify","url_text":"Spotify"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200912191423/https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DXaB4n0u69YR3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Lady Gaga song 'Free Woman' leaks and it looks like Chromatica might be about to save pop music\". PinkNews. May 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/05/08/lady-gaga-free-woman-leak-chromatica/","url_text":"\"New Lady Gaga song 'Free Woman' leaks and it looks like Chromatica might be about to save pop music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PinkNews","url_text":"PinkNews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200513155823/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/05/08/lady-gaga-free-woman-leak-chromatica/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@ladygaga (May 26, 2020). \"THIS IS A MESSAGE FROM #CHROMATICA ⚔️💓 3 DAYS\". Instagram. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CAqOxYGlz40","url_text":"\"THIS IS A MESSAGE FROM #CHROMATICA ⚔️💓 3 DAYS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CAqOxYGlz40/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Credits / Chromatica / Lady Gaga\". Tidal. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/143020722/credits","url_text":"\"Credits / Chromatica / Lady Gaga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"Tidal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604072635/https://listen.tidal.com/album/143020722/credits","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goncalves, Julien (April 13, 2021). \"Lady Gaga choisit l'éclatant \"Free Woman\" comme nouveau single\" [Lady Gaga chooses the dazzling 'Free Woman' as her new single] (in French). Pure Charts in France. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Lady-GaGa/news-117275.html","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga choisit l'éclatant \"Free Woman\" comme nouveau single\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Charts","url_text":"Pure Charts in France"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211125094514/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Lady-GaGa/news-117275.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jamieson, Sarah (June 1, 2020). \"Album Review: Lady Gaga – Chromatica\". DIY. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Tedesco
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Tommy Tedesco
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["1 Career","2 Awards","3 Discography","3.1 As leader","3.2 As sideman","4 Bibliography","5 Videography","6 References","7 External links"]
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American guitarist and studio musician (1930–1997)
Tommy TedescoTedesco in 1979Background informationBirth nameThomas Joseph TedescoBorn(1930-07-03)July 3, 1930Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.OriginLos AngelesDiedNovember 10, 1997(1997-11-10) (aged 67)Northridge, California, U.S.GenresJazz fusion, rock, pop, soundtrackOccupation(s)Musician, composer, teacherInstrument(s)GuitarYears active1950s–1990sLabelsDiscovery, CapriMusical artist
Thomas Joseph Tedesco (July 3, 1930 – November 10, 1997) was an American guitarist and studio musician in Los Angeles and Hollywood. He was part of the loose collective of the area's leading session musicians later popularly known as The Wrecking Crew, who played on thousands of studio recordings in the 1960s and 1970s, including several hundred Top 40 hits.
Tedesco's playing credits include the theme from television's Bonanza, The Twilight Zone, Vic Mizzy's theme from Green Acres, M*A*S*H, Batman, and Elvis Presley's '68 Comeback Special. Tedesco was shown on-camera in a number of game and comedy shows, and played ex-con guitarist Tommy Marinucci, a member of Happy Kyne's Mirth-Makers, in the 1977–78 talk-show spoof Fernwood 2 Night and America 2 Night.
Career
Born in Niagara Falls, New York, Tedesco moved to the West Coast where he became one of the most-sought-after studio musicians between the 1960s and 1980s. Although he was primarily a guitar player, he also played mandolin, ukulele, sitar and over twenty other stringed instruments.
Tedesco was described by Guitar Player magazine as the most recorded guitarist in history, having played on thousands of recordings, many of which were top 20 hits. He recorded with most of the top musicians working in the Los Angeles area including the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Everly Brothers, the Association, Barbra Streisand, Jan and Dean, the 5th Dimension, Elvis Presley, Sam Cooke, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Zappa, Ricky Nelson, Cher, and Nancy and Frank Sinatra as well as on Richard Harris's classic "MacArthur Park". His playing can be found on Jack Nitzsche's "The Lonely Surfer", on Wayne Newton's version of "Danke Schoen", B. Bumble and the Stingers's "Nut Rocker", the Rip Chords' "Hey Little Cobra", the Ronettes' "Be My Baby", the Sandpipers' "Guantanamera", the T-Bones' "No Matter What Shape'" and Nino Tempo & April Stevens' version of "Deep Purple". For Guitar Player, Tedesco wrote a regular column called "Studio Log" in which he would describe a day's work recording a movie, TV show or album, the special challenges each job posed and how he solved them, what instruments he used, and how much money he made on the job.
Tedesco also performed on film soundtracks such as The French Connection, The Godfather, Jaws, The Deer Hunter, Field of Dreams, Gloria plus several Elvis Presley films. He was also the guitarist for the Original Roxy cast of The Rocky Horror Show. Additionally, he performed the opening guitar solo for the Howard Hawks and John Wayne film Rio Lobo. He was one of the very few sidemen credited for work on animated cartoons for The Ant and the Aardvark cartoons (1968–1971).
As a solo artist, Tedesco recorded a number of jazz guitar albums, but his musical career ended in 1992 when he suffered a stroke that resulted in partial paralysis. The following year he published his autobiography, Confessions of a Guitar Player.
Tedesco died of lung cancer in 1997, at the age of 67, in Northridge, California. His son, Denny Tedesco (related to Damon Tedesco and Suzie Greene Tedesco,) directed the 2008 documentary film The Wrecking Crew, which features interviews with Tommy and many of his fellow session musicians. The film finally saw theatrical release in 2015, after musical rights were cleared. Before that it had been screened only at film festivals, where clearance rights were not required.
Awards
In 2017, Tommy Tedesco was posthumously inducted into the Niagara Falls Music Hall of Fame.
Discography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2023)
As leader
The Electric Twelve-String Guitar (Imperial, 1964)
The Guitars of Tommy Tedesco (Imperial, 1965)
Calypso Soul (Imperial, 1966)
With Love from the 50 Guitars (Musicor, 1977)
Autumn (Trend, 1978)
When Do We Start (Discovery, 1978)
Alone at Last (Trend, 1979)
Thomas Tedesco and Ocean (Nimbus West, 1982)
Carnival Time (Discovery, 1983)
Hollywood Gypsy (Discovery, 1986)
My Desiree (Discovery, 1989)
Fine Fretted Friend (Discovery, 1992)
Tommy Tedesco Performs Roumanis' Jazz Rhapsody for Guitar & Orchestra (Capri, 1992)
As sideman
With Paul Anka
The Music Man (United Artists, 1977)
With Hoyt Axton
Saturday's Child (Horizon, 1963)
With Joan Baez
Gracias a la Vida (A&M, 1974)
With Chet Baker
Blood, Chet and Tears (Verve, 1970)
With The Beach Boys
The Beach Boys Today! (Capitol, 1965)
20/20 (Capitol, 1969)
15 Big Ones (Reprise, 1976)
With Stephen Bishop
Careless (ABC, 1976)
With Bill Conti
Gloria (Columbia, 1980)
With Sam Cooke
Twistin' the Night Away (RCA Victor, 1962)
Mr. Soul (RCA Victor, 1963)
With The Dameans
Walk To The Gloryland (RCA, 1971)
With J. J. Cale
Shades (Island, 1981)
With Terry Callier
Turn You to Love (Elektra, 1979)
With The Crystals
Twist Uptown (Philles, 1963)
With Bobby Darin
Venice Blue (Capitol, 1965)
With Jackie DeShannon
Jackie DeShannon (Liberty, 1963)
With Neil Diamond
Serenade (Columbia, 1974)
With The 5th Dimension
Up – Up and Away (Soul City, 1967)
The Magic Garden (Soul City, 1968)
Stoned Soul Picnic (Soul City, 1968)
The Age of Aquarius (Soul City, 1969)
Living Together, Growing Together (Bell, 1973)
With Don Ellis
Haiku (MPS, 1974)
With Aretha Franklin
Laughing on the Outside (Columbia Records, 1963)
With Michael Franks
Michael Franks (Brut, 1973)
With Art Garfunkel
Angel Clare (Columbia, 1973)
With Gale Garnett
Gale Garnett Sings About Flying and Rainbows and Love and Other Groovy Things (RCA Victor, 1967)
With Richard Harris
A Tramp Shining (Dunhill, 1968)
With Johnny Hartman
I Love Everybody (ABC, 1967)
With Quincy Jones
The Hot Rock OST (Prophesy, 1972)
With Al Kooper
Easy Does It (Columbia, 1970)
With Peggy Lee
Latin ala Lee! (Capitol, 1960)
Mirrors (A&M, 1975)
With Kenny Loggins
Celebrate Me Home (Columbia, 1977)
With The Mamas & the Papas
The Mamas & the Papas (Dunhill, 1966)
With Hugh Masekela
Herb Alpert / Hugh Masekela (Horizon, 1978)
With Roger McGuinn
Peace on You (Columbia, 1974)
With Maria Muldaur
Waitress in the Donut Shop (Reprise, 1974)
With Walter Murphy
Discosymphony (New York International, 1979)
With Anne Murray
Together (Capitol, 1975)
With Michael Nesmith
The Wichita Train Whistle Sings (Dot, 1968)
With Randy Newman
Randy Newman (Reprise, 1968)
With Harry Nilsson
Harry (RCA Victor, 1969)
With Jack Nitzsche
Heart Beat (Soundtrack) (Capitol, 1980)
With Van Dyke Parks
Song Cycle (Warner Bros., 1967)
With Billy Preston
Greazee Soul (Soul City, 1963)
With Minnie Riperton
Stay in Love (Epic, 1977)
With Johnny Rivers
Changes (Imperial, 1966)
With Linda Ronstadt
What's New (Asylum, 1983)
With Leon Russell
Looking Back (Olympic, 1973)
With The Sandpipers
Come Saturday Morning (A&M, 1970)
A Gift of Song (A&M, 1971)
With Lalo Schifrin
The Cincinnati Kid (soundtrack) (MGM, 1965)
Music from Mission: Impossible (Dot, 1967)
More Mission: Impossible (Paramount, 1968)
Mannix (Paramount, 1968)
The Fox (soundtrack) (MGM, 1968)
Che! (soundtrack) (Tetragrammaton, 1969)
Kelly's Heroes (soundtrack) (MGM, 1970)
Enter the Dragon (soundtrack) (Warner Bros., 1973)
With Sarah Vaughan
Sarah Vaughan with Michel Legrand (Mainstream, 1972)
Bibliography
Tedesco, Tommy (1981). For Guitar Players Only. Alfred Music. ISBN 978-0739053812.
Tedesco, Tommy (1988). Tommy Tedesco: Anatomy of a Guitar Player. Mel Bay Publications. ISBN 978-1562223526.
Tedesco, Tommy (1993). Confessions of a Guitar Player. Centerstream Publications. ISBN 978-0931759710.
Videography
2008 The Wrecking Crew, a documentary put together by his son Denny Tedesco
References
^ a b c d Huey, Steve. "Biography of Tommy Tedesco". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
^ "Tommy Tedesco; Preeminent Studio Guitarist". Los Angeles Times. November 12, 1997.
^ "Tommy Tedesco Profile". Space Age Pop Music. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
^ "Tommy Tedesco, 67, A Studio Guitarist". The New York Times. November 12, 1997.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "The Wrecking Crew Official Trailer 1 (2015) - Documentary HD". YouTube. January 13, 2015.
^ "Tommy Tedesco | Album Discography | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
^ "Gloria: Colourful, complex action/drama score from Conti: A review by James Southall". Movie-Wave. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
External links
Tommy Tedesco discography at Discogs
Tommy Tedesco at IMDb
vteThe Wrecking CrewGuitars
James Burton
Glen Campbell
Al Casey
Jerry Cole
Mike Deasy
René Hall
Barney Kessel
Bill Pitman
Howard Roberts
Louis Shelton
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Billy Strange
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Electric bass
Max Bennett
Carol Kaye
Larry Knechtel
Joe Osborn
Bill Pitman
Ray Pohlman
Upright bass
Chuck Berghofer
Jimmy Bond
Lyle Ritz
Red Callender
Percussion
Frank Capp
Victor Feldman
Milt Holland
Joe Porcaro
Julius Wechter
Drums
Hal Blaine
Jim Gordon
Jim Keltner
Earl Palmer
Keyboards
Al De Lory
Larry Knechtel
Mike Melvoin
Don Randi
Dr. John
Mike (Michel) Rubini
Leon Russell
Saxophone
Gene Cipriano
Steve Douglas
Jim Horn
Plas Johnson
Jay Migliori
Nino Tempo
Trombone
Richard "Slyde" Hyde
Dick Nash
Trumpet
Bud Brisbois
Roy Caton
Chuck Findley
Ollie Mitchell
Tony Terran
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Tedesco was shown on-camera in a number of game and comedy shows, and played ex-con guitarist Tommy Marinucci, a member of Happy Kyne's Mirth-Makers, in the 1977–78 talk-show spoof Fernwood 2 Night and America 2 Night.[2]","title":"Tommy Tedesco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niagara Falls, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"Guitar Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Player"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"the Mamas & the Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas"},{"link_name":"the Everly Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers"},{"link_name":"the Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Association"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Jan and Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_and_Dean"},{"link_name":"the 5th Dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_5th_Dimension"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Sam Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Richard Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harris"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jack Nitzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nitzsche"},{"link_name":"Wayne Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Newton"},{"link_name":"Danke Schoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danke_Schoen"},{"link_name":"B. Bumble and the Stingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Bumble_and_the_Stingers"},{"link_name":"Nut Rocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_Rocker"},{"link_name":"the Rip Chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rip_Chords"},{"link_name":"Hey Little Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Little_Cobra"},{"link_name":"the Ronettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ronettes"},{"link_name":"Be My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"the Sandpipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandpipers"},{"link_name":"Guantanamera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamera"},{"link_name":"the T-Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_T-Bones"},{"link_name":"Nino Tempo & April Stevens'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Tempo_%26_April_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple_(song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"The French Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Connection_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"Jaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Deer Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Field of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rocky Horror Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show"},{"link_name":"Howard Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hawks"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Rio Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Lobo"},{"link_name":"The Ant and the Aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ant_and_the_Aardvark"},{"link_name":"jazz guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_guitar"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Wrecking Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrecking_Crew_(2008_film)"}],"text":"Born in Niagara Falls, New York, Tedesco moved to the West Coast where he became one of the most-sought-after studio musicians between the 1960s and 1980s.[1] Although he was primarily a guitar player, he also played mandolin, ukulele, sitar and over twenty other stringed instruments.Tedesco was described by Guitar Player magazine as the most recorded guitarist in history, having played on thousands of recordings, many of which were top 20 hits.[3] He recorded with most of the top musicians working in the Los Angeles area including the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Everly Brothers, the Association, Barbra Streisand, Jan and Dean, the 5th Dimension, Elvis Presley, Sam Cooke, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Zappa, Ricky Nelson, Cher, and Nancy and Frank Sinatra as well as on Richard Harris's classic \"MacArthur Park\". His playing can be found on Jack Nitzsche's \"The Lonely Surfer\", on Wayne Newton's version of \"Danke Schoen\", B. Bumble and the Stingers's \"Nut Rocker\", the Rip Chords' \"Hey Little Cobra\", the Ronettes' \"Be My Baby\", the Sandpipers' \"Guantanamera\", the T-Bones' \"No Matter What Shape'\" and Nino Tempo & April Stevens' version of \"Deep Purple\". For Guitar Player, Tedesco wrote a regular column called \"Studio Log\" in which he would describe a day's work recording a movie, TV show or album, the special challenges each job posed and how he solved them, what instruments he used, and how much money he made on the job.[1]Tedesco also performed on film soundtracks such as The French Connection, The Godfather, Jaws, The Deer Hunter, Field of Dreams, Gloria plus several Elvis Presley films. He was also the guitarist for the Original Roxy cast of The Rocky Horror Show. Additionally, he performed the opening guitar solo for the Howard Hawks and John Wayne film Rio Lobo. He was one of the very few sidemen credited for work on animated cartoons for The Ant and the Aardvark cartoons (1968–1971).As a solo artist, Tedesco recorded a number of jazz guitar albums, but his musical career ended in 1992 when he suffered a stroke that resulted in partial paralysis. The following year he published his autobiography, Confessions of a Guitar Player.[1]Tedesco died of lung cancer in 1997, at the age of 67, in Northridge, California.[4] His son, Denny Tedesco (related to Damon Tedesco and Suzie Greene Tedesco,[5]) directed the 2008 documentary film The Wrecking Crew, which features interviews with Tommy and many of his fellow session musicians. The film finally saw theatrical release in 2015, after musical rights were cleared. Before that it had been screened only at film festivals, where clearance rights were not required.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2017, Tommy Tedesco was posthumously inducted into the Niagara Falls Music Hall of Fame.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Tedesco&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Records"},{"link_name":"Trend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Records"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Records"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_Records_(Jazz_record_label)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM_Discog-6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Tedesco&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Paul Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anka"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Axton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Axton"},{"link_name":"Joan Baez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Baez"},{"link_name":"Gracias a la Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracias_a_la_Vida_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chet Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Baker"},{"link_name":"Blood, Chet and Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood,_Chet_and_Tears"},{"link_name":"Verve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Records"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys Today!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys_Today!"},{"link_name":"20/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20/20_(The_Beach_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"15 Big Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Big_Ones"},{"link_name":"Stephen Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bishop_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Careless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careless_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bill Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Conti"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sam Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Twistin' the Night Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twistin%27_the_Night_Away_(album)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Soul_(Sam_Cooke_album)"},{"link_name":"The Dameans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dameans"},{"link_name":"J. J. Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Cale"},{"link_name":"Shades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_(J._J._Cale_album)"},{"link_name":"Terry Callier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Callier"},{"link_name":"The Crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystals"},{"link_name":"Twist Uptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_Uptown"},{"link_name":"Bobby Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Darin"},{"link_name":"Venice Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Blue"},{"link_name":"Jackie DeShannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_DeShannon"},{"link_name":"Neil Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Serenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenade_(Neil_Diamond_album)"},{"link_name":"The 5th Dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_5th_Dimension"},{"link_name":"Up – Up and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up,_Up_and_Away_(The_5th_Dimension_album)"},{"link_name":"The Magic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Stoned Soul Picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoned_Soul_Picnic_(The_5th_Dimension_album)"},{"link_name":"The Age of Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Aquarius_(album)"},{"link_name":"Don Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Haiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku_(Don_Ellis_album)"},{"link_name":"MPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPS_Records"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Laughing on the Outside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_on_the_Outside"},{"link_name":"Michael Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Franks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Franks_(album)"},{"link_name":"Art Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"Angel Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Clare"},{"link_name":"Gale Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Garnett"},{"link_name":"Richard Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harris"},{"link_name":"A Tramp Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tramp_Shining"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hartman"},{"link_name":"I Love Everybody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Everybody_(Johnny_Hartman_album)"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"The Hot Rock OST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hot_Rock_(film)#Musical_score_and_soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Al Kooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper"},{"link_name":"Easy Does It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Does_It_(Al_Kooper_album)"},{"link_name":"Peggy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Latin ala Lee!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_ala_Lee!"},{"link_name":"Mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrors_(Peggy_Lee_album)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Loggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Loggins"},{"link_name":"Celebrate Me Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrate_Me_Home"},{"link_name":"The Mamas & the Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas"},{"link_name":"The Mamas & the Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Masekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Masekela"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert / Hugh Masekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert_/_Hugh_Masekela"},{"link_name":"Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_Records"},{"link_name":"Roger McGuinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_McGuinn"},{"link_name":"Peace on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_on_You"},{"link_name":"Maria Muldaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Muldaur"},{"link_name":"Walter Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Anne Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Murray"},{"link_name":"Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_(Anne_Murray_album)"},{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"The Wichita Train Whistle Sings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wichita_Train_Whistle_Sings"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman_(album)"},{"link_name":"Harry Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jack Nitzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nitzsche"},{"link_name":"Heart Beat (Soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Beat_(film)#Musical_score_and_soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Van Dyke Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dyke_Parks"},{"link_name":"Song Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Cycle_(album)"},{"link_name":"Billy Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Preston"},{"link_name":"Greazee Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greazee_Soul"},{"link_name":"Minnie Riperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Riperton"},{"link_name":"Stay in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"What's New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_New_(Linda_Ronstadt_album)"},{"link_name":"Leon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell"},{"link_name":"Looking Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Back_(Leon_Russell_album)"},{"link_name":"The Sandpipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandpipers"},{"link_name":"Come Saturday Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Saturday_Morning_(The_Sandpipers_album)"},{"link_name":"A Gift of Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gift_of_Song_(The_Sandpipers_album)"},{"link_name":"Lalo Schifrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin"},{"link_name":"The Cincinnati Kid (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Kid_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Records"},{"link_name":"Music from Mission: Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_from_Mission:_Impossible"},{"link_name":"Dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Records"},{"link_name":"More Mission: Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Mission:_Impossible"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Records"},{"link_name":"Mannix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannix_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Fox (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_(1967_film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Che! (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che!_(1969_film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Kelly's Heroes (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%27s_Heroes#Musical_score_and_soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Enter the Dragon (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Sarah Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Sarah Vaughan with Michel Legrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan_with_Michel_Legrand"}],"text":"As leader[edit]\nThe Electric Twelve-String Guitar (Imperial, 1964)\nThe Guitars of Tommy Tedesco (Imperial, 1965)\nCalypso Soul (Imperial, 1966)\nWith Love from the 50 Guitars (Musicor, 1977)\nAutumn (Trend, 1978)\nWhen Do We Start (Discovery, 1978)\nAlone at Last (Trend, 1979)\nThomas Tedesco and Ocean (Nimbus West, 1982)\nCarnival Time (Discovery, 1983)\nHollywood Gypsy (Discovery, 1986)\nMy Desiree (Discovery, 1989)\nFine Fretted Friend (Discovery, 1992)\nTommy Tedesco Performs Roumanis' Jazz Rhapsody for Guitar & Orchestra (Capri, 1992)[6]\nAs sideman[edit]\nWith Paul Anka\n\nThe Music Man (United Artists, 1977)\nWith Hoyt Axton\n\nSaturday's Child (Horizon, 1963)\nWith Joan Baez\n\nGracias a la Vida (A&M, 1974)\nWith Chet Baker\n\nBlood, Chet and Tears (Verve, 1970)\nWith The Beach Boys\n\nThe Beach Boys Today! (Capitol, 1965)\n20/20 (Capitol, 1969)\n15 Big Ones (Reprise, 1976)\nWith Stephen Bishop\n\nCareless (ABC, 1976)\nWith Bill Conti\n\nGloria (Columbia, 1980)[7]\nWith Sam Cooke\n\nTwistin' the Night Away (RCA Victor, 1962)\nMr. Soul (RCA Victor, 1963)\nWith The Dameans\n\nWalk To The Gloryland (RCA, 1971)\nWith J. J. Cale\n\nShades (Island, 1981)\nWith Terry Callier\n\nTurn You to Love (Elektra, 1979)\nWith The Crystals\n\nTwist Uptown (Philles, 1963)\nWith Bobby Darin\n\nVenice Blue (Capitol, 1965)\nWith Jackie DeShannon\n\nJackie DeShannon (Liberty, 1963)\nWith Neil Diamond\n\nSerenade (Columbia, 1974)\nWith The 5th Dimension\n\nUp – Up and Away (Soul City, 1967)\nThe Magic Garden (Soul City, 1968)\nStoned Soul Picnic (Soul City, 1968)\nThe Age of Aquarius (Soul City, 1969)\nLiving Together, Growing Together (Bell, 1973)\nWith Don Ellis\n\nHaiku (MPS, 1974)\nWith Aretha Franklin\n\nLaughing on the Outside (Columbia Records, 1963)\nWith Michael Franks\n\nMichael Franks (Brut, 1973)\nWith Art Garfunkel\n\nAngel Clare (Columbia, 1973)\nWith Gale Garnett\n\nGale Garnett Sings About Flying and Rainbows and Love and Other Groovy Things (RCA Victor, 1967)\nWith Richard Harris\n\nA Tramp Shining (Dunhill, 1968)\nWith Johnny Hartman\n\nI Love Everybody (ABC, 1967)\nWith Quincy Jones\n\nThe Hot Rock OST (Prophesy, 1972)\nWith Al Kooper\n\nEasy Does It (Columbia, 1970)\nWith Peggy Lee\n\nLatin ala Lee! (Capitol, 1960)\nMirrors (A&M, 1975)\nWith Kenny Loggins\n\nCelebrate Me Home (Columbia, 1977)\nWith The Mamas & the Papas\n\nThe Mamas & the Papas (Dunhill, 1966)\nWith Hugh Masekela\n\nHerb Alpert / Hugh Masekela (Horizon, 1978)\nWith Roger McGuinn\n\nPeace on You (Columbia, 1974)\nWith Maria Muldaur\n\nWaitress in the Donut Shop (Reprise, 1974)\nWith Walter Murphy\n\nDiscosymphony (New York International, 1979)\nWith Anne Murray\n\nTogether (Capitol, 1975)\nWith Michael Nesmith\n\nThe Wichita Train Whistle Sings (Dot, 1968)\nWith Randy Newman\n\nRandy Newman (Reprise, 1968)\nWith Harry Nilsson\n\nHarry (RCA Victor, 1969)\nWith Jack Nitzsche\n\nHeart Beat (Soundtrack) (Capitol, 1980)\nWith Van Dyke Parks\n\nSong Cycle (Warner Bros., 1967)\nWith Billy Preston\n\nGreazee Soul (Soul City, 1963)\nWith Minnie Riperton\n\nStay in Love (Epic, 1977)\nWith Johnny Rivers\n\nChanges (Imperial, 1966)\nWith Linda Ronstadt\n\nWhat's New (Asylum, 1983)\nWith Leon Russell\n\nLooking Back (Olympic, 1973)\nWith The Sandpipers\n\nCome Saturday Morning (A&M, 1970)\nA Gift of Song (A&M, 1971)\nWith Lalo Schifrin\n\nThe Cincinnati Kid (soundtrack) (MGM, 1965)\nMusic from Mission: Impossible (Dot, 1967)\nMore Mission: Impossible (Paramount, 1968)\nMannix (Paramount, 1968)\nThe Fox (soundtrack) (MGM, 1968)\nChe! (soundtrack) (Tetragrammaton, 1969)\nKelly's Heroes (soundtrack) (MGM, 1970)\nEnter the Dragon (soundtrack) (Warner Bros., 1973)\nWith Sarah Vaughan\n\nSarah Vaughan with Michel Legrand (Mainstream, 1972)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0739053812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739053812"},{"link_name":"Mel Bay Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Bay_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1562223526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1562223526"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0931759710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0931759710"}],"text":"Tedesco, Tommy (1981). For Guitar Players Only. Alfred Music. ISBN 978-0739053812.\nTedesco, Tommy (1988). Tommy Tedesco: Anatomy of a Guitar Player. Mel Bay Publications. ISBN 978-1562223526.\nTedesco, Tommy (1993). Confessions of a Guitar Player. Centerstream Publications. ISBN 978-0931759710.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2008 The Wrecking Crew, a documentary put together by his son Denny Tedesco","title":"Videography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy
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Maria Beatrice of Savoy
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Marriage","1.3 Duchess of Modena","1.4 Jacobite claims","2 Issue","3 Ancestry","4 Notes","5 References"]
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Duchess of Modena and Reggio from 1814 to 1840
For the daughter of Umberto II of Italy and Marie José of Belgium, see Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Maria Beatrice of Savoy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Maria Beatrice of SavoyPortrait by Adeodata MalatestaDuchess consort of Modena and ReggioTenure14 July 1814 – 15 September 1840Born(1792-12-06)6 December 1792Turin, Piedmont-SardiniaDied15 September 1840(1840-09-15) (aged 47)Castello del Catajo, Lombardy-VenetiaSpouse
Francis IV, Duke of Modena
(m. 1812)Issue
Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord
Francis V, Duke of Modena
Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor
Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón
NamesItalian: Maria Beatrice Vittoria GiuseppinaHouseSavoyFatherVictor Emmanuel I of SardiniaMotherMaria Theresa of Austria-Este
Maria Beatrice of Savoy (Maria Beatrice Vittoria Giuseppina; 6 December 1792 – 15 September 1840) was Duchess of Modena by marriage to Francis IV, Duke of Modena.
Biography
Early life
Maria Beatrice was born on 6 December 1792 in Turin. She was the eldest daughter of Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta, and his wife Maria Teresa of Austria-Este. Her father became King of Sardinia unexpectedly in 1802 when Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated.
Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa. Ferdinand was the third son of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Maria Theresa of Austria. Maria Beatrice was the eldest daughter of Ercole III d'Este and Maria Theresa, Princess of Carrara.
In December 1798, Maria Beatrice left Turin with her parents and uncles to escape the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. They fled to Parma, then to Florence, and finally settled in Sardinia, the last dominion held by Kingdom of Sardinia. Maria Beatrice spent most of her time at Cagliari in the following thirteen years.
Marriage
On 20 June 1812, Maria Beatrice married her maternal uncle Francis, Archduke of Austria-Este. Due to their close relation, a special dispensation was received for their marriage from Pope Pius VII.
The couple left Sardinia on 15 July 1813 for Zakynthos, and then sailed to Trieste off the east shore of Adriatic Sea, finally reaching Vienna by land.
Duchess of Modena
In 1814, Maria Beatrice's husband became Francis IV, Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola on 14 July 1814, thereby elevating Maria Beatrice to the rank of duchess of Modena. On the invasion of Joachim Murat during the Hundred Days, they fled Modena until 15 May 1815.
On the outbreak of revolution, Maria Beatrice had to flee Modena again with her family on 5 February 1831, but with Austrian military assistance the ducal family was able to return within a year.
Maria Beatrice died of a heart condition on 15 September 1840 at Castello del Catajo. Her remains were kept in the Church of San Vincenzo, Modena. She was a Lady of the Austrian Order of the Starry Cross.
Jacobite claims
Through her father, she inherited the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, but like other non-Stuart pretenders, she never asserted her claim. Had she gained the throne she would have been Mary III & II.
Issue
Her marriage had four children:
Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria-Este (14 July 1817 – 25 March 1886), married Henri, Count of Chambord.
Francis V, Duke of Modena (1 June 1819 – 20 November 1875), married Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria.
Ferdinand Karl Viktor, Archduke of Austria-Este (20 July 1821 – 15 December 1849), married Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (daughter of Archduke Josef Anton of Austria and his third wife Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg).
Archduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este (13 February 1824 – 18 March 1906), married Juan, Count of Montizón.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Maria Beatrice of Savoy 16. Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia 8. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 17. Anne Marie d'Orléans 4. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia 18. Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg 9. Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg 19. Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim 2. Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia 20. Louis, Grand Dauphin 10. Philip V of Spain 21. Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 5. Maria Antonietta of Spain 22. Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma 11. Elisabeth Farnese 23. Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg 1. Maria Beatrice of Savoy 24. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 12. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 25. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 6. Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este 26. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 13. Maria Theresa of Austria 27. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 28. Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena 14. Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena 29. Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans 7. Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este 30. Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina, Duke of Massa 15. Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina 31. Ricciarda Gonzaga
Notes
^ Maria Beatrice (Mary III & II) and her granddaughter Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (Mary IV & III) were numbered in such a way because some Jacobites regard Elizabeth I of England as illegitimate, and therefore consider Mary, Queen of Scots, to have been the rightful Queen Mary II of England from the death of Mary I
References
^ a b Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Internet Archive. Burkes Peerage Limited. p. 364.
^ The Annual Register, or A View of the History and Politics of the Year 1846. London, UK: F. & J. Rivington. 1847. p. 239.
^ Venning, Timothy (30 June 2023). A Compendium of World Sovereigns: Volume III Early Modern. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-000-86452-6.
Maria Beatrice of SavoyHouse of SavoyBorn: 6 December 1792 Died: 15 September 1840
Titles in pretence
Preceded byVictor Emmanuel I of Sardinia
— TITULAR — Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland 1824–1840Reason for succession failure:Glorious Revolution
Succeeded byFrancis V of Modena
vtePrincesses of Savoy1st generation
None
2nd generation
Margherita, Duchess of Anjou
3rd generation
Margherita, Countess of Saint-Pol
Charlotte, Queen of France
Bona, Duchess of Milan
4th generation
Princess Louise
Louise, Duchess of Nemours
5th generation
None
6th generation
None
7th generation
Margherita, Vicereine of Portugal
Isabella, Hereditary Princess of Modena
8th generation
Luisa Cristina, Princess Maurice of Savoy
Margherita Violante, Duchess of Parma
Henriette Adelaide, Electress of Bavaria
Princess Catherine Beatrice
Louise, Hereditary Princess of Baden-Baden
Marie Jeanne, Duchess of Savoy
Marie Françoise, Queen of Portugal
9th generation
None
10th generation
Maria Adelaide, Dauphine of France
Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain
Anne Thérèse, Princess of Soubise
11th generation
Princess Eleonora
Princess Maria Luisa
Princess Maria Felicita
Princess Maria Vittoria Margherita
Leopoldina, Princess of Melfi
Maria Luisa, Princess of Lamballe*
Maria Anna Victoria, Duchess in Saxony
12th generation
Princess Maria Elisabetta Carlotta
Marie Joséphine, Countess of Provence
Maria Teresa, Countess of Artois
Maria Anna, Duchess of Chablais
Maria Carolina, Electoral Princess of Saxony
13th generation
Maria Beatrice, Duchess of Modena
Maria Anna, Empress of Austria
Maria Teresa, Duchess of Parma
Maria Cristina, Queen of the Two Sicilies
Elisabeth, Archduchess of Austria
Maria Vittoria, Countess of Syracuse
14th generation
None
15th generation
Maria Clotilde, Princess Napoléon
Maria Pia, Queen of Portugal
Margherita, Queen of Italy*
16th generation
Bona Margherita, Princess Konrad of Bavaria*
Adelaide, Princess Leone Massimo*
17th generation
Princess Yolanda, Countess of Bergolo
Mafalda, Landgravine of Hesse
Giovanna, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria
Maria Francesca, Princess Luis of Parma
18th generation
Maria Pia, Princess Michael of Parma
Princess Maria Gabriella, Mrs Zellinger de Balkany
Princess Maria Beatrice, Mrs Reyna-Corvalán y Dillon
Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este**
20th generation
Princess Vittoria of Savoy
* Princess of Savoy-Genoa** Princess of Savoy-Aosta
vteAustrian archduchesses by marriageLater generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.1st generation
Eleanor of Portugal
Mechthild of the Palatinate
Eleanor of Scotland
Catherine of Saxony
2nd generation
Mary, Duchess of Burgundy
Anne, Duchess of Brittany
Bianca Maria Sforza
3rd generation
Joanna, Queen of Castile
4th generation
Infanta Isabella of Portugal
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
5th generation
Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal*
Mary I of England*
Infanta Maria of Spain^
Anna Juliana Gonzaga
Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
6th generation
Archduchess Anna of Austria^
Isabella Clara Eugenia^
Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
Eleonora Gonzaga
Claudia de' Medici
7th generation
Princess Elisabeth of France*
Infanta Maria Ana of Spain^
Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria^
Eleonora Gonzaga
Anna de' Medici
Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach
8th generation
Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain^
Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria^
Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
9th generation
Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
10th generation
None
11th generation
Princess Isabella of Parma**
Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria**
Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain**
Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa**
12th generation
Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg**
Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily**
Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily**
Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg**
Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia**
Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym**
Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg**
Princess Elisabeth of Savoy**
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy
13th generation
Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Princess Maria Anna of Saxony**
Princess Hildegard of Bavaria
Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria^
Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena
14th generation
Princess Charlotte of Belgium
Princess Margaretha of Saxony
Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies
Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal
Princess Anna of Saxony**
Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies**
Princess Isabella of Croÿ
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria^
Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria
15th generation
Princess Stéphanie of Belgium
Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies**
Princess Blanca of Bourbon**
Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria^**
16th generation
Princess Zita of Parma
Princess Ileana of Romania**
Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm**
Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
17th generation
Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Margherita of Savoy
Princess Yolande of Ligne
Laetitia d'Arenberg**
18th generation
Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva
Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg
Princess Astrid of Belgium
Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg
*also an infanta of Spain by marriage; **also a princess of Tuscany by marriage; ^also an archduchess of Austria in her own right
vtePrincesses of Modena by marriage2nd generation
Anna Sforza
Lucrezia Borgia
3rd generation
Princess Renée of France
4th generation
Lucrezia de' Medici
Virginia de' Medici
5th generation
Princess Isabella of Savoy
7th generation
Laura Martinozzi
8th generation
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
9th generation
Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa
10th generation
None
11th generation
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy
12th generation
Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria
Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria
vteDuchesses of Modena
Eleanor of Naples (1473–1493)
Lucrezia Borgia (1505–1519)
Renée of France (1534–1559)
Lucrezia de' Medici (1559–1562)
Archduchess Barbara of Austria (1565–1572)
Margherita Gonzaga (1579–1597)
Virginia de' Medici (1597–1615)
Maria Caterina Farnese (1631–1646)
Vittoria Farnese d'Este (1648–1649)
Lucrezia Barberini (1654–1658)
Laura Martinozzi (1658–1662)
Margherita Maria Farnese (1692–1694)
Duchess Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1696–1710)
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (1737–1761)
Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa (1780–1790)
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy (1814–1840)
Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria* (1842–1875)
Princess Zita of Parma* 1916–1917)
Princess Margherita of Savoy* (1953–1996)
Princess Astrid of Belgium* (1996–present)
* denotes titular Duchess
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Italy
Vatican
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umberto II of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Marie José of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Modenese_consorts"},{"link_name":"Francis IV, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena"}],"text":"For the daughter of Umberto II of Italy and Marie José of Belgium, see Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy.Maria Beatrice of Savoy (Maria Beatrice Vittoria Giuseppina; 6 December 1792 – 15 September 1840) was Duchess of Modena by marriage to Francis IV, Duke of Modena.","title":"Maria Beatrice of Savoy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Austria-Este_(1773-1832)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa"},{"link_name":"Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"Ercole III d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_III_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa, Princess of Carrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Cybo-Malaspina,_Duchess_of_Massa"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Maria Beatrice was born on 6 December 1792 in Turin.[1] She was the eldest daughter of Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta, and his wife Maria Teresa of Austria-Este.[2] Her father became King of Sardinia unexpectedly in 1802 when Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated.Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa. Ferdinand was the third son of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Maria Theresa of Austria. Maria Beatrice was the eldest daughter of Ercole III d'Este and Maria Theresa, Princess of Carrara.In December 1798, Maria Beatrice left Turin with her parents and uncles to escape the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. They fled to Parma, then to Florence, and finally settled in Sardinia, the last dominion held by Kingdom of Sardinia.[citation needed] Maria Beatrice spent most of her time at Cagliari in the following thirteen years.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis, Archduke of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"sub_title":"Marriage","text":"On 20 June 1812, Maria Beatrice married her maternal uncle Francis, Archduke of Austria-Este.[3] Due to their close relation, a special dispensation was received for their marriage from Pope Pius VII.[citation needed]The couple left Sardinia on 15 July 1813 for Zakynthos, and then sailed to Trieste off the east shore of Adriatic Sea, finally reaching Vienna by land.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Reggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"Mirandola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandola"},{"link_name":"Joachim Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Murat"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"heart condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"Castello del Catajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_del_Catajo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"San Vincenzo, Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vincenzo,_Modena"},{"link_name":"Order of the Starry Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Starry_Cross"}],"sub_title":"Duchess of Modena","text":"In 1814, Maria Beatrice's husband became Francis IV, Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola on 14 July 1814, thereby elevating Maria Beatrice to the rank of duchess of Modena. On the invasion of Joachim Murat during the Hundred Days, they fled Modena until 15 May 1815.On the outbreak of revolution, Maria Beatrice had to flee Modena again with her family on 5 February 1831, but with Austrian military assistance the ducal family was able to return within a year.Maria Beatrice died of a heart condition on 15 September 1840 at Castello del Catajo.[1] Her remains were kept in the Church of San Vincenzo, Modena. She was a Lady of the Austrian Order of the Starry Cross.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_succession"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Jacobite claims","text":"Through her father, she inherited the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, but like other non-Stuart pretenders, she never asserted her claim. Had she gained the throne she would have been Mary III & II.[a]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1817%E2%80%931886)"},{"link_name":"Henri, Count of Chambord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord"},{"link_name":"Francis V, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Adelgunde of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Adelgunde_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Karl Viktor, Archduke of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Viktor_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Archduke Josef Anton of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Josef_Anton_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrix_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Juan, Count of Montizón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n"}],"text":"Her marriage had four children:Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria-Este (14 July 1817 – 25 March 1886), married Henri, Count of Chambord.\nFrancis V, Duke of Modena (1 June 1819 – 20 November 1875), married Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria.\nFerdinand Karl Viktor, Archduke of Austria-Este (20 July 1821 – 15 December 1849), married Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (daughter of Archduke Josef Anton of Austria and his third wife Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg).\nArchduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este (13 February 1824 – 18 March 1906), married Juan, Count of Montizón.","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Anne Marie d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Leopold,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Rotenburg"},{"link_name":"Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyxena_of_Hesse-Rotenburg"},{"link_name":"Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Eleonore_of_L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Louis, Grand Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"Philip V of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Anna_Victoria_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Maria Antonietta of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonietta_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Dorothea_Sophie_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"Leopold, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1773%E2%80%931832)"},{"link_name":"Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Agla%C3%A9_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_Ricciarda_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina, Duke of Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderano_I_Cybo-Malaspina,_Duke_of_Massa"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Cybo-Malaspina"},{"link_name":"Ricciarda Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricciarda_Gonzaga&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ancestors of Maria Beatrice of Savoy 16. Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia 8. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 17. Anne Marie d'Orléans 4. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia 18. Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg 9. Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg 19. Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim 2. Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia 20. Louis, Grand Dauphin 10. Philip V of Spain 21. Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 5. Maria Antonietta of Spain 22. Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma 11. Elisabeth Farnese 23. Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg 1. Maria Beatrice of Savoy 24. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 12. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 25. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 6. Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este 26. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 13. Maria Theresa of Austria 27. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 28. Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena 14. Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena 29. Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans 7. Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este 30. Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina, Duke of Massa 15. Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina 31. Ricciarda Gonzaga","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"^ Maria Beatrice (Mary III & II) and her granddaughter Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (Mary IV & III) were numbered in such a way because some Jacobites regard Elizabeth I of England as illegitimate, and therefore consider Mary, Queen of Scots, to have been the rightful Queen Mary II of England from the death of Mary I[citation needed]","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bofinger
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Peter Bofinger
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["1 Career","2 Positions","3 Selected publications","4 Other activities","4.1 Non-profit organizations","4.2 Editorial boards","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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German economist
Peter BofingerBorn (1954-09-18) September 18, 1954 (age 69)Pforzheim, West GermanyNationalityGermanAcademic careerFieldEconomicsSchool ortraditionNew Keynesian economicsInfluencesJohn Maynard KeynesKarl SchillerWolfgang Stützel
Peter Bofinger (born September 18, 1954) is a German economist and a former member of the German Council of Economic Experts.
Career
Following his studies, Bofinger worked as staff member to the Council of Economic Experts between 1978 and 1981. From 1984 until 1990, he was an economist at the Bundesbank. Since 1992, Bofinger has been a professor at the University of Würzburg. Between 1997 and 1999, he served as Dean of the university’s Department of Economics. In 1997, he turned down an offer to move to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Nominated by Germany’s trade unions, Bofinger succeeded Jürgen Kromphardt as member of the Council of Economic Experts in 2004. He has in the past oftentimes disagreed with the Council’s conclusions. Between 2012 and 2017, he issued 26 of the Council’s 27 minority votes during that period. For example, he was the only member of the Council to advocate the adoption of a minimum wage in Germany: He argues that a minimum wage of €5 is necessary to prevent "wage dumping" and to ensure that full-time employment provides enough income. He does not think that a minimum wage would have a negative impact on employment.
In 2005, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder proposed that Bofinger should replace Otmar Issing on the Executive Board of the European Central Bank (ECB) the following year; the post instead went to Jürgen Stark. From December 2011 until May 2012, Bofinger served as member of the Jacques Delors Institute’s Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa group, a high-level expert group to reflect on the reform of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.
Positions
Bofinger criticized the awarding of the 2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig as "A noble award for a ‘popular misconception’", because the award committee's description of banking ("they receive money from people making deposits and channel it to borrowers") has been refuted by the Bank of England and the Deutsche Bundesbank.
Selected publications
Bofinger, P (1996). "The economics of orthodox money-based stabilisations (OMBS): The recent experience of Kazakhstan, Russia and the Ukraine". European Economic Review. 40 (3–5): 663–671. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(95)00076-3.
Bofinger, P (2000). "A framework for stabilizing the euro/yen/dollar triplet". North American Journal of Economics and Finance. 11 (2): 137–151. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.512.1539. doi:10.1016/S1062-9408(00)00039-5.
Peter Bofinger ; in collaboration with Julian Reischle and Andrea Schächter.; Reischle, Julian; Schächter, Andrea (2001). Monetary Policy: Goals, Institutions, Strategies, and Instruments. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924856-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Bofinger, P; Wollmershäuser, Timo (2001). "Is there a third way to EMU for the EU accession countries?". Economic Systems. 25 (3): 253–274. doi:10.1016/S0939-3625(01)00021-8.
Bofinger, Peter; Wollmershäuser, Timo (2003). "Managed Floating as a Monetary Policy Strategy". Economics of Planning. 36 (2): 81–109. doi:10.1023/B:ECOP.0000012258.15614.d8. S2CID 153630647.
Other activities
Non-profit organizations
Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Member of the Advisory Board on Economic Policy (since 2020)
European Council on Foreign Relations, Member of the Board
Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET), Member of the Council on the Euro Zone Crisis (ICEC)
Deutsche Industrieforschungsgemeinschaft Konrad Zuse, Member of the Senate
Progressive Economy, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board
Verein für Socialpolitik, Member of the Committee on Monetary Policy
Editorial boards
International Journal of Economics and Finance (IJEF), Member of the Board of Editors
Wirtschaftsdienst, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board
References
^ Klaus-Peter Schmid (March 4, 2004), Der allerletzte Keynesianer Die Zeit.
^ Derek Scally (March 9, 2015), Keynesian odd one out of Germany’s five ‘wise men’ Irish Times.
^ Claire Jones and Guy Chazan (November 8, 2017), German economy faces risk of overheating, experts warn Financial Times.
^ Niklas Potrafke (September 14, 2017), Der Letzte der Weisen Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
^ Wirtschaftswoche (26.09.2009): Wirtschaftsweiser Bofinger fordert fünf Euro Mindestlohn
^ "Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Jahresgutachten 2006/07, p. 422 (PDF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-22. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ Bankers battle for big jobs Politico Europe, May 11, 2015.
^ Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa Group Jacques Delors Institute.
^ Bofinger, Peter (2022-10-17). "A noble award for a 'popular misconception'". Social Europe. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
^ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2022). "The laureates explained the central role of banks in financial crises" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-10-22.
^ "Money creation in the modern economy". www.bankofengland.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
^ Deutsche Bundesbank, Monthly Report April 13 (2017). "The role of banks, non- banks and the central bank in the money creation process" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-10-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Einsetzung eines Wirtschaftspolitischen Beirats Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , press release of March 23, 2020.
^ Senate Deutsche Industrieforschungsgemeinschaft Konrad Zuse.
^ Peter Bofinger Progressive Economy.
^ Scientific Advisory Board Wirtschaftsdienst.
Further reading
Schmid, Klaus-Peter (2004-03-04). "Der allerletzte Keynesianer". Die Zeit.
External links
Peter Bofinger's Curriculum Vitae at the University of Würzburg
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"German Council of Economic Experts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts"}],"text":"Peter Bofinger (born September 18, 1954) is a German economist and a former member of the German Council of Economic Experts.","title":"Peter Bofinger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesbank"},{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"minimum wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Otmar Issing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Issing"},{"link_name":"Executive Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Board_of_the_European_Central_Bank"},{"link_name":"European Central Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stark"},{"link_name":"Jacques Delors Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Delors_Institute"},{"link_name":"Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Following his studies, Bofinger worked as staff member to the Council of Economic Experts between 1978 and 1981. From 1984 until 1990, he was an economist at the Bundesbank. Since 1992, Bofinger has been a professor at the University of Würzburg. Between 1997 and 1999, he served as Dean of the university’s Department of Economics. In 1997, he turned down an offer to move to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.Nominated by Germany’s trade unions, Bofinger succeeded Jürgen Kromphardt as member of the Council of Economic Experts in 2004.[1] He has in the past oftentimes disagreed with the Council’s conclusions.[2][3] Between 2012 and 2017, he issued 26 of the Council’s 27 minority votes during that period.[4] For example, he was the only member of the Council to advocate the adoption of a minimum wage in Germany: He argues that a minimum wage of €5 is necessary to prevent \"wage dumping\" and to ensure that full-time employment provides enough income.[5] He does not think that a minimum wage would have a negative impact on employment.[6]In 2005, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder proposed that Bofinger should replace Otmar Issing on the Executive Board of the European Central Bank (ECB) the following year;[7] the post instead went to Jürgen Stark. From December 2011 until May 2012, Bofinger served as member of the Jacques Delors Institute’s Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa group, a high-level expert group to reflect on the reform of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Ben Bernanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke"},{"link_name":"Douglas Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Philip Dybvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Dybvig"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundesbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Bofinger criticized the awarding of the 2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig as \"A noble award for a ‘popular misconception’\",[9] because the award committee's description of banking (\"they receive money from people making deposits and channel it to borrowers\"[10]) has been refuted by the Bank of England[11] and the Deutsche Bundesbank.[12]","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0014-2921(95)00076-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-2921%2895%2900076-3"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.512.1539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.512.1539"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1062-9408(00)00039-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1062-9408%2800%2900039-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-924856-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924856-8"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0939-3625(01)00021-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0939-3625%2801%2900021-8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1023/B:ECOP.0000012258.15614.d8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AECOP.0000012258.15614.d8"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153630647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153630647"}],"text":"Bofinger, P (1996). \"The economics of orthodox money-based stabilisations (OMBS): The recent experience of Kazakhstan, Russia and the Ukraine\". European Economic Review. 40 (3–5): 663–671. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(95)00076-3.\nBofinger, P (2000). \"A framework for stabilizing the euro/yen/dollar triplet\". North American Journal of Economics and Finance. 11 (2): 137–151. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.512.1539. doi:10.1016/S1062-9408(00)00039-5.\nPeter Bofinger ; in collaboration with Julian Reischle and Andrea Schächter.; Reischle, Julian; Schächter, Andrea (2001). Monetary Policy: Goals, Institutions, Strategies, and Instruments. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924856-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nBofinger, P; Wollmershäuser, Timo (2001). \"Is there a third way to EMU for the EU accession countries?\". Economic Systems. 25 (3): 253–274. doi:10.1016/S0939-3625(01)00021-8.\nBofinger, Peter; Wollmershäuser, Timo (2003). \"Managed Floating as a Monetary Policy Strategy\". Economics of Planning. 36 (2): 81–109. doi:10.1023/B:ECOP.0000012258.15614.d8. S2CID 153630647.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"European Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Institute for New Economic Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Verein für Socialpolitik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Socialpolitik"}],"sub_title":"Non-profit organizations","text":"Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Member of the Advisory Board on Economic Policy (since 2020)[13]\nEuropean Council on Foreign Relations, Member of the Board\nInstitute for New Economic Thinking (INET), Member of the Council on the Euro Zone Crisis (ICEC)\nDeutsche Industrieforschungsgemeinschaft Konrad Zuse, Member of the Senate[14]\nProgressive Economy, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board[15]\nVerein für Socialpolitik, Member of the Committee on Monetary Policy","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftsdienst"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Editorial boards","text":"International Journal of Economics and Finance (IJEF), Member of the Board of Editors\nWirtschaftsdienst, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board[16]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Der allerletzte Keynesianer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zeit.de/2004/11/Keynesianer"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"}],"text":"Schmid, Klaus-Peter (2004-03-04). \"Der allerletzte Keynesianer\". Die Zeit.","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner_(band)
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Winner (band)
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["1 History","1.1 2010–2013: Formation and pre-debut activities","1.2 2014–2016: Debut with 2014 S/S, immediate success, international recognition and Taehyun's departure","1.3 2017–2019: Reformation, continued success and first world tour","1.4 2020–present: Military enlistment and releases","2 Artistry","2.1 Musicality and songwriting","2.2 Choreography","2.3 Concept and stage","3 Impact and influence","4 Other ventures","4.1 Endorsements","4.2 Philanthropy","5 Ambassadorship","6 Discography","7 Filmography","8 Concerts and tours","9 Awards and nominations","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
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South Korean boy band
WinnerWinner in 2020 (from left to right: Mino, Jinu, Seungyoon, Hoony)Background informationOriginSeoul, South KoreaGenresK-popalternative popR&Bhip hopYears active2013 (2013)–presentLabelsYGMember ofYG FamilySpinoffsMOBBMembers
Jinu
Hoony
Mino
Seungyoon
Past membersTaehyunWebsitewww.yg-winner.com
Winner (Korean: 위너; romanized: wineo; stylized in all caps) is a South Korean boy band consisting of four members: Jinu, Hoony, Mino and Seungyoon. The band was formed in 2013 by YG Entertainment through Mnet's survival program WIN: Who Is Next leading to their official debut on August 17, 2014, with studio album 2014 S/S. Originally a five-piece band, Taehyun departed in November 2016 for his mental health and well-being. Upon their debut, The Korea Herald cited their immediate success as "unprecedented" for a new group, thus dubbed as "Monster rookies". Winner is often cited as a "self-producing" band with all members actively taking on roles from producing and choreographing to designing and marketing. The band also earned the titles "Trust and Listen" alongside "Kings of Summer" by media outlets and the general public through releases.
As of March 2019, Winner was recorded as the fastest Korean act to top the Billboard World Album Chart with their debut album 2014 S/S, and topped domestic charts on Gaon for both their album and lead single "Empty". Winner is currently the fastest act to win on a televised music show, with a time of five days. As of October 2019, they are the only artists to have all lead singles consecutively top Melon five years straight since debut. Their success in Asia earned them numerous awards for music, fashion and popularity including the Melon Music Awards, MTV Asia Music Gala and Style Icon Awards. Following the band's reformation, Winner's lead single, "Really Really" from their first single album Fate Number For (2017), instantly went to number one in South Korea. It went on to sell over 2.5 million digital copies domestically and surpass 100 million streams on Gaon, making Winner the first-ever K-pop boy group in history to achieve this while keeping their "Chart-In" status.
Throughout their career, the band cumulatively held over 100 concerts. Their first world tour, Winner Everywhere Tour in 2018, was the band's largest tour to date. Winner is also known through endorsement deals with brands Adidas, Oreo, Kiehl's and more. The band actively participates in various charitable activities and animal campaigns.
History
2010–2013: Formation and pre-debut activities
In 2010, the group's leader Kang Seung-yoon (Seungyoon) was a contestant on Mnet's Superstar K2, finishing in fourth place. The following year, he signed with YGE and made his acting debut in the MBC sitcom High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged. In 2013, he debuted as a solo artist and released multiple songs, including hit single "It Rains". In 2010, Kim Jin-woo (Jinu) was brought to the agency by Big Bang's Seungri through Joy Dance Plug In Music Academy. Nam Tae-hyun (Taehyun) was recruited through audition in 2011. Lee Seung-hoon (Hoony) competed in SBS's K-pop Star in 2012, finishing in fourth place. Soon after, he signed under YGE the same year on May 22. Song Min-ho (Mino) initially debuted under Y2Y Contents Company in the group BoM, which disbanded two years later. In 2013, he joined YGE through audition, after being noticed from his appearance in Channel A's The Strongest K-POP Survival.
On August 23, 2013, the five competed as "Team A" on Mnet survival program Win: Who Is Next against "Team B", consisting of trainees they also have trained with under the label. Throughout the span of 100 days, the show consisted of three rounds of performances and public voting. During the finale, on October 25 Team A was announced as the winners thus claiming the title "Winner" and commencing with preparation for debut. They performed as the opening act at labelmate senior Big Bang's Japanese dome tour beginning on November 15. From December 13, Winner broadcast their reality program, Winner TV, consisting of ten episodes on Mnet showcasing their debut preparation and lifestyle.
2014–2016: Debut with 2014 S/S, immediate success, international recognition and Taehyun's departure
Winner performing at the Melon Music Awards on November 13, 2014
On March 1–2, 2014, Winner performed as guests at label-mate senior 2NE1's All or Nothing World Tour in Seoul. The quintet continued their appearance as guest performers in other stops including Hong Kong on March 22, April 11 in China, April 26–27 in Taiwan, May 17 in Philippines, and May 24 in Malaysia. Amidst touring with 2NE1, Winner joined the YG Family Power World Tour from April 12. Between June and August, the group members were re-introduced to the public after eight months in anticipation for their debut, through series of teaser images and videos. Ahead of their debut, on August 6 Winner held a showcase in the form of a launch party with an audience of 400 attendees. The event held a fashion show with models from YG KPlus on the runway and ultimately finishing with the members themselves in unique suits. Media outlets quoted the event as "uncommon" and "fresh". It gave an insight to the classy image the group presented with their debut and the digital release of the studio album 2014 S/S on August 12 and its physical release on August 14.
Winner receives the bonsang award at the 2014 Melon Music Awards.
After several delays, the group officially debuted on August 17 with lead singles "Empty" and "Color Ring", also marking their first music show appearance on SBS' Inkigayo. The quintet became the fastest group to win on a music show through M! Countdown, doing so in five days. 2014 S/S charted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart as well as the Billboard World Albums Chart, while lead singles "Empty" and "Color Ring" claimed first and third respectively on the Gaon Digital Chart. The Korea Herald cited the success of their lead single "Empty" as "unprecedented" for a newly debuted group, thus claiming the title "Monster rookies". Their commercial success earned them the 'Top 10 Artist' award on Melon Music Awards, followed by multiple 'Best New Artist' awards on shows including Golden Disc Awards and Gaon Chart Music Awards. Winner also found success in China, soon earning the Best New Force Group award at the QQ Music Awards alongside the Most Popular Korean Group award on the Youku Tudou Young Choice 2014.
On September 10, Winner released the Japanese version of their album, 2014 S/S: Japan Collection which peaked at No. 2 on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart, selling 35,079 copies in four days. They embarked on their first Japan tour the next day, later successfully concluding the tour in Tokyo on October 11, drawing 50,000 people in total. On December 9, Fuse announced their 13 Top Breakout Artists of 2014, with Winner at number 11, being the only South Korean artists on the list. Dazed Digital revealed their top 20 K-pop tracks of 2014 on December 17 with Winner's "Color Ring" placing tenth.
Winner at their WINNER Japan Tour 2015 in Nagoya on October 9, 2015
Despite the group's successful debut, in 2015, Winner was put on hiatus while members of the group pursued solo endeavors while simultaneously embarking on their second Japan tour beginning in September, and finishing in October with over 36,000 attendees. In December, they were revealed to be returning in 2016 with five 'project releases', where the first was a "warm-up" duet featuring Mino and Nam, titled "Pricked".
In the lead-up to the group's official comeback, a number of musical covers of their lead singles were released as promotional teasers, featured artists include Lee Hi, Dean, AKMU, Zion.T, Epik High, Taeyang and G-Dragon. Winner returned with EP Exit : E on February 1, 18 months since 2014 S/S.
Exit : E debuted at Number 2 on Billboard's World Albums Chart and Number 1 on the Gaon Album chart. Lead singles "Baby Baby" and "Sentimental" topped all eight music streaming platforms in South Korea and achieved a real-time "all-kill", further proving their title as "digital monsters". Their lead single "Baby Baby" received profound attention in China, becoming the most streamed song within the first half of the year among Korean releases on QQ Music, the largest music platform in China. Winner held their first-ever concert tour nationwide starting on March 12 and 13 at Olympic Gymnasiums Arena in Seoul. The group also held additional stops in Gwangju, Daegu and Busan in April.
From April 23, Winner's variety show Half-Moon Friends aired on JTBC, which gained popularity both domestically and abroad, particularly garnering over 75 million views via Miaopai and surpassing 100 million views through other platforms in China. Their heightened success in China led them to winning the Overseas Popularity Award at the MTV Asia Music Gala. In June, the group brought their Exit Tour to Japan, drawing over 36,000 fans in Japan alone. On October 12, YGE announced Nam would be taking a break due to health problems, thus the rest of the Exit Movement series would be delayed indefinitely. On November 25, Nam's departure from the group was announced, soon deciding to continue as four.
2017–2019: Reformation, continued success and first world tour
After 14 months of hiatus, on April 4, 2017, Winner made their anticipated return as four with single album Fate Number For and lead singles "Really Really" and "Fool". Notably, the music video for "Really Really" was filmed by director Dave Meyers. Domestically, "Really Really" achieved placing number one on Gaon, while also debuting at No. 3 on Billboard World Digital Song Sales, marking the group's best position to date. "Really Really" was also chosen to be on the Apple Music's "Best of the Week" list. "Really Really" went on to creating the record of surpassing 100 million streams, making Winner the first ever male idol group in history to achieve this while keeping their "Chart-In" status. As part of their promotions, Winner held a three-day "concept showroom" showcase, from April 2 to 4, located at Club NB in Seoul. On May 31, they released their debut Japanese single, containing Japanese renditions of "Really Really" and "Fool". On August 4, Winner made a comeback with the single album Our Twenty For including lead singles, "Love Me Love Me" and "Island". "Love Me Love Me" was chosen by Dazed Digital as one of the 20 best K-Pop songs of 2017. Through tvN's New Journey to the West 4, Mino's wish to appear on Youth Over Flowers with his fellow Winner members was granted as a special supplementary show. Filming for Winner's Youth Over Flowers took place in West Australia while airing began on November 7. On November 30, Kang and Mino released the soundtrack, "The Door" for tvN's Prison Playbook, where Kang starred in.
Winner attending a fansign event at Lotte Department Store in Jamsil on December 29, 2018
On February 7, 2018, Winner released their first Japanese studio album, Our Twenty For, consisting new Japanese songs, "Raining" and "Have a Good Day". Soon after, the group embarked on their third Japan tour, "We'll Always Be Young". On April 4, Winner released their second studio album Everyday with lead single "Everyday" consisting of twelve songs including Korean versions of "Raining" and "Have a Good Day". The single became the group's first time experimenting with the genre, trap alongside reuniting with director Dave Meyers for the music video. On June 17, Winner successfully held their fan meeting, "WWIC 2018", 3 years since their last private stage in 2015. A total of 6,000 tickets were sold out. On July 4, Winner announced their first-ever world tour, Everywhere, starting in Seoul on August 19, followed seven stops throughout Asia. The tour resumed in January 2019 with an encore tour in Seoul. The same month, Winner branched their Everywhere tour to North America beginning with Seattle, followed six other cities including Los Angeles, Dallas, and Toronto. On November 26, Mino made his solo debut with studio album XX and lead single "Fiancé". The lead single topped Gaon's Digital and Streaming charts for the month of December. On December 19, Winner returned with single album Millions with lead single of the same name. Millions soon claimed the number two spot on Gaon, and received six music show wins.
On May 15, Winner released their second EP We, alongside lead single, "Ah Yeah". The single received positive reviews among the public for its cool lyrics that sublimates the realistic emotions of a cold-hearted breakup thus ultimately creating a cheerful breakup song. Through their comeback, the group entered the Gaon Chart with a triple crown, where "Ah Yeah" peaked at number one and two respectively on the Gaon Download and Digital Chart while EP We claimed number one on the Album Chart, selling over 129,000 physical copies. Winner performed their first broadcast stage for "Ah Yeah" on May 18 at MBC's Show! Music Core. On June 29, the group successfully held their private stage, WWIC 2019. The show was held twice within the same day at Jang Chung Gymnasium, Seoul. On July 3, Winner commenced on their 2019 concert tour in Japan starting with their concert at Nakano Sun Plaza in Tokyo while ending on September 16 at Marine Messe in Fukuoka. The tour garnered a total audience of 50,000 attendees in eight cities. On August 14, Kim Jin-woo became the third member of Winner to release solo material after Kang Seung-yoon and Mino. Kim made his solo debut with single album Jinu's Heyday and lead single "Call Anytime" (또또또) featuring bandmate Mino. The single album charted number two on Gaon Chart selling over 50,000 physical copies within the first week. Kim performed his first stage on August 17, also marking Winner's debut anniversary on MBC's Show! Music Core alongside bandmate Mino.
Winner at a fan signing event in Yeongdeungpo on November 2, 2019
Winner released their third EP Cross with lead single "Soso" on October 23 ahead of Cross Tour. The music video for the lead single was well acclaimed and praised for its artistry and symbolism. Billboard stated: "The rawness of human emotion is relayed through intense scenes acted out by the group's members. Feelings of being stomped on and tied up by emotions and those around you are acted out, as is the idea of baring it all, a rarity in the K-pop world, while emotions such as lethargy, anger and melancholy are expressed through a variety of moments splintered across the screen". Through this comeback, Winner pushed out of the boundaries of "K-pop" and did what was considered an "anomaly" within the industry. With their Asian tour beginning in Seoul on October 26, the tour visited nine cities throughout Asia continuing onto February 2020. Later, it was revealed their stop in Singapore was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, soon also followed by the cancellation of their Seoul encore concert. The series of events led to the group holding a free online live concert entitled "Winner Cross Special Live" through Naver V Live on February 14, 2020, where they performed live singing and dancing for 2 hours, garnering almost 1 million attendees.
2020–present: Military enlistment and releases
On March 26, 2020, Winner's pre-release single titled "Hold" (뜸) charted number one on multiple South Korean music platforms including Naver, Bugs and Soribada. The music video gained various attention for its amusing and witty plot where label-mate Lee Su-hyun of AKMU played the group's little sister. Winner initiated a "Ddeum Challenge" on TikTok which garnered the attention of many while becoming a trending challenge within South Korea. Celebrities who partook included 2NE1's Sandara Park, model Hyoni Kang, CIX's Seunghun and Hyunsuk and many more.
Ahead of Winner's third studio album release on April 9, Jinu became the first member to enlist and serve his mandatory military service on April 2, thus temporarily halting all full-group activities until all four members return after completing their mandatory enlistment. The studio album, entitled Remember, contains eight new songs, including its lead single of the same name and pre-release single, alongside four re-recorded songs from their debut album, 2014 S/S. Notably, the album recorded their highest first week sales since debut. Following Jinu, Hoony became the second member to enlist on April 16.
The members of Winner renewed their contracts with YG Entertainment for five more years in August 2021.
Jinu was discharged on December 31, 2021, followed by Hoony on January 15, 2022. On February 18, 2022, YG Entertainment announced Winner will hold their first full-group concert in two years on April 30 and May 1. While the April 30 event will only run in person at the Olympic Park Olympic Hall in Seoul, the concert on May 1 will also be available for online streaming. On June 20, 2022, YG Entertainment announced that Winner will make their comeback with their fourth EP Holiday and its lead single "I Love U" on July 5. On December 11, 2022, YG Entertainment It has been announced that Winner will hold an online concert "Winner Live Stage " at 9:00 pm on December 29.
On March 2, 2023, YG Entertainment announced that Mino would serve as a social worker in the military, who is scheduled to enlist on March 24. On May 24, 2023, YG Entertainment announced that Seungyoon will enlist on June 20 as an active duty soldier.
Artistry
Musicality and songwriting
"At some point, people seemed to have started thinking of ‘summer’ when they hear 'Winner'. Of course, it’s true we’ve somehow ended up making a number of summery songs, but I didn't think to this extent. Many people responded to Winner’s songs by saying, 'Summer’s here', or by calling us 'Kings of Summer'." — Mino
"Smile Again" (2013)
"Smile Again" is a dance song with unique synth sounds and rhythmic wrapping. It is a crossover that combines elements of EDM following the themes of "hope".
"Empty" (2014)
"Empty" from 2014 S/S is a mid-tempo fusion of Hip hop and R&B with lyrical acoustic guitar rifts embodying the emptiness and void after parting with a loved one.
"Really Really" (2017)
"Really Really", from single album Fate Number For is an upbeat tropical house song with an exciting and cheerful rhythm, instantly capturing listeners through the hook "Neol Joahae".
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Through multiple releases, Winner acquired the term 'Trust and Listen' among the general public of South Korea. The term originated as the public recognized the group's potential in creating quality music accordingly for the mass audience, and so just by the mention of the group's name, they will willingly listen without complaint. The term 'Kings of Summer' was also acquired through their positively received releases with upbeat tunes of various genres in correlation to the summer heat. Winner is also often known for their musical versatility. Ranging from ballad, blues, alternative rock, hip hop, disco and more, no restriction in genre is found. Apple Music cited them as "Versatile K-Pop chameleons" among the music scenes. Among releases, all members participate in production, composition and songwriting for all songs amidst album production from start to finish since debut. Overall, Kang Seung-yoon overlooks all production and is often cited as the main producer of the group. Their self-produced songs mainly encapsulate the themes of love, hope, consolation, and relatable everyday life stories.
Choreography
Winner has contributed to choreographing the majority of their songs, particularly member Lee Seung-hoon. For Winner, he has choreographed their debut lead singles "Empty" and "Color Ring" from 2014 S/S and "Fool" from Fate Number For, which he created and finalized within 5 hours. Winner went on to gain recognition for their lyrically displayed choreography to portray the messages of their songs. The group also broadened their scope by working with choreographers of different ethnic backgrounds, including African-American choreographer Oththan Burnside for the lead single "Really Really" from Fate Number For as well as the lead single "Everyday" alongside world renowned dance crew Kinjaz from the studio album of the same name.
Concept and stage
Since debut, Winner has heavily been invested towards creating concepts and providing ideas towards each and every upcoming release. Particularly through the quartet's Cross Tour (2019–2020), as a group they came up with the concept focusing on a 'spy agent' theme while also arranging two very different set lists, where the performances for both were held on different days throughout the tour. The set lists were differentiated through the symbols, x and +, where they also allude to the term "cross".
Impact and influence
Through interviews and social media platforms, members Tag and Hong Joo-chan of boy group Golden Child cited Winner as role models they look up to and is often influenced by them on multiple occasions throughout their career. Tag also once revealed he especially admired and respected Winner member Lee Seung-hoon since his K-pop Star days. A.C.E member Dong-hun stated Winner as an influence towards music, particularly the way Winner portrays their emotions and lyrics within a song, thus overall liking their style and wishes to express music in a similar manner. Former JBJ member Jin Longguo mentioned Winner as his role model while explaining within the music industry, some attract attention for their outer appearance in comparison to their musicality, further adding that Winner is a group that he believes has a good balance of both thus wishes to also follow these traits. In September 2019, newly debuted boy group Signal explicitly revealed through a press conference that Winner are their role models. They further elaborated that by listening to their music, they became heavily influenced by them. Yoo Yong-ha of WEi stated through GQ Korea that after falling for Winner, he wished to be "cool" like them and so despite having a shy personality trait, he took the courage to enroll into a vocal academy, and in result deciding to become an idol.
During festival season among universities in South Korea, Mersenne, a company that works on casting for these events revealed the most requested artists for the 2018 spring festival season. While labelmate PSY was placed at number one among all artists in South Korea, Winner was listed as the only male idol group beside labelmate iKon. In April 2019, five companies that worked on casting for these events, Mersenne, Innobay, 2M, Waikiki, and Top Plan, revealed the list of artists who were in high demand for the 2019 spring festival season. Regardless of age and gender, Winner was the only male idol group that year to be sought out by them.
Other ventures
Endorsements
Prior to debut, on January 17, 2014, Winner signed an exclusive endorsement contract with South Korean trendy casual clothing brand, NII, for the span of two years. The brand's insider revealed: "We selected Winner because Winner is a group who has big potential. We expect that they will create a new and fresh image for the NII brand". The same year Winner went on to becoming CF models for multiple brands, including Coca-Cola brand Fanta, Pizza Etang, Elite Uniform, and Adidas.
In August 2017, Winner became exclusive models for Italian sport brand Ellesse. With Winner as its endorser, 'Ellesse' sold 14 billion won in 2017 alongside the year end sales increasing by 160% in comparison to the previous years. An Ellesse representative also revealed through Winner as the face of the brand, a boost in customers from a younger generation significantly increased. In October 2017, Winner also joined clothing brand, '8Seconds' for their Good Luck Padding Campaign. Following Winner's first pictorial with the brand, their padded coats increased in sales by selling over 6,000 within two weeks. Due to popularity, the padded coats were often referred to as "Winner Padding".
On April 18, 2018, the Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS), part of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced Winner as its official campaign model for the global 'Talk Talk Korea 2018' contest. The contest gathered the most participants ever since its launch in 2014. On May 12, Winner joined Kiehl's on its third campaign held to protect nature inside cities with the #MyLittleGarden project. Winner sent out the message to recycle empty cosmetic bottles as flower pots to create their own garden and connect with nature in their daily lives. They also participated in label designing. On July 26, Café Droptop announced that Winner was the new face of the cafe franchise, revealing they believed the members suited well with the young image the brand desires. The franchise collaborated with Winner in creating numerous merchandises, which later instantly sold out. A Café Droptop official said: "Every time a product collaboration with Winner is released, it gains tremendous popularity where fans even wait in line at the stores." In October, Winner became the new endorsers of snack brand Oreo in Korea. Alongside filming a 30-second CF, Winner also recorded a Korean version of the CF's song. In February 2019, due to high popularity and demand, the advertisement with Winner aired in eight more countries, including Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam and Taiwan.
In June 2019, Winner became the official endorsement models for De Medicotem (DMT) Mask Packs. DMT further announced that with Winner, the brand will earnestly expand into the Asian market, including the existing Chinese market. DMT went on to find success as sales for the "Seven Hydro Zenith Mask" pack rose with Winner as the brand's image. Ahead of time, the brand held a collaboration with Winner during their private stage, WWIC 2019.
Philanthropy
On December 17, 2014, Winner took part in the Creating a Better World With Stars charity event, where they personally donated goods and attended a talk session. All the proceeds were donated to Good Neighbors, a humanitarian organization that helps single mothers and welfare of children.
On January 29, 2016, through the joint collaboration between clothing brand NII and photo studio "Thank You Studio", Winner participated in the animal campaign, Happiness by raising awareness through publications and photoshoots. Ultimately, all the proceeds from the campaign was donated to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Winner further showed their love for animals by donating their merchandise and products to the SAC Pet Festival bazaar held on May 27, 2018, alongside fellow groups Got7, Red Velvet and more. The items were then auctioned and donated to charity.
A charity event organized by YG Entertainment and Muju YG Foundation in partnership with Unicef was held in Seoul on May 15, 2017, in commemoration of the company's 20th anniversary. The YG X Unicef Walking Festival reached its maximum capacity of 5,000 participants for the walk, where all profits were donated to the Korean Committee of Unicef for children suffering from malnutrition. Winner alongside many artists of YG Entertainment participated including actor Cha Seung-won, Sean of Jinusean and more.
Winner was reported to have donated 5.95 tonnes of rice and 100 kilograms of animal feed while together with the group's fan club, Inner Circles, donated 35.865 tonnes of rice, 2,840 packets of ramen, 48 cans of powdered milk, 1.604 tonnes of animal feed, 20 kilograms of cat food, 1,290 eggs and 180 briquettes on June 17, 2018, during their fan meeting, "WWIC 2018" private stage. In particular the rice was donated to single and unwed mothers alongside youth protection facilities.
On January 4, 2019, Winner announced all profit from their Millions postcard merchandise sales will be donated to KARA (Korea Animal Rights Advocates), a non profit organization that supports animal welfare in South Korea, with the intention to contribute towards protecting animals.
On January 18, 2020, through labelmate senior Big Bang Taeyang's charity flea market and auction, Flower Response (花答), Winner participated by contributing personal items with a combined total of over 700 items alongside Sandara Park, CL, AKMU, iKon and Ione, while Taeyang alone donated over 1,300 personal items. All proceeds were donated to Love Snail Charity, a social welfare organization dedicated to help provide cochlear implants and hearing aids to those in need.
Ambassadorship
Korea Brand & Entertainment EXPO by KOTRA (2016 / 2019)
Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) (2018)
Paradise City Brand / PR Ambassador (2018)
Crocs Brand Ambassador (2022)
Hanoi Ambassador Hallyu Expo (2022)
Discography
Main article: Winner discography
2014 S/S (2014)
Everyday (2018)
Remember (2020)
Filmography
WIN: Who Is Next (2013, Mnet)
Winner TV (2013–14, Mnet)
Half-Moon Friends (2016, JTBC)
Youth Over Flowers (2017, tvN)
YG Future Strategy Office (2018, Netflix)
Winner Vacation - Hoony Tour (2019, Olleh TV)
W-Log (2019, YouTube/Vlive)
Bingo Trip (2019, Dingo Music)
Winner Vacation - Bell Boys (2021, Seezn)
Real Now-Winner Edition (2022, Naver Now)
Artist Way (2022, JTBC)
Concerts and tours
Main article: List of Winner concert tours
Headlining tours
Zepp Tour in Japan (2014)
Japan Tour (2015)
Exit Tour (2016)
Japan Tour 2018 ~We'll always be young~ (2018)
Everywhere World Tour (2018–19)
Winner Japan Tour (2019)
Cross Tour (2019–20)
Concerts
Winner 2022 Concert (2022)
Joint tours
YG Family – Power World Tour (2014)
Opening act/guest performer
Big Bang – Japan Dome Tour (2013–14)
2NE1 – All Or Nothing World Tour (2014)
Awards and nominations
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Winner
Notes
^ Cameo in Episode 02
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BabyMonster
SublabelsThe Black Label
Zion.T
Somi
Loren
Vince
Taeyang
Park Bo-gum
YGX
Viini
Leejung Lee
Actors
Cha Seung-won
Claudia Kim
Jang Hyun-sung
Jang Ki-yong
Jin Kyung
Jung Hye-young
Kal So-won
Kim Hee-ae
Kyung Soo-jin
Lee Soo-hyuk
Lee Sung-kyung
Park So-yi
Park Yoo-na
Seo Jeong-yeon
Son Na-eun
Yoo In-na
Yoo Seung-ho
Lee Ho-jung
Lee Joo-myung
Producers
Teddy Park
Choice37
Future Bounce
Former artists
Jinusean
1TYM
Wheesung
Big Mama
Lexy
Gummy
Se7en
Masta Wu
Big Bang
Minzy
Park Bom
2NE1
Nam Tae-hyun
Stephanie Lee
Koo Hye-sun
Jung Eugene
Lee Jong-suk
Katie Kim
Psy
Epik High
Hyoni Kang
Code Kunst
Tablo
Go Joon-hee
Seungri
Oh Sang-jin
Yoo Byung-jae
Kim Hee-jung
B.I
One
CL
Im Ye-jin
Kim Sae-ron
Lee Hi
Wang Ji-won
Taebin
Hi Suhyun
MOBB
Sechs Kies
Nam Joo-hyuk
Ahn Young-mi
Blue.D
Sandara Park
Son Ho-jun
Anda
T.O.P
Hwang Seung-eon
Jo Hye-joo
Bang Ye-dam
Mashiho
Daesung
Gang Dong-won
iKon
G-Dragon
Jennie
Rosé
Lisa
Jisoo
Choi Ji-woo
Concert tours
Power World Tour
Related articles
Discography
YGKPlus
Category
Awards won by Winner
vteCircle Chart Music Award for New Artist of the Year2010s
B1A4, Apink, Huh Gak, Kim Bo kyung (2011)
B.A.P, Hello Venus, John Park, Ailee (2012)
BTS, Ladies' Code, Jung Joon-young, Lim Kim (2013)
Winner, Mamamoo (2014)
iKon, GFriend (2015)
NCT 127, Blackpink (2016)
Wanna One, Woo Won-jae (2017)
Stray Kids, (G)I-dle, Iz*One, Haon (2018)
Tomorrow X Together, Itzy (2019)
2020s
Enhypen, Aespa (2020)
Lee Mu-jin, Lee Chan-won (2021)
NewJeans, Ive (2022)
BabyMonster, Riize, Zerobaseone (2023)
vteGolden Disc Award for New Artist of the Year1980s
Kim Seung-jin, Kim Wan-sun (1986)
Lee Jung-suk, Moon Hee-ok (1987)
Byun Jin-sub, Lee Tzsche (1988)
Jo Gap-Gyeong, Park Hak-gi (1989)
1990s
Kim Min-woo, Park Sung-shin (1990)
Shim Sin, Yoon Sang (1991)
Two Two (1994)
Sung Jin-woo (1995)
H.O.T., Idol (1996)
Yangpa, Jinusean (1997)
S.E.S, Fin.K.L, Taesaja (1998)
Lee Jung-hyun, 1TYM (1999)
2000s
Chakra, Park Hyo-shin, Sky (2000)
Sung Si-kyung, Jang Na-ra (2001)
Rain, Wheesung (2002)
Seven, Big Mama (2003)
SG Wannabe, Tei (2004)
Eru, Ivy, Lim Jeong-hee (2005)
Super Junior, SeeYa, Gavy NJ (2006)
F.T. Island, Wonder Girls, Girls' Generation, Younha (2007)
Shinee, Davichi (2008)
4Minute, T-ara (2009)
2010s
Beast, Secret, Sistar (2010)
Apink, B1A4, Dal Shabet, Boyfriend, Huh Gak (2012)
Exo, Juniel, B.A.P, Ailee, Lee Hi (2013)
BTS, Roy Kim, Lim Kim, Crayon Pop (2014)
Got7, Winner, Red Velvet (2015)
GFriend, iKon, Seventeen, Twice (2016)
Blackpink, Bolbbalgan4, NCT 127, I.O.I (2017)
Wanna One (2018)
(G)I-dle, Iz*One, Stray Kids (2019)
2020s
Itzy, Tomorrow X Together (2020)
Enhypen, Treasure, Kim Ho-joong (2021)
Aespa, STAYC (2022)
Ive, Le Sserafim, NewJeans (2023)
Fifty Fifty, Zerobaseone (2024)
vteMAMA Award for Best New Artist1990s1999
Lee Jung-hyun (Solo)
Team (Group)
2000s2000
Choi Jin-young (Male Solo)
BoA (Female Solo)
Chakra (Group)
2001
Sung Si-kyung (Male Solo)
Wax (Female Solo)
Brown Eyes (Group)
2002
Rain (Male Solo)
Youme (Female Solo)
Black Beat (Group)
2003
Seven (Male Solo)
Maya (Female Solo)
Big Mama (Group)
2004
Lee Seung-gi (Male Solo)
Chunja (Female Solo)
TVXQ (Group)
2005
Lim Jeong-hee (Solo)
SS501 (Group)
2006
Zhang Liyin (Solo)
Super Junior (Group)
2007
Younha (Solo)
F.T. Island (Male Group)
Wonder Girls (Female Group)
2008
Shinee (Male Group)
Davichi (Female Group)
2009
Supreme Team (Male Group)
2NE1 (Female Group)
2010s2010
CNBLUE (Male Artist)
Miss A (Female Artist)
2011
Huh Gak (Male Artist)
Apink (Female Artist)
2012
Busker Busker (Male Artist)
Ailee (Female Artist)
2013
Roy Kim (Male Artist)
Crayon Pop (Female Artist)
2014
Winner
2015
IKon (Male Artist)
Twice (Female Artist)
2016
NCT 127 (Male Artist)
I.O.I (Female Artist)
2017
Wanna One (Male Artist)
Pristin (Female Artist)
2018
Stray Kids (Male Artist)
Iz*One (Female Artist)
2019
Tomorrow X Together (Male Artist)
Itzy (Female Artist)
2020s2020
Treasure (Male Artist)
Weeekly (Female Artist)
2021
Enhypen (Male Artist)
Aespa (Female Artist)
2022
Xdinary Heroes (Male Artist)
Ive (Female Artist)
2023
Zerobaseone (Male Artist)
TripleS (Female Artist)
vteMelon Music Award for Top 10 Artists2000s2009
2NE1
2PM
8Eight
Brown Eyed Girls
Davichi
G-Dragon
Girls' Generation
K.Will
Kara
Super Junior
2010s2010
2AM
2NE1
2PM
4Men
CNBLUE
DJ DOC
Girls' Generation
IU
Lee Seung-gi
T-ara
2011
2NE1
Beast
BigBang
f(x)
IU
Leessang
Lena Park
Secret
Sistar
Super Junior
2012
2NE1
Beast
BigBang
Busker Busker
Huh Gak
Infinite
IU
Psy
Sistar
T-ara
2013
Ailee
Davichi
Dynamic Duo
Beast
Busker Busker
Exo
G-Dragon
IU
Shinee
Sistar
2014
2NE1
Akdong Musician
Beast
Exo
g.o.d
Girl's Day
IU
Sistar
Taeyang
Winner
2015
Apink
BigBang
Exo
Girls' Generation
Hyukoh
San E
Shinee
Sistar
Toy
Zion.T
2016
Akdong Musician
Bewhy
BTS
Exo
GFriend
Mamamoo
Red Velvet
Taeyeon
Twice
Zico
2017
BigBang
Bolbbalgan4
BTS
Exo
Heize
IU
Red Velvet
Twice
Wanna One
Winner
2018
Apink
Blackpink
Bolbbalgan4
BtoB
BTS
Exo
iKon
Mamamoo
Twice
Wanna One
2019
Bolbbalgan4
BTS
Chungha
Exo
Heize
Jang Beom-june
Jannabi
Mamamoo
MC the Max
Taeyeon
2020s2020
Baek Ye-rin
Baekhyun
Blackpink
BTS
IU
Iz*One
Kim Ho-joong
Lim Young-woong
Oh My Girl
Zico
2021
Aespa
AKMU
Ash Island
BTS
Heize
IU
Lee Mu-jin
Lil Boi
Lim Young-woong
NCT Dream
2022
(G)I-dle
Be'O
BTS
IU
Ive
Lim Young-woong
MeloMance
NCT Dream
NewJeans
Seventeen
2023
(G)I-dle
Aespa
BTS
Ive
Jungkook
Le Sserafim
Lim Young-woong
NCT Dream
NewJeans
Seventeen
vteMelon Music Award for Best New Artist2000s
2NE1 (2009)
2010s
CNBLUE (2010)
Huh Gak (2011)
B.A.P, Ailee (2012)
BTS, Lim Kim (2013)
Winner (2014)
iKon, GFriend (2015)
Blackpink (2016)
Wanna One (2017)
The Boyz, (G)I-dle (2018)
Tomorrow X Together, Itzy (2019)
2020s
Cravity, Weeekly (2020)
Lee Mu-jin, Aespa (2021)
Ive, NewJeans (2022)
Riize, Zerobaseone (2023)
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"Jinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jin-woo_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Hoony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Seung-hoon_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Mino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Seungyoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Seung-yoon"},{"link_name":"YG Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Mnet's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"Taehyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Tae-hyun"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"World Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"Melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon_(online_music_service)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Melon Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Style Icon Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_Icon_Awards"},{"link_name":"Fate Number For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_Number_For"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"Oreo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreo"},{"link_name":"Kiehl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiehl%27s"}],"text":"Winner (Korean: 위너; romanized: wineo; stylized in all caps) is a South Korean boy band consisting of four members: Jinu, Hoony, Mino and Seungyoon. The band was formed in 2013 by YG Entertainment through Mnet's survival program WIN: Who Is Next leading to their official debut on August 17, 2014, with studio album 2014 S/S. Originally a five-piece band, Taehyun departed in November 2016 for his mental health and well-being. Upon their debut, The Korea Herald cited their immediate success as \"unprecedented\" for a new group, thus dubbed as \"Monster rookies\". Winner is often cited as a \"self-producing\" band with all members actively taking on roles from producing and choreographing to designing and marketing. The band also earned the titles \"Trust and Listen\" alongside \"Kings of Summer\" by media outlets and the general public through releases.As of March 2019, Winner was recorded as the fastest Korean act to top the Billboard World Album Chart with their debut album 2014 S/S, and topped domestic charts on Gaon for both their album and lead single \"Empty\". Winner is currently the fastest act to win on a televised music show, with a time of five days. As of October 2019, they are the only artists to have all lead singles consecutively top Melon five years straight since debut.[1] Their success in Asia earned them numerous awards for music, fashion and popularity including the Melon Music Awards, MTV Asia Music Gala and Style Icon Awards. Following the band's reformation, Winner's lead single, \"Really Really\" from their first single album Fate Number For (2017), instantly went to number one in South Korea. It went on to sell over 2.5 million digital copies domestically and surpass 100 million streams on Gaon, making Winner the first-ever K-pop boy group in history to achieve this while keeping their \"Chart-In\" status.Throughout their career, the band cumulatively held over 100 concerts. Their first world tour, Winner Everywhere Tour in 2018, was the band's largest tour to date. Winner is also known through endorsement deals with brands Adidas, Oreo, Kiehl's and more. The band actively participates in various charitable activities and animal campaigns.","title":"Winner (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kang Seung-yoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Seung-yoon"},{"link_name":"Superstar K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstar_K_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"YGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Kick:_Revenge_of_the_Short_Legged"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Seungri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seungri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lee Seung-hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Seung-hoon_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"K-pop Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop_Star_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2010–2013: Formation and pre-debut activities","text":"In 2010, the group's leader Kang Seung-yoon (Seungyoon) was a contestant on Mnet's Superstar K2, finishing in fourth place.[2] The following year, he signed with YGE and made his acting debut in the MBC sitcom High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged.[3] In 2013, he debuted as a solo artist and released multiple songs, including hit single \"It Rains\".[4] In 2010, Kim Jin-woo (Jinu) was brought to the agency by Big Bang's Seungri through Joy Dance Plug In Music Academy.[5] Nam Tae-hyun (Taehyun) was recruited through audition in 2011. Lee Seung-hoon (Hoony) competed in SBS's K-pop Star in 2012, finishing in fourth place.[6] Soon after, he signed under YGE the same year on May 22.[7] Song Min-ho (Mino) initially debuted under Y2Y Contents Company in the group BoM, which disbanded two years later. In 2013, he joined YGE through audition, after being noticed from his appearance in Channel A's The Strongest K-POP Survival.[8]On August 23, 2013, the five competed as \"Team A\" on Mnet survival program Win: Who Is Next against \"Team B\", consisting of trainees they also have trained with under the label. Throughout the span of 100 days, the show consisted of three rounds of performances and public voting.[9] During the finale, on October 25 Team A was announced as the winners thus claiming the title \"Winner\" and commencing with preparation for debut.[10][11] They performed as the opening act at labelmate senior Big Bang's Japanese dome tour beginning on November 15.[12] From December 13, Winner broadcast their reality program, Winner TV, consisting of ten episodes on Mnet showcasing their debut preparation and lifestyle.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:141111_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%95%EB%9D%BD%EC%84%9C_by_%EC%95%88%EC%93%B0_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melon Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"2NE1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2NE1"},{"link_name":"All or Nothing World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_or_Nothing_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"YG Family Power World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"YG KPlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_KPlus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.11.21_%EB%A9%9C%EB%A1%A0_%EB%AE%A4%EC%A7%81_%EC%96%B4%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%9C%EC%83%81_%EB%B0%8F_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melon Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkigayo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"M! Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M!_Countdown"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Gaon Chart Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"QQ Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QQ_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Youku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youku"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Fuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Dazed Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WINNER_Japan_Tour_2015_in_Aichi.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Lee Hi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hi"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(South_Korean_singer)"},{"link_name":"AKMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKMU"},{"link_name":"Zion.T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion.T"},{"link_name":"Epik High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epik_High"},{"link_name":"Taeyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeyang"},{"link_name":"G-Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Dragon"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Exit : E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_:_E"},{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"QQ Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QQ_Music"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Half-Moon Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Moon_Friends"},{"link_name":"JTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTBC"},{"link_name":"Miaopai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaopai"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2014–2016: Debut with 2014 S/S, immediate success, international recognition and Taehyun's departure","text":"Winner performing at the Melon Music Awards on November 13, 2014On March 1–2, 2014, Winner performed as guests at label-mate senior 2NE1's All or Nothing World Tour in Seoul.[14] The quintet continued their appearance as guest performers in other stops including Hong Kong on March 22, April 11 in China, April 26–27 in Taiwan, May 17 in Philippines, and May 24 in Malaysia.[15] Amidst touring with 2NE1, Winner joined the YG Family Power World Tour from April 12. Between June and August, the group members were re-introduced to the public after eight months in anticipation for their debut, through series of teaser images and videos.[16][17] Ahead of their debut, on August 6 Winner held a showcase in the form of a launch party with an audience of 400 attendees. The event held a fashion show with models from YG KPlus on the runway and ultimately finishing with the members themselves in unique suits. Media outlets quoted the event as \"uncommon\" and \"fresh\".[18] It gave an insight to the classy image the group presented with their debut and the digital release of the studio album 2014 S/S on August 12 and its physical release on August 14.[19]Winner receives the bonsang award at the 2014 Melon Music Awards.After several delays, the group officially debuted on August 17 with lead singles \"Empty\" and \"Color Ring\", also marking their first music show appearance on SBS' Inkigayo.[20][21] The quintet became the fastest group to win on a music show through M! Countdown, doing so in five days.[22] 2014 S/S charted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart as well as the Billboard World Albums Chart, while lead singles \"Empty\" and \"Color Ring\" claimed first and third respectively on the Gaon Digital Chart.[23] The Korea Herald cited the success of their lead single \"Empty\" as \"unprecedented\" for a newly debuted group, thus claiming the title \"Monster rookies\".[24][25] Their commercial success earned them the 'Top 10 Artist' award on Melon Music Awards, followed by multiple 'Best New Artist' awards on shows including Golden Disc Awards and Gaon Chart Music Awards. Winner also found success in China, soon earning the Best New Force Group award at the QQ Music Awards alongside the Most Popular Korean Group award on the Youku Tudou Young Choice 2014.[26][27]On September 10, Winner released the Japanese version of their album, 2014 S/S: Japan Collection which peaked at No. 2 on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart, selling 35,079 copies in four days.[28] They embarked on their first Japan tour the next day, later successfully concluding the tour in Tokyo on October 11, drawing 50,000 people in total.[29] On December 9, Fuse announced their 13 Top Breakout Artists of 2014, with Winner at number 11, being the only South Korean artists on the list.[30] Dazed Digital revealed their top 20 K-pop tracks of 2014 on December 17 with Winner's \"Color Ring\" placing tenth.[31]Winner at their WINNER Japan Tour 2015 in Nagoya on October 9, 2015Despite the group's successful debut, in 2015, Winner was put on hiatus while members of the group pursued solo endeavors while simultaneously embarking on their second Japan tour beginning in September, and finishing in October with over 36,000 attendees.[32][33] In December, they were revealed to be returning in 2016 with five 'project releases', where the first was a \"warm-up\" duet featuring Mino and Nam, titled \"Pricked\".[34][35]In the lead-up to the group's official comeback, a number of musical covers of their lead singles were released as promotional teasers, featured artists include Lee Hi, Dean, AKMU, Zion.T, Epik High, Taeyang and G-Dragon.[36] Winner returned with EP Exit : E on February 1, 18 months since 2014 S/S.[37] \nExit : E debuted at Number 2 on Billboard's World Albums Chart and Number 1 on the Gaon Album chart.[38] Lead singles \"Baby Baby\" and \"Sentimental\" topped all eight music streaming platforms in South Korea and achieved a real-time \"all-kill\", further proving their title as \"digital monsters\".[39] Their lead single \"Baby Baby\" received profound attention in China, becoming the most streamed song within the first half of the year among Korean releases on QQ Music, the largest music platform in China.[40] Winner held their first-ever concert tour nationwide starting on March 12 and 13 at Olympic Gymnasiums Arena in Seoul. The group also held additional stops in Gwangju, Daegu and Busan in April.[41][42]From April 23, Winner's variety show Half-Moon Friends aired on JTBC, which gained popularity both domestically and abroad, particularly garnering over 75 million views via Miaopai and surpassing 100 million views through other platforms in China.[43] Their heightened success in China led them to winning the Overseas Popularity Award at the MTV Asia Music Gala.[44] In June, the group brought their Exit Tour to Japan, drawing over 36,000 fans in Japan alone.[45] On October 12, YGE announced Nam would be taking a break due to health problems, thus the rest of the Exit Movement series would be delayed indefinitely.[46] On November 25, Nam's departure from the group was announced, soon deciding to continue as four.[47][48]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fate Number For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_Number_For"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Dave Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(director)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Our Twenty For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Twenty_For"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Dazed Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazed_Digital"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"New Journey to the West 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Youth Over Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Over_Flowers"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Prison Playbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Playbook"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:181229_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88_%EB%A1%AF%EB%8D%B0%EB%B0%B1%ED%99%94%EC%A0%90_%EC%9E%A0%EC%8B%A4_%ED%8C%AC%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C.jpg"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Everyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_(Winner_album)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millions_(Winner_song)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"We","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_(Winner_EP)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AY-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AY-74"},{"link_name":"Show! Music Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show!_Music_Core"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Nakano Sun Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano_Sun_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Marine Messe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Messe"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Show! Music Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show!_Music_Core"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:191102_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88_%EC%98%81%EB%93%B1%ED%8F%AC_%ED%8C%AC%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"V Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Live"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"2017–2019: Reformation, continued success and first world tour","text":"After 14 months of hiatus, on April 4, 2017, Winner made their anticipated return as four with single album Fate Number For and lead singles \"Really Really\" and \"Fool\".[49] Notably, the music video for \"Really Really\" was filmed by director Dave Meyers.[50] Domestically, \"Really Really\" achieved placing number one on Gaon, while also debuting at No. 3 on Billboard World Digital Song Sales, marking the group's best position to date.[51] \"Really Really\" was also chosen to be on the Apple Music's \"Best of the Week\" list.[52] \"Really Really\" went on to creating the record of surpassing 100 million streams, making Winner the first ever male idol group in history to achieve this while keeping their \"Chart-In\" status.[53] As part of their promotions, Winner held a three-day \"concept showroom\" showcase, from April 2 to 4, located at Club NB in Seoul.[54] On May 31, they released their debut Japanese single, containing Japanese renditions of \"Really Really\" and \"Fool\".[55] On August 4, Winner made a comeback with the single album Our Twenty For including lead singles, \"Love Me Love Me\" and \"Island\".[56] \"Love Me Love Me\" was chosen by Dazed Digital as one of the 20 best K-Pop songs of 2017.[57] Through tvN's New Journey to the West 4, Mino's wish to appear on Youth Over Flowers with his fellow Winner members was granted as a special supplementary show. Filming for Winner's Youth Over Flowers took place in West Australia while airing began on November 7.[58] On November 30, Kang and Mino released the soundtrack, \"The Door\" for tvN's Prison Playbook, where Kang starred in.[59]Winner attending a fansign event at Lotte Department Store in Jamsil on December 29, 2018On February 7, 2018, Winner released their first Japanese studio album, Our Twenty For, consisting new Japanese songs, \"Raining\" and \"Have a Good Day\".[60] Soon after, the group embarked on their third Japan tour, \"We'll Always Be Young\".[61] On April 4, Winner released their second studio album Everyday with lead single \"Everyday\" consisting of twelve songs including Korean versions of \"Raining\" and \"Have a Good Day\".[62] The single became the group's first time experimenting with the genre, trap alongside reuniting with director Dave Meyers for the music video.[63] On June 17, Winner successfully held their fan meeting, \"WWIC 2018\", 3 years since their last private stage in 2015.[64] A total of 6,000 tickets were sold out.[65] On July 4, Winner announced their first-ever world tour, Everywhere, starting in Seoul on August 19, followed seven stops throughout Asia.[66] The tour resumed in January 2019 with an encore tour in Seoul.[67] The same month, Winner branched their Everywhere tour to North America beginning with Seattle, followed six other cities including Los Angeles, Dallas, and Toronto.[68] On November 26, Mino made his solo debut with studio album XX and lead single \"Fiancé\".[69] The lead single topped Gaon's Digital and Streaming charts for the month of December.[70][71] On December 19, Winner returned with single album Millions with lead single of the same name.[72] Millions soon claimed the number two spot on Gaon, and received six music show wins.[73]On May 15, Winner released their second EP We, alongside lead single, \"Ah Yeah\". The single received positive reviews among the public for its cool lyrics that sublimates the realistic emotions of a cold-hearted breakup thus ultimately creating a cheerful breakup song.[74] Through their comeback, the group entered the Gaon Chart with a triple crown, where \"Ah Yeah\" peaked at number one and two respectively on the Gaon Download and Digital Chart while EP We claimed number one on the Album Chart, selling over 129,000 physical copies.[74] Winner performed their first broadcast stage for \"Ah Yeah\" on May 18 at MBC's Show! Music Core.[75] On June 29, the group successfully held their private stage, WWIC 2019. The show was held twice within the same day at Jang Chung Gymnasium, Seoul. On July 3, Winner commenced on their 2019 concert tour in Japan starting with their concert at Nakano Sun Plaza in Tokyo while ending on September 16 at Marine Messe in Fukuoka. The tour garnered a total audience of 50,000 attendees in eight cities.[76] On August 14, Kim Jin-woo became the third member of Winner to release solo material after Kang Seung-yoon and Mino. Kim made his solo debut with single album Jinu's Heyday and lead single \"Call Anytime\" (또또또) featuring bandmate Mino.[77] The single album charted number two on Gaon Chart selling over 50,000 physical copies within the first week.[78] Kim performed his first stage on August 17, also marking Winner's debut anniversary on MBC's Show! Music Core alongside bandmate Mino.[79]Winner at a fan signing event in Yeongdeungpo on November 2, 2019Winner released their third EP Cross with lead single \"Soso\" on October 23 ahead of Cross Tour.[80] The music video for the lead single was well acclaimed and praised for its artistry and symbolism. Billboard stated: \"The rawness of human emotion is relayed through intense scenes acted out by the group's members. Feelings of being stomped on and tied up by emotions and those around you are acted out, as is the idea of baring it all, a rarity in the K-pop world, while emotions such as lethargy, anger and melancholy are expressed through a variety of moments splintered across the screen\". Through this comeback, Winner pushed out of the boundaries of \"K-pop\" and did what was considered an \"anomaly\" within the industry.[81] With their Asian tour beginning in Seoul on October 26, the tour visited nine cities throughout Asia continuing onto February 2020. Later, it was revealed their stop in Singapore was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, soon also followed by the cancellation of their Seoul encore concert.[82][83] The series of events led to the group holding a free online live concert entitled \"Winner Cross Special Live\" through Naver V Live on February 14, 2020, where they performed live singing and dancing for 2 hours, garnering almost 1 million attendees.[84]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-85"},{"link_name":"Lee Su-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Su-hyun_(singer,_born_1999)"},{"link_name":"AKMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKMU"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-85"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"Hyoni Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoni_Kang"},{"link_name":"CIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIX_(band)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"mandatory military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"2020–present: Military enlistment and releases","text":"On March 26, 2020, Winner's pre-release single titled \"Hold\" (뜸) charted number one on multiple South Korean music platforms including Naver, Bugs and Soribada.[85] The music video gained various attention for its amusing and witty plot where label-mate Lee Su-hyun of AKMU played the group's little sister.[85] Winner initiated a \"Ddeum Challenge\" on TikTok which garnered the attention of many while becoming a trending challenge within South Korea. Celebrities who partook included 2NE1's Sandara Park, model Hyoni Kang, CIX's Seunghun and Hyunsuk and many more.[86]Ahead of Winner's third studio album release on April 9, Jinu became the first member to enlist and serve his mandatory military service on April 2, thus temporarily halting all full-group activities until all four members return after completing their mandatory enlistment.[87] The studio album, entitled Remember, contains eight new songs, including its lead single of the same name and pre-release single, alongside four re-recorded songs from their debut album, 2014 S/S. Notably, the album recorded their highest first week sales since debut.[88] Following Jinu, Hoony became the second member to enlist on April 16.[89]The members of Winner renewed their contracts with YG Entertainment for five more years in August 2021.[90]Jinu was discharged on December 31, 2021, followed by Hoony on January 15, 2022.[91] On February 18, 2022, YG Entertainment announced Winner will hold their first full-group concert in two years on April 30 and May 1. While the April 30 event will only run in person at the Olympic Park Olympic Hall in Seoul, the concert on May 1 will also be available for online streaming.[92] On June 20, 2022, YG Entertainment announced that Winner will make their comeback with their fourth EP Holiday and its lead single \"I Love U\" on July 5.[93] On December 11, 2022, YG Entertainment It has been announced that Winner will hold an online concert \"Winner Live Stage [White Holiday]\" at 9:00 pm on December 29.[94]On March 2, 2023, YG Entertainment announced that Mino would serve as a social worker in the military, who is scheduled to enlist on March 24.[95] On May 24, 2023, YG Entertainment announced that Seungyoon will enlist on June 20 as an active duty soldier.[96]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SK-97"},{"link_name":"\"Smile Again\" (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winner_Smile_Again_Sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-98"},{"link_name":"\"Empty\" (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WINNER_Empty_Sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"Hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-98"},{"link_name":"\"Really Really\" (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WINNER_Really_Really_Sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"Fate Number For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_Number_For"},{"link_name":"tropical house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_house"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SK-97"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-98"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Musicality and songwriting","text":"\"At some point, people seemed to have started thinking of ‘summer’ when they hear 'Winner'. [...] Of course, it’s true we’ve somehow ended up making a number of summery songs, but I didn't think [people associated us with summer] to this extent. Many people responded to Winner’s songs by saying, 'Summer’s here', or by calling us 'Kings of Summer'.\" — Mino[97]\"Smile Again\" (2013)\n\n\"Smile Again\" is a dance song with unique synth sounds and rhythmic wrapping. It is a crossover that combines elements of EDM following the themes of \"hope\".[98]\n\"Empty\" (2014)\n\n\"Empty\" from 2014 S/S is a mid-tempo fusion of Hip hop and R&B with lyrical acoustic guitar rifts embodying the emptiness and void after parting with a loved one.[98]\n\"Really Really\" (2017)\n\n\"Really Really\", from single album Fate Number For is an upbeat tropical house song with an exciting and cheerful rhythm, instantly capturing listeners through the hook \"Neol Joahae\".[99]\nProblems playing these files? See media help.Through multiple releases, Winner acquired the term 'Trust and Listen' among the general public of South Korea. The term originated as the public recognized the group's potential in creating quality music accordingly for the mass audience, and so just by the mention of the group's name, they will willingly listen without complaint.[100][101][102] The term 'Kings of Summer' was also acquired through their positively received releases with upbeat tunes of various genres in correlation to the summer heat.[97] Winner is also often known for their musical versatility. Ranging from ballad, blues, alternative rock, hip hop, disco and more, no restriction in genre is found.[98] Apple Music cited them as \"Versatile K-Pop chameleons\" among the music scenes.[103] Among releases, all members participate in production, composition and songwriting for all songs amidst album production from start to finish since debut.[104] Overall, Kang Seung-yoon overlooks all production and is often cited as the main producer of the group. Their self-produced songs mainly encapsulate the themes of love, hope, consolation, and relatable everyday life stories.[105]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"Fate Number For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_Number_For"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-106"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_(Winner_album)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Choreography","text":"Winner has contributed to choreographing the majority of their songs, particularly member Lee Seung-hoon. For Winner, he has choreographed their debut lead singles \"Empty\" and \"Color Ring\" from 2014 S/S and \"Fool\" from Fate Number For, which he created and finalized within 5 hours.[106][107] Winner went on to gain recognition for their lyrically displayed choreography to portray the messages of their songs.[106] The group also broadened their scope by working with choreographers of different ethnic backgrounds, including African-American choreographer Oththan Burnside for the lead single \"Really Really\" from Fate Number For as well as the lead single \"Everyday\" alongside world renowned dance crew Kinjaz from the studio album of the same name.[108][109]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Concept and stage","text":"Since debut, Winner has heavily been invested towards creating concepts and providing ideas towards each and every upcoming release. Particularly through the quartet's Cross Tour (2019–2020), as a group they came up with the concept focusing on a 'spy agent' theme while also arranging two very different set lists, where the performances for both were held on different days throughout the tour. The set lists were differentiated through the symbols, x and +, where they also allude to the term \"cross\".[110]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Child_(band)"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"A.C.E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C.E_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"JBJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBJ_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jin Longguo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Longguo"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"GQ Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"PSY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSY"},{"link_name":"iKon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKon"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Through interviews and social media platforms, members Tag and Hong Joo-chan of boy group Golden Child cited Winner as role models they look up to and is often influenced by them on multiple occasions throughout their career. Tag also once revealed he especially admired and respected Winner member Lee Seung-hoon since his K-pop Star days.[111] A.C.E member Dong-hun stated Winner as an influence towards music, particularly the way Winner portrays their emotions and lyrics within a song, thus overall liking their style and wishes to express music in a similar manner.[112] Former JBJ member Jin Longguo mentioned Winner as his role model while explaining within the music industry, some attract attention for their outer appearance in comparison to their musicality, further adding that Winner is a group that he believes has a good balance of both thus wishes to also follow these traits.[113] In September 2019, newly debuted boy group Signal explicitly revealed through a press conference that Winner are their role models. They further elaborated that by listening to their music, they became heavily influenced by them.[114] Yoo Yong-ha of WEi stated through GQ Korea that after falling for Winner, he wished to be \"cool\" like them and so despite having a shy personality trait, he took the courage to enroll into a vocal academy, and in result deciding to become an idol.[115]During festival season among universities in South Korea, Mersenne, a company that works on casting for these events revealed the most requested artists for the 2018 spring festival season. While labelmate PSY was placed at number one among all artists in South Korea, Winner was listed as the only male idol group beside labelmate iKon.[116] In April 2019, five companies that worked on casting for these events, Mersenne, Innobay, 2M, Waikiki, and Top Plan, revealed the list of artists who were in high demand for the 2019 spring festival season. Regardless of age and gender, Winner was the only male idol group that year to be sought out by them.[117]","title":"Impact and influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Fanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanta"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Ellesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesse"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Korean Culture and Information Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTK-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Kiehl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiehl%27s"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Oreo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreo"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"sub_title":"Endorsements","text":"Prior to debut, on January 17, 2014, Winner signed an exclusive endorsement contract with South Korean trendy casual clothing brand, NII, for the span of two years. The brand's insider revealed: \"We selected Winner because Winner is a group who has big potential. We expect that they will create a new and fresh image for the NII brand\".[118] The same year Winner went on to becoming CF models for multiple brands, including Coca-Cola brand Fanta, Pizza Etang, Elite Uniform, and Adidas.[119]In August 2017, Winner became exclusive models for Italian sport brand Ellesse. With Winner as its endorser, 'Ellesse' sold 14 billion won in 2017 alongside the year end sales increasing by 160% in comparison to the previous years.[120] An Ellesse representative also revealed through Winner as the face of the brand, a boost in customers from a younger generation significantly increased.[121] In October 2017, Winner also joined clothing brand, '8Seconds' for their Good Luck Padding Campaign.[122] Following Winner's first pictorial with the brand, their padded coats increased in sales by selling over 6,000 within two weeks. Due to popularity, the padded coats were often referred to as \"Winner Padding\".[123]On April 18, 2018, the Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS), part of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced Winner as its official campaign model for the global 'Talk Talk Korea 2018' contest.[124] The contest gathered the most participants ever since its launch in 2014.[125] On May 12, Winner joined Kiehl's on its third campaign held to protect nature inside cities with the #MyLittleGarden project. Winner sent out the message to recycle empty cosmetic bottles as flower pots to create their own garden and connect with nature in their daily lives. They also participated in label designing.[126] On July 26, Café Droptop announced that Winner was the new face of the cafe franchise, revealing they believed the members suited well with the young image the brand desires.[127] The franchise collaborated with Winner in creating numerous merchandises, which later instantly sold out. A Café Droptop official said: \"Every time a product collaboration with Winner is released, it gains tremendous popularity where fans even wait in line at the stores.\"[128] In October, Winner became the new endorsers of snack brand Oreo in Korea. Alongside filming a 30-second CF, Winner also recorded a Korean version of the CF's song. In February 2019, due to high popularity and demand, the advertisement with Winner aired in eight more countries, including Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam and Taiwan.[129]In June 2019, Winner became the official endorsement models for De Medicotem (DMT) Mask Packs. DMT further announced that with Winner, the brand will earnestly expand into the Asian market, including the existing Chinese market. DMT went on to find success as sales for the \"Seven Hydro Zenith Mask\" pack rose with Winner as the brand's image.[130] Ahead of time, the brand held a collaboration with Winner during their private stage, WWIC 2019.[131]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Got7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got7"},{"link_name":"Red Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Velvet_(band)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Unicef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicef"},{"link_name":"malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"},{"link_name":"Cha Seung-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Seung-won"},{"link_name":"Jinusean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinusean"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"animal feed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feed"},{"link_name":"fan club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_club"},{"link_name":"ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramen"},{"link_name":"powdered milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered_milk"},{"link_name":"cat food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_food"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_as_food"},{"link_name":"briquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briquettes"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-136"},{"link_name":"KARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates"},{"link_name":"animal welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-136"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Taeyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeyang"},{"link_name":"Sandara Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandara_Park"},{"link_name":"CL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CL_(singer)"},{"link_name":"AKMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKMU"},{"link_name":"iKon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKon"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"On December 17, 2014, Winner took part in the Creating a Better World With Stars charity event, where they personally donated goods and attended a talk session. All the proceeds were donated to Good Neighbors, a humanitarian organization that helps single mothers and welfare of children.[132]On January 29, 2016, through the joint collaboration between clothing brand NII and photo studio \"Thank You Studio\", Winner participated in the animal campaign, Happiness by raising awareness through publications and photoshoots. Ultimately, all the proceeds from the campaign was donated to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).[133] Winner further showed their love for animals by donating their merchandise and products to the SAC Pet Festival bazaar held on May 27, 2018, alongside fellow groups Got7, Red Velvet and more. The items were then auctioned and donated to charity.[134]A charity event organized by YG Entertainment and Muju YG Foundation in partnership with Unicef was held in Seoul on May 15, 2017, in commemoration of the company's 20th anniversary. The YG X Unicef Walking Festival reached its maximum capacity of 5,000 participants for the walk, where all profits were donated to the Korean Committee of Unicef for children suffering from malnutrition. Winner alongside many artists of YG Entertainment participated including actor Cha Seung-won, Sean of Jinusean and more.[135]Winner was reported to have donated 5.95 tonnes of rice and 100 kilograms of animal feed while together with the group's fan club, Inner Circles, donated 35.865 tonnes of rice, 2,840 packets of ramen, 48 cans of powdered milk, 1.604 tonnes of animal feed, 20 kilograms of cat food, 1,290 eggs and 180 briquettes on June 17, 2018, during their fan meeting, \"WWIC 2018\" private stage. In particular the rice was donated to single and unwed mothers alongside youth protection facilities.[136]On January 4, 2019, Winner announced all profit from their Millions postcard merchandise sales will be donated to KARA (Korea Animal Rights Advocates), a non profit organization that supports animal welfare in South Korea, with the intention to contribute towards protecting animals.[137][136]On January 18, 2020, through labelmate senior Big Bang Taeyang's charity flea market and auction, Flower Response (花答), Winner participated by contributing personal items with a combined total of over 700 items alongside Sandara Park, CL, AKMU, iKon and Ione, while Taeyang alone donated over 1,300 personal items. All proceeds were donated to Love Snail Charity, a social welfare organization dedicated to help provide cochlear implants and hearing aids to those in need.[138]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTK-124"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Crocs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocs"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"text":"Korea Brand & Entertainment EXPO by KOTRA (2016 / 2019)[139][140]\nKorean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) (2018)[124]\nParadise City Brand / PR Ambassador (2018)[141]\nCrocs Brand Ambassador (2022)[142]\nHanoi Ambassador Hallyu Expo (2022)[143]","title":"Ambassadorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 S/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_S/S"},{"link_name":"Everyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_(Winner_album)"},{"link_name":"Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember_(Winner_album)"}],"text":"2014 S/S (2014)\nEveryday (2018)\nRemember (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Half-Moon Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Moon_Friends"},{"link_name":"JTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTBC"},{"link_name":"Youth Over Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Over_Flowers"},{"link_name":"tvN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvN"},{"link_name":"YG Future Strategy Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_Future_Strategy_Office"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note-144"},{"link_name":"Olleh TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olleh_TV"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Vlive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlive"},{"link_name":"Naver Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Now"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"JTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTBC"}],"text":"WIN: Who Is Next (2013, Mnet)\nWinner TV (2013–14, Mnet)\nHalf-Moon Friends (2016, JTBC)\nYouth Over Flowers (2017, tvN)\nYG Future Strategy Office (2018, Netflix)[a]\nWinner Vacation - Hoony Tour (2019, Olleh TV)\nW-Log (2019, YouTube/Vlive)\nBingo Trip (2019, Dingo Music)\nWinner Vacation - Bell Boys (2021, Seezn)\nReal Now-Winner Edition (2022, Naver Now)[144]\nArtist Way (2022, JTBC)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YG Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Power World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Japan Dome Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Dome_Tour"},{"link_name":"2NE1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2NE1"}],"text":"Headlining tours\n\nZepp Tour in Japan (2014)\nJapan Tour (2015)\nExit Tour (2016)\nJapan Tour 2018 ~We'll always be young~ (2018)\nEverywhere World Tour (2018–19)\nWinner Japan Tour (2019)\nCross Tour (2019–20)\n\n\nConcerts\n\nWinner 2022 Concert (2022)\nJoint tours\n\nYG Family – Power World Tour (2014)\nOpening act/guest performer\n\nBig Bang – Japan Dome Tour (2013–14)\n2NE1 – All Or Nothing World Tour (2014)","title":"Concerts and tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note_144-0"}],"text":"^ Cameo in Episode 02","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Winner performing at the Melon Music Awards on November 13, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/141111_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%95%EB%9D%BD%EC%84%9C_by_%EC%95%88%EC%93%B0_10.jpg/232px-141111_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%95%EB%9D%BD%EC%84%9C_by_%EC%95%88%EC%93%B0_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winner receives the bonsang award at the 2014 Melon Music Awards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/14.11.21_%EB%A9%9C%EB%A1%A0_%EB%AE%A4%EC%A7%81_%EC%96%B4%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%9C%EC%83%81_%EB%B0%8F_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81.jpg/232px-14.11.21_%EB%A9%9C%EB%A1%A0_%EB%AE%A4%EC%A7%81_%EC%96%B4%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%9C%EC%83%81_%EB%B0%8F_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winner at their WINNER Japan Tour 2015 in Nagoya on October 9, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WINNER_Japan_Tour_2015_in_Aichi.jpg/182px-WINNER_Japan_Tour_2015_in_Aichi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winner attending a fansign event at Lotte Department Store in Jamsil on December 29, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/181229_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88_%EB%A1%AF%EB%8D%B0%EB%B0%B1%ED%99%94%EC%A0%90_%EC%9E%A0%EC%8B%A4_%ED%8C%AC%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C.jpg/232px-181229_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88_%EB%A1%AF%EB%8D%B0%EB%B0%B1%ED%99%94%EC%A0%90_%EC%9E%A0%EC%8B%A4_%ED%8C%AC%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winner at a fan signing event in Yeongdeungpo on November 2, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/191102_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88_%EC%98%81%EB%93%B1%ED%8F%AC_%ED%8C%AC%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C.jpg/232px-191102_%EC%9C%84%EB%84%88_%EC%98%81%EB%93%B1%ED%8F%AC_%ED%8C%AC%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"YG 미운오리새끼→5년내내 1위가수, 위너는 어떻게 위너가 됐나[뮤직와치]\". Newsen (in Korean). May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201905171006050410","url_text":"\"YG 미운오리새끼→5년내내 1위가수, 위너는 어떻게 위너가 됐나[뮤직와치]\""}]},{"reference":"'슈퍼스타K 2' 강승윤, '곱등이'에서 '진정한 승자'로. Sports Chosun (in Korean). October 9, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=201010100100091550003151&servicedate=20101009","url_text":"'슈퍼스타K 2' 강승윤, '곱등이'에서 '진정한 승자'로"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Chosun","url_text":"Sports Chosun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101348/http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=201010100100091550003151&servicedate=20101009","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'High Kick 3' unveiled\". The Korea Herald. September 13, 2011. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20110913000225","url_text":"\"'High Kick 3' unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101308/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20110913000225","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Superstar K2' singer making debut\". Korea JoongAng Daily. July 16, 2013. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2974564","url_text":"\"'Superstar K2' singer making debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101223/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2974564","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"승리 \"YG 데뷔하려면, 빅뱅 뛰어넘어야 해요\". OhmyNews.com (in Korean). August 29, 2013. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001900921","url_text":"승리 \"YG 데뷔하려면, 빅뱅 뛰어넘어야 해요\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OhmyNews","url_text":"OhmyNews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215151123/http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001900921","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"이승훈, 결국 'K팝스타' 탈락…톱3 진출 실패\". Newsen (in Korean). May 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mydaily.co.kr/new_yk/html/read.php?newsid=201204151901281115","url_text":"\"이승훈, 결국 'K팝스타' 탈락…톱3 진출 실패\""}]},{"reference":"\"YG, \"'K팝스타' 이하이·이미쉘·이승훈 외 2명 추가 영입\" 공식 발표\". Newsen (in Korean). May 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mydaily.co.kr/new_yk/html/read.php?newsid=201205221541391119","url_text":"\"YG, \"'K팝스타' 이하이·이미쉘·이승훈 외 2명 추가 영입\" 공식 발표\""}]},{"reference":"\"알고보니 과거 드라마에 출연해 '명연기'까지(?) 펼쳤던 송민호\". Insight (in Korean). December 14, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insight.co.kr/news/197980","url_text":"\"알고보니 과거 드라마에 출연해 '명연기'까지(?) 펼쳤던 송민호\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191009142657/https://www.insight.co.kr/news/197980","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"YG 서바이벌 방송 'WIN' 다음앱에서 독점 생중계\". Sports Chosun (in Korean). August 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=201308230100213020015900&servicedate=20130823","url_text":"\"YG 서바이벌 방송 'WIN' 다음앱에서 독점 생중계\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Chosun","url_text":"Sports Chosun"}]},{"reference":"\"And the winning team is ... Winner\". Korea JoongAng Daily. October 28, 2013. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2979478","url_text":"\"And the winning team is ... Winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924093305/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2979478","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"이지영 기자 (October 25, 2013). 'WIN' 강승윤 속한 A팀, 최종 우승...'WINNER'로 데뷔 ['WIN' Member Kang Seung yoon's A team won the final ... Debut as 'WINNER']. Nate News (in Korean). My Daily. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nate.com/view/20131025n37909?mid=n1008","url_text":"'WIN' 강승윤 속한 A팀, 최종 우승...'WINNER'로 데뷔"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141211192714/http://news.nate.com/view/20131025n37909?mid=n1008","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"YG 위너, \"긴장+벅찬 마음\" 빅뱅 日 돔투어 첫무대 소감\". OSEN (in Korean). November 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. 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Xports News (in Korean). August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001336462","url_text":"\"위너, 데뷔 7주년에 YG와 5년 재계약[공식입장]\""}]},{"reference":"Gong Min-na (December 31, 2021). \"위너 김진우, 오늘(31일) 조용히 소집해제\" [Winner Kim Jinwoo, quietly canceled today (31st)] (in Korean). Star News. Retrieved December 31, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003017358","url_text":"\"위너 김진우, 오늘(31일) 조용히 소집해제\""}]},{"reference":"Lee Tae-su (February 18, 2022). \"위너, 2년 만에 완전체 콘서트…온라인 동시 진행\" (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 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Retrieved March 24, 2022 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000555002","url_text":"\"아이돌 여행리얼리티 '리얼 나우' 첫 주인공은 위너 \"4월14일 첫공개\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Figure_Skating_Championships
|
2002 World Figure Skating Championships
|
["1 Medal table","2 Competition notes","3 Results","3.1 Men","3.2 Ladies","3.3 Pairs","3.4 Ice dancing","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Annual figure skating competition held in 2002
2002 World Figure Skating ChampionshipsType:ISU ChampionshipDate:March 16 – 24Season:2001–02Location:Nagano, JapanVenue:M-WaveChampionsMen's singles: Alexei YagudinLadies' singles: Irina SlutskayaPairs: Shen Xue / Zhao HongboIce dance: Irina Lobacheva / Ilia AverbukhNavigationPrevious: 2001 World ChampionshipsNext: 2003 World Championships
The 2002 World Figure Skating Championships were held at the M-Wave Arena in Nagano, Japan from March 16 to 24, sanctioned by the International Skating Union. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Russia (RUS)31042 China (CHN)10013 United States (USA)02134 Canada (CAN)01015 Japan (JPN)00226 Israel (ISR)0011Totals (6 entries)44412
Competition notes
It was the first ISU competition after the much publicized 2002 Olympic judging controversy. Neither pairs gold medalists chose to attend. Both went pro soon after.
2002 Worlds was the first time Israel had ever won a medal at Worlds.
Due to the large number of participants, the men's and ladies' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B.
The first compulsory dance was the Golden Waltz. The second was the Quickstep.
Results
Men
Rank
Name
Nation
TFP
QA
QB
SP
FS
1
Alexei Yagudin
Russia
2.0
1
1
1
2
Timothy Goebel
United States
4.8
1
4
2
3
Takeshi Honda
Japan
6.0
3
3
3
4
Alexander Abt
Russia
6.0
2
2
4
5
Li Chengjiang
China
9.8
3
6
5
6
Michael Weiss
United States
16.0
2
5
6
7
Anthony Liu
Australia
16.4
7
11
7
8
Jeffrey Buttle
Canada
17.8
4
7
12
9
Zhang Min
China
18.6
4
15
8
10
Andrejs Vlascenko
Germany
18.8
11
9
9
11
Frédéric Dambier
France
19.2
5
12
10
12
Matthew Savoie
United States
21.8
6
14
11
13
Brian Joubert
France
21.8
5
8
15
14
Kevin van der Perren
Belgium
22.8
7
10
14
15
Ben Ferreira
Canada
27.2
10
17
13
16
Gao Song
China
29.2
9
16
16
17
Ivan Dinev
Bulgaria
29.8
10
13
18
18
Stéphane Lambiel
Switzerland
30.2
6
18
17
19
Roman Skorniakov
Uzbekistan
34.8
8
21
19
20
Vakhtang Murvanidze
Georgia
35.0
9
19
20
21
Markus Leminen
Finland
39.2
13
20
22
22
Dmitri Dmitrenko
Ukraine
39.6
12
23
21
23
Sergei Rylov
Azerbaijan
40.6
8
24
23
24
Sergei Davydov
Belarus
42.0
12
22
24
Free skating not reached
25
Juraj Sviatko
Slovakia
11
25
26
Tomáš Verner
Czech Republic
15
26
27
Yosuke Takeuchi
Japan
14
27
28
Gregor Urbas
Slovenia
14
28
29
Kristoffer Berntsson
Sweden
13
29
30
Sergei Kotov
Israel
15
30
Short program not reached
31
Yon Garcia
Spain
16
31
Zoltán Tóth
Hungary
16
33
Clemens Jonas
Austria
17
33
Aidas Reklys
Lithuania
17
35
James Black
United Kingdom
18
35
Miloš Milanović
FR Yugoslavia
18
37
Panagiotis Markouizos
Greece
19
37
Dino Quattrocecere
South Africa
19
WD
Margus Hernits
Estonia
Ladies
Rank
Name
Nation
TFP
QA
QB
SP
FS
1
Irina Slutskaya
Russia
2.0
1
1
1
2
Michelle Kwan
United States
4.2
1
3
2
3
Fumie Suguri
Japan
5.0
2
2
3
4
Sasha Cohen
United States
7.8
2
5
4
5
Yoshie Onda
Japan
8.6
3
4
5
6
Elena Liashenko
Ukraine
11.2
4
6
6
7
Viktoria Volchkova
Russia
15.4
9
8
7
8
Júlia Sebestyén
Hungary
16.4
3
7
11
9
Jennifer Robinson
Canada
18.4
5
14
8
10
Silvia Fontana
Italy
18.8
7
10
10
11
Susanna Pöykiö
Finland
19.2
6
13
9
12
Laetitia Hubert
France
22.4
8
12
12
13
Zuzana Babiaková
Slovakia
22.8
11
9
13
14
Idora Hegel
Croatia
28.6
10
16
15
15
Tatiana Malinina
Uzbekistan
29.6
5
11
21
16
Miriam Manzano
Australia
32.0
13
18
16
17
Galina Maniachenko
Ukraine
32.4
10
24
14
18
Julia Soldatova
Belarus
33.0
7
22
17
19
Marta Andrade
Spain
33.0
12
17
18
20
Fang Dan
China
35.2
12
19
19
21
Vanessa Giunchi
Italy
37.6
14
20
20
22
Julia Lautowa
Austria
38.2
9
21
22
23
Åsa Persson
Sweden
41.2
11
23
23
WD
Jennifer Kirk
United States
4
15
Free skating not reached
25
Lucie Krausová
Czech Republic
8
26
26
Gintarė Vostrecovaitė
Lithuania
13
25
27
Natalie Hoste
Belgium
15
27
28
Sabina Wojtala
Poland
15
28
29
Georgina Papavasiliou
Greece
14
29
WD
Maria Butyrskaya
Russia
6
Short program not reached
31
Anne-Sophie Calvez
France
16
31
Shin Yea-ji
South Korea
16
33
Roxana Luca
Romania
17
33
Daria Zuravicki
Israel
17
35
Shirene Human
South Africa
18
35
Hristina Vassileva
Bulgaria
18
37
Christine Lee
Hong Kong
19
37
Gladys Orozco
Mexico
19
39
Diana Y. Chen
Chinese Taipei
20
39
Ksenija Jastsenski
FR Yugoslavia
20
Pairs
Rank
Name
Nation
TFP
SP
FS
1
Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo
China
1.5
1
1
2
Tatiana Totmianina / Maxim Marinin
Russia
3.0
2
2
3
Kyoko Ina / John Zimmerman
United States
4.5
3
3
4
Maria Petrova / Alexei Tikhonov
Russia
6.0
4
4
5
Pang Qing / Tong Jian
China
7.5
5
5
6
Dorota Zagórska / Mariusz Siudek
Poland
9.0
6
6
7
Tiffany Scott / Philip Dulebohn
United States
10.5
7
7
8
Jacinthe Larivière / Lenny Faustino
Canada
12.0
8
8
9
Zhang Dan / Zhang Hao
China
14.0
10
9
10
Anabelle Langlois / Patrice Archetto
Canada
15.5
11
10
11
Kateřina Beránková / Otto Dlabola
Czech Republic
16.5
9
12
12
Valérie Marcoux / Bruno Marcotte
Canada
17.0
12
11
13
Yuko Kawaguchi / Alexander Markuntsov
Japan
19.5
13
13
14
Mariana Kautz / Norman Jeschke
Germany
21.0
14
14
15
Viktoria Borzenkova / Andrei Chuvilyaev
Russia
23.0
16
15
16
Tatiana Chuvaeva / Dmitri Palamarchuk
Ukraine
23.5
15
16
17
Viktoria Shklover / Valdis Mintals
Estonia
25.5
17
17
18
Maria Krasiltseva / Artem Znachkov
Armenia
27.5
19
18
19
Jelena Sirokhvatova / Jurijs Salmanovs
Latvia
28.0
18
19
20
Marina Aganina / Artem Knyazev
Uzbekistan
30.0
20
20
Ice dancing
Rank
Name
Nation
TFP
CD1
CD2
OD
FD
1
Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh
Russia
2.0
1
1
1
1
2
Shae-Lynn Bourne / Victor Kraatz
Canada
4.0
2
2
2
2
3
Galit Chait / Sergei Sakhnovski
Israel
7.0
4
4
4
3
4
Margarita Drobiazko / Povilas Vanagas
Lithuania
7.0
3
3
3
4
5
Albena Denkova / Maxim Staviyski
Bulgaria
10.0
5
5
5
5
6
Elena Grushina / Ruslan Goncharov
Ukraine
12.0
6
6
6
6
7
Kati Winkler / René Lohse
Germany
14.0
7
7
7
7
8
Tatiana Navka / Roman Kostomarov
Russia
16.0
8
8
8
8
9
Naomi Lang / Peter Tchernyshev
United States
18.0
9
9
9
9
10
Marie-France Dubreuil / Patrice Lauzon
Canada
20.2
11
10
10
10
11
Sylwia Nowak / Sebastian Kolasiński
Poland
22.0
10
12
11
11
12
Isabelle Delobel / Olivier Schoenfelder
France
22.4
15
11
12
12
13
Tanith Belbin / Benjamin Agosto
United States
26.6
13
13
14
13
14
Marika Humphreys / Vitali Baranov
United Kingdom
27.0
12
14
13
14
15
Kristin Fraser / Igor Lukanin
Azerbaijan
30.2
16
15
15
15
16
Federica Faiella / Massimo Scali
Italy
31.6
14
16
16
16
17
Alia Ouabdelsselam / Benjamin Delmas
France
34.0
17
17
17
17
18
Veronika Morávková / Jiří Procházka
Czech Republic
36.2
19
18
18
18
19
Stephanie Rauer / Thomas Rauer
Germany
38.8
18
19
19
20
20
Zhang Weina / Cao Xianming
China
39.0
20
20
20
19
21
Zita Gebora / Andras Visontai
Hungary
42.2
21
22
21
21
22
Valentina Anselmi / Fabrizio Pedrazzini
Italy
44.0
23
21
22
22
23
Yang Tae-hwa / Lee Chuen-gun
South Korea
46.6
23
23
24
23
24
Rie Arikawa / Kenji Miyamoto
Japan
48.0
26
24
23
24
Free dance not reached
25
Alla Beknazarova / Yuri Kocherzhenko
Ukraine
22
25
25
26
Jessica Huot / Juha Valkama
Finland
25
26
26
27
Anna Mosenkova / Sergei Sychyov
Estonia
27
27
27
28
Natalie Buck / Trent Nelson-Bond
Australia
28
28
28
References
^ "International Skating Union". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
External links
2002 World Figure Skating Championships
https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011920/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds1.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011925/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds2.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011934/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds3.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011944/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds4.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011948/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds5.html
vteWorld Figure Skating ChampionshipsFigure skating at the Olympic Games1890s
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900s
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
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1907
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1909
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1910
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2010s
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2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2021
2022
2023
2024
World Junior Figure Skating Championships
vte2001–02 figure skating seasonISU World StandingsWinter Olympics
Men's singles
Ladies' singles
Pair skating
Ice dance
Scandal
ISU Championships
European Championships
Four Continents Championships
World Junior Championships
World Championships
ISU Grand Prix
Skate America
Skate Canada International
Sparkassen Cup on Ice
Trophée Lalique
Cup of Russia
NHK Trophy
Grand Prix Final
Senior Internationals
Crystal Skate of Romania
Finlandia Trophy
Nebelhorn Trophy
Nordic Championships
Ondrej Nepela Memorial
Junior Internationals
ISU Junior Grand Prix
National Championships
Australia
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
New Zealand
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
South Africa
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"M-Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Wave"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"International Skating Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union"},{"link_name":"men's singles, ladies' singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_skating"},{"link_name":"pair skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"ice dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing"}],"text":"The 2002 World Figure Skating Championships were held at the M-Wave Arena in Nagano, Japan from March 16 to 24, sanctioned by the International Skating Union. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.","title":"2002 World Figure Skating Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002 Olympic judging controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Olympic_Winter_Games_figure_skating_scandal"},{"link_name":"compulsory dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"It was the first ISU competition after the much publicized 2002 Olympic judging controversy. Neither pairs gold medalists chose to attend. Both went pro soon after.2002 Worlds was the first time Israel had ever won a medal at Worlds.Due to the large number of participants, the men's and ladies' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B.The first compulsory dance was the Golden Waltz. The second was the Quickstep.[1]","title":"Competition notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pairs","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dancing","title":"Results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"International Skating Union\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011925/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds2.html","url_text":"\"International Skating Union\""},{"url":"http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds2.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011925/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds2.html","external_links_name":"\"International Skating Union\""},{"Link":"http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.icecalc.com/events/wc2002/results/index.htm","external_links_name":"2002 World Figure Skating Championships"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011920/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds1.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011920/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds1.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011925/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds2.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011925/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds2.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011934/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds3.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011934/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds3.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011944/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds4.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011944/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds4.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011948/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds5.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011948/http://ww2.isu.org/news/fsworlds5.html"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Manager
|
Object Manager (Windows)
|
["1 Architecture","1.1 Object structure","2 Usage","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Object Manager" Windows – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Object Manager in Windows, categorized hierarchically using namespaces
Object Manager (internally called Ob) is a subsystem implemented as part of the Windows Executive which manages Windows resources. Resources, which are surfaced as logical objects, each reside in a namespace for categorization. Resources can be physical devices, files or folders on volumes, Registry entries or even running processes. All objects representing resources have an Object Type property and other metadata about the resource. Object Manager is a shared resource, and all subsystems that deal with the resources have to pass through the Object Manager.
Architecture
The Object Manager in the architecture of Windows NT
Object Manager is the centralized resource broker in the Windows NT line of operating systems, which keeps track of the resources allocated to processes. It is resource-agnostic and can manage any type of resource, including device and file handles. All resources are represented as objects, each belonging to a logical namespace for categorization and having a type that represents the type of the resource, which exposes the capabilities and functionalities via properties. An object is kept available until all processes are done with it; Object Manager maintains the record of which objects are currently in use via reference counting, as well as the ownership information. Any system call that changes the state of resource allocation to processes goes via the Object Manager.
Objects can either be Kernel objects or Executive objects. Kernel objects represent primitive resources such as physical devices, or services such as synchronization, which are required to implement any other type of OS service. Kernel objects are not exposed to user mode code, but are restricted to kernel code. Applications and services running outside the kernel use Executive objects, which are exposed by the Windows Executive, along with its components such as the memory manager, scheduler and I/O subsystem. Executive objects encapsulate one or more kernel objects and expose not only the kernel and kernel-mediated resources, but also an expanded set of services that the kernel does. Applications themselves can wrap one or more Executive objects and surface objects that offer certain services. Executive objects are also used by the environment subsystems (such as the Win32 subsystem, the OS/2 subsystem, the POSIX subsystem, etc.) to implement the functionality of the respective environments.
Whenever an object is created or opened, a reference to the instance, called a handle, is created. Object Manager indexes the objects both by their names as well as the handles. But, referencing the objects by the handles is faster because the name translation can be skipped. Handles are associated with processes (by making an entry into the process' Handle table that lists the handles it owns) and can be transferred between processes as well. A process must own a handle to an object before using it. A process can own a maximum of 16,000,000 handles at one time. During creation, a process gains handles to a default set of objects. While there exists different types of handles - file handles, event handles and process handles - they only help in identifying the type of the target objects; not in distinguishing the operations that can be performed through them, thus providing consistency to how various object types are handled programmatically. Handle creation and resolution of objects from handles are solely mediated by Object Manager, so no resource usage goes unnoticed by it.
The types of Executive objects exposed by Windows NT are:
Type
Description
System call to get handle
Directory
A container holds other kernel objects. Multiple levels of nested directories organize all kernel objects into a single tree.
NtCreateDirectoryObjectNtOpenDirectoryObject
Process
A collection of executable threads along with virtual addressing and control information.
NtCreateProcessNtOpenProcess
Thread
An entity containing code in execution, inside a process.
NtCreateThreadNtOpenThread
Job
A collection of processes.
NtCreateJobObjectNtOpenJobObject
File
An open file or an I/O device.
NtCreateFileNtOpenFile
Section
A region of memory optionally backed by a file or the page file.
NtCreateSectionNtOpenSection
Access token
The access rights for an object.
NtCreateTokenNtDuplicateTokenNtOpenProcessTokenNtOpenThreadToken
Event
An object which encapsulates some information, to be used for notifying processes of something.
NtCreateEventNtOpenEvent
Semaphore/Mutex
Objects which serialize access to other resources.
NtCreateSemaphoreNtOpenSemaphore
Timer
An objects which notifies processes at fixed intervals.
NtCreateTimerNtOpenTimer
Key
A registry key.
NtCreateKeyNtOpenKey
Desktop
A logical display surface to contain GUI elements.
None
Clipboard
A temporary repository for other objects.
None
WindowStation
An object containing a group of Desktop objects, one Clipboard and other user objects.
None
Symbolic link
A reference to another object, via which the referred object can be used.
NtCreateSymbolicLinkObjectNtOpenSymbolicLinkObject
Object structure
Each object managed by the Object Manager has a header and a body; the header contains state information used by Object Manager, whereas the body contains the object-specific data and the services it exposes. An object header contains certain data, exposed as Properties, such as Object Name (which identifies the object), Object Directory (the category the object belongs to), Security Descriptors (the access rights for an object), Quota Charges (the resource usage information for the object), Open handle count (the number of times a handle, an identifier to the object, has been opened), Open handle list (the list of processes which has a live reference to the object), its Reference count (the number of live references to the object), and the Type (an object that identifies the structure of the object body) of the object.
A Type object contains properties unique to the type of the object as well as static methods that implement the services offered by the object. Objects managed by Object Manager must at least provide a predefined set of services: Close (which closes a handle to an object), Duplicate (create another handle to the object with which another process can gain shared access to the object), Query object (gather information about its attributes and properties), Query security (get the security descriptor of the object), Set security (change the security access), and Wait (to synchronize with one or more objects via certain events). Type objects also have some common attributes, including the type name, whether they are to be allocated in non-paged memory, access rights, and synchronization information. All instances of the same type share the same type object, and the type object is instantiated only once. A new object type can be created by endowing an object with Properties to expose its state and methods to expose the services it offers.
Object name is used to give a descriptive identity to an object, to aid in object lookup. Object Manager maintains the list of names already assigned to objects being managed, and maps the names to the instances. Since most object accesses occur via handles, it is not always necessary to look up the name to resolve into the object reference. Lookup is only performed when an object is created (to make sure the new object has a unique name), or a process accesses an object by its name explicitly. Object directories are used to categorize them according to the types. Predefined directories include \?? (device names), \BaseNamedObjects (Mutexes, events, semaphores, waitable timers, and section objects), \Callback (callback functions), \Device, \Driver, \FileSystem, \KnownDlls, \Nls (language tables), \ObjectTypes (type objects), \RPC Control (RPC ports), \Security (security subsystem objects), and \Windows (windowing subsystem objects). Objects also belong to a Namespace. Each user session is assigned a different namespace. Objects shared between all sessions are in the GLOBAL namespace, and session-specific objects are in the specific session namespaces
OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES structure:
typedef struct _OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {
ULONG Length;
HANDLE RootDirectory;
PUNICODE_STRING ObjectName;
ULONG Attributes;
PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR SecurityDescriptor;
PSECURITY_QUALITY_OF_SERVICE SecurityQualityOfService;
} OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES *POBJECT_ATTRIBUTES;
The Attributes member can be zero, or a combination of the following flags:
OBJ_INHERIT
OBJ_PERMANENT
OBJ_EXCLUSIVE
OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE
OBJ_OPENIF
OBJ_OPENLINK
OBJ_KERNEL_HANDLE
Usage
Object Manager paths are available to many Windows API file functions, although Win32 names like \\?\ and \\.\ for the local namespaces suffice for most uses. Using the former in Win32 user-mode functions translates directly to \??, but using \?? is still different as this NT form does not turn off pathname expansion.
Tools that serve as explorers in the Object Manager namespaces are available. These include the 32-bit WinObj from Sysinternals and the 64-bit WinObjEx64.
See also
Architecture of Windows NT
Process groups and cgroups – the equivalent POSIX and Linux concepts to the ‘Job’ object type discussed above
References
^ "Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces - Win32 apps". docs.microsoft.com.
^ "winapi - Is there a difference between \??\ and \\?\ paths?". Stack Overflow.
^ "WinObj - Windows Sysinternals". docs.microsoft.com.
^ "hfiref0x/WinObjEx64: Windows Object Explorer 64-bit". GitHub. 20 February 2020.
Russinovich, Mark; David Solomon (2005). "Chapter 3: System Mechanisms". Microsoft Windows Internals (4th ed.). Microsoft Press. pp. 124–149. ISBN 0-7356-1917-4.
External links
Object Manager Routines (Windows Drivers)
Channel9 Interview
vteMicrosoft Windows components
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|
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It is resource-agnostic and can manage any type of resource, including device and file handles. All resources are represented as objects, each belonging to a logical namespace for categorization and having a type that represents the type of the resource, which exposes the capabilities and functionalities via properties. An object is kept available until all processes are done with it; Object Manager maintains the record of which objects are currently in use via reference counting, as well as the ownership information. Any system call that changes the state of resource allocation to processes goes via the Object Manager.Objects can either be Kernel objects or Executive objects. Kernel objects represent primitive resources such as physical devices, or services such as synchronization, which are required to implement any other type of OS service. Kernel objects are not exposed to user mode code, but are restricted to kernel code. Applications and services running outside the kernel use Executive objects, which are exposed by the Windows Executive, along with its components such as the memory manager, scheduler and I/O subsystem. Executive objects encapsulate one or more kernel objects and expose not only the kernel and kernel-mediated resources, but also an expanded set of services that the kernel does.[clarification needed] Applications themselves can wrap one or more Executive objects and surface objects[definition needed] that offer certain services. Executive objects are also used by the environment subsystems (such as the Win32 subsystem, the OS/2 subsystem, the POSIX subsystem, etc.) to implement the functionality of the respective environments.Whenever an object is created or opened, a reference to the instance, called a handle, is created. Object Manager indexes the objects both by their names as well as the handles. But, referencing the objects by the handles is faster because the name translation can be skipped. Handles are associated with processes (by making an entry into the process' Handle table that lists the handles it owns) and can be transferred between processes as well. A process must own a handle to an object before using it. A process can own a maximum of 16,000,000 handles at one time. During creation, a process gains handles to a default set of objects. While there exists different types of handles - file handles, event handles and process handles - they only help in identifying the type of the target objects; not in distinguishing the operations that can be performed through them, thus providing consistency to how various object types are handled programmatically. Handle creation and resolution of objects from handles are solely mediated by Object Manager, so no resource usage goes unnoticed by it.The types of Executive objects exposed by Windows NT are:","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Security Descriptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Descriptor"},{"link_name":"security descriptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_descriptor"},{"link_name":"RPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Procedure_Call"}],"sub_title":"Object structure","text":"Each object managed by the Object Manager has a header and a body; the header contains state information used by Object Manager, whereas the body contains the object-specific data and the services it exposes. An object header contains certain data, exposed as Properties, such as Object Name (which identifies the object), Object Directory (the category the object belongs to), Security Descriptors (the access rights for an object), Quota Charges (the resource usage information for the object), Open handle count (the number of times a handle, an identifier to the object, has been opened), Open handle list (the list of processes which has a live reference to the object), its Reference count (the number of live references to the object), and the Type (an object that identifies the structure of the object body) of the object.A Type object contains properties unique to the type of the object as well as static methods that implement the services offered by the object. Objects managed by Object Manager must at least provide a predefined set of services: Close (which closes a handle to an object), Duplicate (create another handle to the object with which another process can gain shared access to the object), Query object (gather information about its attributes and properties), Query security (get the security descriptor of the object), Set security (change the security access), and Wait (to synchronize with one or more objects via certain events). Type objects also have some common attributes, including the type name, whether they are to be allocated in non-paged memory, access rights, and synchronization information. All instances of the same type share the same type object, and the type object is instantiated only once. A new object type can be created by endowing an object with Properties to expose its state and methods to expose the services it offers.Object name is used to give a descriptive identity to an object, to aid in object lookup. Object Manager maintains the list of names already assigned to objects being managed, and maps the names to the instances. Since most object accesses occur via handles, it is not always necessary to look up the name to resolve into the object reference. Lookup is only performed when an object is created (to make sure the new object has a unique name), or a process accesses an object by its name explicitly. Object directories are used to categorize them according to the types. Predefined directories include \\?? (device names), \\BaseNamedObjects (Mutexes, events, semaphores, waitable timers, and section objects), \\Callback (callback functions), \\Device, \\Driver, \\FileSystem, \\KnownDlls, \\Nls (language tables), \\ObjectTypes (type objects), \\RPC Control (RPC ports), \\Security (security subsystem objects), and \\Windows (windowing subsystem objects). Objects also belong to a Namespace. Each user session is assigned a different namespace. Objects shared between all sessions are in the GLOBAL namespace, and session-specific objects are in the specific session namespacesOBJECT_ATTRIBUTES structure:typedef struct _OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {\n ULONG Length;\n HANDLE RootDirectory;\n PUNICODE_STRING ObjectName;\n ULONG Attributes;\n PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR SecurityDescriptor;\n PSECURITY_QUALITY_OF_SERVICE SecurityQualityOfService;\n} OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES *POBJECT_ATTRIBUTES;The Attributes member can be zero, or a combination of the following flags:OBJ_INHERIT\nOBJ_PERMANENT\nOBJ_EXCLUSIVE\nOBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE\nOBJ_OPENIF\nOBJ_OPENLINK\nOBJ_KERNEL_HANDLE","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sysinternals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysinternals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Object Manager paths are available to many Windows API file functions, although Win32 names like \\\\?\\ and \\\\.\\ for the local namespaces suffice for most uses.[1] Using the former in Win32 user-mode functions translates directly to \\??, but using \\?? is still different as this NT form does not turn off pathname expansion.[2]Tools that serve as explorers in the Object Manager namespaces are available. These include the 32-bit WinObj from Sysinternals[3] and the 64-bit WinObjEx64.[4]","title":"Usage"}]
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[{"image_text":"Object Manager in Windows, categorized hierarchically using namespaces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Object_Manager_%28Windows%29_screenshot.png/220px-Object_Manager_%28Windows%29_screenshot.png"},{"image_text":"The Object Manager in the architecture of Windows NT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Windows_2000_architecture.svg/220px-Windows_2000_architecture.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Architecture of Windows NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT"},{"title":"Process groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_group"},{"title":"cgroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_groups"},{"title":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"title":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces - Win32 apps\". docs.microsoft.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file","url_text":"\"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces - Win32 apps\""}]},{"reference":"\"winapi - Is there a difference between \\??\\ and \\\\?\\ paths?\". Stack Overflow.","urls":[{"url":"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25090101/is-there-a-difference-between-and-paths","url_text":"\"winapi - Is there a difference between \\??\\ and \\\\?\\ paths?\""}]},{"reference":"\"WinObj - Windows Sysinternals\". docs.microsoft.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/winobj","url_text":"\"WinObj - Windows Sysinternals\""}]},{"reference":"\"hfiref0x/WinObjEx64: Windows Object Explorer 64-bit\". GitHub. 20 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/hfiref0x/WinObjEx64","url_text":"\"hfiref0x/WinObjEx64: Windows Object Explorer 64-bit\""}]},{"reference":"Russinovich, Mark; David Solomon (2005). \"Chapter 3: System Mechanisms\". Microsoft Windows Internals (4th ed.). Microsoft Press. pp. 124–149. ISBN 0-7356-1917-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Russinovich","url_text":"Russinovich, Mark"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780735619173/page/124","url_text":"Microsoft Windows Internals"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780735619173/page/124","url_text":"124–149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7356-1917-4","url_text":"0-7356-1917-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Jay
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Norman Jay
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["1 Background","2 Music career","2.1 Sound system","2.2 Radio","2.3 Warehouse parties and club nights","2.4 Record labels and productions","3 Discography","3.1 Compilation albums","3.2 Singles","3.3 Notable remixes","3.4 Notable mixes","4 Honours","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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British DJ
Norman JayMBEBackground informationBirth nameNorman Bernard JosephBorn (1957-11-06) 6 November 1957 (age 66)Notting Hill, London, EnglandGenresSoul, disco, boogie, acid jazz, houseOccupation(s)DJ, label owner, producer, remixerWebsitewww.normanjaymbe.comMusical artist
Norman Jay MBE (born Norman Bernard Joseph on 6 November 1957) is a British club, radio and sound system DJ. He first came to prominence playing unlicensed "warehouse" parties in the early 1980s, and through his involvement with the then-pirate radio station Kiss FM. He is commonly attributed as having coined the phrase "rare groove".
Background
Jay was born in Acton, London, to West Indian parents. He played his first gig aged eight at a 10th birthday party, influenced by his father's record collection of blue beat, ska and jazz. He soon "developed a love for anything soulful – particularly the sounds of black America".
Music career
Sound system
In the early 1970s, Jay set-up a sound system with his brother Joey Jay, originally called "Great Tribulation". Following a trip to New York City in 1979, he decided to take this in a more serious direction. In 1980, it was renamed to "Good Times" after the Chic track, and made its Notting Hill Carnival debut. Good Times was seen as "pioneering" at this time for introducing soul and disco music into a Carnival set, despite some opposition in the early days. The sound system became a notable destination at Carnival for the next 30 years, with it located on the corner of West Row and Southern Row, Ladbroke Grove since 1991. Since the 1990s, the sound system has been hosted from its London Transport bus. In 2014, due to regeneration in the area, Good Times lost its original spot and has not appeared at Carnival since. Instead, Good Times has hosted its sound system at events and nights around the country.
Radio
Jay established himself through being a founding member of the London pirate radio station Kiss FM in October 1985, on which he presented shows alongside its founders Gordon Mac and George Power. As a pirate, it was his "The Original Rare Groove Show" that led to the coining of the phrase "rare groove". When Kiss 100 was launched legally in September 1990, Jay hosted the first of what would become his "Musiquarium" shows. He left the station in October 1993.
In April 1997, Jay joined BBC London with a radio show named "Giant 45". The show broadcast until February 2008.
Throughout 2006 and 2007, Jay presented a series called "The Funk Factory" on BBC Radio 2.
More recently, he has hosted regular shows on Soho Radio.
Warehouse parties and club nights
In addition to appearing on radio, Jay was involved in hosting the sound system at illegal warehouse parties in venues across London, under the name "Shake 'n' Fingerpop".
Jay co-founded the first Paradise Garage-style club in Britain – "High On Hope", at Dingwalls in Camden. Between 1989 and 1994, he also ran a night at the Bass Clef in Hoxton.
In addition, he was a regular in the early 2000s at The Big Chill festival.
Record labels and productions
Jay established the Talkin' Loud record label with its founder DJ Gilles Peterson in 1990, spearheading the acid jazz scene.
In 2000, he released the first of five compilation albums called "Good Times" in conjunction with the sound system. This led to a number of other 'spin-off' compilations.
He remixed the 2004 track "Lola's Theme" by the Shapeshifters, and featured in its video.
Discography
Compilation albums
Good Times (Nuphonic, 2000)
Good Times 2 (Nuphonic, 2001)
Good Times 3 (React, 2003)
Good Times 4 (Resist, 2004)
Good Times 5 (Resist, 2005)
Giant 45 (React, 2004)
Skank & Boogie (Sunday Best, 2015)
Mister Good Times (Sunday Best, 2017)
Singles
"Message in a Dream" (High On Hope Records, 1996) - affiliated to Resolution Records
Notable remixes
Azzido Da Bass - "Dooms Night" (Club Tools, 2000)
Los Jugaderos - "What You Doing to This Girl" (Junior Boy's Own, 2003)
The Shapeshifters - "Lola's Theme" (Positiva Records, 2004)
Notable mixes
Journeys by DJ - Desert Island Mix (with Gilles Peterson) (Journeys by DJ, 1997)
Miss Moneypenny's Presents... - Norman Jay (Miss Moneypenny's Music, 1999)
BBC Radio 1 - Essential Mix (BBC, 1994/1999/2000)
Honours
Jay was awarded an MBE for services to music in 2002.
References
^ "Norman Jay - Biography". Normanjaymbe.com.
^ Robin Murray (13 November 2015). "Collections: Norman Jay". Clash Magazine.
^ a b c Bill Brewster (9 January 2018). "Norman Jay MBE: These Are The Good Times". Red Bull Music Academy Daily. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
^ a b c d Sean O'Hagan (23 June 2002). "Interview with Norman Jay, the godfather of club culture". The Guardian.
^ Josie Roberts (20 August 2018). "Don Letts traces the musical history of Notting Hill Carnival". Red Bull Music Academy. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
^ Ian Burrell (28 August 2006). "Meet the king of the carnival". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022.
^ David Ellis (25 August 2015). "DJ Norman Jay: Playing Notting Hill Carnival was more memorable than Obama's inauguration". Evening Standard.
^ a b Pete Lawrence (10 April 2018). "Stormin' Norman Jay's Big Chill special revives memories". Campfireconvention.uk.
^ "BBC - London - TV and Radio - Norman Jay". BBC News. 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on 23 June 2006.
^ John Plunkett (18 February 2008). "DJ Norman Jay leaves BBC London". The Guardian.
^ "BBC - Radio 2 - Shows - Norman Jay's Funk Factory". BBC Radio. 13 November 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.
^ "Norman Jay MBE - Soho Radio London". Soho Radio London.
^ Miguel Cullen (10 February 2011). "Norman Jay Interview - Features - Clash Magazine". Clash Magazine.
^ Helen Nowicka (13 May 1994). "Dying note of a 10-year jam session: Hoxton became a mecca for jazz fans". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022.
^ "'I'm not in search of the perfect beat': a conversation with DJ Norman Jay MBE". Bandonthewall.org. 12 May 2018.
Further reading
Mister Good Times, Dialogue Books, 2019
External links
Official website
Norman Jay discography at Discogs
Archived Website at Wayback Machine
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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He played his first gig aged eight at a 10th birthday party, influenced by his father's record collection of blue beat, ska and jazz.[1] He soon \"developed a love for anything soulful – particularly the sounds of black America\".[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sound system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Joey Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Jay_(DJ)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbulldaily-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donletts-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indep-6"},{"link_name":"Ladbroke Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbroke_Grove"},{"link_name":"London Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Transport_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard-7"}],"sub_title":"Sound system","text":"In the early 1970s, Jay set-up a sound system with his brother Joey Jay, originally called \"Great Tribulation\". Following a trip to New York City in 1979, he decided to take this in a more serious direction. In 1980, it was renamed to \"Good Times\" after the Chic track, and made its Notting Hill Carnival debut.[3][4] Good Times was seen as \"pioneering\" at this time for introducing soul and disco music into a Carnival set, despite some opposition in the early days.[5][6] The sound system became a notable destination at Carnival for the next 30 years, with it located on the corner of West Row and Southern Row, Ladbroke Grove since 1991. Since the 1990s, the sound system has been hosted from its London Transport bus. In 2014, due to regeneration in the area, Good Times lost its original spot and has not appeared at Carnival since. Instead, Good Times has hosted its sound system at events and nights around the country.[7]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"pirate radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio"},{"link_name":"Kiss FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(UK_radio_station)"},{"link_name":"rare groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_groove"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbulldaily-3"},{"link_name":"Kiss 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_100"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campfireconvention-8"},{"link_name":"BBC London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jaybbclondon-10"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funkfact-11"},{"link_name":"Soho Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_Radio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sohoradio-12"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Jay established himself through being a founding member of the London pirate radio station Kiss FM in October 1985, on which he presented shows alongside its founders Gordon Mac and George Power. As a pirate, it was his \"The Original Rare Groove Show\" that led to the coining of the phrase \"rare groove\".[3] When Kiss 100 was launched legally in September 1990, Jay hosted the first of what would become his \"Musiquarium\" shows.[8] He left the station in October 1993.In April 1997, Jay joined BBC London with a radio show named \"Giant 45\".[9] The show broadcast until February 2008.[10]Throughout 2006 and 2007, Jay presented a series called \"The Funk Factory\" on BBC Radio 2.[11]More recently, he has hosted regular shows on Soho Radio.[12]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-13"},{"link_name":"Paradise Garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Garage"},{"link_name":"Dingwalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingwalls"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbulldaily-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"Bass Clef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bass_Clef_(club)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hoxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indeclef-14"},{"link_name":"The Big Chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Chill_(music_festival)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campfireconvention-8"}],"sub_title":"Warehouse parties and club nights","text":"In addition to appearing on radio, Jay was involved in hosting the sound system at illegal warehouse parties in venues across London, under the name \"Shake 'n' Fingerpop\".[13]Jay co-founded the first Paradise Garage-style club in Britain – \"High On Hope\", at Dingwalls in Camden.[3][4] Between 1989 and 1994, he also ran a night at the Bass Clef in Hoxton.[14]In addition, he was a regular in the early 2000s at The Big Chill festival.[8]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talkin' Loud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkin%27_Loud"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Gilles Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Peterson"},{"link_name":"acid jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_jazz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Lola's Theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%27s_Theme"},{"link_name":"the Shapeshifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shapeshifters"}],"sub_title":"Record labels and productions","text":"Jay established the Talkin' Loud record label with its founder DJ Gilles Peterson in 1990, spearheading the acid jazz scene.[4]In 2000, he released the first of five compilation albums called \"Good Times\" in conjunction with the sound system. This led to a number of other 'spin-off' compilations.He remixed the 2004 track \"Lola's Theme\" by the Shapeshifters, and featured in its video.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuphonic"},{"link_name":"React","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/React_Music_Limited"}],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","text":"Good Times (Nuphonic, 2000)\nGood Times 2 (Nuphonic, 2001)\nGood Times 3 (React, 2003)\nGood Times 4 (Resist, 2004)\nGood Times 5 (Resist, 2005)\nGiant 45 (React, 2004)\nSkank & Boogie (Sunday Best, 2015)\nMister Good Times (Sunday Best, 2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Message in a Dream\" (High On Hope Records, 1996) - affiliated to Resolution Records","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azzido Da Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzido_Da_Bass"},{"link_name":"Dooms Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooms_Night"},{"link_name":"Junior Boy's Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Boy%27s_Own"},{"link_name":"The Shapeshifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shapeshifters"},{"link_name":"Lola's Theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%27s_Theme"},{"link_name":"Positiva Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positiva_Records"}],"sub_title":"Notable remixes","text":"Azzido Da Bass - \"Dooms Night\" (Club Tools, 2000)\nLos Jugaderos - \"What You Doing to This Girl\" (Junior Boy's Own, 2003)\nThe Shapeshifters - \"Lola's Theme\" (Positiva Records, 2004)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilles Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Journeys by DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeys_by_DJ"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Essential Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_Mix"}],"sub_title":"Notable mixes","text":"Journeys by DJ - Desert Island Mix (with Gilles Peterson) (Journeys by DJ, 1997)\nMiss Moneypenny's Presents... - Norman Jay (Miss Moneypenny's Music, 1999)\nBBC Radio 1 - Essential Mix (BBC, 1994/1999/2000)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandwall-15"}],"text":"Jay was awarded an MBE for services to music in 2002.[4][15]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mister Good Times, Dialogue Books, 2019","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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Campfireconvention.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://campfireconvention.uk/bugle/features/stormin-norman-jays-big-chill-special-revives-memories","url_text":"\"Stormin' Norman Jay's Big Chill special revives memories\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - London - TV and Radio - Norman Jay\". BBC News. 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on 23 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060623050202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/04/norman_jay_person_profile.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - London - TV and Radio - Norman Jay\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/04/norman_jay_person_profile.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Plunkett (18 February 2008). \"DJ Norman Jay leaves BBC London\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/18/bbc.radio1","url_text":"\"DJ Norman Jay leaves BBC London\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Radio 2 - Shows - Norman Jay's Funk Factory\". 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Archived from the original on 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/dying-note-of-a-10-year-jam-session-hoxton-became-a-mecca-for-jazz-fans-when-peter-ind-opened-the-1435496.html","url_text":"\"Dying note of a 10-year jam session: Hoxton became a mecca for jazz fans\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/dying-note-of-a-10-year-jam-session-hoxton-became-a-mecca-for-jazz-fans-when-peter-ind-opened-the-1435496.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'I'm not in search of the perfect beat': a conversation with DJ Norman Jay MBE\". Bandonthewall.org. 12 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://bandonthewall.org/2018/05/a-conversation-with-norman-jay-mbe/","url_text":"\"'I'm not in search of the perfect beat': a conversation with DJ Norman Jay MBE\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Grossman_(composer)
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Larry Grossman (composer)
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["1 Life and career","2 Theatre productions","3 References","4 External links"]
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American composer (born 1938)
For persons of a similar name, see Larry Grossman (disambiguation).
Larry Grossman (born September 3, 1938) is an American composer for theatre, television, film, concerts, and cabaret.
Life and career
Grossman, a native of Chicago, graduated from Northwestern University School Communication in 1960.
He started working in New York City as a vocal coach and accompanist. One of his songs was used in the revue No Shoestrings (1962). He began working with lyricist Hal Hackady in 1968, and their first piece together was the title song for the play Play It Again, Sam. Their collaboration led to Grossman's Broadway debut in 1970 where he went on to write the scores for four Broadway musicals Minnie's Boys. and Goodtime Charley and in collaboration with theatre legend Harold Prince, A Doll's Life and Grind for which he received Tony nominations.
In 1975, Grossman composed Snoopy: The Musical with lyricist Hal Hackady which has been performed in six languages worldwide with the first London production receiving an Olivier award nomination.
He composed the musical Paper Moon in 1993. Based on the novel Addie Pray and the 1973 film, it premiered at the Paper Mill Playhouse. A revised version was then presented at the Goodspeed Opera House, Walnut Street Theatre, and Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC. Paper Moon then had two successful tours in Japan.
In 2008, Off-Broadway's York Theatre Company produced a retrospective of his Broadway work, remounting Minnie's Boys, Grind, Goodtime Charley, and "Compose Yourself," new revue of his music.
In 2010, Grossman composed A Christmas Memory with lyrics by Carol Hall and the book by Duane Poole, based on the Truman Capote short story. The show was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Off-Broadway Musical and has been performed nationally.
Grossman's most recent show is Scrooge in Love! which was presented in 2015 by 42nd Street Moon. The first production received four San Francisco Bay Area Critics Circle awards including Best Score. It was honored with a new production in 2016.
Film work includes the song score for The Walt Disney Company's Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, The Great Mouse Detective and The Princess Diaries 2 and MGM's That's Dancing!. Dramatic film scores include Kurt Vonnegut's Displaced Person and the remake of Hitchcock's Suspicion, both for American Playhouse.
Grossman co-wrote the Michael Jackson song "Gone Too Soon" with Buz Kohan for Jackson's multi-platinum album Dangerous which sold 32 million copies worldwide. They also co-wrote the Christmas classic "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" for David Bowie and Bing Crosby, performed on Crosby's Christmas Special.
Grossman's Emmy Award-winning television work includes nearly 100 musical specials, concerts and cabaret for artists including Julie Andrews, Shirley MacLaine Liza Minnelli & Goldie Hawn, Andy Williams, Steve Lawrence & Eydie Gorme, Joel Grey, Glen Campbell, Sandy Duncan and Ann-Margret.
He has written music for four Academy Awards telecasts, three Emmy telecasts, two Tony telecasts The Songwriters Hall of Fame and Liberty Weekend produced by David Wolper.
Grossman served as music consultant and composer for The Muppet Show (three seasons), Make Way For Noddy (five years), Christmas in Washington (32 years) and A Capitol Fourth (12 years).
For his work in television, Grossman has been awarded six Emmy's, with a total of 17 nominations, as well as a Peabody Award for his contributions to The Muppet Show.
Currently, Grossman is serving as music supervisor and composer for Julie's Greenroom, the Netflix original children's series starring Julie Andrews and The Muppets. He is also serving as a co-producer on The World According to Snoopy the re-imagined production of Snoopy: The Musical.
Theatre productions
Play it Again, Sam (1969)
Minnie's Boys (1970)
Goodtime Charley (1975)
Snoopy! The Musical (1975)
A Doll's Life (1982) Nominated for a Tony Award and Drama Desk Award
Ann Reinking...Music Loves Me (1984)
Diamonds (1984)
Grind (1985) Nominated for a Tony Award and Drama Desk Award
Paper Moon (1993)
The Gay Century Songbook (2000)
Tom Jones (2001)
It Must Be Him (2010)
A Christmas Memory (2010)
Scrooge in Love (2015)
References
^ Waa-Mu Salutes Eight Great Alums waamu.northwestern.edu, retrieved August 19, 2010
^ Suskin, Steven. Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers, Oxford University Press US, 2010 (Ed. 4), ISBN 0-19-531407-7, p. 341
^ Suskin, Steven. The Sound of Broadway Music: A Book of Orchestrators and Orchestrations, p.350, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009
^ Klein, Alvin."'Paper Moon' Changes Its Outlook as a Musical'The New York Times, September 26, 1993
^ "New Paper Moon Rises Over Philadelphia" Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, September 29, 1996
^ "Larry Grossman gets a New York retrospective of his show tunes". 27 East. 2008-07-07. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
^ Gans, Andrew (May 30, 2008). "Minnie's Boys, with Myers, Walton and Zagnit, Begins York Run May 30". Playbill. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
^ "A Christmas Memory - A New Musical". A Christmas Memory - A New Musical. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ BWW News Desk. "SCROOGE IN LOVE!, Starring Jason Graae, to Return to 42nd Street Moon for the Holidays". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ "Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions". Answers.com.
^ "THE GREAT MOUSE DETECTIVE – Henry Mancini". MOVIE MUSIC UK. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ Farhi, Paul (20 December 2006). "Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony" – via washingtonpost.com.
^ "Larry Grossman Reaches for the Moon Again | Playbill". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ "Christmas in Washington 1988 (1988) - Full Credits - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ Staff, Hollywood.com (2015-02-03). "A Capitol Fourth | Full Cast and Credits | 2004". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ "Snoopy!!! Musical Will Get Re-Imagined | Playbill". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
^ Loveridge, Lizzie."Snoopy the Musical Review" curtainup.com, February 17, 2003
^ "'Paper Moon' production listing" abouttheartists.com, retrieved August 19, 2010
^ "Tom Jones - 2001 New York Tickets, Reviews, News, Info, Photos, Videos". broadwayworld.com.
External links
Larry Grossman at the Internet Broadway Database
Larry Grossman at the Internet Off Broadway Database
Larry Grossman at IMDb
Awards for Larry Grossman
vteDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Music1969–1975
Al Carmines / Burt Bacharach (1969)
Stephen Sondheim / Kurt Weill (1970)
Stephen Sondheim (1971)
Galt MacDermot (1972)
Stephen Sondheim (1973)
Al Carmines (1974)
Charlie Smalls (1975)
1976–2000
Marvin Hamlisch (1976)
Cy Coleman (1977)
Cy Coleman / Carol Hall (1978)
Stephen Sondheim (1979)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1980)
Maury Yeston (1982)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1983)
Jerry Herman (1984)
Larry Grossman (1985)
Rupert Holmes (1986)
Noel Gay / Claude-Michel Schönberg (1987)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1988)
Cy Coleman (1990)
Cy Coleman (1991)
Erik Frandsen, Michael Garin, Paul Lockheart, and Robert Hipkins (1992)
Marvin Hamlisch (1993)
Stephen Sondheim (1994)
Jonathan Larson (1996)
Cy Coleman (1997)
Stephen Flaherty (1998)
Jason Robert Brown (1999)
Andrew Lippa (2000)
2001–present
David Yazbek (2001)
Jason Robert Brown (2002)
Marc Shaiman (2003)
Jeanine Tesori (2004)
Adam Guettel (2005)
Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison (2006)
Duncan Sheik (2007)
Stew and Heidi Rodewald (2008)
Elton John (2009)
David Bryan (2010)
Trey Parker, Robert Lopez, and Matt Stone (2011)
Alan Menken (2012)
David Byrne and Fatboy Slim (2013)
Jason Robert Brown (2014)
Lin-Manuel Miranda (2015)
Steve Martin and Edie Brickell (2016)
David Yazbek (2017)
David Friedman (2018)
David Yazbek (2019)
Dave Malloy (2020)
No Award (2021)
Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss (2022)
Brandy Clark and Shane McAnally (2023)
Shaina Taub (2024)
vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics1970s
Love, American Style – Music and Lyrics by Charles Fox and Arnold Margolin (1970)
The First Nine Months Are the Hardest – Music and Lyrics by Ray Charles (1971)
The Funny Side – Music and Lyrics by Ray Charles (1972)
Liza with a Z – Music by John Kander; Lyrics by Fred Ebb (1973)
"Light My Way" – Music and Lyrics by David Paich and Marty Paich (1974)
Queen of the Stardust Ballroom – Music and Lyrics by Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, and Billy Goldenberg (1975)
"Cinderella Gets It On" – Music and Lyrics by Artie Malvin, Ken & Mitzie Welch (1976)
No Award (1977)
"Hi-Hat" – Music and Lyrics by Stan Freeman and Arthur Malvin / "See You Tomorrow in Class" – Music and Lyrics by Ken & Mitzie Welch (1978)
No Award (1979)
1980s
No Award (1980)
"This Is My Night" – Music and Lyrics by Ken & Mitzie Welch (1981)
"On the Outside Looking In" – Music by Larry Grossman; Lyrics by Buz Kohan (1982)
"We'll Win This World" – Music by James Di Pasquale; Lyrics by Dory Previn (1983)
"Gone Too Soon" – Music by Larry Grossman; Lyrics by Buz Kohan (1984)
Love Lives On – Music by James Di Pasquale; Lyrics by Douglas Brayfield (1985)
"My Christmas Wish" – Music by Larry Grossman; Lyrics by Buz Kohan (1986)
"Welcome to Liberty" – Music by Larry Grossman; Lyrics by Buz Kohan (1987)
"The Sound of Christmas" – Music by Larry Grossman; Lyrics by Buz Kohan (1988)
"The First Time I Loved Forever" – Music by Lee Holdridge; Lyrics by Melanie (1989)
1990s
From the Heart... The First International Very Special Arts Festival – Music by Larry Grossman; Lyrics by Buz Kohan (1990)
"He's Guilty!" – Music and Lyrics by Randy Newman (1991)
"Why Do I Lie?" – Music by Curt Sobel; Lyrics by Dennis Spiegel (1992)
"Sorry I Asked" – Music by John Kander; Lyrics by Fred Ebb (1993)
"The Song Remembers When" – Music and Lyrics by Hugh Prestwood (1994)
"Ordinary Miracles" – Music by Marvin Hamlisch; Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1995)
"Let's Settle Down" – Music by Charles Strouse; Lyrics by Lee Adams (1996)
"We Put the Spring in Springfield" – Music by Alf Clausen; Lyrics by Ken Keeler (1997)
"You're Checkin' In (A Musical Tribute to the Betty Ford Center)" – Music by Alf Clausen; Lyrics by Ken Keeler (1998)
"A Ticket to Dream" – Music by Marvin Hamlisch; Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1999)
2000s
"Up to You" – Music and Lyrics by John Kimbrough (2000)
"A Dream That Only I Can Know" – Music and Lyrics by Patrick Williams (2001)
"You've Got a Lot to See" – Music by Walter Murphy; Lyrics by Seth MacFarlane (2002)
"Aren't They All Our Children" – Music by David Foster; Lyrics by Linda Thompson (2003)
"Because You Are Beautiful" – Music by Toni Childs; Lyrics by Toni Childs, Eddy Free, and David Ricketts (2004)
"Mary Jane/Mary Lane" – Music by Dan Studney; Lyrics by Kevin Murphy (2005)
"A Wonderfully Normal Day" – Music by Greg O'Connor; Lyrics by Jim Wise (2006)
"Dick in a Box" – Music by Katreese Barnes, Asa Taccone, Jorma Taccone, and Justin Timberlake; Lyrics by Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, Jorma Taccone, and Justin Timberlake (2007)
"I'm F**king Matt Damon" – Music and Lyrics by Tony Barbieri, Sal Iacono, Wayne McClammy, Sarah Silverman, and Dan Warner (2008)
"Hugh Jackman Opening Number" – Music by John Kimbrough, William Ross, and Rob Schrab; Lyrics by Dan Harmon and Ben Schwartz (2009)
2010s
"When I'm Gone" – Music and Lyrics by Randy Newman (2010)
"Justin Timberlake Monologue" – Music by Katreese Barnes; Lyrics by Seth Meyers, John Mulaney, and Justin Timberlake (2011)
"It's Not Just for Gays Anymore" – Music by Adam Schlesinger; Lyrics by David Javerbaum (2012)
"If I Had Time" – Music by Adam Schlesinger; Lyrics by David Javerbaum (2013)
"Bigger!" – Music by Tom Kitt; Lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2014)
"Girl You Don't Need Make Up" – Music by Kyle Dunnigan; Lyrics by Kyle Dunnigan and Jim Roach (2015)
"Til It Happens to You" – Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren (2016)
"Letter to the Free" – Music by Common; Lyrics by Common, Robert Glasper, and Karriem Riggins (2017)
"Come Back Barack" – Music by Eli Brueggemann; Lyrics by Chris Redd, Will Stephen, and Kenan Thompson (2018)
"Antidepressants Are So Not a Big Deal" – Music by Rachel Bloom and Adam Schlesinger; Lyrics by Rachel Bloom, Jack Dolgen, and Adam Schlesinger (2019)
2020s
"All for Us" – Music and Lyrics by Labrinth (2020)
"Agatha All Along" – Music and Lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2021)
"Corn Puddin'" – Music and Lyrics by Cinco Paul (2022)
"A Beautiful Game" – Music and Lyrics by Ed Sheeran, Foy Vance, and Max Martin (2023)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC
|
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Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodtime_Charley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Harold Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Prince"},{"link_name":"A Doll's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll%27s_Life"},{"link_name":"Grind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grind_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Snoopy: The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy!_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"Hal Hackady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Hackady"},{"link_name":"Paper Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Moon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Addie Pray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Pray"},{"link_name":"Paper Mill Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Walnut Street Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Street_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Ford's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"York Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Minnie's Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie%27s_Boys"},{"link_name":"Goodtime Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodtime_Charley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Memory_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Carol Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Hall"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"42nd Street Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_Moon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_II:_Journey_to_a_New_World"},{"link_name":"The Great Mouse Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective"},{"link_name":"The Princess Diaries 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_Diaries_2:_Royal_Engagement"},{"link_name":"MGM's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"That's Dancing!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Dancing!"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Hitchcock's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"American Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Gone Too Soon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Too_Soon"},{"link_name":"Buz Kohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buz_Kohan"},{"link_name":"Dangerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_on_Earth/Little_Drummer_Boy"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Julie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Shirley MacLaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine"},{"link_name":"Liza Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Goldie Hawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie_Hawn"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams"},{"link_name":"Steve Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Eydie Gorme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eydie_Gorm%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Joel Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Grey"},{"link_name":"Glen Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Sandy Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Ann-Margret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Margret"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"The Songwriters Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Liberty Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Weekend"},{"link_name":"David Wolper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Wolper"},{"link_name":"The Muppet Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Show"},{"link_name":"Make Way For Noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Way_For_Noddy"},{"link_name":"Christmas in Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"A Capitol Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Capitol_Fourth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Emmy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"The Muppet Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Show"},{"link_name":"Julie's Greenroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%27s_Greenroom"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Julie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"The Muppets.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Grossman, a native of Chicago, graduated from Northwestern University School Communication in 1960.[1]He started working in New York City as a vocal coach and accompanist. One of his songs was used in the revue No Shoestrings (1962). He began working with lyricist Hal Hackady in 1968, and their first piece together was the title song for the play Play It Again, Sam. Their collaboration led to Grossman's Broadway debut in 1970 where he went on to write the scores for four Broadway musicals Minnie's Boys.[2] and Goodtime Charley [3] and in collaboration with theatre legend Harold Prince, A Doll's Life and Grind for which he received Tony nominations.In 1975, Grossman composed Snoopy: The Musical with lyricist Hal Hackady which has been performed in six languages worldwide with the first London production receiving an Olivier award nomination.He composed the musical Paper Moon in 1993. Based on the novel Addie Pray and the 1973 film, it premiered at the Paper Mill Playhouse. A revised version was then presented at the Goodspeed Opera House, Walnut Street Theatre, and Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC.[4][5] Paper Moon then had two successful tours in Japan.In 2008, Off-Broadway's York Theatre Company produced a retrospective of his Broadway work, remounting Minnie's Boys, Grind, Goodtime Charley, and \"Compose Yourself,\" new revue of his music.[6][7]In 2010, Grossman composed A Christmas Memory with lyrics by Carol Hall and the book by Duane Poole, based on the Truman Capote short story. The show was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Off-Broadway Musical and has been performed nationally.[8]Grossman's most recent show is Scrooge in Love! which was presented in 2015 by 42nd Street Moon.[9] The first production received four San Francisco Bay Area Critics Circle awards including Best Score. It was honored with a new production in 2016.Film work includes the song score for The Walt Disney Company's Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, The Great Mouse Detective and The Princess Diaries 2 and MGM's That's Dancing!.[10][11] Dramatic film scores include Kurt Vonnegut's Displaced Person and the remake of Hitchcock's Suspicion, both for American Playhouse.Grossman co-wrote the Michael Jackson song \"Gone Too Soon\" with Buz Kohan for Jackson's multi-platinum album Dangerous which sold 32 million copies worldwide. They also co-wrote the Christmas classic \"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy\" for David Bowie and Bing Crosby, performed on Crosby's Christmas Special.[12]Grossman's Emmy Award-winning television work includes nearly 100 musical specials, concerts and cabaret for artists including Julie Andrews, Shirley MacLaine Liza Minnelli & Goldie Hawn, Andy Williams, Steve Lawrence & Eydie Gorme, Joel Grey, Glen Campbell, Sandy Duncan and Ann-Margret.He has written music for four Academy Awards telecasts, three Emmy telecasts, two Tony telecasts The Songwriters Hall of Fame and Liberty Weekend produced by David Wolper.Grossman served as music consultant and composer for The Muppet Show (three seasons), Make Way For Noddy (five years), Christmas in Washington (32 years) and A Capitol Fourth (12 years).[13][14][15]For his work in television, Grossman has been awarded six Emmy's, with a total of 17 nominations, as well as a Peabody Award for his contributions to The Muppet Show.Currently, Grossman is serving as music supervisor and composer for Julie's Greenroom, the Netflix original children's series starring Julie Andrews and The Muppets. He is also serving as a co-producer on The World According to Snoopy the re-imagined production of Snoopy: The Musical.[16]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Play it Again, Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_It_Again,_Sam_(play)"},{"link_name":"Minnie's Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie%27s_Boys"},{"link_name":"Goodtime Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodtime_Charley"},{"link_name":"Snoopy! The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy!_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"A Doll's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll%27s_Life"},{"link_name":"Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Grind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grind_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Memory#Theatre"}],"text":"Play it Again, Sam (1969)\nMinnie's Boys (1970)\nGoodtime Charley (1975)\nSnoopy! The Musical (1975)[17]\nA Doll's Life (1982) Nominated for a Tony Award and Drama Desk Award\nAnn Reinking...Music Loves Me (1984)\nDiamonds (1984)\nGrind (1985) Nominated for a Tony Award and Drama Desk Award\nPaper Moon (1993) [18]\nThe Gay Century Songbook (2000)\nTom Jones (2001)[19]\nIt Must Be Him (2010)\nA Christmas Memory (2010)\nScrooge in Love (2015)","title":"Theatre productions"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Larry Grossman gets a New York retrospective of his show tunes\". 27 East. 2008-07-07. Retrieved 2020-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.27east.com/arts/larry-grossman-gets-a-new-york-retrospective-of-his-show-tunes-1377337/","url_text":"\"Larry Grossman gets a New York retrospective of his show tunes\""}]},{"reference":"Gans, Andrew (May 30, 2008). \"Minnie's Boys, with Myers, Walton and Zagnit, Begins York Run May 30\". Playbill. Retrieved 2020-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/minnies-boys-with-myers-walton-and-zagnit-begins-york-run-may-30-com-150490","url_text":"\"Minnie's Boys, with Myers, Walton and Zagnit, Begins York Run May 30\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Christmas Memory - A New Musical\". A Christmas Memory - A New Musical. Retrieved 2017-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.achristmasmemorymusical.com/press-and-reviews","url_text":"\"A Christmas Memory - A New Musical\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk. \"SCROOGE IN LOVE!, Starring Jason Graae, to Return to 42nd Street Moon for the Holidays\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2017-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/san-francisco/article/SCROOGE-IN-LOVE-Starring-Jason-Graae-to-Return-to-42nd-Street-Moon-for-the-Holidays-20161116","url_text":"\"SCROOGE IN LOVE!, Starring Jason Graae, to Return to 42nd Street Moon for the Holidays\""}]},{"reference":"\"Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions\". Answers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answers.com/topic/pocahontas-ii-journey-to-a-new-world-1","url_text":"\"Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE GREAT MOUSE DETECTIVE – Henry Mancini\". MOVIE MUSIC UK. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2017-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://moviemusicuk.us/2016/07/14/the-great-mouse-detective-henry-mancini/","url_text":"\"THE GREAT MOUSE DETECTIVE – Henry Mancini\""}]},{"reference":"Farhi, Paul (20 December 2006). \"Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony\" – via washingtonpost.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/19/AR2006121901260.html","url_text":"\"Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Larry Grossman Reaches for the Moon Again | Playbill\". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/larry-grossman-reaches-for-the-moon-again-com-100802","url_text":"\"Larry Grossman Reaches for the Moon Again | Playbill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christmas in Washington 1988 (1988) - Full Credits - TCM.com\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2017-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/461219/Christmas-in-Washington-1988/full-credits.html","url_text":"\"Christmas in Washington 1988 (1988) - Full Credits - TCM.com\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Hollywood.com (2015-02-03). \"A Capitol Fourth | Full Cast and Credits | 2004\". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2017-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywood.com/tv/a-capitol-fourth-59512351/credits/","url_text":"\"A Capitol Fourth | Full Cast and Credits | 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snoopy!!! Musical Will Get Re-Imagined | Playbill\". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/snoopy-musical-will-get-re-imagined","url_text":"\"Snoopy!!! Musical Will Get Re-Imagined | Playbill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Jones - 2001 New York Tickets, Reviews, News, Info, Photos, Videos\". broadwayworld.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/shows/index.php?showid=10460","url_text":"\"Tom Jones - 2001 New York Tickets, Reviews, News, Info, Photos, Videos\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.waamu.northwestern.edu/2006/frame_wall-of-fame.html","external_links_name":"Waa-Mu Salutes Eight Great Alums"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/26/nyregion/theater-paper-moon-changes-its-outlook-as-a-musical.html","external_links_name":"\"'Paper Moon' Changes Its Outlook as a Musical'"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/features/article/64363-New-Paper-Moon-Rises-Over-Philadelphia","external_links_name":"\"New Paper Moon Rises Over Philadelphia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121017191436/http://www.playbill.com/features/article/64363-New-Paper-Moon-Rises-Over-Philadelphia","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.27east.com/arts/larry-grossman-gets-a-new-york-retrospective-of-his-show-tunes-1377337/","external_links_name":"\"Larry Grossman gets a New York retrospective of his show tunes\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/minnies-boys-with-myers-walton-and-zagnit-begins-york-run-may-30-com-150490","external_links_name":"\"Minnie's Boys, with Myers, Walton and Zagnit, Begins York Run May 30\""},{"Link":"http://www.achristmasmemorymusical.com/press-and-reviews","external_links_name":"\"A Christmas Memory - A New Musical\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/san-francisco/article/SCROOGE-IN-LOVE-Starring-Jason-Graae-to-Return-to-42nd-Street-Moon-for-the-Holidays-20161116","external_links_name":"\"SCROOGE IN LOVE!, Starring Jason Graae, to Return to 42nd Street Moon for the Holidays\""},{"Link":"http://www.answers.com/topic/pocahontas-ii-journey-to-a-new-world-1","external_links_name":"\"Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions\""},{"Link":"https://moviemusicuk.us/2016/07/14/the-great-mouse-detective-henry-mancini/","external_links_name":"\"THE GREAT MOUSE DETECTIVE – Henry Mancini\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/19/AR2006121901260.html","external_links_name":"\"Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/larry-grossman-reaches-for-the-moon-again-com-100802","external_links_name":"\"Larry Grossman Reaches for the Moon Again | Playbill\""},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/461219/Christmas-in-Washington-1988/full-credits.html","external_links_name":"\"Christmas in Washington 1988 (1988) - Full Credits - TCM.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywood.com/tv/a-capitol-fourth-59512351/credits/","external_links_name":"\"A Capitol Fourth | Full Cast and Credits | 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/snoopy-musical-will-get-re-imagined","external_links_name":"\"Snoopy!!! Musical Will Get Re-Imagined | Playbill\""},{"Link":"http://www.curtainup.com/snoopythemusical.html","external_links_name":"\"Snoopy the Musical Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.abouttheartists.com/plays/9588","external_links_name":"\"'Paper Moon' production listing\""},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/shows/index.php?showid=10460","external_links_name":"\"Tom Jones - 2001 New York Tickets, Reviews, News, Info, Photos, Videos\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/11797","external_links_name":"Larry Grossman"},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Larry&last=Grossman&middle=","external_links_name":"Larry Grossman"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0343675/","external_links_name":"Larry Grossman"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/69499/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116537046","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/60398463","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMxcXhRrWvj7w64W6Yfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9028591","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1483293","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14103354c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14103354c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1119456630","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007345078405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81028606","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074910213","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3ad1802e-e908-4fef-bf92-eb2f9daaa513","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6670ctd","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_staining
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Wood stain
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["1 Description","2 Composition","3 Colourants","4 Comparison with paint and varnish","5 High viscosity stains","6 Absorption","7 Preparation","8 Cleaning stained wood","9 See also","10 References"]
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Type of paint used to colour wood
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A tin of wood stain
Blue-coloured wood stain
Wood stain is a type of paint used to colour wood comprising colourants dissolved and/or suspended in a vehicle or solvent. Pigments and/or dyes are largely used as colourants in most stains.
The initial application of any paint or varnish is absorbed into the substrate similarly to stains, but the binder from a stain resides mainly below the surface while the pigment remains near the top or at the surface.
Description
Wood stain is a type of paint used to colour wood. It consists of colourants dissolved and/or suspended in a vehicle or solvent. Vehicle is the preferred term, as the contents of a stain may not be truly dissolved in the vehicle, but rather suspended, and thus the vehicle may not be a true solvent. The vehicle often may be water, alcohol, a petroleum distillate, or a finishing agent such as shellac, lacquer, varnish and polyurethane. Coloured or stained finishes do not typically deeply penetrate the pores of the wood and may largely disappear when the finish deteriorates or is removed.
Composition
Stain is composed of the same three primary ingredients as paint (pigment, solvent (or vehicle), and binder) but is predominantly vehicle, then pigment and/or dye, and lastly a small amount of binder. Much like the dyeing or staining of fabric, wood stain is designed to add colour to the substrate (wood and other materials) while leaving some of the substrate still visible. Transparent varnishes or surface films are applied afterwards. In principle, stains do not provide a durable surface coating or film. However, because the binders are from the same class of film-forming binders that are used in paints and varnishes, some build-up of film occurs.
Colourants
Pigments and/or dyes are largely used as colourants in most stains. The difference between the two is in the solubility and in the size of the particles. While dyes are molecules that dissolve into the vehicle, pigments are larger than molecules and are temporarily suspended in the vehicle, usually settling out over time. Stains with primarily dye content are said to be 'transparent', while stains with more pigment in them are said to be 'solid' (opaque); some stains may be called 'semi-solid' or 'semi-transparent', and these may be interchangeable terms, and the relative transparency or opaqueness may fall somewhere between the two extremes.
Typically, dyes will colour very fine-grained woods (such as cherry or maple) while pigments will not colour woods such as these as well. Fine-grained woods generally have pores that are too small for the pigments to settle into. As a result, usually pigment-containing stains will also include a small amount of a 'binder' which helps to adhere the pigments to the wood. A common binder would be a drying oil such as linseed oil.
Most commercial stains contain both dyes and pigments, though often in varying colours and ratios (to each other) depending on the desired colouring effect. Additionally, to some extent, the degree to which a stain will colour a particular wood may be dependent on the length of time it is left on the wood, with longer exposure times accomplishing deeper colouration. Typically a 'transparent' stain will accentuate the wood grain (as it is transparent), while a more 'solid' stain will tend to obscure the wood grain (as it is more opaque, akin to what we would usually call 'paint'). Pigments, regardless of the suspension agent, will not give much colour to very dense woods but will deeply colour woods with large pores (e.g. pine).
A combination of coffee and vinegar or water is a natural alternative to synthetic wood stain.
Comparison with paint and varnish
The initial application of any paint or varnish is similarly absorbed into the substrate, but because stains contain lower amounts of binder, the binder from a stain resides mainly below the surface while the pigment remains near the top or at the surface. Stains that employ metallic pigments such as iron oxides usually are more opaque; first because metallic pigments are opaque by nature, but also because the particles of which they consist are much larger than organic pigments and therefore do not penetrate as well. Most wood stains for interior uses (e.g. floors and furniture) require a secondary application of varnish or finish for longer-term protection of the wood, and also to adjust for matte or gloss effects. Stains are differentiated from varnishes in that the latter usually has no significant added colour or pigment and is designed primarily to form a protective surface film. Some products are marketed as a combination of stain and varnish.
High viscosity stains
Siding stain is one variety of wood stain with very high viscosity (others can be quite thin). Effectively, siding stains are paints that do not cover as well and do not form a hard film. They are designed to penetrate better and contain binders that are softer and more flexible, allowing them to last longer than harder, more brittle paints. Siding stain protects against solar radiation especially UV radiation, water, fungus including mildew, and insects. Different siding stains are distinguished by the appearance they impart to wood. Certain solvent-based or oil-based siding stains contain small amounts of paraffin wax, which cannot be painted over, although re-staining is still possible.
Gel stains are a late 20th century innovation in stain manufacturing, in that they are high-viscosity liquids and do not 'flow'. This property allows more control during application, particularly when the wood is in a vertical position, which can often cause traditional liquid stains to run, drip, or pool. Gel stains often have limited penetrating ability, as they are thixotropic (a liquid that nevertheless does not flow).
Absorption
Applying stains can be very easy or very difficult depending on the type of substrate, type of stain, and the ambient conditions. Fresh, "green" lumber accepts stain poorly, while aged wood absorbs stains relatively well. Porosity of wood can vary greatly, even within the same piece of wood. End grain and bias-cut grain are far more absorbent, thus will accept more pigment and will darken considerably in those areas. The hard ring may absorb differently from the soft ring. The characteristic medullary rays in oak will absorb much less and remain mostly blonde. Woods that have been heavily subjected to paint strippers or washed down with detergents or solvents will have an increased open grain and accept substantially more stain than normal. Woods from different species of trees can have huge variations in how well they take stain. Different wood species stain differently—the overall colour and shade is a result of a combination of the stain and properties of the wood. For example, although medium-to-dark stains tend to look blotchy on maple, they get deeper and more glowing on cherry, with a more consistent colouration. Stains that are fast drying will be difficult to apply in hot weather or in direct sunlight. Stains that are slow-drying will be difficult to work with in damp and cold conditions due to a greatly lengthened evaporation and curing period. New lumber, such as pine, can have waxlike sealants put on at the mill that will prevent proper staining; stripping or sanding the surface may be required. White stains composed of metal oxides, namely titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, do not penetrate well and remain on the surface. In such cases, wear easily reveals unstained wood. They are also fairly opaque.
Preparation
Thorough preparation of the wood (usually by sanding) is necessary to obtain equal absorption of the stain and thus an even finish. White stain on a bare softwood or oak floor might require a final 'prep' sanding by hand with an orbital/vibrating sander with 80 or 100 grit, whereas certain hardwoods might be orbitally or hand sanded with 220 grit and higher for a darkish organic stain on furniture. Though it is not as durable, "garnet" is usually the preferred sandpaper for hand-sanding bare wood; this is due to a sharper and faster cutting grit, and because it does not impart colour from the grit, as aluminium oxide or silicon carbide can do. Other methods include "rubbing" with rottenstone etc.
In certain cases it is necessary to clean the wood or remove existing stains prior to staining the wood with a commercial stain in order to avoid damaging the wood. This can be the case for both unfinished and finished wood.
Cleaning stained wood
There are special considerations when cleaning stained wood. One of the most common stains is water stains on stained wood. Techniques to remove water stains have been documented which use a hot iron to remove the water stain.
Special caution should be used when trying to remove stains from a stained wood to avoid damaging the original stain. This is especially important with antiques.
See also
Wood finishing
Varnish
References
^ Jones, Sarah (2017-07-26). "Staining Wood with Coffee » The DIY Hammer". The DIY Hammer. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
^ Dresdner, Michael. The Woodfinishing Book.
^ "Kitchen Cabinets: Information on finishes for wood cabinets". cabinets-q-and-a.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodstainer.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lasure_bleue.JPG"},{"link_name":"paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"colourants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colourant"},{"link_name":"solvent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent"},{"link_name":"Pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"varnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"}],"text":"A tin of wood stainBlue-coloured wood stainWood stain is a type of paint used to colour wood comprising colourants dissolved and/or suspended in a vehicle or solvent. Pigments and/or dyes are largely used as colourants in most stains.The initial application of any paint or varnish is absorbed into the substrate similarly to stains, but the binder from a stain resides mainly below the surface while the pigment remains near the top or at the surface.","title":"Wood stain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"colourants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colourant"},{"link_name":"solvent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent"},{"link_name":"dissolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"suspended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"petroleum distillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_distillate"},{"link_name":"shellac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac"},{"link_name":"lacquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer"},{"link_name":"varnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"},{"link_name":"polyurethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane"}],"text":"Wood stain is a type of paint used to colour wood. It consists of colourants dissolved and/or suspended in a vehicle or solvent. Vehicle is the preferred term, as the contents of a stain may not be truly dissolved in the vehicle, but rather suspended, and thus the vehicle may not be a true solvent. The vehicle often may be water, alcohol, a petroleum distillate, or a finishing agent such as shellac, lacquer, varnish and polyurethane. Coloured or stained finishes do not typically deeply penetrate the pores of the wood and may largely disappear when the finish deteriorates or is removed.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency"},{"link_name":"varnishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"},{"link_name":"surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_finishing"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"}],"text":"Stain is composed of the same three primary ingredients as paint (pigment, solvent (or vehicle), and binder) but is predominantly vehicle, then pigment and/or dye, and lastly a small amount of binder. Much like the dyeing or staining of fabric, wood stain is designed to add colour to the substrate (wood and other materials) while leaving some of the substrate still visible. Transparent varnishes or surface films are applied afterwards. In principle, stains do not provide a durable surface coating or film. However, because the binders are from the same class of film-forming binders that are used in paints and varnishes, some build-up of film occurs.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pigments and/or dyes are largely used as colourants in most stains. The difference between the two is in the solubility and in the size of the particles. While dyes are molecules that dissolve into the vehicle, pigments are larger than molecules and are temporarily suspended in the vehicle, usually settling out over time. Stains with primarily dye content are said to be 'transparent', while stains with more pigment in them are said to be 'solid' (opaque); some stains may be called 'semi-solid' or 'semi-transparent', and these may be interchangeable terms, and the relative transparency or opaqueness may fall somewhere between the two extremes.Typically, dyes will colour very fine-grained woods (such as cherry or maple) while pigments will not colour woods such as these as well. Fine-grained woods generally have pores that are too small for the pigments to settle into. As a result, usually pigment-containing stains will also include a small amount of a 'binder' which helps to adhere the pigments to the wood. A common binder would be a drying oil such as linseed oil.Most commercial stains contain both dyes and pigments, though often in varying colours and ratios (to each other) depending on the desired colouring effect. Additionally, to some extent, the degree to which a stain will colour a particular wood may be dependent on the length of time it is left on the wood, with longer exposure times accomplishing deeper colouration. Typically a 'transparent' stain will accentuate the wood grain (as it is transparent), while a more 'solid' stain will tend to obscure the wood grain (as it is more opaque, akin to what we would usually call 'paint'). Pigments, regardless of the suspension agent, will not give much colour to very dense woods but will deeply colour woods with large pores (e.g. pine).A combination of coffee and vinegar or water is a natural alternative to synthetic wood stain.[1]","title":"Colourants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metallic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_color"},{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_life"}],"text":"The initial application of any paint or varnish is similarly absorbed into the substrate, but because stains contain lower amounts of binder, the binder from a stain resides mainly below the surface while the pigment remains near the top or at the surface. Stains that employ metallic pigments such as iron oxides usually are more opaque; first because metallic pigments are opaque by nature, but also because the particles of which they consist are much larger than organic pigments and therefore do not penetrate as well. Most wood stains for interior uses (e.g. floors and furniture) require a secondary application of varnish or finish for longer-term protection of the wood, and also to adjust for matte or gloss effects. Stains are differentiated from varnishes in that the latter usually has no significant added colour or pigment and is designed primarily to form a protective surface film. Some products are marketed as a combination of stain and varnish.","title":"Comparison with paint and varnish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"solar radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation"},{"link_name":"UV radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_radiation"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"mildew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildew"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"paraffin wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax"},{"link_name":"thixotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thixotropy"},{"link_name":"flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_flow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Siding stain is one variety of wood stain with very high viscosity (others can be quite thin). Effectively, siding stains are paints that do not cover as well and do not form a hard film. They are designed to penetrate better and contain binders that are softer and more flexible, allowing them to last longer than harder, more brittle paints. Siding stain protects against solar radiation especially UV radiation, water, fungus including mildew, and insects. Different siding stains are distinguished by the appearance they impart to wood. Certain solvent-based or oil-based siding stains contain small amounts of paraffin wax, which cannot be painted over, although re-staining is still possible.Gel stains are a late 20th century innovation in stain manufacturing, in that they are high-viscosity liquids and do not 'flow'. This property allows more control during application, particularly when the wood is in a vertical position, which can often cause traditional liquid stains to run, drip, or pool. Gel stains often have limited penetrating ability, as they are thixotropic (a liquid that nevertheless does not flow).[2]","title":"High viscosity stains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surroundings"},{"link_name":"Porosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"medullary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany)"},{"link_name":"blonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"damp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture"},{"link_name":"evaporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation"},{"link_name":"curing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"sealants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealant"},{"link_name":"mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"}],"text":"Applying stains can be very easy or very difficult depending on the type of substrate, type of stain, and the ambient conditions. Fresh, \"green\" lumber accepts stain poorly, while aged wood absorbs stains relatively well. Porosity of wood can vary greatly, even within the same piece of wood. End grain and bias-cut grain are far more absorbent, thus will accept more pigment and will darken considerably in those areas. The hard ring may absorb differently from the soft ring. The characteristic medullary rays in oak will absorb much less and remain mostly blonde. Woods that have been heavily subjected to paint strippers or washed down with detergents or solvents will have an increased open grain and accept substantially more stain than normal. Woods from different species of trees can have huge variations in how well they take stain. Different wood species stain differently—the overall colour and shade is a result of a combination of the stain and properties of the wood. For example, although medium-to-dark stains tend to look blotchy on maple, they get deeper and more glowing on cherry, with a more consistent colouration.[3] Stains that are fast drying will be difficult to apply in hot weather or in direct sunlight. Stains that are slow-drying will be difficult to work with in damp and cold conditions due to a greatly lengthened evaporation and curing period. New lumber, such as pine, can have waxlike sealants put on at the mill that will prevent proper staining; stripping or sanding the surface may be required. White stains composed of metal oxides, namely titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, do not penetrate well and remain on the surface. In such cases, wear easily reveals unstained wood. They are also fairly opaque.","title":"Absorption"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"softwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwood"},{"link_name":"garnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet"},{"link_name":"rottenstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottenstone"}],"text":"Thorough preparation of the wood (usually by sanding) is necessary to obtain equal absorption of the stain and thus an even finish. White stain on a bare softwood or oak floor might require a final 'prep' sanding by hand with an orbital/vibrating sander with 80 or 100 grit, whereas certain hardwoods might be orbitally or hand sanded with 220 grit and higher for a darkish organic stain on furniture. Though it is not as durable, \"garnet\" is usually the preferred sandpaper for hand-sanding bare wood; this is due to a sharper and faster cutting grit, and because it does not impart colour from the grit, as aluminium oxide or silicon carbide can do. Other methods include \"rubbing\" with rottenstone etc.In certain cases it is necessary to clean the wood or remove existing stains prior to staining the wood with a commercial stain in order to avoid damaging the wood. This can be the case for both unfinished and finished wood.","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are special considerations when cleaning stained wood. One of the most common stains is water stains on stained wood. Techniques to remove water stains have been documented which use a hot iron to remove the water stain.Special caution should be used when trying to remove stains from a stained wood to avoid damaging the original stain. This is especially important with antiques.","title":"Cleaning stained wood"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A tin of wood stain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Woodstainer.JPG/250px-Woodstainer.JPG"},{"image_text":"Blue-coloured wood stain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lasure_bleue.JPG/250px-Lasure_bleue.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Wood finishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_finishing"},{"title":"Varnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"}]
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[{"reference":"Jones, Sarah (2017-07-26). \"Staining Wood with Coffee » The DIY Hammer\". The DIY Hammer. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediyhammer.com/staining-wood-with-coffee/","url_text":"\"Staining Wood with Coffee » The DIY Hammer\""}]},{"reference":"Dresdner, Michael. The Woodfinishing Book.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kitchen Cabinets: Information on finishes for wood cabinets\". cabinets-q-and-a.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://cabinets-q-and-a.com/wood-cabinet-door-finishes.html","url_text":"\"Kitchen Cabinets: Information on finishes for wood cabinets\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_O_Stock
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London Underground O and P Stock
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["1 Construction","2 Description","3 War time losses","4 Reconstruction into CO/CP Stock","4.1 Experiments","5 Withdrawal and preservation","6 Numbering","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Sources","7.3 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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O Stock, P Stock, CO/CP StockStock typeSubsurfaceIn service1937–1981ManufacturerGRC&WBRC&WSuccessor
C Stock
D Stock
SpecificationsCar length51 ft (15.54 m)Width9 ft 8+3⁄8 in (2.956 m)Height11 ft 9+1⁄2 in (3.594 m)Weight35.75 long tons (36.32 t; 40.04 short tons)Seating42Notes/references London transport portal
The London Underground O and P Stock electric multiple units were used on the London Underground from 1937 to 1981. O Stock trains were built for the Hammersmith & City line, using metadyne control equipment with regenerative braking, but the trains were made up entirely of motor cars and this caused technical problems with the traction supply so trailer cars were added. P Stock cars were built to run together with the O Stock cars now surplus on Metropolitan line Uxbridge services. The trains had air-operated sliding doors under control of the guard; the O Stock with controls in the cab whereas the P Stock controls in the trailing end of the motor cars. The P Stock was introduced with first class accommodation, but this was withdrawn in 1940.
In the early 1950s, some Uxbridge O and P Stock trains were transferred to the Circle line. The increasingly unreliable metadynes were replaced and the converted trains became known as CO/CP stock. In the early 1960s, the remaining Uxbridge CO/CP Stock trains were transferred to the District line, so that during the 1960s generally Hammersmith & City and Circle line services were operated by CO stock and CP stock was used on the District line. Following the introduction of C69 Stock in the early 1970s, all CO and CP Stock trains were used on the District line until they were replaced by the C Stock and D Stock trains; the last train running in service in 1981.
Construction
In 1934, an experimental six-car train was built using a multiple-unit train control system developed by Metropolitan Vickers. The metadyne equipment controlled four traction motors on two cars and allowed for regenerative braking, although air braking was fitted for low speeds and if the traction supply was unreceptive to the regenerated current.
As part of the 1935–40 New Works Programme, the O stock, sets of two motor cars, was built for the Hammersmith & City line. The Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (GRC&W) and the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRC&W) built 116 cars, allowing 19 six-car trains and a spare two-car set. The new trains entered service as a four-car train between High Street Kensington and Putney Bridge on 13 September 1937 and a full-length six car train later entering service on 10 December on the Hammersmith & City line. The guard's position was in the cab, continuing the practice of the Metropolitan Railway. Technical problems were found with the traction supply with trains made up entirely of motor cars and 58 trailer cars were ordered from Gloucester and the trains reformed into three car sets. The first reformed train went into service on 18 July 1938, and 19 O Stock sets were transferred to the Metropolitan line.
With O Stock cars available, 73 sets of P stock were ordered for the Metropolitan line. Six and eight car trains were needed, so six car trains were made up from two three car units formed of two driving motor cars and a trailer and eight cars by adding a two car unit. The guard's position on the P Stock was at the inner ends of the motor cars, as the cabs on eight car trains could still be in tunnel at stations with short platforms. The O Stock units, with the guard position in the cab, were split up and motor cars placed in the centre of the six car trains so that the door controls in these cabs were not needed. Six P1 motor cars were built without door controls and ran in the same position. Although a train could be made up from O and P Stock cars, and the units had automatic couplers on the outer ends of the motor cars, the metadynes were not interchangeable. The first P Stock train entered service on 17 July 1939. Six-car O Stock trains operated on the Hammersmith & City service, and the mixed O and P Stock trains provided the services to Uxbridge.
Description
Inside a P Stock composite car at Upminster, built with first and third class sections for the Metropolitan line. First class was abolished in 1940 as a war-time economy.Inside a COP trailer.
The 51-foot (16 m) long O Stock cars were fitted with air operated doors under the control of the guard. A car had 40 seats and two tip up and access was by two double doors and a single door on each side. Externally, the cars had side panels that flared at the bottom with no running boards to prevent passengers jumping on a moving train and attempting to open a door. The trailers, with four extra seats, had a hinged door at one end, locked closed in normal use, so they could be converted into driving motor cars. Lighting was provided by incandescent bulbs in the ceiling.
War time losses
During World War II several cars were lost. 14199 (P stock DM) was destroyed at Neasden on 27 September 1940, 13036, 14042, 14049 (all O stock DM), 13229, 14229 (all P Stock DM), 014080 (O stock trailer) at Moorgate station on 29 December 1941, and 14263 (P stock DM) at Baker Street on 10 May 1941. To make up for the number of 'D' end DMs (14xxx) cars destroyed, three 'D' end trailer cars were rebuilt into DMs. These were 014270-014272 which were renumbered 14270-14272 when converted. DM 14233 was damaged during bombing and one end of the car was destroyed. This was repaired using an end of Q38 Stock trailer 013167, which had also been badly damaged. The rebuilt car entered service renumbered 14233 in 1941; it became 54233 in 1963.
Reconstruction into CO/CP Stock
In the early 1950s, F Stock was transferred to the Metropolitan line Uxbridge service, and some O and P Stock, reformed into 5-car trains transferred to replace the trains on the Circle line; these began running in 1947. Because of the reliability of the metadynes and difficulties repairing them, one Circle line train was converted to use the pneumatic camshaft control (PCM) equipment used on the 1938 tube stock and entered service in March 1955. This was considered a success and the other Circle line trains were converted, followed by the units that operated the Hammersmith & City services. The converted trains were known as CO/CP stock, and the trailers COP stock. In 1959/60, the length of the Circle line trains was increased to six cars with the addition of converted Q38 trailers, and with similar trains running on the Hammersmith & City and Circle lines maintenance for the stock for the two lines was concentrated at Hammersmith depot, allowing Neasden depot to specialise in the new A Stock.
In the early 1960s, the remaining O and P Stock trains that operated the Uxbridge service, still with their metadyne controls, were converted and transferred to the District line as the second batch of A Stock was introduced. In the 1960s the Hammersmith & City and Circle line services were generally operated by CO stock and CP stock used on the District line. In the early 1970s, the introduction of the C69 Stock allowed the CO Stock to be transferred to the District line and instead of running 6-car trains off-peak and 8-cars during peak hours, trains were reformed into standard 7-car trains, except on the Edgware Road - Wimbledon services, where 6-car trains continued to operate due to short platforms.
Experiments
CP Stock trailer with injection moulded plastic seats
In 1967, London Underground experimented with injection moulded plastic seats in the centre of CP Stock trailer 014082, in an attempt to address the then-emerging problem with vandalism. The London Underground did not pursue the idea further, because passengers considered them to be uncomfortable, but vandal-resistant plastic seats became common on many metro systems, such as Algiers, Barcelona (TMB lines), New York City and Shanghai. Trailer 014082 kept the plastic seats until it was scrapped in 1971.
Withdrawal and preservation
The introduction of C77 stock on the Edgware Road services in the late 1970s allowed some CO/CP Stock cars to be scrapped, and from January 1980 the remainder was replaced by new D78 stock. The last trains ran in service in 1981, when two six-car trains operated special workings.
One complete unit DM 53028, T 013063 and DM 54233 has been preserved at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre. The driving motor 54233 was the one that was rebuilt using one end of a Q38 trailer in 1941.
A DM 54256 was also preserved at the Walthamstow Pumphouse Museum but moved to Whitwell & Reepham railway station after a clearout of many of the museum's items, and now is privately owned in an undisclosed location in Essex.
Vehicles 53028 and 013063 are CO Stock and 54233 and 54256 are CP Stock.
Numbering
As built the numbers were as follows:
'O' Stock
'A' DM
'D' DM
T
13000 - 13057
14000 - 14057
013058 - 013086014058 - 014086
'P' Stock
'A' DM
'D' DM
T
13193 - 1325713262 - 13269*
14193 - 1425714262 - 14269
013087 - 013101013258 - 013261013270 - 013273014087 - 014100014258 - 014261014270 - 014273
Cars 13264 - 13269 were designated P1 stock.
References
Notes
^ a b Bruce 1983, p. 90.
^ Bruce 1983, p. 91.
^ a b c Bruce 1983, p. 93.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bruce 1983, p. 94.
^ a b c Bruce 1983, p. 92.
^ Horne 2003, p. 64.
^ Horne 2003, p. 65.
^ Horne 2003, p. 66.
^ Bruce 1983, pp. 90–91.
^ Connor 1981, pp. 11, 47, 51.
^ Connor 1981, pp. 9, 46, 53.
^ Horne 2003, p. 80.
^ a b c Bruce 1983, p. 95.
^ Bruce 1983, pp. 94–95.
^ Connor 2011, p. 143.
^ Moss 2000, p. 143.
^ Sources: brc-stockbook.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2013.DM 53028 Archived 5 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine T 013063 Archived 5 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine DM 54233 Archived 5 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "DM 54233". brc-stockbook.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
^ Hardy 2002, p. 72.
Sources
References
Bruce, J Graeme (1983). Steam to Silver: A History of London Transport Surface Rolling Stock. Capital Transport. ISBN 978-0-904711-45-5.
Connor, Piers (1981). The 'COP' Stock Story. Ealing: London Underground Railway Society.
Connor, Piers (August 2011). "District Electric Trains" (PDF). Underground News (596). Ealing: London Underground Railway Society: 440–448. ISSN 0306-8617. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
Hardy, Brian (2002). London Underground Rolling Stock (15th ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-263-4.
Horne, Mike (2003). The Metropolitan Line. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-275-5.
Moss, Paul (2000). Underground movement. Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. ISBN 1854142267.
Further reading
Huntley, Ian (1988). Surface Stock Planbook 1863–1959. The London Underground. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1721-2.
Hardy, Brian (2002). Surface Stock 1933–1959. Underground Train File. Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-247-X.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Underground O and P Stock.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_units"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"metadyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadyne"},{"link_name":"regenerative braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_braking"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_line"},{"link_name":"Circle line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"},{"link_name":"C69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_C69_and_C77_Stock"},{"link_name":"C Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_C69_and_C77_Stock"},{"link_name":"D Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_D78_Stock"}],"text":"The London Underground O and P Stock electric multiple units were used on the London Underground from 1937 to 1981. O Stock trains were built for the Hammersmith & City line, using metadyne control equipment with regenerative braking, but the trains were made up entirely of motor cars and this caused technical problems with the traction supply so trailer cars were added. P Stock cars were built to run together with the O Stock cars now surplus on Metropolitan line Uxbridge services. The trains had air-operated sliding doors under control of the guard; the O Stock with controls in the cab whereas the P Stock controls in the trailing end of the motor cars. The P Stock was introduced with first class accommodation, but this was withdrawn in 1940.In the early 1950s, some Uxbridge O and P Stock trains were transferred to the Circle line. The increasingly unreliable metadynes were replaced and the converted trains became known as CO/CP stock. In the early 1960s, the remaining Uxbridge CO/CP Stock trains were transferred to the District line, so that during the 1960s generally Hammersmith & City and Circle line services were operated by CO stock and CP stock was used on the District line. Following the introduction of C69 Stock in the early 1970s, all CO and CP Stock trains were used on the District line until they were replaced by the C Stock and D Stock trains; the last train running in service in 1981.","title":"London Underground O and P Stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple-unit train control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control"},{"link_name":"metadyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadyne"},{"link_name":"regenerative braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_braking"},{"link_name":"air braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_air_brake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198390-1"},{"link_name":"New Works Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Works_Programme"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith & City line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_City_line"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Railway_Carriage_and_Wagon_Company"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Railway_Carriage_and_Wagon_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198390-1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198391-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198393-3"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198392-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200364-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198392-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"}],"text":"In 1934, an experimental six-car train was built using a multiple-unit train control system developed by Metropolitan Vickers. The metadyne equipment controlled four traction motors on two cars and allowed for regenerative braking, although air braking was fitted for low speeds and if the traction supply was unreceptive to the regenerated current.[1]As part of the 1935–40 New Works Programme, the O stock, sets of two motor cars, was built for the Hammersmith & City line. The Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (GRC&W) and the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRC&W) built 116 cars, allowing 19 six-car trains and a spare two-car set. The new trains entered service as a four-car train between High Street Kensington and Putney Bridge on 13 September 1937 and a full-length six car train later entering service on 10 December on the Hammersmith & City line.[1] The guard's position was in the cab, continuing the practice of the Metropolitan Railway.[2] Technical problems were found with the traction supply with trains made up entirely of motor cars and 58 trailer cars were ordered from Gloucester and the trains reformed into three car sets. The first reformed train went into service on 18 July 1938,[3] and 19 O Stock sets were transferred to the Metropolitan line.[4]With O Stock cars available, 73 sets of P stock were ordered for the Metropolitan line. Six and eight car trains were needed, so six car trains were made up from two three car units formed of two driving motor cars and a trailer and eight cars by adding a two car unit.[4] The guard's position on the P Stock was at the inner ends of the motor cars,[5] as the cabs on eight car trains could still be in tunnel at stations with short platforms. The O Stock units, with the guard position in the cab, were split up and motor cars placed in the centre of the six car trains so that the door controls in these cabs were not needed. Six P1 motor cars were built without door controls and ran in the same position.[4][6] Although a train could be made up from O and P Stock cars, and the units had automatic couplers on the outer ends of the motor cars, the metadynes were not interchangeable.[4] The first P Stock train entered service on 17 July 1939.[5] Six-car O Stock trains operated on the Hammersmith & City service, and the mixed O and P Stock trains provided the services to Uxbridge.[4]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_P_Composite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Upminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upminster_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200365-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200366-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COP-trailer-half-moons.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198390%E2%80%9391-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198393-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198392-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198393-3"}],"text":"Inside a P Stock composite car at Upminster, built with first and third class sections for the Metropolitan line.[7] First class was abolished in 1940 as a war-time economy.[8]Inside a COP trailer.The 51-foot (16 m) long O Stock cars were fitted with air operated doors under the control of the guard. A car had 40 seats and two tip up and access was by two double doors and a single door on each side. Externally, the cars had side panels that flared at the bottom with no running boards to prevent passengers jumping on a moving train and attempting to open a door.[9] The trailers, with four extra seats,[3] had a hinged door at one end, locked closed in normal use, so they could be converted into driving motor cars.[5] Lighting was provided by incandescent bulbs in the ceiling.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Neasden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neasden"},{"link_name":"Moorgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate_station"},{"link_name":"Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor198111,_47,_51-10"},{"link_name":"Q38 Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_Q38_Stock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor19819,_46,_53-11"}],"text":"During World War II several cars were lost. 14199 (P stock DM) was destroyed at Neasden on 27 September 1940, 13036, 14042, 14049 (all O stock DM), 13229, 14229 (all P Stock DM), 014080 (O stock trailer) at Moorgate station on 29 December 1941, and 14263 (P stock DM) at Baker Street on 10 May 1941. To make up for the number of 'D' end DMs (14xxx) cars destroyed, three 'D' end trailer cars were rebuilt into DMs. These were 014270-014272 which were renumbered 14270-14272 when converted.[10] DM 14233 was damaged during bombing and one end of the car was destroyed. This was repaired using an end of Q38 Stock trailer 013167, which had also been badly damaged.[4] The rebuilt car entered service renumbered 14233 in 1941; it became 54233 in 1963.[11]","title":"War time losses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_F_Stock"},{"link_name":"Circle line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200380-12"},{"link_name":"1938 tube stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_tube_stock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394-4"},{"link_name":"Q38 trailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_Q_Stock"},{"link_name":"A Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_A60_and_A62_Stock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198395-13"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198394%E2%80%9395-14"},{"link_name":"C69 Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_C69_Stock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198395-13"}],"text":"In the early 1950s, F Stock was transferred to the Metropolitan line Uxbridge service, and some O and P Stock, reformed into 5-car trains transferred to replace the trains on the Circle line; these began running in 1947.[4][12] Because of the reliability of the metadynes and difficulties repairing them, one Circle line train was converted to use the pneumatic camshaft control (PCM) equipment used on the 1938 tube stock and entered service in March 1955. This was considered a success and the other Circle line trains were converted, followed by the units that operated the Hammersmith & City services.[4] The converted trains were known as CO/CP stock, and the trailers COP stock.[4] In 1959/60, the length of the Circle line trains was increased to six cars with the addition of converted Q38 trailers, and with similar trains running on the Hammersmith & City and Circle lines maintenance for the stock for the two lines was concentrated at Hammersmith depot, allowing Neasden depot to specialise in the new A Stock.[13]In the early 1960s, the remaining O and P Stock trains that operated the Uxbridge service, still with their metadyne controls, were converted and transferred to the District line as the second batch of A Stock was introduced. In the 1960s the Hammersmith & City and Circle line services were generally operated by CO stock and CP stock used on the District line.[14] In the early 1970s, the introduction of the C69 Stock allowed the CO Stock to be transferred to the District line and instead of running 6-car trains off-peak and 8-cars during peak hours, trains were reformed into standard 7-car trains, except on the Edgware Road - Wimbledon services, where 6-car trains continued to operate due to short platforms.[13]","title":"Reconstruction into CO/CP Stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CP_Stock_trailer_014082_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"injection moulded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moulding"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Metro"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Metro"},{"link_name":"TMB lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transports_Metropolitans_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2011143-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss2000143-16"}],"sub_title":"Experiments","text":"CP Stock trailer with injection moulded plastic seatsIn 1967, London Underground experimented with injection moulded plastic seats in the centre of CP Stock trailer 014082, in an attempt to address the then-emerging problem with vandalism. The London Underground did not pursue the idea further, because passengers considered them to be uncomfortable, but vandal-resistant plastic seats became common on many metro systems, such as Algiers, Barcelona (TMB lines), New York City and Shanghai. Trailer 014082 kept the plastic seats until it was scrapped in 1971.[15][16]","title":"Reconstruction into CO/CP Stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198395-13"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire Railway Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Railway_Centre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Pumphouse Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Pumphouse_Museum"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy200272-19"},{"link_name":"Whitwell & Reepham railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitwell_%26_Reepham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The introduction of C77 stock on the Edgware Road services in the late 1970s allowed some CO/CP Stock cars to be scrapped, and from January 1980 the remainder was replaced by new D78 stock. The last trains ran in service in 1981, when two six-car trains operated special workings.[13]One complete unit DM 53028, T 013063 and DM 54233 has been preserved at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre.[17] The driving motor 54233 was the one that was rebuilt using one end of a Q38 trailer in 1941.[18]A DM 54256 was also preserved at the Walthamstow Pumphouse Museum[19] but moved to Whitwell & Reepham railway station after a clearout of many of the museum's items, and now is privately owned in an undisclosed location in Essex.[citation needed]Vehicles 53028 and 013063 are CO Stock and 54233 and 54256 are CP Stock.","title":"Withdrawal and preservation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As built the numbers were as follows:Cars 13264 - 13269 were designated P1 stock.","title":"Numbering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7110-1721-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1721-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85414-247-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-247-X"}],"text":"Huntley, Ian (1988). Surface Stock Planbook 1863–1959. The London Underground. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1721-2.\nHardy, Brian (2002). Surface Stock 1933–1959. Underground Train File. Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-247-X.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"CP Stock trailer with injection moulded plastic seats","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CP_Stock_trailer_014082_interior.jpg/220px-CP_Stock_trailer_014082_interior.jpg"}]
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|
[{"Link":"http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/COCar.htm","external_links_name":"DM 53028"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070705095629/http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/COCar.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/COPCar.HTM","external_links_name":"T 013063"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070705095442/http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/COPCar.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/CPCar.HTM","external_links_name":"DM 54233"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070705095641/http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/CPCar.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070705095641/http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/CPCar.htm","external_links_name":"\"DM 54233\""},{"Link":"http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/CPCar.HTM","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lurs.org.uk/articles11_htm_files/01%20aug%2011%20DISTRICT%20ELECTRIC%20TRAINS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Electric Trains\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-8617","external_links_name":"0306-8617"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/metropolitanline00mike","external_links_name":"The Metropolitan Line"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia
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Islam in Estonia
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Islam portalvte
Estonia has one of the smallest Muslim communities in Europe. According to the census of 2011, the number of people who profess Islam was 1,508 in Estonia, or 0.14% of the total population. The number of practicing Muslims is small and, in the absence of a mosque, the Estonian Islamic Center serves as a center of worship.
Demography
According to a 2008 estimate, there are approximately 4,000 Muslims living in Estonia. The largest Muslim groups in Estonia consist of Tatars (of Mishar origin) and Azeris. There are also smaller amounts of Muslims belonging to various regional and ethnic backgrounds (including converts to Islam). The majority of Muslims in Estonia are Sunni except for the Azeris, who are Shia. Most Estonian Muslims live in or around Tallinn. As of 2024 there were reported to be 10,000 Muslims in Estonia.
History
Coins from the Islamic world minted as early as the 8th century have been discovered in Estonia, which were brought to the area by Viking merchants.
The earliest documented presence of Muslims in Estonia occurred when Muslim soldiers from the Russian Empire arrived in Estonia during the Livonian War in the 16th century. The first Muslims to settle in Estonia were mostly Sunni Tatars who had been released from the military service in the Russian Army after Estonia and Livonia had been conquered by the Russian Empire in 1721. The small Tatar community became concentrated within Tallinn and by the mid-19th century, had established a mosque with a serving imam.
After 1860, a new wave of Tatar immigrants arrived in Estonia as merchants. The Tatar community started showing activity, the centre being in the city of Narva although some also settled in Tallinn and Tartu. The Tatar community opened shops and engaged in trade. A Muslim congregation (Narva Muhamedi Kogudus) was registered there under the independent Republic of Estonia in 1928 and a second one (Tallinna Muhamedi Usuühing) in Tallinn in 1939. A house built for funds received as donations was converted into a mosque in Narva.
In 1940, the Soviet authorities banned both congregations, and the buildings of the congregations were destroyed during World War II (in 1944). The overwhelming majority of Muslims immigrated to Estonia during the Soviet occupation of Estonia between 1940 and 1991.
The Muslim community in Estonia is considered tolerant and politically moderate. Unusually in the global context, the Sunnis and Shias worship jointly.
Mosque
Estonian Islamic Center
Gallery
Islamic Golden Age coins found in Estonia.
References
^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ a b Ringvee, Ringo (2012). "Estonia". Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 5. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-25586-9.
^ a b c d Ozkan, Aysha (2009). "Estonia". In Larsson, Göran (ed.). Islam in the Nordic and Baltic Countries. Routledge. pp. 90–98. ISBN 978-0-415-48519-7.
^ ERR News. Foreign students dropping out but not on a mass scale.
^ Hussain, Tharik (March 2017). "The European Muslims You Have Never Heard About". Bahath. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
^ a b c d Abiline, Toomas; Ringvee, Ringo (2016). "Estonia". Muslim Tatar Minorities in the Baltic Sea Region. Brill Publishers. pp. 105–127. ISBN 978-90-04-30584-7. OCLC 934437242.
^ Islam in Estonia. Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (in Estonian)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islam in Estonia.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg"},{"link_name":"Islam in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_France"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Malta"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Muslim communities in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Estonian Islamic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Islamic_Center"}],"text":"Islam in Europeby percentage of country population[1] 90–100% AzerbaijanKosovoTurkey 70–90% AlbaniaKazakhstan 50–70% Bosnia and Herzegovina 30–40% North Macedonia 10–20% BulgariaFranceGeorgiaMontenegroRussia 5–10% AustriaSwedenBelgiumGermanyGreece LiechtensteinNetherlandsSwitzerlandUnited KingdomNorwayDenmark 4–5% ItalySerbia 2–4% LuxembourgMaltaSloveniaSpain 1–2% CroatiaIrelandUkraine < 1% AndorraBelarusCzech RepublicEstoniaFinlandHungaryIcelandLatviaLithuaniaMoldovaMonacoPolandPortugalRomaniaSan MarinoSlovakiaEstonia has one of the smallest Muslim communities in Europe. According to the census of 2011, the number of people who profess Islam was 1,508 in Estonia, or 0.14% of the total population. The number of practicing Muslims is small and, in the absence of a mosque, the Estonian Islamic Center serves as a center of worship.","title":"Islam in Estonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Mishar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishar_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Azeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"According to a 2008 estimate, there are approximately 4,000 Muslims living in Estonia.[2] The largest Muslim groups in Estonia consist of Tatars (of Mishar origin) and Azeris. There are also smaller amounts of Muslims belonging to various regional and ethnic backgrounds (including converts to Islam). The majority of Muslims in Estonia are Sunni except for the Azeris, who are Shia.[3] Most Estonian Muslims live in or around Tallinn.[2] As of 2024 there were reported to be 10,000 Muslims in Estonia.[4]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Livonian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service"},{"link_name":"Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Livonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Republic of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Sunnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Shias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Coins from the Islamic world minted as early as the 8th century have been discovered in Estonia, which were brought to the area by Viking merchants.[5]The earliest documented presence of Muslims in Estonia occurred when Muslim soldiers from the Russian Empire arrived in Estonia during the Livonian War in the 16th century.[3] The first Muslims to settle in Estonia were mostly Sunni Tatars who had been released from the military service in the Russian Army after Estonia and Livonia had been conquered by the Russian Empire in 1721.[3] The small Tatar community became concentrated within Tallinn and by the mid-19th century, had established a mosque with a serving imam.[6]After 1860, a new wave of Tatar immigrants arrived in Estonia as merchants.[6] The Tatar community started showing activity, the centre being in the city of Narva although some also settled in Tallinn and Tartu. The Tatar community opened shops and engaged in trade.[6] A Muslim congregation (Narva Muhamedi Kogudus) was registered there under the independent Republic of Estonia in 1928 and a second one (Tallinna Muhamedi Usuühing) in Tallinn in 1939.[3][6] A house built for funds received as donations was converted into a mosque in Narva.[citation needed]In 1940, the Soviet authorities banned both congregations, and the buildings of the congregations were destroyed during World War II (in 1944). The overwhelming majority of Muslims immigrated to Estonia during the Soviet occupation of Estonia between 1940 and 1991.The Muslim community in Estonia is considered tolerant and politically moderate. Unusually in the global context, the Sunnis and Shias worship jointly.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian Islamic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Islamic_Center"}],"text":"Estonian Islamic Center","title":"Mosque"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DirhamsEstonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"}],"text":"Islamic Golden Age coins found in Estonia.","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Islam in Europeby percentage of country population[1] 90–100% AzerbaijanKosovoTurkey 70–90% AlbaniaKazakhstan 50–70% Bosnia and Herzegovina 30–40% North Macedonia 10–20% BulgariaFranceGeorgiaMontenegroRussia 5–10% AustriaSwedenBelgiumGermanyGreece LiechtensteinNetherlandsSwitzerlandUnited KingdomNorwayDenmark 4–5% ItalySerbia 2–4% LuxembourgMaltaSloveniaSpain 1–2% CroatiaIrelandUkraine < 1% AndorraBelarusCzech RepublicEstoniaFinlandHungaryIcelandLatviaLithuaniaMoldovaMonacoPolandPortugalRomaniaSan MarinoSlovakia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/280px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Iran
|
Senate of Iran
|
["1 History","1.1 Constitution","1.2 Building","1.3 Members","1.4 List of speakers","1.5 Dissolution","2 Elections","2.1 Votes cast","2.2 Seats won","3 Composition","3.1 1967","3.2 1971","3.3 1975","4 Major events","5 Bibliography","6 References and notes"]
|
Coordinates: 35°41′16.82″N 51°23′58.72″E / 35.6880056°N 51.3996444°E / 35.6880056; 51.3996444Former upper house of the Iranian Parliament (1949–1979)
Senate Persian: مجلس سنا, romanized: Majles-e SenāTypeTypeUpper house of IranHistoryFounded25 January 1950 (1950-01-25)Disbanded11 February 1979 (1979-02-11)Seats60ElectionsFirst election1949Last election1975Meeting placeTehran, IranConstitutionPersian Constitution of 1906
The Senate (Persian: مجلس سنا, romanized: Majles-e Senā) was the upper house legislative chamber in the Imperial State of Iran from 1949 to 1979. A bicameral legislature had been established in the 1906 Persian Constitutional Revolution but the Senate was not actually formed until after the 1949 Constituent Assembly election, as an expression of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's desire for better distribution of power (similar to many democratic countries). Half of the sixty seats in the senate were directly appointed by the Shah, and the other half were directly elected, fifteen represented Tehran, and the rest were elected from other regions.
The Senate was disbanded after the Iranian Revolution in 1979, when the new constitution established a unicameral legislature. As of 2023, the former Senate building was used by the Assembly of Experts.
History
Constitution
Established as per Chapter 3, Article 45 of the Persian Constitution of 1906, The Members of this Assembly shall be chosen from amongst the well-informed, discerning, pious and respected persons of the Realm. Thirty of them shall be nominated on the part of His Imperial Majesty (fifteen of the people of Tehran, and fifteen of the people of the Provinces), and thirty by the Nation (fifteen elected by the people of Tehran, and fifteen by the people of the Provinces).
Building
The Senate House of Iran was designed by architect Heydar Ghiaï in 1955. The construction was led by Rahmat Safai, the dome being one of the most technically challenging projects in the entire endeavor.
The building is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 100 rials banknote.
Interior Dome of Senate Chamber, Heydar Ghiaï, Architect
Column of main Facade, Heydar Ghiaï, Architect
Members
Jafar Sharif-Emami, as President of the Senate until 1978
Mahmoud Hessaby (1951–1963).
Ali Dashti for 1954-1979.
Jafar Sharif-Emami, Prime Minister of Iran (1960-1961 & 1978), was a member of the Iranian Senate. He was its President for a number of years.
Jamshid Aalam (1973–1979)
List of speakers
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Name
Term of office
Ebrahim Hakimi
19 August 1951
1 March 1957
Hassan Taqizadeh
1 March 1957
1 September 1960
Mohsen Sadr
11 September 1960
11 September 1964
Jafar Sharif-Emami
11 September 1964
24 March 1978
Mohammad Sajadi
24 March 1978
10 February 1979
Dissolution
During its years of activity, the Senate was once dissolved in May 1961.
Following the Iranian revolution in 1979, the government became unicameral, the senate was dissolved and the new Majlis convened in the senate building.
Elections
Votes cast
Provincial Capital
Seats
Votes Cast
1963
1967
1971
Tehran
15
347,358
393,538
542,877
Qazvin
1
63,272
258,616
Mashhad
2
41,179
213,750
314,941
Esfahan
1
48,613
98,117
333,120
Tabriz
2
21,450
23,392
100,299
Ahvaz
1
111,538
142,832
275,907
Sari
1
149,512
173,126
265,106
Shiraz
2
Unknown
235,745
230,507
Rasht
1
Unknown
21,243
168,097
Rezaieh
1
42,712
86,999
101,998
Kerman
1
26,852
68,525
240,384
Kermanshah
1
Unknown
197,214
143,219
Hamedan
1
153,481
155,523
221,754
Total Votes
30
+1,000,000
1,810,004
3,196,825
Source: Ministry of Interior
Seats won
Year
Majority party
Loyal opposition
Ref
Party
Seats
Party
Seats
1963
New Iran Party
Unknown
People's Party
Unknown
1967
26 / 30(87%)
4 / 30(13%)
IPU
1971
28 / 30(93%)
2 / 30(7%)
IPU
1975
Resurgence Party
30 / 30(100%)
—
IPU
Composition
1967
As of 1967, the composition of the Senate included 48 members of the ruling New Iran Party and 11 members of the loyal opposition People's Party, while one senator was unaffiliated.
↓
11
1
48
People's Party
Independent
New Iran Party
1971
As of 1971, neither the New Iran Party nor the People's Party held a majority in the Senate, and had 27 and 9 members respectively. The remaining 24 senators were nonpartisan.
↓
9
24
27
People's Party
Independent
New Iran Party
1975
In 1975, all senator were members of the country's single-party.
↓
60
Resurgence Party
Major events
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Imperial Family at Persian (Iranian) Senate, Tehran, 1975
1950 (February 9), first inaugural session presided over by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
1952, Mohammad Mosaddegh managed to obtain power to rule by decree — first, for a six-month period and then extended — due to his popularity. Later, he organized a plebiscite in 1953, won the votes, and dissolved both the Majlis and Senate. Upon Mossadeq's ouster, the legislative bodies were revived.
1961, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi dissolved both the Majlis and Senate; some time later they were restored.
1979 Senate approves the government of Shapour Bakhtiar.
Bibliography
M. Ghiai, Iran Senate House, Max Gerard Edt.Draeger Paris, 1976 ISBN 2-85119-008-3
References and notes
^ Haddad Adel, Gholamali; Elmi, Mohammad Jafar; Taromi-Rad, Hassan (31 August 2012). "The Reign of Pahlavi II". The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 96. ISBN 9781908433022.
^ Donald Newton Wilber (2014). Iran, Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-1400857470.
^ Max Gérard, Iran Senate House Heydar Ghiaï, Editions Draeger, 1976
^ Central Bank of Iran. Banknotes & Coins: 100 Rials. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.
^ Muslims (Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices), page 213, ISBN 978-0-415-34882-9
^ Iranian.com | Archive Pages
^ [http://ibexpub.com/index.php?main_page=pubs_product_book_info&cPath=5&products_id=89 Memoirs of Sharif-Emami, Prime Minister Persian Language ISBN 0-932885-22-5
^ IRANIAN ORAL HISTORY PROJECT HARVARD UNIVERSITY
^ "Iran", The Middle East 1963, London: Europa Publications Ltd, 1963, p. 116
^ Statistical Yearbook of Iran 1352 (March 1973–March 1974) (PDF), Statistical Center of Iran, June 1976, Chapter IXL: Politics, Table 9: Number of the Elected Senators by Number of Votes Cast and Ostan Centre for 4th, 5th and 6th Senate, p. 509 – via The Iran Social Science Data Portal
^ Bahrampour, Firouz (1970), Iran: Emergence of a Middle Eastern Power, Brooklyn, New York: Theo. Gaus' Sons, pp. 37–38
^ "Iran", Middle East and North Africa 1974–75, London: Europa Publications Ltd, 1974, p. 342, ISBN 978-0900362736
^ Historical Setting: MOSSADEQ AND OIL NATIONALIZATION
^ Confidential, U.S. State Department, Central Files IRAN, 1960-January 1963, Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs
^ "Iranian senate's approval of Shahpour Bakhtiar's government noted" ABC Evening News for Monday, Jan 15, 1979
35°41′16.82″N 51°23′58.72″E / 35.6880056°N 51.3996444°E / 35.6880056; 51.3996444
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|
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Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#Senate"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Council_(Bahrain)"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Belize)"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Cambodia)"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate_(Chad)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Republic_of_the_Congo)"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Equatorial_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(France)"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Gabon"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Grenada)"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Ivory_Coast)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica#Senate"},{"link_name":"Japan (post-1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Jordan)"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Madagascar)"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotha_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(Oman)"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Palau"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_(Slovenia)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Dependent andother territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Non-UN states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)"},{"link_name":"Defunct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Afghanistan)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"British Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(British_Guiana)"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Nationalities"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Costa_Rican_legislature#Senate_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Parliament#Chamber_of_Counties"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landstinget"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Council"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_States"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Senate"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Magnates"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)"},{"link_name":"Japan (pre-1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya#Senate"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#Senate"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia#Senate"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Senegal)"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kammaren"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Weimar Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Bicameralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"Unicameralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism"},{"link_name":"Tricameralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricameralism"},{"link_name":"Multicameralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicameralism"},{"link_name":"List of abolished upper houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses"},{"link_name":"List of legislatures by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country"}],"text":"^ Haddad Adel, Gholamali; Elmi, Mohammad Jafar; Taromi-Rad, Hassan (31 August 2012). \"The Reign of Pahlavi II\". The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 96. ISBN 9781908433022.\n\n^ Donald Newton Wilber (2014). Iran, Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-1400857470.\n\n^ Max Gérard, Iran Senate House Heydar Ghiaï, Editions Draeger, 1976\n\n^ Central Bank of Iran. Banknotes & Coins: 100 Rials. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.\n\n^ Muslims (Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices), page 213, ISBN 978-0-415-34882-9\n\n^ Iranian.com | Archive Pages\n\n^ [http://ibexpub.com/index.php?main_page=pubs_product_book_info&cPath=5&products_id=89 Memoirs of Sharif-Emami, Prime Minister Persian Language ISBN 0-932885-22-5\n\n^ IRANIAN ORAL HISTORY PROJECT HARVARD UNIVERSITY\n\n^ \"Iran\", The Middle East 1963, London: Europa Publications Ltd, 1963, p. 116\n\n^ Statistical Yearbook of Iran 1352 (March 1973–March 1974) (PDF), Statistical Center of Iran, June 1976, Chapter IXL: Politics, Table 9: Number of the Elected Senators by Number of Votes Cast and Ostan Centre for 4th, 5th and 6th Senate, p. 509 – via The Iran Social Science Data Portal\n\n^ Bahrampour, Firouz (1970), Iran: Emergence of a Middle Eastern Power, Brooklyn, New York: Theo. Gaus' Sons, pp. 37–38\n\n^ \"Iran\", Middle East and North Africa 1974–75, London: Europa Publications Ltd, 1974, p. 342, ISBN 978-0900362736\n\n^ Historical Setting: MOSSADEQ AND OIL NATIONALIZATION\n\n^ Confidential, U.S. State Department, Central Files IRAN, 1960-January 1963, Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs\n\n^ \"Iranian senate's approval of Shahpour Bakhtiar's government noted\" ABC Evening News for Monday, Jan 15, 197935°41′16.82″N 51°23′58.72″E / 35.6880056°N 51.3996444°E / 35.6880056; 51.3996444vteLegislature of IranQajar dynasty (1789–1925)Unicameral (1906–1925)\nNational Consultative Assembly\nPahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)Unicameral (1925–1951)\nNational Consultative Assembly\nBicameral (1951–1979)\nNational Consultative Assembly (Lower house)\nSenate (Upper house)\nIslamic Republic (1979–present)Unicameral (since 1980)\nIslamic Consultative Assembly\nGuardian Council (Legislative veto authority)vteUpper houses of national legislaturesFederal\nArgentina\nAustralia\nAustria\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBrazil\nCanada\nEthiopia\nGermany\nIndia\nMalaysia\nMexico\nNepal\nNigeria\nPakistan\nRussia\nSomalia\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nSwitzerland\nUnited States\nUnitary\nAlgeria\nAntigua and Barbuda\nBahamas\nBahrain\nBarbados\nBelarus\nBelize\nBhutan\nBolivia\nBurundi\nCambodia\nCameroon\nChad\nChile\nColombia\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nCzech Republic\nDominican Republic\nEgypt\nEquatorial Guinea\nEswatini\nFrance\nGabon\nGrenada\nHaiti\nIndonesia\nIreland\nItaly\nIvory Coast\nJamaica\nJapan (post-1947)\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nMadagascar\nMorocco\nMyanmar\nNamibia\nNepal\nNetherlands\nOman\nPalau\nParaguay\nPhilippines\nPoland\nRomania\nRwanda\nSaint Lucia\nSlovenia\nSouth Africa\nSpain\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUnited Kingdom\nUruguay\nUzbekistan\nYemen\nZimbabwe\nDependent andother territories\nAmerican Samoa\nBermuda\nIsle of Man\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nNon-UN states\nSomaliland\nDefunct\nAfghanistan\nAustria\nBritish Guiana\nBritish Raj\nBurkina Faso\nBurma\nCeylon\nChina\nCosta Rica\nCroatia\nCuba\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nDominican Republic\nEast Germany\nEcuador\nEgypt\nEl Salvador\nEthiopia\nFiji\nGreece\nHungary\nIran\nIraq\nKingdom of Ireland\nIrish Free State\nJapan (pre-1947)\nLibya\nMalta\nMauritania\nNew Zealand\nNicaragua\nNorthern Ireland\nPeru\nPortugal\nPrussia\nRhodesia\nRussian Empire\nSenegal\nSerbia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Korea\nSoviet Union\nSweden\nTurkey\nVenezuela\nWeimar Germany\nRelated\nBicameralism\nUnicameralism\nTricameralism\nMulticameralism\nList of abolished upper houses\nList of legislatures by country","title":"References and notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Haddad Adel, Gholamali; Elmi, Mohammad Jafar; Taromi-Rad, Hassan (31 August 2012). \"The Reign of Pahlavi II\". The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 96. ISBN 9781908433022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908433022","url_text":"9781908433022"}]},{"reference":"Donald Newton Wilber (2014). Iran, Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-1400857470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400857470","url_text":"978-1400857470"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran\", The Middle East 1963, London: Europa Publications Ltd, 1963, p. 116","urls":[]},{"reference":"Statistical Yearbook of Iran 1352 (March 1973–March 1974) (PDF), Statistical Center of Iran, June 1976, Chapter IXL: Politics, Table 9: Number of the Elected Senators by Number of Votes Cast and Ostan Centre for 4th, 5th and 6th Senate, p. 509 – via The Iran Social Science Data Portal","urls":[{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/1973-1974-Statistical-Yearbook.pdf","url_text":"Statistical Yearbook of Iran 1352 (March 1973–March 1974)"}]},{"reference":"Bahrampour, Firouz (1970), Iran: Emergence of a Middle Eastern Power, Brooklyn, New York: Theo. Gaus' Sons, pp. 37–38","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Iran\", Middle East and North Africa 1974–75, London: Europa Publications Ltd, 1974, p. 342, ISBN 978-0900362736","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900362736","url_text":"978-0900362736"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Sinton
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Leigh Sinton
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°09′19″N 2°19′18″W / 52.1553°N 2.3217°W / 52.1553; -2.3217This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leigh Sinton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Human settlement in EnglandLeigh SintonLeigh Sinton - the Royal Oak pub 2008Leigh SintonLocation within WorcestershireOS grid referenceSO7850Civil parishLeighDistrictMalvern HillsShire countyWorcestershireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMALVERNPostcode districtWR13Dialling code01886PoliceWest MerciaFireHereford and WorcesterAmbulanceWest Midlands
UK ParliamentWest Worcestershire
List of places
UK
England
Worcestershire
52°09′19″N 2°19′18″W / 52.1553°N 2.3217°W / 52.1553; -2.3217
Leigh Sinton is a hamlet in the Malvern Hills district of the county of Worcestershire, England. It is at the south end of the civil parish of Leigh. The village lies on the A4103 Worcester to Hereford road, about 5 miles out of Worcester, whilst Malvern is also about 5 miles away. It has a village pub, a small corner shop and a Chinese takeaway. The local pronunciation of Leigh is rhyming with "lie".
References
^ "Leigh & Bransford". Leigh & Bransford. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ Barnett, Christian (29 May 2023). "Ruling on Leigh Sinton homes plan that would 'ruin' beauty of village". Malvern Gazette. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^ "Leigh Sinton, Sinton End". Survey of English Place-Names. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leigh Sinton.
Parish Council web site
vteSettlements in Malvern Hills DistrictTowns
Malvern
Tenbury Wells
Upton-upon-Severn
Villages
Abberley
Alfrick Pound
Alfrick
Astley
Bank Street
Barnards Green
Baughton
Bayton
Berrow Green
Berrow
Birts Street
Birtsmorton
Bockleton
Bowling Green
Bransford
Broadwas
Bushley
Callow End
Castlemorton
Clevelode
Clifton upon Teme
Clifton
Cotheridge
Croome D'Abitot
Crowcroft
Doddenham
Draycott
Dunley
Dunstall Common
Eardiston
Earls Croome
Eastham
Eldersfield
Frith Common
Frog Pool
Great Witley
Grimley
Guarlford
Hallow
Hanley Castle
Hanley Child
Hanley Swan
Hanley William
Harpley
High Green
Hill Croome
Hillhampton
Holdfast
Hollybush
Holt Heath
Horsham
Kempsey
Kenswick
Kerswell Green
Knighton on Teme
Knightwick
Kyre
Leigh Sinton
Leigh
Lindridge
Little Malvern
Little Witley
Longdon
Lower Broadheath
Lower Sapey
Lulsley
Madresfield
Malvern Wells
Mamble
Martley
Newland
Newnham Bridge
Noutard's Green
Oldwood
Orleton
Pendock
Pensax
Poolbrook
Powick
Queenhill
Ripple
Rochford
Rushwick
Ryall
Rye Cross
Sankyns Green
Severn Stoke
Shelsley Walsh
Shelsleys
Shrawley
Stanford on Teme
Stockton on Teme
Stoke Bliss
Suckley
Upper Broadheath
Upper Welland
Welland
West Malvern
Wichenford
Wyche
Civil parishes
Civil parishes in the Malvern Hills district
This Worcestershire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilicho%27s_Pictish_War
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Stilicho's Pictish War
|
["1 References"]
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Possible war between Roman forces led by Stilicho and the Picts in Britain (c.398)
Stilicho's Pictish WarDate398 (disputed)LocationBritainResult
Imperial victoryBelligerents
Western Roman Empire
PictsSaxonsGaelsCommanders and leaders
Stilicho
UnknownvteRoman invasion andoccupation of Britain
Caesar's invasions (55–54 BC)
Conquest of Britain (43–76 AD)
Medway
Capture of Camulodunon
Caratacus' last battle
Anglesey
Boudican revolt (60–61 AD)
Defeat of Petilius Cerealis
Londinium
Defeat of Boudica
Mons Graupius (AD 83)
Siege of Burnswark (AD 140)
Caledonia (AD 208–210)
Carausian Revolt (AD 286–296)
Usurpation of Magnentius (AD 350–353)
Carausius II (AD 354–358)
Great Conspiracy (AD 367–368)
Usurpation of Magnus Maximus (AD 383–388)
Stilicho's Pictish War (AD 398)
Usurpation of Marcus (AD 406–407)
Usurpation of Gratian (AD 407)
Usurpation of Constantine III (AD 407–411)
Stilicho's Pictish War is a name given to a war between the forces of the Western Roman Empire led by Stilicho and the Picts in Britain around 398 AD. Little is known about the conflict. The only real source is the panegyric In Eutropium by Claudian which indicates that while Stilicho was dealing with the Gildonic revolt in Africa, Britain suffered from attacks by the Saxons, Picts and Scots, and ended with "the Saxon conquered, the Ocean calmed, the Pict broken, and Britain secure." Another poem by Claudian refers to a possible expedition to Britain by Stilicho in 396-398.
It has been surmised that the Picts attacked the northern frontier of Britain but were defeated. In 400 Stilicho seems to have ordered repairs to Hadrian's Wall.
References
^ Vermaat, Robert. "Claudian". www.vortigernstudies.org.uk. Vortigern Studies. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
^ M. Miller "Stilicho’s Pictish War.” Britannia, Vol. 6, (1975), 141–144
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Little is known about the conflict. The only real source is the panegyric In Eutropium by Claudian which indicates that while Stilicho was dealing with the Gildonic revolt in Africa, Britain suffered from attacks by the Saxons, Picts and Scots, and ended with \"the Saxon conquered, the Ocean calmed, the Pict broken, and Britain secure.\" Another poem by Claudian refers to a possible expedition to Britain by Stilicho in 396-398.[1]It has been surmised that the Picts attacked the northern frontier of Britain but were defeated. In 400 Stilicho seems to have ordered repairs to Hadrian's Wall.[2]","title":"Stilicho's Pictish War"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Vermaat, Robert. \"Claudian\". www.vortigernstudies.org.uk. Vortigern Studies. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/artsou/claudian.htm","url_text":"\"Claudian\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230220103928/http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/artsou/claudian.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/artsou/claudian.htm","external_links_name":"\"Claudian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230220103928/http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/artsou/claudian.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Lahouaiej-Bouhlel
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Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel
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["1 Life","1.1 Money transfer","2 Suspected affiliations","3 2016 attack in Nice and death","4 See also","5 References"]
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Tunisian terrorist
Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlelمحمد لحويج بوهلالBorn(1985-01-03)3 January 1985M'saken, Sousse Governorate, TunisiaDied14 July 2016(2016-07-14) (aged 31)Nice, FranceCause of deathGunshot woundNationalityFrench-TunisianKnown forPerpetrator of 2016 Nice truck attackDetailsCountryFranceLocation(s)Promenade des Anglais, NiceTarget(s)Bastille Day crowdsKilled86Injured434Weapons
Renault Midlum cargo truck
.32-caliber semi-automatic handgun
Mohamed Salmene Lahouaiej-Bouhlel (French pronunciation: ; Arabic: محمد لحويج بوهلال Muḥammad Laḥwiyyij-Būhlāl; 3 January 1985 – 14 July 2016) was a Tunisian terrorist living in France who carried out the 2016 Nice truck attack, in which he drove a truck into a crowd celebrating Bastille Day on the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France, hitting 520 people, killing 86 and injuring another 434. Immediately after the attack, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was shot dead by responding French police officers.
Life
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was born in M'saken, Tunisia, a small town about 10 kilometres (6 mi) outside the coastal city of Sousse. According to police reports, he had a French residency permit and moved to Nice in 2005, where he worked as a delivery-truck driver. He trained in martial arts, frequented salsa night clubs, and had an "unbridled sex life". Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was married, and had three children, but was in the process of divorcing. He was reported to have had financial difficulties and to have worked as a driver, acquiring a truck permit less than a year before the attack. In January 2016, he fell asleep at the wheel of a van, and was subsequently fired.
His parents are divorced. His father, who lives in the family's native town, told an international news agency that his son suffered from depression, drank alcohol and was a drug user: "From 2002 to 2004, he had problems that caused a nervous breakdown. He would become angry and he shouted ... he would break anything he saw in front of him." Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's sister Rabeb said that his family handed over documents to the police showing that he had been seeing psychologists for several years. His father and his younger brother insisted that the attack "had nothing to do with religion", stating that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel did not pray and never observed the holy month of Ramadan. His brother claimed that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel did not know people, never sent his family presents, and never said hello. He married a French-Tunisian cousin, living in Nice, with whom he had three children. According to his wife's lawyer, he was repeatedly reported for domestic violence and the couple separated.
The Times of India described Lahouaiej-Bouhlel as "mentally unstable", with a tumultuous personal life, which included drug use and consumption of violent online content. Police examination of his phone revealed what Sky News described as a "string" of relationships with both men and women, including an affair with a 73-year-old man.
In the days before the attack, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel let his beard grow and told people "the meaning of this beard is religious." French authorities stated that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel showed a passion for religion only recently; "Mohamed only started visiting a mosque in April," a witness stated. French investigator François Molins stated "Bouhlel had expressed support for the Islamic State."
Molins also found that from 1 July, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel made more or less daily Internet searches for verses of the Quran and "nasheeds". He also researched the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Fitr. Investigators found photos of dead bodies and images linked to radical Islamism on his computer, including the flag of the Islamic State; the cover of an issue of the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, which had been attacked by gunmen in January 2015; and photos of Osama bin Laden and Algerian jihadist Mokhtar Belmokhtar. He also told friends he did not understand why IS could not hold territory and showed them a video of a beheading on his mobile phone. In response to their shock, he said he was "used to it". In addition, he had searched the Internet for the terms "terrible mortal accidents", "horrible mortal accidents" and "shocking video, not for sensitive souls" and consulted news articles on fatal accidents, including on 1 January 2016 an article or a photo from a local newspaper about a car incident with the caption: "He deliberately crashes onto the terrace of a restaurant".
According to media reports, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was known to police for five prior criminal offenses, notably regarding armed violence. On 27 January 2016 he was put on probation for attacking a motorist with a wooden pallet after a traffic accident. He was convicted on 24 March 2016 and given a six-month suspended sentence on charges of violence with a weapon. Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was last arrested less than a month before the attack after a traffic accident in which he had been asleep at the wheel, and he remained subject to judicial supervision. He was, however, not registered as a national security risk (fiche "S") by French authorities.
Reports indicate Lahouaiej-Bouhlel often visited Tunisia, the last time being, as far as is known, some eight months prior to the attack.
Money transfer
Just days before the attack, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel sent €97,000 – €100,000 to relatives in Tunisia.
Suspected affiliations
The newspaper Nice-Matin published an interview with an eyewitness who recounted hearing "Allahu Akbar" ("God is greatest") during the attack from his balcony, with similar reports being circulated by other news organizations and on social media. Officials have not confirmed these reports, while the BBC has characterised the claim that this can be heard on a video as a false social media rumour.
A French prosecutor claimed that the attack "bore the hallmarks of jihadist terrorism." However, a preliminary investigation by French officials has not connected Lahouaiej-Bouhlel to any international terror groups. Amaq News Agency, an online presence said to be affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), called Lahouaiej-Bouhlel "one of the soldiers of Islamic State." It cited a "security source" which said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel "carried out the operation in response to calls to target nationals of states that are part of the coalition fighting Islamic State".
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was not known by Tunisian authorities to have been involved in any terrorism activities on Tunisian soil. His name was not in the French database of suspected Islamic militants. According to a cousin of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's wife, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was not a religious person and did not attend a mosque. The Guardian noted that his lack of religious piety is typical for the French and Belgian subjects involved in terrorist rampages earlier in 2016.
French Prime Minister Manuel Valls proclaimed that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was "probably linked to radical Islam in one way or another", and put the attack in the context of a "war" against terrorism and "extremist" Islam both outside and within France. This allegation was initially cautioned by the French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, who said "We have an individual who was not known to intelligence services for activities linked to radical Islam" and who could not confirm Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's motives were linked to radical jihadism. The next day, Cazeneuve said "It seems that he radicalized himself very quickly," early investigations had found.
Bouhlel's uncle, Sadok Bouhlel, stated his nephew was indoctrinated about two weeks prior to the attack by an Algerian member of the Islamic State group in Nice. According to authorities, Bouhlel watched many ISIS beheading videos and researched in depth Omar Mateen, perpetrator of the Orlando nightclub shooting.
After the attack, newspapers reported, on the authority of unspecified investigators, that evidence found on Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's cellphone showed he may have been in contact with individuals in his neighborhood, who were known to the French intelligence agencies as Islamic radicals. However, an intelligence source cautioned this "could just be a coincidence, given the neighbourhood where he lived. Everyone knows everyone there. He seems to have known people who knew Omar Diaby", a known local Islamist believed to be linked with Al-Nusra Front.
2016 attack in Nice and death
Main article: 2016 Nice truck attack
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's mobile phone, discovered in the truck after he was shot by police, provided information to the police about his preparations. On 12 and 13 July 2016, he returned several times to the Promenade des Anglais, the site of the attack, surveying the area in the rented truck. On 12 July, he took some selfies on the Promenade, as Molins confirmed on 18 July. Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's brother said he received images of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel laughing among the holiday crowds in Nice hours before the attack.
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was shot dead by French police officers who were attempting to force him to stop the truck. The French prosecutor said the attack "bore the hallmarks of jihadist terrorism" but that no group had claimed responsibility for the attack, and a preliminary investigation by French officials has not connected Lahouaiej-Bouhlel to any international terror groups.
However, on 16 July 2016, the Amaq News Agency, called Lahouaiej-Bouhlel "a soldier of the Islamic State." It cited an "insider source", which said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel "executed the operation in response to calls to target citizens of coalition nations, which fight the Islamic State". Later that same day, ISIL's official al-Bayan radio station said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel had executed a "new, special operation using a truck" and "the crusader countries know that no matter how much they enforce their security measures and procedures, it will not stop the mujahideen from striking."
See also
Biography portal
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes)
References
^ "France Blames ISIS for Inspiring Terrorist Attack in Nice". The New York Times. 16 July 2016.
^ "Attentat à Nice : le suspect a été formellement identifié" (in French). Europe1. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Breeden, Aurelien (15 July 2016). "Live: News on the Attack in Nice, France". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Charlton, Angela (24 July 2016). "Dancing, drugs, extremism _ multiple lives of Nice". The Big Story. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ a b "Attentat de Nice : ce que l'on sait du tueur du 14 juillet". Atlantico (in French). 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Stephen, Chris (16 July 2016). "Nice attack bewilders Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's relatives". The Guardian. Bastille Day truck attack. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ a b c "Nice attack: Dozens killed during Bastille Day celebrations". BBC. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Beaumont, Peter; Fischer, Sofia (15 July 2016). "Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel: who was the Bastille Day truck attacker?". The Guardian. Bastille Day truck attack. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ "Nice attacker treated for psychological issues before leaving Tunisia: sister". Reuters. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ Chazan, David; Willgress, Lydia; Jalil, Jannat; Morgan, Tom; Turner, Camilla; Allen, Peter; Rothwell, James; Evans, Martin; Smith, Saphora (17 July 2016). "Live Nice terror attack: Police vans blocking promenade withdrawn hours before as Isil claims responsibility for Bastille Day carnage which killed 84 people". Telegraph. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ "Nice: les auditions des amants et maîtresses de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel émergent". Huffington Post-Le Monde. AFP. 2 July 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
^ "How Nice attack butcher Bouhlel 'took drugs and used dating sites to pick up men and women' : FYI, News - India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
^ "Lorry Killer's String Of Lovers In Spotlight". Sky News. 5 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Breeden, Aurelien (18 July 2016). "Moment of Silence Turns Into Outcry Against Government After Nice Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Mr. Lahouaiej Bouhlel had recently begun to grow a beard, evidently for religious reasons
^ "Prosecutor: Truck attack on Nice was 'premeditated'". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Investigations also showed Bouhlel had grown a beard eight days before the atrocity, telling people "the meaning of this beard is religious". But authorities believe he must have been radicalized very quickly, as he had not shown a passion for religion until recently.
^ Erik Kirschbaum; Sarah Harvey. "In France, a moment of silence for Nice victims and outbursts of anger at officials". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Bouhlel had told people recently that he started growing his beard for religious reasons
^ Tom Morgan; David Chazan; Camilla Turner (17 July 2016). "Nice killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel 'only started going to mosque this April'". The Sidney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Bernard Cazeneuve, the French interior minister, said the attacker "appears to have become radicalised very quickly", as one neighbour of his estranged wife added: "Mohamed only started visiting a mosque in April."
^ "Nice, France attacker reportedly recruited by Algerian ISIS fighter, researched Orlando massacre". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Paris prosecutor Francois Molins, who oversees terrorism investigations, said Bouhlel had expressed support for the Islamic State
^ Elena Berton; Kim Hjelmgaard. "Paris prosecutor: Nice attacker searched online for Islamic State". USA Today. Paris prosecutor François Molins said Monday that the truck driver who killed 84 people here last week had expressed support for the Islamic State
^ "Attack on Nice: Who was Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel?". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
^ a b c d (in French) ""Un attentat prémédité influencé par l'islamisme radical" Attentat du 14-Juillet à Nice". La Depeche. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
^ a b c d "Nice attacker grew beard in week before truck rampage – prosecutor". The Guardian. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ a b c 'Strategisch, nicht spontan'. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 22 July 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016
^ "Attaque de Nice: un projet "mûri depuis plusieurs mois" avec des complices". Le Monde. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Payton, Matt (15 July 2016). "Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife". The Independent. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ La Rédaction (15 July 2016). "Attentat de Nice: le terroriste présumé, Mohamed Lahouaiej, était connu de la police". Loractu.fr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ a b Payton, Matt (15 July 2016). "Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife". The Independent. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ "Nice terrorist had low paid job but sent '£84,000 to family days before lorry massacre'". Independent.co.uk. 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15.
^ "'On a entendu plusieurs fois Allah akbar', les témoins racontent après l'attentat de Nice". Nice-Matin (in French). Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ Henderson, Barney; Graham, Chris; Gurney-Read, Josie (14 July 2016). "84 killed in Nice by lorry during Bastille Day celebrations – how the attack unfolded". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 July 2016. 2:19 am 'Driver was 31-year-old from Nice' The local newspaper, Nice-Matin, said the man driving the truck was a 31-year-old Nice resident of Tunisian origin. The truck driver was said to have shouted 'Allahu Akbar' – God is greatest – before being shot dead by police.
^ a b Sini, Rozina (15 July 2016). "Nice lorry attack sparks false rumours on social media". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ "#Nice06 On entend clairement le terroriste qui conduit le camion crier "#Allah Akbar" à la 7ème seconde de la vidéo.pic.twitter.com/7H6XbPATD8". Twitter. 14 July 2016.
^ a b c "Bastille Day attack in Nice". BBC. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ "Here's What We Know About The Suspect In The Nice Attack". BuzzFeed. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Williams, Richard A. L. (16 July 2016). "Nice terror attack: Isis claims responsibility for lorry massacre in French coastal city". The Independent. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ J. Rubin, Alissa; Nossiter, Adam; Breeden, Aurelien; Blaise, Lilia (15 July 2016). "Death Toll From Terrorist Attack in Nice, France, Rises to 84". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Burke, Jason (17 July 2016). "Police and academics search Nice attacker's history for a motive". The Guardian. Bastille Day truck attack. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ "France's Valls says Nice attacker linked 'one way or another' to radical Islam". Reuters. 15 July 2016.
^ "ISIS Claims Responsibility for Attack in Nice, France". The New York Times. 16 July 2016.
^ "Nice attacker recruited by Algerian IS member, uncle says". News-Gazette.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
^ Matt Payton. "Nice attacker Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel watched Isis beheading videos and dated 73-year-old man | Europe | News". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
^ a b Chazan, David; Morgan, Tom; Turner, Camilla (17 July 2016). "Bastille Day terrorist was radicalised within months and sent £84,000 to his Tunisian family days before attack". The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ "Perpetrator of Nice terror attack asked for 'more weapons' before rampage began, authorities say". Los Angeles Times. 17 July 2016.
^ (in French) "Ce que les enquêteurs ont trouvé dans le portable de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel". BFMTV. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
^ "L'auteur de l'attentat de Nice avait effectué des repérages sur la Promenade des Anglais quelques jours avant l'attentat" (in French). Europe1. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ "Nice attack: Driver 'researched route' earlier in week". BBC News. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ "Exclusive: Brother of Nice attacker says he sent 'laughing' photo amid crowds". Reuters. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ "Latest updates on France lorry attack". BBC News. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ "Here's What We Know About The Suspect In The Nice Attack". BuzzFeed. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Williams, Richard A. L. (16 July 2016). "Nice terror attack: Isis claims responsibility for lorry massacre in French coastal city". The Independent. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ "En direct: l'EI revendique l'attentat de Nice via son agence Amaq" (in French). France 24. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ "Attacker in Nice is said to have radicalized 'very rapidly'". The Washington Post. 16 July 2016.
^ "Isis claims responsibility for Nice attack". The Local/AFP. 16 July 2016.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mɔamɛd lauɛʒ bulɛl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"living in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisians_in_France"},{"link_name":"2016 Nice truck attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack"},{"link_name":"drove a truck into a crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack"},{"link_name":"Bastille Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day"},{"link_name":"Promenade des Anglais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade_des_Anglais"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1607-1"}],"text":"Mohamed Salmene Lahouaiej-Bouhlel (French pronunciation: [mɔamɛd lauɛʒ bulɛl]; Arabic: محمد لحويج بوهلال Muḥammad Laḥwiyyij-Būhlāl; 3 January 1985 – 14 July 2016) was a Tunisian terrorist living in France who carried out the 2016 Nice truck attack, in which he drove a truck into a crowd celebrating Bastille Day on the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France, hitting 520 people, killing 86 and injuring another 434.[1] Immediately after the attack, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was shot dead by responding French police officers.","title":"Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M'saken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27saken"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"residency permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_permit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(music)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantico_15_July_2016-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"},{"link_name":"nervous breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_breakdown"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"psychologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegraphSuicide-10"},{"link_name":"married a French-Tunisian cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_marriage"},{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"nasheeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasheed"},{"link_name":"Eid al-Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hebdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo"},{"link_name":"attacked by gunmen in January 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Mokhtar Belmokhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peche19Jul-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian18jul-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian18jul-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ22jul-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian18jul-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeMonde210716-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peche19Jul-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ22jul-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ22jul-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peche19Jul-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian18jul-22"},{"link_name":"pallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Payton_2016-27"},{"link_name":"fiche \"S\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiche_%22S%22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantico_15_July_2016-5"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"}],"text":"Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was born in M'saken, Tunisia, a small town about 10 kilometres (6 mi) outside the coastal city of Sousse. According to police reports, he had a French residency permit and moved to Nice in 2005, where he worked as a delivery-truck driver.[2][3] He trained in martial arts, frequented salsa night clubs, and had an \"unbridled sex life\".[4] Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was married, and had three children, but was in the process of divorcing. He was reported to have had financial difficulties and to have worked as a driver, acquiring a truck permit less than a year before the attack.[5] In January 2016, he fell asleep at the wheel of a van, and was subsequently fired.[6]His parents are divorced.[7] His father, who lives in the family's native town, told an international news agency that his son suffered from depression, drank alcohol and was a drug user: \"From 2002 to 2004, he had problems that caused a nervous breakdown. He would become angry and he shouted ... he would break anything he saw in front of him.\"[8] Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's sister Rabeb said that his family handed over documents to the police showing that he had been seeing psychologists for several years.[9] His father and his younger brother insisted that the attack \"had nothing to do with religion\", stating that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel did not pray and never observed the holy month of Ramadan. His brother claimed that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel did not know people, never sent his family presents, and never said hello.[10] He married a French-Tunisian cousin, living in Nice, with whom he had three children. According to his wife's lawyer, he was repeatedly reported for domestic violence and the couple separated.[11]The Times of India described Lahouaiej-Bouhlel as \"mentally unstable\", with a tumultuous personal life, which included drug use and consumption of violent online content.[12] Police examination of his phone revealed what Sky News described as a \"string\" of relationships with both men and women, including an affair with a 73-year-old man.[13]In the days before the attack, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel let his beard grow[14] and told people \"the meaning of this beard is religious.\" French authorities stated that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel showed a passion for religion only recently;[15][16] \"Mohamed only started visiting a mosque in April,\" a witness stated.[17] French investigator François Molins stated \"Bouhlel had expressed support for the Islamic State.\"[18][19]Molins also found that from 1 July, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel made more or less daily Internet searches for verses of the Quran and \"nasheeds\". He also researched the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Fitr. Investigators found photos of dead bodies and images linked to radical Islamism on his computer, including the flag of the Islamic State; the cover of an issue of the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, which had been attacked by gunmen in January 2015; and photos of Osama bin Laden and Algerian jihadist Mokhtar Belmokhtar. He also told friends he did not understand why IS could not hold territory and showed them a video of a beheading on his mobile phone. In response to their shock, he said he was \"used to it\".[20] In addition, he had searched the Internet for the terms \"terrible mortal accidents\", \"horrible mortal accidents\" and \"shocking video, not for sensitive souls\"[21][22] and consulted news articles on fatal accidents,[22] including on 1 January 2016 an article[23][22] or a photo[24][21] from a local newspaper about a car incident[23] with the caption: \"He deliberately crashes onto the terrace of a restaurant\".[23][21][22]According to media reports, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was known to police for five prior criminal offenses, notably regarding armed violence. On 27 January 2016 he was put on probation for attacking a motorist with a wooden pallet after a traffic accident. He was convicted on 24 March 2016 and given a six-month suspended sentence on charges of violence with a weapon.[25][26][27] Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was last arrested less than a month before the attack after a traffic accident in which he had been asleep at the wheel, and he remained subject to judicial supervision. He was, however, not registered as a national security risk (fiche \"S\") by French authorities.[5]Reports [clarification needed] indicate Lahouaiej-Bouhlel often visited Tunisia, the last time being, as far as is known, some eight months prior to the attack.[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Money transfer","text":"Just days before the attack, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel sent €97,000 – €100,000 to relatives in Tunisia.[28]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nice-Matin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice-Matin"},{"link_name":"Allahu Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbir"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henderson_2016-07-14_TheTelegraph-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rumors-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rumors-31"},{"link_name":"jihadist terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist_terrorism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Amaq News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1507-36"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Payton_2016-27"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Manuel Valls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls"},{"link_name":"\"war\" against terrorism and \"extremist\" Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cazeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-33"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Omar Mateen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Mateen"},{"link_name":"Orlando nightclub shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph17jul-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-43"},{"link_name":"French intelligence agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security"},{"link_name":"Islamic radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"Al-Nusra Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph17jul-42"}],"text":"The newspaper Nice-Matin published an interview with an eyewitness who recounted hearing \"Allahu Akbar\" (\"God is greatest\") during the attack from his balcony,[29] with similar reports being circulated by other news organizations[30] and on social media.[31][32] Officials have not confirmed these reports, while the BBC has characterised the claim that this can be heard on a video as a false social media rumour.[31]A French prosecutor claimed that the attack \"bore the hallmarks of jihadist terrorism.\"[33] However, a preliminary investigation by French officials has not connected Lahouaiej-Bouhlel to any international terror groups.[34] Amaq News Agency, an online presence said to be affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), called Lahouaiej-Bouhlel \"one of the soldiers of Islamic State.\" It cited a \"security source\" which said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel \"carried out the operation in response to calls to target nationals of states that are part of the coalition fighting Islamic State\".[35]Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was not known by Tunisian authorities to have been involved in any terrorism activities on Tunisian soil.[7] His name was not in the French database of suspected Islamic militants.[36] According to a cousin of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's wife, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was not a religious person and did not attend a mosque.[27] The Guardian noted that his lack of religious piety is typical for the French and Belgian subjects involved in terrorist rampages earlier in 2016.[37]French Prime Minister Manuel Valls proclaimed that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was \"probably linked to radical Islam in one way or another\", and put the attack in the context of a \"war\" against terrorism and \"extremist\" Islam both outside and within France.[38] This allegation was initially cautioned by the French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, who said \"We have an individual who was not known to intelligence services for activities linked to radical Islam\" and who could not confirm Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's motives were linked to radical jihadism.[33] The next day, Cazeneuve said \"It seems that he [Lahouaiej-Bouhlel] radicalized himself very quickly,\" early investigations had found.[39]Bouhlel's uncle, Sadok Bouhlel, stated his nephew was indoctrinated about two weeks prior to the attack by an Algerian member of the Islamic State group in Nice.[40] According to authorities, Bouhlel watched many ISIS beheading videos and researched in depth Omar Mateen, perpetrator of the Orlando nightclub shooting.[41]After the attack, newspapers reported, on the authority of unspecified investigators, that evidence found on Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's cellphone showed he may have been in contact[42][43] with individuals in his neighborhood, who were known to the French intelligence agencies as Islamic radicals. However, an intelligence source cautioned this \"could just be a coincidence, given the neighbourhood where he lived. Everyone knows everyone there. He seems to have known people who knew Omar Diaby\", a known local Islamist believed to be linked with Al-Nusra Front.[42]","title":"Suspected affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peche19Jul-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"jihadist terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist_terrorism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-33"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Amaq News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"al-Bayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayan_(radio_station)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPost-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LocalAFP-53"}],"text":"Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's mobile phone, discovered in the truck after he was shot by police, provided information to the police about his preparations.[44] On 12 and 13 July 2016, he returned several times to the Promenade des Anglais, the site of the attack, surveying the area in the rented truck. On 12 July, he took some selfies on the Promenade, as Molins confirmed on 18 July.[21][45][46] Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's brother said he received images of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel laughing among the holiday crowds in Nice hours before the attack.[47]Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was shot dead by French police officers who were attempting to force him to stop the truck.[48] The French prosecutor said the attack \"bore the hallmarks of jihadist terrorism\" but that no group had claimed responsibility for the attack,[33] and a preliminary investigation by French officials has not connected Lahouaiej-Bouhlel to any international terror groups.[49]However, on 16 July 2016, the Amaq News Agency, called Lahouaiej-Bouhlel \"a soldier of the Islamic State.\" It cited an \"insider source\", which said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel \"executed the operation in response to calls to target citizens of coalition nations, which fight the Islamic State\".[50][51] Later that same day, ISIL's official al-Bayan radio station said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel had executed a \"new, special operation using a truck\" and \"the crusader countries know that no matter how much they enforce their security measures and procedures, it will not stop the mujahideen from striking.\"[52][53]","title":"2016 attack in Nice and death"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of Islamist terrorist attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks"},{"title":"List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rampage_killers_(religious,_political,_or_ethnic_crimes)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"France Blames ISIS for Inspiring Terrorist Attack in Nice\". The New York Times. 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/europe/isis-nice-france-attack.html","url_text":"\"France Blames ISIS for Inspiring Terrorist Attack in Nice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Attentat à Nice : le suspect a été formellement identifié\" (in French). Europe1. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europe1.fr/faits-divers/attentat-a-nice-ce-que-lon-sait-du-supect-2800117","url_text":"\"Attentat à Nice : le suspect a été formellement identifié\""}]},{"reference":"Breeden, Aurelien (15 July 2016). \"Live: News on the Attack in Nice, France\". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/live/truck-plows-into-crowd-in-nice-france/driver-identified-as-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel/","url_text":"\"Live: News on the Attack in Nice, France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Charlton, Angela (24 July 2016). \"Dancing, drugs, extremism _ multiple lives of Nice\". The Big Story. Retrieved 25 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/25552af09e394ed0a54b1996eda44228/dancing-drugs-extremism-multiple-lives-nice-attacker","url_text":"\"Dancing, drugs, extremism _ multiple lives of Nice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Attentat de Nice : ce que l'on sait du tueur du 14 juillet\". Atlantico (in French). 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlantico.fr/pepites/attentat-nice-que-on-sait-tueur-14-juillet-2765127.html","url_text":"\"Attentat de Nice : ce que l'on sait du tueur du 14 juillet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantico","url_text":"Atlantico"}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Chris (16 July 2016). \"Nice attack bewilders Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's relatives\". The Guardian. Bastille Day truck attack. Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/nice-attack-bewilders-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-relatives","url_text":"\"Nice attack bewilders Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's relatives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nice attack: Dozens killed during Bastille Day celebrations\". BBC. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-36799172","url_text":"\"Nice attack: Dozens killed during Bastille Day celebrations\""}]},{"reference":"Beaumont, Peter; Fischer, Sofia (15 July 2016). \"Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel: who was the Bastille Day truck attacker?\". The Guardian. Bastille Day truck attack. Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/15/bastille-day-truck-driver-was-known-to-police-reports-say","url_text":"\"Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel: who was the Bastille Day truck attacker?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nice attacker treated for psychological issues before leaving Tunisia: sister\". Reuters. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-attacks-nice-attacker-idUSKCN0ZW0PV?il=0","url_text":"\"Nice attacker treated for psychological issues before leaving Tunisia: sister\""}]},{"reference":"Chazan, David; Willgress, Lydia; Jalil, Jannat; Morgan, Tom; Turner, Camilla; Allen, Peter; Rothwell, James; Evans, Martin; Smith, Saphora (17 July 2016). \"Live Nice terror attack: Police vans blocking promenade withdrawn hours before as Isil claims responsibility for Bastille Day carnage which killed 84 people\". Telegraph. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/16/nice-terror-attack-truck-driver-who-killed-84-named-as-loner-fre/","url_text":"\"Live Nice terror attack: Police vans blocking promenade withdrawn hours before as Isil claims responsibility for Bastille Day carnage which killed 84 people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nice: les auditions des amants et maîtresses de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel émergent\". Huffington Post-Le Monde. AFP. 2 July 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/07/18/mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-terroriste-nice-attaque-terrorisme_n_110522","url_text":"\"Nice: les auditions des amants et maîtresses de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel émergent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"AFP"}]},{"reference":"\"How Nice attack butcher Bouhlel 'took drugs and used dating sites to pick up men and women' : FYI, News - India Today\". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2016-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nice-terror-attack-bouhlel-took-drugs-used-dating-apps/1/717417.html","url_text":"\"How Nice attack butcher Bouhlel 'took drugs and used dating sites to pick up men and women' : FYI, News - India Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lorry Killer's String Of Lovers In Spotlight\". Sky News. 5 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/story/lorry-killers-string-of-lovers-in-spotlight-10504967","url_text":"\"Lorry Killer's String Of Lovers In Spotlight\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Alissa J.; Breeden, Aurelien (18 July 2016). \"Moment of Silence Turns Into Outcry Against Government After Nice Attack\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Mr. Lahouaiej Bouhlel had recently begun to grow a beard, evidently for religious reasons","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/world/europe/nice-france-attacker.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Moment of Silence Turns Into Outcry Against Government After Nice Attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prosecutor: Truck attack on Nice was 'premeditated'\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Investigations also showed Bouhlel had grown a beard eight days before the atrocity, telling people \"the meaning of this beard is religious\". But authorities believe he must have been radicalized very quickly, as he had not shown a passion for religion until recently.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/prosecutor-truck-attack-on-nice-was-premeditated/a-19408446","url_text":"\"Prosecutor: Truck attack on Nice was 'premeditated'\""}]},{"reference":"Erik Kirschbaum; Sarah Harvey. \"In France, a moment of silence for Nice victims and outbursts of anger at officials\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Bouhlel had told people recently that he started growing his beard for religious reasons","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-france-nice-aftermath-20160718-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"In France, a moment of silence for Nice victims and outbursts of anger at officials\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Morgan; David Chazan; Camilla Turner (17 July 2016). \"Nice killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel 'only started going to mosque this April'\". The Sidney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Bernard Cazeneuve, the French interior minister, said the attacker \"appears to have become radicalised very quickly\", as one neighbour of his estranged wife added: \"Mohamed only started visiting a mosque in April.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/world/nice-killer-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-only-started-going-to-mosque-this-april-20160717-gq7esi.html","url_text":"\"Nice killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel 'only started going to mosque this April'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nice, France attacker reportedly recruited by Algerian ISIS fighter, researched Orlando massacre\". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Paris prosecutor Francois Molins, who oversees terrorism investigations, said Bouhlel had expressed support for the Islamic State","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/07/18/nice-france-attacker-reportedly-recruited-by-algerian-isis-fighter-researched-orlando-massacre.html","url_text":"\"Nice, France attacker reportedly recruited by Algerian ISIS fighter, researched Orlando massacre\""}]},{"reference":"Elena Berton; Kim Hjelmgaard. \"Paris prosecutor: Nice attacker searched online for Islamic State\". USA Today. Paris prosecutor François Molins said Monday that the truck driver who killed 84 people here last week had expressed support for the Islamic State","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/07/18/nice-attackers-link-islamic-state-puzzles-investigators/87239960/","url_text":"\"Paris prosecutor: Nice attacker searched online for Islamic State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Attack on Nice: Who was Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel?\". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36801763","url_text":"\"Attack on Nice: Who was Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel?\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Un attentat prémédité influencé par l'islamisme radical\" Attentat du 14-Juillet à Nice\". La Depeche. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2016/07/19/2387143-un-attentat-premedite-influence-par-l-islamisme-radical.html","url_text":"\"\"Un attentat prémédité influencé par l'islamisme radical\" Attentat du 14-Juillet à Nice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi","url_text":"La Depeche"}]},{"reference":"\"Nice attacker grew beard in week before truck rampage – prosecutor\". The Guardian. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/18/nice-attack-premeditated-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-beard-prosecutor","url_text":"\"Nice attacker grew beard in week before truck rampage – prosecutor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Attaque de Nice: un projet \"mûri depuis plusieurs mois\" avec des complices\". Le Monde. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2016/07/22/nice-cinq-suspects-mis-en-examen-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroriste-criminelle_4972976_3224.html","url_text":"\"Attaque de Nice: un projet \"mûri depuis plusieurs mois\" avec des complices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"Payton, Matt (15 July 2016). \"Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife\". The Independent. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-police-arrest-killer-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlels-wife-a7139201.html","url_text":"\"Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife\""}]},{"reference":"La Rédaction (15 July 2016). \"Attentat de Nice: le terroriste présumé, Mohamed Lahouaiej, était connu de la police\". Loractu.fr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160812123852/http://loractu.fr/france/13704-attentat-de-nice-le-terroriste-presume-mohamed-lahouaiej-etait-connu-de-la-police.html","url_text":"\"Attentat de Nice: le terroriste présumé, Mohamed Lahouaiej, était connu de la police\""},{"url":"http://loractu.fr/france/13704-attentat-de-nice-le-terroriste-presume-mohamed-lahouaiej-etait-connu-de-la-police.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Payton, Matt (15 July 2016). \"Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife\". The Independent. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-police-arrest-killer-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlels-wife-a7139201.html","url_text":"\"Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nice terrorist had low paid job but sent '£84,000 to family days before lorry massacre'\". Independent.co.uk. 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-killer-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-sent-84000-to-family-in-tunisia-days-before-a7141221.html","url_text":"\"Nice terrorist had low paid job but sent '£84,000 to family days before lorry massacre'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-killer-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-sent-84000-to-family-in-tunisia-days-before-a7141221.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'On a entendu plusieurs fois Allah akbar', les témoins racontent après l'attentat de Nice\". Nice-Matin (in French). Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160718120651/http://www.nicematin.com/faits-divers/video-on-a-entendu-plusieurs-fois-allahu-akbar-les-temoins-racontent-apres-lattentat-de-nice-65015","url_text":"\"'On a entendu plusieurs fois Allah akbar', les témoins racontent après l'attentat de Nice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice-Matin","url_text":"Nice-Matin"},{"url":"http://www.nicematin.com/faits-divers/video-on-a-entendu-plusieurs-fois-allahu-akbar-les-temoins-racontent-apres-lattentat-de-nice-65015","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Barney; Graham, Chris; Gurney-Read, Josie (14 July 2016). \"84 killed in Nice by lorry during Bastille Day celebrations – how the attack unfolded\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 July 2016. 2:19 am 'Driver was 31-year-old from Nice' The local newspaper, Nice-Matin, said the man driving the truck was a 31-year-old Nice resident of Tunisian origin. The truck driver was said to have shouted 'Allahu Akbar' – God is greatest – before being shot dead by police.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/14/84-killed-in-nice-by-lorry-during-bastille-day-celebrations---ho/","url_text":"\"84 killed in Nice by lorry during Bastille Day celebrations – how the attack unfolded\""}]},{"reference":"Sini, Rozina (15 July 2016). \"Nice lorry attack sparks false rumours on social media\". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36807333","url_text":"\"Nice lorry attack sparks false rumours on social media\""}]},{"reference":"\"#Nice06 On entend clairement le terroriste qui conduit le camion crier \"#Allah Akbar\" à la 7ème seconde de la vidéo.pic.twitter.com/7H6XbPATD8\". Twitter. 14 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/tprincedelamour/status/753766900522422272","url_text":"\"#Nice06 On entend clairement le terroriste qui conduit le camion crier \"#Allah Akbar\" à la 7ème seconde de la vidéo.pic.twitter.com/7H6XbPATD8\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bastille Day attack in Nice\". BBC. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-36799172","url_text":"\"Bastille Day attack in Nice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's What We Know About The Suspect In The Nice Attack\". BuzzFeed. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/tasneemnashrulla/heres-what-we-know-about-the-suspect-in-the-nice-attack","url_text":"\"Here's What We Know About The Suspect In The Nice Attack\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Richard A. L. (16 July 2016). \"Nice terror attack: Isis claims responsibility for lorry massacre in French coastal city\". The Independent. Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-isis-claims-responsibility-lorry-massacre-france-coastal-city-a7140381.html","url_text":"\"Nice terror attack: Isis claims responsibility for lorry massacre in French coastal city\""}]},{"reference":"J. Rubin, Alissa; Nossiter, Adam; Breeden, Aurelien; Blaise, Lilia (15 July 2016). \"Death Toll From Terrorist Attack in Nice, France, Rises to 84\". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/16/world/europe/attack-nice-bastille-day.html","url_text":"\"Death Toll From Terrorist Attack in Nice, France, Rises to 84\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Jason (17 July 2016). \"Police and academics search Nice attacker's history for a motive\". The Guardian. Bastille Day truck attack. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/nice-truck-attack-terrorism-profile","url_text":"\"Police and academics search Nice attacker's history for a motive\""}]},{"reference":"\"France's Valls says Nice attacker linked 'one way or another' to radical Islam\". Reuters. 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-attacks-nice-valls-idUSKCN0ZV2CR?il=0","url_text":"\"France's Valls says Nice attacker linked 'one way or another' to radical Islam\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISIS Claims Responsibility for Attack in Nice, France\". The New York Times. 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/europe/isis-nice-france-attack.html","url_text":"\"ISIS Claims Responsibility for Attack in Nice, France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Nice attacker recruited by Algerian IS member, uncle says\". News-Gazette.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-gazette.com/news/nationworld/2016-07-18/nice-attacker-recruited-algerian-member-uncle-says.html","url_text":"\"Nice attacker recruited by Algerian IS member, uncle says\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Payton. \"Nice attacker Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel watched Isis beheading videos and dated 73-year-old man | Europe | News\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2016-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-attack-attacker-isis-videos-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-terror-truck-victims-france-a7142646.html","url_text":"\"Nice attacker Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel watched Isis beheading videos and dated 73-year-old man | Europe | News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-attack-attacker-isis-videos-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-terror-truck-victims-france-a7142646.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chazan, David; Morgan, Tom; Turner, Camilla (17 July 2016). \"Bastille Day terrorist was radicalised within months and sent £84,000 to his Tunisian family days before attack\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/16/bastille-day-terrorist-was-radicalised-within-months-and-sent-84","url_text":"\"Bastille Day terrorist was radicalised within months and sent £84,000 to his Tunisian family days before attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perpetrator of Nice terror attack asked for 'more weapons' before rampage began, authorities say\". Los Angeles Times. 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-nice-attack-20160717-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"Perpetrator of Nice terror attack asked for 'more weapons' before rampage began, authorities say\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ce que les enquêteurs ont trouvé dans le portable de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel\". BFMTV. Retrieved 10 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bfmtv.com/societe/ce-que-les-enqueteurs-ont-trouve-dans-le-portable-de-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-1007287.html","url_text":"\"Ce que les enquêteurs ont trouvé dans le portable de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFMTV","url_text":"BFMTV"}]},{"reference":"\"L'auteur de l'attentat de Nice avait effectué des repérages sur la Promenade des Anglais quelques jours avant l'attentat\" (in French). Europe1. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europe1.fr/societe/attentat-de-nice-lahouaiej-bouhlel-avait-fait-des-reperages-avant-lattaque-2801407","url_text":"\"L'auteur de l'attentat de Nice avait effectué des repérages sur la Promenade des Anglais quelques jours avant l'attentat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe1","url_text":"Europe1"}]},{"reference":"\"Nice attack: Driver 'researched route' earlier in week\". BBC News. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36818719","url_text":"\"Nice attack: Driver 'researched route' earlier in week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Brother of Nice attacker says he sent 'laughing' photo amid crowds\". Reuters. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-attacks-nice-attacker-exclusiv-idUSKCN0ZX0K0","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Brother of Nice attacker says he sent 'laughing' photo amid crowds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest updates on France lorry attack\". BBC News. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-36799172","url_text":"\"Latest updates on France lorry attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's What We Know About The Suspect In The Nice Attack\". BuzzFeed. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/tasneemnashrulla/heres-what-we-know-about-the-suspect-in-the-nice-attack","url_text":"\"Here's What We Know About The Suspect In The Nice Attack\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Richard A. L. (16 July 2016). \"Nice terror attack: Isis claims responsibility for lorry massacre in French coastal city\". The Independent. Retrieved 23 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-isis-claims-responsibility-lorry-massacre-france-coastal-city-a7140381.html","url_text":"\"Nice terror attack: Isis claims responsibility for lorry massacre in French coastal city\""}]},{"reference":"\"En direct: l'EI revendique l'attentat de Nice via son agence Amaq\" (in French). France 24. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.france24.com/fr/20160716-direct-liveblog-attentat-meurtrier-nice-etat-islamique-revendique-promenade-anglais","url_text":"\"En direct: l'EI revendique l'attentat de Nice via son agence Amaq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24","url_text":"France 24"}]},{"reference":"\"Attacker in Nice is said to have radicalized 'very rapidly'\". The Washington Post. 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/islamic-state-claims-responsibility-for-france-attack-in-nice/2016/07/16/4327456e-4ab9-11e6-8dac-0c6e4accc5b1_story.html","url_text":"\"Attacker in Nice is said to have radicalized 'very rapidly'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isis claims responsibility for Nice attack\". The Local/AFP. 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelocal.fr/20160716/isis-claim-responsibility-for-nice-attack","url_text":"\"Isis claims responsibility for Nice attack\""}]}]
|
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juillet\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/nice-attack-bewilders-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-relatives","external_links_name":"\"Nice attack bewilders Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's relatives\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-36799172","external_links_name":"\"Nice attack: Dozens killed during Bastille Day celebrations\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/15/bastille-day-truck-driver-was-known-to-police-reports-say","external_links_name":"\"Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel: who was the Bastille Day truck attacker?\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-attacks-nice-attacker-idUSKCN0ZW0PV?il=0","external_links_name":"\"Nice attacker treated for psychological issues before leaving Tunisia: sister\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/16/nice-terror-attack-truck-driver-who-killed-84-named-as-loner-fre/","external_links_name":"\"Live Nice terror attack: Police vans blocking promenade withdrawn hours before as Isil claims responsibility for Bastille Day carnage which killed 84 people\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/07/18/mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-terroriste-nice-attaque-terrorisme_n_110522","external_links_name":"\"Nice: les auditions des amants et maîtresses de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel émergent\""},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nice-terror-attack-bouhlel-took-drugs-used-dating-apps/1/717417.html","external_links_name":"\"How Nice attack butcher Bouhlel 'took drugs and used dating sites to pick up men and women' : FYI, News - India Today\""},{"Link":"http://news.sky.com/story/lorry-killers-string-of-lovers-in-spotlight-10504967","external_links_name":"\"Lorry Killer's String Of Lovers In Spotlight\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/world/europe/nice-france-attacker.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Moment of Silence Turns Into Outcry Against Government After Nice Attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/prosecutor-truck-attack-on-nice-was-premeditated/a-19408446","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor: Truck attack on Nice was 'premeditated'\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-france-nice-aftermath-20160718-snap-story.html","external_links_name":"\"In France, a moment of silence for Nice victims and outbursts of anger at officials\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/world/nice-killer-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-only-started-going-to-mosque-this-april-20160717-gq7esi.html","external_links_name":"\"Nice killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel 'only started going to mosque this April'\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/07/18/nice-france-attacker-reportedly-recruited-by-algerian-isis-fighter-researched-orlando-massacre.html","external_links_name":"\"Nice, France attacker reportedly recruited by Algerian ISIS fighter, researched Orlando massacre\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/07/18/nice-attackers-link-islamic-state-puzzles-investigators/87239960/","external_links_name":"\"Paris prosecutor: Nice attacker searched online for Islamic State\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36801763","external_links_name":"\"Attack on Nice: Who was Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2016/07/19/2387143-un-attentat-premedite-influence-par-l-islamisme-radical.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Un attentat prémédité influencé par l'islamisme radical\" Attentat du 14-Juillet à Nice\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/18/nice-attack-premeditated-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-beard-prosecutor","external_links_name":"\"Nice attacker grew beard in week before truck rampage – prosecutor\""},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/kampf-gegen-den-terror/anschlag-von-nizza-strategisch-nicht-spontan-14352858.html","external_links_name":"'Strategisch, nicht spontan'"},{"Link":"http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2016/07/22/nice-cinq-suspects-mis-en-examen-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroriste-criminelle_4972976_3224.html","external_links_name":"\"Attaque de Nice: un projet \"mûri depuis plusieurs mois\" avec des complices\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-police-arrest-killer-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlels-wife-a7139201.html","external_links_name":"\"Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160812123852/http://loractu.fr/france/13704-attentat-de-nice-le-terroriste-presume-mohamed-lahouaiej-etait-connu-de-la-police.html","external_links_name":"\"Attentat de Nice: le terroriste présumé, Mohamed Lahouaiej, était connu de la police\""},{"Link":"http://loractu.fr/france/13704-attentat-de-nice-le-terroriste-presume-mohamed-lahouaiej-etait-connu-de-la-police.html","external_links_name":"the 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city\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/16/world/europe/attack-nice-bastille-day.html","external_links_name":"\"Death Toll From Terrorist Attack in Nice, France, Rises to 84\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/nice-truck-attack-terrorism-profile","external_links_name":"\"Police and academics search Nice attacker's history for a motive\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-attacks-nice-valls-idUSKCN0ZV2CR?il=0","external_links_name":"\"France's Valls says Nice attacker linked 'one way or another' to radical Islam\""},{"Link":"http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/europe/isis-nice-france-attack.html","external_links_name":"\"ISIS Claims Responsibility for Attack in Nice, France\""},{"Link":"http://www.news-gazette.com/news/nationworld/2016-07-18/nice-attacker-recruited-algerian-member-uncle-says.html","external_links_name":"\"Nice attacker recruited by Algerian IS member, uncle says\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-attack-attacker-isis-videos-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-terror-truck-victims-france-a7142646.html","external_links_name":"\"Nice attacker Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel watched Isis beheading videos and dated 73-year-old man | Europe | News\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-attack-attacker-isis-videos-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-terror-truck-victims-france-a7142646.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/16/bastille-day-terrorist-was-radicalised-within-months-and-sent-84","external_links_name":"\"Bastille Day terrorist was radicalised within months and sent £84,000 to his Tunisian family days before attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-nice-attack-20160717-snap-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Perpetrator of Nice terror attack asked for 'more weapons' before rampage began, 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attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/tasneemnashrulla/heres-what-we-know-about-the-suspect-in-the-nice-attack","external_links_name":"\"Here's What We Know About The Suspect In The Nice Attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nice-terror-attack-isis-claims-responsibility-lorry-massacre-france-coastal-city-a7140381.html","external_links_name":"\"Nice terror attack: Isis claims responsibility for lorry massacre in French coastal city\""},{"Link":"http://www.france24.com/fr/20160716-direct-liveblog-attentat-meurtrier-nice-etat-islamique-revendique-promenade-anglais","external_links_name":"\"En direct: l'EI revendique l'attentat de Nice via son agence Amaq\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/islamic-state-claims-responsibility-for-france-attack-in-nice/2016/07/16/4327456e-4ab9-11e6-8dac-0c6e4accc5b1_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Attacker in Nice is said to have radicalized 'very 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Fighting_Navy
|
Our Fighting Navy
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
1937 British filmOur Fighting NavyAmerican posterDirected byNorman WalkerWritten byH.T. BishopGerald ElliottHarrison OwenGuy PollockL. DeCosta RicciProduced byHerbert WilcoxStarringRobert DouglasRichard CromwellHazel TerryCinematographyClaude Friese-GreeneEdited byWinifred CooperMusic byNoel GayProductioncompanyHerbert Wilcox ProductionsDistributed byGeneral Film DistributorsRelease date
21 April 1937 (1937-04-21)
Running time66 minutes (US release)CountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
Our Fighting Navy (also known as Torpedoed) is a 1937 British action film directed by Norman Walker and starring Robert Douglas, Richard Cromwell and Hazel Terry. The Royal Navy, viewing the film as a recruitment opportunity, provided warships and extras.
The film was made by Herbert Wilcox Productions made at Pinewood Studios. The film's sets were designed by the art director Lawrence P. Williams. It was given an American release in 1938 with a reduced running time. The dialogue adaptation for the French dub version was carried out by Jean Devaivre and the film was released in France under the title Choc en mer in 1938.
Plot
A British warship intervenes to protect British subjects and prevent a rebellion in a South American republic.
Cast
Robert Douglas as Captain Markham
Richard Cromwell as Lieutenant Bill Armstrong
Hazel Terry as Pamela Brent
H.B. Warner as Brent, British Consul
Noah Beery as Presidente of Bianco
Esme Percy as Diego de Costa
Frederick Culley as Admiral
Henry Victor as Lieutenant d'Enriquo
Binkie Stuart as Jennifer
Julie Suedo as Juanita
Richard Ainley as Lieutenant (uncredited)
Notes
^ Shock at Sea.
References
^ "BFI | Film & TV Database | OUR FIGHTING NAVY (1937)". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ Wood p.91
Bibliography
Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.
External links
Our Fighting Navy at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
vteThe films of Norman Walker
Tommy Atkins (1928)
Widecombe Fair (1928)
A Romance of Seville (1929)
The Hate Ship (1929)
Loose Ends (1930)
The Middle Watch (1930)
Uneasy Virtue (1931)
The Shadow Between (1931)
Mr. Bill the Conqueror (1932)
Fires of Fate (1932)
The Fortunate Fool (1933)
Forging Ahead (1933)
The Flaw (1933)
The House of Trent (1933)
The Way of Youth (1934)
Lilies of the Field (1934)
Dangerous Ground (1934)
Turn of the Tide (1935)
Key to Harmony (1935)
Debt of Honour (1936)
Our Fighting Navy (1937)
Sunset in Vienna (1937)
The Man at the Gate (1941)
Hard Steel (1942)
The Great Mr. Handel (1942)
They Knew Mr. Knight (1946)
John Wesley (1954)
This article related to a British film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505222101/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/306119","external_links_name":"\"BFI | Film & TV Database | OUR FIGHTING NAVY (1937)\""},{"Link":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/306119","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029357/","external_links_name":"Our Fighting Navy"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305889443","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146654876","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146654876","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Fighting_Navy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Gill
|
Brendan Gill
|
["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Family","4 Offices held","5 Bibliography","5.1 Non-fiction","5.2 Novels","5.3 Short fiction","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American journalist
Brendan GillBornBrendan Gill(1914-10-04)October 4, 1914Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.DiedDecember 27, 1997(1997-12-27) (aged 83)Manhattan, New York, U.S.Alma materYale UniversityOccupationsjournalistcriticwriterYears active1936–1996
Brendan Gill (October 4, 1914 – December 27, 1997) was an American journalist. He wrote for The New Yorker for more than 60 years. Gill also contributed film criticism for Film Comment, wrote about design and architecture for Architectural Digest and wrote fifteen books, including a popular book about his time at the New Yorker magazine.
Biography
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Gill attended the Kingswood-Oxford School before graduating in 1936 from Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, along with John Hersey.: 127 He was a long-time resident of Bronxville, New York, and Norfolk, Connecticut.
In 1936, St. Clair McKelway, an editor at The New Yorker, hired Gill as a writer. One of the publication's few writers to serve under its first four editors, he wrote more than 1,200 pieces for the magazine. These included Profiles, Talk of the Town features, and scores of reviews of Broadway and Off-Broadway theater productions.
In 1949, Gill published a negative critique of John O'Hara's novel A Rage to Live. Gill described his colleague's book as "a formula family novel" turned out by "writers of the third and fourth magnitude in such disheartening abundance" and declared it "a catastrophe" by an author who "plainly intended to write nothing less than a great American novel." One recent critic called Gill's review a "savage attack" and a "cruel hatchet job." "During the preceding two decades O'Hara had been The New Yorker's most prolific contributor of stories" (197 by one count). Thereafter, O'Hara wrote nothing for the magazine for more than a decade.
In his memoir, Gill wrote that James Thurber — whom he described as an "incomparable mischief-maker" — compounded the animosity by falsely informing O'Hara that the review had been written by Wolcott Gibbs. "Thurber was never so happy as when he could cause two old friends to have a falling-out," Gill wrote. "With a single bold lie ... Thurber had ensured that O'Hara would see me as a jackal, willing to let my name be used for nefarious purposes ... and ... that Gibbs and O'Hara would quarrel." At a forum on O'Hara's legacy held in 1996, Gill stood up in the crowd to recall his attack on O'Hara nearly 50 years before, and claimed, "I had to tell the truth about the novel." In the end he expressed regret: "I am sorry now for that review ... not because of what it said, but because it provided Thurber with the opportunity to make our relationship come to nothing. We were not likely to have become close friends, but we need not have become enemies."
As The New Yorker's main architecture critic from 1987 to 1996, Gill was a successor to Lewis Mumford as the author of the long-running "Skyline" column before Paul Goldberger took his place. He was also a regular contributor to Architectural Digest in the 1980s and 1990s. A champion of architectural preservation and other visual arts, Gill joined Jacqueline Kennedy's coalition to preserve and restore New York's Grand Central Terminal. He also chaired the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts and authored 15 books, including Here at The New Yorker and the iconoclastic Frank Lloyd Wright biography Many Masks.
Death
Brendan Gill died of natural causes in 1997, at the age of 83. In a New Yorker "Postscript" following Gill's death, John Updike described him as "avidly alert to the power of art in general."
Family
Gill's son, Michael Gates Gill, is the author of How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like Everyone Else. His youngest son, Charles Gill, is the author of the novel The Boozer Challenge.
Offices held
Chairman of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts
Chairman of the Municipal Art Society
Chairman of the New York Landmarks Conservancy
Vice President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Bibliography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011)
Non-fiction
Gill, Brendan (January 15, 1949). "Runaway". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 24 (47): 22–23.
Ross, Lillian & Brendan Gill (February 4, 1950). "The wildest people". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 25 (50): 21–22.
Gill, Brendan (February 4, 1950). "Improvisation". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 25 (50): 25.
Cole Porter (Cole Porter biography) (1972)
Tallulah (Tallulah Bankhead biography) (1972)
The introduction to Portable Dorothy Parker (Dorothy Parker collection of her stories & columns) (1972)
Here at The New Yorker (1975)
Biographical essay as introduction to “States of Grace: Eight Plays by Philip Barry” (1975)
Summer Places (with Dudley Whitney Hill) (1978)
The Dream Come True: Great Houses of Los Angeles (1980)
Lindbergh Alone - May 21, 1927 (1980)
Fair Land to Build in: The Architecture of the Empire State (1984)
— (January 14, 1985). "The ignominy of boyhood". The Theatre. The New Yorker. 60 (48): 108–110.
— (January 28, 1985). "Notes and comment". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 60 (50): 19–20.
Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright (1987)
New York Life: Of Friends and Others (1990)
Late Bloomers (1996)
Novels
The Trouble of One House (1950)
The Day the Money Stopped (1957)
Short fiction
Collections
Ways of Loving (1974)
Stories
Title
Year
First published
Reprinted/collected
Notes
The night bus to Atlanta
Esquire
Gill, Brendan (1953). "The night bus to Atlanta". In Birmingham, Frederic A. (ed.). The girls from Esquire. London: Arthur Barker. pp. 105–113.
———————
Notes
^ I Can Hear it Now - album of speeches and news broadcasts, 1932-45 (with Spencer Klaw).
^ Transit Radio, Inc.
^ Hiding telephone lines in the ivy at Princeton (with M. Galt).
^ Reviews Bill C. Davis' "Dancing in the End Zone", James Duff's "Home Front" and Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I".
^ West 44th Street development.
References
^ Robbins, Alexandra (2002). Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-72091-7.
^ Weingarten, Marc (February 14, 2010). "On the crime beat with St. Clair McKelway". Los Angeles Times.
^ a b Overbey, Erin (March 22, 2010). "Eighty-Five from the Archive: Brendan Gill". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^ The New Yorker, August 20, 1949.
^ Fran Lebowitz, forward to A Rage to Live, Modern Library Classics, 2004
^ Philip B. Eppard, editor, Critical Essays on John O'Hara, G. K. Hall & Co., 1994
^ Frank MacShane, editor, Collected Stories of John O'Hara, Random House, 1984
^ Gill, Brendan (1997). Here at the New Yorker. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 294. ISBN 0306808102.
^ William Grimes, "The John O'Hara Cult, at Least, Is Faithful" The New York Times, November 9, 1996
^ Gill, Brendan (1997). Here at the New Yorker. New York, NY: Da Capo Press. p. 301. ISBN 0306808102.
^ "Fired exec: 'Starbucks saved my life' - CNN.com". CNN. February 5, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Brendan Gill.
Encyclopædia Britannica entry
Brendan Gill Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
Brendan Gill at IMDb
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
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Belgium
United States
Latvia
Australia
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CiNii
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SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Film Comment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Comment"}],"text":"Brendan Gill (October 4, 1914 – December 27, 1997) was an American journalist. He wrote for The New Yorker for more than 60 years. Gill also contributed film criticism for Film Comment, wrote about design and architecture for Architectural Digest and wrote fifteen books, including a popular book about his time at the New Yorker magazine.","title":"Brendan Gill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Kingswood-Oxford School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingswood-Oxford_School"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Skull and Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_and_Bones"},{"link_name":"John Hersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robbins-1"},{"link_name":"Bronxville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronxville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"St. Clair McKelway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_McKelway"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyorker.com-3"},{"link_name":"John O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"A Rage to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rage_to_Live_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"James Thurber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thurber"},{"link_name":"Wolcott Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolcott_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lewis Mumford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumford"},{"link_name":"Paul Goldberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Goldberger"},{"link_name":"architectural preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_preservation"},{"link_name":"visual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Here at The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_at_The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"}],"text":"Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Gill attended the Kingswood-Oxford School before graduating in 1936 from Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, along with John Hersey.[1]: 127 He was a long-time resident of Bronxville, New York, and Norfolk, Connecticut.In 1936, St. Clair McKelway, an editor at The New Yorker, hired Gill as a writer.[2] One of the publication's few writers to serve under its first four editors, he wrote more than 1,200 pieces for the magazine. These included Profiles, Talk of the Town features, and scores of reviews of Broadway and Off-Broadway theater productions.[3]In 1949, Gill published a negative critique of John O'Hara's novel A Rage to Live.[4] Gill described his colleague's book as \"a formula family novel\" turned out by \"writers of the third and fourth magnitude in such disheartening abundance\" and declared it \"a catastrophe\" by an author who \"plainly intended to write nothing less than a great American novel.\" One recent critic called Gill's review a \"savage attack\" and a \"cruel hatchet job.\"[5] \"During the preceding two decades O'Hara had been The New Yorker's most prolific contributor of stories\"[6] (197 by one count).[7] Thereafter, O'Hara wrote nothing for the magazine for more than a decade.In his memoir, Gill wrote that James Thurber — whom he described as an \"incomparable mischief-maker\" — compounded the animosity by falsely informing O'Hara that the review had been written by Wolcott Gibbs. \"Thurber was never so happy as when he could cause two old friends to have a falling-out,\" Gill wrote. \"With a single bold lie ... Thurber had ensured that O'Hara would see me as a jackal, willing to let my name be used for nefarious purposes ... and ... that Gibbs and O'Hara would quarrel.\"[8] At a forum on O'Hara's legacy held in 1996, Gill stood up in the crowd to recall his attack on O'Hara nearly 50 years before, and claimed, \"I had to tell the truth about the novel.\"[9] In the end he expressed regret: \"I am sorry now for that review ... not because of what it said, but because it provided Thurber with the opportunity to make our relationship come to nothing. We were not likely to have become close friends, but we need not have become enemies.\"[10]As The New Yorker's main architecture critic from 1987 to 1996, Gill was a successor to Lewis Mumford as the author of the long-running \"Skyline\" column before Paul Goldberger took his place. He was also a regular contributor to Architectural Digest in the 1980s and 1990s. A champion of architectural preservation and other visual arts, Gill joined Jacqueline Kennedy's coalition to preserve and restore New York's Grand Central Terminal. He also chaired the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts and authored 15 books, including Here at The New Yorker and the iconoclastic Frank Lloyd Wright biography Many Masks.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Updike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Updike"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyorker.com-3"}],"text":"Brendan Gill died of natural causes in 1997, at the age of 83. In a New Yorker \"Postscript\" following Gill's death, John Updike described him as \"avidly alert to the power of art in general.\"[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like Everyone Else","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Starbucks_Saved_My_Life"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Boozer Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boozer_Challenge"}],"text":"Gill's son, Michael Gates Gill, is the author of How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like Everyone Else.[11] His youngest son, Charles Gill, is the author of the novel The Boozer Challenge.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipal Art Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Art_Society"},{"link_name":"New York Landmarks Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Landmarks_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters"}],"text":"Chairman of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts\nChairman of the Municipal Art Society\nChairman of the New York Landmarks Conservancy\nVice President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters","title":"Offices held"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ross, Lillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Ross_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Here at The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_at_The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Gill, Brendan (January 15, 1949). \"Runaway\". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 24 (47): 22–23.[a]\nRoss, Lillian & Brendan Gill (February 4, 1950). \"The wildest people\". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 25 (50): 21–22.[b]\nGill, Brendan (February 4, 1950). \"Improvisation\". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 25 (50): 25.[c]\nCole Porter (Cole Porter biography) (1972)\nTallulah (Tallulah Bankhead biography) (1972)\nThe introduction to Portable Dorothy Parker (Dorothy Parker collection of her stories & columns) (1972)\nHere at The New Yorker (1975)\nBiographical essay as introduction to “States of Grace: Eight Plays by Philip Barry” (1975)\nSummer Places (with Dudley Whitney Hill) (1978)\nThe Dream Come True: Great Houses of Los Angeles (1980)\nLindbergh Alone - May 21, 1927 (1980)\nFair Land to Build in: The Architecture of the Empire State (1984)\n— (January 14, 1985). \"The ignominy of boyhood\". The Theatre. The New Yorker. 60 (48): 108–110.[d]\n— (January 28, 1985). \"Notes and comment\". The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. 60 (50): 19–20.[e]\nMany Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright (1987)\nNew York Life: Of Friends and Others (1990)\nLate Bloomers (1996)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"The Trouble of One House (1950)\nThe Day the Money Stopped (1957)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Bill C. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_C._Davis"},{"link_name":"James Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duff_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Rodgers and Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"sub_title":"Short fiction","text":"CollectionsWays of Loving (1974)Stories———————Notes^ I Can Hear it Now - album of speeches and news broadcasts, 1932-45 (with Spencer Klaw).\n\n^ Transit Radio, Inc.\n\n^ Hiding telephone lines in the ivy at Princeton (with M. Galt).\n\n^ Reviews Bill C. Davis' \"Dancing in the End Zone\", James Duff's \"Home Front\" and Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"The King and I\".\n\n^ West 44th Street development.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wengerd
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Virginia Tanner
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["1 Biography","2 Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program","2.1 University of Utah Children's Dance Theatre","3 Repertory Dance Theatre","4 References","5 External links"]
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American dance instructor
Virginia Tanner (April 25, 1915 – May 20, 1979) was an American dance instructor and founder of the University of Utah Children's Dance Theatre. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, she began her formal dance training at the University of Utah. She studied with Doris Humphrey in New York City before returning to Salt Lake City in the early 1940s to establish her school for creative dance for children.
Biography
Virginia Tanner began teaching children at the McCune School of Music and Art in Salt Lake City in 1941, where she was director of the dance program. She went on to establish her own school within the University of Utah's continuing education program, which survives today under the direction of Mary Ann Lee as an auxiliary of the College of Fine Arts at the University of Utah. In 1943, she formed the Modern Dance Theatre, a company that she co-directed with local dancer Barry Lynn. In 1949, she formed the Children's Dance Theatre.
In 1953, the Children's Dance Theatre performed at the Jacob's Pillow Dance Theatre in Massachusetts, the American Dance Festival in Connecticut, and New York University's summer camp in upstate New York to critical acclaim. Following the 1953 performances, the Children's Dance Theatre performed throughout the United States, including the Seattle World's Fair in 1962 and the John F. Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., in 1975. Tanner and her students were featured in Life, Newsweek and Dance Magazine and on national television.
In 1960, Tanner was instrumental in gaining a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to bring great choreographers to Salt Lake City to set work on dancers at the University of Utah. In 1966, through her efforts, a larger grant from the Foundation was awarded to the university to establish the Utah Repertory Dance Theatre.
Tanner taught extensively throughout the United States through the National Endowment for the Arts' Artist-in-the-School program. She was a contributing author to the Self-Expression and Conduct – The Humanities book series, published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in the 1970s.
Celebrated dancer and choreographer José Limón said of Tanner in 1978, "Salt Lake City is the most blessed city in the world to have the world's master children's dance teacher. There isn't any place, and I include New York, London, Paris, Moscow, that has anyone who can touch her genius for teaching children the exciting purity of the dancing arts." John Kerr, NEA Director of Education, called Tanner the nation's "outstanding children's dance teacher," noting that "she combines the techniques and training of the professional dancer with a marvelous and rare understanding of how to teach and inspire children."
Tanner is the recipient of numerous awards, including an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the University of Utah and a Plaudit award for inspired teaching from the National Dance Association.
Virginia Tanner died on May 20, 1979. The creative dance program she founded in 1949 continues to thrive and expand, sharing the methods of dance instruction that she pioneered.
Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program
The Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program, also known simply as Tanner Dance, was founded and directed by Virginia Tanner until her death in 1979. It has since continued to grow as an auxiliary of the College of Fine Arts at the University of Utah under the direction of Mary Ann Lee. In addition to the Children's Dance Theatre, its constituent programs now include a Fine Arts Preschool, an Arts in Education program providing weekly dance classes at elementary schools along the Wasatch Front, classes for dancers with disabilities, and professional development programs that train educators in the integration of arts in the classroom. In 2014, Tanner Dance relocated to new headquarters in the 110,000-square-foot Beverley Taylor Sorenson Arts and Education Complex on the University of Utah campus. The program now serves about 5,000 students every week, including 4,000 students in site-based programs at elementary schools and another 1,000 dance students at the new complex.
University of Utah Children's Dance Theatre
Children's Dance Theatre (CDT), the performing arm of Tanner Dance, was founded by Virginia Tanner in 1949 and remains an integral component of the University of Utah's Creative Dance Program. It is the second-oldest performing arts organization in Utah.
CDT's first formal concert, held in May 1949 at Kingsbury Hall, was attended by Doris Humphrey, whose reaction was effusive: "Your children have left an indelible impression with me of true creative dance... Your children offer a wonderful proof of the power of the young artist, guided wisely, untarnished by dogma or routine, unstereotyped, and lovely. This source of fresh ideas in dance–art is a treasure house to which you have found the key." Humphrey worked to help secure invitations for CDT to perform in the eastern US; CDT's subsequent performances at Jacob's Pillow in Massachusetts, the American Dance Festival in Connecticut, and the 1962 Seattle World's Fair received national media coverage and wide acclaim.
Today the company of 280 young dancers, ages 8 through 18, performs for more than 30,000 Utahns annually. Every spring, CDT showcases an original work at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City with matinees for school-age children and special populations.
Major performances of Children's Dance Theatre:
1952 Christmas in the Air
1953 Jacob's Pillow
1960 Jacob's Pillow; American Theatre Conference, New York City
1960 Tour to Connecticut College School of Dance, New London, Connecticut
1961 Cranberry Corners
1961 My Favorite Things
1962 Seattle World's Fair, Seattle, Washington
1964 Scrooge: The Stingiest Man in the World
1964 Snow Queen
1964 Ceremony of Carols
1968 Tour to Hawaii
1970 White House Conference on Children, Washington, D.C.
1975 Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C.
1978 Dance and the Child Conference, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
1978 Stonecutter
1978 Tribute to Virginia Tanner, Capitol Theatre, Salt Lake City
1980 Rainbow Goblins, Capitol Theatre
1981 Pierrot
1981–83 Children's Dance Theatre in Concert, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City
1984 Desert Landscapes, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City
1985 I Am Magic, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City
1985 International Children's Festival, Wolf Trap Farm Park, Washington, D.C.
1986 Stanford University, Stanford, California
1986 International Children's Festival, Wolf Trap Farm Park, Washington, D.C.
1986 The Dancing Man, Capitol Theatre
1987 The Dancing Man, Capitol Theatre
1988 Anna & The Echo Catcher, Capitol Theatre
1988 Dance and the Child International Conference, London, England
1989 40th Anniversary Concert, Capitol Theatre
1989 Together
1990 Anna & The Echo Catcher, Capitol Theatre
1991 Dance and the Child International Conference, Salt Lake City
1991 Young She & Grandmother Tree, Capitol Theatre
1992 100 Years of Dance, American Dance Festival West, Salt Lake City
1992 Tales, Capitol Theatre
1993 Dance & Sing, featuring Pete Seeger, Capitol Theatre
1993 Shout, Abravanel Hall, Governor's Awards in the Arts, Salt Lake City
1994 TARI International Conference and Dance Festival, Kuala Lumpur
1994 Visions of Children featuring Pete Seeger, Capitol Theatre
1995 The Rag Coat, Capitol Theatre
1996 Waking the West, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City
1997 Dance and the Child International Conference, Kuopio, Finland
1997 Salt, Capitol Theatre
1998 The Joy Keeper, Ogden Egyptian Theatre, Ogden, Utah
1998 The Joy Keeper, Capitol Theatre
1998 Wales Dance Exchange, Cardiff, Wales
1999 ... and We Began to Dance, Salt Lake City
1999 SLOC Olympic Mascot Unveiling
2000 The Quiltmaker's Gift, Capitol Theatre
2001 Crumb and the Pirates, Capitol Theatre
2002 RePETE, Capitol Theatre
2003 Sense Pass King, Capitol Theatre
2004 The Three Questions, Capitol Theatre
2005 Pockets, Capitol Theatre
2006 A Blue So Blue, Capitol Theatre
2007 The Dream Stealer, Capitol Theatre
2008 Scientia, Capitol Theatre
2009 Coming Home, Capitol Theatre
2010 True North, Capitol Theatre
2011 Alice Through the Looking-Glass, Capitol Theatre
2012 The Apple-Pip Princess, Capitol Theatre
2013 The Snow Queen, Capitol Theatre
2014 The Three Questions 2014, Capitol Theatre
2015 Crumb and the Pirates 2015, Capitol Theatre
2016 Gwinna, Capitol Theatre
2017 Elfwyn's Saga, Capitol Theatre
2018 The Magic Lake, Capitol Theatre
2019 The Dancing Man, Capitol Theatre
Notable dancers and choreographers from Children's Dance Theatre have included: Cynthia Pepper (Bay Area choreographer and filmmaker), Jacque Bell (choreographer, Alexander Technique instructor, movement instructor in the Department of Theatre at the University of Utah), Linda Smith (artistic director of Utah Repertory Dance Theatre), Lisa Warenski (philosopher, former dancer and choreographer), Lola Huth (danced with José Limón company), Mimi Silverstein (former Repertory Dance Theatre member), Tina Misaka (former Repertory Dance Theatre member), and Chara Huckins (former Repertory Dance Theatre member).
Repertory Dance Theatre
Utah Repertory Dance Theatre, founded in 1966 with Virginia Tanner's help, is still in existence and is one of the oldest and most successful modern dance companies of its kind.
Notable alumni of Repertory Dance Theatre include: Linda Smith (current artistic director), Bill Evans, Douglas Boulivar, Gregg Lizenbery, Joan Moon, Rick Rowsell, Karen Steele (danced with Lar Lubovitch after RDT), Kathleen McClintock, Kay Clark (artistic director of RDT with Linda Smith 1977–1983), Lynne Wimmer, Manzell Senters, Martin Kravitz (danced with Batsheva Dance Company after RDT), Ron Rubey, Tim Wengerd (principal dancer with Martha Graham until his death in 1986), and Joel Kirby (vocalist and film actor).
References
^ Redacted biography by the late Bruce Bennett, Virginia Tanner's husband
^ a b c Tanner Dance website. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
^ Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1967; see p. 130 printed report, p. 159 in the PDF
^ Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1969; see p. 57 printed report, p. 74 in the PDF
^ Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1971; see p. 76 printed report, p. 90 in the PDF
^ Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1980; see p. 30
^ Tanner Dance website - About Tanner Dance: History
^ a b c Virginia Tanner biography at Utah History to Go. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
^ Carole Mikita (2013-05-14). "Children's Dance Theatre celebrates construction of new studio with special dance". KSL.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
^ Lindsay Whitehurst (2014-02-26). "University of Utah unveils new arts and education complex". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
^ Kim M. Horiuchi (2014-09-08). "Art and Learning: The new Beverley Taylor Sorenson Arts and Education Complex fosters an innovative approach to teaching kids in all subjects". Continuum. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
^ a b Tanner Dance website - Children's Dance Theatre. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
^ Tanner Dance website - About Tanner Dance: History. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
^ "Tanner Dance website - CDT Past Performances".
^ a b c Dorothy Stowe (1991-07-28). "Children's Dance: S.L. Is Setting the Stage for 1,000 Delegates to International Conference". Deseret News. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
^ Cynthia Pepper
^ Jacque Lynn Bell, University of Utah Department of Theatre
^ Bill Evans Dance
^ Prof. Gregg Lizenbery, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Theatre and Dance
^ Repertory Dance Theatre - In loving memory: Kathleen McClintock McCormick
^ Jennifer Dunning (1983-08-18). "Dance: Utah Repertory Company at Damrosch Park". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
^ 45th Anniversary Concert
^ 50th Anniversary Concert
^ 60th Anniversary Concert
External links
Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program, University of Utah
School of Dance, University of Utah
Children's Dance Theatre, University of Utah
Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Fine Arts Preschool, University of Utah
Virginia Tanner biography at Utah History to Go
Utah Repertory Dance Theatre
"Modern times: Salt Lake City's Repertory Dance Theatre has created a living museum of classic 20th century choreography", Dance Magazine, February 2006
Mary Ann Lee, director of the Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program and Children's Dance Theatre in the College of Fine Arts at the University of Utah
Finding Aid for the Virginia Tanner Papers at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro
vteDance
Index
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Doris Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Humphrey"}],"text":"Virginia Tanner (April 25, 1915 – May 20, 1979) was an American dance instructor and founder of the University of Utah Children's Dance Theatre. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, she began her formal dance training at the University of Utah. She studied with Doris Humphrey in New York City before returning to Salt Lake City in the early 1940s to establish her school for creative dance for children.","title":"Virginia Tanner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Lee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tannerdance-2"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Pillow Dance Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Seattle World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_21_Exposition"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_magazine"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek_magazine"},{"link_name":"Dance Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Harcourt Brace Jovanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich"},{"link_name":"José Limón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lim%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historytogo-8"},{"link_name":"Doctorate of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Dance Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dance_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historytogo-8"}],"text":"Virginia Tanner[1] began teaching children at the McCune School of Music and Art in Salt Lake City in 1941, where she was director of the dance program. She went on to establish her own school within the University of Utah's continuing education program, which survives today under the direction of Mary Ann Lee as an auxiliary of the College of Fine Arts at the University of Utah.[2] In 1943, she formed the Modern Dance Theatre, a company that she co-directed with local dancer Barry Lynn. In 1949, she formed the Children's Dance Theatre.In 1953, the Children's Dance Theatre performed at the Jacob's Pillow Dance Theatre in Massachusetts, the American Dance Festival in Connecticut, and New York University's summer camp in upstate New York to critical acclaim. Following the 1953 performances, the Children's Dance Theatre performed throughout the United States, including the Seattle World's Fair in 1962 and the John F. Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., in 1975. Tanner and her students were featured in Life, Newsweek and Dance Magazine and on national television.In 1960, Tanner was instrumental in gaining a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to bring great choreographers to Salt Lake City to set work on dancers at the University of Utah. In 1966, through her efforts, a larger grant from the Foundation[3][4][5][6] was awarded to the university to establish the Utah Repertory Dance Theatre.Tanner taught extensively throughout the United States through the National Endowment for the Arts' Artist-in-the-School program. She was a contributing author to the Self-Expression and Conduct – The Humanities book series, published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in the 1970s.Celebrated dancer and choreographer José Limón said of Tanner in 1978, \"Salt Lake City is the most blessed city in the world to have the world's master children's dance teacher. There isn't any place, and I include New York, London, Paris, Moscow, that has anyone who can touch her genius for teaching children the exciting purity of the dancing arts.\"[7] John Kerr, NEA Director of Education, called Tanner the nation's \"outstanding children's dance teacher,\" noting that \"she combines the techniques and training of the professional dancer with a marvelous and rare understanding of how to teach and inspire children.\"[8]Tanner is the recipient of numerous awards, including an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the University of Utah and a Plaudit award for inspired teaching from the National Dance Association.Virginia Tanner died on May 20, 1979. The creative dance program she founded in 1949 continues to thrive and expand, sharing the methods of dance instruction that she pioneered.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Ann Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Lee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tannerdance-2"},{"link_name":"Wasatch Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasatch_Front"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tannerdance-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program, also known simply as Tanner Dance, was founded and directed by Virginia Tanner until her death in 1979. It has since continued to grow as an auxiliary of the College of Fine Arts at the University of Utah under the direction of Mary Ann Lee.[2] In addition to the Children's Dance Theatre, its constituent programs now include a Fine Arts Preschool, an Arts in Education program providing weekly dance classes at elementary schools along the Wasatch Front, classes for dancers with disabilities, and professional development programs that train educators in the integration of arts in the classroom.[2] In 2014, Tanner Dance relocated to new headquarters in the 110,000-square-foot Beverley Taylor Sorenson Arts and Education Complex on the University of Utah campus.[9][10] The program now serves about 5,000 students every week, including 4,000 students in site-based programs at elementary schools and another 1,000 dance students at the new complex.[11]","title":"Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdt-12"},{"link_name":"Kingsbury Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbury_Hall"},{"link_name":"Doris Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Pillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow"},{"link_name":"American Dance Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dance_Festival"},{"link_name":"1962 Seattle World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Seattle_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historytogo-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdt-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Pillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow_Dance"},{"link_name":"Connecticut College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_College"},{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Seattle World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_21_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Edmonton, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daci-15"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Wolf Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Trap_National_Park_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"London, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daci-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daci-15"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Pete Seeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger"},{"link_name":"[performance 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kuopio, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"link_name":"Ogden Egyptian Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peery%27s_Egyptian_Theater"},{"link_name":"Ogden, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Cardiff, Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"[performance 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_symbols"},{"link_name":"[performance 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Alexander Technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Technique"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lisa Warenski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Warenski"},{"link_name":"José Limón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lim%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"University of Utah Children's Dance Theatre","text":"Children's Dance Theatre (CDT), the performing arm of Tanner Dance, was founded by Virginia Tanner in 1949 and remains an integral component of the University of Utah's Creative Dance Program. It is the second-oldest performing arts organization in Utah.[12]CDT's first formal concert, held in May 1949 at Kingsbury Hall, was attended by Doris Humphrey, whose reaction was effusive: \"Your children have left an indelible impression with me of true creative dance... Your children offer a wonderful proof of the power of the young artist, guided wisely, untarnished by dogma or routine, unstereotyped, and lovely. This source of fresh ideas in dance–art is a treasure house to which you have found the key.\"[13] Humphrey worked to help secure invitations for CDT to perform in the eastern US; CDT's subsequent performances at Jacob's Pillow in Massachusetts, the American Dance Festival in Connecticut, and the 1962 Seattle World's Fair received national media coverage and wide acclaim.[8]Today the company of 280 young dancers, ages 8 through 18, performs for more than 30,000 Utahns annually. Every spring, CDT showcases an original work at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City with matinees for school-age children and special populations.[12]Major performances of Children's Dance Theatre:[14]1952 Christmas in the Air\n1953 Jacob's Pillow\n1960 Jacob's Pillow; American Theatre Conference, New York City\n1960 Tour to Connecticut College School of Dance, New London, Connecticut\n1961 Cranberry Corners\n1961 My Favorite Things\n1962 Seattle World's Fair, Seattle, Washington\n1964 Scrooge: The Stingiest Man in the World\n1964 Snow Queen\n1964 Ceremony of Carols\n1968 Tour to Hawaii\n1970 White House Conference on Children, Washington, D.C.\n1975 Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C.\n1978 Dance and the Child Conference, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [15]\n1978 Stonecutter\n1978 Tribute to Virginia Tanner, Capitol Theatre, Salt Lake City\n1980 Rainbow Goblins, Capitol Theatre\n1981 Pierrot\n1981–83 Children's Dance Theatre in Concert, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City\n1984 Desert Landscapes, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City\n1985 I Am Magic, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City\n1985 International Children's Festival, Wolf Trap Farm Park, Washington, D.C.\n1986 Stanford University, Stanford, California\n1986 International Children's Festival, Wolf Trap Farm Park, Washington, D.C.\n1986 The Dancing Man, Capitol Theatre\n1987 The Dancing Man, Capitol Theatre\n1988 Anna & The Echo Catcher, Capitol Theatre\n1988 Dance and the Child International Conference, London, England[15]\n1989 40th Anniversary Concert, Capitol Theatre\n1989 Together\n1990 Anna & The Echo Catcher, Capitol Theatre\n1991 Dance and the Child International Conference, Salt Lake City [15]\n1991 Young She & Grandmother Tree, Capitol Theatre\n1992 100 Years of Dance, American Dance Festival West, Salt Lake City\n\n\n1992 Tales, Capitol Theatre\n1993 Dance & Sing, featuring Pete Seeger, Capitol Theatre\n1993 Shout, Abravanel Hall, Governor's Awards in the Arts, Salt Lake City\n1994 TARI International Conference and Dance Festival, Kuala Lumpur\n1994 Visions of Children featuring Pete Seeger, Capitol Theatre [performance 1]\n1995 The Rag Coat, Capitol Theatre\n1996 Waking the West, Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City\n1997 Dance and the Child International Conference, Kuopio, Finland\n1997 Salt, Capitol Theatre\n1998 The Joy Keeper, Ogden Egyptian Theatre, Ogden, Utah\n1998 The Joy Keeper, Capitol Theatre\n1998 Wales Dance Exchange, Cardiff, Wales\n1999 ... and We Began to Dance, Salt Lake City [performance 2]\n1999 SLOC Olympic Mascot Unveiling\n2000 The Quiltmaker's Gift, Capitol Theatre\n2001 Crumb and the Pirates, Capitol Theatre\n2002 RePETE, Capitol Theatre\n2003 Sense Pass King, Capitol Theatre\n2004 The Three Questions, Capitol Theatre\n2005 Pockets, Capitol Theatre\n2006 A Blue So Blue, Capitol Theatre\n2007 The Dream Stealer, Capitol Theatre\n2008 Scientia, Capitol Theatre\n2009 Coming Home, Capitol Theatre [performance 3]\n2010 True North, Capitol Theatre\n2011 Alice Through the Looking-Glass, Capitol Theatre\n2012 The Apple-Pip Princess, Capitol Theatre\n2013 The Snow Queen, Capitol Theatre\n2014 The Three Questions 2014, Capitol Theatre\n2015 Crumb and the Pirates 2015, Capitol Theatre\n2016 Gwinna, Capitol Theatre\n2017 Elfwyn's Saga, Capitol Theatre\n2018 The Magic Lake, Capitol Theatre\n2019 The Dancing Man, Capitol TheatreNotable dancers and choreographers from Children's Dance Theatre have included: Cynthia Pepper (Bay Area choreographer and filmmaker),[16] Jacque Bell (choreographer, Alexander Technique instructor, movement instructor in the Department of Theatre at the University of Utah),[17] Linda Smith (artistic director of Utah Repertory Dance Theatre), Lisa Warenski (philosopher, former dancer and choreographer), Lola Huth (danced with José Limón company), Mimi Silverstein (former Repertory Dance Theatre member), Tina Misaka (former Repertory Dance Theatre member), and Chara Huckins (former Repertory Dance Theatre member).","title":"Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evans_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lar Lubovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Lubovitch"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Batsheva Dance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsheva_Dance_Company"},{"link_name":"Martha Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Utah Repertory Dance Theatre, founded in 1966 with Virginia Tanner's help, is still in existence and is one of the oldest and most successful modern dance companies of its kind.Notable alumni of Repertory Dance Theatre include: Linda Smith (current artistic director), Bill Evans,[18] Douglas Boulivar, Gregg Lizenbery,[19] Joan Moon, Rick Rowsell, Karen Steele (danced with Lar Lubovitch after RDT), Kathleen McClintock,[20] Kay Clark (artistic director of RDT with Linda Smith 1977–1983), Lynne Wimmer, Manzell Senters, Martin Kravitz (danced with Batsheva Dance Company after RDT), Ron Rubey, Tim Wengerd (principal dancer with Martha Graham until his death in 1986), and Joel Kirby (vocalist and film actor).[21]","title":"Repertory Dance Theatre"}]
|
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[{"reference":"Carole Mikita (2013-05-14). \"Children's Dance Theatre celebrates construction of new studio with special dance\". KSL.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=148&sid=25181180","url_text":"\"Children's Dance Theatre celebrates construction of new studio with special dance\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsay Whitehurst (2014-02-26). \"University of Utah unveils new arts and education complex\". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/57598434-78/education-arts-utah-sorenson.html.csp","url_text":"\"University of Utah unveils new arts and education complex\""}]},{"reference":"Kim M. Horiuchi (2014-09-08). \"Art and Learning: The new Beverley Taylor Sorenson Arts and Education Complex fosters an innovative approach to teaching kids in all subjects\". Continuum. Retrieved 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://continuum.utah.edu/features/art-and-learning","url_text":"\"Art and Learning: The new Beverley Taylor Sorenson Arts and Education Complex fosters an innovative approach to teaching kids in all subjects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanner Dance website - CDT Past Performances\".","urls":[{"url":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/programs/childrens-dance-theatre-program/cdt-past-performances/","url_text":"\"Tanner Dance website - CDT Past Performances\""}]},{"reference":"Dorothy Stowe (1991-07-28). \"Children's Dance: S.L. Is Setting the Stage for 1,000 Delegates to International Conference\". Deseret News. Retrieved 2023-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/1991/7/28/18933197/children-s-dance-s-l-is-setting-the-stage-for-1-000-delegates-to-international-conference","url_text":"\"Children's Dance: S.L. Is Setting the Stage for 1,000 Delegates to International Conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Dunning (1983-08-18). \"Dance: Utah Repertory Company at Damrosch Park\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/18/arts/dance-utah-repertory-company-at-damrosch-park.html","url_text":"\"Dance: Utah Repertory Company at Damrosch Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/","external_links_name":"Tanner Dance website"},{"Link":"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1967-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1967; see p. 130 printed report, p. 159 in the PDF"},{"Link":"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1969-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1969; see p. 57 printed report, p. 74 in the PDF"},{"Link":"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1971-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1971; see p. 76 printed report, p. 90 in the PDF"},{"Link":"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1980-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report – 1980; see p. 30"},{"Link":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/about/","external_links_name":"Tanner Dance website - About Tanner Dance: History"},{"Link":"https://historytogo.utah.gov/tanner-virginia/","external_links_name":"Virginia Tanner biography at Utah History to Go"},{"Link":"http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=148&sid=25181180","external_links_name":"\"Children's Dance Theatre celebrates construction of new studio with special dance\""},{"Link":"http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/57598434-78/education-arts-utah-sorenson.html.csp","external_links_name":"\"University of Utah unveils new arts and education complex\""},{"Link":"http://continuum.utah.edu/features/art-and-learning","external_links_name":"\"Art and Learning: The new Beverley Taylor Sorenson Arts and Education Complex fosters an innovative approach to teaching kids in all subjects\""},{"Link":"https://tannerdance.utah.edu/childrens-dance-theatre/","external_links_name":"Tanner Dance website - Children's Dance Theatre"},{"Link":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/about/","external_links_name":"Tanner Dance website - About Tanner Dance: History"},{"Link":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/programs/childrens-dance-theatre-program/cdt-past-performances/","external_links_name":"\"Tanner Dance website - CDT Past Performances\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/1991/7/28/18933197/children-s-dance-s-l-is-setting-the-stage-for-1-000-delegates-to-international-conference","external_links_name":"\"Children's Dance: S.L. Is Setting the Stage for 1,000 Delegates to International Conference\""},{"Link":"http://www.cynthiapepper.com/","external_links_name":"Cynthia Pepper"},{"Link":"https://theatre.utah.edu/people/item/461-bell-jacque-lynn","external_links_name":"Jacque Lynn Bell, University of Utah Department of Theatre"},{"Link":"http://www.billevansdance.org/","external_links_name":"Bill Evans Dance"},{"Link":"http://www2.hawaii.edu/~uhmdance/faculty/bios/lizenbery.html","external_links_name":"Prof. Gregg Lizenbery, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Theatre and Dance"},{"Link":"https://rdtutah.org/in-loving-memory-kathleen-mcclintock-mccormick/","external_links_name":"Repertory Dance Theatre - In loving memory: Kathleen McClintock McCormick"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/18/arts/dance-utah-repertory-company-at-damrosch-park.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance: Utah Repertory Company at Damrosch Park\""},{"Link":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/","external_links_name":"Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program, University of Utah"},{"Link":"http://www.dance.utah.edu/","external_links_name":"School of Dance, University of Utah"},{"Link":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/programs/childrens-dance-theatre-program/","external_links_name":"Children's Dance Theatre, University of Utah"},{"Link":"http://tannerdance.utah.edu/programs/fine-arts-preschool-program/","external_links_name":"Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Fine Arts Preschool, University of Utah"},{"Link":"https://historytogo.utah.gov/tanner-virginia/","external_links_name":"Virginia Tanner biography at Utah History to Go"},{"Link":"http://www.rdtutah.org/","external_links_name":"Utah Repertory Dance Theatre"},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Modern+times%3a+Salt+Lake+City%27s+Repertory+Dance+Theatre+has+created+a...-a0141700153","external_links_name":"\"Modern times: Salt Lake City's Repertory Dance Theatre has created a living museum of classic 20th century choreography\", Dance Magazine, February 2006"},{"Link":"https://faculty.utah.edu/u0028259-MARY_ANN_WALTON_LEE/philanthropy/index.hml","external_links_name":"Mary Ann Lee, director of the Virginia Tanner Creative Dance Program and Children's Dance Theatre in the College of Fine Arts at the University of Utah"},{"Link":"https://library.uncg.edu/info/depts/scua/collections/manuscripts/html/Mss081.htm","external_links_name":"Finding Aid for the Virginia Tanner Papers"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/405140/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/60845567","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4DWd8HVybGWqh78vrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97863615","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6319zc1","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)
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Bob Grant (radio host)
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["1 Career","1.1 Early work","1.2 Move to New York City (WMCA: 1970–1977)","1.3 WOR and WWDB","1.4 WABC (1984–1996)","1.5 Return to WOR (1996–2006)","1.6 Possible foray into politics","1.7 Post-Retirement: Return to WABC and Internet broadcasting","2 Characteristics of Grant's radio shows","2.1 Socio-political views","2.2 Fill-in hosts","3 Influences and legacy","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
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American radio host (1929–2013)
Bob GrantBornRobert Ciro Gigante(1929-03-14)March 14, 1929Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedDecember 31, 2013(2013-12-31) (aged 84)Hillsborough Township, New Jersey, U.S.OccupationRadio personalityYears active1940s–2013
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Robert Ciro Gigante (March 14, 1929 – December 31, 2013), known as Bob Grant, was an American radio host. A veteran of broadcasting in New York City, Grant is considered a pioneer of the conservative talk radio format and was one of the early adopters of the "combat talk" format. Grant's career spanned from the 1950s until shortly before his death at age 84 on December 31, 2013.
Grant was widely termed a political conservative, and personally considered himself to be a conservative with some libertarian leanings.
Career
Early work
As a high school student at Steinmetz High School in Chicago, Grant auditioned for the Central Radio Workshop of the Chicago Public Schools, where once every two weeks he would perform in plays on FM radio station WBEZ. After high school, Grant attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and studied journalism, where he also auditioned and got accepted for the school's radio station. As a student, Grant acted in plays, such as "the Duchess of Malfi". Grant left school early to take a job in radio. Grant originally got into professional radio when he answered a phone call for his roommate, and the program director calling thought he had a good voice. On May 14, 1948, Grant did his first professional news announcement, to discuss the formation of Israel. He then got a job at the news department at WBBM (AM) in Chicago and also continued acting in plays. Grant may have done other work as an extra, but he did not discuss his acting work much on his radio show. Grant also worked on a radio show called "Gold Coast" in the late 1950s, which had comedy skits. While at WBBM, he was forced to change his last name from "Gigante" to "Grant" in order to sound less ethnic. During the Korean War, he served in the Naval Reserve.
Grant then moved from Chicago to Los Angeles. Grant's first radio work in Los Angeles was on radio station KNX (AM) in 1959, where he worked with future actor Paul Condylis on the Condylis & Grant Comedy Show. The Los Angeles Times stated, "Their names are Paul Condylis and Bob Grant, voted by this corner as the outstanding newcomers of 1959. Prime Examples Condylis and Grant, a couple of dialecticians from Chicago, specialize in a form of comedy that is most popular today satire." Grant described the show as being similar to "Saturday Night Live" on the radio. Condylis and Grant would also entertain at places, such as college campuses. Afterwards Grant later became sports director at KABC (AM) in Los Angeles. Grant was then urged by co-worker and early controversial radio host Joe Pyne to substitute for him. Shortly after, John F. Kennedy was assassinated, and Pyne being a critic of Kennedy's was not allowed to host his show, and Grant substituted for him, eventually inheriting the show in 1964. Grant hosted three shows on KABC (AM) in 1964 titled, "Open Line," "Night Line," and "Sunday Line." While at KABC Grant would interview celebrities including Muhammad Ali, controversial figures such as Kwanzaa founder Ron "Maulana" Karenga, and politicians including Ronald Reagan in what Grant claimed was Reagan's first interview as a political candidate in 1965. While Grant would become a controversial radio figure, he started off more mellow. He competed during nighttime radio against his former co-worker and mentor Joe Pyne and radio commentator Michael Jackson. An October 25, 1964 Los Angeles Times article describes Grant's broadcasting style:
Bob Grant is a relative newcomer, but his background is solidly radio, having been a comedian, newscaster and sports announcer. He is the calmest and more inquisitive. Grant's audience appears to be older and he deals less in controversy than Pyne or Jackson. Grant, however, is versatile and discusses subjects intelligently. He is much less a showman than his counterparts.
Grant moved from KABC (AM) to KLAC in March 1967. Some of Grant's colleagues at the station were Joel A. Spivak, Les Crane, and mentor Joe Pyne. Grant was described as Los Angeles' most controversial nighttime radio host. In 1969, KLAC switched from a talk station to a music station. Grant was then asked to co-host a television show called "Tempo" with actress Jeanne Baird that aired on KHJ Channel 9 in Los Angeles from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. After some controversies, including offending guest Marlo Thomas, Grant was eventually let go and replaced by Regis Philbin in July 1970.
Move to New York City (WMCA: 1970–1977)
Grant was approached to come to New York by executives at WMCA when WMCA was going to become a talk station. He was recommended to them by Jack Thayer, who had been the station manager of KLAC. Grant was opposed to the move, as he hated what he knew about New York, i.e., the subways, crime, and congestion. He also had four children and a home in Los Angeles. Grant was convinced to come to New York when an executive said to him at the end of a meeting, "It's just too bad that the number-one talk-show host in America doesn't want to come to the number-one market in America." Grant came to New York and presented his first show on WMCA on September 21, 1970, where he worked for station manager R. Peter Strauss. After being in New York for a short time, Grant wanted to go back to Los Angeles. He was contacted by the former news director at KLAC, who was now a program director at another station to join his station, but Grant declined, because he had signed a two-year contract with WMCA. Grant's unhappiness being in New York led to him becoming angry with the callers. He hoped to get fired by R. Peter Strauss, however his ratings soared as he got angrier. Grant was quoted on May 23, 1971, about his new radio show in New York:
L.A. radio is really hip compared to New York. Here the scene is very provincial and ethnic and liberal. Being a conservative, I am referred to by most of my callers as the house right-winger or fascist. Actually, it gets pretty funny, because they do more yelling at me than engaging in useful debate. The audience in Los Angeles was much more sophisticated." "Since WMCA started Dialog Radio, it's really shot up in the ratings, we've gone from around 12th to third in the market.
Grant was distinctively out of fashion with both the times and with some countercultural WMCA personalities, including Alex Bennett. His offbeat, but combative style (along with Fairness Doctrine requirements of the era) won him seven years on WMCA, with a growing and loyal audience. Grant became well known for his abrasive manner with callers and his popular catch phrase, "get off my phone." His sign-off for many years was "Get Gaddafi", which meant remove Muammar Gaddafi. In 1970, Grant quickly became a controversial opinion maker. Grant began saying, "we're slipping and sliding into third worldism", along with opposing the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Grant also came up with a solution to the high birthrate in the 1970s among poor women, which he called Bob Grant's Mandatory Sterilization Program or Act. This led to racism charges, but Grant denied that the program was only for minorities.
On March 8, 1973, Grant had scheduled New York Rep. Benjamin S. Rosenthal, who was leading a boycott of meat. Grant later learned that Rosenthal would not appear on his show, and in a discussion with a caller, Grant referred to Rosenthal as a "coward". Rosenthal then filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission, and the issue went all the way up to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Straus Communications v. Federal Communications Commission, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, January 16, 1976, Wright, J. The appeals court ultimately ruled in favor of WMCA and Grant, due to the fact that Grant offered the congressman an invitation to appear on his show, granting Rosenthal equal time.
Grant did an early shock jock stunt while at WMCA. A female listener had called in and was curious about pornographic films. Grant decided to take women who listened to him on a trip to a Times Square porno theater to view a porn film. About 100 women showed up for the trip, followed by a roundtable discussion on Grant's show. Grant would have two more listener trips to see a porn film after this.
One of Grant's most memorable regular callers was Ms. Trivia, who aired her "Beef of the Week", a series of seemingly trivial complaints. Ms. Trivia was Grant's guest at a Halloween Festival dinner held at Lauritano's Restaurant in The Bronx, where a young Ms. Trivia, not long out of her teens, revealed herself for the first time to a startled radio audience, many who had expected and assumed, based upon her articulation and intonation, that she would be an elderly, prudish woman. Instead, a statuesque and fashionable Ms. Trivia, wearing an elaborate Victorian costume, was the surprise guest seated next to Grant at the dais table along with several political figures from New York. The following day the majority of calls to the show were for the purpose of obtaining information about the mysterious Mm. Trivia, with Grant in his typical manner finally in exasperation hanging up on the callers, shouting, "THIS IS NOT Mm. TRIVIA'S SHOW!"
Grant popularized the -gry puzzle, a word game, on his WMCA show in 1975, stating some version of the question "There are three words in the English language that end in -gry. Two of them are angry and hungry. What is the third?". This has no conclusive answer, and spread following Grant's broadcast.
While at WMCA, Grant attracted attention from a 1974 commentary he recorded, titled "How Long Will You Stand Aside". Grant also released an LP record in 1977 titled, "Let's Be Heard", which was a recording of a speech Grant gave before a synagog in New York. Grant left WMCA in 1977.
WOR and WWDB
Grant began on WOR on Memorial Day, May 30, 1977, where he broadcast nights 11:30 p.m.–2:30 a.m. Grant took over the time-slot from host Barry Farber who hosted his show on it for 16 years, but had to give it up, because he was running for Mayor of New York City. According to producer Maurice Tunick, Grant had 24.3 share of the ratings at one point, meaning one in four people listening to the radio were listening to Grant's show.
In 1979, Grant had gotten into trouble for some comments he had made and was fired from WOR. Grant was assisted by colleague Barry Farber who fought with WMCA station manager Ellen Straus to rehire Grant. Farber broadcast during the 4–7 p.m. weekday time slot on WMCA. When asked by Straus at a meeting if Farber was willing to give up his airtime for Grant, Farber replied, "Yes he can have my time. I'd rather he have my time than no time at all." Grant describes the remarks that got him fired from WOR in a 2011 column:
I had done my nightly show on WOR and a caller phoned in to the show saying he was upset with a woman who was blaming the police for what happened to her sons. I had read the story the man was referring to and noted that the woman, who was very angry with the police, was the public relations director or community relations director of WCBS newsradio. I stupidly asked the caller if he knew how she got that job. The caller said he didn't know and I promptly and arrogantly said, "I will tell you how. She passed the gynecological and pigmentation test—that's how!" Not only did that turn off Roger Ailes, but WOR was forced to fire me even though I had given the radio giant the biggest overnight ratings they ever had.
After being fired from WOR, Grant worked at WWDB 96.5 FM in Philadelphia for a year. Grant stated in his book, Let's be Heard, "They actually ran me out of town. After a few months and no offers, I reluctantly agreed to take a job on a talk station in Philadelphia."
Grant returned to WMCA in June 1979 for a Saturday show from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. while still working in Philadelphia during the week. In April 1980, Grant returned to WMCA full-time, where he was teamed with another radio host named Janet Rose. Mark Simone also worked for Grant as an intern during this time.
WABC (1984–1996)
In November 1984, WABC (AM) in New York City hired Grant to join their new talk station. He first hosted a show from 9–11 p.m., before moving to the 3–6 p.m. afternoon time slot. The Bob Grant Show consistently dominated the ratings in the highly competitive afternoon drive time slot in New York City and at one point the radio station aired recorded promos announcing him as "America's most listened to talk radio personality." The gravel-voiced Grant reminded listeners during the daily introduction that the "program was unscripted and unrehearsed". On September 15, 1991, a roast honoring Grant for twenty one years of radio in New York City was held in West Orange, New Jersey. Freddie Roman was the Master of Ceremonies, and Grant was roasted by New York Senator Al D'Amato, comedian Pat Cooper, Soupy Sales, Rush Limbaugh, comedian Joe Piscopo and Lynn Samuels, among others.
Grant introduced President George H. W. Bush to a crowd at Vets Field in Ridgewood, New Jersey while he campaigned for reelection on October 22, 1992.
One of the most popular eras of the Bob Grant Show was during the 1993 and 1994 New Jersey and New York elections. Grant helped Rudy Giuliani win in 1993 against David Dinkins, and was also campaigning for Christine Todd Whitman by doing daily rants against New Jersey Governor James Florio calling him "flim-flam Florio." Florio stated at the time, "how can I win with Bob Grant beating my brains out every day?" Grant's afternoon show grew more popular and reached a 7.1 in the ratings. During this time New York Magazine had requested to profile Grant and ask him about controversial remarks he had made. Grant was also asked to be photographed with a WABC banner draped over him and his finger pointing in the air. However, when the issue was released it showed Grant on the cover with the WABC banner covering him resembling a klansman with the words "Why he hates blacks" written across the page." WABC program director John Mainelli would later reveal that he believed Mario Cuomo and Frank Lautenberg were behind this as Cuomo once had cornered Mainelli threatening to reveal dark secrets about Grant to ABC Chairman Thomas Murphy. Lautenberg attacked his Republican opponent Chuck Haytaian on his association with Grant in the campaign. Lautenberg caused Amtrak to stop advertising on Grant's radio show. Christy Whitman, who Grant had helped become governor stated that she would no longer appear on Grant's show. For the 1994 Election, Grant did daily rants against New Jersey Senator Frank Lautenberg calling him "Lousenberg", and New York Governor Mario Cuomo, who he was now calling "the sfaccim." Grant had been friends with Cuomo beginning in the seventies, but they had a falling out during an appearance in 1986 on Grant's show. Grant questioned Cuomo on why he needed a large war chest against an opponent who didn't have much money, and Cuomo hung up on Grant. In 1994, the "Mario Salute" became a staple of Grant's show. Listeners would call in and state, "Mario, assenza me! Tu sei un proprio sfaccim." Grant explained the translation in English was, "Mario, listen to me. You're a real lowlife." T-shirts and bumper stickers were created with anti-Cuomo messages. A listener also made an anti-Mario Cuomo song which Grant would frequently play. Grant campaigned for Cuomo's opponent, George Pataki and had him on as a guest many times allegedly leading to Pataki picking up enough votes to defeat Cuomo.
Grant's long stay at WABC ended when he was fired for a remark about the April 3, 1996, airplane crash involving Commerce Secretary Ron Brown. Grant remarked to caller named, Carl of Oyster Bay (Carl Limbacher, later of NewsMax fame), "My hunch is that is the one survivor. I just have that hunch. Maybe it's because, at heart, I'm a pessimist." When Brown was found dead, Grant's comments were widely criticized, and several weeks later, after a media campaign, his contract was terminated. Grant's last show on WABC was on April 16, 1996, where he broadcast from the Reo Diner. He was fired the next day on April 17 by program director Phil Boyce after Grant had held an autograph-signing session for his book "Let's be Heard". Politicians who Grant had assisted, such as Christine Todd Whitman, Rudy Giuliani would never appear on Grant's radio show again, and George Pataki appeared one more time on Grant's last WOR show in January 2006.
Return to WOR (1996–2006)
After being fired, Grant moved down the dial to WOR to host his show in the same afternoon drive-time slot on April 29, 1996. Grant's age began to show while broadcasting at WOR. He was less engaging with the callers, and not as energetic during his broadcasts. For a time, The Bob Grant Show went into national syndication, but returned to being a local show in 2001. Grant and his WABC replacement Sean Hannity would sometimes throw jabs at each other. Hannity defeated Grant in the ratings from 2001 to 2006.
Grant's WOR run ended on January 13, 2006. Grant's ratings were not to blame for his departure, according to the New York Post, which mentioned that the decision was reached because the station's other shows had niche audiences to garner more advertising dollars. On January 16, 2006, shortly after Grant's last WOR show, Grant appeared on Sean Hannity's radio show and TV program Hannity & Colmes, where his former competitor paid tribute to him. Having left his options open for "an offer he cannot refuse," Grant returned to WOR in February 2006, doing one minute "Straight Ahead" commentaries which aired twice daily after news broadcasts until September 2006. On September 8, 2006, Grant again appeared on Hannity's show to provide a post-retirement update, which led to premature rumors that Grant was returning to WABC. Grant then made various isolated radio appearances. He appeared as a guest host on WFNY-FM (now WINS-FM) on December 7, 2006, and was interviewed by attorney Anthony Macri for Macri's WOR show on February 24, 2007.
Possible foray into politics
In 2000 Grant briefly considered running for United States Senate from New Jersey as an Independent. He went as far as creating a Draft Bob Grant Committee, but ultimately decided against entering the race. He also considered running for Mayor of New York City in the 1970s.
Post-Retirement: Return to WABC and Internet broadcasting
His guest appearances became more frequent beginning in July 2007. On July 6, 2007, he guest hosted for John R. Gambling, and appeared on Mark Levin's show (which is networked from WABC) on July 10. Grant, guest hosted for Jerry Agar on July 9, 10, 11 and re-appeared as a fill-in host again for John Gambling on August 20 and 21. Then, on August 22, while appearing on Hannity's show, he announced that he was returning as a regular host to WABC, in the 8–10 p.m. slot that at the time was filled by Agar. It would later be revealed, on what was Agar's final show a few hours later, that he would be starting effective immediately, as Grant took over the final segments of the show. His first full show on ABC since 1996 was on August 23. The story of Grant's return, as reported by the New York Daily News, had been discovered only a couple of hours before Grant's official announcement.
Grant's stint lasted less than a year and a half, until his regular nightly show was pulled by WABC in late November 2008 as part of a programming shuffle stemming from the debut of Curtis Sliwa's national show, and later Mark Levin's show expanding to three hours, leaving no room for Grant. Grant did his most recent AM radio work as guest host filling in for Michael Savage on January 21, 2009, Mark Levin on March 23, 2009, and Sean Hannity on July 31, 2009.
During the week of July 6, 2009, Grant began hosting an Internet radio show titled Straight Ahead! which originally ran Monday through Friday from 8 to 9 a.m. ET on UBATV.com. As a webcast, the show differed from Grant's radio shows, in that the viewer watched Grant as he did his broadcast. The first two months of Straight Ahead! were from inside Grant's home, and were run with technical assistance from independent filmmaker Ryan O'Leary. New York radio personalities Richard Bey and Jay Diamond were also brought on board to broadcast their own one-hour shows. Grant mentioned that he did not get paid to do the UBATV show, but believes that Internet broadcasting is the future.
Beginning in September 2009, Grant reduced Straight Ahead! from five days a week down to two (Mondays and Wednesdays from 10 to 11 a.m. Eastern time). Grant also moved the show from his home to a professional studio. Due to a low number of callers to the show, Grant usually interviewed only guests for the hour. On January 13, 2010, Grant did his last UBATV show. Grant's last UBATV show and his last WOR show both fell on the date of January 13.
On September 13, 2009, Grant returned to WABC for a third stint at the station, doing a weekly Sunday talk show from noon to 2 p.m. Grant's return to AM broadcasting allowed him to continue interacting with his fan base through greater listenership and participation than his previous internet radio show provided. At the close of his first show, he expressly thanked the management of the station for "inviting him back" and said he looked forward to continuing this joint venture every week for the foreseeable future. Grant issued a statement in October 2012 that his October 7 broadcast would be his last, but then rescinded that message after the show, labeling it a "mistake" and an attempt to grab attention. He then took off a short time for medical work, and when he returned to the air, it was for a shortened 1 p.m. to 2 p.m. Sunday show. Grant's show continued in its one-hour weekly format until July 28, 2013, when he permanently retired due to declining health.
Grant also prepared weekly columns for his website, BobGrantOnline.com. The site was originally sponsored by NewsMax. The editorials ended February 19, 2013, again due to health problems.
Characteristics of Grant's radio shows
Socio-political views
Grant was widely considered a political conservative. In later life, he commented that "I certainly had many beliefs you'd call conservative, but on some social issues, like abortion or gay marriage, I was more what you'd call libertarian."
In a May 1993 broadcast, Grant referred to civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. as "that slimeball" and as "this bum, this womanizer, this liar, this fake, this phony."
In 1995, the progressive media watchdog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting accused Grant of racism and homophobia. As evidence, they highlighted his repeated use of the word "savages" when referring to African-Americans and statements such as "minorities are the Big Apple's majority, you don't need the papers to tell you that, walk around and you know it. To me, that's a bad thing. I'm a White person". They highlighted his description of Haitian refugees as "swine" and "sub-human infiltrators" who multiply "like maggots on a hot day" and his comment that "Ideally, it would have been nice to have a few phalanxes of policemen with machine guns and mow down".
Grant was highly critical of U.S. President Barack Obama, asserting his view that Obama "truly believes in socialism ... which has the same effect as communism." Grant distinguished himself from other conservative talk show hosts by calling for Obama to release his long form birth certificate, prior to Obama releasing it. He described the Tea Party movement as continuing "the finest tradition of Americanism".
Although Grant was generally known as being a conservative, he was a critic of hard-line conservative advocates in primary races, including the Tea Party movement's candidates. This was a frequent debate topic between Grant and his callers over his last few years. During the fall election of 2010, Grant criticized candidates, such as Christine O'Donnell, Rand Paul, and Sharron Angle. Grant endorsed Charlie Crist over Marco Rubio on a July 10, 2010, broadcast for the Florida senate primary. On a May 8, 2011, broadcast, Grant informed his audience that he supported the moderate Jon Huntsman Jr. for the Republican nomination for president, although he would later go on to support Mitt Romney.
Fill-in hosts
Grant was in favor of engaging hosts substituting for him while he was away on vacation to maintain his ratings. In the cases of G. Gordon Liddy and Curtis Sliwa who guest hosted along with his wife Lisa Evers, this led to them being hired for their own shows. Other popular fill-ins included Bill O'Reilly during the 1990s, Roger Ailes, Alan Burke, Joe Scarborough, Tom Marr, Ann Coulter in 2002, Tom Snyder in 2002, Mike Gallagher, Barry Farber, and comedians Jackie Mason and Pat Cooper in the early 1990s, and Commissioner Myrtle Whitmore.
Influences and legacy
Being largely the innovator of his own particular talk radio style, Grant previously worked with the likes of Barry Gray and Joe Pyne. Pyne would often end each broadcast with "Straight Ahead" which is something Grant picked up, leading many to believe that Grant was the first host to frequently use that line.
Over the years, national radio talk personality Howard Stern has made differing remarks on his admiration for Grant as an early influence. Upon Stern's arrival in New York, he cited Grant as an influence, but as Stern's stardom rose, Grant became the subject of occasional ridicule on Stern's show. During Stern's prime, he denied being influenced by Grant or having respect for him. Stern also criticized Grant for changing his act to appease management. Grant told Paul D. Colford, author of the 1996 Stern biography, Howard Stern: King of All Media, about being approached at a public appearance by Ben Stern, Howard's father, with a teenage Howard in tow. Father introduced son to Grant and told him of Howard's desire to go into radio. "I looked at this big, gawky kid and I said to him, 'Just be yourself,'" Grant recalled. Stern has denied Grant's version of the story. Soon after Grant's firing from WABC, and before his first WOR show, Grant appeared as a call-in guest on Stern's radio show. In more recent years, Stern has praised Grant's legacy. In 2006, Stern called in to Grant's final WOR broadcast and lauded him on the air. On his January 6, 2014 Sirius XM broadcast, while discussing Grant's death and career for the first half-hour of his show, Stern said, "I consider him to be the best broadcaster I've ever heard." Stern said, "Bob was just this really well-informed conservative, who would often become liberal on social issues, but he had such a flair ... he was such a broadcaster ... he could hold your attention for hours," before concluding, "Goodbye, Bob, you are the greatest broadcaster that has ever lived".
Glenn Beck now uses the catchphrase "Get off my phone!" as a spinoff of Grant's earlier call-in talk show style, as do Tom Scharpling and Mark Levin; similarly, Sean Hannity often uses Grant's phrase "Straight ahead." Rush Limbaugh early on acknowledged that Bob Grant paved the way for his success nationwide.
In 2002, industry magazine Talkers ranked Grant as the 16th greatest radio talk show host of all time.
On March 28, 2007, Bob Grant was nominated for induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame. Grant was ultimately not inducted into the Hall in his lifetime; he would be inducted under the Hall's Legends category for posthumous inductees in 2023.
Radio & Records had planned to issue a Lifetime Achievement Award to Grant during its annual convention in March 2008; however, the nomination was revoked in January 2008 for "past comments by him that contradict our values and the respect we have for all members of our community." Several talk radio hosts have spoken out against the decision; Neal Boortz has stated:
I usually try not to miss the Radio & Records talk radio convention ... Not this year. Maybe never again. R&R has succumbed to political correctness ... I don't call for boycotts, but I do think it would be wonderful to see talk show hosts refuse to appear at this convention ... What we have seen here in this revocation of the award to Bob Grant is simple pandering to political correctness. Nothing more, nothing less.
Sean Hannity, Opie and Anthony, comedian Jim Norton, Lars Larson, Rush Limbaugh, Mark Levin, Lionel and Howard Stern opposed the move as well, with Levin stating "I am disgusted with the mistreatment of Bob Grant. I am fed up with the censors, intimidators, and cowards in this business." Don Imus deemed the award unimportant, offered to return awards he had received after treating them to his sledgehammer and block of wood, and called Grant's comments "stupid", although he also referred to Grant as a "legendary broadcaster".
Tributes to Bob Grant poured in after his death was announced.
Marc Fisher, Senior Editor at The Washington Post, wrote tribute to Grant on his Facebook page, saying that his "most creative and influential period" was from the 1960s "when he captured and reflected the rage of New Yorkers seeing their city change around them, to the 70s, when he almost singlehandedly kept Libya's Qaddafi on the U.S. political radar and became one of New York's most popular figures."
A resident of the New Jersey communities of Woodbridge Township, Manalapan Township and Toms River, Grant died in Hillsborough Township, New Jersey on December 31, 2013, after what was described as a "short illness".
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Sources
Colford, Paul D. (1997). Howard Stern: King of All Media. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-96221-5.
Grant, Bob (1996). Let's Be Heard. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-53721-0.
External links
Official website
Bob Grant Returns Home to WABC – WABC (AM) official DJ page
Appearances on C-SPAN
The Inventor of Controversial Talk Radio: Bob Grant
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservative talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talkers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-5"}],"text":"Robert Ciro Gigante (March 14, 1929 – December 31, 2013), known as Bob Grant, was an American radio host. A veteran of broadcasting in New York City, Grant is considered a pioneer of the conservative talk radio format and was one of the early adopters of the \"combat talk\" format.[1][2][3] Grant's career spanned from the 1950s until shortly before his death at age 84 on December 31, 2013.[4][5]Grant was widely termed a political conservative, and personally considered himself to be a conservative with some libertarian leanings.","title":"Bob Grant (radio host)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steinmetz High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinmetz_College_Prep"},{"link_name":"WBEZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBEZ"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.com-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"WBBM (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.com-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"KNX (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"KABC (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Joe Pyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pyne"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"KABC (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-8"},{"link_name":"Kwanzaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa"},{"link_name":"Ron \"Maulana\" Karenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Karenga"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Joe Pyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pyne"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(radio_commentator)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"KABC (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KLAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLAC"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Joe Pyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pyne"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Baird"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Marlo Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlo_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Regis Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Early work","text":"As a high school student at Steinmetz High School in Chicago, Grant auditioned for the Central Radio Workshop of the Chicago Public Schools, where once every two weeks he would perform in plays on FM radio station WBEZ.[6] After high school, Grant attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and studied journalism,[7] where he also auditioned and got accepted for the school's radio station.[6] As a student, Grant acted in plays, such as \"the Duchess of Malfi\".[6] Grant left school early to take a job in radio.[7] Grant originally got into professional radio when he answered a phone call for his roommate, and the program director calling thought he had a good voice.[8] On May 14, 1948, Grant did his first professional news announcement, to discuss the formation of Israel.[9] He then got a job at the news department at WBBM (AM) in Chicago and also continued acting in plays.[6] Grant may have done other work as an extra, but he did not discuss his acting work much on his radio show. Grant also worked on a radio show called \"Gold Coast\" in the late 1950s, which had comedy skits.[10][11] While at WBBM, he was forced to change his last name from \"Gigante\" to \"Grant\" in order to sound less ethnic.[7] During the Korean War, he served in the Naval Reserve.[12]Grant then moved from Chicago to Los Angeles. Grant's first radio work in Los Angeles was on radio station KNX (AM) in 1959, where he worked with future actor Paul Condylis on the Condylis & Grant Comedy Show.[13] The Los Angeles Times stated, \"Their names are Paul Condylis and Bob Grant, voted by this corner as the outstanding newcomers of 1959. Prime Examples Condylis and Grant, a couple of dialecticians from Chicago, specialize in a form of comedy that is most popular today satire.\"[14] Grant described the show as being similar to \"Saturday Night Live\" on the radio.[8] Condylis and Grant would also entertain at places, such as college campuses.[15][16] Afterwards Grant later became sports director at KABC (AM) in Los Angeles. Grant was then urged by co-worker and early controversial radio host Joe Pyne to substitute for him. Shortly after, John F. Kennedy was assassinated, and Pyne being a critic of Kennedy's was not allowed to host his show, and Grant substituted for him, eventually inheriting the show in 1964.[17] Grant hosted three shows on KABC (AM) in 1964 titled, \"Open Line,\" \"Night Line,\" and \"Sunday Line.\"[18] While at KABC Grant would interview celebrities including Muhammad Ali,[8] controversial figures such as Kwanzaa founder Ron \"Maulana\" Karenga, and politicians including Ronald Reagan in what Grant claimed was Reagan's first interview as a political candidate in 1965.[19] While Grant would become a controversial radio figure, he started off more mellow. He competed during nighttime radio against his former co-worker and mentor Joe Pyne and radio commentator Michael Jackson. An October 25, 1964 Los Angeles Times article describes Grant's broadcasting style:Bob Grant is a relative newcomer, but his background is solidly radio, having been a comedian, newscaster and sports announcer. He is the calmest and more inquisitive. Grant's audience appears to be older and he deals less in controversy than Pyne or Jackson. Grant, however, is versatile and discusses subjects intelligently. He is much less a showman than his counterparts.[20]Grant moved from KABC (AM) to KLAC in March 1967.[21] Some of Grant's colleagues at the station were Joel A. Spivak, Les Crane, and mentor Joe Pyne.[22] Grant was described as Los Angeles' most controversial nighttime radio host.[23][24] In 1969, KLAC switched from a talk station to a music station.[25] Grant was then asked to co-host a television show called \"Tempo\" with actress Jeanne Baird that aired on KHJ Channel 9 in Los Angeles from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. After some controversies,[26] including offending guest Marlo Thomas, Grant was eventually let go and replaced by Regis Philbin in July 1970.[27][28][29]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydailynews-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrpopculture-32"},{"link_name":"countercultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"Alex Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bennett_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Fairness Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydailynews2-33"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobgrantonline-34"},{"link_name":"Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobgrantonline2-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google3-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.philly.com-37"},{"link_name":"Benjamin S. Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobgrantonline.com-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobgrantonline.com-40"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"-gry puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-gry_puzzle"},{"link_name":"word game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_game"},{"link_name":"WMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMCA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"LP record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"}],"sub_title":"Move to New York City (WMCA: 1970–1977)","text":"Grant was approached to come to New York by executives at WMCA when WMCA was going to become a talk station. He was recommended to them by Jack Thayer, who had been the station manager of KLAC. Grant was opposed to the move, as he hated what he knew about New York, i.e., the subways, crime, and congestion. He also had four children and a home in Los Angeles.[30] Grant was convinced to come to New York when an executive said to him at the end of a meeting, \"It's just too bad that the number-one talk-show host in America doesn't want to come to the number-one market in America.\"[30] Grant came to New York and presented his first show on WMCA on September 21, 1970, where he worked for station manager R. Peter Strauss.[31] After being in New York for a short time, Grant wanted to go back to Los Angeles. He was contacted by the former news director at KLAC, who was now a program director at another station to join his station, but Grant declined, because he had signed a two-year contract with WMCA.[30] Grant's unhappiness being in New York led to him becoming angry with the callers. He hoped to get fired by R. Peter Strauss, however his ratings soared as he got angrier.[30] Grant was quoted on May 23, 1971, about his new radio show in New York:[32]L.A. radio is really hip compared to New York. Here the scene is very provincial and ethnic and liberal. Being a conservative, I am referred to by most of my callers as the house right-winger or fascist. Actually, it gets pretty funny, because they do more yelling at me than engaging in useful debate. The audience in Los Angeles was much more sophisticated.\" [...] \"Since WMCA started Dialog Radio, it's really shot up in the ratings, we've gone from around 12th to third in the market.Grant was distinctively out of fashion with both the times and with some countercultural WMCA personalities, including Alex Bennett. His offbeat, but combative style (along with Fairness Doctrine requirements of the era) won him seven years on WMCA, with a growing and loyal audience. Grant became well known for his abrasive manner with callers and his popular catch phrase, \"get off my phone.\"[33] His sign-off for many years was \"Get Gaddafi\", which meant remove Muammar Gaddafi. In 1970, Grant quickly became a controversial opinion maker. Grant began saying, \"we're slipping and sliding into third worldism\",[34] along with opposing the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.[35] Grant also came up with a solution to the high birthrate in the 1970s among poor women, which he called Bob Grant's Mandatory Sterilization Program or Act.[36] This led to racism charges, but Grant denied that the program was only for minorities.[37]On March 8, 1973, Grant had scheduled New York Rep. Benjamin S. Rosenthal, who was leading a boycott of meat. Grant later learned that Rosenthal would not appear on his show, and in a discussion with a caller, Grant referred to Rosenthal as a \"coward\". Rosenthal then filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission, and the issue went all the way up to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Straus Communications v. Federal Communications Commission, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, January 16, 1976, Wright, J.[38][39][40] The appeals court ultimately ruled in favor of WMCA and Grant, due to the fact that Grant offered the congressman an invitation to appear on his show, granting Rosenthal equal time.[40]Grant did an early shock jock stunt while at WMCA. A female listener had called in and was curious about pornographic films. Grant decided to take women who listened to him on a trip to a Times Square porno theater to view a porn film.[30] About 100 women showed up for the trip, followed by a roundtable discussion on Grant's show. Grant would have two more listener trips to see a porn film after this.One of Grant's most memorable regular callers was Ms. Trivia, who aired her \"Beef of the Week\", a series of seemingly trivial complaints. Ms. Trivia was Grant's guest at a Halloween Festival dinner held at Lauritano's Restaurant in The Bronx, where a young Ms. Trivia, not long out of her teens, revealed herself for the first time to a startled radio audience, many who had expected and assumed, based upon her articulation and intonation, that she would be an elderly, prudish woman. Instead, a statuesque and fashionable Ms. Trivia, wearing an elaborate Victorian costume, was the surprise guest seated next to Grant at the dais table along with several political figures from New York. The following day the majority of calls to the show were for the purpose of obtaining information about the mysterious Mm. Trivia, with Grant in his typical manner finally in exasperation hanging up on the callers, shouting, \"THIS IS NOT Mm. TRIVIA'S SHOW!\"[41]Grant popularized the -gry puzzle, a word game, on his WMCA show in 1975, stating some version of the question \"There are three words in the English language that end in -gry. Two of them are angry and hungry. What is the third?\". This has no conclusive answer, and spread following Grant's broadcast.While at WMCA, Grant attracted attention from a 1974 commentary he recorded, titled \"How Long Will You Stand Aside\".[42] Grant also released an LP record in 1977 titled, \"Let's Be Heard\", which was a recording of a speech Grant gave before a synagog in New York. Grant left WMCA in 1977.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Farber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Farber"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"WMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMCA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Roger Ailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ailes"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"WWDB 96.5 FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWDB-FM"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blogspot-47"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"WMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMCA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"WMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMCA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google6-49"}],"sub_title":"WOR and WWDB","text":"Grant began on WOR on Memorial Day, May 30, 1977, where he broadcast nights 11:30 p.m.–2:30 a.m. Grant took over the time-slot from host Barry Farber who hosted his show on it for 16 years, but had to give it up, because he was running for Mayor of New York City.[43] According to producer Maurice Tunick, Grant had 24.3 share of the ratings at one point, meaning one in four people listening to the radio were listening to Grant's show.[44]In 1979, Grant had gotten into trouble for some comments he had made and was fired from WOR. Grant was assisted by colleague Barry Farber who fought with WMCA station manager Ellen Straus to rehire Grant. Farber broadcast during the 4–7 p.m. weekday time slot on WMCA. When asked by Straus at a meeting if Farber was willing to give up his airtime for Grant, Farber replied, \"Yes he can have my time. I'd rather he have my time than no time at all.\"[45] Grant describes the remarks that got him fired from WOR in a 2011 column:I had done my nightly show on WOR and a caller phoned in to the show saying he was upset with a woman who was blaming the police for what happened to her sons. I had read the story the man was referring to and noted that the woman, who was very angry with the police, was the public relations director or community relations director of WCBS newsradio. I stupidly asked the caller if he knew how she got that job. The caller said he didn't know and I promptly and arrogantly said, \"I will tell you how. She passed the gynecological and pigmentation test—that's how!\" Not only did that turn off Roger Ailes, but WOR was forced to fire me even though I had given the radio giant the biggest overnight ratings they ever had.[46]After being fired from WOR, Grant worked at WWDB 96.5 FM in Philadelphia for a year.[47] Grant stated in his book, Let's be Heard, \"They actually ran me out of town. After a few months and no offers, I reluctantly agreed to take a job on a talk station in Philadelphia.\"[30]Grant returned to WMCA in June 1979 for a Saturday show from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. while still working in Philadelphia during the week.[48] In April 1980, Grant returned to WMCA full-time, where he was teamed with another radio host named Janet Rose.[49] Mark Simone also worked for Grant as an intern during this time.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WABC (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"drive time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_time"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Pat Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Rush Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"},{"link_name":"Joe Piscopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Piscopo"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gpo-50"},{"link_name":"Rudy Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"David Dinkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google11-51"},{"link_name":"Christine Todd Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman"},{"link_name":"James Florio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Florio"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wordpress-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google11-51"},{"link_name":"New York Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobgrantonline3-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google9-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google11-51"},{"link_name":"Mario Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"Frank Lautenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Haytaian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Haytaian"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly2-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly3-57"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.philly.com-37"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google11-51"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blogspot2-58"},{"link_name":"George Pataki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pataki"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydailynews3-59"},{"link_name":"April 3, 1996, airplane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Croatia_USAF_CT-43_crash"},{"link_name":"Commerce Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Ron Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Brown"},{"link_name":"NewsMax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsMax"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"WABC (1984–1996)","text":"In November 1984, WABC (AM) in New York City hired Grant to join their new talk station. He first hosted a show from 9–11 p.m., before moving to the 3–6 p.m. afternoon time slot. The Bob Grant Show consistently dominated the ratings in the highly competitive afternoon drive time slot in New York City and at one point the radio station aired recorded promos announcing him as \"America's most listened to talk radio personality.\" The gravel-voiced Grant reminded listeners during the daily introduction that the \"program was unscripted and unrehearsed\". On September 15, 1991, a roast honoring Grant for twenty one years of radio in New York City was held in West Orange, New Jersey. Freddie Roman was the Master of Ceremonies, and Grant was roasted by New York Senator Al D'Amato, comedian Pat Cooper, Soupy Sales, Rush Limbaugh, comedian Joe Piscopo and Lynn Samuels, among others.Grant introduced President George H. W. Bush to a crowd at Vets Field in Ridgewood, New Jersey while he campaigned for reelection on October 22, 1992.[50]One of the most popular eras of the Bob Grant Show was during the 1993 and 1994 New Jersey and New York elections. Grant helped Rudy Giuliani win in 1993 against David Dinkins,[51] and was also campaigning for Christine Todd Whitman by doing daily rants against New Jersey Governor James Florio calling him \"flim-flam Florio.\"[52] Florio stated at the time, \"how can I win with Bob Grant beating my brains out every day?\"[53] Grant's afternoon show grew more popular and reached a 7.1 in the ratings.[51] During this time New York Magazine had requested to profile Grant and ask him about controversial remarks he had made. Grant was also asked to be photographed with a WABC banner draped over him and his finger pointing in the air. However, when the issue was released it showed Grant on the cover with the WABC banner covering him resembling a klansman with the words \"Why he hates blacks\" written across the page.\"[54][55][51] WABC program director John Mainelli would later reveal that he believed Mario Cuomo and Frank Lautenberg were behind this as Cuomo once had cornered Mainelli threatening to reveal dark secrets about Grant to ABC Chairman Thomas Murphy. Lautenberg attacked his Republican opponent Chuck Haytaian on his association with Grant in the campaign.[56] Lautenberg caused Amtrak to stop advertising on Grant's radio show.[57] Christy Whitman, who Grant had helped become governor stated that she would no longer appear on Grant's show.[37] For the 1994 Election, Grant did daily rants against New Jersey Senator Frank Lautenberg calling him \"Lousenberg\",[51] and New York Governor Mario Cuomo, who he was now calling \"the sfaccim.\" Grant had been friends with Cuomo beginning in the seventies, but they had a falling out during an appearance in 1986 on Grant's show. Grant questioned Cuomo on why he needed a large war chest against an opponent who didn't have much money, and Cuomo hung up on Grant. In 1994, the \"Mario Salute\" became a staple of Grant's show. Listeners would call in and state, \"Mario, assenza me! Tu sei un proprio sfaccim.\"[58] Grant explained the translation in English was, \"Mario, listen to me. You're a real lowlife.\" T-shirts and bumper stickers were created with anti-Cuomo messages. A listener also made an anti-Mario Cuomo song which Grant would frequently play. Grant campaigned for Cuomo's opponent, George Pataki and had him on as a guest many times allegedly leading to Pataki picking up enough votes to defeat Cuomo.[59]Grant's long stay at WABC ended when he was fired for a remark about the April 3, 1996, airplane crash involving Commerce Secretary Ron Brown. Grant remarked to caller named, Carl of Oyster Bay (Carl Limbacher, later of NewsMax fame), \"My hunch is that [Brown] is the one survivor. I just have that hunch. Maybe it's because, at heart, I'm a pessimist.\" When Brown was found dead, Grant's comments were widely criticized, and several weeks later, after a media campaign, his contract was terminated.[60] Grant's last show on WABC was on April 16, 1996, where he broadcast from the Reo Diner. He was fired the next day on April 17 by program director Phil Boyce after Grant had held an autograph-signing session for his book \"Let's be Heard\". Politicians who Grant had assisted, such as Christine Todd Whitman, Rudy Giuliani would never appear on Grant's radio show again, and George Pataki appeared one more time on Grant's last WOR show in January 2006.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Sean Hannity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hannity & Colmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannity_%26_Colmes"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"WINS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS-FM"}],"sub_title":"Return to WOR (1996–2006)","text":"After being fired, Grant moved down the dial to WOR to host his show in the same afternoon drive-time slot on April 29, 1996. Grant's age began to show while broadcasting at WOR. He was less engaging with the callers, and not as energetic during his broadcasts. For a time, The Bob Grant Show went into national syndication, but returned to being a local show in 2001. Grant and his WABC replacement Sean Hannity would sometimes throw jabs at each other. Hannity defeated Grant in the ratings from 2001 to 2006.[61][62]Grant's WOR run ended on January 13, 2006. Grant's ratings were not to blame for his departure, according to the New York Post, which mentioned that the decision was reached because the station's other shows had niche audiences to garner more advertising dollars.[citation needed] On January 16, 2006, shortly after Grant's last WOR show, Grant appeared on Sean Hannity's radio show and TV program Hannity & Colmes, where his former competitor paid tribute to him. Having left his options open for \"an offer he cannot refuse,\" Grant returned to WOR in February 2006, doing one minute \"Straight Ahead\" commentaries which aired twice daily after news broadcasts until September 2006. On September 8, 2006, Grant again appeared on Hannity's show to provide a post-retirement update, which led to premature rumors that Grant was returning to WABC.[63][64] Grant then made various isolated radio appearances. He appeared as a guest host on WFNY-FM (now WINS-FM) on December 7, 2006, and was interviewed by attorney Anthony Macri for Macri's WOR show on February 24, 2007.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Possible foray into politics","text":"In 2000 Grant briefly considered running for United States Senate from New Jersey as an Independent. He went as far as creating a Draft Bob Grant Committee, but ultimately decided against entering the race. He also considered running for Mayor of New York City in the 1970s.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John R. Gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Gambling"},{"link_name":"Mark Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Levin"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"WABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Sliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydn112508-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydn112508-65"},{"link_name":"Internet radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_radio"},{"link_name":"ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"UBATV.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UBATV.com&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"webcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Richard Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bey"},{"link_name":"Jay Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"AM broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"NewsMax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmax"}],"sub_title":"Post-Retirement: Return to WABC and Internet broadcasting","text":"His guest appearances became more frequent beginning in July 2007. On July 6, 2007, he guest hosted for John R. Gambling, and appeared on Mark Levin's show (which is networked from WABC) on July 10. Grant, guest hosted for Jerry Agar on July 9, 10, 11 and re-appeared as a fill-in host again for John Gambling on August 20 and 21. Then, on August 22, while appearing on Hannity's show, he announced that he was returning as a regular host to WABC, in the 8–10 p.m. slot that at the time was filled by Agar. It would later be revealed, on what was Agar's final show a few hours later, that he would be starting effective immediately, as Grant took over the final segments of the show. His first full show on ABC since 1996 was on August 23. The story of Grant's return, as reported by the New York Daily News, had been discovered only a couple of hours before Grant's official announcement.Grant's stint lasted less than a year and a half, until his regular nightly show was pulled by WABC in late November 2008 as part of a programming shuffle stemming from the debut of Curtis Sliwa's national show, and later Mark Levin's show expanding to three hours, leaving no room for Grant.[65] Grant did his most recent AM radio work as guest host filling in for Michael Savage on January 21, 2009, Mark Levin on March 23, 2009, and Sean Hannity on July 31, 2009.[65]During the week of July 6, 2009, Grant began hosting an Internet radio show titled Straight Ahead! which originally ran Monday through Friday from 8 to 9 a.m. ET on UBATV.com.[66] As a webcast, the show differed from Grant's radio shows, in that the viewer watched Grant as he did his broadcast. The first two months of Straight Ahead! were from inside Grant's home, and were run with technical assistance from independent filmmaker Ryan O'Leary.[citation needed] New York radio personalities Richard Bey and Jay Diamond were also brought on board to broadcast their own one-hour shows. Grant mentioned that he did not get paid to do the UBATV show, but believes that Internet broadcasting is the future.[67][68]Beginning in September 2009, Grant reduced Straight Ahead! from five days a week down to two (Mondays and Wednesdays from 10 to 11 a.m. Eastern time). Grant also moved the show from his home to a professional studio. Due to a low number of callers to the show, Grant usually interviewed only guests for the hour. On January 13, 2010, Grant did his last UBATV show. Grant's last UBATV show and his last WOR show both fell on the date of January 13.On September 13, 2009, Grant returned to WABC for a third stint at the station, doing a weekly Sunday talk show from noon to 2 p.m. Grant's return to AM broadcasting allowed him to continue interacting with his fan base through greater listenership and participation than his previous internet radio show provided. At the close of his first show, he expressly thanked the management of the station for \"inviting him back\" and said he looked forward to continuing this joint venture every week for the foreseeable future. Grant issued a statement in October 2012 that his October 7 broadcast would be his last, but then rescinded that message after the show, labeling it a \"mistake\" and an attempt to grab attention. He then took off a short time for medical work, and when he returned to the air, it was for a shortened 1 p.m. to 2 p.m. Sunday show. Grant's show continued in its one-hour weekly format until July 28, 2013, when he permanently retired due to declining health.Grant also prepared weekly columns for his website, BobGrantOnline.com. The site was originally sponsored by NewsMax. The editorials ended February 19, 2013, again due to health problems.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characteristics of Grant's radio shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naureckas_1995-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naureckas_1995-71"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinckley_2009-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Tea Party movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinckley_2009-72"},{"link_name":"Christine O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Rand Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sharron Angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharron_Angle"},{"link_name":"Charlie Crist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Crist"},{"link_name":"Marco Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Jon Huntsman Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Socio-political views","text":"Grant was widely considered a political conservative. In later life, he commented that \"I certainly had many beliefs you'd call conservative, but on some social issues, like abortion or gay marriage, I was more what you'd call libertarian.\"[69]In a May 1993 broadcast, Grant referred to civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. as \"that slimeball\" and as \"this bum, this womanizer, this liar, this fake, this phony.\"[70]In 1995, the progressive media watchdog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting accused Grant of racism and homophobia. As evidence, they highlighted his repeated use of the word \"savages\" when referring to African-Americans and statements such as \"minorities are the Big Apple's majority, you don't need the papers to tell you that, walk around and you know it. To me, that's a bad thing. I'm a White person\".[71] They highlighted his description of Haitian refugees as \"swine\" and \"sub-human infiltrators\" who multiply \"like maggots on a hot day\" and his comment that \"Ideally, it would have been nice to have a few phalanxes of policemen with machine guns and mow [gay pride paraders] down\".[71]Grant was highly critical of U.S. President Barack Obama, asserting his view that Obama \"truly believes in socialism ... which has the same effect as communism.\"[72] Grant distinguished himself from other conservative talk show hosts by calling for Obama to release his long form birth certificate, prior to Obama releasing it.[73] He described the Tea Party movement as continuing \"the finest tradition of Americanism\".[72]Although Grant was generally known as being a conservative, he was a critic of hard-line conservative advocates in primary races, including the Tea Party movement's candidates. This was a frequent debate topic between Grant and his callers over his last few years. During the fall election of 2010, Grant criticized candidates, such as Christine O'Donnell, Rand Paul, and Sharron Angle. Grant endorsed Charlie Crist over Marco Rubio on a July 10, 2010, broadcast for the Florida senate primary. On a May 8, 2011, broadcast, Grant informed his audience that he supported the moderate Jon Huntsman Jr. for the Republican nomination for president, although he would later go on to support Mitt Romney.[74]","title":"Characteristics of Grant's radio shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. Gordon Liddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly4-75"},{"link_name":"Curtis Sliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adweek-76"},{"link_name":"Lisa Evers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Evers"},{"link_name":"Alan Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Burke"},{"link_name":"Joe Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Tom Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Marr"},{"link_name":"Ann Coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Coulter"},{"link_name":"Tom Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Snyder"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-excite-77"},{"link_name":"Mike Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gallagher_(political_commentator)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Mason"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Whitmore"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Fill-in hosts","text":"Grant was in favor of engaging hosts substituting for him while he was away on vacation to maintain his ratings. In the cases of G. Gordon Liddy[75] and Curtis Sliwa[76] who guest hosted along with his wife Lisa Evers, this led to them being hired for their own shows. Other popular fill-ins included Bill O'Reilly during the 1990s, Roger Ailes, Alan Burke, Joe Scarborough, Tom Marr, Ann Coulter in 2002, Tom Snyder in 2002,[77] Mike Gallagher, Barry Farber, and comedians Jackie Mason and Pat Cooper in the early 1990s, and Commissioner Myrtle Whitmore.[78]","title":"Characteristics of Grant's radio shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Gray_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Joe Pyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pyne"},{"link_name":"Howard Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Stern"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koam.com-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koam.com-80"},{"link_name":"Howard Stern: King of All Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Stern:_King_of_All_Media&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koam.com-80"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Glenn Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Beck"},{"link_name":"Tom Scharpling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Scharpling"},{"link_name":"Talkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkers_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talkers2-84"},{"link_name":"National Radio Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museum-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Radio & Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26R_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Neal Boortz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Boortz"},{"link_name":"political correctness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness"},{"link_name":"political correctness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Opie and Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opie_and_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Jim Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Norton_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Lars Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Larson"},{"link_name":"Rush Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"},{"link_name":"Mark Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Levin"},{"link_name":"Lionel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_(radio_personality)"},{"link_name":"Howard Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Stern"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Don Imus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Imus"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Tributes to Bob Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/user/BobGrantTribute"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Manalapan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manalapan_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Toms River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"Being largely the innovator of his own particular talk radio style, Grant previously worked with the likes of Barry Gray and Joe Pyne. Pyne would often end each broadcast with \"Straight Ahead\" which is something Grant picked up, leading many to believe that Grant was the first host to frequently use that line.Over the years, national radio talk personality Howard Stern has made differing remarks on his admiration for Grant as an early influence. Upon Stern's arrival in New York, he cited Grant as an influence,[79] but as Stern's stardom rose, Grant became the subject of occasional ridicule on Stern's show. During Stern's prime, he denied being influenced by Grant or having respect for him.[80] Stern also criticized Grant for changing his act to appease management.[80] Grant told Paul D. Colford, author of the 1996 Stern biography, Howard Stern: King of All Media, about being approached at a public appearance by Ben Stern, Howard's father, with a teenage Howard in tow. Father introduced son to Grant and told him of Howard's desire to go into radio. \"I looked at this big, gawky kid and I said to him, 'Just be yourself,'\" Grant recalled. Stern has denied Grant's version of the story.[80] Soon after Grant's firing from WABC, and before his first WOR show, Grant appeared as a call-in guest on Stern's radio show. In more recent years, Stern has praised Grant's legacy. In 2006, Stern called in to Grant's final WOR broadcast and lauded him on the air. On his January 6, 2014 Sirius XM broadcast, while discussing Grant's death and career for the first half-hour of his show, Stern said, \"I consider him to be the best broadcaster I've ever heard.\" Stern said, \"Bob was just this really well-informed conservative, who would often become liberal on social issues, but he had such a flair ... he was such a broadcaster ... he could hold your attention for hours,\" before concluding, \"Goodbye, Bob, you are the greatest broadcaster that has ever lived\".[81][82][83]Glenn Beck now uses the catchphrase \"Get off my phone!\" as a spinoff of Grant's earlier call-in talk show style, as do Tom Scharpling and Mark Levin; similarly, Sean Hannity often uses Grant's phrase \"Straight ahead.\" Rush Limbaugh early on acknowledged that Bob Grant paved the way for his success nationwide.In 2002, industry magazine Talkers ranked Grant as the 16th greatest radio talk show host of all time.[84]On March 28, 2007, Bob Grant was nominated for induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame.[85] Grant was ultimately not inducted into the Hall in his lifetime; he would be inducted under the Hall's Legends category for posthumous inductees in 2023.[86]Radio & Records had planned to issue a Lifetime Achievement Award to Grant during its annual convention in March 2008; however, the nomination was revoked in January 2008 for \"past comments by him that contradict our values and the respect we have for all members of our community.\"[87] Several talk radio hosts have spoken out against the decision; Neal Boortz has stated:I usually try not to miss the Radio & Records talk radio convention ... Not this year. Maybe never again. R&R has succumbed to political correctness ... I don't call for boycotts, but I do think it would be wonderful to see talk show hosts refuse to appear at this convention ... What we have seen here in this revocation of the award to Bob Grant is simple pandering to political correctness. Nothing more, nothing less.[88]Sean Hannity, Opie and Anthony, comedian Jim Norton, Lars Larson, Rush Limbaugh, Mark Levin, Lionel and Howard Stern opposed the move as well, with Levin stating \"I am disgusted with the mistreatment of Bob Grant. I am fed up with the censors, intimidators, and cowards in this business.\"[89] Don Imus deemed the award unimportant, offered to return awards he had received after treating them to his sledgehammer and block of wood, and called Grant's comments \"stupid\", although he also referred to Grant as a \"legendary broadcaster\".[90]Tributes to Bob Grant poured in after his death was announced.Marc Fisher, Senior Editor at The Washington Post, wrote tribute to Grant on his Facebook page, saying that his \"most creative and influential period\" was from the 1960s \"when he captured and reflected the rage of New Yorkers seeing their city change around them, to the 70s, when he almost singlehandedly kept Libya's Qaddafi on the U.S. political radar and became one of New York's most popular figures.\"A resident of the New Jersey communities of Woodbridge Township, Manalapan Township and Toms River, Grant died in Hillsborough Township, New Jersey on December 31, 2013, after what was described as a \"short illness\".[91]","title":"Influences and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Stern: King of All Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/howardsternkingo00colf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-96221-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-96221-5"},{"link_name":"Let's Be Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/letsbeheard0000gran"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-53721-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-53721-0"}],"text":"Colford, Paul D. (1997). Howard Stern: King of All Media. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-96221-5.\nGrant, Bob (1996). Let's Be Heard. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-53721-0.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"reference":"\"TALKERS MAGAZINE ONLINE\". talkers.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.talkers.com/greatest/16rGrant.htm","url_text":"\"TALKERS MAGAZINE ONLINE\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Radio Hall of Fame & Museum\". Archived from the original on July 15, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060715112332/http://www.radiohof.org/2004_nominees.html","url_text":"\"National Radio Hall of Fame & Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.radiohof.org/2004_nominees.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WABC welcomes back Bob Grant\". New York: Nydailynews.com. August 24, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2007/08/23/2007-08-23_wabc_welcomes_back_bob_grant_-2.html","url_text":"\"WABC welcomes back Bob Grant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Grant Dead at Age 84\". Radioink.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140106173829/http://www.radioink.com/Article.asp?id=2741100&spid=24698","url_text":"\"Bob Grant Dead at Age 84\""},{"url":"http://radioink.com/Article.asp?id=2741100&spid=24698","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wall Street Journal\". online.wsj.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/AP030b1adf5d774358b667cd997ef4dbd2","url_text":"\"The Wall Street Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Robert; Grant, Bob (March 1997). Let's be Heard. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-53721-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=20dZouHq0VwC&q=bob+grant+sports+director+kabc&pg=PA96","url_text":"Let's be Heard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53721-0","url_text":"978-0-671-53721-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's in Grant's Tomb?\". 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Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614121530/http://www.merit.edu/mail.archives/nanog/2005-12/msg00347.html","url_text":"\"Grant vs. Stern: animosity or respect?\""},{"url":"http://www.merit.edu/mail.archives/nanog/2005-12/msg00347.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Here He Is\". Koam.com. Retrieved July 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koam.com/haven/howard_interv.html","url_text":"\"Here He Is\""}]},{"reference":"Hinckley, David (August 24, 2010). \"Howard Stern reacts to being ranked No. 2 by Talkers: 'There was no Rush Limbaugh til I came along'\". Daily News. New York.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2010/08/25/2010-08-25_stern_gives_ranking_bums_rush.html","url_text":"\"Howard Stern reacts to being ranked No. 2 by Talkers: 'There was no Rush Limbaugh til I came along'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some secrets are out – The Howard Stern Show\". Howardstern.com. January 16, 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.howardstern.com/rundown.hs?d=1137387600","url_text":"\"Some secrets are out – The Howard Stern Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talkers Magazine Online\". talkers.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.talkers.com/greatest/","url_text":"\"Talkers Magazine Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 RHOF Inductees\". museum.tv. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081101154940/http://www.museum.tv/rhofsection.php","url_text":"\"2008 RHOF Inductees\""},{"url":"http://www.museum.tv/rhofsection.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Talk Radio 77 WABC New York - Bob Grant\". Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140103035839/http://www.wabcradio.com/page.php?page_id=422","url_text":"\"News Talk Radio 77 WABC New York - Bob Grant\""},{"url":"http://www.wabcradio.com/page.php?page_id%3D422","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colford, Paul D. (1997). Howard Stern: King of All Media. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-96221-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howardsternkingo00colf","url_text":"Howard Stern: King of All Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-96221-5","url_text":"0-312-96221-5"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Bob (1996). Let's Be Heard. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-53721-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/letsbeheard0000gran","url_text":"Let's Be Heard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-53721-0","url_text":"0-671-53721-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraki
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Charaki
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["1 References","2 Gallery"]
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Coordinates: 36°10′N 28°05′E / 36.167°N 28.083°E / 36.167; 28.083For the village in Iran, see Charaki, Iran.
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Settlement in GreeceCharaki
ΧαράκιSettlementCharakiCoordinates: 36°10′N 28°05′E / 36.167°N 28.083°E / 36.167; 28.083CountryGreeceAdministrative regionSouth AegeanRegional unitRhodesMunicipalityRhodesMunicipal unitArchangelosCommunityMalonasPopulation (2021) • Total130Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Charaki (Greek: Χαράκι) is a small fishing village on the east coast of the island of Rhodes, Greece. In addition to its fishing trade, Charaki is also a small holiday resort, with the usual tavernas, restaurants and bars. Charaki has a small, picturesque bay with a number of holiday apartments in addition to its tavernas. More recently, the land behind the bay has been host to a small number of housing developments.
Charaki is only half an hour drive from Rhodes International Airport, and 10 minutes drive from the town of Lindos.
On the acropolis overlooking Charaki is Feraclos Castle (aka Feraklos) (Greek Φεράκλος) - Feraclos was built by the Knights of St John, and was the last stronghold in Rhodes to succumb to the Ottoman Empire. From the Feraclos castle, there is a panoramic view of Charaki, the sandy beach of Agia Agathi, and more far to the south the town of Lindos.
Wild mountain sheep and moufflon inhabit the village's surrounding mountains. Generally, the animals congregate in the castle at dusk and remain there until sunrise.
Most inhabitants of Charaki are residents of the nearby agricultural village Malona.
Visible from Charaki bay is the acropolis of Lindos, the next major town to the village.
Situated on a similar half-moon bay, Charaki is slightly smaller than the Greek village of Stoupa near Kalamata on the Greek mainland.
Charaki was rated as one of the cleanest beaches of the Greek isles in 2022.
References
^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
Gallery
Dawning
Morning
Peacebreaker
Plage, in the background is visible Feraclos Castle
Feraclos Castle at sunset
Feraclos Castle
Feraclos Castle at night
vteSubdivisions of the municipality of RhodesMunicipal unit of Afantou
Afantou
Archipoli
Municipal unit of Archangelos
Archangelos
Malonas
Masari
Municipal unit of Attavyros
Agios Isidoros
Embonas
Kritinia
Monolithos
Siana
Municipal unit of Ialysos
Ialysos
Municipal unit of Kallithea
Kalythies
Koskinou
Psinthos
Municipal unit of Kameiros
Apollona
Dimylia
Fanes
Kalavarda
Platania
Salakos
Soroni
Municipal unit of Lindos
Kalathos
Laerma
Lardos
Lindos
Pylonas
Municipal unit of Petaloudes
Damatria
Kremasti
Maritsa
Paradeisi
Pastida
Theologos
Municipal unit of Rhodes (city)
Rhodes (city)
Municipal unit of South Rhodes
Apolakkia
Arnitha
Asklipieio
Gennadi
Istrios
Kattavia
Lachania
Mesanagros
Profilia
Vati
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charaki, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charaki,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"fishing village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_village"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"tavernas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taverna"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"Rhodes International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lindos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindos"},{"link_name":"acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis"},{"link_name":"Feraclos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feraclos_Castle"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Knights of St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_St_John"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"moufflon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moufflon"},{"link_name":"Lindos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindos"},{"link_name":"Stoupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoupa"},{"link_name":"Kalamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamata"}],"text":"For the village in Iran, see Charaki, Iran.Settlement in GreeceCharaki (Greek: Χαράκι) is a small fishing village on the east coast of the island of Rhodes, Greece. In addition to its fishing trade, Charaki is also a small holiday resort, with the usual tavernas, restaurants and bars. Charaki has a small, picturesque bay with a number of holiday apartments in addition to its tavernas. More recently, the land behind the bay has been host to a small number of housing developments.Charaki is only half an hour drive from Rhodes International Airport, and 10 minutes drive from the town of Lindos.On the acropolis overlooking Charaki is Feraclos Castle (aka Feraklos) (Greek Φεράκλος) - Feraclos was built by the Knights of St John, and was the last stronghold in Rhodes to succumb to the Ottoman Empire. From the Feraclos castle, there is a panoramic view of Charaki, the sandy beach of Agia Agathi, and more far to the south the town of Lindos.Wild mountain sheep and moufflon inhabit the village's surrounding mountains. Generally, the animals congregate in the castle at dusk and remain there until sunrise.Most inhabitants of Charaki are residents of the nearby agricultural village Malona.Visible from Charaki bay is the acropolis of Lindos, the next major town to the village.Situated on a similar half-moon bay, Charaki is slightly smaller than the Greek village of Stoupa near Kalamata on the Greek mainland.Charaki was rated as one of the cleanest beaches of the Greek isles in 2022.","title":"Charaki"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charaki_Rhodes_Greece_D.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charaki_Rhodes_Greece_M.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morning_at_Charaki_Bay._Rhodes,_Greece.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charaki_Rhodes_Greece_P.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feraclos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feraclos_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charaki_Feraclos_Castle_Rhodes_Greece.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feraclos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feraclos_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feraklos_Castle_Haraki_Rhodes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feraclos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feraclos_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feraklos_Castle_Haraki_Rhodes_N.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feraclos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feraclos_Castle"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rhodes_div"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rhodes_div"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhodes_div"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Afantou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afantou"},{"link_name":"Afantou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afantou"},{"link_name":"Archangelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangelos,_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Archangelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangelos,_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Attavyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attavyros_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Agios Isidoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Isidoros,_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Embonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embonas"},{"link_name":"Kritinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritinia"},{"link_name":"Monolithos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithos,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Ialysos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialysos"},{"link_name":"Ialysos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialysos"},{"link_name":"Kallithea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallithea,_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Kalythies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalythies"},{"link_name":"Koskinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koskinou"},{"link_name":"Kameiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameiros_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Fanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanes"},{"link_name":"Kalavarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavarda"},{"link_name":"Salakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salakos"},{"link_name":"Soroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroni"},{"link_name":"Lindos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindos"},{"link_name":"Lardos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lardos"},{"link_name":"Lindos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindos"},{"link_name":"Petaloudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaloudes"},{"link_name":"Damatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damatria"},{"link_name":"Kremasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremasti"},{"link_name":"Maritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritsa,_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Paradeisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradeisi"},{"link_name":"Pastida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastida"},{"link_name":"Theologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologos,_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Rhodes (city)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_(city)"},{"link_name":"Rhodes (city)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_(city)"},{"link_name":"South Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Apolakkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolakkia"},{"link_name":"Gennadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadi"},{"link_name":"Kattavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattavia"},{"link_name":"Mesanagros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesanagros"}],"text":"Dawning\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorning\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeacebreaker\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlage, in the background is visible Feraclos Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFeraclos Castle at sunset\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFeraclos Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFeraclos Castle at nightvteSubdivisions of the municipality of RhodesMunicipal unit of Afantou\nAfantou\nArchipoli\nMunicipal unit of Archangelos\nArchangelos\nMalonas\nMasari\nMunicipal unit of Attavyros\nAgios Isidoros\nEmbonas\nKritinia\nMonolithos\nSiana\nMunicipal unit of Ialysos\nIalysos\nMunicipal unit of Kallithea\nKalythies\nKoskinou\nPsinthos\nMunicipal unit of Kameiros\nApollona\nDimylia\nFanes\nKalavarda\nPlatania\nSalakos\nSoroni\nMunicipal unit of Lindos\nKalathos\nLaerma\nLardos\nLindos\nPylonas\nMunicipal unit of Petaloudes\nDamatria\nKremasti\nMaritsa\nParadeisi\nPastida\nTheologos\nMunicipal unit of Rhodes (city)\nRhodes (city)\nMunicipal unit of South Rhodes\nApolakkia\nArnitha\nAsklipieio\nGennadi\nIstrios\nKattavia\nLachania\nMesanagros\nProfilia\nVati","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewall_tire
|
Whitewall tire
|
["1 Background","2 Overview","3 Modern","4 Gallery","5 References"]
|
Tire with white sidewall
Coker Classic radial whitewall tires on a 1957 Ford Thunderbird
Whitewall tires or white sidewall (WSW) tires are tires having a stripe or entire sidewall of white rubber. These tires were most commonly used from the early 1900s to around the mid 1980s.
Background
The use of whitewall rubber for tire has been traced to a small tire company in Chicago called Vogue Tyre and Rubber Co that made them for their horse and chauffeur drawn carriages in 1914.
Early automobile tires were made of pure natural rubber with various chemicals mixed into the tread compounds to make them wear better. The best of these was zinc oxide, a pure white substance that increased traction and also made the entire tire white. However, the white rubber did not offer sufficient endurance, so carbon black was added to the rubber to greatly increase tread life. Later, entirely black tires became available, the still extant white sidewalls being covered with a somewhat thin, black colored layer of rubber. Should a black sidewall tire have been severely scuffed against a curb, the underlying white rubber would be revealed; it is in a similar manner that raised white letter (RWL) tires are made.
Overview
The status of whitewall tires versus blackwall tires was originally the reverse of what it later became, with fully black tires requiring a greater amount of carbon black and less effort to maintain a clean appearance these were considered the premium tire; since the black tires first became available they were commonly fitted to many luxury cars through the 1930s. During the late-1920s gleaming whitewalls contrasted against darker surroundings were considered a stylish, but high-maintenance feature. The popularity of whitewalls as an option increased during the 1930s. On April 6, 1934, Ford introduced whitewall tires as an $11.25 (equivalent to $256 in 2023) option on all its new cars. But automobile designs incorporating streamlining directed visual interest away from tire walls.
1950s Rambler American with vintage aftermarket "curb feeler"
The availability of whitewall tires was limited in the U.S. during the supply shortages of raw materials during World War II and the Korean War.
Wide whitewall tires reached their height in popularity by the early-1950s. The 1957 production version of the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham was fitted with whitewalls that were reduced to a 1" wide stripe floating on the tire sidewall with a black area between this stripe and the wheel rim. The whitewall stripe width began to diminish as an attempt to reduce the perceived height of the wheel/tire. During the decade, increasingly lower vehicle heights were in vogue. During the 1950s, Fender skirts also covered up white wall tires.
Wide whitewalls generally fell out of favor in the U.S. by the 1962 model year. They continued as an option on the Lincoln Continental for some time thereafter but most common were narrower 3⁄4–1-inch (1.9–2.5 cm) stripe whitewalls. During the mid-1960s variations on the striped whitewall began to appear; a red/white stripe combination was offered on Thunderbirds and other high-end Fords, and triple white stripe variations were offered on Cadillacs, Lincolns, and Imperials. Whitewall tires were a popular option on new cars during the 1950s and 1960s, as well as in the replacement market. In some cases, having whitewall tires were a "must have" to get the right look on a car; and for those who could not afford the real deal, add-ons could be installed over the rim of the wheel that could leak if the pressure was too high.
New tires were wrapped in paper for shipping, to keep the white stripe clean, and for preventing the black of other tires from rubbing on the whitewall side. Maintaining a clean sidewall was an issue. Some motorists added aftermarket "curb feelers" that were attached at the bottom of the wheel opening lip to help reduce scraping the whitewall tire against curbs.
By 1968, wide whitewall tires were no longer available on the Chevrolet Corvette; replaced by F70x15 bias-ply nylon cord tires with thin stripes, either a narrow white or narrow red stripe.
The single-sided whitewall remained a desirable option through the 1970s, becoming a hallmark of "traditional luxury". Radial tires made by Vogue Tyre featured a narrow whitewall with a thin gold stripe line toward the edge of the tire. They were most often fitted to luxury cars.
Modern
Full-fledged wide whitewalls have made a return within modified car culture. The resurgence of traditional hot rods, customs, retro, lowriders and resto-cal cars have also contributed to the resurgence in whitewall tires.
Although wide whitewalls are virtually nonexistent as a factory option on modern automobiles, they are still manufactured in original bias-ply or radial form by specialty outlets such as Coker Tire and Vogue Tyre. The last car available in the United Kingdom with whitewall tires was the Kia Pride. Some companies manufacture wide whitewall inserts - the so-called "Portawall" inserts are usually sold through Volkswagen Beetle restoration companies. Another modern incarnation has been tire decals, which can be applied to a normal tire to give the whitewall look.
Modern trends toward more minimal styling, and large wheels favoring very low-profile tires leave little room for a whitewall. The Lincoln Town Car continued to be offered with a factory whitewall option—a narrow white stripe—until its discontinuation in 2010. It is not currently offered as a factory option by any car manufacturer, but it is possible to order whitewalls for motorcycles (for example, the 2014–present Indian Chief).
Gallery
1904 Auburn with all white rubber tires
1913 American Underslung with all white tires
1913 Indian Big Twin with standard white rubber tires
Firestone Deluxe Champion Whitewall sparetire (with thick white band) on a 1932 Nash Coupe
Wide whitewall tires were popular on premium automobiles
1956 Oldsmobile Super 88 with Coker Classic whitewall tires
The white stripes on tires became narrower as the 1960s progressed
Narrow gold stripe performance tire from the 1960s
Redline tires were commonly fitted on performance cars in the late 1960s
Buick Electra with white stripe tire partially covered by a fender skirt
Narrow stripe white wall tires were common throughout the 1970s and into the early 1980s, some luxury carmakers still offered them late into the 1990s
A variation with white letters on the sidewall found on muscle car tires, these are still used on modern SUVs
References
^ Ryan (7 June 2006). "The History Of The Whitewall: Part 2!". Jalopy Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ a b Cameron, Kevin (2009). Top dead center 2 : racing and wrenching with Cycle world's Kevin Cameron. MBI Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 9780760336083. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Cameron, p. 169.
^ Sullivan, Kate (6 April 2013). "This Day in History: Ford offers whitewall option". Hemmings. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Flory, J. Kelly (2008). American cars, 1946-1959: every model, year by year. McFarland. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Kaufman, Burton Ira; Kaufman, Diane (2009). The A to Z of the Eisenhower era. Scarecrow Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780810871502. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Glabach, Ray (2011). The Last Village Smithy: Memories of a Small Town in the New England Hills. AuthorHouse. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-4567-5901-8. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Walesh, Stuart G. (April 2010). "Still Wrapping Tires in Brown Paper?". Leadership and Management in Engineering. 10 (2): 96. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000054. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Automotive News. Crain Automotive Group. 1981. p. 100. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Falconer, Tom (2003). Complete Corvette: A Model-by-Model History of the American Sports Car. MBI Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7603-1474-6. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Perea, Sammy J. (February 2009). "History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on". Lowrider. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
vteTiresTypes
Tubeless tire
Radial tire
Low rolling resistance tire
Run-flat tire
Michelin PAX System
Airless tire
Tweel
Rain tyre
Snow tire
All-terrain tire
Bar grip
Knobby tire
Large tire
Mud-terrain tire
Paddle tire
Orange oil tires
Whitewall tire
Aircraft tire
Tundra tire
Bicycle tire
Tubular tire
Lego tire
Motorcycle tyre
Tractor tire
Racing slick
Formula One tyres
Spare tire
Continental tire
Components
Bead
Beadlock
Tread
Siping (rubber)
Valve stem
Dunlop valve
Presta valve
Schrader valve
Attributes
Camber thrust
Circle of forces
Cold inflation pressure
Contact patch
Cornering force
Ground pressure
Pacejka's Magic Formula
Pneumatic trail
Relaxation length
Rolling resistance
Self aligning torque
Slip angle
Steering ratio
Tire balance
Tire load sensitivity
Tire uniformity
Lateral Force Variation
Radial Force Variation
Traction (engineering)
Treadwear rating
Behaviors
Aquaplaning
Groove wander
Slip (vehicle dynamics)
Tramlining
Maintenance
Tire maintenance
Tire rotation
Bicycle pump
Central Tire Inflation System
Tire mousse
Tire-pressure monitoring system
Tire-pressure gauge
Direct TPMS
Bead breaker
Tire changer
Tire iron
Life cycle
Tire manufacturing
List of tire companies
Retread
Waste tires
Tire recycling
Tire fire
Blowout
Flat tire
Ozone cracking
Organizations
European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
Tire Society
Tire Science and Technology
Identification
Tire code
Plus sizing
Tire label
Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
Outline of tires
Category
vtePowertrainPart of the Automobile seriesAutomotive engine
Diesel engine
Electric
Fuel cell
Hybrid (Plug-in hybrid)
Internal combustion engine
Petrol engine
Steam engine
Transmission
Automatic transmission
Chain drive
Direct-drive
Clutch
Constant-velocity joint
Continuously variable transmission
Coupling
Differential
Direct-shift gearbox
Drive shaft
Dual-clutch transmission
Drive wheel
Automated manual transmission
Electrorheological clutch
Epicyclic gearing
Fluid coupling
Friction drive
Gearshift
Giubo
Hotchkiss drive
Limited-slip differential
Locking differential
Manual transmission
Manumatic
Parking pawl
Park-by-wire
Preselector gearbox
Semi-automatic transmission
Shift-by-wire
Torque converter
Transaxle
Transfer box
Transmission control unit
Universal joint
Wheels and tires
Wheel hub assembly
Wheel
Rim
Alloy wheel
Hubcap
Tire
Off-road
Racing slick
Radial
Rain
Run-flat
Snow
Spare
Tubeless
Hybrid
Electric motor
Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
Electric generator
Alternator
Portal
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:57_Thunderbird_Whitewall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird"},{"link_name":"tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tires"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber"}],"text":"Coker Classic radial whitewall tires on a 1957 Ford ThunderbirdWhitewall tires or white sidewall (WSW) tires are tires having a stripe or entire sidewall of white rubber. These tires were most commonly used from the early 1900s to around the mid 1980s.","title":"Whitewall tire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vogue Tyre and Rubber Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_Tyre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"natural rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cameron-2"},{"link_name":"zinc oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cameron-2"},{"link_name":"carbon black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_black"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The use of whitewall rubber for tire has been traced to a small tire company in Chicago called Vogue Tyre and Rubber Co that made them for their horse and chauffeur drawn carriages in 1914.[1]Early automobile tires were made of pure natural rubber with various chemicals mixed into the tread compounds to make them wear better.[2] The best of these was zinc oxide, a pure white substance that increased traction and also made the entire tire white.[2] However, the white rubber did not offer sufficient endurance, so carbon black was added to the rubber to greatly increase tread life.[3] Later, entirely black tires became available, the still extant white sidewalls being covered with a somewhat thin, black colored layer of rubber. Should a black sidewall tire have been severely scuffed against a curb, the underlying white rubber would be revealed; it is in a similar manner that raised white letter (RWL) tires are made.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbon black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_black"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"streamlining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamliner#Production_vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rambler_American_1st-generation_black_sedan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rambler American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_American"},{"link_name":"curb feeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_feeler"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Eldorado Brougham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado_Brougham"},{"link_name":"Fender skirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_skirts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Continental"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"curb feelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_feeler"},{"link_name":"curbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_(road)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vogue Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_Tyre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The status of whitewall tires versus blackwall tires was originally the reverse of what it later became, with fully black tires requiring a greater amount of carbon black and less effort to maintain a clean appearance these were considered the premium tire; since the black tires first became available they were commonly fitted to many luxury cars through the 1930s. During the late-1920s gleaming whitewalls contrasted against darker surroundings were considered a stylish, but high-maintenance feature. The popularity of whitewalls as an option increased during the 1930s. On April 6, 1934, Ford introduced whitewall tires as an $11.25 (equivalent to $256 in 2023) option on all its new cars.[4] But automobile designs incorporating streamlining directed visual interest away from tire walls.1950s Rambler American with vintage aftermarket \"curb feeler\"The availability of whitewall tires was limited in the U.S. during the supply shortages of raw materials during World War II and the Korean War.[5]Wide whitewall tires reached their height in popularity by the early-1950s. The 1957 production version of the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham was fitted with whitewalls that were reduced to a 1\" wide stripe floating on the tire sidewall with a black area between this stripe and the wheel rim. The whitewall stripe width began to diminish as an attempt to reduce the perceived height of the wheel/tire. During the decade, increasingly lower vehicle heights were in vogue. During the 1950s, Fender skirts also covered up white wall tires.[6]Wide whitewalls generally fell out of favor in the U.S. by the 1962 model year. They continued as an option on the Lincoln Continental for some time thereafter but most common were narrower 3⁄4–1-inch (1.9–2.5 cm) stripe whitewalls. During the mid-1960s variations on the striped whitewall began to appear; a red/white stripe combination was offered on Thunderbirds and other high-end Fords, and triple white stripe variations were offered on Cadillacs, Lincolns, and Imperials. Whitewall tires were a popular option on new cars during the 1950s and 1960s, as well as in the replacement market. In some cases, having whitewall tires were a \"must have\" to get the right look on a car; and for those who could not afford the real deal, add-ons could be installed over the rim of the wheel that could leak if the pressure was too high.[7]New tires were wrapped in paper for shipping, to keep the white stripe clean, and for preventing the black of other tires from rubbing on the whitewall side.[8] Maintaining a clean sidewall was an issue. Some motorists added aftermarket \"curb feelers\" that were attached at the bottom of the wheel opening lip to help reduce scraping the whitewall tire against curbs.[9]By 1968, wide whitewall tires were no longer available on the Chevrolet Corvette; replaced by F70x15 bias-ply nylon cord tires with thin stripes, either a narrow white or narrow red stripe.[10]The single-sided whitewall remained a desirable option through the 1970s, becoming a hallmark of \"traditional luxury\". Radial tires made by Vogue Tyre featured a narrow whitewall with a thin gold stripe line toward the edge of the tire. They were most often fitted to luxury cars.[11]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kia Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Pride"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle"},{"link_name":"tire decals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_lettering"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Town Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Town_Car"},{"link_name":"Indian Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Chief_(motorcycle)"}],"text":"Full-fledged wide whitewalls have made a return within modified car culture. The resurgence of traditional hot rods, customs, retro, lowriders and resto-cal cars have also contributed to the resurgence in whitewall tires.Although wide whitewalls are virtually nonexistent as a factory option on modern automobiles, they are still manufactured in original bias-ply or radial form by specialty outlets such as Coker Tire and Vogue Tyre. The last car available in the United Kingdom with whitewall tires was the Kia Pride. Some companies manufacture wide whitewall inserts - the so-called \"Portawall\" inserts are usually sold through Volkswagen Beetle restoration companies. Another modern incarnation has been tire decals, which can be applied to a normal tire to give the whitewall look.Modern trends toward more minimal styling, and large wheels favoring very low-profile tires leave little room for a whitewall. The Lincoln Town Car continued to be offered with a factory whitewall option—a narrow white stripe—until its discontinuation in 2010. It is not currently offered as a factory option by any car manufacturer, but it is possible to order whitewalls for motorcycles (for example, the 2014–present Indian Chief).","title":"Modern"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1904-auburn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Automobile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1913-american-underslung.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Underslung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Underslung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Indian_Big_Twin_70E.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_(motorcycle)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Nash_1082R_Ambassador_Rumble_Seat_Coupe_R.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1949_Packard_convertible_at_2015_Macungie_show_4of5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Oldsmobile_Super_88_hardtop_in_green_and_black_06of11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oldsmobile Super 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_Super_88"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Sheung_Wan_Hollywood_Road_Benz_in_black_Nov-2010_HK105_280_SE_wheel.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_AMC_Marlin_two-door_fastback_sungold_and_white-Turbocast.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1968_AMC_AMX_in_red_all_original_Go_Pac_390_4-speed_in_Maryland_11of18.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1969_Buick_Electra_225_Custom_white_fender_skirt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buick Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Electra"},{"link_name":"fender skirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_skirts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1991_Cadillac_Fleetwood_gold-edition_black_ww.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1971_Javelin_SST_silver_umW.jpg"},{"link_name":"muscle car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_car"}],"text":"1904 Auburn with all white rubber tires\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1913 American Underslung with all white tires\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1913 Indian Big Twin with standard white rubber tires\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirestone Deluxe Champion Whitewall sparetire (with thick white band) on a 1932 Nash Coupe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWide whitewall tires were popular on premium automobiles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1956 Oldsmobile Super 88 with Coker Classic whitewall tires\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe white stripes on tires became narrower as the 1960s progressed\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNarrow gold stripe performance tire from the 1960s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRedline tires were commonly fitted on performance cars in the late 1960s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuick Electra with white stripe tire partially covered by a fender skirt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNarrow stripe white wall tires were common throughout the 1970s and into the early 1980s, some luxury carmakers still offered them late into the 1990s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA variation with white letters on the sidewall found on muscle car tires, these are still used on modern SUVs","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Coker Classic radial whitewall tires on a 1957 Ford Thunderbird","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/57_Thunderbird_Whitewall.jpg/240px-57_Thunderbird_Whitewall.jpg"},{"image_text":"1950s Rambler American with vintage aftermarket \"curb feeler\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rambler_American_1st-generation_black_sedan.jpg/220px-Rambler_American_1st-generation_black_sedan.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Ryan (7 June 2006). \"The History Of The Whitewall: Part 2!\". Jalopy Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jalopyjournal.com/?p=220","url_text":"\"The History Of The Whitewall: Part 2!\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Kevin (2009). Top dead center 2 : racing and wrenching with Cycle world's Kevin Cameron. MBI Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 9780760336083. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1rSx4O2-mcMC&q=Tires+made+with+zinc+oxide%E2%80%93reinforced+tread+rubber+were+therefore+white,+as+you+can+see+in+early+motor&pg=PA167","url_text":"Top dead center 2 : racing and wrenching with Cycle world's Kevin Cameron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760336083","url_text":"9780760336083"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Kate (6 April 2013). \"This Day in History: Ford offers whitewall option\". Hemmings. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2013/04/06/this-day-in-history-ford-offers-whitewall-option/","url_text":"\"This Day in History: Ford offers whitewall option\""}]},{"reference":"Flory, J. Kelly (2008). American cars, 1946-1959: every model, year by year. McFarland. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m-k3ONS880cC&q=History+of+Whitewall+tire&pg=PA12","url_text":"American cars, 1946-1959: every model, year by year"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3229-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-3229-5"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Burton Ira; Kaufman, Diane (2009). The A to Z of the Eisenhower era. Scarecrow Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780810871502. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6cdte1qViIC&q=Fender+skirts+partially+covered+the+popular+white-wall+tires&pg=PA24","url_text":"The A to Z of the Eisenhower era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810871502","url_text":"9780810871502"}]},{"reference":"Glabach, Ray (2011). The Last Village Smithy: Memories of a Small Town in the New England Hills. AuthorHouse. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-4567-5901-8. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m7m5XrW0LPQC&q=History+of+Whitewall+tire&pg=PA294","url_text":"The Last Village Smithy: Memories of a Small Town in the New England Hills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-5901-8","url_text":"978-1-4567-5901-8"}]},{"reference":"Walesh, Stuart G. (April 2010). \"Still Wrapping Tires in Brown Paper?\". Leadership and Management in Engineering. 10 (2): 96. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000054. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000054","url_text":"\"Still Wrapping Tires in Brown Paper?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29LM.1943-5630.0000054","url_text":"10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000054"}]},{"reference":"Automotive News. Crain Automotive Group. 1981. p. 100. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dYkqAQAAMAAJ&q=Curb+feeler+to+protect+whitewall","url_text":"Automotive News"}]},{"reference":"Falconer, Tom (2003). Complete Corvette: A Model-by-Model History of the American Sports Car. MBI Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7603-1474-6. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KCFqjW2AXTcC&q=F70xl5+bias-ply+nylon+cord.Whitewall+tires+were+gone+on+Corvettes,+now+it+was+the+age+of+the+stripe+tire+%E2%80%94+narrow+white+or+narrow+red+stripe&pg=PT66","url_text":"Complete Corvette: A Model-by-Model History of the American Sports Car"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1474-6","url_text":"978-0-7603-1474-6"}]},{"reference":"Perea, Sammy J. (February 2009). \"History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on\". Lowrider. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826080732/http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","url_text":"\"History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on\""},{"url":"http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.jalopyjournal.com/?p=220","external_links_name":"\"The History Of The Whitewall: Part 2!\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1rSx4O2-mcMC&q=Tires+made+with+zinc+oxide%E2%80%93reinforced+tread+rubber+were+therefore+white,+as+you+can+see+in+early+motor&pg=PA167","external_links_name":"Top dead center 2 : racing and wrenching with Cycle world's Kevin Cameron"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1rSx4O2-mcMC&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169&dq=much+better+reinforcer+carbon+black+greatly+increased+tread+life","external_links_name":"Cameron, p. 169."},{"Link":"http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2013/04/06/this-day-in-history-ford-offers-whitewall-option/","external_links_name":"\"This Day in History: Ford offers whitewall option\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m-k3ONS880cC&q=History+of+Whitewall+tire&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"American cars, 1946-1959: every model, year by year"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6cdte1qViIC&q=Fender+skirts+partially+covered+the+popular+white-wall+tires&pg=PA24","external_links_name":"The A to Z of the Eisenhower era"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m7m5XrW0LPQC&q=History+of+Whitewall+tire&pg=PA294","external_links_name":"The Last Village Smithy: Memories of a Small Town in the New England Hills"},{"Link":"http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000054","external_links_name":"\"Still Wrapping Tires in Brown Paper?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29LM.1943-5630.0000054","external_links_name":"10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000054"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dYkqAQAAMAAJ&q=Curb+feeler+to+protect+whitewall","external_links_name":"Automotive News"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KCFqjW2AXTcC&q=F70xl5+bias-ply+nylon+cord.Whitewall+tires+were+gone+on+Corvettes,+now+it+was+the+age+of+the+stripe+tire+%E2%80%94+narrow+white+or+narrow+red+stripe&pg=PT66","external_links_name":"Complete Corvette: A Model-by-Model History of the American Sports Car"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826080732/http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on\""},{"Link":"http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Leonism
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De Leonism
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["1 Tactics","2 Comparison to other forms of socialism","3 Political parties","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Marxist ideology
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Part of a series onSyndicalism
Precursors
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De Leonism, also known as Marxism-De Leonism, is a Marxist tendency developed by Curaçaoan-American trade union organizer and Marxist theoretician Daniel De Leon. De Leon was an early leader of the first American socialist political party, the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP). De Leon introduced the concept of Socialist Industrial Unionism.
According to De Leonist theory, militant industrial unions are the vehicle of class struggle. Industrial unions serving the interests of the proletariat (working class) will be the needed federal republican structure used to establish a socialist system.
While sharing some characteristics of anarcho-syndicalism (the management of workplaces through unions) and with the SLP being a member of the predominantly anarcho-syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), De Leonism differs from it in that De Leonism, and its leading proponent, the modern SLP, still believe in the necessity of a political party, advocating a constitutional amendment making the union the government of industry. A general union would coordinate production and resource allocation between industries. The party would cease to exist, as would the state, as its goal. No vanguardist elites are provided with a base in Marxist-DeLeonism to scuttle the federal republic.
Tactics
According to the De Leonist theory, workers would simultaneously form socialist industrial unions in the workplaces and a socialist political party that would organize in the political realm. Upon achieving sufficient support for a victory at the polls, the political party would be voted into office, giving the De Leonist program a mandate from the people. It is assumed that at that point, the socialist industrial unions will have attained sufficient strength in the workplaces for workers to take control of the means of production.
The De Leonist victory at the polls would be accompanied by a transfer of control of the factories, mines, farms, and other means of production to workers councils organized within the industrial unions. De Leonists distinguish this event from the general strike to take control of the workplaces advocated by anarcho-syndicalists and refer to it instead as a "general lockout of the ruling class".
The existing government would then be replaced with a government elected from within the socialist industrial unions, and the newly elected socialist government would quickly enact whatever constitutional amendments or other changes in the structure of government needed to bring this about, adjourning sine die. Workers on the shop floor would elect local shop floor committees needed to continue production and representatives to local and national councils representing their particular industry.
Workers would also elect representatives to a congress, called an All-Industrial Congress, which would effectively function as the government. These representatives would be subject to a recall vote at any time. De Leonism would thus reorganize the national government along industrial lines with representatives elected by industry.
Comparison to other forms of socialism
De Leonism lies outside the Leninist tradition of communism. It predates Leninism as De Leonism's principles developed in the early 1890s, with De Leon assuming SLP leadership. Leninism and its idea of a vanguard party took shape after the 1902 publication of Lenin's What Is to Be Done? De Leonism is generally opposed to the policies of the former Soviet Union, China, and other socialist states and does not consider them socialist but rather state capitalist or following "bureaucratic state despotism". The decentralized nature of the proposed De Leonist government contrasts the democratic centralism of Marxism–Leninism and what they see as the dictatorial nature of the Soviet Union.
The success of the De Leonist plan depends on achieving majority support among the people both in the workplace and at the polls, in contrast to the Leninist notion that a small vanguard party should lead the working class to carry out the revolution. De Leonism's stance against reformism means that it is referred to by the label "impossibilist", along with the Socialist Party of Great Britain.
De Leonist political parties have also been criticized for being allegedly overly dogmatic and sectarian. Despite their rejection of Leninism and vanguardism, De Leonism also lies outside the "democratic socialist" and "social democratic" traditions. De Leon and other De Leonist writers have issued frequent polemics against democratic socialist movements, especially the Socialist Party of America, and consider them reformist or "bourgeois socialist". De Leonists have traditionally refrained from any activity or alliances viewed by them as trying to reform capitalism, such as social justice movements, preferring instead to concentrate solely on the twin tasks of building support for a De Leonist political party and organizing socialist industrial unions. . However, the Socialist Labor Party in De Leon's time was active during strikes and such.
Daniel De Leon proved hugely influential to other socialists outside the US. De Leon's approach has been described as a strategy that seeks to achieve a relatively "peaceful" or bloodless revolution.
Political parties
American Labor Party (1932)
Industrial Union Party
League for Socialist Reconstruction
New Union Party
Socialist Labor Party (Australia)
Socialist Labour Party (Canada)
Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)
Socialist Labor Party of America
Socialist Union Party
See also
Impossibilism
Industrial Workers of the World
References
^ Epps, Henry (2012). Ethics Vol II: Universal Ethics and Morality. pp. 84–85.
^ "How the Socialist Labor Party Differs from the Industrial Workers of the World".
^ "De Leonism". Marx 200. 22 February 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ a b "Daniel De Leon: American socialist newspaper editor". www.deleonism.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "De Leonism". en.internationalism.org. International Communist Current. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ a b De Leon, Daniel (1909). ""Syndicalism"". Daily People.
^ "De Leonism". MARX 200. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "Daniel De Leon, Reform or Revolution". www.deleonism.org. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ Jakopovich, Dan (November 2008). "Revolution and the party in Gramsci's thought". IV Online magazine. No. IV406., See section: "The dialectics of consent and coercion."
Bibliography
Darlington, Ralph (2008). Syndicalism and the Transition to Communism. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-3617-5.
External links
DeLeonism.org
https://en.internationalism.org/tag/political-currents-and-reference/de-leonism
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"theoretician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretician_(Marxism)"},{"link_name":"Daniel De Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labor Party of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America"},{"link_name":"industrial unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_unionism"},{"link_name":"class struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle"},{"link_name":"Industrial unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_unionism"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"socialist system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production"},{"link_name":"anarcho-syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism"},{"link_name":"SLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America"},{"link_name":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"SLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America"},{"link_name":"general union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_union"},{"link_name":"resource allocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_allocation"},{"link_name":"federal republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"De Leonism, also known as Marxism-De Leonism,[1] is a Marxist tendency developed by Curaçaoan-American trade union organizer and Marxist theoretician Daniel De Leon. De Leon was an early leader of the first American socialist political party, the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP). De Leon introduced the concept of Socialist Industrial Unionism.According to De Leonist theory, militant industrial unions are the vehicle of class struggle. Industrial unions serving the interests of the proletariat (working class) will be the needed federal republican structure used to establish a socialist system.While sharing some characteristics of anarcho-syndicalism (the management of workplaces through unions) and with the SLP being a member of the predominantly anarcho-syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), De Leonism differs from it in that De Leonism, and its leading proponent, the modern SLP, still believe in the necessity of a political party, advocating a constitutional amendment making the union the government of industry. A general union would coordinate production and resource allocation between industries. The party would cease to exist, as would the state, as its goal. No vanguardist elites are provided with a base in Marxist-DeLeonism to scuttle the federal republic.[2]","title":"De Leonism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrial unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_unionism"},{"link_name":"workplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_(politics)"},{"link_name":"workplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace"},{"link_name":"means of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deleonism.org-4"},{"link_name":"means of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production"},{"link_name":"workers councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_council"},{"link_name":"general strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICC-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_People-6"},{"link_name":"adjourning sine die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die"},{"link_name":"committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_committee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deleonism.org-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_People-6"},{"link_name":"congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"recall vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_election"}],"text":"According to the De Leonist theory, workers would simultaneously form socialist industrial unions in the workplaces and a socialist political party that would organize in the political realm. Upon achieving sufficient support for a victory at the polls, the political party would be voted into office, giving the De Leonist program a mandate from the people. It is assumed that at that point, the socialist industrial unions will have attained sufficient strength in the workplaces for workers to take control of the means of production.[3][4]The De Leonist victory at the polls would be accompanied by a transfer of control of the factories, mines, farms, and other means of production to workers councils organized within the industrial unions. De Leonists distinguish this event from the general strike to take control of the workplaces advocated by anarcho-syndicalists and refer to it instead as a \"general lockout of the ruling class\".[5][6]The existing government would then be replaced with a government elected from within the socialist industrial unions, and the newly elected socialist government would quickly enact whatever constitutional amendments or other changes in the structure of government needed to bring this about, adjourning sine die. Workers on the shop floor would elect local shop floor committees needed to continue production and representatives to local and national councils representing their particular industry.[4][6]Workers would also elect representatives to a congress, called an All-Industrial Congress, which would effectively function as the government. These representatives would be subject to a recall vote at any time. De Leonism would thus reorganize the national government along industrial lines with representatives elected by industry.","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism"},{"link_name":"vanguard party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguardism"},{"link_name":"What Is to Be Done?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"socialist states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"state capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism"},{"link_name":"decentralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"Marxism–Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"dictatorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"reformism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"impossibilist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossibilism"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dogmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma"},{"link_name":"sectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism"},{"link_name":"democratic socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism"},{"link_name":"social democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"polemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America"},{"link_name":"bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"De Leonism lies outside the Leninist tradition of communism. It predates Leninism as De Leonism's principles developed in the early 1890s, with De Leon assuming SLP leadership. Leninism and its idea of a vanguard party took shape after the 1902 publication of Lenin's What Is to Be Done? De Leonism is generally opposed to the policies of the former Soviet Union, China, and other socialist states and does not consider them socialist but rather state capitalist or following \"bureaucratic state despotism\". The decentralized nature of the proposed De Leonist government contrasts the democratic centralism of Marxism–Leninism and what they see as the dictatorial nature of the Soviet Union.[7]The success of the De Leonist plan depends on achieving majority support among the people both in the workplace and at the polls, in contrast to the Leninist notion that a small vanguard party should lead the working class to carry out the revolution. De Leonism's stance against reformism[8] means that it is referred to by the label \"impossibilist\", along with the Socialist Party of Great Britain.[citation needed]De Leonist political parties have also been criticized for being allegedly overly dogmatic and sectarian. Despite their rejection of Leninism and vanguardism, De Leonism also lies outside the \"democratic socialist\" and \"social democratic\" traditions. De Leon and other De Leonist writers have issued frequent polemics against democratic socialist movements, especially the Socialist Party of America, and consider them reformist or \"bourgeois socialist\". De Leonists have traditionally refrained from any activity or alliances viewed by them as trying to reform capitalism, such as social justice movements, preferring instead to concentrate solely on the twin tasks of building support for a De Leonist political party and organizing socialist industrial unions. . However, the Socialist Labor Party in De Leon's time was active during strikes and such.[citation needed]Daniel De Leon proved hugely influential to other socialists outside the US. De Leon's approach has been described as a strategy that seeks to achieve a relatively \"peaceful\" or bloodless revolution.[9]","title":"Comparison to other forms of socialism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Labor Party (1932)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Labor_Party_(1932)"},{"link_name":"Industrial Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Union_Party"},{"link_name":"League for Socialist Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_for_Socialist_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"New Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Union_Party"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labor Party (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labour Party (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK,_1903)"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labor Party of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America"},{"link_name":"Socialist Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Union_Party"}],"text":"American Labor Party (1932)\nIndustrial Union Party\nLeague for Socialist Reconstruction\nNew Union Party\nSocialist Labor Party (Australia)\nSocialist Labour Party (Canada)\nSocialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)\nSocialist Labor Party of America\nSocialist Union Party","title":"Political parties"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Impossibilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossibilism"},{"title":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton_Cemetery
|
Easton Cemetery
|
["1 Notable burials","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°41′55″N 75°13′7″W / 40.69861°N 75.21861°W / 40.69861; -75.21861United States historic place in Pennsylvania
United States historic placeEaston CemeteryU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district
Easton Cemetery's Seventh Street Gate, August 2013Show map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesLocation401 N. Seventh Street, Easton, Pennsylvania, U.S.Coordinates40°41′55″N 75°13′7″W / 40.69861°N 75.21861°W / 40.69861; -75.21861Area84 acres (34 ha)Built1849ArchitectSidney, James Charles; Sebring, WilliamArchitectural styleGreek Revival, Late Victorian, GothicNRHP reference No.90001610
Added to NRHPOctober 25, 1990
Easton Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located in Easton, Pennsylvania and the burial site of many notable individuals.
The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
Easton Cemetery's parklike cemetery landscape design is based on the picturesque romantic styles of the early and late 19th century. Its landscape is set with thousands of examples of funeral artwork, in a variety of decorative styles, spanning Greco-Roman Revival, Gothic Victorian, and Art Deco. Established in 1849, Easton Cemetery is the earliest and best surviving example of a romantic parklike cemetery within the Lehigh Valley metro area. Architecturally noteworthy features include a Gothic Revival Gatehouse and office, stable, cemetery chapel, and a Gothic frame workshop. Its first president was prominent Easton citizen, Traill Green.
Notable burials
Fred Ashton (1931–2013), Mayor of Easton, Pennsylvania from 1968 to 1976
Joseph Davis Brodhead (1859–1920), Member of Congress, 1907 to 1909
Richard Brodhead (1811–1863), 19th century Pennsylvania state legislator
Charles F. Chidsey (1843–1933) first mayor of Easton (1887 to 1889) and State Representative (1896 to 1898)
Thomas Coates (1803–1895), "the Father of Band Music in America," and conductor, Regimental Band, Union Army's 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
Jacob Dachrodt (1828–1909), American Civil War captain, State Senator, 1887 to 1891
William Clayton Hackett (1874–1930), State Senator, 1915 to 1922
Peter Ihrie Jr. (1796–1871), Member of Congress, 1829 to 1833
Philip Johnson (1818–1867), Member of Congress, 1863 to 1867
William Sebring Kirkpatrick (1844–1932), Member of Congress, 1897 to 1899
Howard Mutchler (1859–1916), Member of Congress, 1893 to 1895 and 1901 to 1903
William Mutchler (1831–1893), Member of Congress, 1875 to 1877, 1881 to 1885, and 1889 to 1893
James Madison Porter (1793–1862), U.S. Secretary of War, 1843 to 1844, and founder of Lafayette College
James F. Randolph (1791–1872), Member of Congress, 1828 to 1823
Joseph Fitz Randolph (1803–1873), Member of Congress, 1837 to 1843
Andrew Horatio Reeder (1807–1864), Kansas Territory governor, 1854 to 1855
Jeanette Reibman (1915–2006), member of Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 1955 to 1966, and Pennsylvania State Senate, 1969 to 1994 and trustee, Lafayette College, 1970 to 1985
Samuel Sitgreaves (1764–1827), Member of Congress, 1797 to 1798
Henry Joseph Steele (1860–1933), Member of Congress, 1915 to 1921
George Taylor (1716–1781), founding father who signed the Declaration of Independence
David Douglas Wagener (1792–1860), Member of Congress (1833 to 1841)
Charles A. Wikoff (1837–1898), Union Army officer in American Civil War later killed in action in Spanish–American War
C. Meyer Zulick (1838–1926), Arizona Territory governor, 1885 to 1889
Gallery
Traill Green statue.
Leigh obelisk.
Bruch monument.
Reeder plot.
Flemming monument.
Col. Thomas McKeen (1763–1858) monument.
Yohe monument.
Gothic Revival Gatehouse and office (1900–1901).
Gatehouse North wing.
Cemetery Chapel.
Memorial.
Grand Army of the Republic Cannon and military plot.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania". CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Archived from the original (Searchable database) on July 21, 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2011. Note: This includes Thomas E. Jones (May 1990). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Easton Cemetery" (PDF). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
^ "Former Easton Mayor Fred Ashton dies". The Express-Times. May 9, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
^ Snyder, Laurie. Professor Thomas Coates, Regimental Band Leader, 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers, in 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers: One Civil War Regiment's Story, retrieved online November 22, 2017.
External links
Easton Cemetery at The Political Graveyard
Easton Cemetery at Find a Grave
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easton Cemetery.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Easton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Traill Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traill_Green"}],"text":"United States historic place in PennsylvaniaUnited States historic placeEaston Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located in Easton, Pennsylvania and the burial site of many notable individuals.[2]The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.[1]Easton Cemetery's parklike cemetery landscape design is based on the picturesque romantic styles of the early and late 19th century. Its landscape is set with thousands of examples of funeral artwork, in a variety of decorative styles, spanning Greco-Roman Revival, Gothic Victorian, and Art Deco. Established in 1849, Easton Cemetery is the earliest and best surviving example of a romantic parklike cemetery within the Lehigh Valley metro area. Architecturally noteworthy features include a Gothic Revival Gatehouse and office, stable, cemetery chapel, and a Gothic frame workshop. Its first president was prominent Easton citizen, Traill Green.","title":"Easton Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Easton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-et-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Davis Brodhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Davis_Brodhead"},{"link_name":"Richard Brodhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brodhead"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Chidsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Chidsey"},{"link_name":"Thomas Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Coates_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Pennsylvania_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jacob Dachrodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Dachrodt"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"William Clayton Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clayton_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Peter Ihrie Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ihrie_Jr."},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"William Sebring Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sebring_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"Howard Mutchler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Mutchler"},{"link_name":"William Mutchler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mutchler"},{"link_name":"James Madison Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Porter"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Lafayette College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_College"},{"link_name":"James F. Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Randolph"},{"link_name":"Joseph Fitz Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fitz_Randolph"},{"link_name":"Andrew Horatio Reeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Horatio_Reeder"},{"link_name":"Kansas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Territory"},{"link_name":"Jeanette Reibman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_Reibman"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Lafayette College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_College"},{"link_name":"Samuel Sitgreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sitgreaves"},{"link_name":"Henry Joseph Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Joseph_Steele"},{"link_name":"George Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"founding father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"David Douglas Wagener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Douglas_Wagener"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Wikoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Wikoff"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"C. Meyer Zulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Meyer_Zulick"},{"link_name":"Arizona Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Territory"}],"text":"Fred Ashton (1931–2013), Mayor of Easton, Pennsylvania from 1968 to 1976[3]\nJoseph Davis Brodhead (1859–1920), Member of Congress, 1907 to 1909\nRichard Brodhead (1811–1863), 19th century Pennsylvania state legislator\nCharles F. Chidsey (1843–1933) first mayor of Easton (1887 to 1889) and State Representative (1896 to 1898)\nThomas Coates (1803–1895), \"the Father of Band Music in America,\" and conductor, Regimental Band, Union Army's 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment[4]\nJacob Dachrodt (1828–1909), American Civil War captain, State Senator, 1887 to 1891\nWilliam Clayton Hackett (1874–1930), State Senator, 1915 to 1922\nPeter Ihrie Jr. (1796–1871), Member of Congress, 1829 to 1833\nPhilip Johnson (1818–1867), Member of Congress, 1863 to 1867\nWilliam Sebring Kirkpatrick (1844–1932), Member of Congress, 1897 to 1899\nHoward Mutchler (1859–1916), Member of Congress, 1893 to 1895 and 1901 to 1903\nWilliam Mutchler (1831–1893), Member of Congress, 1875 to 1877, 1881 to 1885, and 1889 to 1893\nJames Madison Porter (1793–1862), U.S. Secretary of War, 1843 to 1844, and founder of Lafayette College\nJames F. Randolph (1791–1872), Member of Congress, 1828 to 1823\nJoseph Fitz Randolph (1803–1873), Member of Congress, 1837 to 1843\nAndrew Horatio Reeder (1807–1864), Kansas Territory governor, 1854 to 1855\nJeanette Reibman (1915–2006), member of Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 1955 to 1966, and Pennsylvania State Senate, 1969 to 1994 and trustee, Lafayette College, 1970 to 1985\nSamuel Sitgreaves (1764–1827), Member of Congress, 1797 to 1798\nHenry Joseph Steele (1860–1933), Member of Congress, 1915 to 1921\nGeorge Taylor (1716–1781), founding father who signed the Declaration of Independence\nDavid Douglas Wagener (1792–1860), Member of Congress (1833 to 1841)\nCharles A. Wikoff (1837–1898), Union Army officer in American Civil War later killed in action in Spanish–American War\nC. Meyer Zulick (1838–1926), Arizona Territory governor, 1885 to 1889","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traill_Green_Monument,_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"},{"link_name":"Traill Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traill_Green"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leigh_Monument,_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruch_Monument,_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reeder_Family_Plot,_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flemming_Monument,_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McKeen_Monument,_Easton_Cemetery_03.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yohe_Monument,_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gatehouse,_Easton_Cemetery_04.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gatehouse,_Easton_Cemetery_03.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cemetery_Chapel,_Easton_Cemetery_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Easton_Memorial_at_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GAR_Cannon,_Easton_Cemetery.JPG"}],"text":"Traill Green statue.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeigh obelisk.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBruch monument.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReeder plot.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlemming monument.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCol. Thomas McKeen (1763–1858) monument.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYohe monument.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGothic Revival Gatehouse and office (1900–1901).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGatehouse North wing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCemetery Chapel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrand Army of the Republic Cannon and military plot.","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania\". CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Archived from the original (Searchable database) on July 21, 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070721014609/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp","url_text":"\"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas E. Jones (May 1990). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Easton Cemetery\" (PDF). Retrieved October 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H092955_01H.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Easton Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Easton Mayor Fred Ashton dies\". The Express-Times. May 9, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/easton/index.ssf/2013/05/former_easton_mayor_fred_ashto.html","url_text":"\"Former Easton Mayor Fred Ashton dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Express-Times","url_text":"The Express-Times"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Island
|
Forbes Island
|
["1 History","2 Cuisine","3 References"]
|
Floating island and former restaurant in California
Forbes IslandForbes Island in 2021, off of Holland TractForbes IslandShow map of Sacramento-San Joaquin River DeltaForbes IslandShow map of CaliforniaForbes IslandShow map of the United StatesGeographyLocationNorthern CaliforniaCoordinates38°04′03″N 121°38′56″W / 38.0675°N 121.6488°W / 38.0675; -121.6488Adjacent toSacramento–San Joaquin River DeltaAdministrationUnited StatesState CaliforniaCountyContra Costa
Forbes Island in San Francisco
Forbes Island is a floating island and event space near Bradford Island, California, United States. It was formerly a restaurant, located between Pier 39 and Pier 41 in Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco. It was the only "floating island" restaurant in the Bay Area. The restaurant was inspired by Captain Nemo's marine dwelling. The restaurant closed in 2017, and the floating platform was moved to the Holland Riverside Marina in Brentwood, California.
In 2023, the floating island reopened as an event space; it is now permanently moored next to private land on Bradford Island, not far from Antioch, California.
History
Forbes Island began as a houseboat residence on December 23, 1980, anchored offshore in Richardson Bay near Sausalito in Marin County, California. It was created by Forbes Thor Kiddoo, who invested $800,000 in the floating dwelling and built it between 1975 and 1980 using portholes from old vessels, seascape paintings, and a lathe to secure the wooden paneling and pillars. It had 15 rooms, three state rooms, a 600-square-foot salon with "fine woods, mirrors, brass, Persian rugs, a fireplace, chess table, grand piano and English pipe organ" and its own wine cellar. By the late 1980s, Sausalito residents started to complain that the dwelling was illegally moored. A 1987 article in Islands Magazine noted that Kiddoo had intended to sell the houseboat, but it was not until 1991 that the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission forced him out of Sausalito, due to building regulations.
After being evicted, Kiddoo applied to moor his barge in Half Moon Bay, but was rejected. He anchored it for five years in Antioch, California, and spent time remodelling it before he was given a 15-year renewable lease in San Francisco. The island dwelling was relocated and reopened as the Forbes Island restaurant between Pier 39 and Pier 41 in Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco in 1999. The only "floating island" restaurant in the Bay Area, it measured 50 by 100 feet, weighed 700 tons, and had its own palm trees, waterfall, fake fireplace, 55-step lighthouse with Fresnel lens, and Tahitian dining room. The portalled dining room was underwater and decorated to resemble the interior of an early 19th-century sailing ship. The restaurant had its own wine cellar, which was once a venue for a Tony Bennett concert, as well as a boudoir for women. While in San Francisco, its coordinates were 37°48′38.1″N 122°24′44.8″W / 37.810583°N 122.412444°W / 37.810583; -122.412444.
San Francisco from Forbes Island in March 2016
In 2016, the Island underwent renovation and repair work. On April 5, a San Francisco Fire Department fireboat towed the island to the BAE Systems San Francisco Ship Repair Yard at Pier 70 to commence a two-month restoration. It was later returned to its location near Pier 39 and was scheduled to reopen on June 15.
In August 2017, Forbes Island Restaurant closed down, with Forbes Kiddoo retiring. In March 2018, the restaurant was moored far from its previous location, at the Holland Riverside Marina in Brentwood, California, in the east of Contra Costa County, but was said to be for sale; it was reported to be unlikely to reopen as a restaurant.
After the Holland Riverside Marina changed ownership, Forbes Island was moved to its current location off Bradford Island where it reopened in 2023 as a rentable group camp and event space.
Cuisine
A 2010 report stated that the restaurant served calamari salad, flatiron steak with mustard-cognac sauce, herb-baked lamb and other dishes.
The San Francisco Chronicle wrote of the dining experience: "Warmed by a faux fire, diners feast on filet mignon, mushroom risotto and sea bass while chandeliers sway with the ocean surge beneath them. Fish swim by portholes and Satchmo plays on the sound system." The 2016 menu included steak, salmon, ribs, chicken and risotto.
References
^ a b Valentino, Silas (2023-07-05). "San Francisco's infamous Forbes Island has been resurrected". SFGATE. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
^ a b "Islands Magazine". Islands: 18. January–February 1987. ISSN 0745-7847.
^ a b c d e f "Forbes Island, a unique restaurant off Pier 39". 22 August 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Kiddoo, Donald B. (2002). Early History of the Scotch-Irish Families Caldow, Caddow, Caddoo, Kildoo, Kildew, Kiddoo. D.B. Kiddoo. p. 851.
^ a b Sterling, Richard (26 March 2010). The Unofficial Guide to San Francisco. John Wiley & Sons. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-470-63724-1.
^ "After 2 Months Of Repairs, Forbes Island Sets Sail Back To The Wharf". Hoodline. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ "Floating Restaurant Forbes Island Has Closed For Good". SF Eater. August 15, 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ "Floating restaurant Forbes Island finds a new home — in the East Bay". Forbes. March 27, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
^ "Forbes Island".
^ "Forbes Island menu - San Francisco CA 94133 - (415) 951-4900".
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forbesisland.jpg"},{"link_name":"floating island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_island"},{"link_name":"Bradford Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Island"},{"link_name":"Pier 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_39"},{"link_name":"Pier 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_41"},{"link_name":"Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"\"floating island\" restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_restaurant"},{"link_name":"Captain Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Nemo"},{"link_name":"Brentwood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_California"},{"link_name":"Bradford Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Island"},{"link_name":"Antioch, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valentino2023-1"}],"text":"Forbes Island in San FranciscoForbes Island is a floating island and event space near Bradford Island, California, United States. It was formerly a restaurant, located between Pier 39 and Pier 41 in Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco. It was the only \"floating island\" restaurant in the Bay Area. The restaurant was inspired by Captain Nemo's marine dwelling. The restaurant closed in 2017, and the floating platform was moved to the Holland Riverside Marina in Brentwood, California.In 2023, the floating island reopened as an event space; it is now permanently moored next to private land on Bradford Island, not far from Antioch, California.[1]","title":"Forbes Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"houseboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseboat"},{"link_name":"Richardson Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sausalito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausalito,_California"},{"link_name":"Marin County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Forbes Thor Kiddoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes_Thor_Kiddoo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IM-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF2010-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IM-2"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Conservation_and_Development_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF2010-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Half Moon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Moon_Bay"},{"link_name":"Antioch, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF2010-3"},{"link_name":"Pier 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_39"},{"link_name":"Pier 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_41"},{"link_name":"Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Tahitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF2010-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sterling2010-5"},{"link_name":"Tony Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF2010-3"},{"link_name":"37°48′38.1″N 122°24′44.8″W / 37.810583°N 122.412444°W / 37.810583; -122.412444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forbes_Island¶ms=37_48_38.1_N_122_24_44.8_W_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francisco_from_Forbes_Island_pier_39,_544.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Fire_Department"},{"link_name":"Pier 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pier_70&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brentwood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valentino2023-1"}],"text":"Forbes Island began as a houseboat residence on December 23, 1980, anchored offshore in Richardson Bay near Sausalito in Marin County, California. It was created by Forbes Thor Kiddoo, who invested $800,000 in the floating dwelling[2] and built it between 1975 and 1980 using portholes from old vessels, seascape paintings, and a lathe to secure the wooden paneling and pillars.[3] It had 15 rooms, three state rooms, a 600-square-foot salon with \"fine woods, mirrors, brass, Persian rugs, a fireplace, chess table, grand piano and English pipe organ\" and its own wine cellar. By the late 1980s, Sausalito residents started to complain that the dwelling was illegally moored. A 1987 article in Islands Magazine noted that Kiddoo had intended to sell the houseboat,[2] but it was not until 1991 that the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission forced him out of Sausalito,[3] due to building regulations.[4]After being evicted, Kiddoo applied to moor his barge in Half Moon Bay, but was rejected. He anchored it for five years in Antioch, California, and spent time remodelling it before he was given a 15-year renewable lease in San Francisco.[3] The island dwelling was relocated and reopened as the Forbes Island restaurant between Pier 39 and Pier 41 in Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco in 1999. The only \"floating island\" restaurant in the Bay Area, it measured 50 by 100 feet, weighed 700 tons, and had its own palm trees, waterfall, fake fireplace, 55-step lighthouse with Fresnel lens, and Tahitian dining room.[3][5] The portalled dining room was underwater and decorated to resemble the interior of an early 19th-century sailing ship. The restaurant had its own wine cellar, which was once a venue for a Tony Bennett concert, as well as a boudoir for women.[3] While in San Francisco, its coordinates were 37°48′38.1″N 122°24′44.8″W / 37.810583°N 122.412444°W / 37.810583; -122.412444.San Francisco from Forbes Island in March 2016In 2016, the Island underwent renovation and repair work. On April 5, a San Francisco Fire Department fireboat towed the island to the BAE Systems San Francisco Ship Repair Yard at Pier 70 to commence a two-month restoration. It was later returned to its location near Pier 39 and was scheduled to reopen on June 15.[6]In August 2017, Forbes Island Restaurant closed down, with Forbes Kiddoo retiring.[7] In March 2018, the restaurant was moored far from its previous location, at the Holland Riverside Marina in Brentwood, California, in the east of Contra Costa County, but was said to be for sale; it was reported to be unlikely to reopen as a restaurant.[8][9]After the Holland Riverside Marina changed ownership, Forbes Island was moved to its current location off Bradford Island where it reopened in 2023 as a rentable group camp and event space.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sterling2010-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF2010-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A 2010 report stated that the restaurant served calamari salad, flatiron steak with mustard-cognac sauce, herb-baked lamb and other dishes.[5]\nThe San Francisco Chronicle wrote of the dining experience: \"Warmed by a faux fire, diners feast on filet mignon, mushroom risotto and sea bass while chandeliers sway with the ocean surge beneath them. Fish swim by portholes and Satchmo plays on the sound system.\"[3] The 2016 menu included steak, salmon, ribs, chicken and risotto.[10]","title":"Cuisine"}]
|
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| null |
[{"reference":"Valentino, Silas (2023-07-05). \"San Francisco's infamous Forbes Island has been resurrected\". SFGATE. Retrieved 2023-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/forbes-island-sf-floating-island-returns-18180173.php","url_text":"\"San Francisco's infamous Forbes Island has been resurrected\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islands Magazine\". Islands: 18. January–February 1987. ISSN 0745-7847.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pzyYe4i7YoQC&pg=PA18","url_text":"\"Islands Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-7847","url_text":"0745-7847"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Island, a unique restaurant off Pier 39\". 22 August 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/Forbes-Island-a-unique-restaurant-off-Pier-39-3255105.php","url_text":"\"Forbes Island, a unique restaurant off Pier 39\""}]},{"reference":"Kiddoo, Donald B. (2002). Early History of the Scotch-Irish Families Caldow, Caddow, Caddoo, Kildoo, Kildew, Kiddoo. D.B. Kiddoo. p. 851.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-AEZAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Early History of the Scotch-Irish Families Caldow, Caddow, Caddoo, Kildoo, Kildew, Kiddoo"}]},{"reference":"Sterling, Richard (26 March 2010). The Unofficial Guide to San Francisco. John Wiley & Sons. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-470-63724-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1P1M_TZP0C&pg=PA247","url_text":"The Unofficial Guide to San Francisco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-63724-1","url_text":"978-0-470-63724-1"}]},{"reference":"\"After 2 Months Of Repairs, Forbes Island Sets Sail Back To The Wharf\". Hoodline. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hoodline.com/2016/06/after-2-months-of-repairs-forbes-island-sets-sail-back-to-the-wharf","url_text":"\"After 2 Months Of Repairs, Forbes Island Sets Sail Back To The Wharf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Floating Restaurant Forbes Island Has Closed For Good\". SF Eater. August 15, 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://sf.eater.com/2017/8/15/16152554/forbes-island-pier-39-fishermans-wharf-closed-permanently","url_text":"\"Floating Restaurant Forbes Island Has Closed For Good\""}]},{"reference":"\"Floating restaurant Forbes Island finds a new home — in the East Bay\". Forbes. March 27, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/insidescoop/article/Floating-restaurant-Forbes-Island-finds-a-new-12786017.php","url_text":"\"Floating restaurant Forbes Island finds a new home — in the East Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Island\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollandriverside.com/forbes-island/","url_text":"\"Forbes Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Island menu - San Francisco CA 94133 - (415) 951-4900\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmenus.com/ca/san-francisco/349994-forbes-island/menu/","url_text":"\"Forbes Island menu - San Francisco CA 94133 - (415) 951-4900\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forbes_Island¶ms=38.0675_N_121.6488_W_type:isle","external_links_name":"38°04′03″N 121°38′56″W / 38.0675°N 121.6488°W / 38.0675; -121.6488"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forbes_Island¶ms=37_48_38.1_N_122_24_44.8_W_","external_links_name":"37°48′38.1″N 122°24′44.8″W / 37.810583°N 122.412444°W / 37.810583; -122.412444"},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/forbes-island-sf-floating-island-returns-18180173.php","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco's infamous Forbes Island has been resurrected\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pzyYe4i7YoQC&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"\"Islands Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-7847","external_links_name":"0745-7847"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/Forbes-Island-a-unique-restaurant-off-Pier-39-3255105.php","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Island, a unique restaurant off Pier 39\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-AEZAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Early History of the Scotch-Irish Families Caldow, Caddow, Caddoo, Kildoo, Kildew, Kiddoo"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1P1M_TZP0C&pg=PA247","external_links_name":"The Unofficial Guide to San Francisco"},{"Link":"http://hoodline.com/2016/06/after-2-months-of-repairs-forbes-island-sets-sail-back-to-the-wharf","external_links_name":"\"After 2 Months Of Repairs, Forbes Island Sets Sail Back To The Wharf\""},{"Link":"https://sf.eater.com/2017/8/15/16152554/forbes-island-pier-39-fishermans-wharf-closed-permanently","external_links_name":"\"Floating Restaurant Forbes Island Has Closed For Good\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/insidescoop/article/Floating-restaurant-Forbes-Island-finds-a-new-12786017.php","external_links_name":"\"Floating restaurant Forbes Island finds a new home — in the East Bay\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollandriverside.com/forbes-island/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmenus.com/ca/san-francisco/349994-forbes-island/menu/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Island menu - San Francisco CA 94133 - (415) 951-4900\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneagles_Hotel
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Gleneagles Hotel
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["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Conferences","4 Awards","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 56°17′09″N 3°44′51″W / 56.28583°N 3.74750°W / 56.28583; -3.74750Hotel near Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross, Scotland
For the Torquay hotel, see Gleneagles Hotel, Torquay.
Gleneagles HotelGleneagles Hotel and groundsGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeHotelArchitectural styleGeorgianAddressAuchterarderPerthshirePH3 1NFCountryScotlandCoordinates56°17′09″N 3°44′51″W / 56.28583°N 3.74750°W / 56.28583; -3.74750Construction started1913 (paused 1914 – 1922)Completed1924Opened7 June 1924; 100 years ago (1924-06-07)OwnerEnnismoreTechnical detailsFloor count3-storey with atticsDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Matthew AdamArchitecture firmCaledonian Railway Divisional EngineerDeveloperCaledonian RailwayOther designersCharles W. Swanson (interior designer)Other informationNumber of rooms232Number of restaurants6 (The Strathearn; Andrew Fairlie; The Birnam; The Dormy; Glendevon; Garden Cafe)Number of bars4 (Auchterader 70; The Century Bar; The American Bar; Inglenook)Public transit access GleneaglesWebsitegleneagles.com
Listed Building – Category BOfficial nameGleneagles HotelDesignated8 April 1980Reference no.LB4570
Gleneagles HotelThe 9th hole on Kings Course at GleneaglesClub informationLocationAuchterarder, Scotland, UKEstablished1924TypePrivateOwned byEnnismoreTotal holes63Events hostedRyder Cup, Johnnie Walker ChampionshipWebsitewww.gleneagles.comKing's CourseDesigned byJames BraidPar71Length6,790 yards
Queen's CourseDesigned byJames BraidPar68Length5,965 yards
PGA Centenary CourseDesigned byJack NicklausPar73Length7,320 yards
Wee Course (9 holes)Designed byGeorge AlexanderPar27Length1481 yards
Gleneagles Hotel is a hotel near Auchterarder, Scotland. It was commissioned by the Caledonian Railway and opened in 1924. The bandleader Henry Hall performed at the hotel before the Second World War during which it served as a military hospital. There are three tournament-standard golf courses in the grounds and the hotel was redeveloped for the 40th Ryder Cup in 2014. Significant conferences at the hotel have included the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1977 and the 31st G8 summit in July 2005. It is a Category B listed building.
History
Construction of the hotel was commenced by the Caledonian Railway (CR), which also built the nearby Gleneagles railway station. However, by the time it opened in 1924, the CR had been absorbed by the London, Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS). It was equipped with its own dedicated railway branch line. An up-and-coming dance band leader named Henry Hall was involved in buying their pianos, and organising the dance band entertainment. He decided that radio broadcasts would be an ideal way to advertise the new hotel, so was given permission to move his Trafford Band from Manchester's Midland Hotel to the Gleneagles and form a new band in Manchester. The hotel's opening night was celebrated with Scotland's first ever outside broadcast on 7 June 1924.
After the season ended, the band moved to the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool. Summer 1925 saw the band return to Gleneagles, although their commercial recordings were made in Manchester, and the winter seasons were in Liverpool.
During World War II, as with many large country hotels, it was converted into Gleneagles Hospital under the charge of Dr Thomas Ferguson as Medical Superintendent. In 1948 ownership of the hotel passed from LMS to the British Transport Commission and in 1963 to British Transport Hotels.
In 1980 the hotel was designated as a Category B listed building. In 1981, British Transport Hotels sold Gleneagles to a newly established private sector operator, Gleneagles Hotels plc. In 1984 it was acquired by Arthur Bell & Sons, which came into the ownership of Guinness in 1985 and Diageo in 1997.
Between 1982 and 1986, £11 million was spent on renovation and since 1982 the hotel has been open all year round. In 1986, and every year since, the hotel has been awarded five red stars by the AA. The hotel remained owned by Diageo, until it was sold to a private investment company Ennismore in 2015.
The hotel was redeveloped in preparation for hosting the 40th Ryder Cup in 2014 played on the PGA Centenary Course.
Facilities
Gleneagles has three golf courses: the King's Course, Queen's Course and PGA Centenary Course, previously known as the Monarch's Course. There is also a nine-hole course called the PGA National Academy Course, informally known as the Wee Course. Gleneagles Golf Academy opened in 1994 and in 2010 was re-branded to The PGA National Academy for Scotland. The Jack Nicklaus-designed PGA Centenary Course opened in 1993 and hosted the Ryder Cup in 2014. When asked about his work, Nicklaus said, "It's the finest parcel of land in the world I have ever been given to work with."
Tournaments that have taken place at Gleneagles include:
Glasgow Herald Tournament from 1920 to 1927
Curtis Cup in 1936
Women's British Open in 1957
Scottish Open from 1987 to 1994
McDonald's WPGA Championship of Europe from 1996 to 1999
Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles from 1999 to 2013
40th Ryder Cup Matches in 2014
European Golf Team Championships in 2018
Solheim Cup and Junior Solheim Cup in 2019
Senior Open Championship in 2022
The British School of Falconry has been located at Gleneagles since 1992.
The village of Glenmor has holiday homes set within the grounds of the hotel.
Conferences
Conferences have included:
Gleneagles Agreement on sporting contacts with South Africa at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1977.
The 1986 meeting (25–27 April) of the Bilderberg Group.
31st G8 summit in July 2005. This meeting saw the foundation of the G8+5.
Awards
Gleneagles Hotel has won/holds various awards, including:
5 Red AA Stars (since 1986)
Conde Nast Gold List 2009 – Best Hotel in the World for Facilities
Scotland's leading resort at the World Travel Awards 2008
Best Golf Resort in the World (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017) – Ultratravel Magazine
Scotland's Best Hotel – Today's Golfer Travel Awards (2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017)
See also
Golf in Scotland
Gleneagles, Scotland
List of G8 summit resorts
Emergency Hospital Service
References
^ a b Historic Environment Scotland. "Gleneagles Hotel (Category B Listed Building) (LB4570)". Retrieved 12 April 2019.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Gleneagles Hotel and Golf Courses (GDL00360)". Retrieved 12 April 2019.
^ Hodge, Ed; Nicklaus, Jack (2014). Jewel in the Glen. Arena Sport. ISBN 978-1909715233.
^ "Henry Hall biography". John Wright. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
^ "The Gleneagles General Hospital - Gleneagles". Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ British Rail Hotels Limited Railway Gazette 28 September 1962 page 353
^ Gleneagles sale Rails August 1981 page 19
^ David Parker (19 June 2013). The Official History of Privatisation, Vol. II: Popular Capitalism, 1987–97. Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-136-33123-7.
^ "Diageo sells Gleneagles hotel to Hoxton hotel owner Ennismore". The Guardian. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
^ "Gleneagles Hotel and golf resort sold by Diageo". BBC News. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
^ Simon Brown (1 February 2008). "Gleneagles Announces Launch of New Destination Spa". PR Web. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ "The PGA National Golf Academy Scotland | Gleneagles". Gleneagles. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
^ "Gleneagles – Home of the 2014 Ryder Cup". TruGolf. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
^ "Golf championships at Gleneagles". Gleneagles Hotel. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
^ "British School of Faconry at Gleneagles". Gleneagles Hotel. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
^ "Glenmor holiday homes at Gleneagles". Gleneagles Hotel. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
^ "From the Archive: Gleneagles Agreement on Sport". London: Commonwealth. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ "Bilderberg Meetings 1986 Conference Report Gleneagles, United Kingdom". Public Intelligence. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
^ 2005 Gleneagles G-8, delegations; "EU and the G8" Archived 26 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Gleneagles' Awards". Gleneagles Hotel. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
^ "5 red Stars from AA". Automobile Association. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
^ "Conde Nast Gold List 2009". Conde Nast Traveller. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
^ "World Travel Awards 2008". World Travel Awards. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
^ "Gleneagles voted Best Golf Resort in the World – GolfPunkHQ". GolfPunkHQ. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
^ "Gleneagles scores hole in one | DRAM Scotland". dramscotland.co.uk. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
External links
Media related to Gleneagles Hotel at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gleneagles Hotel, Torquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneagles_Hotel,_Torquay"},{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"Auchterarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchterarder"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Henry Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hall_(bandleader)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_1977"},{"link_name":"31st G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-1"}],"text":"Hotel near Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross, ScotlandFor the Torquay hotel, see Gleneagles Hotel, Torquay.Gleneagles Hotel is a hotel near Auchterarder, Scotland. It was commissioned by the Caledonian Railway and opened in 1924. The bandleader Henry Hall performed at the hotel before the Second World War during which it served as a military hospital. There are three tournament-standard golf courses in the grounds and the hotel was redeveloped for the 40th Ryder Cup in 2014. Significant conferences at the hotel have included the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1977 and the 31st G8 summit in July 2005. It is a Category B listed building.[1]","title":"Gleneagles Hotel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caledonian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Gleneagles railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneagles_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London, Midland & Scottish Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Midland_%26_Scottish_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hall_(bandleader)"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Midland Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Hotel,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"outside broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adelphi Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Adelphi_Hotel_(Liverpool)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dr Thomas Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_(physician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"British Transport Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Commission"},{"link_name":"British Transport Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Hotels"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bell & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_whisky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker2013-9"},{"link_name":"Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"five red stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_rating"},{"link_name":"AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Construction of the hotel was commenced by the Caledonian Railway (CR), which also built the nearby Gleneagles railway station. However, by the time it opened in 1924, the CR had been absorbed by the London, Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS). It was equipped with its own dedicated railway branch line.[2] An up-and-coming dance band leader named Henry Hall was involved in buying their pianos, and organising the dance band entertainment. He decided that radio broadcasts would be an ideal way to advertise the new hotel, so was given permission to move his Trafford Band from Manchester's Midland Hotel to the Gleneagles and form a new band in Manchester. The hotel's opening night was celebrated with Scotland's first ever outside broadcast on 7 June 1924.[3]After the season ended, the band moved to the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool. Summer 1925 saw the band return to Gleneagles, although their commercial recordings were made in Manchester, and the winter seasons were in Liverpool.[4]During World War II, as with many large country hotels, it was converted into Gleneagles Hospital[5] under the charge of Dr Thomas Ferguson as Medical Superintendent.[6] In 1948 ownership of the hotel passed from LMS to the British Transport Commission and in 1963 to British Transport Hotels.[7]In 1980 the hotel was designated as a Category B listed building.[1] In 1981, British Transport Hotels sold Gleneagles to a newly established private sector operator, Gleneagles Hotels plc.[8] In 1984 it was acquired by Arthur Bell & Sons,[9] which came into the ownership of Guinness in 1985 and Diageo in 1997.[10]Between 1982 and 1986, £11 million was spent on renovation and since 1982 the hotel has been open all year round. In 1986, and every year since, the hotel has been awarded five red stars by the AA. The hotel remained owned by Diageo, until it was sold to a private investment company Ennismore in 2015.[11]The hotel was redeveloped in preparation for hosting the 40th Ryder Cup in 2014 played on the PGA Centenary Course.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicklaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Herald Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Herald_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Curtis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Women's British Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_British_Open"},{"link_name":"Scottish Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"McDonald's WPGA Championship of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_WPGA_Championship_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Walker_Championship_at_Gleneagles"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup Matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Golf Team Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Golf_Team_Championships"},{"link_name":"Solheim Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solheim_Cup"},{"link_name":"Junior Solheim Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Solheim_Cup"},{"link_name":"Senior Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"Falconry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Gleneagles has three golf courses: the King's Course, Queen's Course and PGA Centenary Course, previously known as the Monarch's Course. There is also a nine-hole course called the PGA National Academy Course, informally known as the Wee Course. Gleneagles Golf Academy opened in 1994 and in 2010 was re-branded to The PGA National Academy for Scotland.[13] The Jack Nicklaus-designed PGA Centenary Course opened in 1993 and hosted the Ryder Cup in 2014. When asked about his work, Nicklaus said, \"It's the finest parcel of land in the world I have ever been given to work with.\"[14]Tournaments that have taken place at Gleneagles include:[15]Glasgow Herald Tournament from 1920 to 1927\nCurtis Cup in 1936\nWomen's British Open in 1957\nScottish Open from 1987 to 1994\nMcDonald's WPGA Championship of Europe from 1996 to 1999\nJohnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles from 1999 to 2013\n40th Ryder Cup Matches in 2014\nEuropean Golf Team Championships in 2018\nSolheim Cup and Junior Solheim Cup in 2019\nSenior Open Championship in 2022The British School of Falconry has been located at Gleneagles since 1992.[16]The village of Glenmor has holiday homes set within the grounds of the hotel.[17]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gleneagles Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneagles_Agreement"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_1977"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bilderberg Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Group"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"31st G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"G8+5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8%2B5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Conferences have included:Gleneagles Agreement on sporting contacts with South Africa at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1977.[18]\nThe 1986 meeting (25–27 April) of the Bilderberg Group.[19]\n31st G8 summit in July 2005. This meeting saw the foundation of the G8+5.[20]","title":"Conferences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Gleneagles Hotel has won/holds various awards,[21] including:5 Red AA Stars[22] (since 1986)\nConde Nast Gold List 2009 – Best Hotel in the World for Facilities[23]\nScotland's leading resort at the World Travel Awards 2008[24]\nBest Golf Resort in the World (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017) – Ultratravel Magazine[25]\nScotland's Best Hotel – Today's Golfer Travel Awards (2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017)[26]","title":"Awards"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Golf in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_in_Scotland"},{"title":"Gleneagles, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneagles,_Scotland"},{"title":"List of G8 summit resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G8_summit_resorts"},{"title":"Emergency Hospital Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Hospital_Service_(Scotland)"}]
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[{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Gleneagles Hotel (Category B Listed Building) (LB4570)\". Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB4570","url_text":"\"Gleneagles Hotel (Category B Listed Building) (LB4570)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Gleneagles Hotel and Golf Courses (GDL00360)\". Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/GDL00360","url_text":"\"Gleneagles Hotel and Golf Courses (GDL00360)\""}]},{"reference":"Hodge, Ed; Nicklaus, Jack (2014). Jewel in the Glen. Arena Sport. ISBN 978-1909715233.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DrK8BQAAQBAJ&dq=4+June+1924+gleneagle+outside+broadcast&pg=PT318","url_text":"Jewel in the Glen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909715233","url_text":"978-1909715233"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Hall biography\". John Wright. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002055823/http://www.jabw.demon.co.uk/hhall01.htm/","url_text":"\"Henry Hall biography\""},{"url":"http://www.jabw.demon.co.uk/hhall01.htm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gleneagles General Hospital - Gleneagles\". Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509075744/http://www.gleneagles.com/hotel/gleneagles-blog/the-gleneagles-general-hospital","url_text":"\"The Gleneagles General Hospital - Gleneagles\""},{"url":"http://www.gleneagles.com/hotel/gleneagles-blog/the-gleneagles-general-hospital","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"},{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Parker (19 June 2013). The Official History of Privatisation, Vol. II: Popular Capitalism, 1987–97. Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-136-33123-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2XNQmVALAhQC&pg=PA438","url_text":"The Official History of Privatisation, Vol. II: Popular Capitalism, 1987–97"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33123-7","url_text":"978-1-136-33123-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Diageo sells Gleneagles hotel to Hoxton hotel owner Ennismore\". The Guardian. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/01/diageo-sells-gleneagles-hotel-to-hoxton-hotel-owner-ennismore","url_text":"\"Diageo sells Gleneagles hotel to Hoxton hotel owner Ennismore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gleneagles Hotel and golf resort sold by Diageo\". BBC News. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-33342626","url_text":"\"Gleneagles Hotel and golf resort sold by Diageo\""}]},{"reference":"Simon Brown (1 February 2008). \"Gleneagles Announces Launch of New Destination Spa\". PR Web. Retrieved 1 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/02/prweb668824.htm","url_text":"\"Gleneagles Announces Launch of New Destination Spa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Web","url_text":"PR Web"}]},{"reference":"\"The PGA National Golf Academy Scotland | Gleneagles\". Gleneagles. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gleneagles.com/pursuits/golf/pga-national-golf-academy/","url_text":"\"The PGA National Golf Academy Scotland | Gleneagles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gleneagles – Home of the 2014 Ryder Cup\". TruGolf. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012032106/https://trugolf.com/news/gleneagles-home-of-the-2014-ryder-cup/","url_text":"\"Gleneagles – Home of the 2014 Ryder Cup\""},{"url":"https://trugolf.com/news/gleneagles-home-of-the-2014-ryder-cup/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Golf championships at Gleneagles\". Gleneagles Hotel. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090802204239/http://www.gleneagles.com/golf/championships/past-tournaments","url_text":"\"Golf championships at Gleneagles\""},{"url":"http://www.gleneagles.com/golf/championships/past-tournaments","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British School of Faconry at Gleneagles\". Gleneagles Hotel. Retrieved 19 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gleneagles.com/activities/falconry","url_text":"\"British School of Faconry at Gleneagles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glenmor holiday homes at Gleneagles\". Gleneagles Hotel. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013144503/http://glenmor.gleneagles.com/","url_text":"\"Glenmor holiday homes at Gleneagles\""},{"url":"http://glenmor.gleneagles.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Archive: Gleneagles Agreement on Sport\". London: Commonwealth. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621202049/http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/archive-gleneagles-agreement-sport","url_text":"\"From the Archive: Gleneagles Agreement on Sport\""},{"url":"http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/archive-gleneagles-agreement-sport","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bilderberg Meetings 1986 Conference Report Gleneagles, United Kingdom\". Public Intelligence. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicintelligence.net/bilderberg-conference-1986/","url_text":"\"Bilderberg Meetings 1986 Conference Report Gleneagles, United Kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gleneagles' Awards\". Gleneagles Hotel. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219191253/http://www.gleneagles.com/footer/press/awards","url_text":"\"Gleneagles' Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.gleneagles.com/footer/press/awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"5 red Stars from AA\". Automobile Association. Retrieved 19 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaa.com/travel/details/hotel/378500","url_text":"\"5 red Stars from AA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conde Nast Gold List 2009\". Conde Nast Traveller. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224230608/http://www.cntraveller.com/GoldList/2009/Leisure_Facilities/Gleneagles_Hotel_Perthshire/","url_text":"\"Conde Nast Gold List 2009\""},{"url":"https://www.cntraveller.com/GoldList/2009/Leisure_Facilities/Gleneagles_Hotel_Perthshire/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Travel Awards 2008\". World Travel Awards. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gasparov
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Mikhail Gasparov
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["1 Publications","1.1 Articles in periodicals","1.2 Contributions to books","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links","5 See also"]
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Russian philologist and translator (1935–2005)
Mikhail GasparovМихаил Леонович ГаспаровGasparov in 1995Born(1935-04-13)13 April 1935MoscowDied7 November 2005(2005-11-07) (aged 70)MoscowResting placeMiusskoye CemeteryNationalityRussianCitizenshipSoviet RussiaAlma materMoscow State UniversityOccupation(s)Philologist, translatorAwardsState Prize of the Russian Federation
Mikhail Leonovich Gasparov (Russian: Михаи́л Лео́нович Гаспа́ров, April 13, 1935 in Moscow – November 7, 2005 in Moscow) was a Russian philologist and translator, renowned for his studies in classical philology and the history of versification, and a member of the informal Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1957 and worked at the Gorky Institute of World Literature, the Russian State University for the Humanities, and the Russian Language Institute in Moscow. In 1992 Gasparov was elected a full member of the Russian Academy of Science.
In 1995, Mikhail Gasparov was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation.
In 1997, he shared the Little Booker Prize with Aleksandr Goldstein for their publications analysing Russian literature from a historical-philosophical point of view.
In 1999, Gasparov was awarded the Andrei Bely Prize for his essay collection Notes and excerpts (Russian: Записи и выписки).
Gasparov was also a poet. He published translations of classical and modern European poetry, yet only one of his own poems was published during his lifetime.
Gasparov was a member of the editorial board of Literary Monuments (Russian: Литературные памятники) book series, journals Journal of Ancient History (Russian: Вестник древней истории), Literary Research (Russian: Литературоведение), Elementa (United States), and Rossica Romana (Italy).
Mikhail Gasparov published about 300 articles, translations and other works, including the monographs Fable in Antiquity (Russian: Античная литературная басня, 1971), Modern Russian Versification (Russian: Современный русский стих. Метрика и ритмика, 1974), Overview of the History of Russian Versification (Russian: Очерк истории русского стиха: Метрика, ритмика, рифма, строфика, 1984), Overview of the History of European Versification (Russian: Очерк истории европейского стиха, 1989).
During his last years Gasparov was actively engaged in publishing the collected works of the Russian poet Osip Mandelstam. On April 10, 2005, three days before his seventieth birthday, he was baptized according to the Russian Orthodox rite. He died on November 7, 2005 and was buried next to his mother at the Miusskoye Cemetery in Moscow.
Commemorating Mikhail Gasparov, the Russian State University for the Humanities organises annual conferences dedicated to the main fields of Gasparov's academic research -- classical philology and Russian literature of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Publications
Gasparov M. L. A history of European versification (transl. by G. S. Smith & Marina Tarlinskaja). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815879-3.
West, M. L. Review of A history of European versification by M. L. Gasparov; G. S. Smith; M. Tarlinskaja. The classical review, New Series, Vol. 47, No. 2 (1997), pp. 431-432.
Pensom, Roger. Review of A history of European versification by M. L. Gasparov; G. S. Smith; M. Tarlinskaya. The modern language review, Vol. 94, No. 1 (Jan., 1999), pp. 284-285.
Gasparov, M. Storia del verso europeo (transl. by S. Garzonio). Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993.
Articles in periodicals
Gasparov, Mikhail L. (2019). "The evolution of Russian rhyme". Journal of Literary Theory. 13 (1): 77–115. doi:10.1515/jlt-2019-0003. S2CID 151001595.
Gasparov, Mikhail; Wachtel, Michael (2018). "The semantic aura of Pushkin's trochaic tetrameter". Pushkin Review. 20: 55–66. doi:10.1353/pnr.2018.0003. JSTOR 48604238. S2CID 192525511.
Tarlinskaja, Marina; Rudnev, Pyotr; Lotman, Mihhail; Gasparov, Mikhail (2017). "Approaches to verse theory in the works of Jaak Põldmäe". Studia Metrica et Poetica. 4 (1): 130–149. doi:10.12697/smp.2017.4.1.06.
Gasparov, Mikhail (2016). "Boris Yarkho's works on literary theory". Studia Metrica et Poetica. 3 (2): 130–150. doi:10.12697/smp.2016.3.2.05.
Gasparov, M. L.; Wachtel, Michael (2015). "On Bakhtin, philosophy, and philology: two essays". PMLA. 130 (1): 129–142. doi:10.1632/pmla.2015.130.1.129. JSTOR 44015690. S2CID 161278172.
Gasparov, M. L.; Tarlinskaja, Marina (2008). "The linguistics of verse". The Slavic and East European Journal. 52 (2): 198–207. JSTOR 20459662.
Gasparov, M. L. (1999). "Private experiments in translation". Russian Studies in Literature. 35 (3): 82–92. doi:10.2753/RSL1061-1975350382.
Gasparov, M. L. (1996). "The semantic halo of the Russian trochaic pentameter: thirty years of the problem". Elementa. 2 (3–4): 191–214.
Gasparov, M. L. (1995). "Criticism as a goal in itself". Russian Studies in Literature. 31 (4): 36–40. doi:10.2753/RSL1061-1975310436.
Gasparov, M. L. (1993). "Incompleteness and symmetry in Herodotus' History". Культурология: The Petersburg Journal of Cultural Studies. 1 (1): 42–49.
Gasparov, M. L.; Smirin, V. M. (1993). "Evgenii Onegin and the little house in Kolomna: Pushkin's use of parody and self-parody". The Pushkin Journal. 1 (1): 57–68. JSTOR 43791013.
Gasparov, M. L. (1993). "M.M. Bajtín en la cultura rusa del siglo XX". Criterios (Edición Especial): 19–22.
Gasparov, Mikhail L. (1992). "Juxtalinéaire et mesure de l'exactitude" (PDF). Meta: Journal des Traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal. 37 (1): 50–58.
Gasparov, M. L.; Tarlinskaja, Marina (1987). "A probability model of verse (English, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese)". Style. 21 (3): 322–358. JSTOR 42946210.
Gasparov, M. L. (1984). "M. M. Bakhtin in Russian culture of the twentieth century (Translated by Ann Shukman)". Studies in 20th Century Literature. 9 (1): 169–176. doi:10.4148/2334-4415.1158.
Gasparov, M. L. (1963). "Statistical investigation of Russian dolnik trimeter". Theory of Probability & Its Applications. 8 (1): 96–102. doi:10.1137/1108009.
Contributions to books
'Columbus's egg, or the structure of the novella', in Persistent forms: explorations in historical poetics, ed. I. Kliger, B. Maslov. New York, 2016, 392–396
'An anthology without names: 88 contemporary poems selected by Z. Gippius', in Liber, fragmenta, libellus prima e dopo Petrarca: in ricordo di D'Arco Silvio Avalle: seminario internazionale di studi, Bergamo, 23-25 ottobre 2003, ed. F. Lo Monaco, L. C. Rossi, N. Scaffai. Firenze, 2006, 405–409
'Introduzione', in Il verso europeo. Atti del seminario di metrica comparata (4 maggio 1994), ed. F. Stella. Firenze, 1995, 13-16
(with M.L. Andreev, S.S. Averintsev, P.A. Grintser, A.V. Mikhailov) ‘Literary epochs and types of artistic consciousness’ in Историческая поэтика. Литературные эпохи и типы художественного сознания, ed. P.A. Grintser. Москва, 1994, 481-509
'Quantitative methods in Russian metrics: achievements and prospects', in Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme, ed. G. Smith. Colchester, 1980. (Russian Poetics in Translation, 7), 1–19
'Light and heavy verse lines', in Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme, ed. G. Smith. Colchester, 1980. (Russian Poetics in Translation, 7), 31–44
'Towards an analysis of Russian inexact rhyme', in Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme, ed. G. Smith. Colchester, 1980. (Russian Poetics in Translation, 7), 61–75
Bibliography
Wachtel, Michael (2006). Mikhail Leonovich Gasparov (13 April 1935-7 November 2005). Slavonica 12 (1), 73–76.
Emerson, C. ' In Honor of Mikhail Gasparov's Quarter-Century of Not Liking Bakhtin: Pro and Contra', in Poetics. Self. Place. Essays in Honor of Anna Lisa Crone , ed. C. O’Neil, N. Boudreau, S. Krive (Slavica Publishers, 2007), 26–49
Kirschbaum, H. (2008) 'The Poetics of Paraphrase: The Positivist Postmodernism in Mikhail Gasparov’s “Experimental Translations”', in Russian Language Journal 58 (1): 47–68
Frontiers in Comparative Prosody. In memoriam: Mikhail Gasparov , ed. M. Lotman, M.-K. Lotman. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, 2011 ISBN 9783034303736
Emerson, C. (2016) 'Creative ways of not liking Bakhtin: Lydia Ginzburg and Mikhail Gasparov'. Bakhtiniana 11 (1): 39–69
References
^ "Умер филолог Михаил Гаспаров" (in Russian). November 7, 2005.
^ Shneidman, N. N. (2004). Russian Literature, 1995–2002: On the Threshold of the New Millenniu. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8020-8670-5. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ a b "Summary". Нло: Независимый Филологический Журнал (82). 2000. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ http://www.guelman.ru/slava/beliy/laur1978-2001.htm Лауреаты Премии Андрея Белого
^ "Гаспаров Михаил Леонович (1935 - 2005) - РГГУ.РУ". Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2008-09-06. Гаспаров Михаил Леонович (1935 – 2005)
^ a b В Москве скончался литературовед и филолог Михаил Гаспаров (in Russian). Lenta.ru. November 7, 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ Муравьёв, Алексей Владимирович. "Последний шаг к вере. Памяти Михаила Леоновича Гаспарова" (in Russian). Портал-Credo.ru.
^ http://www.litkarta.ru/russia/moscow/persons/gasparov-m/ Михаил ГАСПАРОВ – Биография
External links
From Gasparov's book Записи и выписки
Wachtel, Michael (2006). Mikhail Leonovich Gasparov (13 April 1935-7 November 2005). Slavonica 12 (1), 73–76.
Brief memorial by Marina Tarlinskaja, friend, colleague, and translator
See also
Culturology
Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)
Aron Gurevich
Alexander Dobrokhotov
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
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United States
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Croatia
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IdRef
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He graduated from Moscow State University in 1957 and worked at the Gorky Institute of World Literature, the Russian State University for the Humanities, and the Russian Language Institute in Moscow. In 1992 Gasparov was elected a full member of the Russian Academy of Science.[1]In 1995, Mikhail Gasparov was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation.In 1997, he shared the Little Booker Prize with Aleksandr Goldstein for their publications analysing Russian literature from a historical-philosophical point of view.[2]In 1999, Gasparov was awarded the Andrei Bely Prize for his essay collection Notes and excerpts (Russian: Записи и выписки).[3][4]\nGasparov was also a poet. He published translations of classical and modern European poetry, yet only one of his own poems was published during his lifetime.[3]Gasparov was a member of the editorial board of Literary Monuments (Russian: Литературные памятники) book series, journals Journal of Ancient History (Russian: Вестник древней истории), Literary Research (Russian: Литературоведение), Elementa (United States), and Rossica Romana (Italy).[5]Mikhail Gasparov published about 300 articles, translations and other works, including the monographs Fable in Antiquity (Russian: Античная литературная басня, 1971), Modern Russian Versification (Russian: Современный русский стих. Метрика и ритмика, 1974), Overview of the History of Russian Versification (Russian: Очерк истории русского стиха: Метрика, ритмика, рифма, строфика, 1984), Overview of the History of European Versification (Russian: Очерк истории европейского стиха, 1989).[6]During his last years Gasparov was actively engaged in publishing the collected works of the Russian poet Osip Mandelstam.[6] On April 10, 2005, three days before his seventieth birthday, he was baptized according to the Russian Orthodox rite.[7] He died on November 7, 2005 and was buried next to his mother at the Miusskoye Cemetery in Moscow.Commemorating Mikhail Gasparov, the Russian State University for the Humanities organises annual conferences dedicated to the main fields of Gasparov's academic research -- classical philology and Russian literature of the 19th and early 20th centuries.[8]","title":"Mikhail Gasparov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A history of European versification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57097810"},{"link_name":"Marina Tarlinskaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Tarlinskaja"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-815879-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815879-3"},{"link_name":"Review of A history of European versification by M. L. Gasparov; G. S. Smith; M. Tarlinskaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/710593"},{"link_name":"The classical review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_classical_review&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Review of A history of European versification by M. L. Gasparov; G. S. Smith; M. Tarlinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3736117"},{"link_name":"The modern language review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_modern_language_review&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Gasparov M. L. A history of European versification (transl. by G. S. Smith & Marina Tarlinskaja). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815879-3.West, M. L. Review of A history of European versification by M. L. Gasparov; G. S. Smith; M. Tarlinskaja. The classical review, New Series, Vol. 47, No. 2 (1997), pp. 431-432.\nPensom, Roger. Review of A history of European versification by M. L. Gasparov; G. S. Smith; M. Tarlinskaya. The modern language review, Vol. 94, No. 1 (Jan., 1999), pp. 284-285.Gasparov, M. Storia del verso europeo (transl. by S. Garzonio). Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/jlt-2019-0003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2Fjlt-2019-0003"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"151001595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151001595"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/pnr.2018.0003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fpnr.2018.0003"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"48604238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/48604238"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"192525511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192525511"},{"link_name":"\"Approaches to verse theory in the works of Jaak Põldmäe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2017.4.1.06"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.12697/smp.2017.4.1.06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2017.4.1.06"},{"link_name":"\"Boris Yarkho's works on literary theory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2016.3.2.05"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.12697/smp.2016.3.2.05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2016.3.2.05"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1632/pmla.2015.130.1.129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1632%2Fpmla.2015.130.1.129"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44015690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44015690"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161278172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161278172"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20459662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20459662"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2753/RSL1061-1975350382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2753%2FRSL1061-1975350382"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2753/RSL1061-1975310436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2753%2FRSL1061-1975310436"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43791013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43791013"},{"link_name":"\"Juxtalinéaire et mesure de l'exactitude\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.erudit.org/en/journals/meta/1992-v37-n1-meta335/002809ar.pdf"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"42946210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/42946210"},{"link_name":"\"M. M. Bakhtin in Russian culture of the twentieth century (Translated by Ann Shukman)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4148%2F2334-4415.1158"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4148/2334-4415.1158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4148%2F2334-4415.1158"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1137/1108009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1137%2F1108009"}],"sub_title":"Articles in periodicals","text":"Gasparov, Mikhail L. (2019). \"The evolution of Russian rhyme\". Journal of Literary Theory. 13 (1): 77–115. doi:10.1515/jlt-2019-0003. S2CID 151001595.\nGasparov, Mikhail; Wachtel, Michael (2018). \"The semantic aura of Pushkin's trochaic tetrameter\". Pushkin Review. 20: 55–66. doi:10.1353/pnr.2018.0003. JSTOR 48604238. S2CID 192525511.\nTarlinskaja, Marina; Rudnev, Pyotr; Lotman, Mihhail; Gasparov, Mikhail (2017). \"Approaches to verse theory in the works of Jaak Põldmäe\". Studia Metrica et Poetica. 4 (1): 130–149. doi:10.12697/smp.2017.4.1.06.\nGasparov, Mikhail (2016). \"Boris Yarkho's works on literary theory\". Studia Metrica et Poetica. 3 (2): 130–150. doi:10.12697/smp.2016.3.2.05.\nGasparov, M. L.; Wachtel, Michael (2015). \"On Bakhtin, philosophy, and philology: two essays\". PMLA. 130 (1): 129–142. doi:10.1632/pmla.2015.130.1.129. JSTOR 44015690. S2CID 161278172.\nGasparov, M. L.; Tarlinskaja, Marina (2008). \"The linguistics of verse\". The Slavic and East European Journal. 52 (2): 198–207. JSTOR 20459662.\nGasparov, M. L. (1999). \"Private experiments in translation\". Russian Studies in Literature. 35 (3): 82–92. doi:10.2753/RSL1061-1975350382.\nGasparov, M. L. (1996). \"The semantic halo of the Russian trochaic pentameter: thirty years of the problem\". Elementa. 2 (3–4): 191–214.\nGasparov, M. L. (1995). \"Criticism as a goal in itself\". Russian Studies in Literature. 31 (4): 36–40. doi:10.2753/RSL1061-1975310436.\nGasparov, M. L. (1993). \"Incompleteness and symmetry in Herodotus' History\". Культурология: The Petersburg Journal of Cultural Studies. 1 (1): 42–49.\nGasparov, M. L.; Smirin, V. M. (1993). \"Evgenii Onegin and the little house in Kolomna: Pushkin's use of parody and self-parody\". The Pushkin Journal. 1 (1): 57–68. JSTOR 43791013.\nGasparov, M. L. (1993). \"M.M. Bajtín en la cultura rusa del siglo XX\". Criterios (Edición Especial): 19–22.\nGasparov, Mikhail L. (1992). \"Juxtalinéaire et mesure de l'exactitude\" (PDF). Meta: Journal des Traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal. 37 (1): 50–58.\nGasparov, M. L.; Tarlinskaja, Marina (1987). \"A probability model of verse (English, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese)\". Style. 21 (3): 322–358. JSTOR 42946210.\nGasparov, M. L. (1984). \"M. M. Bakhtin in Russian culture of the twentieth century (Translated by Ann Shukman)\". Studies in 20th Century Literature. 9 (1): 169–176. doi:10.4148/2334-4415.1158.\nGasparov, M. L. (1963). \"Statistical investigation of Russian dolnik trimeter\". Theory of Probability & Its Applications. 8 (1): 96–102. doi:10.1137/1108009.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Историческая поэтика. Литературные эпохи и типы художественного сознания","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biblio.imli.ru/images/abook/teoriya/Istorich_poetika.pdf"},{"link_name":"Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/metrerhythmstanz0000unse/"},{"link_name":"Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/metrerhythmstanz0000unse/"},{"link_name":"Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/metrerhythmstanz0000unse/"}],"sub_title":"Contributions to books","text":"'Columbus's egg, or the structure of the novella', in Persistent forms: explorations in historical poetics, ed. I. Kliger, B. Maslov. New York, 2016, 392–396\n'An anthology without names: 88 contemporary poems selected by Z. Gippius', in Liber, fragmenta, libellus prima e dopo Petrarca: in ricordo di D'Arco Silvio Avalle: seminario internazionale di studi, Bergamo, 23-25 ottobre 2003, ed. F. Lo Monaco, L. C. Rossi, N. Scaffai. Firenze, 2006, 405–409\n'Introduzione', in Il verso europeo. Atti del seminario di metrica comparata (4 maggio 1994), ed. F. Stella. Firenze, 1995, 13-16\n(with M.L. Andreev, S.S. Averintsev, P.A. Grintser, A.V. Mikhailov) ‘Literary epochs and types of artistic consciousness’ in Историческая поэтика. Литературные эпохи и типы художественного сознания, ed. P.A. Grintser. Москва, 1994, 481-509\n'Quantitative methods in Russian metrics: achievements and prospects', in Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme, ed. G. Smith. Colchester, 1980. (Russian Poetics in Translation, 7), 1–19\n'Light and heavy verse lines', in Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme, ed. G. Smith. Colchester, 1980. (Russian Poetics in Translation, 7), 31–44\n'Towards an analysis of Russian inexact rhyme', in Metre, rhythm, stanza, rhyme, ed. G. Smith. Colchester, 1980. (Russian Poetics in Translation, 7), 61–75","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikhail Leonovich Gasparov (13 April 1935-7 November 2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/174581406X94182"},{"link_name":"Slavonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Poetics of Paraphrase: The Positivist Postmodernism in Mikhail Gasparov’s “Experimental Translations”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1206&context=rlj"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783034303736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783034303736"},{"link_name":"Creative ways of not liking Bakhtin: Lydia Ginzburg and Mikhail Gasparov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scielo.br/j/bak/a/d7Sj8rwfbGVmFgwDXJBNXdr/?format=pdf&lang=en"}],"text":"Wachtel, Michael (2006). Mikhail Leonovich Gasparov (13 April 1935-7 November 2005). Slavonica 12 (1), 73–76.\nEmerson, C. ' In Honor of Mikhail Gasparov's Quarter-Century of Not Liking Bakhtin: Pro and Contra', in Poetics. Self. Place. Essays in Honor of Anna Lisa Crone , ed. C. O’Neil, N. Boudreau, S. Krive (Slavica Publishers, 2007), 26–49\nKirschbaum, H. (2008) 'The Poetics of Paraphrase: The Positivist Postmodernism in Mikhail Gasparov’s “Experimental Translations”', in Russian Language Journal 58 (1): 47–68\nFrontiers in Comparative Prosody. In memoriam: Mikhail Gasparov , ed. M. Lotman, M.-K. Lotman. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, 2011 ISBN 9783034303736\nEmerson, C. (2016) 'Creative ways of not liking Bakhtin: Lydia Ginzburg and Mikhail Gasparov'. Bakhtiniana 11 (1): 39–69","title":"Bibliography"}]
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Studia Metrica et Poetica. 4 (1): 130–149. doi:10.12697/smp.2017.4.1.06.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2017.4.1.06","url_text":"\"Approaches to verse theory in the works of Jaak Põldmäe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2017.4.1.06","url_text":"10.12697/smp.2017.4.1.06"}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, Mikhail (2016). \"Boris Yarkho's works on literary theory\". Studia Metrica et Poetica. 3 (2): 130–150. doi:10.12697/smp.2016.3.2.05.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2016.3.2.05","url_text":"\"Boris Yarkho's works on literary theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12697%2Fsmp.2016.3.2.05","url_text":"10.12697/smp.2016.3.2.05"}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L.; Wachtel, Michael (2015). \"On Bakhtin, philosophy, and philology: two essays\". PMLA. 130 (1): 129–142. doi:10.1632/pmla.2015.130.1.129. 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Russian Studies in Literature. 35 (3): 82–92. doi:10.2753/RSL1061-1975350382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2753%2FRSL1061-1975350382","url_text":"10.2753/RSL1061-1975350382"}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L. (1996). \"The semantic halo of the Russian trochaic pentameter: thirty years of the problem\". Elementa. 2 (3–4): 191–214.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L. (1995). \"Criticism as a goal in itself\". Russian Studies in Literature. 31 (4): 36–40. doi:10.2753/RSL1061-1975310436.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2753%2FRSL1061-1975310436","url_text":"10.2753/RSL1061-1975310436"}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L. (1993). \"Incompleteness and symmetry in Herodotus' History\". Культурология: The Petersburg Journal of Cultural Studies. 1 (1): 42–49.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L.; Smirin, V. M. (1993). \"Evgenii Onegin and the little house in Kolomna: Pushkin's use of parody and self-parody\". The Pushkin Journal. 1 (1): 57–68. JSTOR 43791013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43791013","url_text":"43791013"}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L. (1993). \"M.M. Bajtín en la cultura rusa del siglo XX\". Criterios (Edición Especial): 19–22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gasparov, Mikhail L. (1992). \"Juxtalinéaire et mesure de l'exactitude\" (PDF). Meta: Journal des Traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal. 37 (1): 50–58.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/meta/1992-v37-n1-meta335/002809ar.pdf","url_text":"\"Juxtalinéaire et mesure de l'exactitude\""}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L.; Tarlinskaja, Marina (1987). \"A probability model of verse (English, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese)\". Style. 21 (3): 322–358. JSTOR 42946210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42946210","url_text":"42946210"}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L. (1984). \"M. M. Bakhtin in Russian culture of the twentieth century (Translated by Ann Shukman)\". Studies in 20th Century Literature. 9 (1): 169–176. doi:10.4148/2334-4415.1158.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4148%2F2334-4415.1158","url_text":"\"M. M. Bakhtin in Russian culture of the twentieth century (Translated by Ann Shukman)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4148%2F2334-4415.1158","url_text":"10.4148/2334-4415.1158"}]},{"reference":"Gasparov, M. L. (1963). \"Statistical investigation of Russian dolnik trimeter\". 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Нло: Независимый Филологический Журнал (82). 2000. Retrieved 2008-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2006/82/s45.html","url_text":"\"Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Гаспаров Михаил Леонович (1935 - 2005) - РГГУ.РУ\". Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2008-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070809222151/http://www.rsuh.ru/article.html?id=1133","url_text":"\"Гаспаров Михаил Леонович (1935 - 2005) - РГГУ.РУ\""},{"url":"http://www.rsuh.ru/article.html?id=1133","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"В Москве скончался литературовед и филолог Михаил Гаспаров (in Russian). Lenta.ru. November 7, 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lenta.ru/news/2005/11/07/gasparov/","url_text":"В Москве скончался литературовед и филолог Михаил Гаспаров"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenta.ru","url_text":"Lenta.ru"}]},{"reference":"Муравьёв, Алексей Владимирович. \"Последний шаг к вере. Памяти Михаила Леоновича Гаспарова\" (in Russian). Портал-Credo.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/?act=comment&id=855","url_text":"\"Последний шаг к вере. Памяти Михаила Леоновича Гаспарова\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_tilt
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Dutch angle
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["1 Etymology","2 Method","3 History","4 Examples","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Type of camera shot
Person passed out on sidewalk – New York City, 2008 – shot using Dutch angle
In filmmaking and photography, the Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle, or oblique angle, is a type of camera shot that involves setting the camera at an angle so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame, or so that the horizon line of the shot is not parallel with the bottom of the frame. This produces a viewpoint akin to tilting one's head to the side. In cinematography, the Dutch angle is one of many cinematic techniques often used to portray psychological uneasiness or tension in the subject being filmed. The Dutch angle is strongly associated with German expressionist cinema, which employed it extensively.
Etymology
The term "Dutch angle" preserves the original sense of the word "Dutch", which was historically a synonym of "German". The shot acquired its name due to its popularity in silent-era German films, although one of the earliest recorded occurrences of the camera technique is to be found in the Edwin S. Porter American film Dream of a Rarebit Fiend (1906), itself based on Winsor McCay's comic strip of the same name, already known for its use of surrealist and oblique angles in its drawings.
Method
A special axis head allows for Cinematographers to set up Dutch angles.
The Dutch angle is a shot in which the camera has been rotated around the axis of the lens and relative to the horizon or vertical lines in the shot.
The primary use of a Dutch angle is to cause a sense of unease or disorientation for the viewer. Dutch angles are often static shots, but in a dynamic (moving) Dutch angle shot, the camera can pivot, pan, or track along the established diagonal axis for the shot.
History
Dziga Vertov's 1929 experimental documentary Man with a Movie Camera contains uses of the Dutch angle, among other innovative techniques pioneered by Vertov.
The angle was widely used to depict madness, unrest, exoticism, and disorientation in German expressionist films. Montages of Dutch angles are often structured such that the tilts are horizontally opposed in each shot – for example, a right-tilted shot will be followed with a left-tilted shot, and so on.
In Hollywood's classic age, one filmmaker who used Dutch angles often was Alfred Hitchcock, whose early career included time at UFA studios in Germany; examples include Suspicion (1941), Notorious (1946), Strangers on a Train (1951) and The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956).
The 1949 film The Third Man makes extensive use of Dutch angle shots, to emphasize the main character's alienation in a foreign environment. Director Carol Reed has said that William Wyler gave him a spirit level after seeing the film, to sardonically encourage him to use more traditional shooting angles.
Dutch angles were used extensively in the 1960s Batman TV series and its 1966 film spin-off; each villain had his or her own angle, as they were "crooked".
Dutch angles are frequently used by film directors who have a background in the visual arts, such as Tim Burton (in Edward Scissorhands and Ed Wood), and Terry Gilliam (in Brazil, The Fisher King, 12 Monkeys, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and Tideland) to represent madness, disorientation, or drug psychosis. In his Evil Dead trilogy, Sam Raimi used Dutch angles to show that a character had become possessed by evil. In Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s Die Sehnsucht der Veronika Voss (1982), a Dutch angle is used to convey the odd tension that strangers are exerting on the main character.
Tom Hooper frequently uses dutch angles in his work in more creative ways and to reflect the time periods and settings of the stories, as seen in his work on Les Misérables (2012) and The King's Speech (2010). In the 2008 miniseries John Adams, Hooper uses dutch tilts to contrast the American scenes with the more traditional-looking cinematography of the scenes in France.
Power Rangers used Dutch angles frequently under former stunt coordinator and executive producer Koichi Sakamoto.
The Dutch angle is an overt cinematographical technique that can be overused. The science-fiction film Battlefield Earth (2000), in particular, drew sharp criticism for its pervasive use of the Dutch angle. In the words of film critic Roger Ebert: "the director, Roger Christian, has learned from better films that directors sometimes tilt their cameras, but he has not learned why".
Dutch angles are often used in horror video games, particularly those with static camera angles such as early entries in the Resident Evil and Silent Hill franchises. Similar to their use in movies, these angles are used to bring about a feeling of unease in the player.
Examples
See also
Film portal
Dolly zoom
References
^ a b c "Dutch angle – Hollywood Lexicon". Hollywood Lexicon. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^ "Should You Use A Dutch Angle Shot in Your Films? (Answer: Yes, But...)". No Film School. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
^ a b c d Mamer, Bruce (2008). "Oblique Shot (Dutch Angle)". Film Production Technique: Creating the Accomplished Image. Belmont: Cengage Learning. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-495-41116-1.
^ "Dutch angle". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/2385372646. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Nashville Film Institute (10 October 2020). "Dutch Angle Shot: Everything You Need to Know". NFI. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Briselance, Marie-France; Morin, Jean-Claude (2010). Grammaire du cinéma. Paris, Nouveau Monde, 2010, 588 p. (ISBN 978-2-84736-458-3), p. 137-138.
^ Dorn, Lori (20 April 2018). "How Subjective Use of the Dutch Angle Camera Technique Evokes Disorienting Doubt Within a Scene". Laughing Squid. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
^ Bowen, Christopher J.; Thompson, Roy (2013). Grammar of the Shot. Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-0240526010. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
^ Taplin, Phoebe; RBTH, special to (14 August 2014). "Dziga Vertov: Man with a movie camera". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
^ a b c ScreenPrism (17 January 2016). "The Filmmaker's Handbook: What is a Dutch Tilt". The Take. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ Charles Thomas Samuels, Encountering Directors, 1972 – interview with Carol Reed, excerpt at wellesnet.com
^ Hooper, Tom (21 January 2011). "The King's Speech director Tom Hooper answers your questions – live!". guardian.co.uk (Guardian News & Media). Retrieved 6 July 2011 (archived by WebCite on 6 July 2011).
^ a b Ebert, Roger (12 May 2000). "Battlefield Earth". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2006.
^ a b "They Call Me Spooky: The Spookiest Camera Angles in the Resident Evil Remake". Destructoid. October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
External links
Media related to Dutch angle at Wikimedia Commons
vteCinematic techniquesLighting
Background
Cameo
Fill
Flood
High-key
Key
Lens flare
Low-key
Mood
Rembrandt
Stage
Soft
Sound
Diegetic
Non-diegetic
Narration
Film score
Sound effects
ShootingField size
Wide / Long / Full
American
Medium
Close-up
Italian
Two shot
Camera placement
Perspective
Over-the-shoulder
Point-of-view (POV)
Reverse
Trunk
Single / multiple-camera setup
Camera angle
Tilt
Aerial
High-angle
Bird's-eye
Crane shot
Jib shot
Low-angle
Worm's-eye view
Dutch angle
Camera movement
Unchained camera technique
Tilting
Panning
Whip pan
Hand-held
Shaky
Tracking
Dolly
Steadicam
SnorriCam
Walk and talk
Follow
Dolly zoom
Lens effects
Focus
Racking
Depth of field
Shallow
Deep
Zooming
Other techniques
Establishing shot
Master shot
B-roll
Freeze-frame shot
Long take
One-shot
Insert
vteSpecial effectsPractical
Aerial rigging (wire-flying)
Air bladder effect
Animatronics
Bullet hit squib
Costumed character
Creature suit
Dead-character costume
Kitbashing
Miniature effect (hanging)
Prosthetic makeup
Puppetry
Pyrotechnics
Matte painting
Sugar glass
Theatrical blood
In-camera
Bipacks
Bullet time
Dolly zoom
Forced perspective
Front projection
Infrared photography
Lens flares
Lighting effects
Multiple exposure
Filtration
Rear projection
Reverse motion
Schüfftan process
Shutter effects
Slit-scan
Tilted plane focus
Time-lapse
Fast motion
Slow motion
Speed ramping
Stop motion
Visual
Bullet time
Chroma key
Compositing (digital)
Computer-generated imagery
Go motion
Introvision
Match moving
Optical printing
Smallgantics
Split screen
Stop motion
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Person_passed_out_on_sidewalk_photographed_with_a_dutch_angle_NYC.tif"},{"link_name":"sidewalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk"},{"link_name":"filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"camera shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodlexicon-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodlexicon-1"},{"link_name":"cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"link_name":"cinematic techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_techniques"},{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"German expressionist cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodlexicon-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mamer-3"}],"text":"Type of camera shotPerson passed out on sidewalk – New York City, 2008 – shot using Dutch angleIn filmmaking and photography, the Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle, or oblique angle, is a type of camera shot that involves setting the camera at an angle so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame, or so that the horizon line of the shot is not parallel with the bottom of the frame.[1] This produces a viewpoint akin to tilting one's head to the side.[1] In cinematography, the Dutch angle is one of many cinematic techniques often used to portray psychological uneasiness or tension in the subject being filmed.[2] The Dutch angle is strongly associated with German expressionist cinema, which employed it extensively.[1][3]","title":"Dutch angle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"German films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Edwin S. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter"},{"link_name":"Dream of a Rarebit Fiend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_a_Rarebit_Fiend_(film)"},{"link_name":"Winsor McCay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend"},{"link_name":"surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The term \"Dutch angle\" preserves the original sense of the word \"Dutch\", which was historically a synonym of \"German\".[4] The shot acquired its name due to its popularity in silent-era German films, although one of the earliest recorded occurrences of the camera technique is to be found in the Edwin S. Porter American film Dream of a Rarebit Fiend (1906), itself based on Winsor McCay's comic strip of the same name, already known for its use of surrealist and oblique angles in its drawings.[5][6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eubank-Love-2011-Figur-Genesis-Dutch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"axis of the lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_axis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mamer-3"}],"text":"A special axis head allows for Cinematographers to set up Dutch angles.The Dutch angle is a shot in which the camera has been rotated around the axis of the lens and relative to the horizon or vertical lines in the shot.[7]The primary use of a Dutch angle is to cause a sense of unease or disorientation for the viewer.[8] Dutch angles are often static shots, but in a dynamic (moving) Dutch angle shot, the camera can pivot, pan, or track along the established diagonal axis for the shot.[3]","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dziga Vertov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziga_Vertov"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"Man with a Movie Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_with_a_Movie_Camera"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"German expressionist films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenprism-10"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Suspicion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Notorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Strangers on a Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Knew Too Much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"The Third Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Man"},{"link_name":"Carol Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Reed"},{"link_name":"William Wyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wyler"},{"link_name":"spirit level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_level"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mamer-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Batman TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"1966 film spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mamer-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenprism-10"},{"link_name":"Tim Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton"},{"link_name":"Edward Scissorhands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Scissorhands"},{"link_name":"Ed Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Terry Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"The Fisher King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fisher_King"},{"link_name":"12 Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Monkeys_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tideland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tideland_(film)"},{"link_name":"Evil Dead trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Dead_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Sam Raimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Raimi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenprism-10"},{"link_name":"Rainer Werner Fassbinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder"},{"link_name":"Die Sehnsucht der Veronika Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Sehnsucht_der_Veronika_Voss"},{"link_name":"Tom Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"The King's Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-12"},{"link_name":"Power Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Koichi Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebert-13"},{"link_name":"Battlefield Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(film)"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Roger Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Christian_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebert-13"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil"},{"link_name":"Silent Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Hill"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"text":"Dziga Vertov's 1929 experimental documentary Man with a Movie Camera contains uses of the Dutch angle, among other innovative techniques pioneered by Vertov.[9]The angle was widely used to depict madness, unrest, exoticism, and disorientation in German expressionist films. Montages of Dutch angles are often structured such that the tilts are horizontally opposed in each shot – for example, a right-tilted shot will be followed with a left-tilted shot, and so on.[10]In Hollywood's classic age, one filmmaker who used Dutch angles often was Alfred Hitchcock, whose early career included time at UFA studios in Germany; examples include Suspicion (1941), Notorious (1946), Strangers on a Train (1951) and The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956).The 1949 film The Third Man makes extensive use of Dutch angle shots, to emphasize the main character's alienation in a foreign environment. Director Carol Reed has said that William Wyler gave him a spirit level after seeing the film, to sardonically encourage him to use more traditional shooting angles.[3][11]Dutch angles were used extensively in the 1960s Batman TV series and its 1966 film spin-off; each villain had his or her own angle, as they were \"crooked\".[3][10]Dutch angles are frequently used by film directors who have a background in the visual arts, such as Tim Burton (in Edward Scissorhands and Ed Wood), and Terry Gilliam (in Brazil, The Fisher King, 12 Monkeys, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and Tideland) to represent madness, disorientation, or drug psychosis. In his Evil Dead trilogy, Sam Raimi used Dutch angles to show that a character had become possessed by evil.[10] In Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s Die Sehnsucht der Veronika Voss (1982), a Dutch angle is used to convey the odd tension that strangers are exerting on the main character.Tom Hooper frequently uses dutch angles in his work in more creative ways and to reflect the time periods and settings of the stories, as seen in his work on Les Misérables (2012) and The King's Speech (2010). In the 2008 miniseries John Adams, Hooper uses dutch tilts to contrast the American scenes with the more traditional-looking cinematography of the scenes in France.[12]Power Rangers used Dutch angles frequently under former stunt coordinator and executive producer Koichi Sakamoto.The Dutch angle is an overt cinematographical technique that can be overused.[13] The science-fiction film Battlefield Earth (2000), in particular, drew sharp criticism for its pervasive use of the Dutch angle. In the words of film critic Roger Ebert: \"the director, Roger Christian, has learned from better films that directors sometimes tilt their cameras, but he has not learned why\".[13]Dutch angles are often used in horror video games, particularly those with static camera angles such as early entries in the Resident Evil and Silent Hill franchises.[14] Similar to their use in movies, these angles are used to bring about a feeling of unease in the player.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_African_War_Memorial,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne,_25_February_2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_hard_push_-_Far_Rockaway_Skatepark_-_September_-_2019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_Sun_(218456237).jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niagara_Falls_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Shek_Tong_Tsui_Hong_Kong_Plaza_blue_sky.JPG"}],"title":"Examples"}]
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[{"image_text":"Person passed out on sidewalk – New York City, 2008 – shot using Dutch angle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Person_passed_out_on_sidewalk_photographed_with_a_dutch_angle_NYC.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Person_passed_out_on_sidewalk_photographed_with_a_dutch_angle_NYC.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"A special axis head allows for Cinematographers to set up Dutch angles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Eubank-Love-2011-Figur-Genesis-Dutch.jpg/220px-Eubank-Love-2011-Figur-Genesis-Dutch.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Film portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"},{"title":"Dolly zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_zoom"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Dutch angle – Hollywood Lexicon\". Hollywood Lexicon. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230421212339/http://www.hollywoodlexicon.com/dutchangle.html","url_text":"\"Dutch angle – Hollywood Lexicon\""},{"url":"http://www.hollywoodlexicon.com/dutchangle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Should You Use A Dutch Angle Shot in Your Films? (Answer: Yes, But...)\". No Film School. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofilmschool.com/2015/09/should-you-use-dutch-angles-films-yes-but","url_text":"\"Should You Use A Dutch Angle Shot in Your Films? (Answer: Yes, But...)\""}]},{"reference":"Mamer, Bruce (2008). \"Oblique Shot (Dutch Angle)\". Film Production Technique: Creating the Accomplished Image. Belmont: Cengage Learning. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-495-41116-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HwfxlkeYgMQC&pg=PA9","url_text":"\"Oblique Shot (Dutch Angle)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-41116-1","url_text":"978-0-495-41116-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch angle\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/2385372646.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2385372646","url_text":"\"Dutch angle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F2385372646","url_text":"10.1093/OED/2385372646"}]},{"reference":"Nashville Film Institute (10 October 2020). \"Dutch Angle Shot: Everything You Need to Know\". NFI. Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfi.edu/dutch-angle-shot/","url_text":"\"Dutch Angle Shot: Everything You Need to Know\""}]},{"reference":"Dorn, Lori (20 April 2018). \"How Subjective Use of the Dutch Angle Camera Technique Evokes Disorienting Doubt Within a Scene\". Laughing Squid. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://laughingsquid.com/dutch-angle-camera-technique/","url_text":"\"How Subjective Use of the Dutch Angle Camera Technique Evokes Disorienting Doubt Within a Scene\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Christopher J.; Thompson, Roy (2013). Grammar of the Shot. Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-0240526010. Retrieved 26 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl7IyLPt5ucC&q=dutch+tilt&pg=PA82","url_text":"Grammar of the Shot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0240526010","url_text":"978-0240526010"}]},{"reference":"Taplin, Phoebe; RBTH, special to (14 August 2014). \"Dziga Vertov: Man with a movie camera\". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/08/14/dziga_vertov_man_with_a_movie_camera_39009.html","url_text":"\"Dziga Vertov: Man with a movie camera\""}]},{"reference":"ScreenPrism (17 January 2016). \"The Filmmaker's Handbook: What is a Dutch Tilt\". The Take. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://the-take.com/read/the-filmmakers-handbook-what-is-a-dutch-tilt","url_text":"\"The Filmmaker's Handbook: What is a Dutch Tilt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Take_(YouTube_channel)","url_text":"The Take"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (12 May 2000). \"Battlefield Earth\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/battlefield-earth-2000","url_text":"\"Battlefield Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002061104/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/battlefield-earth-2000","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"They Call Me Spooky: The Spookiest Camera Angles in the Resident Evil Remake\". Destructoid. October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/they-call-me-spooky-the-spookiest-camera-angles-in-the-resident-evil-remake-314906.phtml","url_text":"\"They Call Me Spooky: The Spookiest Camera Angles in the Resident Evil Remake\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_exploitation
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Nazi exploitation
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["1 History","1.1 The Ilsa influence","1.2 Nazi films from Italy and France","1.3 Nazi pornography","1.4 Present","2 Themes","3 Legal status in Britain","4 Israeli literature","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Subgenre of film
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nazi exploitation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS is considered the quintessential Nazisploitation film
Nazi exploitation (also Nazisploitation) is a subgenre of exploitation film and sexploitation film that involves Nazis committing sex crimes, often as camp or prison overseers during World War II. Most follow the women in prison formula, only relocated to a concentration camp, extermination camp, or Nazi brothel, and with an added emphasis on sadism, gore, and degradation. The most infamous and influential title (which set the standards of the genre) is a Canadian production, Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS (1974). Its surprise success and that of Salon Kitty and The Night Porter led European filmmakers, mostly in Italy, to produce similar films, with just over a dozen being released over the next few years. Globally exported to both cinema and VHS, the films were critically attacked and heavily censored, and the sub-genre all but vanished by the end of the seventies.
In Italy, these films are known as part of the "il sadiconazista" cycle, which were inspired by such art-house films as Pier Paolo Pasolini's Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (1975), and Tinto Brass's Salon Kitty (1976). Prominent directors of the genre include Paolo Solvay (La Bestia in Calore, also known as The Beast in Heat and SS Hell Camp), Cesare Canevari (Last Orgy of the Third Reich, also known as L'ultima orgia del III Reich, Gestapo's Last Orgy and Caligula Reincarnated as Hitler), and Alain Payet (Train spécial pour SS, also known as Special Train for Hitler and Helltrain), all from 1977.
History
Italian directors pioneered a blend of sexual imagery and Nazi themes. This can be found as early as 1945 in Rome, Open City by Roberto Rossellini. Another Rossellini film, Germany, Year Zero (1948), connects Nazism with pedophilia. The controversial art-house production The Damned (1969), directed by Luchino Visconti, about the rise and fall of a German industrialist family in the Third Reich, is also a major influence on the genre. The film features an orgy of homosexual SA-Men and depicts one of the main characters as a troubled multiple pervert posing in a transvestite outfit, molesting little girls, and committing incest with his mother.
Other early examples that combine sexual themes and Nazism include the West German productions Des Teufels General (The Devil's General) (1955) by Helmut Käutner and Lebensborn (Ordered to Love) (1961). The French art-house film Vice and Virtue (1963), directed by Roger Vadim, is a stylized retelling of the Marquis de Sade's Justine set during the Nazi occupation of France. This is a subtle and satirical rendering that only hints at the sexual depravity explicit in the original novel.
The critically acclaimed 1964 film The Pawnbroker includes a flashback
scene showing nude women kept in a concentration camp brothel. The Italian Giallo thriller In the Folds of the Flesh (also known as Nelle pieghe della carne, 1970) has a similar flashback sequence with unrealistically attractive nude women being herded into a Nazi gas chamber. However, the earliest full-blown sexploitation film set in a Nazi camp was Love Camp 7 (1969). The film can also be viewed as a precursor to the similarly themed women in prison genre which was initially popularized by Roger Corman's The Big Doll House (1971).
Love Camp 7 established the pattern for the many films that followed. The story resembles a "true adventure" pulp yarn from a men's adventure magazine of the period (Man's Story, Men Today, World of Men, Man's Epic, et al.). In order to rescue a Jewish scientist, two female agents infiltrate a Nazi Joy Division camp, where prisoners are kept as sex slaves for German officers. There are scenes of boot-licking humiliation, whipping, torture, lesbianism, and near-rape, culminating in a violent and bloody escape. The stock characters include a cruel and perverse commandant, a lesbian doctor, sadistic guards who freely abuse the prisoners, and a sympathetic German who tries to help the captive women.
The theme of Nazi sexual abuse continued in the sleazy, violent drive-in programmer The Cut-Throats (1969) and Torture Me, Kiss Me (1970), a low-budget, black-and-white B-movie about sadistic Nazi officers tormenting female civilians (including fetishistic flogging scenes) in occupied France.
The Ilsa influence
Producer David F. Friedman had a small acting role in Love Camp 7. He went on to produce Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS in 1974. Ilsa was unique in that the camp commandant was a sexy, sex-crazed woman played by the busty and frequently nude Dyanne Thorne. Between sex scenes, Ilsa subjects her male and female inmates to horrific scientific tests, much like Josef Mengele's notorious Nazi human experimentation at Auschwitz. Some of the tests on hypothermia and pressure-chamber endurance were factual. Others were pure fantasy. For example, to prove her theory that women can endure more pain than men, Ilsa has a male and female prisoner flogged to death.
The character is also loosely based on "The Witch of Buchenwald", Ilse Koch, the wife of the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp. Koch was known for having perverse sexual dalliances with the prisoners and was rumored to have had lampshades made from human skin.
Ilsa includes the standard elements of sadism, degradation, whipping, sexual slavery, graphic torture, and a bloody finale with Ilsa shot dead and the camp set ablaze. The film was a surprise hit on the drive-in theater and grindhouse circuit. Ilsa was resurrected for three profitable sequels that ignored her Nazi origins and are closer to the women-in-prison genre. As a freelance mistress-for-hire, she became Ilsa, Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks (1976), commander of a 1953 gulag in Ilsa, the Tigress of Siberia (1977), and the warden of a corrupt Latin-American prison in Ilsa, the Wicked Warden (1977).
Nazi films from Italy and France
Meanwhile, European filmmakers were creating their own lurid Nazi movies with Ilsa-type villains. In 1977, Malisa Longo starred in Helga, She Wolf of Stilberg as a black-booted, leather-clad, sexually sadistic commander of a prison camp for women. That year, Longo also starred in the Salon Kitty-inspired Fräulein Devil (also known as Elsa: Fraulein SS) as Elsa, a former hooker with a penchant for S&M, who manages a Nazi brothel train. This was filmed back-to-back with Hitler's Last Train (also known as Special Train for the SS, Helltrain and Love Train for the SS, 1977). These films, plus Nathalie: Escape from Hell (1978), were produced by the French studio Eurociné.
One of the most notorious films in this genre is La Bestia in Calore (also known as SS Hell Camp and The Beast In Heat), produced in Italy in 1977. German actress Macha Magall played Dr. Ellen Kratsch, another icy blond Nazi who is sexy, yet thoroughly evil. This film, with its extensive and graphic scenes of torture, brutality and rape, was initially banned in England. A milder, edited version was released in the U.S. as SS Experiment Camp 2. Magall was also in SS Girls (1977), another story set in a Nazi brothel.
The Nazi exploitation subgenre presented an opportunity for Italian studios to make very low-cost horror pictures whilst tapping a previously ignored market; the exploitation war film. The Italian films are different from "Ilsa" in many ways, for instance, they focus on far more extreme aspects of human abuse.
The films of 1976 include: Sergio Garrone's SS Experiment Camp (also known as SS Experiment Love Camp), depicting soft-core sex scenes and the castration of an SS officer. SS Hell Camp, Luigi Batzella's second Nazi film, featured a sexually-crazed mutant created by an Ilsa-like Nazi scientist. SS Girls, directed by Bruno Mattei, is a blatant copy of Salon Kitty. Mattei also made Women's Camp 119 starring Lorraine De Selle. This film depicts horrific scientific experiments performed on prisoners based on actual documents. SS Special Section Women stars John Steiner as a sex-crazed SS Commandant whose love for a Jewish girl causes him to be castrated as punishment. Achtung! The Desert Tigers, from Luigi Batzella, is interwoven with stock footage and scenes at a Nazi camp in the desert where tortures abound.
1977 saw the release of Gestapo's Last Orgy (also known as Last Orgy of the Third Reich and Caligula Reincarnated as Hitler), which depicts a love affair between a camp Commandant and a prisoner. SS Camp 5: Women’s Hell is SS Experiment Camp's sister film featuring the same cast and crew. Red Nights of the Gestapo is a soft-core sex film with SS soldiers abusing women in a castle. Nazi Love Camp 27, starring Sirpa Lane as a Jewish girl forced into a brothel, is notable for its hardcore sex scenes and for being written by famed scripter Gianfranco Clerici.
By the end of the decade the genre had run its course.
Nazi pornography
Adult films also exploited Nazi scenarios in a string of sadomasochistic "roughie" pornographic films in the 1970s and early 1980s. Examples include the Mitchell brothers' Hot Nazis, Hitler's Harlot (1973), and 1980's Nazi Love Island (also known as Prisoner of Paradise) with John Holmes and Seka. One of the last entries, Stalag 69 (1982), stars Angelique Pettyjohn as an Ilsa-type SS officer. The story was largely a remake of Love Camp 7, bringing the cycle back to its origins. The genre remained mostly dormant for the next two decades. In 2006, Mood Pictures, a Hungarian producer of S&M films, released Gestapo, Gestapo 2, and Dr. Mengele in 2008, all of which are set in a Nazi prison camp and pay homage to Ilsa and the Italian exploitation films.
Present
In 2007, as part of Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino's tribute to exploitation cinema, Grindhouse, director Rob Zombie created a trailer for a fake film called Werewolf Women of the SS, starring Nicolas Cage and Udo Kier. According to Zombie, "Basically, I had two ideas. It was either going to be a Nazi movie or a women-in-prison film, and I went with the Nazis. There's all those movies like Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS; Fräulein Devil; and Love Camp 7—I've always found that to be the most bizarre genre." On December 18, 2007, Zombie posted an entry on his MySpace page, asking if people would want to see a feature-length version of Werewolf Women of the SS. Iron Sky and Nazis at the Center of the Earth (both released in 2012) are in a similar vein.
Themes
Most of the Nazi exploitation films have stalag settings with young female inmates like Women's Camp 119. Their tormentors are female or male Nazi officers in SS uniforms, usually speaking with a fake German accent and irrelevant or mispronounced German words, who often use "experiments" as excuses to implement sadistic physical violence (perhaps inspired by the work of people like Josef Mengele, who performed medical experiments that often killed people). There are scenes of sexual conduct or, more routinely, exposed nude bodies of the victimised inmates. The level of violence depicted in these films may often reach the gore level.
This genre mainly focused on female SS officers. It presented them as lusty as well as buxom women, such as Dyanne Thorne's Ilsa, who also sexually abused their male prisoners (mainly in non-statutory female-on-male rape fashion). As the setting is a Stalag (prisoner-of-war camp), not a concentration camp, the prisoners are mainly Allied soldiers, not Jewish civilians.
There are also many films that do not follow the conventions of Nazi exploitation, such as Bordel SS (1978) of José Bénazéraf (one of the very few Nazi exploitation films to hold the dubious honor of having actual hardcore sex) and Salon Kitty (1976) of Tinto Brass. These films are not usually considered as "prototypical" Nazi exploitation films and qualify more for the "art house" subgenre. However, because of the vague term, even the film Il portiere di notte (The Night Porter) (1974) by Liliana Cavani that (in the opinion of many) lacks the exploitation motive, may be deemed one such film.
Laura Frost's book Sex Drives: Fantasies of Fascism in Literary Modernism (2002) (ISBN 0801487641) says that the genre is part of a problematic attempt to link political deviance (i.e. fascism, militarism, genocide) with sexual deviance (i.e. sadomasochism, homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia).
Legal status in Britain
Sometime in the early 1980s, Nazi exploitation films made their way onto the British market, made popular by the growing VHS home video technology. With major Hollywood studios steering clear of the new format, it was left to small, domestic companies to populate the shelves with tapes. A small company from England, GO Video, purchased the rights to an Italian film named SS Experiment Camp. The company ran a marketing campaign with full-page ads showing a naked woman hanging from her feet, a swastika dangling from her wrist and an SS commander looming in the background. Advertisements for the film in video rental stores became a target for protestors, who picketed such stores and petitioned for the film to be banned. After the Video Recordings Act, most of the Nazi exploitation films (labelled 'Nazi Nasties') were denied BBFC classifications. The following Nazi exploitation films were taken off the shelves:
SS Experiment Camp (SS Experiment/Lager SSadis Kastrat Kommandantur)
The Beast In Heat (SS Hell Camp/La Bestia in Calore)
Gestapo's Last Orgy (Last Orgy of The Third Reich/Caligula Reincarnated as Hitler/L'ultima orgia del III Reich). This was most recently, in 2021, refused a DVD release by the BBFC.
Love Camp 7
Deported Women of the SS Special Section (Le Deportate della sezione speciale SS)
Nazi Love Camp 27 was refused a cinema certificate in 1977.
Of the above films, only SS Experiment Camp is now available in the U.K.
Israeli literature
In Israel specifically, during the 1960s, "Stalag fiction" was pocket books whose stories focused on the unique features of this genre. The phenomenon took ground in parallel to the 1961 Eichmann trial. Sales of this pornographic literature broke all records in Israel as hundreds of thousands of copies were sold at kiosks.
They were inspired by Ka-tzetnik 135633's House of Dolls, the experiences of a Jewish girl prostituted in the "Joy Division" (Block 24) of the Auschwitz camp, the factuality of which is disputed.
See also
Category:Nazi exploitation films
Nazi chic
Nazi zombies
Holocaust pornography, Stalag fiction
World War II in popular culture
Waffen-SS in popular culture
Nazi imagery in Thailand
Nazi memorabilia
Murderabilia
References
^ Hughes, Howard Cinema Italiano I. B. Tauris; First Edition (August 30, 2011)
^ "A Werewolf Women question". MySpace. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
^ a b Kershner, Isabel (September 6, 2007). "Israel's Unexpected Spinoff From a Holocaust Trial". New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
Further reading
Buttsworth, Sara, and Maartje Abbenhuis (eds.) Monsters in The Mirror: Representations of Nazism in Post-War Popular Culture. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-313-38216-1
Evers, Florian.Vexierbilder des Holocaust. Munich: L.I.T. Verlag, 2011. ISBN 978-36-43111-906
Magilow, Daniel H., Elizabeth Bridges, and Kristin T. Vander Lugt (eds.) Nazisploitation!: The Nazi Image in Low-Brow Cinema and Culture. New York City: Continuum, 2011. ISBN 978-1-441-18359-0
Roy, Pinaki. “Incarcerated Fantasies: Women in Nazisploitation Films”. Portrayal of Women in Media and Literature. Eds. Nawale, A., S. Vashist, and P. Roy. New Delhi: Access, 2013 (ISBN 978-93-82647-01-0). Pp. 23–33.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilsa_she_wolf_of_ss_poster_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_She_Wolf_of_the_SS"},{"link_name":"exploitation film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"sexploitation film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexploitation_film"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"women in prison formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_prison_film"},{"link_name":"brothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"},{"link_name":"sadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_She_Wolf_of_the_SS"},{"link_name":"Salon Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_Kitty_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Night Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Porter"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"art-house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art-house"},{"link_name":"Pier Paolo Pasolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini"},{"link_name":"Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%B2,_or_the_120_Days_of_Sodom"},{"link_name":"Tinto Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinto_Brass"},{"link_name":"Salon Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_Kitty_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paolo Solvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Solvay"},{"link_name":"La Bestia in Calore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bestia_in_Calore"},{"link_name":"Cesare Canevari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Canevari"},{"link_name":"Last Orgy of the Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Orgy_of_the_Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"Alain Payet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Payet"},{"link_name":"Train spécial pour SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train_sp%C3%A9cial_pour_SS&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS is considered the quintessential Nazisploitation filmNazi exploitation (also Nazisploitation) is a subgenre of exploitation film and sexploitation film that involves Nazis committing sex crimes, often as camp or prison overseers during World War II. Most follow the women in prison formula, only relocated to a concentration camp, extermination camp, or Nazi brothel, and with an added emphasis on sadism, gore, and degradation. The most infamous and influential title (which set the standards of the genre) is a Canadian production, Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS (1974). Its surprise success and that of Salon Kitty and The Night Porter led European filmmakers, mostly in Italy, to produce similar films, with just over a dozen being released over the next few years. Globally exported to both cinema and VHS, the films were critically attacked and heavily censored, and the sub-genre all but vanished by the end of the seventies.In Italy, these films are known as part of the \"il sadiconazista\" cycle, which were inspired by such art-house films as Pier Paolo Pasolini's Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (1975), and Tinto Brass's Salon Kitty (1976).[1] Prominent directors of the genre include Paolo Solvay (La Bestia in Calore, also known as The Beast in Heat and SS Hell Camp), Cesare Canevari (Last Orgy of the Third Reich, also known as L'ultima orgia del III Reich, Gestapo's Last Orgy and Caligula Reincarnated as Hitler), and Alain Payet (Train spécial pour SS, also known as Special Train for Hitler and Helltrain), all from 1977.","title":"Nazi exploitation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome, Open City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Open_City"},{"link_name":"Roberto Rossellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini"},{"link_name":"Germany, Year Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany,_Year_Zero"},{"link_name":"pedophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia"},{"link_name":"The Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Luchino Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchino_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Des Teufels General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Teufels_General"},{"link_name":"Helmut Käutner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_K%C3%A4utner"},{"link_name":"Lebensborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ordered to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordered_to_Love&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vice and Virtue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_and_Virtue"},{"link_name":"Roger Vadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Vadim"},{"link_name":"Marquis de Sade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade"},{"link_name":"Justine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_(de_Sade_novel)"},{"link_name":"The Pawnbroker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pawnbroker_(film)"},{"link_name":"flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"Giallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giallo"},{"link_name":"In the Folds of the Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Folds_of_the_Flesh"},{"link_name":"gas chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber"},{"link_name":"sexploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexploitation"},{"link_name":"Love Camp 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Camp_7"},{"link_name":"women in prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_prison_film"},{"link_name":"Roger Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Corman"},{"link_name":"The Big Doll House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Doll_House"},{"link_name":"men's adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_adventure"},{"link_name":"Joy Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Division_(WWII)"}],"text":"Italian directors pioneered a blend of sexual imagery and Nazi themes. This can be found as early as 1945 in Rome, Open City by Roberto Rossellini. Another Rossellini film, Germany, Year Zero (1948), connects Nazism with pedophilia. The controversial art-house production The Damned (1969), directed by Luchino Visconti, about the rise and fall of a German industrialist family in the Third Reich, is also a major influence on the genre. The film features an orgy of homosexual SA-Men and depicts one of the main characters as a troubled multiple pervert posing in a transvestite outfit, molesting little girls, and committing incest with his mother.Other early examples that combine sexual themes and Nazism include the West German productions Des Teufels General (The Devil's General) (1955) by Helmut Käutner and Lebensborn (Ordered to Love) (1961). The French art-house film Vice and Virtue (1963), directed by Roger Vadim, is a stylized retelling of the Marquis de Sade's Justine set during the Nazi occupation of France. This is a subtle and satirical rendering that only hints at the sexual depravity explicit in the original novel.The critically acclaimed 1964 film The Pawnbroker includes a flashback\nscene showing nude women kept in a concentration camp brothel. The Italian Giallo thriller In the Folds of the Flesh (also known as Nelle pieghe della carne, 1970) has a similar flashback sequence with unrealistically attractive nude women being herded into a Nazi gas chamber. However, the earliest full-blown sexploitation film set in a Nazi camp was Love Camp 7 (1969). The film can also be viewed as a precursor to the similarly themed women in prison genre which was initially popularized by Roger Corman's The Big Doll House (1971).Love Camp 7 established the pattern for the many films that followed. The story resembles a \"true adventure\" pulp yarn from a men's adventure magazine of the period (Man's Story, Men Today, World of Men, Man's Epic, et al.). In order to rescue a Jewish scientist, two female agents infiltrate a Nazi Joy Division camp, where prisoners are kept as sex slaves for German officers. There are scenes of boot-licking humiliation, whipping, torture, lesbianism, and near-rape, culminating in a violent and bloody escape. The stock characters include a cruel and perverse commandant, a lesbian doctor, sadistic guards who freely abuse the prisoners, and a sympathetic German who tries to help the captive women.The theme of Nazi sexual abuse continued in the sleazy, violent drive-in programmer The Cut-Throats (1969) and Torture Me, Kiss Me (1970), a low-budget, black-and-white B-movie about sadistic Nazi officers tormenting female civilians (including fetishistic flogging scenes) in occupied France.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David F. Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Friedman"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_She_Wolf_of_the_SS"},{"link_name":"Dyanne Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanne_Thorne"},{"link_name":"Josef Mengele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele"},{"link_name":"Nazi human experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"Ilse Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Koch"},{"link_name":"lampshades made from human skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampshades_made_from_human_skin"},{"link_name":"grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_Harem_Keeper_of_the_Oil_Sheiks"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, the Tigress of Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_the_Tigress_of_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, the Wicked Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_the_Wicked_Warden"}],"sub_title":"The Ilsa influence","text":"Producer David F. Friedman had a small acting role in Love Camp 7. He went on to produce Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS in 1974. Ilsa was unique in that the camp commandant was a sexy, sex-crazed woman played by the busty and frequently nude Dyanne Thorne. Between sex scenes, Ilsa subjects her male and female inmates to horrific scientific tests, much like Josef Mengele's notorious Nazi human experimentation at Auschwitz. Some of the tests on hypothermia and pressure-chamber endurance were factual. Others were pure fantasy. For example, to prove her theory that women can endure more pain than men, Ilsa has a male and female prisoner flogged to death.The character is also loosely based on \"The Witch of Buchenwald\", Ilse Koch, the wife of the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp. Koch was known for having perverse sexual dalliances with the prisoners and was rumored to have had lampshades made from human skin.Ilsa includes the standard elements of sadism, degradation, whipping, sexual slavery, graphic torture, and a bloody finale with Ilsa shot dead and the camp set ablaze. The film was a surprise hit on the drive-in theater and grindhouse circuit. Ilsa was resurrected for three profitable sequels that ignored her Nazi origins and are closer to the women-in-prison genre. As a freelance mistress-for-hire, she became Ilsa, Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks (1976), commander of a 1953 gulag in Ilsa, the Tigress of Siberia (1977), and the warden of a corrupt Latin-American prison in Ilsa, the Wicked Warden (1977).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malisa Longo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malisa_Longo"},{"link_name":"Helga, She Wolf of Stilberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga,_She_Wolf_of_Stilberg"},{"link_name":"Fräulein Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4ulein_Devil"},{"link_name":"back-to-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_back_film_production"},{"link_name":"La Bestia in Calore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bestia_in_Calore"},{"link_name":"SS Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Girls"},{"link_name":"SS Experiment Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Experiment_Camp"},{"link_name":"SS Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Girls"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mattei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mattei"},{"link_name":"Lorraine De Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_De_Selle"},{"link_name":"SS Special Section Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Special_Section_Women"},{"link_name":"John Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Luigi Batzella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Batzella"},{"link_name":"Gestapo's Last Orgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Orgy_of_the_Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"Red Nights of the Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Nights_of_the_Gestapo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nazi Love Camp 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Love_Camp_27"},{"link_name":"Sirpa Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirpa_Lane"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Clerici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Clerici"}],"sub_title":"Nazi films from Italy and France","text":"Meanwhile, European filmmakers were creating their own lurid Nazi movies with Ilsa-type villains. In 1977, Malisa Longo starred in Helga, She Wolf of Stilberg as a black-booted, leather-clad, sexually sadistic commander of a prison camp for women. That year, Longo also starred in the Salon Kitty-inspired Fräulein Devil (also known as Elsa: Fraulein SS) as Elsa, a former hooker with a penchant for S&M, who manages a Nazi brothel train. This was filmed back-to-back with Hitler's Last Train (also known as Special Train for the SS, Helltrain and Love Train for the SS, 1977). These films, plus Nathalie: Escape from Hell (1978), were produced by the French studio Eurociné.One of the most notorious films in this genre is La Bestia in Calore (also known as SS Hell Camp and The Beast In Heat), produced in Italy in 1977. German actress Macha Magall played Dr. Ellen Kratsch, another icy blond Nazi who is sexy, yet thoroughly evil. This film, with its extensive and graphic scenes of torture, brutality and rape, was initially banned in England. A milder, edited version was released in the U.S. as SS Experiment Camp 2. Magall was also in SS Girls (1977), another story set in a Nazi brothel.The Nazi exploitation subgenre presented an opportunity for Italian studios to make very low-cost horror pictures whilst tapping a previously ignored market; the exploitation war film. The Italian films are different from \"Ilsa\" in many ways, for instance, they focus on far more extreme aspects of human abuse.The films of 1976 include: Sergio Garrone's SS Experiment Camp (also known as SS Experiment Love Camp), depicting soft-core sex scenes and the castration of an SS officer. SS Hell Camp, Luigi Batzella's second Nazi film, featured a sexually-crazed mutant created by an Ilsa-like Nazi scientist. SS Girls, directed by Bruno Mattei, is a blatant copy of Salon Kitty. Mattei also made Women's Camp 119 starring Lorraine De Selle. This film depicts horrific scientific experiments performed on prisoners based on actual documents. SS Special Section Women stars John Steiner as a sex-crazed SS Commandant whose love for a Jewish girl causes him to be castrated as punishment. Achtung! The Desert Tigers, from Luigi Batzella, is interwoven with stock footage and scenes at a Nazi camp in the desert where tortures abound.1977 saw the release of Gestapo's Last Orgy (also known as Last Orgy of the Third Reich and Caligula Reincarnated as Hitler), which depicts a love affair between a camp Commandant and a prisoner. SS Camp 5: Women’s Hell is SS Experiment Camp's sister film featuring the same cast and crew. Red Nights of the Gestapo is a soft-core sex film with SS soldiers abusing women in a castle. Nazi Love Camp 27, starring Sirpa Lane as a Jewish girl forced into a brothel, is notable for its hardcore sex scenes and for being written by famed scripter Gianfranco Clerici.By the end of the decade the genre had run its course.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitchell brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_brothers"},{"link_name":"John Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holmes_(pornographic_actor)"},{"link_name":"Seka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seka_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Angelique Pettyjohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelique_Pettyjohn"}],"sub_title":"Nazi pornography","text":"Adult films also exploited Nazi scenarios in a string of sadomasochistic \"roughie\" pornographic films in the 1970s and early 1980s. Examples include the Mitchell brothers' Hot Nazis, Hitler's Harlot (1973), and 1980's Nazi Love Island (also known as Prisoner of Paradise) with John Holmes and Seka. One of the last entries, Stalag 69 (1982), stars Angelique Pettyjohn as an Ilsa-type SS officer. The story was largely a remake of Love Camp 7, bringing the cycle back to its origins. The genre remained mostly dormant for the next two decades. In 2006, Mood Pictures, a Hungarian producer of S&M films, released Gestapo, Gestapo 2, and Dr. Mengele in 2008, all of which are set in a Nazi prison camp and pay homage to Ilsa and the Italian exploitation films.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rob Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Zombie"},{"link_name":"Werewolf Women of the SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse_(film)#Werewolf_Women_of_the_SS"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage"},{"link_name":"Udo Kier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Kier"},{"link_name":"women-in-prison film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_prison_film"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_She_Wolf_of_the_SS"},{"link_name":"Fräulein Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4ulein_Devil"},{"link_name":"Love Camp 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Camp_7"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"feature-length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature-length"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iron Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Sky"},{"link_name":"Nazis at the Center of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis_at_the_Center_of_the_Earth"}],"sub_title":"Present","text":"In 2007, as part of Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino's tribute to exploitation cinema, Grindhouse, director Rob Zombie created a trailer for a fake film called Werewolf Women of the SS, starring Nicolas Cage and Udo Kier. According to Zombie, \"Basically, I had two ideas. It was either going to be a Nazi movie or a women-in-prison film, and I went with the Nazis. There's all those movies like Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS; Fräulein Devil; and Love Camp 7—I've always found that to be the most bizarre genre.\" On December 18, 2007, Zombie posted an entry on his MySpace page, asking if people would want to see a feature-length version of Werewolf Women of the SS.[2] Iron Sky and Nazis at the Center of the Earth (both released in 2012) are in a similar vein.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stalag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag"},{"link_name":"Women's Camp 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Camp_119&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Josef Mengele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele"},{"link_name":"medical experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation"},{"link_name":"gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatter_film"},{"link_name":"non-statutory female-on-male rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-statutory_female-on-male_rape&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"José Bénazéraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_B%C3%A9naz%C3%A9raf"},{"link_name":"hardcore sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_sex"},{"link_name":"Salon Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_Kitty_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tinto Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinto_Brass"},{"link_name":"art house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"},{"link_name":"The Night Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Porter"},{"link_name":"Liliana Cavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliana_Cavani"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0801487641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801487641"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"militarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"sadomasochism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"transvestism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvestism"},{"link_name":"pedophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia"}],"text":"Most of the Nazi exploitation films have stalag settings with young female inmates like Women's Camp 119. Their tormentors are female or male Nazi officers in SS uniforms, usually speaking with a fake German accent and irrelevant or mispronounced German words, who often use \"experiments\" as excuses to implement sadistic physical violence (perhaps inspired by the work of people like Josef Mengele, who performed medical experiments that often killed people). There are scenes of sexual conduct or, more routinely, exposed nude bodies of the victimised inmates. The level of violence depicted in these films may often reach the gore level.This genre mainly focused on female SS officers. It presented them as lusty as well as buxom women, such as Dyanne Thorne's Ilsa, who also sexually abused their male prisoners (mainly in non-statutory female-on-male rape fashion). As the setting is a Stalag (prisoner-of-war camp), not a concentration camp, the prisoners are mainly Allied soldiers, not Jewish civilians.There are also many films that do not follow the conventions of Nazi exploitation, such as Bordel SS (1978) of José Bénazéraf (one of the very few Nazi exploitation films to hold the dubious honor of having actual hardcore sex) and Salon Kitty (1976) of Tinto Brass. These films are not usually considered as \"prototypical\" Nazi exploitation films and qualify more for the \"art house\" subgenre. However, because of the vague term, even the film Il portiere di notte (The Night Porter) (1974) by Liliana Cavani that (in the opinion of many) lacks the exploitation motive, may be deemed one such film.Laura Frost's book Sex Drives: Fantasies of Fascism in Literary Modernism (2002) (ISBN 0801487641) says that the genre is part of a problematic attempt to link political deviance (i.e. fascism, militarism, genocide) with sexual deviance (i.e. sadomasochism, homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia).","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"GO Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GO_Video&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"video rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_rental"},{"link_name":"Video Recordings Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984"},{"link_name":"Nasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_nasty"},{"link_name":"BBFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBFC"},{"link_name":"SS Experiment Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Experiment_Camp"},{"link_name":"The Beast In Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bestia_in_Calore"},{"link_name":"Gestapo's Last Orgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Orgy_of_the_Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"BBFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBFC"},{"link_name":"Love Camp 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Camp_7"},{"link_name":"Deported Women of the SS Special Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deported_Women_of_the_SS_Special_Section"},{"link_name":"Nazi Love Camp 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Love_Camp_27"},{"link_name":"U.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.K."}],"text":"Sometime in the early 1980s, Nazi exploitation films made their way onto the British market, made popular by the growing VHS home video technology. With major Hollywood studios steering clear of the new format, it was left to small, domestic companies to populate the shelves with tapes. A small company from England, GO Video, purchased the rights to an Italian film named SS Experiment Camp. The company ran a marketing campaign with full-page ads showing a naked woman hanging from her feet, a swastika dangling from her wrist and an SS commander looming in the background. Advertisements for the film in video rental stores became a target for protestors, who picketed such stores and petitioned for the film to be banned. After the Video Recordings Act, most of the Nazi exploitation films (labelled 'Nazi Nasties') were denied BBFC classifications. The following Nazi exploitation films were taken off the shelves:SS Experiment Camp (SS Experiment/Lager SSadis Kastrat Kommandantur)\nThe Beast In Heat (SS Hell Camp/La Bestia in Calore)\nGestapo's Last Orgy (Last Orgy of The Third Reich/Caligula Reincarnated as Hitler/L'ultima orgia del III Reich). This was most recently, in 2021, refused a DVD release by the BBFC.\nLove Camp 7\nDeported Women of the SS Special Section (Le Deportate della sezione speciale SS)\nNazi Love Camp 27 was refused a cinema certificate in 1977.Of the above films, only SS Experiment Camp is now available in the U.K.","title":"Legal status in Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Stalag fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_fiction"},{"link_name":"Eichmann trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichmann_Trial#Trial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-3"},{"link_name":"Ka-tzetnik 135633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-tzetnik_135633"},{"link_name":"House of Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Block 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Block_24&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-3"}],"text":"In Israel specifically, during the 1960s, \"Stalag fiction\" was pocket books whose stories focused on the unique features of this genre. The phenomenon took ground in parallel to the 1961 Eichmann trial. Sales of this pornographic literature broke all records in Israel as hundreds of thousands of copies were sold at kiosks.[3]\nThey were inspired by Ka-tzetnik 135633's House of Dolls, the experiences of a Jewish girl prostituted in the \"Joy Division\" (Block 24) of the Auschwitz camp, the factuality of which is disputed.[3]","title":"Israeli literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-38216-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38216-1"},{"link_name":"Evers, Florian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evers,_Florian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-36-43111-906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-36-43111-906"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-441-18359-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-18359-0"},{"link_name":"Roy, Pinaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy,_Pinaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-82647-01-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82647-01-0"}],"text":"Buttsworth, Sara, and Maartje Abbenhuis (eds.) Monsters in The Mirror: Representations of Nazism in Post-War Popular Culture. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-313-38216-1\nEvers, Florian.Vexierbilder des Holocaust. Munich: L.I.T. Verlag, 2011. ISBN 978-36-43111-906\nMagilow, Daniel H., Elizabeth Bridges, and Kristin T. Vander Lugt (eds.) Nazisploitation!: The Nazi Image in Low-Brow Cinema and Culture. New York City: Continuum, 2011. ISBN 978-1-441-18359-0\nRoy, Pinaki. “Incarcerated Fantasies: Women in Nazisploitation Films”. Portrayal of Women in Media and Literature. Eds. Nawale, A., S. Vashist, and P. Roy. New Delhi: Access, 2013 (ISBN 978-93-82647-01-0). Pp. 23–33.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS is considered the quintessential Nazisploitation film","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ilsa_she_wolf_of_ss_poster_02.jpg/220px-Ilsa_she_wolf_of_ss_poster_02.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Category:Nazi exploitation films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nazi_exploitation_films"},{"title":"Nazi chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_chic"},{"title":"Nazi zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_zombies"},{"title":"Holocaust pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_pornography"},{"title":"Stalag fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_fiction"},{"title":"World War II in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_popular_culture"},{"title":"Waffen-SS in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS_in_popular_culture"},{"title":"Nazi imagery in Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_imagery_in_Thailand"},{"title":"Nazi memorabilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_memorabilia"},{"title":"Murderabilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderabilia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"A Werewolf Women question\". MySpace. Retrieved 2007-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myspace.com/robzombie","url_text":"\"A Werewolf Women question\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace","url_text":"MySpace"}]},{"reference":"Kershner, Isabel (September 6, 2007). \"Israel's Unexpected Spinoff From a Holocaust Trial\". New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/06/world/middleeast/06stalags.html","url_text":"\"Israel's Unexpected Spinoff From a Holocaust Trial\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nazi+exploitation%22","external_links_name":"\"Nazi exploitation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nazi+exploitation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nazi+exploitation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nazi+exploitation%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nazi+exploitation%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nazi+exploitation%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/robzombie","external_links_name":"\"A Werewolf Women question\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/06/world/middleeast/06stalags.html","external_links_name":"\"Israel's Unexpected Spinoff From a Holocaust Trial\""},{"Link":"http://popfiction.com/handsoftime/html/she/thenazi.html","external_links_name":"Popfiction.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ikonenmagazin.de/artikel/sadiconazista.htm","external_links_name":"Sadiconazista"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Baraga
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Frederic Baraga
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["1 Early life","2 Priesthood","3 Bishop","4 Selected works","5 Legacy and veneration","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Catholic missionary and bishop (1797–1868)
VenerableFrederic BaragaBishop of Sault Sainte Marie and MarquetteBaraga in episcopal choir dress, holding his Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language,in a photograph taken by Mathew Brady(ca. 1853–1860)Native nameIrenaeus Fridericus ParagaProvinceDetroitSeeSault Sainte Marie, later Sault Sainte Marie and MarquetteAppointedJanuary 9, 1857Term endedJanuary 19, 1868SuccessorIgnatius MrakOrdersOrdinationSeptember 21, 1823by Augustin Johann Joseph GruberConsecrationNovember 1, 1853by John Baptist PurcellPersonal detailsBornFriderik Irenej Baraga(1797-06-29)June 29, 1797Mala Vas, Duchy of Carniola, Habsburg monarchy, (today Slovenia)DiedJanuary 19, 1868(1868-01-19) (aged 70)Marquette, Michigan, United StatesBuriedSt. Peter Cathedral, Marquette, Michigan,United StatesNationalityHabsburg monarchyDenominationRoman CatholicPrevious post(s)Priest of the Diocese of Ljubljana (1823-1830)Priest of the Diocese of Cincinnati (1830-1853)Vicar Apostolic of Upper Michigan (1853-1857)Titular Bishop of Amyzon (1853-1857)Alma materUniversity of ViennaCoat of armsRelativesAntonija Höffern (sister)
Irenaeus Frederic Baraga (June 29, 1797 – January 19, 1868; Slovene: Irenej Friderik Baraga) was a Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States, grammarian and author of Christian poetry and hymns in Native American languages. He was the first Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette, a post he held for 15 years.
His letters about his missionary work were published widely in Europe, inspiring the priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to emigrate to the United States. In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI declared him "Venerable."
Early life
Frederic Baraga was born in the manor house at Mala Vas (German: Kleindorf) no. 16 near the Carniolan village of Dobrnič, in what was then Lower Carniola, a province of the Duchy of Carniola in the Habsburg monarchy. Today it is a part of the Municipality of Trebnje in Slovenia. Never using his first name, he was baptized Irenaeus Fridericus Paraga.
He was the fourth of five children born to Janez Baraga and Marija Katarina Jožefa née Jenčič; among his siblings was his sister Antonija, who would later become the first Slovenian woman to immigrate to the United States. Upon her father's death, his mother inherited an estate at Mala Vas, plus a substantial fortune. His mother died in 1808, and his father in 1812. Frederic spent his boyhood in the house of Jurij Dolinar, a lay professor at the diocesan seminary at Ljubljana.
Baraga grew up during the Napoleonic Wars, when France had taken over the Slovene Lands from the Austrian Empire for a time. As a result, the official language of instruction in his schools changed several times during his childhood between Slovenian and German. By the time he was nine, he was fluent in French as well. In addition, Latin and Greek were required subjects for all students. Thus, by age 16, Frederic Baraga was multilingual—a skill that would serve him well in later life.
Priesthood
Baraga attended law school at the University of Vienna, where he graduated in 1821. Influenced by Clement Mary Hofbauer, Baraga then entered the seminary in Ljubljana. At age 26, he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on September 21, 1823, in St. Nicholas Cathedral by Augustin Johann Joseph Gruber, the Bishop of Ljubljana. As a young priest, he was assigned as an assistant first at St. Martin's near Kranj and later at Metlika in lower Carniola. Father Baraga was a staunch opponent of Jansenism. During this time, he wrote a spiritual book in Slovene entitled Dušna Paša (Spiritual Sustenance).
In 1830 Baraga answered the request of Bishop Edward Fenwick of Cincinnati for priests to aid in ministering to his growing flock, which included a large mission territory. He left his homeland on October 29, 1830, and arrived in New York on December 31. He arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, on January 18, 1831. During the winter and spring, he worked among the German immigrants in the area. At the same time, he studied the Ottawa language, a branch of the Algonquian languages. In May 1831 was sent to the Ottawa Indian mission at L'Arbre Croche (present-day Cross Village, Michigan) to finish his mastery of the language.
Baraga Street is located near the Catholic Church on Madeline Island. Baraga once operated a mission on the Island.
In 1837, he published Otawa Anamie-Misinaigan, the first book written in the Ottawa language, which included a Catholic catechism and prayer book. After a brief stay at a mission in present-day Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1835, Baraga moved north to minister to the Ojibway (Chippewa) Indians at La Pointe, Wisconsin, at a former Jesuit mission on Lake Superior. He was joined by his sister Antonija.
In 1843 Baraga founded a mission at L'Anse, Michigan. During this time, he earned the nickname "the Snowshoe Priest" because he would travel hundreds of miles each year on snowshoes during the harsh winters. He worked to protect the Indians from being forced to relocate, as well as publishing a dictionary and grammar of the Ojibway language. Although these works have important historical value, they are not recommended as basic resources for the language today.
With the collaboration of many native speakers, Fr. Baraga also composed around 100 Catholic hymns in the Ojibwe language, which were published in a hymnal and still continue to be used by the Ojibwe people in Roman Catholic worship in both Canada and the United States.
Through the texts Baraga published in his missionary years, the Slovenes learned about aspects of Native American culture and the United States.
Bishop
Baraga was elevated to bishop by Pope Pius IX and consecrated November 1, 1853, in Cincinnati at Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral by Archbishop John Purcell. He was the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, now the Diocese of Marquette.
On July 27, 1852, he began to keep a diary, written in several languages (primarily German, but with English, French, Slovene, Chippewa, Latin, and Italian interspersed), preserving accounts of his missionary travels and his relationship with his sister Amalia. During this time, the area experienced a population explosion, as European immigrants were attracted to work in the copper and iron mines developed near Houghton, Ontonagon, and Marquette. This presented a challenge because he had few priests and attended to immigrant miners and the Native Americans. Increased development and population encouraged the improvement of transportation on Lake Superior.
The only way to travel in winter was on snowshoes, which Baraga continued to do into his sixties. He was particularly challenged by the vast diversity of peoples in the region, including the native inhabitants, ethnic French-Canadian settlers, and the new German and Irish immigrant miners. Difficulties in recruiting staff arose because of many languages; while Baraga spoke eight languages fluently, he had trouble recruiting priests who could do the same.
Baraga traveled twice to Europe to raise money for his diocese. He was presented a jeweled cross and episcopal ring by the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. The bishop later sold these for his missions.
Baraga wrote numerous letters to the Society for the Propagation of the Faith describing his missionary activities. The Society published them widely as examples of its missions in North America, and they were instrumental in inspiring the priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to come to the United States to work. In time, Baraga became renowned throughout Europe for his work. In his last ten years, his health gradually declined; he became intermittently deaf and suffered a series of strokes. In 1865 Baraga wrote to Pope Pius IX in support of the canonization of his former confessor, Clement Hofbauer. He died January 19, 1868, in Marquette, Michigan. He is buried there in a chapel constructed for him at Saint Peter Cathedral; he formerly reposed with other bishops of Marquette in the cathedral crypt.
Selected works
Frederic Baraga's Short History of the North American Indians, edited by Graham MacDonald (Calgary: U of Calgary Press, 2004). "Originally published in 1837 in Europe in German, French, and Slovenian editions, and appearing here in English for the first time, Frederic Baraga's Short History of the North American Indians is the personal, first-hand account of a Catholic missionary to the Great Lakes area of North America." – Jacket
Chippewa Indians, as recorded by Rev. Frederick Baraga in 1847 (New York: Studia Slovenica, League of Slovenian Americans, 1976)
A Dictionary of Otchipwe Language Explained in English (1853); revised by other in 1878; republished as A Dictionary of the Ojibway Language with a foreword by John D. Nichols (Minneapolis: Minnesota Historical Society, 1992)
Legacy and veneration
The Venerable Frederic Baraga is buried in St. Peter Cathedral, Marquette.
Baraga was declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI on May 10, 2012. His cause was opened in 1952 by Thomas Lawrence Noa, the diocese's eighth bishop, and the formal canonization process began in 1973. The diocese planned to relocate his remains to a more accessible new chapel for veneration in the upper portion of the cathedral. At the time of his veneration, the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle for beatification.
The village of Baraga, Baraga Township, Baraga County, and Baraga State Park (all in Michigan) were named for him.
The Diocese of Ljubljana began construction of the Baraga Seminary in Ljubljana in 1936. However, the building was unfinished on the outbreak of World War II in 1941.
A street in Milwaukee is named for Baraga.
An Ontario Provincial Plaque is located on the grounds of Our Lady of Sorrows Roman Catholic Church (Goulais Bay, Ontario), which was built by Baraga
A memorial sculpture of him by Jack E. Anderson is located in L'Anse, Michigan.
Bishop Baraga Catholic School was named for him in Iron Mountain, Michigan.
Bishop Baraga Catholic School was named for him in Cheboygan, Michigan.
In 1846, Baraga erected a wooden cross in Schroeder, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Cross River, in thanks for his safe landing during a storm on Lake Superior. It has been replaced with a granite cross.
At the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Crosse, Wisconsin, a shrine in the church has been dedicated in his honor.
A bronze statue of Baraga in Grand Rapids honors his efforts in 1833 to establish the first Catholic mission in that location.
Baraga is the namesake of a network of six Catholic radio stations serving northern Michigan and is based at originating station WTCK licensed to Charlevoix with its main studio located near the Cross in the Woods Catholic Shrine in Indian River.
The U.S. Postal Service issued a 13-cent commemorative postcard honoring Baraga in 1984.
References
^ Kelly, Brian (September 29, 2009). "The Snowshoe Priest: the Servant of God, Bishop Frederic Baraga". Catholicism.org. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
^ Bishop Baraga Association. "Venerable Frederic Baraga's History". Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
^ Staff. "Baraga, Frederic 1797–1868". Wisconsin History. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ Taufbuch. Dobrnič. 1770–1799. p. 147. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
^ O'Malley, C.M., Vincent J. (2004). "Frederic Baraga". Saints of North America. Huntington IN: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. pp. 35–8. ISBN 1-931709-52-1.
^ a b c "Friderik Irenej Baraga (1797–1868)". Slovenska biografija. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ Glonar, Joža (2013). "Höffern, Antonija, pl. (1803–1871)". Slovenian Biographical Lexicon (in Slovenian). Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
^ a b c Verwyst, Chrysostom (1907). "Frederic Baraga". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ a b c Bishop Baraga Association. "Venerable Frederic Baraga's History". Diocese of Marquette. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
^ a b c d e f g "Pope declares Bishop Baraga venerable". The Compass. Diocese of Green Bay. May 18, 2012.
^ Staff. "Fr. Baraga's 1853 Ojibwe Dictionary". Wisconsin History. Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ Larry Martin: Ojibwe Language Hymnary Project
^ Venerable Frederic Baraga
^ Mazi-Leskovar, Darja (May 2003). "Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children". Meta: Translators' Journal. 48 (1–2). Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal: 250–265. doi:10.7202/006972ar. ISSN 1492-1421.
^ Chabot, Larry (January 2002). "On This Spot: The Baraga Legacy". Marquette Monthly. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ Cheney, David M. (January 21, 2012). "Bishop Ireneus Frederic Baraga". Catholic Hierarchy. Self-published. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ "Welcome to the Baraga Chapel". Bishop Baraga Association. Bishop Baraga Association. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^ "Decrees of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints". Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
^ Perkins, Mary Ellen, ed. (1989). Discover Your Heritage: A Guide to Provincial Plaques in Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Heritage Foundation. ISBN 0920474500.
^ "Bishop Baraga shrine". Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
^ Ellison, Garret (July 24, 2012). "Bronze statue of Bishop Frederic Baraga will be unveiled this evening in Cathedral Square". The Grand Rapids Press. OCLC 9975013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
^ Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina, & Carole Rogel. 2010. The A to Z of Slovenia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, p. 36.
Further reading
Baraga, Frederic (1990). The Diary of Bishop Frederic Baraga: First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan. Translated by Joseph Gregorich and Rev. Paul Prud'homme. Great Lakes Books.
Ceglar, Charles A. (1991). Baragiana Collection. Hamilton: Baragiana Publishing.
Lambert, Bernard J. (1974). Shepherd of the Wilderness: A Biography of Bishop Frederic Baraga. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press.
Verwyst, P. Chrysostomus. Life and Labors of Rt. Rev. Frederic Baraga, First Bishop of Marquette Mich. Milwaukee: Wiltzius, 1900.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederic Baraga.
Bishop Baraga's pastoral letter
Bishop Baraga's Pastoral Letter to the Indians
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
St. Peter Cathedral and Bishop Baraga Archived March 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
Fr. Baraga's 1853 Ojibwe Dictionary
Father Baraga's cross Archived September 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
Works by Frederic Baraga at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Frederic Baraga at Internet Archive
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"grammarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologist"},{"link_name":"Christian poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_poetry"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Marquette"},{"link_name":"John Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neumann"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier Pierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Pierz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Irenaeus Frederic Baraga (June 29, 1797 – January 19, 1868; Slovene: Irenej Friderik Baraga) was a Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States, grammarian and author of Christian poetry and hymns in Native American languages. He was the first Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette, a post he held for 15 years.His letters about his missionary work were published widely in Europe, inspiring the priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to emigrate to the United States.[1] In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI declared him \"Venerable.\"[2]","title":"Frederic Baraga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"Mala Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Vas,_Dobrni%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Carniolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniola"},{"link_name":"Dobrnič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrni%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Lower Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Trebnje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Trebnje"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Antonija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonija_H%C3%B6ffern"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verwyst-8"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Slovene Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Lands"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diocese-9"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"}],"text":"Frederic Baraga was born in the manor house at Mala Vas (German: Kleindorf) no. 16 near the Carniolan village of Dobrnič, in what was then Lower Carniola, a province of the Duchy of Carniola in the Habsburg monarchy. Today it is a part of the Municipality of Trebnje in Slovenia.[3] Never using his first name, he was baptized Irenaeus Fridericus Paraga.[4][5]He was the fourth of five children born to Janez Baraga and Marija Katarina Jožefa née Jenčič; among his siblings was his sister Antonija, who would later become the first Slovenian woman to immigrate to the United States.[6][7] Upon her father's death, his mother inherited an estate at Mala Vas, plus a substantial fortune. His mother died in 1808, and his father in 1812. Frederic spent his boyhood in the house of Jurij Dolinar, a lay professor at the diocesan seminary at Ljubljana.[6][8]Baraga grew up during the Napoleonic Wars, when France had taken over the Slovene Lands from the Austrian Empire for a time. As a result, the official language of instruction in his schools changed several times during his childhood between Slovenian and German. By the time he was nine, he was fluent in French as well.[9] In addition, Latin and Greek were required subjects for all students. Thus, by age 16, Frederic Baraga was multilingual—a skill that would serve him well in later life.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Clement Mary Hofbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diocese-9"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Kranj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranj"},{"link_name":"Metlika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metlika"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verwyst-8"},{"link_name":"Jansenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenism"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Edward Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fenwick"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verwyst-8"},{"link_name":"Ottawa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_language"},{"link_name":"Algonquian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"L'Arbre Croche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arbre_Croche"},{"link_name":"Cross Village, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Village,_Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baraga_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madeline Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Island"},{"link_name":"catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ojibway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibway"},{"link_name":"La Pointe, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pointe,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"Antonija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonija_H%C3%B6ffern"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-6"},{"link_name":"L'Anse, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"snowshoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompassVenerable-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language"},{"link_name":"hymnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnal"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_people"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ML2003-14"}],"text":"Baraga attended law school at the University of Vienna, where he graduated in 1821. Influenced by Clement Mary Hofbauer, Baraga then entered the seminary in Ljubljana.[9] At age 26, he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on September 21, 1823, in St. Nicholas Cathedral by Augustin Johann Joseph Gruber, the Bishop of Ljubljana. As a young priest, he was assigned as an assistant first at St. Martin's near Kranj and later at Metlika in lower Carniola.[8] Father Baraga was a staunch opponent of Jansenism. During this time, he wrote a spiritual book in Slovene entitled Dušna Paša (Spiritual Sustenance).In 1830 Baraga answered the request of Bishop Edward Fenwick of Cincinnati for priests to aid in ministering to his growing flock, which included a large mission territory. He left his homeland on October 29, 1830, and arrived in New York on December 31. He arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, on January 18, 1831. During the winter and spring, he worked among the German immigrants in the area.[8] At the same time, he studied the Ottawa language, a branch of the Algonquian languages. In May 1831 was sent to the Ottawa Indian mission at L'Arbre Croche (present-day Cross Village, Michigan) to finish his mastery of the language.Baraga Street is located near the Catholic Church on Madeline Island. Baraga once operated a mission on the Island.In 1837, he published Otawa Anamie-Misinaigan, the first book written in the Ottawa language, which included a Catholic catechism and prayer book. After a brief stay at a mission in present-day Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1835, Baraga moved north to minister to the Ojibway (Chippewa) Indians at La Pointe, Wisconsin, at a former Jesuit mission on Lake Superior. He was joined by his sister Antonija.[6]In 1843 Baraga founded a mission at L'Anse, Michigan. During this time, he earned the nickname \"the Snowshoe Priest\" because he would travel hundreds of miles each year on snowshoes during the harsh winters.[10] He worked to protect the Indians from being forced to relocate, as well as publishing a dictionary and grammar of the Ojibway language. Although these works have important historical value, they are not recommended as basic resources for the language today.[11]With the collaboration of many native speakers, Fr. Baraga also composed around 100 Catholic hymns in the Ojibwe language, which were published in a hymnal and still continue to be used by the Ojibwe people in Roman Catholic worship in both Canada and the United States.[12][13]Through the texts Baraga published in his missionary years, the Slovenes learned about aspects of Native American culture and the United States.[14]","title":"Priesthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Peter_in_Chains_(Cincinnati)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquette_Monthly-15"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"John Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sault_Sainte_Marie,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Marquette"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ontonagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontonagon,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompassVenerable-10"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Society for the Propagation of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"John Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neumann"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier Pierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Pierz"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diocese-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompassVenerable-10"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter_Cathedral_(Marquette,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompassVenerable-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Baraga was elevated to bishop by Pope Pius IX and consecrated November 1, 1853, in Cincinnati at Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral[15] by Archbishop John Purcell. He was the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, now the Diocese of Marquette.[16]On July 27, 1852, he began to keep a diary, written in several languages (primarily German, but with English, French, Slovene, Chippewa, Latin, and Italian interspersed), preserving accounts of his missionary travels and his relationship with his sister Amalia. During this time, the area experienced a population explosion, as European immigrants were attracted to work in the copper and iron mines developed near Houghton, Ontonagon, and Marquette. This presented a challenge because he had few priests and attended to immigrant miners and the Native Americans. Increased development and population encouraged the improvement of transportation on Lake Superior.The only way to travel in winter was on snowshoes, which Baraga continued to do into his sixties. He was particularly challenged by the vast diversity of peoples in the region, including the native inhabitants, ethnic French-Canadian settlers, and the new German and Irish immigrant miners.[10] Difficulties in recruiting staff arose because of many languages; while Baraga spoke eight languages fluently, he had trouble recruiting priests who could do the same.Baraga traveled twice to Europe to raise money for his diocese. He was presented a jeweled cross and episcopal ring by the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. The bishop later sold these for his missions.Baraga wrote numerous letters to the Society for the Propagation of the Faith describing his missionary activities. The Society published them widely as examples of its missions in North America, and they were instrumental in inspiring the priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to come to the United States to work. In time, Baraga became renowned throughout Europe for his work. In his last ten years, his health gradually declined; he became intermittently deaf and suffered a series of strokes. In 1865 Baraga wrote to Pope Pius IX in support of the canonization of his former confessor, Clement Hofbauer.[9] He died January 19, 1868, in Marquette, Michigan.[10] He is buried there in a chapel constructed for him at Saint Peter Cathedral; he formerly reposed with other bishops of Marquette in the cathedral crypt.[10][17]","title":"Bishop"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Frederic Baraga's Short History of the North American Indians, edited by Graham MacDonald (Calgary: U of Calgary Press, 2004). \"Originally published in 1837 in Europe in German, French, and Slovenian editions, and appearing here in English for the first time, Frederic Baraga's Short History of the North American Indians is the personal, first-hand account of a Catholic missionary to the Great Lakes area of North America.\" – Jacket\nChippewa Indians, as recorded by Rev. Frederick Baraga in 1847 (New York: Studia Slovenica, League of Slovenian Americans, 1976)\nA Dictionary of Otchipwe Language Explained in English (1853); revised by other in 1878; republished as A Dictionary of the Ojibway Language with a foreword by John D. Nichols (Minneapolis: Minnesota Historical Society, 1992)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-0618-UP002-MarquetteStPeters.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Peter Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter_Cathedral,_Marquette"},{"link_name":"venerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lawrence Noa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_Noa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompassVenerable-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompassVenerable-10"},{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompassVenerable-10"},{"link_name":"Baraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraga,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Baraga Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraga_Township"},{"link_name":"Baraga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraga_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Baraga State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraga_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Goulais Bay, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulais_Bay,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jack E. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_E._Anderson"},{"link_name":"L'Anse, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Iron Mountain, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Mountain,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Cheboygan, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Schroeder, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroeder,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Cross River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_(Lake_Superior)"},{"link_name":"Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"WTCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTCK"},{"link_name":"Charlevoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Cross in the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_in_the_Woods"},{"link_name":"Indian River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_River,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Venerable Frederic Baraga is buried in St. Peter Cathedral, Marquette.Baraga was declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI on May 10, 2012.[18] His cause was opened in 1952 by Thomas Lawrence Noa, the diocese's eighth bishop, and the formal canonization process began in 1973.[10] The diocese planned to relocate his remains to a more accessible new chapel for veneration in the upper portion of the cathedral.[10] At the time of his veneration, the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle for beatification.[10]The village of Baraga, Baraga Township, Baraga County, and Baraga State Park (all in Michigan) were named for him.\nThe Diocese of Ljubljana began construction of the Baraga Seminary in Ljubljana in 1936. However, the building was unfinished on the outbreak of World War II in 1941.\nA street in Milwaukee is named for Baraga.\nAn Ontario Provincial Plaque is located on the grounds of Our Lady of Sorrows Roman Catholic Church (Goulais Bay, Ontario), which was built by Baraga[19]\nA memorial sculpture of him by Jack E. Anderson is located in L'Anse, Michigan.\nBishop Baraga Catholic School was named for him in Iron Mountain, Michigan.\nBishop Baraga Catholic School was named for him in Cheboygan, Michigan.\nIn 1846, Baraga erected a wooden cross in Schroeder, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Cross River, in thanks for his safe landing during a storm on Lake Superior. It has been replaced with a granite cross.\nAt the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Crosse, Wisconsin, a shrine in the church has been dedicated in his honor.[20]\nA bronze statue of Baraga in Grand Rapids honors his efforts in 1833 to establish the first Catholic mission in that location.[21]\nBaraga is the namesake of a network of six Catholic radio stations serving northern Michigan and is based at originating station WTCK licensed to Charlevoix with its main studio located near the Cross in the Woods Catholic Shrine in Indian River.\nThe U.S. Postal Service issued a 13-cent commemorative postcard honoring Baraga in 1984.[22]","title":"Legacy and veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life and Labors of Rt. Rev. Frederic Baraga, First Bishop of Marquette Mich.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4zdAAAAAYAAJ&q=Life+and+Labors+of+Bishop+Baraga"}],"text":"Baraga, Frederic (1990). The Diary of Bishop Frederic Baraga: First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan. Translated by Joseph Gregorich and Rev. Paul Prud'homme. Great Lakes Books.\nCeglar, Charles A. (1991). Baragiana Collection. Hamilton: Baragiana Publishing.\nLambert, Bernard J. (1974). Shepherd of the Wilderness: A Biography of Bishop Frederic Baraga. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press.\nVerwyst, P. Chrysostomus. Life and Labors of Rt. Rev. Frederic Baraga, First Bishop of Marquette Mich. Milwaukee: Wiltzius, 1900.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Baraga Street is located near the Catholic Church on Madeline Island. Baraga once operated a mission on the Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baraga_Street.jpg/220px-Baraga_Street.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Venerable Frederic Baraga is buried in St. Peter Cathedral, Marquette.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2009-0618-UP002-MarquetteStPeters.jpg/220px-2009-0618-UP002-MarquetteStPeters.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Marquette.svg/100px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Marquette.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kelly, Brian (September 29, 2009). \"The Snowshoe Priest: the Servant of God, Bishop Frederic Baraga\". Catholicism.org. Retrieved November 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://catholicism.org/the-snowshoe-priest-venerable-bishop-frederic-baraga.html","url_text":"\"The Snowshoe Priest: the Servant of God, Bishop Frederic Baraga\""}]},{"reference":"Bishop Baraga Association. \"Venerable Frederic Baraga's History\". Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328170455/http://www.dioceseofmarquette.org/venbishopbaragahistory","url_text":"\"Venerable Frederic Baraga's History\""},{"url":"http://www.dioceseofmarquette.org/venbishopbaragahistory","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Baraga, Frederic 1797–1868\". Wisconsin History. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104054659/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1841&keyword=baraga","url_text":"\"Baraga, Frederic 1797–1868\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1841&keyword=baraga","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taufbuch. Dobrnič. 1770–1799. p. 147. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/slovenia/ljubljana/dobrnic/00374/?pg=75","url_text":"Taufbuch"}]},{"reference":"O'Malley, C.M., Vincent J. (2004). \"Frederic Baraga\". Saints of North America. Huntington IN: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. pp. 35–8. ISBN 1-931709-52-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931709-52-1","url_text":"1-931709-52-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Friderik Irenej Baraga (1797–1868)\". Slovenska biografija. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slovenska-biografija.si/oseba/sbi133914/","url_text":"\"Friderik Irenej Baraga (1797–1868)\""}]},{"reference":"Glonar, Joža (2013). \"Höffern, Antonija, pl. (1803–1871)\". Slovenian Biographical Lexicon (in Slovenian). Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slovenska-biografija.si/oseba/sbi233529/","url_text":"\"Höffern, Antonija, pl. (1803–1871)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts","url_text":"Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts"}]},{"reference":"Verwyst, Chrysostom (1907). \"Frederic Baraga\". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02282b.htm","url_text":"\"Frederic Baraga\""}]},{"reference":"Bishop Baraga Association. \"Venerable Frederic Baraga's History\". Diocese of Marquette. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328170455/http://www.dioceseofmarquette.org/venbishopbaragahistory","url_text":"\"Venerable Frederic Baraga's History\""},{"url":"http://www.dioceseofmarquette.org/venbishopbaragahistory","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pope declares Bishop Baraga venerable\". The Compass. Diocese of Green Bay. May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Green_Bay","url_text":"Diocese of Green Bay"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Fr. Baraga's 1853 Ojibwe Dictionary\". Wisconsin History. Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved May 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=1649","url_text":"\"Fr. Baraga's 1853 Ojibwe Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Mazi-Leskovar, Darja (May 2003). \"Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children\". Meta: Translators' Journal. 48 (1–2). Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal: 250–265. doi:10.7202/006972ar. ISSN 1492-1421.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2003/v48/n1-2/006972ar.html","url_text":"\"Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7202%2F006972ar","url_text":"10.7202/006972ar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1492-1421","url_text":"1492-1421"}]},{"reference":"Chabot, Larry (January 2002). \"On This Spot: The Baraga Legacy\". Marquette Monthly. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315111203/http://www.mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/02/0201/back_then.html","url_text":"\"On This Spot: The Baraga Legacy\""},{"url":"http://www.mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/02/0201/back_then.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. (January 21, 2012). \"Bishop Ireneus Frederic Baraga\". Catholic Hierarchy. Self-published. Retrieved May 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbaraga.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Ireneus Frederic Baraga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Baraga Chapel\". Bishop Baraga Association. Bishop Baraga Association. Retrieved January 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bishopbaraga.org/baraga-chapel/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Baraga Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decrees of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints\". Congregation for the Causes of Saints.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.va/en/news/decrees-of-the-congregation-for-the-causes-of-sa-4","url_text":"\"Decrees of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints\""}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Mary Ellen, ed. (1989). Discover Your Heritage: A Guide to Provincial Plaques in Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Heritage Foundation. ISBN 0920474500.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidetoprovincia0000perk","url_text":"Discover Your Heritage: A Guide to Provincial Plaques in Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0920474500","url_text":"0920474500"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Baraga shrine\". Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513181250/http://www.guadalupeshrine.org/p1543","url_text":"\"Bishop Baraga shrine\""},{"url":"http://www.guadalupeshrine.org/p1543","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellison, Garret (July 24, 2012). \"Bronze statue of Bishop Frederic Baraga will be unveiled this evening in Cathedral Square\". The Grand Rapids Press. OCLC 9975013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141832/http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2012/07/bronze_statue_of_bishop_freder.html","url_text":"\"Bronze statue of Bishop Frederic Baraga will be unveiled this evening in Cathedral Square\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Rapids_Press","url_text":"The Grand Rapids Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9975013","url_text":"9975013"},{"url":"http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2012/07/bronze_statue_of_bishop_freder.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baraga, Frederic (1990). The Diary of Bishop Frederic Baraga: First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan. Translated by Joseph Gregorich and Rev. Paul Prud'homme. Great Lakes Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ceglar, Charles A. (1991). Baragiana Collection. Hamilton: Baragiana Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lambert, Bernard J. (1974). Shepherd of the Wilderness: A Biography of Bishop Frederic Baraga. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press.","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pharmaceutical_Services
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West Pharmaceutical Services
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["1 Overview","2 References","3 External links"]
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American healthcare company
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNYSE: WSTS&P 500 componentIndustryMedical devicesPharmaceuticalsFounded1923HeadquartersExton, Pennsylvania, U.S.Key peopleEric M. Green (CEO since 2015)
Silji Abraham (CDO since 2018)
Bernard J. Birkett (CFO since 2018)
Annette F. Favorite (CHRO since 2015)
Quintin J. Lai (Corporate Development, Strategy and Investor Relations since 2016)
George L. Miller (GC and CS since 2015)
David A. Montecalvo (COO and SCO since 2019)
Eric Resnick (CTO since 2016)RevenueUS$1,849.9 million (2019)Operating incomeUS$296.6 million (2019)Net incomeUS$241.7 million (2019)Number of employees8,200 (2019)Websitewestpharma.com
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. is a designer and manufacturer of injectable pharmaceutical packaging and delivery systems. Founded in 1923 by Herman O. West and J.R. Wike of Philadelphia, the company is headquartered in Exton, Pennsylvania. In its early years of development, West produced rubber components for packaging injectable drugs, providing a sterile environment for the producers of penicillin and insulin.
Overview
West manufactures components and systems for injectable drug delivery and plastic packaging, and delivery system components for the healthcare and consumer products markets. In 2019, the company reported US$1,849.9 million in sales.
On January 29, 2003, an accumulation of combustible polyethelene powder caused an explosion at a West rubber-manufacturing plant in Kinston, North Carolina.
In 2005, West acquired The Tech Group, Scottsdale, Ariz., and Medimop Medical Projects Ltd., Ra’anana, Israel.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m West Pharmaceutical Services (2019). "Annual Report 2019". West Pharmaceutical Services.
^ Armstrong, Mike (December 24, 2010). "PhillyInc: Comings and goings of local firms' HQs". Philly.com. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ "Investigation Digest: Dust Explosion at West Pharmaceutical Services" (PDF). U.S. Chemical and Safety Hazard Investigation Board. April 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ Thompson, Heather (August 1, 2005). "Acquisition Puts West Pharmaceuticals and The Tech Group on Same Page". MDDI Online. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
^ "West Pharmaceutical buys Medimop for $41.8m". Globes. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
External links
Official website
Business data for West Pharmaceutical Services Inc.: BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo!
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme
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Selcë e Poshtme
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links","4 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 40°59′N 20°31′E / 40.983°N 20.517°E / 40.983; 20.517Village in Korçë, AlbaniaSelcë e PoshtmeVillageSelcë e PoshtmeCoordinates: 40°59′N 20°31′E / 40.983°N 20.517°E / 40.983; 20.517Country AlbaniaCountyKorçëMunicipalityPogradecMunicipal unitProptishtTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Selcë e Poshtme ("Lower Selcë") is a village located in the Mokra area, Korçë County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Pogradec. Near the village, on the right bank of Shkumbin river at an elevation of 1,040 metres (3,410 ft) above sea level, 5 Illyrian Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme are found. In 1996, Albania included the Royal Tombs of Lower Selcë in the UNESCO World heritage list of proposals.
History
Hill settlement at Selcë e Poshtme.
Part of the facade of Royal Tomb IV at Selca e Poshtme.
At Selcë e Poshtme an Illyrian settlement was established since the early Iron Age. At the beginning of the 4th century BC the first pre-urban phase evolved into a second urban phase that lasted until the 1st century AD. It was located in the region of the Illyrian Dassaretii. The Illyrian Royal Tombs were built on this site during the 4th and 2nd centuries BC.
The third and last phase of the site was less developed than the two previous phases. Archaeological remains of the first three centuries of the Common Era are the least representative of the site. The settlement continued being inhabited during the Roman Imperial period under Anastasius I and Justinian. The third phase lasted until the settlement was abandoned in late antiquity between the 4th and 6th centuries CE.
The site of Selcë was in antiquity a flourishing economical centre more developed than the surroundings because it occupied a predominant position inside the region currently called Mokër, and because it controlled the road which led from the Adriatic coasts of Illyria to Macedonia.
Lower Selcë is a suggested location of the historic site of Pellion, where in 335 BC Alexander the Great advanced his forces to attack the Illyrians under Cleitus, son of Bardylis and Glaukias of the Taulantii, following the death of Philip II, thus securing Macedonia's northern border before leaving to conquer Asia. However alternative locations for Pelion have been proposed, including Zvezde near Korça or in Goricë. In the area of modern Pogradec, Illyrians seems to have been influenced by the styles of the Macedonians.
References
^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). pp. 6372–6373. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "Les tombes de la Basse Selca".
^ a b c Castiglioni 2010, pp. 93–94: "Le matériel céramique retrouvé (notamment des tessons peints en marron rougeâ-tre) a permis de dater les débuts de la vie de ce site à partir de la première période del'âge du fer. La première phase pré-urbaine a évolué en une deuxième phase, urbaine,au commencement du IVe siècle av. J.-C. et jusqu'au Ier siècle ap. J.-C. La troisième etdernière phase, moins riche que la précédente, se conclut avec l'abandon de la villedans l'Antiquité tardive (IVe-VIe siècles ap. J.-C.)... "Selcë appartenait géographiquement, au IIIe siècle av. J.-C., à la région illyrienne appelée Dassarétide, territoire comprenant les vallées de l'Osum et du Devoll et s'étendant vers l'est dans les plateaux de Kolonje et de Korçe, et dans la zone autour du lac de Pogradec."
^ a b Shehi 2015, p. 54.
^ Zindel et al. 2018, p. 401.
^ a b Shehi 2015, pp. 54–55.
^ Castiglioni 2010, pp. 88–89: "Le premier de ces deux témoignages est un fermoir de ceinture retrouvé dans un tombeau monumental de la localité albanaise de la basse Selce (Selcë e Poshtme) située dans le district de Pogradec, dans la partie orientale du pays, à quelques kilomètres du lac d'Ohrid et à 1010 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Ce centre a bénéficié dans le passé d'un essor économique plus florissant par rapport aux plus modestes agglomérations des alentours, grâce à la position centrale et prédominante qu'il occupe à l'intérieur de la contrée actuellement appelée Mokër, et grâce au contrôle de la route qui conduisait des côtes adriatiques de l'Illyrie à la Macédoine, route qui longeait le cours du fleuve Shkumbin (Genusus) et qui passait autrefois par les Gorges de Çervenake. La ville s'étendait sur les terrasses naturelles de la col-line de Gradishte ou Qyteze, dont la partie ouest descend abruptement vers le cours du fleuve Shkumbin."
^ Wilkes 1992, p. 130: "After 350 BC Illyrian towns are believed to have become established at Lissus (Lezha) and Shkoder and in the interior at Antipatreia (Berat) and also at Selce e Poshtme in the Shkumbin valley, a suggested location for Pelion." p. 136: "Selce e Poshtme a candidate for the location of Pelion"
^ a b Shehi 2015, p. 55.
^ Barrington atlas of the Greek and Roman world by Richard J. A. Talbert, 2000, ISBN 0-691-04945-9, page 755
^ The Cambridge ancient history,Tome 6 by John Boardman, ISBN 0-521-85073-8, 1994, page 440
External links
Selca e Poshtme as a candidate for UNESCO World Heritage Site
Sources
Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2010). Cadmos-serpent en Illyrie: itinéraire d'un héros civilisateur. Edizioni Plus. ISBN 9788884927422.
Shehi, Eduard (2015). Terra sigillata en Illyrie méridionale et en Chaonie: importations et productions locales (IIe S. AV. J.-C. -IIe S. AP. J.-C.). Col·lecció Instrumenta (in French). Vol. 48. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Publicacions i Edicions. ISBN 978-84-475-4238-3.
Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
Zindel, Christian; Lippert, Andreas; Lahi, Bashkim; Kiel, Machiel (2018). Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783205200109.
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The Illyrian Royal Tombs were built on this site during the 4th and 2nd centuries BC.[3][4][5]The third and last phase of the site was less developed than the two previous phases.[3] Archaeological remains of the first three centuries of the Common Era are the least representative of the site.[6] The settlement continued being inhabited during the Roman Imperial period under Anastasius I and Justinian.[6] The third phase lasted until the settlement was abandoned in late antiquity between the 4th and 6th centuries CE.[3]The site of Selcë was in antiquity a flourishing economical centre more developed than the surroundings because it occupied a predominant position inside the region currently called Mokër, and because it controlled the road which led from the Adriatic coasts of Illyria to Macedonia.[7][4]Lower Selcë is a suggested location of the historic site of Pellion,[8][9] where in 335 BC Alexander the Great advanced his forces to attack the Illyrians under Cleitus, son of Bardylis and Glaukias of the Taulantii, following the death of Philip II, thus securing Macedonia's northern border before leaving to conquer Asia.[9] However alternative locations for Pelion have been proposed, including Zvezde near Korça or in Goricë.[10] In the area of modern Pogradec, Illyrians seems to have been influenced by the styles of the Macedonians.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788884927422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788884927422"},{"link_name":"Terra sigillata en Illyrie méridionale et en Chaonie: importations et productions locales (IIe S. 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e Poshtme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Trebinjë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Trebinjë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Udënisht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud%C3%ABnisht"},{"link_name":"Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin,_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Udënisht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud%C3%ABnisht"},{"link_name":"Velçan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%A7an"},{"link_name":"Velçan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%A7an"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes"},{"link_name":"Albani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanoi"},{"link_name":"Amantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Amantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantini"},{"link_name":"Ardiaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardiaei"},{"link_name":"Docleatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docleatae"},{"link_name":"Labeatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeatae"},{"link_name":"Atintanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atintanians"},{"link_name":"Autariatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autariatae"},{"link_name":"Azali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Balaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaites"},{"link_name":"Baridustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baridustae"},{"link_name":"Bassanitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassania"},{"link_name":"Breuci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuci"},{"link_name":"Bylliones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bylliones"},{"link_name":"Daesitiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daesitiates"},{"link_name":"Dalmatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatae"},{"link_name":"Tariotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariotes"},{"link_name":"Daorsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daorson"},{"link_name":"Dardani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardani"},{"link_name":"Galabri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galabri"},{"link_name":"Thuantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunatae"},{"link_name":"Dassaretii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassaretii"},{"link_name":"Enchelei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchele"},{"link_name":"Eneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti"},{"link_name":"Grabaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabaei"},{"link_name":"Iapodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapodes"},{"link_name":"Iapygians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapygians"},{"link_name":"Dauni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunians"},{"link_name":"Messapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapians"},{"link_name":"Peuceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peucetians"},{"link_name":"Mazaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaei"},{"link_name":"Narensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narensi"},{"link_name":"Osseriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osseriates"},{"link_name":"Parthini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthini"},{"link_name":"Penestae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Pirustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirustae"},{"link_name":"Sardiatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiatae"},{"link_name":"Siculotae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siculotae"},{"link_name":"Taulantii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulantii"},{"link_name":"Abroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abroi"},{"link_name":"Agron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Anastasius 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Quintum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Quintum"},{"link_name":"Albanopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanopolis"},{"link_name":"Amantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantia"},{"link_name":"Andetrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andetrium"},{"link_name":"Antipatreia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipatreia"},{"link_name":"Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Arduba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduba"},{"link_name":"Arnissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnissa,_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aspalathos 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Poshtme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sesarethus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesarethus"},{"link_name":"Setovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setovia"},{"link_name":"Scodra (Shkodër)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Thronion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Tilurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilurium"},{"link_name":"Tragurion 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group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group"},{"link_name":"Coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_coinage"},{"link_name":"Daunian stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunian_stele"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_education"},{"link_name":"Fibulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_fibulae"},{"link_name":"Glasinac-Mati culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasinac-Mati_culture"},{"link_name":"Gradistë belt-plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate"},{"link_name":"Monte Saraceno 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Belt-Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate"},{"link_name":"Vače Situla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla"},{"link_name":"Religion and mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_religion"},{"link_name":"Andinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andinus"},{"link_name":"Bindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)"},{"link_name":"Deipaturos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deipaturos"},{"link_name":"Zojz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zojz_(deity)"},{"link_name":"En","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Medaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaurus"},{"link_name":"Perëndi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi"},{"link_name":"Prende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prende"},{"link_name":"Tomorr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorr"},{"link_name":"Nymphaion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)"},{"link_name":"Swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_warfare"},{"link_name":"weaponry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_weaponry"},{"link_name":"Illyrian 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Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Erigon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lyncestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis"},{"link_name":"Paxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos"},{"link_name":"Pharos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pharos"},{"link_name":"Phoenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Phoenice"},{"link_name":"Roman–Dalmatian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars"},{"link_name":"Caesar's civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)"},{"link_name":"Batonian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum"},{"link_name":"Desilo shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desilo"},{"link_name":"Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet"},{"link_name":"Lembus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembus"},{"link_name":"Liburna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburna"},{"link_name":"Sibyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyna"},{"link_name":"Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sica"},{"link_name":"Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Issa"},{"link_name":"Medion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Medion"},{"link_name":"Oricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_language"},{"link_name":"Proposed vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary"},{"link_name":"Roman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyro-Roman"},{"link_name":"Illyrian emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_emperors"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum"},{"link_name":"Dardania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Delmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Epirus Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Moesia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superior"},{"link_name":"Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Prima"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Savia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Savia"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Superior"},{"link_name":"Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmium"},{"link_name":"Illyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrology"},{"link_name":"Origin of the Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Albanian folk beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs"},{"link_name":"History of the Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Prehistory of Southeastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Illyria-related_lists"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Illyrian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes"},{"link_name":"Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Illyrian_history"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729834#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/153676831"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564721505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85257862"}],"text":"Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2010). Cadmos-serpent en Illyrie: itinéraire d'un héros civilisateur. Edizioni Plus. ISBN 9788884927422.\nShehi, Eduard (2015). Terra sigillata en Illyrie méridionale et en Chaonie: importations et productions locales (IIe S. AV. J.-C. -IIe S. AP. J.-C.). Col·lecció Instrumenta (in French). Vol. 48. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Publicacions i Edicions. ISBN 978-84-475-4238-3.\nWilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.\nZindel, Christian; Lippert, Andreas; Lahi, Bashkim; Kiel, Machiel (2018). Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783205200109.vteSubdivisions of Pogradec MunicipalityMunicipal Seat: PogradecAdministrative Unit of Buçimas\nBahçallëk\nBuçimas\nGështënjas\nGurras\nPeshkëpi\nRemenj\nTushemisht\nVërdovë\nAdministrative Unit of Çërravë\nAlarup\nBlacë\nBletas\nÇërravë\nGrabovicë\nKodras\nLeshnicë\nLumas\nNizhavec\nPretushë\nQershizë\nAdministrative Unit of Dardhas\nDardhas\nDerdushë\nGrunjas\nLekas\nNicë\nOsnat\nPrenisht\nStërkanj\nStropckë\nAdministrative Unit of Pogradec\nPogradec\nAdministrative Unit of Proptisht\nBaribardhë\nGolik\nHomçan\nHomezh\nKriçkovë\nProptisht\nRodokal Poshtë\nRodokal Sipër\nSelcë e Poshtme\nSelishtë\nSlabinjë\nSlatinë\nSomotinë\nVërri\nZalltore\nAdministrative Unit of Trebinjë\nÇezmë e Madhe\nÇezmë e Vogël\nDunicë\nGuri i Bardhë\nHondisht\nHoshtecë\nKalivaç\nLlëngë\nMalinë\nPevelan\nPlenisht\nPotgozhan\nSelcë e Sipërme\nTrebinjë\nZemcë\nAdministrative Unit of Udënisht\nBuqez\nÇervenakë\nLin\nMemlisht\nPiskupat\nUdënisht\nAdministrative Unit of Velçan\nBishnicë\nBuzahishtë\nJollë\nLaktesh\nLosnik\nSenishtë\nShpellë\nVelçanvteIllyriansTribes\nAlbani\nAmantes\nAmantini\nArdiaei\nDocleatai\nLabeatae\nAtintanians\nAutariatae\nAzali\nBalaites\nBaridustae\nBassanitae\nBreuci\nBylliones\nDaesitiates\nDalmatae\nTariotes\nDaorsi\nDardani\nGalabri\nThuantai\nDassaretii\nEnchelei\nEneti\nGrabaei\nIapodes\nIapygians\nDauni\nMessapi\nPeuceti\nMazaei\nNarensi\nOsseriates\nParthini\nPenestae\nPirustae\nSardiatae\nSiculotae\nTaulantii\nAbroi\nPeople\nAgron\nAnastasius I Dicorus\nArtas of Messapia\nAstius\nAudata\nAurelian\nBallaios\nBaraliris\nBardylis\nBardylis II\nBato the Breucian\nBato the Daesitiate\nBato Dardani\nBircenna\nCaeria\nCaius\nCaravantius\nCeler\nCleitus Dardani\nConstantine the Great\nConstantius Chlorus\nConstantius II\nCynane\nDando\nDemetrius of Pharos\nDiocletian\nEleutherius and Antia\nEpulon\nEtuta\nFlavianus\nGalaurus\nGentius\nGlaucias of Taulantii\nGrabos I\nGrabos II\nGratian\nGratianus Funarius\nIrenaeus of Sirmium\nJerome\nJovian\nJustin I\nJustinian I\nLongarus\nMarcellinus Comes\nMonounios\nMonunius\nMytilos\nPeter the Patrician\nPinnes\nPlator\nPleuratus I\nPleuratus II\nPleuratus III\nPleurias\nScerdilaidas\nSirras\nTacitus\nTeuta\nTriteuta\nValens\nValentinian I\nValentinian II\nPolitical entities\nArdiaean-Labeatan\nAutariatan\nDardanian\nKingdom\nDassaretan\nEnchelean\nIllyrian kingdom\nTaulantian\nGeography(cities/settlements)\nAcruvium (Kotor)\nAd Acroceraunia\nAd Quintum\nAlbanopolis\nAmantia\nAndetrium\nAntipatreia\nApollonia\nArduba\nArnissa\nAspalathos (Split)\nAulon\nBargulum\nBassania\nBerat\nBouthoe\nBrundisium\nBushat\nByllis\nChinna\nChrysondyon\nCreonion\nDamastion\nDaorson\nLower Neretva\nDardana Fortress\nDelminium\nDesilo (Lower Neretva)\nDimale\nDoclea\nDoracium\nDresnik\nDuboc\nDukat\nDyrrhachium/Epidamnus (Durrës)\nEnkelana\nEpicaria\nEugenium\nGertus\nHedum castellum\nHija e Korbit\nIader or Idassa (Zadar)\nKinna\nKodrion\nKratul\nLissus (Lezhë)\nLofkënd\nLychnidus\nMatohasanaj\nMeteon\nMursa (Osijek)\nNareste\nNikadin\nNikaia (Klos)\nOneum\nOria\nOricum\nPalaeste\nParthus\nPelion\nPersqopi\nPetra\nPituntium\nPogradec (Castle)\nPola (Pula)\nPoslishte\nPromona\nRabije\nRagusa\nRhizon\nRomajë\nRunik\nSalona\nSalvia\nScampa (Elbasan)\nSelcë e Poshtme\nSesarethus\nSetovia\nScodra (Shkodër)\nThronion\nTilurium\nTragurion (Trogir)\nTriport\nTsangon\nUgento\nUlkinium\nUlpiana\nUscana\nVendenis\nZgërdhesh (? Albanopolis)\nCulture\nCentral Bosnian cultural group\nCoinage\nDaunian stele\nEducation\nFibulae\nGlasinac-Mati culture\nGradistë belt-plate\nMonte Saraceno woman\nPileus\nPottery\nDaunian\nDesilo\nMessapian\nPeucetian\nSoleto Map\nSpectacle brooch\nTombs\nBoka-Përçeva\nSelca e Poshtme\nTrebeništa masks\nVače Belt-Plate\nVače Situla\n\nReligion and mythology\nReligion\nAndinus\nBindus\nDeipaturos\nZojz\nEn\nMedaurus\nPerëndi\nPrende\nTomorr\nNymphaion\nSwastika\n\nWarfare and weaponry\nIllyrian invasion of Epirus\nAlexander's Balkan campaign\nSiege of Pelium\nDardanian–Bastarnic war\nInvasions of Epidamnus\nIllyro-Roman Wars\nRoman-Macedonian wars\nBattles\nErigon Valley\nLyncestis\nPaxos\nPharos\nPhoenice\nRoman–Dalmatian wars\nCaesar's civil war\nBattle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)\nBatonian War\nDesilo shipyard\nHelmet\nLembus\nLiburna\nSibyna\nSica\nSieges\nIssa\nMedion\nOricum\nLanguage\nIllyrian\nProposed vocabulary\nRoman period\nIllyrian emperors\nDioceses\nDacia\nIllyricum\nMacedonia\nPrefectures\nIllyricum\nProvinces\nDardania\nDelmatia\nEpirus Nova\nIllyricum\nMacedonia\nMoesia Superior\nPannonia\nPannonia Inferior\nPannonia Prima\nPannonia Savia\nPannonia Secunda\nPannonia Superior\nSirmium\nOther\nIllyrology\nOrigin of the Albanians\nAlbanian folk beliefs\nHistory of the Balkans\nPrehistory of Southeastern Europe\nLists\nPeople\nTribes\nIllyrian tribes\nSettlements\n\nTimeline\n CategoryAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hill settlement at Selcë e Poshtme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Selca_e_Poshtme_Village.jpg/250px-Selca_e_Poshtme_Village.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of the facade of Royal Tomb IV at Selca e Poshtme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Selca_e_Poshtme_Tomb4_Facade2.jpg/250px-Selca_e_Poshtme_Tomb4_Facade2.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Office
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Head Office
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Location","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Release","5 References","6 External links"]
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1985 film by Ken Finkleman
For the British film, see Head Office (1936 film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Head Office" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Head OfficeTheatrical release posterDirected byKen FinklemanWritten byKen FinklemanProduced byDebra HillStarring
Judge Reinhold
Lori-Nan Engler
Eddie Albert
Richard Masur
Rick Moranis
Don Novello
Jane Seymour
Wallace Shawn
Danny DeVito
CinematographyGerald HirschfeldEdited byDanford B. GreeneRobert LedermanMusic byJames Newton HowardAlan HowarthProductioncompaniesHBO PicturesSilver Screen PartnersDistributed byTriStar PicturesRelease date
December 29, 1985 (1985-12-29)
Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$9-12 millionBox office$3,393,807
Head Office is a 1985 American satirical black comedy film, produced by HBO Pictures in association with Silver Screen Partners. It stars Judge Reinhold, Eddie Albert, Lori-Nan Engler, Jane Seymour, Richard Masur, Michael O'Donoghue, Ron Frazier, and Merritt Butrick and was directed and written by Ken Finkleman. It is also the first film to be composed by James Newton Howard.
The film is primarily set in Chicago, in the offices of a large corporation. A recent business school graduate is hired, despite his lack of experience and skill. His new mentors provide him with lessons on cheating and blackmail, while his female supervisor teaches him that one can use seduction to get promoted. The young man temporarily earns the favor of the CEO (who wants to close a deal with the boy's father), but he is more interested in courting the CEO's daughter. The young man earns a reputation for honesty by leaking information about the company's actual motivations to the press. The CEO has the idea to use the young man in a political bribery scheme, but the plot backfires. The CEO is forced to resign, in favor of his daughter and his prospective son-in-law.
Plot
Jack Issel is a natural-born slacker who has just graduated from business school and joined I.N.C., a large American corporation based in Chicago. On his trip up the corporate ladder, he sees the dirty underside of the corporate world and how it corrupts people. His two mentors, the stuffy and buttoned up chief financial officer Scott Dantley and the chief operating officer Bob Nixon show him first-hand how to cheat and blackmail one's way to the top. Jack is further aided by his personnel officer Max Landsberger who tells Jack that money and power come before people in the corporate world. Jack's supervisor and the public relations vice president, Jane Caldwell, also tells Jack exactly the same thing as Jack learns that Jane is a shady vixen who is hell-bent on sleeping her way to the top by seducing every man she meets to get ahead in what she sees as a man's world.
Unsure of his abilities, and often incompetent, Jack can't figure out why he keeps getting promoted. Could it have something to do with his father being an influential (but corrupt) Senator?
Jack meets and falls in love with a young woman named Rachel, who turns out to be the radical, left-wing daughter of the ruthless chairman of the board and CEO, Pete Helmes, who is revealed to be promoting Jack so he can gain Jack's father, Senator Issel's support to close down a textile plant in a small upstate town called Allenville, and move it into the Latin American country of San Marcos for company self-interest..
Within a week of his employment, the further promoted Jack, with Max in tow, travel upstate to the town of Allenville to give a press conference on the closing of the textile plant where Rachel has organised a huge protest of thousands of workers and townspeople protesting the closing of the plant. The mob of townspeople attack and destroy Jack and Max's limousine, much to the chagrin of the company limo driver, Sal. At the same time, to impress Rachel, rather than tell a fabricated public relations story about the closing of the plant, Jack tells the truth to the reporters about I.N.C.'s motivations, which are entirely of self-interest, while both the enraged Helmes and Jack's father watch the event on their TV sets. This does win over Rachel's affections and that night, she and Jack spend the night together.
The following morning, while Helmes decides to fire Jack, he sees that Jack's actions have drawn nationwide media attention whom hail Jack Issel as an honest businessman. Helmes changes his mind about firing Jack and invites him to his house that weekend, where Jack runs into Rachel again and finally learns that she is Helmes' daughter. Helmes tries to win over Jack's loyalty to I.N.C. by inviting him to a dinner reception at the council offices of the fictitious Latin American country of San Marcos, where Jack is expected to give a $2 million bribe to a political rival of the San Marcos dictator General Sepulveda as another I.N.C. ploy to win the support of the dictatorship government for further business purposes.
At the reception, Jack sneaks Rachel into the building where they finally learn the truth about Helmes' plans for Jack, as well as his plans for I.N.C.'s business with the country of San Marcos. Stealing the suitcase with the $2 million cash-bribe money, Jack and Rachel flee from the building security forces in a climatic chase and escape from the building and expose I.N.C.'s plans to the press. As a result, the textile plant in Allenville is saved, Pete Helmes is forced to resign from I.N.C. in disgrace, and Jack and Rachel both inherit the majority of I.N.C.'s stockholder shares.
The final scene has Jack, now the new chairman of the board at I.N.C., travelling in Pete Helmes' helicopter, to the offices with Sal as his pilot.
Cast
Judge Reinhold as Jack Issel Jr.
Lori-Nan Engler as Rachael Helmes
Eddie Albert as Pete Helmes
Richard Masur as Max Landsberger
Merritt Butrick as John Hudson
Jane Seymour as Jane Caldwell
Rick Moranis as Howard Gross
Danny DeVito as Frank Stedman
Michael O'Donoghue as Scott Dantley
Don King as INC executive
John Kapelos as General Sepulveda
Wallace Shawn as Mike Hoover
Don Novello as Sal
Brian Doyle-Murray as Colonel Tolliver
George Coe as Senator Jack Issel Sr.
Anne Lockhart as Secretary
Location
The film was largely filmed in Toronto, Ontario, part of a growing trend in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s of making American films there. Scenes were also filmed in nearby Oshawa, Ontario at the Parkwood Mansion, which doubled as the mansion residence of Pete Helmes.
Reception
Critical response
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote in her review: "Head Office, which opened yesterday at the UA Twin and other theaters, has a droll tone that sets it well above comedy's lowest common denominator. But it also has a bloodlessness that keeps it from being funny very often. Ken Finkleman, the film's writer and director, has assembled an interesting cast and struck a note that might have been timely; though corporate satire has been out of vogue for a while, it's ready for a revival. But while Head Office has its moments, it winds up much too understated to have a cutting edge."
Reinhold later said the film had "a good script, but things didn't work out at the old box office." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 0% based on 6 critic reviews.
Release
Head Office was released in theatres on December 29, 1985. The film was released on DVD on April 6, 2010, by HBO Home Entertainment. HBO re-released Head Office on DVD on April 2, 2012.
References
^ "AFI|Catalog".
^ Head Office at Box Office Mojo
^ a b Maslin, Janet (January 4, 1986). "SCREEN: 'HEAD OFFICE,' A CORPORATE SATIRE". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
^ "Judge Reinhold Courts Stardom". August 3, 1986.
^ "Head Office - Rotten Tomatoes". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
^ Head Office. HBO Films (DVD). New York City: Home Box Office, Inc. April 6, 2010. ASIN B0007TKNE2. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
^ Head Office. HBO Films (DVD). New York City: Home Box Office, Inc. April 2, 2012. ASIN B007NE0326. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
External links
Head Office at IMDb
Head Office at AllMovie
Head Office at Rotten Tomatoes
vteKen FinklemanTelevision series
Married Life (1995)
The Newsroom (1996–97, 2003–05)
More Tears (1998)
Foolish Heart (1999)
Foreign Objects (2001)
At the Hotel (2006)
Good Dog (2011)
Good God (2012)
FilmsAs director and writer
Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)
Head Office (1985)
An American Dream: The Education of William Bowman (2016)
As writer
Grease 2 (1982}
Who's That Girl (1987}
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It stars Judge Reinhold, Eddie Albert, Lori-Nan Engler, Jane Seymour, Richard Masur, Michael O'Donoghue, Ron Frazier, and Merritt Butrick and was directed and written by Ken Finkleman. It is also the first film to be composed by James Newton Howard.[3]The film is primarily set in Chicago, in the offices of a large corporation. A recent business school graduate is hired, despite his lack of experience and skill. His new mentors provide him with lessons on cheating and blackmail, while his female supervisor teaches him that one can use seduction to get promoted. The young man temporarily earns the favor of the CEO (who wants to close a deal with the boy's father), but he is more interested in courting the CEO's daughter. The young man earns a reputation for honesty by leaking information about the company's actual motivations to the press. The CEO has the idea to use the young man in a political bribery scheme, but the plot backfires. The CEO is forced to resign, in favor of his daughter and his prospective son-in-law.","title":"Head Office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"}],"text":"Jack Issel is a natural-born slacker who has just graduated from business school and joined I.N.C., a large American corporation based in Chicago. On his trip up the corporate ladder, he sees the dirty underside of the corporate world and how it corrupts people. His two mentors, the stuffy and buttoned up chief financial officer Scott Dantley and the chief operating officer Bob Nixon show him first-hand how to cheat and blackmail one's way to the top. Jack is further aided by his personnel officer Max Landsberger who tells Jack that money and power come before people in the corporate world. Jack's supervisor and the public relations vice president, Jane Caldwell, also tells Jack exactly the same thing as Jack learns that Jane is a shady vixen who is hell-bent on sleeping her way to the top by seducing every man she meets to get ahead in what she sees as a man's world.Unsure of his abilities, and often incompetent, Jack can't figure out why he keeps getting promoted. Could it have something to do with his father being an influential (but corrupt) Senator?Jack meets and falls in love with a young woman named Rachel, who turns out to be the radical, left-wing daughter of the ruthless chairman of the board and CEO, Pete Helmes, who is revealed to be promoting Jack so he can gain Jack's father, Senator Issel's support to close down a textile plant in a small upstate town called Allenville, and move it into the Latin American country of San Marcos for company self-interest..Within a week of his employment, the further promoted Jack, with Max in tow, travel upstate to the town of Allenville to give a press conference on the closing of the textile plant where Rachel has organised a huge protest of thousands of workers and townspeople protesting the closing of the plant. The mob of townspeople attack and destroy Jack and Max's limousine, much to the chagrin of the company limo driver, Sal. At the same time, to impress Rachel, rather than tell a fabricated public relations story about the closing of the plant, Jack tells the truth to the reporters about I.N.C.'s motivations, which are entirely of self-interest, while both the enraged Helmes and Jack's father watch the event on their TV sets. This does win over Rachel's affections and that night, she and Jack spend the night together.The following morning, while Helmes decides to fire Jack, he sees that Jack's actions have drawn nationwide media attention whom hail Jack Issel as an honest businessman. Helmes changes his mind about firing Jack and invites him to his house that weekend, where Jack runs into Rachel again and finally learns that she is Helmes' daughter. Helmes tries to win over Jack's loyalty to I.N.C. by inviting him to a dinner reception at the council offices of the fictitious Latin American country of San Marcos, where Jack is expected to give a $2 million bribe to a political rival of the San Marcos dictator General Sepulveda as another I.N.C. ploy to win the support of the dictatorship government for further business purposes.At the reception, Jack sneaks Rachel into the building where they finally learn the truth about Helmes' plans for Jack, as well as his plans for I.N.C.'s business with the country of San Marcos. Stealing the suitcase with the $2 million cash-bribe money, Jack and Rachel flee from the building security forces in a climatic chase and escape from the building and expose I.N.C.'s plans to the press. As a result, the textile plant in Allenville is saved, Pete Helmes is forced to resign from I.N.C. in disgrace, and Jack and Rachel both inherit the majority of I.N.C.'s stockholder shares.The final scene has Jack, now the new chairman of the board at I.N.C., travelling in Pete Helmes' helicopter, to the offices with Sal as his pilot.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judge Reinhold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Reinhold"},{"link_name":"Eddie Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Albert"},{"link_name":"Richard Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Masur"},{"link_name":"Merritt Butrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_Butrick"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Rick Moranis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Moranis"},{"link_name":"Danny DeVito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_DeVito"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"Don King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_King"},{"link_name":"John Kapelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kapelos"},{"link_name":"Wallace Shawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Shawn"},{"link_name":"Don Novello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Novello"},{"link_name":"Brian Doyle-Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Doyle-Murray"},{"link_name":"George Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Coe"},{"link_name":"Anne Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Lockhart_(actress)"}],"text":"Judge Reinhold as Jack Issel Jr.\nLori-Nan Engler as Rachael Helmes\nEddie Albert as Pete Helmes\nRichard Masur as Max Landsberger\nMerritt Butrick as John Hudson\nJane Seymour as Jane Caldwell\nRick Moranis as Howard Gross\nDanny DeVito as Frank Stedman\nMichael O'Donoghue as Scott Dantley\nDon King as INC executive\nJohn Kapelos as General Sepulveda\nWallace Shawn as Mike Hoover\nDon Novello as Sal\nBrian Doyle-Murray as Colonel Tolliver\nGeorge Coe as Senator Jack Issel Sr.\nAnne Lockhart as Secretary","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Oshawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontario"}],"text":"The film was largely filmed in Toronto, Ontario, part of a growing trend in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s of making American films there. Scenes were also filmed in nearby Oshawa, Ontario at the Parkwood Mansion, which doubled as the mansion residence of Pete Helmes.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maslin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote in her review: \"Head Office, which opened yesterday at the UA Twin and other theaters, has a droll tone that sets it well above comedy's lowest common denominator. But it also has a bloodlessness that keeps it from being funny very often. Ken Finkleman, the film's writer and director, has assembled an interesting cast and struck a note that might have been timely; though corporate satire has been out of vogue for a while, it's ready for a revival. But while Head Office has its moments, it winds up much too understated to have a cutting edge.\"[3]Reinhold later said the film had \"a good script, but things didn't work out at the old box office.\"[4] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 0% based on 6 critic reviews.[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"HBO Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Release","text":"Head Office was released in theatres on December 29, 1985. The film was released on DVD on April 6, 2010, by HBO Home Entertainment.[6] HBO re-released Head Office on DVD on April 2, 2012.[7]","title":"Reception"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)
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American Association (1902–1997)
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["1 History","1.1 First run (1902–1962)","1.2 Second run (1969–1997)","2 Interleague play","3 Teams","3.1 1902–1962 Timeline","3.2 1969–1997 Timeline","4 Presidents","5 Champions","6 Awards","6.1 MVP Award","6.2 Most Valuable Pitcher Award","6.3 Rookie of the Year Award","6.4 Manager of the Year Award","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Defunct baseball class-AAA minor league from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997
This article is about the former minor league that existed from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997. For other uses, see American Association (disambiguation).
American AssociationClassificationTriple-A (1946–1997)Double-A (1912–1945)Class A (1903–1911)Independent (1902)SportBaseballFounded1902Ceased1997No. of teams30 (total)CountryUnited StatesLastchampion(s)Buffalo Bisons (1997)Most titlesLouisville Colonels (15)
The American Association (AA) was a Minor League Baseball league that operated primarily in the Midwestern and South Central United States from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997. It was classified as a Triple-A league, which is one grade below Major League Baseball, for most of its existence.
A league champion was determined at the end of every season. The Louisville Colonels won 15 American Association titles, the most in the league's history, followed by the Indianapolis Indians (12) and the Columbus Red Birds (10).
Intermittently throughout its history, the American Association champion competed against the champion of the International League, which operated in the Eastern U.S., to determine an overall Triple-A champion. On rare occasions, the champion of the West Coast-based Pacific Coast League also participated. The first such meetings were called the Little World Series. Later, the teams would also compete in the Junior World Series, Triple-A World Series, and Triple-A Classic. Additional interleague play consisted of the regular season's Triple-A Alliance and Triple-A All-Star Game.
History
First run (1902–1962)
The Indianapolis Indians won the first American Association championship (1902).
The American Association was formed in the fall of 1901 by Thomas J. Hickey, who had recently been appointed president of the Western League and was a founder of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues. Hickey resigned from the Western League to lead the new American Association, which elected not to join the National Association, thus becoming an "outlaw" league. The eight-team circuit fielded clubs in Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Kansas City, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Toledo, Ohio. The league's inaugural 140-game schedule was to be played from late April to late September 1902. At the end of that season, the first American Association championship was won by the Indianapolis Indians.
The American Association became members of the National Association after two seasons and was then classified as a Class A circuit. In 1912, it was reclassified as a Double-A league. Through the first 12 years of play, the AA established itself as one of the premier minor leagues in the country. Its teams, featuring former major league players and top minor leaguers, were both competitive and profitable.
In 1914, the newly-formed Federal League placed teams in Indianapolis and Kansas City as well as other locals near American Association teams. One of only a few franchise shifts in the first incarnation of the AA occurred in 1914 when the Toledo Mud Hens moved to Cleveland, Ohio, as the Cleveland Bearcats. Looking to keep the Federal League out of Cleveland, which would have been in direct competition with his American League franchise, owner Charles Somers brought in his Toledo team to share League Park with the Cleveland Naps. The club returned to Toledo two seasons later after the dissolution of the Federal League. The outbreak of World War I brought further difficulties. A 1917 44-game interleague schedule with the International League was called off before Opening Day. In 1918, following a federal government mandate that men of draft age, such as the AA's players, would be eligible for the draft, the league cancelled the rest of the season on July 21. The league resumed play after the war, in 1919, and continued to be a successful venture despite the decade's problems.
Much like other professional sports at the time, the 1920s were a golden age for the American Association. The league drew record crowds that witnessed fast-paced games usually dominated by offence. This success, as well as its forthcoming innovations, positioned the AA to fare well during the Great Depression. On June 9, 1930, the league's first night game was played in Indianapolis as the Indians defeated the St. Paul Saints, 1–0, at Washington Park. Its first All-Star Game was played in 1934. The Minneapolis Millers, who were in first place at midseason, beat the league's stars, 13–6.
Until 1931, the league champions were simply the regular season pennant winners. In 1932, the first playoffs were introduced for determining champions. The league was divided into two divisions with the top team in each division meeting in a best-of-seven series to determine a winner. The Columbus Red Birds beat the Minneapolis Millers, four games to two, for the first AA playoff championship. The system was utilized again in 1933, but abandoned when Columbus again bested Minneapolis and advanced to play in the Junior World Series despite the Millers having the best record. No playoffs were held in 1935. In 1936, the league adopted the Shaughnessy playoff system in which the top four teams qualified for postseason play. The AA would still recognize a pennant winner, but the playoff champion would represent the league at the Junior World Series and be the recipient of a Governors' Cup. In the semi-finals, Indianapolis ousted St. Paul, and the Milwaukee Brewers swept the Kansas City Blues. The Brewers went on to defeat the Indians, four games to one.
Unlike other minor leagues, the American Association survived the 1930s as the only circuit to play its full season schedule without stoppage, reducing its membership, or any teams disbanding. As with other leagues, it suffered from low attendance and a lesser quality of play during World War II, but quickly returned to a period of prosperity after the war. In 1946, the AA was reclassified again, this time as a Triple-A league.
During the 1948 season, Brooklyn Dodger Roy Campanella was reassigned to the Saint Paul Saints. On May 18, he become the first person to break the color barrier in the American Association when he took the field in a game.
The American Association's attendance base began to be eroded significantly in the 1950s and early 1960s due to expansion and westward migration of Major League Baseball teams into several of the AA's larger member cities, especially Milwaukee, Kansas City, and Minneapolis-Saint Paul. Another contributing factor was the increased frequency of televised games, both of MLB teams and the AA's own clubs, enticing fans to watch baseball from the comfort of their own homes. Toledo suffered such poor attendance that the team folded during the 1952 season and was transferred to Charleston, West Virginia. In 1952, the league lost the Milwaukee Brewers who were displaced by the National League's Milwaukee Braves. In 1959, the league expanded to 10 teams when it acquired three former Texas League clubs, but expensive and lengthy travel across the spread-out league coupled with dwindling attendance was damaging to what had once been a flourishing circuit. By 1961, the league had been reduced to six clubs—just one a charter city—after having lost Kansas City and Minneapolis–St. Paul to the major leagues.
After the 1962 season, the American Association disbanded, and some of its member teams were distributed between the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the International League (IL), while others (the Louisville Colonels and Omaha Dodgers) folded altogether. The Indianapolis Indians joined the IL, and the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers, Denver Bears, and Oklahoma City 89ers went to the PCL.
Second run (1969–1997)
With major league expansion in 1969 and the need for four new Triple-A farm teams, the American Association was revived. The creation of a third Triple-A league would alleviate some of the travel costs incurred by having only two leagues spread out across the country. The new American Association would field six teams in 1969. It re-acquired its old Indianapolis; Denver, Colorado; and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, territories from the PCL, revived the Omaha, Nebraska, franchise, and added two cities (Des Moines, Iowa, and Tulsa, Oklahoma) that were new to the circuit. The teams played a 140-game schedule with no All-Star Game or playoffs. In 1970, the AA returned to a two-division format, reintroduced the All-Star Game and playoffs, and expanded to eight cities with the addition of Wichita, Kansas, and Evansville, Indiana.
The 1970s were a stable time for the Association with strong attendance and only minor franchise shifts. The league thrived during the 1980s and 1990s, along with all of Minor League Baseball as an industry. Affordable ticket prices, exciting giveaways and promotions, and new ballparks helped lure fans, especially families, back to minor league games. Half of the top-ten drawing minor league clubs in 1985 were members of the American Association. From 1982 to 1986, the Louisville Redbirds led all of Minor League Baseball in attendance, including the 1983 season in which the club drew over one million fans.
From 1988 to 1991, the Association participated in interleague play with the International League as a part of the Triple-A Alliance. The two leagues played an interlocking schedule consisting of 40 to 44 interleague games per team. At the end of each season, an Alliance champion was determined in the Triple-A Classic, a best-of-seven postseason series. All three Triple-A leagues, began participating in the Triple-A All-Star Game in 1988. The first of these events was held at the Buffalo Bisons' newly-constructed Pilot Field on July 13, 1988. In the inaugural game, a team of American League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of National League affiliates, 2–1. High attendance in Buffalo and across the league helped the Association draw over 3.6 million fans in both 1988 and 1989, the highest ever recorded by a minor league.
The further expansion of Major League Baseball in 1998 spurred the re-alignment of the Triple-A classification from three leagues to two. The American Association disbanded for the second time following the 1997 season. The league's final championship was won by the Buffalo Bisons, who still possess the trophy. The AA's teams were again distributed to the remaining leagues for the 1998 season. The Iowa Cubs, Nashville Sounds, New Orleans Zephyrs, Oklahoma City 89ers, and Omaha Royals joined an enlarged, 16-team Pacific Coast League. The Buffalo Bisons, Indianapolis Indians and Louisville Redbirds became part of an expanded, 14-team International League.
Interleague play
On and off, the American Association champion played against the International League's champion in a postseason series similar to Major League Baseball's World Series. The first Little World Series, as it was called from 1904 to 1931, saw the IL's Buffalo Bisons defeat the AA's St. Paul Saints, 2–1. The series was held again in 1906 and 1907, but not played again until 1917. Due to the war, there was no series in 1918, but it was revived in 1919 and then played steadily through 1931. The 1919 event was named the Junior World Series, which became the official name of the series in 1932, and pitted the AA's champion against the Pacific Coast League's champion. The Junior World Series, with the AA versus the IL, continued from 1932 to 1962, and was held sporadically thereafter (1970, 1971, 1973, and 1975). American Association teams won 27 Little/Junior World Series. All three Triple-A leagues participated in the 1983 Triple-A World Series. As part of the Triple-A Alliance, the AA and IL champions met in the Triple-A Classic from 1988 to 1991. All four Classics were won by Association teams.
From 1988 until the league's demise in 1997, players from all three Triple-A leagues were selected to play in the mid-season Triple-A All-Star Game. One team was made up of All-Stars from American League affiliates and the other of National League affiliates.
Teams
Further information: List of American Association teams
1902–1962 Timeline
1969–1997 Timeline
Columbus Senators (1902–1930) → Columbus Red Birds (1931–1954) → Omaha Cardinals (1955–1959)
Dallas Rangers (1959) → Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers (1960–1962)
Evansville Triplets (1970–1984) → Nashville Sounds (1985–1997)
Houston Buffs (1959–1961) → Oklahoma City 89ers (1962, 1969–1997)
Indianapolis Indians (1902–1962, 1969–1997)
Iowa Oaks (1969–1981) → Iowa Cubs (1982–1997)
Kansas City Blues (1902) →Kansas City Cowboys (1903) → Kansas City Blues (1904–1954) → Denver Bears (1955–1962, 1969–1983) → Denver Zephyrs (1984–1992) → New Orleans Zephyrs (1993–1997)
Louisville Colonels (1902–1962)
Milwaukee Brewers (1902–1952) → Toledo Sox (1953–1955) → Wichita Braves (1956–1958) → Fort Worth Cats (1959) → Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers (1960–1962)
Minneapolis Millers (1902–1960)
Omaha Royals (1969–1997)
St. Paul Saints (1902–1913) → St. Paul Apostles (1914) → St. Paul Saints (1915–1960) → Omaha Dodgers (1961–1962)
Toledo Mud Hens (1902–1913) → Cleveland Bearcats (1914) → Cleveland Spiders (1915) → Toledo Iron Men (1916–1918) → Toledo Mud Hens (1919–1952) → Charleston Senators (1952–1960)
Tulsa Oilers (1969–1976) → New Orleans Pelicans (1977) → Springfield Redbirds (1978–1981) → Louisville Redbirds (1982–1997)
Wichita Aeros (1970–1984) → Buffalo Bisons (1985–1997)
Presidents
Fifteen presidents led the American Association:
1902–1903: Thomas J. Hickey
1904: J. Ed Grillo
1905–1909: Joseph D. O'Brien
1910–1916: Thomas M. Chivington
1917–1934: Thomas J. Hickey
1935–1944: George M. Troutman
1945–1947: Roy Hamey
1948–1952: Bruce Dudley
1953–1959: Ed Doherty
1960–1962: James Burris
1969–1971: Allie Reynolds
1972–1987: Joe Ryan
1988–1989: Ken Grandquist
1990–1991: Randy Mobley
1991–1997: Branch B. Rickey
Champions
Main article: List of American Association champions
League champions were determined by different means over the American Association's 90 years of competition. From 1902 to 1931, the league champions were simply the regular-season pennant winners—the team with the best win–loss record at the conclusion of the regular season. The first playoffs for determining champions were held in 1933. The Louisville Colonels won 15 American Association titles, the most in the league's history, followed by the Indianapolis Indians (12) and the Columbus Red Birds (10).
Awards
Carl Yastrzemski, who was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, won the AA Rookie of the Year Award in 1960.
The American Association regularly honored outstanding players and team personnel at the end of each season.
MVP Award
Main article: American Association Most Valuable Player Award
The Most Valuable Player Award, introduced in 1929, was given to recognize the best player in the league. The first MVP Award went to shortstop Billy Rogell of the St. Paul Saints. The final award was given to outfielder Magglio Ordóñez of the Nashville Sounds.
Most Valuable Pitcher Award
Main article: American Association Most Valuable Pitcher Award
The Most Valuable Pitcher Award, introduced in 1969, was given to recognize the best pitcher in the league. The first award was given to right-hander Sal Campisi of the Tulsa Oilers. The final award went to right-hander Rick Helling of the Oklahoma City 89ers in 1996. No winner was selected in 1997.
Rookie of the Year Award
Main article: American Association Rookie of the Year Award
The Rookie of the Year Award, introduced in 1946, was given to the best rookie player in the league. The first award was presented to first baseman Jerry Witte of the Toledo Mud Hens. The final award was given to outfielder and league MVP Magglio Ordóñez of the Nashville Sounds.
Manager of the Year Award
Main article: American Association Manager of the Year Award
The Manager of the Year Award, introduced in 1945, was given to honor the best manager in the league. The first award went to George Selkirk of the Toledo Sox. The final award was issued to Dave Miley of the Indianapolis Indians.
See also
List of American Association no-hitters and perfect games
References
Specific
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 3.
^ a b O'Neal 1991, p. 3–4.
^ a b O'Neal 1991, p. 4.
^ a b c "American Association Playoff Results". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
^ a b c "American Association (AAA) Encyclopedia and History". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
^ a b c O'Neal 1991, p. 21.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 21–23.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 30–32.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 37–38.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 39–40.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 63–65.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 66.
^ a b O'Neal 1991, p. 75.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 71–74.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 78.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 80–81.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 87–88.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 98.
^ "Top Five Black Players In St. Paul Saints History". MiLB.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
^ Borzi, Pat (2019-05-17). "With City of Baseball Museum, the Saints add a side of history to CHS Field". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 108–109.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 115.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 116.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 128–131.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 121–124.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 139–140.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 140.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 141.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 144–145.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 152–153.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 162–163.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 170.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 171.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 174.
^ Peterson, Randy (July 10, 1991). "Triple-A Alliance Breaking Up". The Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 2S. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
^ "Notable Events in American Association History". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
^ a b c "Triple-A All-Star Game Results (1988–1992)". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 199.
^ "Notable Events in American Association History". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 363–364.
^ "Triple-A Baseball Interleague Post-Season Play Results". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
^ "Triple-A All-Star Game Results (1993–1997)". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
^ O'Neal 1991, p. 364.
^ "Staff and League Directors". Pacific Coast League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
^ a b c d e "American Association Special Award Winners". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
General
O'Neal, Bill (1991). The American Association: A Baseball History, 1902–1991. Eakin Press. ISBN 0-89015-812-6.
"American Association (AAA) Encyclopedia and History". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
External links
Statistics from Baseball-Reference
Standings and Season Leaders (1969–1997)
Article about American Association disbanding
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For other uses, see American Association (disambiguation).The American Association (AA) was a Minor League Baseball league that operated primarily in the Midwestern and South Central United States from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997. It was classified as a Triple-A league, which is one grade below Major League Baseball, for most of its existence.A league champion was determined at the end of every season. The Louisville Colonels won 15 American Association titles, the most in the league's history, followed by the Indianapolis Indians (12) and the Columbus Red Birds (10).Intermittently throughout its history, the American Association champion competed against the champion of the International League, which operated in the Eastern U.S., to determine an overall Triple-A champion. On rare occasions, the champion of the West Coast-based Pacific Coast League also participated. The first such meetings were called the Little World Series. Later, the teams would also compete in the Junior World Series, Triple-A World Series, and Triple-A Classic. Additional interleague play consisted of the regular season's Triple-A Alliance and Triple-A All-Star Game.","title":"American Association (1902–1997)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1902_Indianapolis_Indians.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Indians"},{"link_name":"American Association championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_champions"},{"link_name":"Western League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_League_(1900%E2%80%931958)"},{"link_name":"National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Baseball_Leagues"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal19913-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal19913%E2%80%934-2"},{"link_name":"Columbus, 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League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991128%E2%80%93131-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991121%E2%80%93124-25"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"Louisville Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Colonels_(minor_league_baseball)"},{"link_name":"Omaha Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Denver Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Bears"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City 89ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_89ers"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991139%E2%80%93140-26"}],"sub_title":"First run (1902–1962)","text":"The Indianapolis Indians won the first American Association championship (1902).The American Association was formed in the fall of 1901 by Thomas J. Hickey, who had recently been appointed president of the Western League and was a founder of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues.[1] Hickey resigned from the Western League to lead the new American Association, which elected not to join the National Association, thus becoming an \"outlaw\" league.[2] The eight-team circuit fielded clubs in Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Kansas City, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Toledo, Ohio.[2] The league's inaugural 140-game schedule was to be played from late April to late September 1902.[3] At the end of that season, the first American Association championship was won by the Indianapolis Indians.[4]The American Association became members of the National Association after two seasons and was then classified as a Class A circuit.[3][5] In 1912, it was reclassified as a Double-A league.[5] Through the first 12 years of play, the AA established itself as one of the premier minor leagues in the country.[6] Its teams, featuring former major league players and top minor leaguers, were both competitive and profitable.[7]In 1914, the newly-formed Federal League placed teams in Indianapolis and Kansas City as well as other locals near American Association teams.[6] One of only a few franchise shifts in the first incarnation of the AA occurred in 1914 when the Toledo Mud Hens moved to Cleveland, Ohio, as the Cleveland Bearcats. Looking to keep the Federal League out of Cleveland, which would have been in direct competition with his American League franchise, owner Charles Somers brought in his Toledo team to share League Park with the Cleveland Naps. The club returned to Toledo two seasons later after the dissolution of the Federal League.[8] The outbreak of World War I brought further difficulties. A 1917 44-game interleague schedule with the International League was called off before Opening Day.[6] In 1918, following a federal government mandate that men of draft age, such as the AA's players, would be eligible for the draft, the league cancelled the rest of the season on July 21.[9] The league resumed play after the war, in 1919, and continued to be a successful venture despite the decade's problems.[10]Much like other professional sports at the time, the 1920s were a golden age for the American Association. The league drew record crowds that witnessed fast-paced games usually dominated by offence. This success, as well as its forthcoming innovations, positioned the AA to fare well during the Great Depression.[11] On June 9, 1930, the league's first night game was played in Indianapolis as the Indians defeated the St. Paul Saints, 1–0, at Washington Park.[12] Its first All-Star Game was played in 1934. The Minneapolis Millers, who were in first place at midseason, beat the league's stars, 13–6.[13]Until 1931, the league champions were simply the regular season pennant winners. In 1932, the first playoffs were introduced for determining champions. The league was divided into two divisions with the top team in each division meeting in a best-of-seven series to determine a winner. The Columbus Red Birds beat the Minneapolis Millers, four games to two, for the first AA playoff championship.[14] The system was utilized again in 1933, but abandoned when Columbus again bested Minneapolis and advanced to play in the Junior World Series despite the Millers having the best record.[13] No playoffs were held in 1935. In 1936, the league adopted the Shaughnessy playoff system in which the top four teams qualified for postseason play. The AA would still recognize a pennant winner, but the playoff champion would represent the league at the Junior World Series and be the recipient of a Governors' Cup.[15] In the semi-finals, Indianapolis ousted St. Paul, and the Milwaukee Brewers swept the Kansas City Blues. The Brewers went on to defeat the Indians, four games to one.[16]Unlike other minor leagues, the American Association survived the 1930s as the only circuit to play its full season schedule without stoppage, reducing its membership, or any teams disbanding.[17] As with other leagues, it suffered from low attendance and a lesser quality of play during World War II, but quickly returned to a period of prosperity after the war.[18] In 1946, the AA was reclassified again, this time as a Triple-A league.[5]During the 1948 season, Brooklyn Dodger Roy Campanella was reassigned to the Saint Paul Saints. On May 18, he become the first person to break the color barrier in the American Association when he took the field in a game.[19][20]The American Association's attendance base began to be eroded significantly in the 1950s and early 1960s due to expansion and westward migration of Major League Baseball teams into several of the AA's larger member cities, especially Milwaukee, Kansas City, and Minneapolis-Saint Paul. Another contributing factor was the increased frequency of televised games, both of MLB teams and the AA's own clubs, enticing fans to watch baseball from the comfort of their own homes.[21] Toledo suffered such poor attendance that the team folded during the 1952 season and was transferred to Charleston, West Virginia.[22] In 1952, the league lost the Milwaukee Brewers who were displaced by the National League's Milwaukee Braves.[23] In 1959, the league expanded to 10 teams when it acquired three former Texas League clubs, but expensive and lengthy travel across the spread-out league coupled with dwindling attendance was damaging to what had once been a flourishing circuit.[24] By 1961, the league had been reduced to six clubs—just one a charter city—after having lost Kansas City and Minneapolis–St. Paul to the major leagues.[25]After the 1962 season, the American Association disbanded, and some of its member teams were distributed between the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the International League (IL), while others (the Louisville Colonels and Omaha Dodgers) folded altogether. The Indianapolis Indians joined the IL, and the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers, Denver Bears, and Oklahoma City 89ers went to the PCL.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991140-27"},{"link_name":"Denver, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Des Moines, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991141-28"},{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Evansville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991144%E2%80%93145-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991152%E2%80%93153-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991162%E2%80%93163-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991170-32"},{"link_name":"Louisville Redbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Redbirds"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991171-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991174-34"},{"link_name":"Triple-A Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Triple-A Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_Classic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TripleATimeLine-36"},{"link_name":"Triple-A All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988ASG-37"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons"},{"link_name":"Pilot Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahlen_Field"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988ASG-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991199-38"},{"link_name":"Iowa Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Zephyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Zephyrs"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City 89ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_89ers"},{"link_name":"Omaha Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Royals"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Second run (1969–1997)","text":"With major league expansion in 1969 and the need for four new Triple-A farm teams, the American Association was revived. The creation of a third Triple-A league would alleviate some of the travel costs incurred by having only two leagues spread out across the country.[27] The new American Association would field six teams in 1969. It re-acquired its old Indianapolis; Denver, Colorado; and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, territories from the PCL, revived the Omaha, Nebraska, franchise, and added two cities (Des Moines, Iowa, and Tulsa, Oklahoma) that were new to the circuit. The teams played a 140-game schedule with no All-Star Game or playoffs.[28] In 1970, the AA returned to a two-division format, reintroduced the All-Star Game and playoffs, and expanded to eight cities with the addition of Wichita, Kansas, and Evansville, Indiana.[29]The 1970s were a stable time for the Association with strong attendance and only minor franchise shifts.[30] The league thrived during the 1980s and 1990s, along with all of Minor League Baseball as an industry. Affordable ticket prices, exciting giveaways and promotions, and new ballparks helped lure fans, especially families, back to minor league games.[31] Half of the top-ten drawing minor league clubs in 1985 were members of the American Association.[32] From 1982 to 1986, the Louisville Redbirds led all of Minor League Baseball in attendance,[33] including the 1983 season in which the club drew over one million fans.[34]From 1988 to 1991, the Association participated in interleague play with the International League as a part of the Triple-A Alliance.[35] The two leagues played an interlocking schedule consisting of 40 to 44 interleague games per team. At the end of each season, an Alliance champion was determined in the Triple-A Classic, a best-of-seven postseason series.[36] All three Triple-A leagues, began participating in the Triple-A All-Star Game in 1988.[37] The first of these events was held at the Buffalo Bisons' newly-constructed Pilot Field on July 13, 1988. In the inaugural game, a team of American League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of National League affiliates, 2–1.[37] High attendance in Buffalo and across the league helped the Association draw over 3.6 million fans in both 1988 and 1989, the highest ever recorded by a minor league.[38]The further expansion of Major League Baseball in 1998 spurred the re-alignment of the Triple-A classification from three leagues to two. The American Association disbanded for the second time following the 1997 season. The league's final championship was won by the Buffalo Bisons, who still possess the trophy. The AA's teams were again distributed to the remaining leagues for the 1998 season. The Iowa Cubs, Nashville Sounds, New Orleans Zephyrs, Oklahoma City 89ers, and Omaha Royals joined an enlarged, 16-team Pacific Coast League. The Buffalo Bisons, Indianapolis Indians and Louisville Redbirds became part of an expanded, 14-team International League.[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"Little World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Junior World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Triple-A World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Triple-A Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_Classic"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991363%E2%80%93364-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Triple-A All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988ASG-37"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On and off, the American Association champion played against the International League's champion in a postseason series similar to Major League Baseball's World Series. The first Little World Series, as it was called from 1904 to 1931, saw the IL's Buffalo Bisons defeat the AA's St. Paul Saints, 2–1. The series was held again in 1906 and 1907, but not played again until 1917. Due to the war, there was no series in 1918, but it was revived in 1919 and then played steadily through 1931. The 1919 event was named the Junior World Series, which became the official name of the series in 1932, and pitted the AA's champion against the Pacific Coast League's champion. The Junior World Series, with the AA versus the IL, continued from 1932 to 1962, and was held sporadically thereafter (1970, 1971, 1973, and 1975). American Association teams won 27 Little/Junior World Series. All three Triple-A leagues participated in the 1983 Triple-A World Series. As part of the Triple-A Alliance, the AA and IL champions met in the Triple-A Classic from 1988 to 1991. All four Classics were won by Association teams.[40][41]From 1988 until the league's demise in 1997, players from all three Triple-A leagues were selected to play in the mid-season Triple-A All-Star Game. One team was made up of All-Stars from American League affiliates and the other of National League affiliates.[37][42]","title":"Interleague play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of American Association teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_teams"}],"text":"Further information: List of American Association teams","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1902–1962 Timeline","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1969–1997 Timeline","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal1991364-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Roy Hamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hamey"},{"link_name":"Ed Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Doherty_(baseball_executive)"},{"link_name":"Allie Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Branch B. Rickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Barrett_Rickey"}],"text":"Fifteen presidents led the American Association:[43][44]1902–1903: Thomas J. Hickey\n1904: J. Ed Grillo\n1905–1909: Joseph D. O'Brien\n1910–1916: Thomas M. Chivington\n1917–1934: Thomas J. Hickey\n1935–1944: George M. Troutman\n1945–1947: Roy Hamey\n1948–1952: Bruce Dudley\n1953–1959: Ed Doherty\n1960–1962: James Burris\n1969–1971: Allie Reynolds\n1972–1987: Joe Ryan\n1988–1989: Ken Grandquist\n1990–1991: Randy Mobley\n1991–1997: Branch B. Rickey","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_champions"},{"link_name":"pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennant_(sports)"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAplayoffs-4"},{"link_name":"Louisville Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Colonels_(minor_league_baseball)"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Indians"},{"link_name":"Columbus Red Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Red_Birds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAplayoffs-4"}],"text":"League champions were determined by different means over the American Association's 90 years of competition. From 1902 to 1931, the league champions were simply the regular-season pennant winners—the team with the best win–loss record at the conclusion of the regular season. The first playoffs for determining champions were held in 1933.[4] The Louisville Colonels won 15 American Association titles, the most in the league's history, followed by the Indianapolis Indians (12) and the Columbus Red Birds (10).[4]","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Yastrzemski_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Yastrzemski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"AA Rookie of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-45"}],"text":"Carl Yastrzemski, who was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, won the AA Rookie of the Year Award in 1960.[45]The American Association regularly honored outstanding players and team personnel at the end of each season.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"Billy Rogell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Rogell"},{"link_name":"St. Paul Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Saints_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Magglio Ordóñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magglio_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-45"}],"sub_title":"MVP Award","text":"The Most Valuable Player Award, introduced in 1929, was given to recognize the best player in the league. The first MVP Award went to shortstop Billy Rogell of the St. Paul Saints. The final award was given to outfielder Magglio Ordóñez of the Nashville Sounds.[45]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Most Valuable Pitcher Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_Most_Valuable_Pitcher_Award"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Sal Campisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Campisi"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Oilers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Rick Helling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Helling"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City 89ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_89ers"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-45"}],"sub_title":"Most Valuable Pitcher Award","text":"The Most Valuable Pitcher Award, introduced in 1969, was given to recognize the best pitcher in the league. The first award was given to right-hander Sal Campisi of the Tulsa Oilers. The final award went to right-hander Rick Helling of the Oklahoma City 89ers in 1996. No winner was selected in 1997.[45]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rookie of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Jerry Witte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Witte"},{"link_name":"Toledo Mud Hens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-45"}],"sub_title":"Rookie of the Year Award","text":"The Rookie of the Year Award, introduced in 1946, was given to the best rookie player in the league. The first award was presented to first baseman Jerry Witte of the Toledo Mud Hens. The final award was given to outfielder and league MVP Magglio Ordóñez of the Nashville Sounds.[45]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manager of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_Manager_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"George Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Selkirk"},{"link_name":"Toledo Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Sox"},{"link_name":"Dave Miley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Miley"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Indians"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-45"}],"sub_title":"Manager of the Year Award","text":"The Manager of the Year Award, introduced in 1945, was given to honor the best manager in the league. The first award went to George Selkirk of the Toledo Sox. The final award was issued to Dave Miley of the Indianapolis Indians.[45]","title":"Awards"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Indianapolis Indians won the first American Association championship (1902).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1902_Indianapolis_Indians.jpg/290px-1902_Indianapolis_Indians.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carl Yastrzemski, who was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, won the AA Rookie of the Year Award in 1960.[45]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Carl_Yastrzemski_1965.jpg/220px-Carl_Yastrzemski_1965.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of American Association no-hitters and perfect games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Association_(1902%E2%80%931997)_no-hitters"}]
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[{"reference":"\"American Association Playoff Results\". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228135223/http://www.tripleabaseball.com/PostSeasonAA.jsp","url_text":"\"American Association Playoff Results\""},{"url":"http://www.tripleabaseball.com/PostSeasonAA.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American Association (AAA) Encyclopedia and History\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?code=AA&class=AAA","url_text":"\"American Association (AAA) Encyclopedia and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Five Black Players In St. Paul Saints History\". MiLB.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/top-five-black-players-in-st-paul-saints-history","url_text":"\"Top Five Black Players In St. Paul Saints History\""}]},{"reference":"Borzi, Pat (2019-05-17). \"With City of Baseball Museum, the Saints add a side of history to CHS Field\". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/sports/2019/05/with-city-of-baseball-museum-the-saints-add-a-side-of-history-to-chs-field/","url_text":"\"With City of Baseball Museum, the Saints add a side of history to CHS Field\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinnPost","url_text":"MinnPost"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Randy (July 10, 1991). \"Triple-A Alliance Breaking Up\". The Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 2S. Retrieved May 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31589422/triplea_alliance_breaking_up/","url_text":"\"Triple-A Alliance Breaking Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notable Events in American Association History\". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210414185147/https://www.triple-abaseball.com/AATimeline.jsp","url_text":"\"Notable Events in American Association History\""},{"url":"http://www.triple-abaseball.com/AATimeline.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Triple-A All-Star Game Results (1988–1992)\". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170831042255/http://www.triple-abaseball.com/ASGSummaries1.jsp","url_text":"\"Triple-A All-Star Game Results (1988–1992)\""},{"url":"http://www.triple-abaseball.com/ASGSummaries1.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Notable Events in American Association History\". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210414185147/https://www.triple-abaseball.com/AATimeline.jsp","url_text":"\"Notable Events in American Association History\""},{"url":"http://www.triple-abaseball.com/AATimeline.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Triple-A Baseball Interleague Post-Season Play Results\". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415031051/https://www.triple-abaseball.com/PostSeasonOthers.jsp","url_text":"\"Triple-A Baseball Interleague Post-Season Play Results\""},{"url":"http://www.triple-abaseball.com/PostSeasonOthers.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Triple-A All-Star Game Results (1993–1997)\". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071028015647/http://www.triple-abaseball.com/ASGSummaries2.jsp","url_text":"\"Triple-A All-Star Game Results (1993–1997)\""},{"url":"http://www.triple-abaseball.com/ASGSummaries2.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Staff and League Directors\". Pacific Coast League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/content/page.jsp?ymd=20061214&content_id=41288262&sid=l112&vkey=league2","url_text":"\"Staff and League Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Association Special Award Winners\". Triple-A Baseball. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030844/https://www.tripleabaseball.com/AAAwards.jsp","url_text":"\"American Association Special Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.tripleabaseball.com/AAAwards.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Neal, Bill (1991). The American Association: A Baseball History, 1902–1991. Eakin Press. ISBN 0-89015-812-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89015-812-6","url_text":"0-89015-812-6"}]},{"reference":"\"American Association (AAA) Encyclopedia and History\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?code=AA&class=AAA","url_text":"\"American Association (AAA) Encyclopedia and History\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_The_Return_of_Cooler
|
Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","3.1 English dub soundtracks","4 Releases","4.1 Other companies","5 Reception","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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1992 Japanese filmDragon Ball Z: The Return of CoolerJapanese Theatrical posterDirected byDaisuke NishioWritten byTakao KoyamaBased onDragon Ballby Akira ToriyamaProduced byChiaki ImadaRikizō KayanoStarringSee belowCinematographyYukio KatayamaEdited byShin'ichi FukumitsuMusic byShunsuke KikuchiProductioncompanyToei Doga Co., Ltd.Distributed byToei CompanyRelease date
March 7, 1992 (1992-03-07) (Japan)
Running time46 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBox office¥2.72 billion (Japan)
Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler is a 1992 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film, the sixth Dragon Ball Z film, originally released in Japan on March 7 at the Toei Anime Fair along with the second Dragon Quest: Dai no Daibōken film and the third Magical Tarurūto-kun film. It was preceded by Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge and followed by Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13!.
Plot
The Namekian people, now living on a new planet after their home world was destroyed by Frieza years prior, find New Namek under siege by a mysterious, sentient spaceship that has latched onto and began attacking their home. Dende, now the Earth's guardian, senses the plight of his people and telepathically calls on Goku for help.
Goku, Gohan, Krillin, Piccolo, Oolong, Yajirobe and Master Roshi travel to the New Namek and upon arrival encounter an army of large robots abusing the Namekians. They learn that Cooler, who Goku was thought to have killed, is responsible. Cooler, now with a metallic body, reveals that he is going to absorb the planet and its lifeforms to power his ship. Goku fights Cooler while the others battle his robots who have durable armor that they struggle to penetrate. All except Piccolo are captured along with a village of Namekians. Piccolo manages to destroy all of the robots in one large energy attack before making his way to rescue those who were captured. Elsewhere, Goku struggles against Cooler's new "Meta-Cooler" form which gives him the ability to regenerate himself. Cooler also reveals his ability to use the instantaneous movement technique, an ability which Goku also uses. Cooler explains that his ship constantly monitors his body, and fixes any damage it might incur and improves his design to increase his durability. Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan which is also ineffective against Meta-Cooler, and just before he is strangled to death, Vegeta saves him. The two Super Saiyans attack Meta-Cooler together and they manage to destroy him. However, his ship recreates one thousand manifestations of Meta-Cooler, tipping the balance of power decisively against the Saiyans. Goku and Vegeta attempt one final defense but are captured and transported to be converted into fuel.
As his ship is leeching their energy, Cooler explains that after his defeat, his brain was absorbed by the remnants of a spacecraft's computer system and fused together; which he eventually took control of. Goku and Vegeta begin to release all their energy which overloads the system. They encounter the true biological Cooler, who Goku manages to kill with an energy blast. Piccolo arrives and encounters a Meta-Cooler which explodes. All of the Meta-Coolers and robot soldiers subsequently explode and the heroes escape before the ship leaves New Namek's orbit and explodes.
Goku and Vegeta fall from the sky near their allies and everyone rejoices in the victory. In his spaceship, Vegeta crushes the computer chip that created Cooler's ship.
Cast
Character name
Voice actor
Japanese
English
Audio Captain Productions/Creative Products Corp.(1996)
Chinkel Post-Production/AB Groupe(c. 2001)
Funimation(2002)
Goku
Masako Nozawa
Nesty Calvo Ramirez
David Gasman
Sean Schemmel
Gohan
E.J. Galang
Jodi Forrest
Stephanie Nadolny
Piccolo
Toshio Furukawa
Ray Buyco
Big Green
Christopher Sabat
Paul Bandey
Vegeta
Ryō Horikawa
Doug Rand
Metal Coola (メタルクウラ, Metaru Kūra)
Ryūsei Nakao
Apollo Abraham
Metal Cooler
Meta-Cooler
Ed Marcus
Andrew Chandler
Kuririn
Mayumi Tanaka
Kririn
Clearin
Krillin
Apollo Abraham
Sharon Mann
Sonny Strait
Yajirobe
Ethel Lizano
Ed Marcus
Mike McFarland
Kame-sen'nin
Kōhei Miyauchi
Master Buten
Master Roshi
Nesty Calvo Ramirez
Mike McFarland
Oolong
Naoki Tatsuta
Apollo Abraham
David Gasman
Brad Jackson
Dende
Tomiko Suzuki
Hazel Lizano
Paul Bandey
Laura Bailey
Mr. Popo
Toku Nishio
Apollo Abraham
Doug Rand
Christopher Sabat
Moori
Kinpei Azusa
Guide Robo (誘導ロボット, Yūdō robotto)
Toshio Kobayashi
Ethel Lizano
Sharon Mann
Chris Forbis
Narrator
Jōji Yanami
Bob Karry
Ed Marcus
Kyle Hebert
A fourth English dub produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video features an unknown cast.
Music
OP (Opening Theme):
"Cha-La Head-Cha-La"
Lyrics by Yukinojō Mori
Music by Chiho Kiyooka
Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto
Performed by Hironobu Kageyama
ED (Ending Theme):
Hero (Kimi ga Hīrō) (HERO(キミがヒーロー), "Hero (You're The Hero)")
Lyrics by Dai Satō
Music by Chiho Kiyooka
Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto
Performed by Hironobu Kageyama and Yuka
English dub soundtracks
The score for the English dub's composed by Mark Menza. The Double Feature DVD release contains an alternate audio track containing the English dub with original Japanese background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi, an opening theme of "Cha-La Head-Cha-La", and the ending theme "Hero (You're the Hero)".
The dub made in the Philippines contained English versions of the Japanese opening and ending theme songs, performed by Gino Padilla along with a children's chorus known as the Age of Wonder. These songs were featured on the album Dragon Ball • Dragon Ball Z: Songs of a High Spirited Saga - Volume I, along with other English versions of Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z songs.
Releases
It was released on DVD and VHS in North America on August 13, 2002. It was later released in Double Feature set along with Cooler's Revenge (1991) for Blu-ray and DVD on November 11, 2008, both feature full 1080p format in HD remastered 16:9 aspect ratio and an enhanced 5.1 surround mix. The film was re-released to DVD in remastered thinpak collection on December 6, 2011, containing the second 4 Dragon Ball Z films.
Other companies
In the Philippines, Creative Products Corporation produced an English-dubbed feature-length film titled Dragon Ball Z: The Greatest Rivals, which combined an edited version this film with its predecessor. This feature was released in over 30 Metro Manila theaters on July 11, 1996. Later that year, on November 6, it received an extremely limited VHS release, only sold at Dragon Ball-based promotional events that were hosted by Gino Padilla, who performed the theme music for this version.
Reception
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2024)
Notes
^ Known in Japan as Dragon Ball Z: Clash!! 10 Billion Power Warriors (Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 激突!!100億パワーの戦士たち, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto Gekitotsu!! Hyaku-Oku Pawā no Senshi-tachi) or by Toei's own English title Dragon Ball Z: Fight! 10 Billion Power Warriors
References
^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (January 29, 2019). "Japan Box Office: Dragon Ball Super: Broly Becomes Top-Grossing Film in The Franchise". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
^ "DBZ Movie CBB". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
^ "Behind the Voice Actors". Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
^ "Dragon Ball Z: Big Green Dub Cast - Behind The Voice Actors". www.behindthevoiceactors.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
^ "End credits". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
^ Dragon Ball Z: Movie Pack Collection Two, Funimation Prod, 2011-12-06, archived from the original on 2015-12-31, retrieved 2016-04-12
^ "This video was recorded back in November 2, 2019 just hours before I sent the Greatest Rivals VHS tape to @Fumeicom and have it digitally restored!". Twitter. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
External links
Official anime website of Toei Animation
Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler at IMDb
Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
vteDragon Ball by Akira ToriyamaManga
Dragon Ball
Episode of Bardock
Dragon Ball Super
Collected volumes
Dragon Ball chapters
Dragon Ball Z chapters
Dragon Ball Super chapters
AnimeTV and net series
Dragon Ball
episodes
Dragon Ball Z
episodes
season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Kai episodes
Dragon Ball GT
episodes
Dragon Ball Super
episodes
Super Dragon Ball Heroes
episodes
TV specials and OVAs
Dragon Ball Z: Bardock – The Father of Goku
Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks
Dragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans
Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy
Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!!
Dragon Ball Z: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans
Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock
Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!!
FilmsDragon Ball
Curse of the Blood Rubies
Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle
Mystical Adventure
The Path to Power
Dragon Ball Z
Dead Zone
The World's Strongest
The Tree of Might
Lord Slug
Cooler's Revenge
The Return of Cooler
Super Android 13!
Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan
Bojack Unbound
Broly – Second Coming
Bio-Broly
Fusion Reborn
Wrath of the Dragon
Battle of Gods
Resurrection 'F'
Dragon Ball Super
Broly
Super Hero
Others
Dragonball Evolution
MusicSoundtracks
Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection series
Dragon Ball Z Game Music series
Dragonball Evolution: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Songs and singles
"Makafushigi Adventure!"
"Cha-La Head-Cha-La"
"Dan Dan Kokoro Hikareteku"
"Hitori ja Nai"
"Don't You See!"
"Blue Velvet"
"Tsume Tsume Tsume/F"
"Rule"
"Dragon Soul"
"Yeah! Break! Care! Break!"
"'Z' no Chikai"
"Chōzetsu Dynamic!"
Games
Video games
Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game
Dragon Ball Z Collectible Card Game
Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game
Characters
Goku
Bulma
Master Roshi
Yamcha
Chi-Chi
Krillin
Red Ribbon Army
Tien Shinhan
Piccolo
Mr. Popo
Gohan
Vegeta
Frieza
Bardock
Trunks
Android 18
Cell
Mr. Satan
Broly
Videl
Majin Buu
Beerus
Zamasu
Caulifla and Kale
Jiren
Related
Kazuhiko Torishima
Dr. Slump
"It's Over 9000!"
Neko Majin
Jaco the Galactic Patrolman
Puff-puff
Category
vteToei Animation theatrical features (1990–1999)1990
Akuma-kun: Yōkoso Akuma Land e!!
Dragon Ball Z: The World's Strongest
Sally the Witch
Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might
Pink: Water Bandit, Rain Bandit
Utsunomiko: Tenjōhen
1991
Dragon Ball Z: Lord Slug
Magical Taruruto
Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge
Dragon Quest: The Great Adventure of Dai
Magical Taruruto: Moero! Yuujou no Mahou Taisen
1992
Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler
Dragon Quest: Avan's Discilpes
Magical Taruruto: Suki Suki Hot Tako Yaki
Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13!
Dragon Quest: Six Great Generals
Candy Candy the Movie
Goldfish Warning!
Rokudenashi Blues
1993
Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha! Clear Skies Over Penguin Village
Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan
Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha! From Penguin Village with Love
Dragon Ball Z: Bojack Unbound
Rokudenashi Blues 1993
Sailor Moon R: The Movie
Tōi Umi kara Kita Coo
1994
Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo!! Follow the Rescued Shark...
Dragon Ball Z: Broly – Second Coming
Slam Dunk
Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha!! Excited Heart of Summer Vacation
Dragon Ball Z: Bio-Broly
Slam Dunk: Conquer the Nation, Hanamichi Sakuragi!
Go! Go! Ackman
Ghost Sweeper Mikami
Sailor Moon S: The Movie
Aoki Densetsu Shoot!
1995
Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn
Marmalade Boy
Slam Dunk: Shohoku's Greatest Challenge!
Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon
Slam Dunk: Howling Basketman Spirit!!
Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie
1996
Dragon Ball: The Path to Power
Neighborhood Story
GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Great Sea Beast
Jigoku Sensei Nūbē
Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo: Operazakan - Aratanaru Satsujin
1997
Hana Yori Dango: The Movie
GeGeGe no Kitarō: Obake Nighter
Jigoku Sensei Nūbē: Gozen 0 toki Nūbē Shisu
Cutie Honey Flash
GeGeGe no Kitarō: Yokai Express! The Phantom Train
Jigoku Sensei Nūbē: Kyoufu no Natsu Yasumi! Asashi no Uni no Gensetsu
1998
Galaxy Express 999: Eternal Fantasy
1999
Digimon Adventure
Doctor Slump: Arale's Surprise Burn
Yu-Gi-Oh!
Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo: Satsuriku no Deep Blue
Not including Madhouse-animated features produced by Toei
Category
|
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It was preceded by Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge and followed by Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13!.","title":"Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frieza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieza"},{"link_name":"sentient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient"},{"link_name":"Dende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dende_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"telepathically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathically"},{"link_name":"Goku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku"},{"link_name":"Gohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohan"},{"link_name":"Krillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krillin"},{"link_name":"Piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"Oolong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolong_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"Yajirobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajirobe"},{"link_name":"Master Roshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Roshi"},{"link_name":"Cooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooler_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Cooler%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"},{"link_name":"instantaneous movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleportation"},{"link_name":"Vegeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeta"}],"text":"The Namekian people, now living on a new planet after their home world was destroyed by Frieza years prior, find New Namek under siege by a mysterious, sentient spaceship that has latched onto and began attacking their home. 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In his spaceship, Vegeta crushes the computer chip that created Cooler's ship.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A fourth English dub produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video features an unknown cast.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cha-La Head-Cha-La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-La_Head-Cha-La"},{"link_name":"Yukinojō Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukinoj%C5%8D_Mori"},{"link_name":"Kenji Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Yamamoto_(composer_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Hironobu Kageyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hironobu_Kageyama"},{"link_name":"Dai Satō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Sat%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kenji Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Yamamoto_(composer_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Hironobu Kageyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hironobu_Kageyama"},{"link_name":"Yuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_(singer)"}],"text":"OP (Opening Theme):\n\"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\"\nLyrics by Yukinojō Mori\nMusic by Chiho Kiyooka\nArranged by Kenji Yamamoto\nPerformed by Hironobu Kageyama\nED (Ending Theme):\nHero (Kimi ga Hīrō) (HERO(キミがヒーロー), \"Hero (You're The Hero)\")\nLyrics by Dai Satō\nMusic by Chiho Kiyooka\nArranged by Kenji Yamamoto\nPerformed by Hironobu Kageyama and Yuka","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shunsuke Kikuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Kikuchi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"English dub soundtracks","text":"The score for the English dub's composed by Mark Menza. The Double Feature DVD release contains an alternate audio track containing the English dub with original Japanese background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi, an opening theme of \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\", and the ending theme \"Hero (You're the Hero)\".The dub made in the Philippines contained English versions of the Japanese opening and ending theme songs, performed by Gino Padilla along with a children's chorus known as the Age of Wonder.[5] These songs were featured on the album Dragon Ball • Dragon Ball Z: Songs of a High Spirited Saga - Volume I, along with other English versions of Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z songs.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Cooler's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Cooler%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"1080p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video"},{"link_name":"remastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remaster"},{"link_name":"16:9 aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widescreen"},{"link_name":"5.1 surround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1_surround"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"It was released on DVD and VHS in North America on August 13, 2002. It was later released in Double Feature set along with Cooler's Revenge (1991) for Blu-ray and DVD on November 11, 2008, both feature full 1080p format in HD remastered 16:9 aspect ratio and an enhanced 5.1 surround mix. The film was re-released to DVD in remastered thinpak collection on December 6, 2011, containing the second 4 Dragon Ball Z films.[6]","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"predecessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Cooler%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Other companies","text":"In the Philippines, Creative Products Corporation produced an English-dubbed feature-length film titled Dragon Ball Z: The Greatest Rivals, which combined an edited version this film with its predecessor. This feature was released in over 30 Metro Manila theaters on July 11, 1996. Later that year, on November 6, it received an extremely limited VHS release, only sold at Dragon Ball-based promotional events that were hosted by Gino Padilla, who performed the theme music for this version.[7]","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Toei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"}],"text":"^ Known in Japan as Dragon Ball Z: Clash!! 10 Billion Power Warriors (Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 激突!!100億パワーの戦士たち, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto Gekitotsu!! Hyaku-Oku Pawā no Senshi-tachi) or by Toei's own English title Dragon Ball Z: Fight! 10 Billion Power Warriors","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Komatsu, Mikikazu (January 29, 2019). \"Japan Box Office: Dragon Ball Super: Broly Becomes Top-Grossing Film in The Franchise\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/01/28-1/japan-box-office-dragon-ball-super-broly-becomes-top-grossing-film-in-the-franchise","url_text":"\"Japan Box Office: Dragon Ball Super: Broly Becomes Top-Grossing Film in The Franchise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190129093331/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/01/28-1/japan-box-office-dragon-ball-super-broly-becomes-top-grossing-film-in-the-franchise","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DBZ Movie CBB\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/23613741","url_text":"\"DBZ Movie CBB\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071451/https://vimeo.com/23613741","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Behind the Voice Actors\". Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2016-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/forums/showthread.php?p=117871","url_text":"\"Behind the Voice Actors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170110211503/http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/forums/showthread.php?p=117871","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Big Green Dub Cast - Behind The Voice Actors\". www.behindthevoiceactors.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2016-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/forums/showthread.php?t=15614","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Big Green Dub Cast - Behind The Voice Actors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151008214441/http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/forums/showthread.php?t=15614","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"End credits\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/23613741","url_text":"\"End credits\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071451/https://vimeo.com/23613741","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dragon Ball Z: Movie Pack Collection Two, Funimation Prod, 2011-12-06, archived from the original on 2015-12-31, retrieved 2016-04-12","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Dragon-Ball-Movie-Collection-Movies/dp/B005NQ5LOQ/ref=sr_1_6?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1358630133&sr=1-6&keywords=Dragon+Ball+Z%253A+The+Return+of+Cooler","url_text":"Dragon Ball Z: Movie Pack Collection Two"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151231082202/http://www.amazon.com/Dragon-Ball-Movie-Collection-Movies/dp/B005NQ5LOQ/ref=sr_1_6?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1358630133&sr=1-6&keywords=Dragon+Ball+Z:+The+Return+of+Cooler","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"This video was recorded back in November 2, 2019 just hours before I sent the Greatest Rivals VHS tape to @Fumeicom and have it digitally restored!\". Twitter. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ThunderTrunks1/status/1472476282172502016","url_text":"\"This video was recorded back in November 2, 2019 just hours before I sent the Greatest Rivals VHS tape to @Fumeicom and have it digitally restored!\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Metros
|
Nashville Metros
|
["1 History","2 Players","2.1 Final roster","2.2 Notable former players","3 Year-by-year","3.1 Indoor","4 Honors","5 Head coaches","6 Stadium","7 Average attendance","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Soccer clubNashville MetrosFull nameNashville MetrosNickname(s)The MetrosFounded1989Dissolved2012StadiumEzell ParkNashville, TennesseeCapacity5,000OwnersLynn AgeeMartin MacielDevinder SandhuHead CoachBrent Goulet (final)LeaguePremier Development League2012 (final)4th, South AtlanticPlayoffs: DNQWebsiteClub website
Home colors
Away colors
Current season
The Nashville Metros were an American soccer team based in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1989, the team most recently played in the Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the South Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The Metros were the longest continuously operating soccer club in the United Soccer Leagues before their last season in 2012.
In the side's later years its home games were contested at Ezell Park and E. S. Rose Park.
History
Original logoThe Nashville Metros were founded by Lynn Agee and Devinder Sandhu and began indoor play in the Sunbelt Independent Soccer League in 1990. Due to a lack of facilities, the team played their entire first season on the road, before settling in Smyrna. The Metros continued to play indoors until 1996, but only won six matches in six seasons. During much of the same period, the outdoor team played in the USL's amateur Premier League with significantly better results. Nashville's first winning season came in 1995 with a 12–6 record and their first playoff appearance. The 1996 team witnessed the Metros' Pasi Kinturi score a league-leading 19 goals as he was named that season's league MVP.
The Metros moved up to the second division A-League in 1997. After several years of playing at various high school and municipal stadiums in Nashville and Franklin, the team settled into their new home at Ezell Park. Nashville made their first U.S. Open Cup appearance in the 1998 tournament where they routed the third division Delaware Wizards before advancing to face the Kansas City Wizards of Major League Soccer. A heavy underdog, the Metros pulled off the upset of the tournament with a victory over the first division club in front of an ecstatic home crowd. Nashville eventually fell in the quarterfinals to MLS' Dallas Burn.
In 1999 due to financial circumstances, the club was forced to reorganize. The side was renamed the Tennessee Rhythm and moved from Nashville to Franklin, but returned to their original venue in 2001, reverting to their original name at the same time. This time period featured an unsuccessful rematch against the Dallas Burn in the 2000 U.S. Open Cup and a nationally televised game against the Los Angeles Galaxy in the 2001 tournament. In 2002 the Metros moved down from the A-League to the Premier Development League, mainly due to Ezell Park's substandard facilities, such as the lack of a press box.
Beginning with their first playoff appearance in 1994, Nashville made eight postseason trips over the next 11 years.
Players
Final roster
Source
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
0
GK
USA
James Holt
2
DF
GAM
Sambou Tamba
3
DF
CIV
Beh Leandre Pacome
4
DF
GAM
Samba Amadou Bah
5
DF
NGA
Gift Ndam
6
MF
GAM
Ebrima Njie
7
MF
USA
Elijah Yazdani
8
MF
GAM
Mandou Bojang
9
MF
USA
Kieran McFadden
10
FW
MEX
Francisco Maciel
11
MF
PER
Edwin Bryan
12
DF
USA
Nick Dykes
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
13
DF
GUY
Jomo Cromwell
14
FW
USA
William Dugger
15
MF
USA
Osiris Valle
16
MF
USA
Stefan Vaziri
17
FW
SOM
Omar Abdiaziz
18
MF
USA
J. J. Jackson
19
DF
USA
Matthew Reed
29
FW
PER
Victor Galicia
77
MF
KEN
Abdikadir N Mohamed
20
DF
USA
Jose Cardenas
21
MF
USA
Keegan Terry
23
FW
GAM
Malang Fatty
30
GK
USA
Jordan Werner
Notable former players
See also: All-time Nashville Metros roster
This list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional soccer after playing for the team, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.
Jay Ayres
Kainoa Bailey
Kalin Bankov
Trevor Banks
Ian Borders
Jon Busch
Danny DeVall
Tanner Redden
Gabe Eastman
Albert Edward
John Jones
Pasi Kinturi
Patrick Parker
Steve Klein
Tony Kuhn
Jamel Mitchell
Richard Mulrooney
Dimitry Shamootin
J. P. Rodrigues
Daryl Sattler
Year-by-year
Year
Division
League
Regular Season
Playoffs
Open Cup
1991
N/A
SISL
4th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not enter
1992
N/A
USISL
5th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not enter
1993
N/A
USISL
6th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not enter
1994
3
USISL
5th, Midsouth
Divisional Semifinals
Did not enter
1995
4
USISL Premier
3rd, Eastern
Divisional Semifinals
Did not qualify
1996
4
USISL Premier
4th, Eastern Northern
Division Finals
Did not qualify
1997
2
USISL A-League
2nd, Central
Division Semifinals
Did not qualify
1998
2
USISL A-League
1st, Central
Conference Quarterfinals
Quarter Finals
1999
2
USL A-League
6th, Central
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2000
2
USL A-League
5th, Central
Did not qualify
2nd Round
2001
2
USL A-League
4th, Central
1st Round
2nd Round
2002
4
USL PDL
4th, Mid South
1st Round
Did not qualify
2003
4
USL PDL
3rd, Mid South
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2004
4
USL PDL
4th, Mid South
Conference Semifinals
Did not qualify
2005
4
USL PDL
5th, Mid South
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2006
4
USL PDL
5th, South Atlantic
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2007
4
USL PDL
7th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2008
4
USL PDL
7th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2009
4
USL PDL
7th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2010
4
USL PDL
7th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2011
4
USL PDL
5th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
2012
4
USL PDL
4th, South Atlantic
Did not qualify
Did not qualify
Indoor
Year
Division
League
Regular Season
Playoffs
1990/91
N/A
SISL Indoor
9th, Southeast
Did not qualify
1991/92
N/A
USISL Indoor
4th, Southeast
Did not qualify
1992/93
N/A
USISL Indoor
4th, Southeast
Playoffs
1993/94
N/A
USISL Indoor
6th, Southeast
Did not qualify
1994/95
N/A
USISL Indoor
4th, Mid South
Did not qualify
1995/96
N/A
USISL Indoor
7th, Southeast
Did not qualify
Honors
USISL A-League
Central Conference Champions (1): 1998
Head coaches
Greg Petersen (1998–1999)
Brett Mosen (2000–2001)
Andy Poklad (2002–2004)
Rico Laise (1999, 2007–2008)
Richard Askey (2009)
Obed Compean (2005–2006, 2010)
Ricardo Lopez (2011)
Brent Goulet (2012)
Stadium
Stadiums in Nashville and Franklin, Tennessee; (1990–1996)
Stadium in Franklin, Tennessee; (1999–2000)
Ezell Park; Nashville, Tennessee (1997–1998, 2001–2011)
Siegel Park; Murfreesboro, Tennessee 5 games (2007–2010)
E.S. Rose Park; Nashville, Tennessee; (2012)
Average attendance
Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20131208011525/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html.
2005: 307
2006: 392 (8th in PDL)
2007: 361
2008: 308
2009: 162
2010: 215
2011: 349
References
^ "United Soccer Leagues (USL)". Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
^ http://www.etsubucs.com/sports/msoccer/rosters/displayplayer.aspx?playerid=3256
^ "Nashville Metros - TEAM". Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ "Nashville Metros - TEAM". Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ "Nashville Metros - TEAM". Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ http://www.etsubucs.com/sports/msoccer/rosters/displayplayer.aspx?playerid=2885
^ "Player Bio: Stefan Vaziri - NORTHERN ILLINOIS OFFICIAL ATHLETIC SITE". Archived from the original on 2009-11-28.
^ http://www.etsubucs.com/sports/msoccer/rosters/displayplayer.aspx?playerid=3259
^ "Terra - Notícias, esportes, coberturas ao vivo, diversão e estilo de vida".
^ http://www.gocamels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=15300&ATCLID=204775168c
^ "DWU Athletic Department". Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
External links
Official PDL site
|
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The Metros were the longest continuously operating soccer club in the United Soccer Leagues before their last season in 2012.In the side's later years its home games were contested at Ezell Park and E. S. Rose Park.","title":"Nashville Metros"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nashville-Metros.png"},{"link_name":"Lynn Agee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Agee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Devinder Sandhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devinder_Sandhu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"indoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_soccer"},{"link_name":"Sunbelt Independent Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISL"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pasi Kinturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasi_Kinturi"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_(1995%E2%80%932004)"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Ezell Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezell_Park"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"Delaware Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Wizards"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Dallas Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dallas"},{"link_name":"2000 U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"2001 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"Premier Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Development_League"}],"text":"Original logoThe Nashville Metros were founded by Lynn Agee and Devinder Sandhu and began indoor play in the Sunbelt Independent Soccer League in 1990. Due to a lack of facilities, the team played their entire first season on the road, before settling in Smyrna. The Metros continued to play indoors until 1996, but only won six matches in six seasons. During much of the same period, the outdoor team played in the USL's amateur Premier League with significantly better results. Nashville's first winning season came in 1995 with a 12–6 record and their first playoff appearance. The 1996 team witnessed the Metros' Pasi Kinturi score a league-leading 19 goals as he was named that season's league MVP.The Metros moved up to the second division A-League in 1997. After several years of playing at various high school and municipal stadiums in Nashville and Franklin, the team settled into their new home at Ezell Park. Nashville made their first U.S. Open Cup appearance in the 1998 tournament where they routed the third division Delaware Wizards before advancing to face the Kansas City Wizards of Major League Soccer. A heavy underdog, the Metros pulled off the upset of the tournament with a victory over the first division club in front of an ecstatic home crowd. Nashville eventually fell in the quarterfinals to MLS' Dallas Burn.In 1999 due to financial circumstances, the club was forced to reorganize. The side was renamed the Tennessee Rhythm and moved from Nashville to Franklin, but returned to their original venue in 2001, reverting to their original name at the same time. This time period featured an unsuccessful rematch against the Dallas Burn in the 2000 U.S. Open Cup and a nationally televised game against the Los Angeles Galaxy in the 2001 tournament. In 2002 the Metros moved down from the A-League to the Premier Development League, mainly due to Ezell Park's substandard facilities, such as the lack of a press box.Beginning with their first playoff appearance in 1994, Nashville made eight postseason trips over the next 11 years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Final roster","text":"Source[1]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-time Nashville Metros roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Nashville_Metros_roster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jay Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ayres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kainoa Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainoa_Bailey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kalin Bankov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalin_Bankov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Trevor Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Banks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ian Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jon Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Busch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Danny DeVall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_DeVall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tanner Redden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanner_Redden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gabe Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Eastman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Albert Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Edward_(soccer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"John Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jones_(soccer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Pasi Kinturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasi_Kinturi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Patrick Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Parker_(soccer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Steve Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Klein_(soccer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tony Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kuhn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jamel Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamel_Mitchell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard Mulrooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mulrooney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dimitry Shamootin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitry_Shamootin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"J. P. Rodrigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Rodrigues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Daryl Sattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Sattler"}],"sub_title":"Notable former players","text":"See also: All-time Nashville Metros rosterThis list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional soccer after playing for the team, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.Jay Ayres\n Kainoa Bailey\n Kalin Bankov\n Trevor Banks\n Ian Borders\n Jon Busch\n Danny DeVall\n Tanner Redden\n Gabe Eastman\n Albert Edward\n John Jones\n Pasi Kinturi\n Patrick Parker\n Steve Klein\n Tony Kuhn\n Jamel Mitchell\n Richard Mulrooney\n Dimitry Shamootin\n J. P. Rodrigues\n Daryl Sattler","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Year-by-year"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Indoor","title":"Year-by-year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USISL A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_(1995%E2%80%932004)"}],"text":"USISL A-League\nCentral Conference Champions (1): 1998","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Greg Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Petersen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brett Mosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Mosen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Andy Poklad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Poklad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Rico Laise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rico_Laise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Richard Askey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Askey_(soccer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Obed Compean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obed_Compean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Lopez_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brent Goulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Goulet"}],"text":"Greg Petersen (1998–1999)\n Brett Mosen (2000–2001)\n Andy Poklad (2002–2004)\n Rico Laise (1999, 2007–2008)\n Richard Askey (2009)\n Obed Compean (2005–2006, 2010)\n Ricardo Lopez (2011)\n Brent Goulet (2012)","title":"Head coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Ezell Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezell_Park"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Siegel Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegel_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Murfreesboro, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"E.S. Rose Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.S._Rose_Park"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"}],"text":"Stadiums in Nashville and Franklin, Tennessee; (1990–1996)\nStadium in Franklin, Tennessee; (1999–2000)\nEzell Park; Nashville, Tennessee (1997–1998, 2001–2011)\nSiegel Park; Murfreesboro, Tennessee 5 games (2007–2010)\nE.S. Rose Park; Nashville, Tennessee; (2012)","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131208011525/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131208011525/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html"}],"text":"Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20131208011525/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html.2005: 307\n2006: 392 (8th in PDL)\n2007: 361\n2008: 308\n2009: 162\n2010: 215\n2011: 349","title":"Average attendance"}]
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[{"image_text":"Original logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Nashville-Metros.png/150px-Nashville-Metros.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_windlass
|
Anchor windlass
|
["1 Horizontal or vertical","2 The links from bitts to anchor","3 Gypsies and wildcats","4 Mechanical advantage","5 Devil's claw","6 References","7 External links"]
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Weightlifting device inside ships
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anchor windlass" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An anchor windlass within the forecastle on the main deck of the sailing ship Balclutha. The vertical shaft is rotated by crew driving a portion of the capstan above.
The combined port anchor windlass and winch of the modern ferry Stena Britannica. The hydraulically operated brake and pawl allows the anchor to be dropped from the ship's bridge.
A windlass is a machine used on ships that is used to let-out and heave-up equipment such as a ship's anchor or a fishing trawl. On some ships, it may be located in a specific room called the windlass room.
An anchor windlass is a machine that restrains and manipulates the anchor chain on a boat, allowing the anchor to be raised and lowered by means of chain cable. A notched wheel engages the links of the chain or the rope.
A trawl windlass is a similar machine that restrains or manipulates the trawl on a commercial fishing vessel. The trawl is a sort of big fishing net that is wound on the windlass. The fishermen either let-out the trawl or heave-up the trawl during fishing operations. A brake is provided for additional control. The windlass is usually powered by an electric or hydraulic motor operating via a gear train.
Horizontal or vertical
Technically speaking, the term "windlass" refers only to horizontal winches. Vertical designs are correctly called capstans. Horizontal windlasses make use of an integral gearbox and motor assembly, all typically located above-deck, with a horizontal shaft through the unit and wheels for chain and/or rope on either side. Vertical capstans use a vertical shaft, with the motor and gearbox situated below the winch unit (usually below decks).
Horizontal windlasses offer several advantages. The unit tends to be more self-contained, protecting the machinery from the corrosive environment found on boats. The dual wheels also allow two anchors on double rollers to be serviced. Vertical capstans, for their part, allow the machinery to be placed below decks, thus lowering the center of gravity (important on boats), and also allow a flexible angle of pull (which means rope or chain can be run out to different fair leads).
It tends to be the case that smaller boats use capstans, and larger boats have windlasses, although this is by no means a hard and fast rule.
The links from bitts to anchor
The anchor is shackled to the anchor cable (US anchor chain), the cable passes up through the hawsepipe, through the pawl, over the windlass gypsy (US wildcat) down through the "spurling pipe" to the chain/cable locker under the forecastle (or poop if at the stern (US fantail)) - the anchor bitts are on a bulkhead in the cable locker and the bitter end of the cable is connected to the bitts using the bitter pin, which should be able to be released from outside the locker to "slip" the anchor. This would occur if the windlass brake has slipped (in a storm, for example) and the cable has reached "the bitter end". This is the origin of the term "to the bitter end". It originally applied in sailing vessels where the cable was a rope, and the windlass or capstan was powered by many sailors below decks.
Gypsies and wildcats
The wheels on either a vertical or horizontal windlass provide for either chain or line to be engaged. The wheel for line is termed a warping head, while the chain handling wheel is variously referred to as the gypsy (in the UK) or wildcat (in North America). For clarity in communication the generic term chainwheel is often used. On small craft a warping drum is sometimes used to handle both chain & rope, although particular care must be taken with sizing and compatibility of line, chain, and windlass, for this feature to work effectively.
It is important that the chainwheel match the chain size (i.e. the link pitch) closely. Even a small difference in link size or consistency can cause undue wear on the chainwheel and/or cause the chain to jump off the windlass when the winch is operating, particularly during payout, a runaway condition sometimes referred to as "water spouting" should it occur at high speed.
Nowadays, especially on large tankers and cruise ships, the windlass may be split into independent port and starboard units. In these cases they are frequently coupled with warping drums (as distinct from warping heads). In some of these the warping drums are of the self tensioning or constant tension type.
Mechanical advantage
The mechanical advantage of a windlass is derived from the pulling force being multiplied by wrapping the rope around the drum.
The math for such force phenomena is described by the Capstan equation. The formula is
T
load
=
T
hold
e
μ
ϕ
,
{\displaystyle T_{\text{load}}=T_{\text{hold}}\ e^{\mu \phi }~,}
where
T
load
{\displaystyle T_{\text{load}}}
is the applied tension on the line,
T
hold
{\displaystyle T_{\text{hold}}}
is the resulting force exerted at the other side of the capstan,
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is the coefficient of friction between the rope and capstan materials, and
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
is the total angle swept by all turns of the rope, measured in radians (i.e., with one full turn the angle
ϕ
=
2
π
{\displaystyle \phi =2\pi \,}
).
While many modern windlasses require an external power source, many remain manually driven in the same manner as most sailing boats' winches for sheets.
Powered solutions include steam (antiquated), hydraulics, and electrics. Electrics are convenient and relatively cheap, but hydraulics may be more efficient and powerful if available.
In general, windlasses and their power system should be capable of lifting the anchor and all its rode (chain and rope) so that the anchor and rode hang suspended in deep water. This task should be within the windlass' rated working pull, not its maximum pull.
Devil's claw
Securing a devil's claw on a large anchor chain
The devil's claw is a device that is used as a chain stopper to grab and hold an anchor chain. It consists of a turnbuckle, usually attached at the base of the anchor windlass, and a metal hook with two curved fingers that grab one link of a chain.
A devil's claw is often used on merchant ships because it is lighter and easier to manage than other types of chain stoppers, such as a pelican hook.
After hoisting the anchor and setting the windlass brake, the claw is placed on a chain link and the turnbuckle is tightened to take up the tension on the chain. If more than one stopper is used, the turnbuckles can be adjusted to evenly distribute the load.
A devil's claw cannot be released while it is under tension. To release it, the tension must first be taken up by the windlass brake. Then the turnbuckle can be loosened and removed.
References
^ "Bitter end | Etymology, origin and meaning of phrase bitter end by etymonline".
External links
Media related to Anchor windlasses at Wikimedia Commons
vteParts of a sailing ship
Aftercastle
Afterdeck
Anchor
Anchor windlass
Apparent wind indicator
Beakhead
Bilge
Bilgeboard
Bitts
Boom brake
Bow
Bowsprit
Cable
Capstan
Cathead
Carpenter's walk
Centreboard
Chains
Cockpit
Companionway
Crow's nest
Daggerboard
Deck
Figurehead
Forecastle
Frame
Gangway
Gunwale
Head
Hull
Jackline
Jibboom
Keel
Keel (Canting)
Kelson
Leeboard
Mast
Orlop deck
Outrigger
Poop deck
Port
Porthole
Prow
Quarter gallery
Quarterdeck
Rib
Rudder
Ship's wheel
Skeg
Stem
Starboard
Stern
Sternpost
Strake
Taffrail
Tiller
Top
Transom
Whipstaff
Winch
|
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The hydraulically operated brake and pawl allows the anchor to be dropped from the ship's bridge.[citation needed]A windlass is a machine used on ships that is used to let-out and heave-up equipment such as a ship's anchor or a fishing trawl. On some ships, it may be located in a specific room called the windlass room.An anchor windlass is a machine that restrains and manipulates the anchor chain on a boat, allowing the anchor to be raised and lowered by means of chain cable. A notched wheel engages the links of the chain or the rope.A trawl windlass is a similar machine that restrains or manipulates the trawl on a commercial fishing vessel. The trawl is a sort of big fishing net that is wound on the windlass. The fishermen either let-out the trawl or heave-up the trawl during fishing operations. A brake is provided for additional control. The windlass is usually powered by an electric or hydraulic motor operating via a gear train.","title":"Anchor windlass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"windlass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windlass"},{"link_name":"winches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winches"},{"link_name":"capstans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Technically speaking, the term \"windlass\" refers only to horizontal winches. Vertical designs are correctly called capstans. Horizontal windlasses make use of an integral gearbox and motor assembly, all typically located above-deck, with a horizontal shaft through the unit and wheels for chain and/or rope on either side. Vertical capstans use a vertical shaft, with the motor and gearbox situated below the winch unit (usually below decks).Horizontal windlasses offer several advantages. The unit tends to be more self-contained, protecting the machinery from the corrosive environment found on boats. The dual wheels also allow two anchors on double rollers to be serviced. Vertical capstans, for their part, allow the machinery to be placed below decks, thus lowering the center of gravity (important on boats), and also allow a flexible angle of pull (which means rope or chain can be run out to different fair leads).It tends to be the case that smaller boats use capstans, and larger boats have windlasses, although this is by no means a hard and fast rule.[citation needed]","title":"Horizontal or vertical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bitts"},{"link_name":"bitter end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bitter_end"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The anchor is shackled to the anchor cable (US anchor chain), the cable passes up through the hawsepipe, through the pawl, over the windlass gypsy (US wildcat) down through the \"spurling pipe\" to the chain/cable locker under the forecastle (or poop if at the stern (US fantail)) - the anchor bitts are on a bulkhead in the cable locker and the bitter end of the cable is connected to the bitts using the bitter pin, which should be able to be released from outside the locker to \"slip\" the anchor. This would occur if the windlass brake has slipped (in a storm, for example) and the cable has reached \"the bitter end\". This is the origin of the term \"to the bitter end\".[1] It originally applied in sailing vessels where the cable was a rope, and the windlass or capstan was powered by many sailors below decks.","title":"The links from bitts to anchor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"The wheels on either a vertical or horizontal windlass provide for either chain or line to be engaged. The wheel for line is termed a warping head, while the chain handling wheel is variously referred to as the gypsy (in the UK) or wildcat (in North America). For clarity in communication the generic term chainwheel is often used. On small craft a warping drum is sometimes used to handle both chain & rope, although particular care must be taken with sizing and compatibility of line, chain, and windlass, for this feature to work effectively.[citation needed]It is important that the chainwheel match the chain size (i.e. the link pitch) closely. Even a small difference in link size or consistency can cause undue wear on the chainwheel and/or cause the chain to jump off the windlass when the winch is operating, particularly during payout, a runaway condition sometimes referred to as \"water spouting\" should it occur at high speed.[citation needed]Nowadays, especially on large tankers and cruise ships, the windlass may be split into independent port and starboard units. In these cases they are frequently coupled with warping drums (as distinct from warping heads).[clarification needed] In some of these the warping drums are of the self tensioning or constant tension type.[clarification needed]","title":"Gypsies and wildcats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capstan equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_equation"},{"link_name":"coefficient of friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction"},{"link_name":"winches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch"},{"link_name":"sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"}],"text":"The mechanical advantage of a windlass is derived from the pulling force being multiplied by wrapping the rope around the drum.The math for such force phenomena is described by the Capstan equation. The formula isT\n \n load\n \n \n =\n \n T\n \n hold\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n μ\n ϕ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{\\text{load}}=T_{\\text{hold}}\\ e^{\\mu \\phi }~,}where \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n load\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{\\text{load}}}\n \n is the applied tension on the line, \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n hold\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{\\text{hold}}}\n \n is the resulting force exerted at the other side of the capstan, \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is the coefficient of friction between the rope and capstan materials, and \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n is the total angle swept by all turns of the rope, measured in radians (i.e., with one full turn the angle \n \n \n \n ϕ\n =\n 2\n π\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi =2\\pi \\,}\n \n).While many modern windlasses require an external power source, many remain manually driven in the same manner as most sailing boats' winches for sheets.Powered solutions include steam (antiquated), hydraulics, and electrics. Electrics are convenient and relatively cheap, but hydraulics may be more efficient and powerful if available.In general, windlasses and their power system should be capable of lifting the anchor and all its rode (chain and rope) so that the anchor and rode hang suspended in deep water. This task should be within the windlass' rated working pull, not its maximum pull.","title":"Mechanical advantage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Securing_devils_claw.gif"},{"link_name":"chain stopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chain_stopper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"turnbuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnbuckle"},{"link_name":"merchant ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_ship"},{"link_name":"pelican hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_hook"}],"text":"Securing a devil's claw on a large anchor chainThe devil's claw is a device that is used as a chain stopper to grab and hold an anchor chain. It consists of a turnbuckle, usually attached at the base of the anchor windlass, and a metal hook with two curved fingers that grab one link of a chain.A devil's claw is often used on merchant ships because it is lighter and easier to manage than other types of chain stoppers, such as a pelican hook.After hoisting the anchor and setting the windlass brake, the claw is placed on a chain link and the turnbuckle is tightened to take up the tension on the chain. If more than one stopper is used, the turnbuckles can be adjusted to evenly distribute the load.A devil's claw cannot be released while it is under tension. To release it, the tension must first be taken up by the windlass brake. Then the turnbuckle can be loosened and removed.","title":"Devil's claw"}]
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[{"image_text":"An anchor windlass within the forecastle on the main deck of the sailing ship Balclutha. The vertical shaft is rotated by crew driving a portion of the capstan above.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AnchorWindlass.jpg/250px-AnchorWindlass.jpg"},{"image_text":"The combined port anchor windlass and winch of the modern ferry Stena Britannica. The hydraulically operated brake and pawl allows the anchor to be dropped from the ship's bridge.[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Modern_ship_windlass.jpg/250px-Modern_ship_windlass.jpg"},{"image_text":"Securing a devil's claw on a large anchor chain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Securing_devils_claw.gif/220px-Securing_devils_claw.gif"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Bitter end | Etymology, origin and meaning of phrase bitter end by etymonline\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/word/bitter%20end","url_text":"\"Bitter end | Etymology, origin and meaning of phrase bitter end by etymonline\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anchor+windlass%22","external_links_name":"\"Anchor windlass\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anchor+windlass%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anchor+windlass%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anchor+windlass%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anchor+windlass%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anchor+windlass%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.etymonline.com/word/bitter%20end","external_links_name":"\"Bitter end | Etymology, origin and meaning of phrase bitter end by etymonline\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Bioengineering_and_Electromedical_Laboratory
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Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory
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["1 History","2 Areas of work","2.1 Products","3 Projects and products","3.1 Technologies for civilian use","4 References","5 External links"]
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Indian defence laboratory
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical LaboratoryEstablishedApril 1982DirectorDr T M KotreshAddressP.O. Box #9326, C.V. Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560093LocationBangalore, KarnatakaOperating agencyDefence Research and Development OrganisationWebsitehttps://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-and-establishments/defence-bio-engineering-electro-medical-laboratory-debel
The Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory is an Indian defence laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation. Located in Bangalore, its main function is the research and development of technologies and products in the areas of life support, medical and physiological protection systems for the Indian Armed Forces. The laboratory is organised under the Life Sciences Directorate of the Defence Research and Development Organisation. Its present director is Dr T M Kotresh.
History
The Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory was formed in April 1976 by bringing together the Aero Electroengineering Unit of Aeronautical Development Establishment and the Electromedical Instrumentation Division of the Electronics and Radar Development Establishment, located nearby. Since 23 June 1992, the facility has been functioning at its own independent premises located at the Aeronautical Development Establishment campus.
It is one of the few Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories dedicated to research and development work for the services and also spin off use to the civilian population.
Areas of work
Products
Indian Army advanced uniforms
Indian Navy advanced and safe under water suits
Indian Space Research Organisation suits for Gaganyaan mission
Projects and products
One man HAPO bag.
HAPO Bag for high altitudes with light weight automation unit
Battery heated gloves, insoles, jackets and trousers
Combat paratroopers jump suit
Pilot's dress for LCA
Anti G suit
Smart vest
Technologies for civilian use
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020)
Oxycare system that regulates the oxygen supply by monitoring the blood oxygen level of the patient.
References
^ "Director". DEBEL, DRDO. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
^ "What is the SpO2-based 'Oxycare' system by DRDO that the government is buying". Gadgets Now. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
External links
Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory Home Page
vteDefence Research and Development Organisation LaboratoriesAeronautical Systems
ADRDE
ADE
CABS
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GTRE
Armament & Combat Engineering Systems
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Electronics and Communication Systems
DARE
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DLRL
LRDE
IRDE
LASTEC
Life Sciences
DEBEL
DFRL
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Micro Electronic Devices, Computational Systems & Cyber Systems
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Naval Systems and Materials
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[{"image_text":"One man HAPO bag.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/One_Man_High_Altitude_Pulmonary_Oedema_Chamber_-_DRDO_-_Pride_of_India_-_Exhibition_-_100th_Indian_Science_Congress_-_Kolkata_2013-01-03_2559.JPG/220px-One_Man_High_Altitude_Pulmonary_Oedema_Chamber_-_DRDO_-_Pride_of_India_-_Exhibition_-_100th_Indian_Science_Congress_-_Kolkata_2013-01-03_2559.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Director\". DEBEL, DRDO. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-establishment/director/defence-bio-engineering-electro-medical-laboratory-debel","url_text":"\"Director\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the SpO2-based 'Oxycare' system by DRDO that the government is buying\". Gadgets Now. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/what-is-the-spo2-based-oxycare-system-by-drdo-that-the-government-is-buying/articleshow/82572722.cms","url_text":"\"What is the SpO2-based 'Oxycare' system by DRDO that the government is buying\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaness
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Titans
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["1 Genealogy","1.1 Hesiod's genealogy","1.2 Variations","2 Former gods","3 Overthrown","3.1 Hesiod","3.2 Homer","3.3 Other early sources","3.4 Apollodorus","3.5 Hyginus","4 After the Titanomachy","4.1 Possible release","5 Near East origins","6 Orphic literature","6.1 The sparagmos","6.2 The anthropogony","6.3 Modern interpretations","7 Etymology","8 In astronomy","9 In popular culture","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]
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Order of divine beings in Greek mythology
This article is about the Titans of Greek mythology. For other uses, see Titan.
The Fall of the Titans by Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem (1596–1598)
Greek deitiesseries
Primordial deities
Titans
Olympians
Water deities
Chthonic deities
Personified concepts
Titans
The Twelve Titans
Oceanus and Tethys,
Hyperion and Theia,
Coeus and Phoebe,
Cronus and Rhea,
Mnemosyne and Themis,
Crius and Iapetus
Children of Cronus
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades,
Hestia, Demeter, Chiron
Children of Oceanus
Oceanids, Potamoi
Children of Hyperion
Helios, Selene, Eos
Daughters of Coeus
Leto, Asteria
Sons of Iapetus
Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus,
Epimetheus
Sons of Crius
Astraeus, Pallas, Perses
vte
In Greek mythology, the Titans (Ancient Greek: οἱ Τῑτᾶνες, hoi Tītânes, singular: ὁ Τῑτᾱ́ν, -ήν, ho Tītân) were the pre-Olympian gods. According to the Theogony of Hesiod, they were the twelve children of the primordial parents Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth), with six male Titans—Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronus—and six female Titans, called the Titanides (αἱ Τῑτᾱνῐ́δες, hai Tītānídes) or Titanesses—Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys.
After Cronus mated with his older sister Rhea, she bore the first generation of Olympians: the six siblings Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. Certain descendants of the Titans, such as Prometheus, Atlas, Helios, and Leto, are sometimes also called Titans.
The Titans were the former gods: the generation of gods preceding the Olympians. They were overthrown as part of the Greek succession myth, which tells how Cronus seized power from his father Uranus and ruled the cosmos with his fellow Titans before being in turn defeated and replaced as the ruling pantheon of gods by Zeus and the Olympians in a ten-year war called "the Titanomachy" (Ancient Greek: ἡ Τῑτᾱνομαχίᾱ, romanized: hē Tītānomakhíā, lit. 'a battle of Titans'). As a result of this war, the vanquished Titans were banished from the upper world and held imprisoned under guard in Tartarus. Some Titans were apparently allowed to remain free.
Genealogy
Cronus armed with sickle; image derived from a carved gem (Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison, Galerie mythologique, 1811).
Hesiod's genealogy
According to Hesiod, the Titan offspring of Uranus and Gaia were Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and Cronus. Eight of the Titan brothers and sisters married each other: Oceanus and Tethys, Coeus and Phoebe, Hyperion and Theia, and Cronus and Rhea. The other two Titan brothers married outside their immediate family. Iapetus married his niece Clymene, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, while Crius married his half-sister Eurybia, the daughter of Gaia and Pontus. The two remaining Titan sisters, Themis and Mnemosyne, became wives of their nephew Zeus.
From Oceanus and Tethys came the three thousand river gods, and three thousand Oceanid nymphs. From Coeus and Phoebe came Leto, another wife of Zeus, and Asteria. From Crius and Eurybia came Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses. From Hyperion and Theia came the celestial personifications Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon), and Eos (Dawn). From Iapetus and Clymene came Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. From Cronus and Rhea came the Olympians: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. By Zeus, Themis bore the three Horae (Hours), and the three Moirai (Fates), and Mnemosyne bore the nine Muses.
While the descendants of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, Cronus and Rhea, Themis, and Mnemosyne (i.e. the river gods, the Oceanids, the Olympians, the Horae, the Moirai, and the Muses) are not normally considered to be Titans, descendants of the other Titans, notably: Leto, Helios, Atlas, and Prometheus, are themselves sometimes referred to as Titans.
The twelve Titans' parents, spouses, and children, according to Hesiod's Theogony
UranusGaiaPontus
OceanusTethysCoeusPhoebeCriusEurybia
The RiversThe OceanidsLetoAsteriaAstraeusPallasPerses
HyperionTheiaIapetusClymene
HeliosSelene EosAtlas MenoetiusPrometheus Epimetheus
CronusRhea
HestiaDemeterHeraHadesPoseidonZeus
Themis(Zeus)Mnemosyne
The HoraeThe Moirai The Muses
Variations
Rhea, both sister and wife to Cronus.
Passages in a section of the Iliad called the Deception of Zeus suggest the possibility that Homer knew of a tradition in which Oceanus and Tethys (rather than Uranus and Gaia, as in Hesiod) were the parents of the Titans. Twice Homer has Hera describe the pair as "Oceanus, from whom the gods are sprung, and mother Tethys", while in the same passage Hypnos describes Oceanus as "from whom they all are sprung".
Plato, in his Timaeus, provides a genealogy (probably Orphic) which perhaps reflected an attempt to reconcile this apparent divergence between Homer and Hesiod, with Uranus and Gaia as the parents of Oceanus and Tethys, and Oceanus and Tethys as the parents of Cronus and Rhea "and all that go with them", plus Phorcys. In his Cratylus, Plato quotes Orpheus as saying that Oceanus and Tethys were "the first to marry", possibly also reflecting an Orphic theogony in which Oceanus and Tethys, rather than Uranus and Gaia, were the primeval parents. To Hesiod's twelve Titans, the mythographer Apollodorus, adds a thirteenth Titan, Dione, the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus. Plato's inclusion of Phorkys, apparently, as a Titan, and the mythographer Apollodorus's inclusion of Dione, suggests an Orphic tradition in which the canonical twelve Titans consisted of Hesiod's twelve with Phorkys and Dione taking the place of Oceanus and Tethys.
The Roman mythographer Hyginus, in his somewhat confused genealogy, after listing as offspring of Aether (Upper Sky) and Earth (Gaia), Ocean , Themis, Tartarus, and Pontus, next lists "the Titans", followed by two of Hesiod's Hundred-Handers: Briareus and Gyges, one of Hesiod's three Cyclopes: Steropes, then continues his list with Atlas, Hyperion and Polus, Saturn , Ops , Moneta, Dione, and the three Furies: Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone. The geographer Pausanias, mentions seeing the image of a man in armor, who was supposed to be the Titan Anytos, who was said to have raised the Arcadian Despoina.
Former gods
The Titans, as a group, represent a pre-Olympian order. Hesiod uses the expression "the former gods" (theoi proteroi) in reference to the Titans. They were the banished gods, who were no longer part of the upper world. Rather they were the gods who dwelt underground in Tartarus, and as such, they may have been thought of as "gods of the underworld", who were the antithesis of, and in opposition to, the Olympians, the gods of the heavens. Hesiod called the Titans "earth-born" (chthonic), and in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, Hera prays to the Titans "who dwell beneath the earth", calling on them to aid her against Zeus, just as if they were chthonic spirits. In a similar fashion, in the Iliad, Hera, upon swearing an oath by the underworld river Styx, "invoked by name all the gods below Tartarus, that are called Titans" as witnesses.
They were the older gods, but not, apparently, as was once thought, the old gods of an indigenous group in Greece, historically displaced by the new gods of Greek invaders. Rather, they were a group of gods, whose mythology at least, seems to have been borrowed from the Near East (see "Near East origins," below). These imported gods gave context and provided a backstory for the Olympian gods, explaining where these Greek Olympian gods had come from, and how they had come to occupy their position of supremacy in the cosmos. The Titans were the previous generation, and family of gods, whom the Olympians had to overthrow, and banish from the upper world, in order to become the ruling pantheon of Greek gods.
For Hesiod, possibly in order to match the twelve Olympian gods, there were twelve Titans: six males and six females, with some of Hesiod's names perhaps being mere poetic inventions, so as to arrive at the right number. In Hesiod's Theogony, apart from Cronus, the Titans play no part at all in the overthrow of Uranus, and we only hear of their collective action in the Titanomachy, their war with the Olympians. As a group, they have no further role in conventional Greek myth, nor do they play any part in Greek cult.
As individuals, few of the Titans have any separate identity. Aside from Cronus, the only other figure Homer mentions by name as being a Titan is Iapetus. Some Titans seem only to serve a genealogical function, providing parents for more important offspring: Coeus and Phoebe as the parents of Leto, the mother, by Zeus, of the Olympians Apollo and Artemis; Hyperion and Theia as the parents of Helios, Selene and Eos; Iapetus as the father of Atlas and Prometheus; and Crius as the father of three sons Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses, who themselves seem only to exist to provide fathers for more important figures such as the Anemoi (Winds), Nike (Victory), and Hecate.
Overthrown
The Titans play a key role in an important part of Greek mythology, the succession myth. It told how the Titan Cronus, the youngest of the Titans, overthrew Uranus, and how in turn Zeus, by waging and winning a great ten-year war pitting the new gods against the old gods, called the Titanomachy ("Titan war"), overthrew Cronus and his fellow Titans, and was eventually established as the final and permanent ruler of the cosmos.
Hesiod
The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn: fresco by Giorgio Vasari and Cristofano Gherardi, c. 1560 (Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo Vecchio)
According to the standard version of the succession myth, given in Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus initially produced eighteen children with Gaia: the twelve Titans, the three Cyclopes, and the three Hecatoncheires (Hundred-Handers), but hating them, he hid them away somewhere inside Gaia. Angry and in distress, Gaia fashioned a sickle made of adamant and urged her children to punish their father. Only her son Cronus was willing. So Gaia hid Cronus in "ambush", gave him an adamantine sickle, and when Uranus came to lie with Gaia, Cronus reached out and castrated his father. This enabled the Titans to be born and Cronus to assume supreme command of the cosmos, with the Titans as his subordinates.
Rhea presenting Cronus the stone wrapped in cloth
Cronus, having now taken over control of the cosmos from Uranus, wanted to ensure that he maintained control. Uranus and Gaia had prophesied to Cronus that one of Cronus' own children would overthrow him, so when Cronus married Rhea, he made sure to swallow each of the children she birthed. This he did with the first five: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon (in that order), to Rhea's great sorrow. However, when Rhea was pregnant with Zeus, Rhea begged her parents Gaia and Uranus to help her save Zeus. So they sent Rhea to Lyctus on Crete to bear Zeus, and Gaia took the newborn Zeus to raise, hiding him deep in a cave beneath Mount Aigaion. Meanwhile, Rhea gave Cronus a huge stone wrapped in baby's clothes which he swallowed thinking that it was another of Rhea's children.
"Fall of the Titans". Oil on canvas by Jacob Jordaens, 1638.
Zeus, now grown, forced Cronus (using some unspecified trickery of Gaia) to disgorge his other five children. Zeus then released his uncles the Cyclopes (apparently still imprisoned beneath the earth, along with the Hundred-Handers, where Uranus had originally confined them) who then provide Zeus with his great weapon, the thunderbolt, which had been hidden by Gaia. A great war was begun, the Titanomachy, for control of the cosmos. The Titans fought from Mount Othrys, while the Olympians fought from Mount Olympus. In the tenth year of that great war, following Gaia's counsel, Zeus released the Hundred-Handers, who joined the war against the Titans, helping Zeus to gain the upper hand. Zeus cast the fury of his thunderbolt at the Titans, defeating them and throwing them into Tartarus, with the Hundred-Handers as their guards.
Homer
Only brief references to the Titans and the succession myth are found in Homer. In the Iliad, Homer tells us that "the gods ... that are called Titans" reside in Tartarus. Specifically, Homer says that "Iapetus and Cronos ... have joy neither in the rays of Helios Hyperion nor in any breeze, but deep Tartarus is round about them", and further, that Zeus "thrust Cronos down to dwell beneath earth and the unresting sea."
Other early sources
Brief mentions of the Titanomachy and the imprisonment of the Titans in Tartarus also occur in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound.
In the Hymn, Hera, angry at Zeus, calls upon the "Titan gods who dwell beneath the earth about great Tartarus, and from whom are sprung both gods and men".
In Prometheus Bound, Prometheus (the son of the Titan Iapetus) refers to the Titanomachy, and his part in it:
When first the heavenly powers were moved to wrath, and mutual dissension was stirred up among them—some bent on casting Cronus from his seat so Zeus, in truth, might reign; others, eager for the contrary end, that Zeus might never win mastery over the gods—it was then that I, although advising them for the best, was unable to persuade the Titans, children of Heaven and Earth; but they, disdaining counsels of craft, in the pride of their strength thought to gain the mastery without a struggle and by force. ... That it was not by brute strength nor through violence, but by guile that those who should gain the upper hand were destined to prevail. And though I argued all this to them, they did not pay any attention to my words. With all that before me, it seemed best that, joining with my mother, I should place myself, a welcome volunteer, on the side of Zeus; and it is by reason of my counsel that the cavernous gloom of Tartarus now hides ancient Cronus and his allies within it.
Apollodorus
The mythographer Apollodorus, gives a similar account of the succession myth to Hesiod's, but with a few significant differences. According to Apollodorus, there were thirteen original Titans, adding the Titaness Dione to Hesiod's list. The Titans (instead of being Uranus' firstborn as in Hesiod) were born after the three Hundred-Handers and the three Cyclopes, and while Uranus imprisoned these first six of his offspring, he apparently left the Titans free. Not just Cronus, but all the Titans, except Oceanus, attacked Uranus. After Cronus castrated Uranus, the Titans freed the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes (unlike in Hesiod, where they apparently remained imprisoned), and made Cronus their sovereign, who then reimprisoned the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes in Tartarus.
Although Hesiod does not say how Zeus was eventually able to free his siblings, according to Apollodorus, Zeus was aided by Oceanus' daughter Metis, who gave Cronus an emetic which forced him to disgorge his children that he had swallowed. According to Apollodorus, in the tenth year of the ensuing war, Zeus learned from Gaia, that he would be victorious if he had the Hundred-Handers and the Cyclopes as allies. So Zeus slew their warder Campe (a detail not found in Hesiod) and released them, and in addition to giving Zeus his thunderbolt (as in Hesiod), the Cyclopes also gave Poseidon his trident, and Hades a helmet, and "with these weapons the gods overcame the Titans, shut them up in Tartarus, and appointed the Hundred-handers their guards".
Hyginus
The Roman mythographer Hyginus, in his Fabulae, gives an unusual (and perhaps confused) account of the Titanomachy. According to Hyginus the Titanomachy came about because of a dispute between Jupiter and Juno (the Roman equivalents of Zeus and Hera). Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, was angry at her husband, on account of Jupiter's son Epaphus by Io (one of her husband's many lovers). Because of this Juno incited the Titans to rebel against Jupiter and restore Saturn (Cronus) to the kingship of the gods. Jupiter, with the help of Minerva (Athena), Apollo, and Diana (Artemis), put down the rebellion, and hurled the Titans (as in other accounts) down to Tartarus.
After the Titanomachy
Oceanus, Trevi Fountain, Rome
After being overthrown in the Titanomachy, Cronus and his fellow vanquished Titans were cast into Tartarus:
That is where the Titan gods are hidden under murky gloom by the plans of the cloud-gatherer Zeus, in a dank place, at the farthest part of huge earth. They cannot get out, for Poseidon has set bronze gates upon it, and a wall is extended on both sides.
However, besides Cronus, exactly which of the other Titans were supposed to have been imprisoned in Tartarus is unclear. The only original Titan, mentioned by name, as being confined with Cronus in Tartarus, is Iapetus.
But, not all the Titans were imprisoned there. Certainly Oceanus, the great world encircling river, seems to have remained free, and in fact, seems not to have fought on the Titans' side at all. In Hesiod, Oceanus sends his daughter Styx, with her children Zelus (Envy), Nike (Victory), Kratos (Power), and Bia (Force), to fight on Zeus' side against the Titans, while in the Iliad, Hera says that, during the Titanomachy, she was cared for by Oceanus and his wife the Titaness Tethys. Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, has Oceanus free to visit his nephew Prometheus sometime after the war. Like Oceanus, Helios, the Titan son of Hyperion, certainly remained free to drive his sun-chariot daily across the sky, taking an active part in events subsequent to the Titanomachy. The freedom of Oceanus, along with Helios (Sun), and perhaps Hyperion (to the extent that he also represented the Sun), would seem to be the result of cosmological necessity, for how could a world encircling river, or the Sun, be confined in Tartarus?
The Torture of Prometheus, painting by Salvator Rosa (1646–1648).
As for other male offspring of the Titans, some seem to have participated in the Titanomachy, and were punished as a result, and others did not, or at least (like Helios) remained free. Three of Iapetus' sons, Atlas, Menoetius, and Prometheus are specifically connected by ancient sources with the war. In the Theogony both Atlas and Menoetius received punishments from Zeus, but Hesiod does not say for what crime exactly they were punished. Atlas was famously punished by Zeus, by being forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders, but none of the early sources for this story (Hesiod, Homer, Pindar, and Aeschylus) say that his punishment was as a result of the war. According to Hyginus however, Atlas led the Titans in a revolt against Zeus (Jupiter). The Theogony has Menoetius struck down by Zeus' thunderbolt and cast into Erebus "because of his mad presumption and exceeding pride". Whether Hesiod was using Erebus as another name for Tartarus (as was sometimes done), or meant that Menoetius's punishment was because of his participation in the Titanomachy is unclear, and no other early source mentions this event, however Apollodorus says that it was. Hesiod does not mention Prometheus in connection with the Titanomachy, but Prometheus does remain free, in the Theogony, for his deception of Zeus at Mecone and his subsequent theft of fire, for which transgressions Prometheus was famously punished by Zeus by being chained to a rock where an eagle came to eat his "immortal liver" every day, which then grew back every night. However Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound (as mentioned above) does have Prometheus say that he was an ally of Zeus during the Titanomachy.
Apollo piercing with his arrows Tityos, who has tried to rape his mother Leto (c. 450–440 BC)
The female Titans, to the extent that they are mentioned at all, appear also to have been allowed to remain free. Three of these, according to the Theogony, become wives of Zeus: Themis, Mnemosyne, and Leto, the daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe. Themis gives birth to the three Horae (Hours), and the three Moirai (Fates), and Mnemosyne gives birth to the nine Muses. Leto, who gives birth to the Olympians Apollo and Artemis, takes an active part on the side of the Trojans in the Iliad, and is also involved in the story of the giant Tityos. Tethys, presumably along with her husband Oceanus, took no part in the war, and, as mentioned above, provided safe refuge for Hera during the war. Rhea remains free and active after the war: appearing at Leto's delivery of Apollo, as Zeus' messenger to Demeter announcing the settlement concerning Persephone, bringing Pelops back to life.
Possible release
While in Hesiod's Theogony, and Homer's Iliad, Cronus and the other Titans are confined to Tartarus—apparently forever—another tradition, as indicated by later sources, seems to have had Cronus, or other of the Titans, being eventually set free. Pindar, in one of his poems (462 BC), says that, although Atlas still "strains against the weight of the sky ... Zeus freed the Titans", and in another poem (476 BC), Pindar has Cronus, in fact, ruling in the Isles of the Blessed, a land where the Greek heroes reside in the afterlife:
Those who have persevered three times, on either side, to keep their souls free from all wrongdoing, follow Zeus' road to the end, to the tower of Cronus, where ocean breezes blow around the island of the blessed, and flowers of gold are blazing, some from splendid trees on land, while water nurtures others. With these wreaths and garlands of flowers they entwine their hands according to the righteous counsels of Rhadamanthys, whom the great father, the husband of Rhea whose throne is above all others, keeps close beside him as his partner.
Prometheus Lyomenos, an undated lost play by Aeschylus (c. 525 – c. 455 BC), had a chorus composed of freed Titans. Possibly even earlier than Pindar and Aeschylus, two papyrus versions of a passage of Hesiods' Works and Days also mention Cronus being released by Zeus, and ruling over the heroes who go to the Isle of the Blessed; but other versions of Hesiod's text do not, and most editors judge these lines of text to be later interpolations.
Near East origins
Ancient Hittite relief carving from chamber B of Yazılıkaya, a sanctuary at Hattusa, possibly depicting the twelve underworld gods, which the Hittites called the "former gods" (karuilies siunes), and identified with the Babylonian Anunnaki.
It is generally accepted that the Greek succession myth was imported from the Near East, and that along with this imported myth came stories of a group of former ruling gods, who had been defeated and displaced, and who became identified, by the Greeks, as the Titans. Features of Hesiod's account of the Titans can be seen in the stories of the Hurrians, the Hittites, the Babylonians, and other Near Eastern cultures.
The Hurro-Hittite text Song of Kumarbi (also called Kingship in Heaven), written five hundred years before Hesiod, tells of a succession of kings in heaven: Anu (Sky), Kumarbi, and the storm-god Teshub, with many striking parallels to Hesiod's account of the Greek succession myth. Like Cronus, Kumarbi castrates the sky-god Anu, and takes over his kingship. And like Cronus, Kumarbi swallows gods (and a stone?), one of whom is the storm-god Teshub, who like the storm-god Zeus, is apparently victorious against Kumarbi and others in a war of the gods.
Other Hittite texts contain allusions to "former gods" (karuilies siunes), precisely what Hesiod called the Titans, theoi proteroi. Like the Titans, these Hittite karuilies siunes, were twelve (usually) in number and end up confined in the underworld by the storm-god Teshub, imprisoned by gates they cannot open. In Hurrian, the Hittite's karuilies siunes were known as the "gods of down under" (enna durenna) and the Hittites identified these gods with the Anunnaki, the Babylonian gods of the underworld, whose defeat and imprisonment by the storm-god Marduk, in the Babylonian poem Enûma Eliš (late second millennium BC or earlier), parallels the defeat and imprisonment of the Titans. Other collectivities of gods, perhaps associated with the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, include the Dead Gods (Dingiruggû), the Banished Gods (ilāni darsūti), and the Defeated (or Bound) Gods (ilāni kamûti).
Orphic literature
The sparagmos
Dionysus in a mosaic from the House of Poseidon, Zeugma Mosaic Museum
In Orphic literature, the Titans play an important role in what is often considered to be the central myth of Orphism, the sparagmos, that is the dismemberment of Dionysus, who in this context is often given the title Zagreus. As pieced together from various ancient sources, the reconstructed story, usually given by modern scholars, goes as follows. Zeus had intercourse with Persephone in the form of a serpent, producing Dionysus. He is taken to Mount Ida where (like the infant Zeus) he is guarded by the dancing Curetes. Zeus intended Dionysus to be his successor as ruler of the cosmos, but a jealous Hera incited the Titans—who apparently unlike in Hesiod and Homer, were not imprisoned in Tartarus—to kill the child. The Titans whiten their faces with gypsum, and distracting the infant Dionysus with various toys, including a mirror, they seized Dionysus and tore (or cut) him to pieces. The pieces were then boiled, roasted and partially eaten, by the Titans. But Athena managed to save Dionysus' heart, by which Zeus was able to contrive his rebirth from Semele.
The anthropogony
Commonly presented as a part of the myth of the dismembered Dionysus Zagreus, is an Orphic anthropogony, that is an Orphic account of the origin of human beings. According to this widely held view, as punishment for their crime, Zeus struck the Titans with his thunderbolt, and from the remains of the destroyed Titans humankind was born, which resulted in a human inheritance of ancestral guilt, for this original sin of the Titans, and by some accounts "formed the basis for an Orphic doctrine of the divinity of man." However, when and to what extent there existed any Orphic tradition which included these elements is the subject of open debate.
The 2nd century AD biographer and essayist Plutarch makes a connection between the sparagmos and the punishment of the Titans, but makes no mention of the anthropogony, or Orpheus, or Orphism. In his essay On the Eating of Flesh, Plutarch writes of "stories told about the sufferings and dismemberment of Dionysus and the outrageous assaults of the Titans upon him, and their punishment and blasting by thunderbolt after they had tasted his blood". While, according to the early 4th century AD Christian apologist Arnobius, and the 5th century AD Greek epic poet Nonnus, it is as punishment for their murder of Dionysus that the Titans end up imprisoned by Zeus in Tartarus.
The only ancient source to explicitly connect the sparagmos and the anthropogony is the 6th century AD Neoplatonist Olympiodorus, who writes that, according to Orpheus, after the Titans had dismembered and eaten Dionysus, "Zeus, angered by the deed, blasts them with his thunderbolts, and from the sublimate of the vapors that rise from them comes the matter from which men are created." Olympiodorus goes on to conclude that, because the Titans had eaten his flesh, we their descendants, are a part of Dionysus.
Modern interpretations
Some 19th- and 20th-century scholars, including Jane Ellen Harrison, have argued that an initiatory or shamanic ritual underlies the myth of the dismemberment and cannibalism of Dionysus by the Titans. Martin Litchfield West also asserts this in relation to shamanistic initiatory rites of early Greek religious practices.
Etymology
The etymology of Τiτᾶνες (Titanes) is uncertain. Hesiod in the Theogony gives a double etymology, deriving it from titaino and tisis , saying that Uranus gave them the name Titans: "in reproach, for he said that they strained and did presumptuously a fearful deed, and that vengeance for it would come afterwards". But modern scholars doubt Hesiod's etymology.
Jane Ellen Harrison asserts that the word "Titan" comes from the Greek τίτανος, signifying white "earth, clay, or gypsum," and that the Titans were "white clay men", or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals.
In astronomy
The planet Saturn is named for the Roman equivalent of the Titan Cronus. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is named after the Titans generally, and the other moons of Saturn are named after individual Titans, specifically Tethys, Phoebe, Rhea, Hyperion, and Iapetus. Astronomer William Henry Pickering claimed to have discovered another moon of Saturn which he named Themis, but this discovery was never confirmed, and the name Themis was given to an asteroid, 24 Themis. Asteroid 57 Mnemosyne was also named for the Titan.
A proto-planet Theia is hypothesized to have been involved in a collision in the early solar system, forming the Earth's moon.
In popular culture
Main article: Titans in popular culture
See also
Annunaki
Asura
Cyclopes
Elohim
Giants (Greek mythology)
Greek primordial deities
Hecatoncheires
Jötunn
Vanir
Notes
^ Hansen, p. 302; Grimal, p. 457 s.v. Titans; Tripp, p. 579 s.v. Titans; Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan; Smith, s.v. Titan 1..
^ Hesiod, Theogony 133–138.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 337–370.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 404–409.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 375–377.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 371–374.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 507–511.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 453–458.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 901–906, although at Theogony 217 the Moirai are said to be the daughters of Nyx (Night).
^ Hesiod, Theogony 915–920.
^ Parada, p. 179 s.v. TITANS; Smith, s.v. Titan 2.; Rose, p. 143 s.v. Atlas, p. 597 s.v. Leto, p. 883 s.v. Prometheus; Tripp, p. 120 s.v. Atlas, p. 266 s.v. Helius, p. 499 s.v. Prometheus.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–138, 337–411, 453–520, 901–906, 915–920; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.
^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony 351. However, according to Apollodorus, 1.2.3, a different Oceanid, Asia was the mother, by Iapetus, of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus.
^ Although usually, as here, the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.
^ According to Plato, Critias, 113d–114a, Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.
^ In Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444–445 n. 2, 446–447 n. 24, 538–539 n. 113) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.
^ Although, at Hesiod, Theogony 217, the Moirai are said to be the daughters of Nyx (Night).
^ Fowler 2013, pp. 8, 11; Hard, pp. 36–37, p. 40; West 1997, p. 147; Gantz, p. 11; Burkert 1995, pp. 91–92; West 1983, pp. 119–120. According to Epimenides (see Fowler 2013, pp. 7–8), the first two beings, Night and Aer, produced Tartarus, who in turn produced two Titans (possibly Oceanus and Tethys) from whom came the world egg.
^ Homer, Iliad 14.201, 302 , 245. According to West 1997, p. 147, these lines suggests a myth in which Oceanus and Tethys are the "first parents of the whole race of gods." And, although Gantz, p. 11, points out that, "mother" may simply refer to the fact that Tethys was Hera's foster mother for a time, as Hera tells us in the lines immediately following, while the reference to Oceanus as "the genesis of gods" might be a "formulaic epithet" referring to the innumerable rivers and springs who were the sons of Oceanus (compare with Iliad 21.195–197), Hypnos' description of Oceanus as "genesis for all" is hard to understand as meaning other than that, for Homer, Oceanus was the father of the Titans.
^ Gantz, pp. 11–12, 743; West 1983, pp. 117–118; Fowler 2013, p. 11; Plato, Timaeus 40d–e.
^ West 1983, pp. 118–120; Fowler 2013, p. 11; Plato, Cratylus 402b .
^ Apollodorus, 1.1.3, 1.3.1. Dione is also the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus in the Iliad, 5.370, 3.374; but in the Theogony, 191–200, Aphrodite was born from the foam which formed around Uranus' severed genitals when Cronus threw them into the sea.
^ Gantz, p. 743.
^ Bremmer, p. 5, calls Hyginus' genealogy "a strange hodgepodge of Greek and Roman cosmogonies and early genealogies".
^ Hyginus, Fabulae
Theogony 3.
^ Pausanias, 8.37.5.
^ Hansen, p. 302: "As a group the Titans are the older gods, the former gods, in contrast to the Oympians, who are the younger and present gods".
^ West 2007, p. 162; Hard, p. 35; West 1997, pp. 111, 298; Hesiod, Theogony 424, 486. As noted by Woodard, p. 154 n. 44, Theogony 486: Οὐρανίδῃ μέγ’ ἄνακτι, θεῶν προτέρων βασιλῆι, which some interpret as meaning Cronus "former king of the gods" (e.g. Evelyn-White), others interpret as meaning Cronus "king of the former gods" (e.g. Most, pp. 40, 41; Caldwell, p. 56; West 1988, p. 17), for an argument against "former king" see West 1966, p. 301 on line 486 θεῶν προτέρων.
^ Hard, p. 35: "The essential point is that the Titans the former ruling gods who were banished from the upper world when the present devine order was established."; West 1983, p. 164: "The Titans are by definition the banished gods, the gods who have gone out of the world"; West 1966, p. 200 on line 133.
^ Gantz, pp. 45–46; West 1966, p. 200 on line 133; Hesiod, Theogony 729 ff., 807–814; Homer, Iliad 8.478–481, 14.274, 14.278–279; 15.225; Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 221.
^ Woodard, pp. 96–97; West 1966, p. 201.
^ Woodard, p. 97; Hesiod, Theogony 697.
^ Gantz, p. 46; Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3) 334–339.
^ Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 140; Burkert 1985, p. 200, which gives the Titans as an example of "chthonic gods"; Homer, Iliad 14.270–279.
^ Woodard, p. 92; Hard, pp. 34–35; Burkert 1995, p. 94; Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137; West 1966, p. 200.
^ West 1966 p. 36, which, concerning Hesiod's list of names, says: "Its very heterogeneity betrays its lack of traditional foundation. Rhea, Zeus' mother, must be married to Kronos, Zeus' father. Hyperion, as father of Helios, must be put back to that generation; so must ancient and venerable personages as Oceanus and Tethys, Themis and Mnemosyne. By the addition of four more colourless names (Koios, Kreios, Theia, and Phoibe), the list is made up to a complement of six males and six females";cf. West 1966, p. 200 on line 133.
^ Hard, p. 34.
^ Hard, p. 35; West 1966 pp. 200–201 on line 133.
^ Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137.
^ West 1966 pp. 36, 157–158 on line 18.
^ Hard, pp. 65–69; West 1966, pp. 18–19.
^ For a detailed account of Titanomachy and Zeus' rise to power see Gantz, pp. 44–56.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–153.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 154–155. Exactly which of these eighteen children Hesiod meant that Uranus hated is not entirely clear, all eighteen, or perhaps just the Cyclopes and the Hundred-Handers. Hard,
p. 67; West 1988, p. 7, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160, make it all eighteen; while Gantz, p. 10, says "likely all eighteen"; and Most, p. 15 n. 8, says "apparently only the ... Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers are meant" and not the twelve Titans. See also West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–53, p. 213 line 154 γὰρ. Why Uranus hated his children is also not clear. Gantz, p. 10 says: "The reason for hatred may be horrible appearance, though Hesiod does not quite say this"; while Hard, p. 67 says: "Although Hesiod is vague about the cause of his hatred, it would seem that he took a dislike to them because they were terrible to behold". However, West 1966, p. 213 on line 155, says that Uranus hated his children because of their "fearsome nature".
^ Hesiod, Theogony 156–158. The hiding place inside Gaia is presumably her womb, see West 1966, p. 214 on line 158; Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160; Gantz, p. 10. This place seems also to be the same place as Tartarus, see West 1966, p. 338 on line 618, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 159–172.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 173–182; according to Gantz, p. 10, Cronus waited in ambush, and reached out to castrate Uranus, from "inside body, we will understand, if he too is a prisoner".
^ Hard, p. 67; West 1966, p. 19. As Hard notes, in the Theogony, although the Titans were freed as a result of Uranus' castration, apparently the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers remain imprisoned (see below), see also West 1966, p. 214 on line 158.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 453–467.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 468–484. Mount Aigaion is otherwise unknown, and Lyctus is nowhere else associated with Zeus' birth, later tradition located the cave on Mount Ida, or sometimes Mount Dikte, see Hard, pp. 74–75; West 1966, pp. 297–298 on line 477, p. 300 on line 484.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 485–491.
^ Gantz, p. 44; Hesiod, Theogony 492–500.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 501–506; Hard, pp. 68–69; West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–153, pp. 303–305 on lines 501–506. According to Apollodorus, 1.1.4-5, after the overthrow of Uranus, the Cyclopes (as well as the Hundred-Handers) were rescued from Tartarus by the Titans, but reimprisoned by Cronus.
^ Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 340 on line 632; Hesiod, Theogony 630–634. As noted by West, locating the Titan's on Othrys was "presumably ... simply because it was the principal mountain on the opposite side of the plain: There is no evidence that it was really a seat of gods as Olympus was. Elsewhere it is said that the Titans formerly occupied Olympus itself". For Titans on Olympus, see Hesiod, Works and Days 110–111; Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 148; Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.503–508, 2.1232–1233.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 624–721. This is the sequence of events understood to be implied in the Theogony by, for example, Hard, p. 68; Caldwell, p. 65 on line 636; and West 1966, p. 19. However according to Gantz, p. 45, "Hesiod's account does not quite say whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the conflict or only in the tenth year. ... Eventually, if not at the beginning, the Hundred-Handers are fighting".
^ This is the usual interpretation of Theogony 734–735 (e.g. Hard, p. 68; Hansen, pp. 25, 159, adding the caveat "presumably"; Gantz, p. 45). However according to West 1966, p. 363 on lines 734–5: "It is usually assumed that the Hundred-Handers are acting as prison guards (so Tz. Th. 277 τοὺς Ἑκατόγχειρας αὺτοῖς φύλακας ἐπιστήσας). The poet does not say this—πιστοὶ φύλακες Διὸς probably refers to their help in battle, cf. 815 κλειτοὶ ἐπίκουροι". Compare with Theogony 817–819.
^ Gantz, pp. 1, 11, 45.
^ Hard, p. 36; Homer, Iliad 14.278–279. Compare with Iliad 14.274: "the gods that are below with Cronus", and repeated at Iliad 15.225.
^ Homer, Iliad 8.478–481.
^ Homer, Iliad 14.203–204.
^ Gantz, pp. 45–46.
^ Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3), 334–339.
^ Aeschylus(?),
Prometheus Bound 201–223.
^ Hard, pp. 68–69; Gantz, pp. 2, 45; West 1983, p. 123; Apollodorus, 1.1.1–1.2.1. As for Apollodorus' sources, Hard, p. 68, says that Apollodorus' version "perhaps derived from the lost Titanomachia or from the Orphic literature"; see also Gantz, p. 2; for a detailed discussion of Apollodorus' sources for his account of the early history of the gods, see West 1983, pp. 121–126.
^ Apollodorus, 1.1.3.
^ Apollodorus, 1.1.1–1.1.2.
^ Apollodorus, 1.1.4.
^ Apollodorus, 1.1.5. The release and reimprisonment of the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes, was perhaps a way to solve the problem in Hesiod's account of why the castration of Uranus, which released the Titans, did not also apparently release the six brothers, see Fowler 2013, p. 26; West 1966, p. 206 on lines on lines 139–53. In any case, as West 1983, pp. 130–131, points out, while the release is "logical, since it was indignation at their imprinsonment that led Ge to incite the Titans to overthrow Uranos," their reimprisonment is needed to allow for their eventual release by Zeus to help him overthrow the Titans.
^ Apollodorus, 1.1.5–1.2.1.
^ Apollodorus, 1.2.1.
^ Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 308 on line 509; Hyginus, Fabulae 150. According to Gantz: "Likely enough Hyginus has confused stories of Hera's summoning of the Gigantes to her aid (as in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo) with the overthrow of the Titans."
^ Hesiod, Theogony 729–734, translation by Glenn W. Most.
^ Gantz, pp. 45–46.
^ Homer, Iliad 8.478–481.
^ Fowler 2013, p. 11; Hard, p. 37; Gantz, pp. 28, 46; West 1983, p. 119.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 337–398. The translations of the names used here follow Caldwell, p. 8.
^ Homer, Iliad 14.200–204.
^ Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 286–289.
^ Gantz, pp. 30–31.
^ Gantz, p. 46; Hard, p. 37.
^ Gantz, pp. 46, 154.
^ Gantz, p. 46.
^ Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 308 on line 509; Hyginus, Fabulae 150.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 514–516.
^ Gantz, pp. 40, 154; West 1966, p. 308 on line 510; Apollodorus, 1.2.3.
^ Gantz, pp. 40, 154–166; Hesiod, Theogony 521–534.
^ Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 201–223.
^ Gantz, p. 46.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 901–906, 915–920.
^ Gantz, pp. 38–39; Homer, Iliad 445–448, 20.72, 21.497–501, 21.502–504, Odyssey 576–581.
^ Gantz, p. 44.
^ Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3) 93.
^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2) 441–444.
^ Bacchylides, fr. 42 Campbell, pp. 294, 295.
^ Gantz, p. 46; Burkert 1985, p. 221; West 1966, p. 358.
^ Gantz, pp. 46–48.
^ Pindar, Pythian 4.289–291.
^ Gantz, p. 47; West 1978, p. 195 on line 173a.
^ Pindar, Olympian 2.69–77.
^ Gantz, pp. 46–47; West 1988, p. 76, note to line 173; West 1978, pp. 194–196, on lines 173a–e.
^ Beckman, pp. 155–156, 162 fig. 7.7.
^ Rutherford, pp. 51–52; West 2007, p. 162; West 1997, p. 299; Archi, pp. 114–115.
^ Woodard, p. 92; Hard, pp. 34–35; Burkert 1995, p. 94; Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137; West 1966, p. 200. Although the Titan's mythology seems certainly to have been imported, whether the Titans were originally a group of gods native to Mycenean Greece, upon whom this borrowed mythology was simply overlaid is unknown. According to West 1966, p. 200: "it is probable that the Titans were taken over from the Orient as part of the Succession Myth, or else that they were gods native to Mycenean Greece but similar enough to the ‘older gods’ of the Near East to be identified with them"; while according to Hard, p. 35: "There may have been an early group of native gods of that name who were identified with the former gods of the imported myth; or else the name Titan was simply a title that was applied by the Greeks to gods of eastern origin. There is no way of telling which alternative is true, and it makes no practical difference in any case, since we know nothing whatever of the original nature of the Titans if they had once enjoyed a separate existence in Greece.".
^ For detailed discussions of the parallels of the Greek succession myth in Near East mythology, see Woodard, pp. 92–103; West 1997, pp. 276–333; West 1966, pp. 19–31.
^ West 1997, p. 278; West 1966, p. 20.
^ Woodard, pp. 92–98; West 1997, pp. 278–280; West 1966, pp. 20–21; Burkert 1985, p. 127.
^ West 2007, p. 162; West 1997, p. 298; Archi, p. 114.
^ Rutherford, pp. 51–52; West 2007, p. 162; West 1997, p. 299; Archi, pp. 114–115.
^ Woodard, p. 99; West 1983, p. 102.
^ West 1997, p. 139; West 1966, p. 200.
^ West 1997, p. 299; Burkert 1995, p. 94, with p. 203 n. 24.
^ Nilsson, p. 202 calls it "the cardinal myth of Orphism"; Guthrie, p. 107, describes the myth as "the central point of Orphic story", Linforth, p. 307 says it is "commonly regarded as essentially and peculiarly Orphic and the very core of the Orphic religion", and Parker 2002, p. 495, writes that "it has been seen as the Orphic 'arch-myth'.
^ West 1983, pp. 73–74, provides a detailed reconstruction with numerous cites to ancient sources, with a summary on p. 140. For other summaries see Morford, p. 311; Hard, p. 35; March, s.v. Zagreus, p. 788; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456; Burkert 1985, pp. 297–298; Guthrie, p. 82; also see Ogden, p. 80. For a detailed examination of many of the ancient sources pertaining to this myth see Linforth, pp. 307–364. The most extensive account in ancient sources is found in Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5.562–70, 6.155 ff., other principle sources include Diodorus Siculus, 3.62.6–8 (= Orphic fr. 301 Kern), 3.64.1–2, 4.4.1–2, 5.75.4 (= Orphic fr. 303 Kern); Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.110–114; Athenagoras of Athens, Legatio 20 Pratten (= Orphic fr. 58 Kern); Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus 2.15 pp. 36–39 Butterworth (= Orphic frs. 34, 35 Kern); Hyginus, Fabulae 155, 167; Suda s.v. Ζαγρεύς. See also Pausanias, 7.18.4, 8.37.5.
^ West 1983, p. 160 remarks that while "many sources speak of Dionysus' being 'rent apart' ... those who use more precise language say that he was cut up with a knife".
^ Linforth, pp. 307–308; Spineto, p. 34. For presentations of the myth which include the anthropogony, see Dodds, pp. 155–156; West 1983, pp. 74–75, 140, 164–166; Guthrie, p. 83; Burkert 1985, pp. 297–298; March, s.v. Zagreus, p. 788; Parker 2002, pp. 495–496; Morford, p. 313.
^ See Spineto pp. 37–39; Edmonds 1999 Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine, 2008, 2013 chapter 9; Bernabé 2002, 2003; Parker 2014.
^ Plutarch, On the Eating of Flesh 1.996 C; Linforth, pp. 334 ff. Edmonds 1999, pp. 44–47 Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Arnobius, Adversus Gentes 5.19 (p. 242) (= Orphic fr. 34 Kern); Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6.206–210.
^ Edmonds 1999, p. 40 Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine; Olympiodorus, In Plato Phaedon 1.3 (= Orphic fr. 220 Kern); Spineto p. 34; Burkert 1985, p. 463 n. 15; West 1983, pp. 164–165; Linforth, pp. 326 ff..
^ Harrison, p. 490.
^ West 1983.
^ Woodard, p. 97; Hard, p. 35; West 1966, p. 200; Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan.
^ Caldwell, p. 40 on lines 207-210; Hesiod, Theogony 207–210. For a discussion see West 1966, p. 225–226 on line 209 τιταίνοντας.
^ Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan, calls Hesiod's derivation "fanciful", while Hard, p. 35, describes it as "obviously factitious", adding that "there is some ancient evidence to suggest that it may have meant 'princes' or the like"; while West p. 225 on line 209 τιταίνοντας, says that "it is not clear how or why the Titans 'strained'".
^ Harrison, pp. 491 ff.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Titans"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Cornelisz_van_Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"singular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia"},{"link_name":"Oceanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus"},{"link_name":"Coeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeus"},{"link_name":"Crius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crius"},{"link_name":"Hyperion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)"},{"link_name":"Iapetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Theia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theia"},{"link_name":"Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Themis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis"},{"link_name":"Mnemosyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemosyne"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"Tethys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Hestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestia"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto"},{"link_name":"Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Olympians#Olympians"},{"link_name":"Titanomachy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanomachy"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Tartarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus"}],"text":"This article is about the Titans of Greek mythology. For other uses, see Titan.The Fall of the Titans by Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem (1596–1598)In Greek mythology, the Titans (Ancient Greek: οἱ Τῑτᾶνες, hoi Tītânes, singular: ὁ Τῑτᾱ́ν, -ήν, ho Tītân) were the pre-Olympian gods.[1] According to the Theogony of Hesiod, they were the twelve children of the primordial parents Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth), with six male Titans—Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronus—and six female Titans, called the Titanides (αἱ Τῑτᾱνῐ́δες, hai Tītānídes) or Titanesses—Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys.After Cronus mated with his older sister Rhea, she bore the first generation of Olympians: the six siblings Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. Certain descendants of the Titans, such as Prometheus, Atlas, Helios, and Leto, are sometimes also called Titans.The Titans were the former gods: the generation of gods preceding the Olympians. They were overthrown as part of the Greek succession myth, which tells how Cronus seized power from his father Uranus and ruled the cosmos with his fellow Titans before being in turn defeated and replaced as the ruling pantheon of gods by Zeus and the Olympians in a ten-year war called \"the Titanomachy\" (Ancient Greek: ἡ Τῑτᾱνομαχίᾱ, romanized: hē Tītānomakhíā, lit. 'a battle of Titans'). As a result of this war, the vanquished Titans were banished from the upper world and held imprisoned under guard in Tartarus. Some Titans were apparently allowed to remain free.","title":"Titans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturnus_fig274.png"},{"link_name":"carved gem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carved_gem"},{"link_name":"Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubin-Louis_Millin_de_Grandmaison"}],"text":"Cronus armed with sickle; image derived from a carved gem (Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison, Galerie mythologique, 1811).","title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Oceanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus"},{"link_name":"Coeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeus"},{"link_name":"Crius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crius"},{"link_name":"Hyperion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)"},{"link_name":"Iapetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Theia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theia"},{"link_name":"Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Themis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis"},{"link_name":"Mnemosyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemosyne"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Tethys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Clymene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)"},{"link_name":"Eurybia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Pontus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"river gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamoi"},{"link_name":"Oceanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto"},{"link_name":"Asteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Astraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraeus"},{"link_name":"Pallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)"},{"link_name":"Perses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perses_(Titan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene"},{"link_name":"Eos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Menoetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menoetius_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus"},{"link_name":"Epimetheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimetheus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestia"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Horae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horae"},{"link_name":"Moirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Hesiod's genealogy","text":"According to Hesiod, the Titan offspring of Uranus and Gaia were Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and Cronus.[2] Eight of the Titan brothers and sisters married each other: Oceanus and Tethys, Coeus and Phoebe, Hyperion and Theia, and Cronus and Rhea. The other two Titan brothers married outside their immediate family. Iapetus married his niece Clymene, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, while Crius married his half-sister Eurybia, the daughter of Gaia and Pontus. The two remaining Titan sisters, Themis and Mnemosyne, became wives of their nephew Zeus.From Oceanus and Tethys came the three thousand river gods, and three thousand Oceanid nymphs.[3] From Coeus and Phoebe came Leto, another wife of Zeus, and Asteria.[4] From Crius and Eurybia came Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses.[5] From Hyperion and Theia came the celestial personifications Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon), and Eos (Dawn).[6] From Iapetus and Clymene came Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus.[7] From Cronus and Rhea came the Olympians: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus.[8] By Zeus, Themis bore the three Horae (Hours), and the three Moirai (Fates),[9] and Mnemosyne bore the nine Muses.[10]While the descendants of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, Cronus and Rhea, Themis, and Mnemosyne (i.e. the river gods, the Oceanids, the Olympians, the Horae, the Moirai, and the Muses) are not normally considered to be Titans, descendants of the other Titans, notably: Leto, Helios, Atlas, and Prometheus, are themselves sometimes referred to as Titans.[11]","title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhea_MKL1888.png"},{"link_name":"Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"Deception of Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception_of_Zeus"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Hypnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnos"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Timaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)"},{"link_name":"Phorcys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorcys"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cratylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"Dione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"Dione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyginus"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Aether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hundred-Handers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred-Handers"},{"link_name":"Cyclopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopes"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ops"},{"link_name":"Moneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneta"},{"link_name":"Furies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furies"},{"link_name":"Alecto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alecto"},{"link_name":"Megaera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaera"},{"link_name":"Tisiphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisiphone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Anytos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anytos"},{"link_name":"Arcadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)"},{"link_name":"Despoina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despoina"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Variations","text":"Rhea, both sister and wife to Cronus.Passages in a section of the Iliad called the Deception of Zeus suggest the possibility that Homer knew of a tradition in which Oceanus and Tethys (rather than Uranus and Gaia, as in Hesiod) were the parents of the Titans.[18] Twice Homer has Hera describe the pair as \"Oceanus, from whom the gods are sprung, and mother Tethys\", while in the same passage Hypnos describes Oceanus as \"from whom they all are sprung\".[19]Plato, in his Timaeus, provides a genealogy (probably Orphic) which perhaps reflected an attempt to reconcile this apparent divergence between Homer and Hesiod, with Uranus and Gaia as the parents of Oceanus and Tethys, and Oceanus and Tethys as the parents of Cronus and Rhea \"and all that go with them\", plus Phorcys.[20] In his Cratylus, Plato quotes Orpheus as saying that Oceanus and Tethys were \"the first to marry\", possibly also reflecting an Orphic theogony in which Oceanus and Tethys, rather than Uranus and Gaia, were the primeval parents.[21] To Hesiod's twelve Titans, the mythographer Apollodorus, adds a thirteenth Titan, Dione, the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus.[22] Plato's inclusion of Phorkys, apparently, as a Titan, and the mythographer Apollodorus's inclusion of Dione, suggests an Orphic tradition in which the canonical twelve Titans consisted of Hesiod's twelve with Phorkys and Dione taking the place of Oceanus and Tethys.[23]The Roman mythographer Hyginus, in his somewhat confused genealogy,[24] after listing as offspring of Aether (Upper Sky) and Earth (Gaia), Ocean [Oceanus], Themis, Tartarus, and Pontus, next lists \"the Titans\", followed by two of Hesiod's Hundred-Handers: Briareus and Gyges, one of Hesiod's three Cyclopes: Steropes, then continues his list with Atlas, Hyperion and Polus, Saturn [Cronus], Ops [Rhea], Moneta, Dione, and the three Furies: Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone.[25] The geographer Pausanias, mentions seeing the image of a man in armor, who was supposed to be the Titan Anytos, who was said to have raised the Arcadian Despoina.[26]","title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Tartarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"chthonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"},{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene"},{"link_name":"Eos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus"},{"link_name":"Astraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraeus"},{"link_name":"Pallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)"},{"link_name":"Perses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perses_(Titan)"},{"link_name":"Anemoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemoi"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hecate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecate"}],"text":"The Titans, as a group, represent a pre-Olympian order.[27] Hesiod uses the expression \"the former gods\" (theoi proteroi) in reference to the Titans.[28] They were the banished gods, who were no longer part of the upper world.[29] Rather they were the gods who dwelt underground in Tartarus,[30] and as such, they may have been thought of as \"gods of the underworld\", who were the antithesis of, and in opposition to, the Olympians, the gods of the heavens.[31] Hesiod called the Titans \"earth-born\" (chthonic),[32] and in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, Hera prays to the Titans \"who dwell beneath the earth\", calling on them to aid her against Zeus, just as if they were chthonic spirits.[33] In a similar fashion, in the Iliad, Hera, upon swearing an oath by the underworld river Styx, \"invoked by name all the gods below Tartarus, that are called Titans\" as witnesses.[34]They were the older gods, but not, apparently, as was once thought, the old gods of an indigenous group in Greece, historically displaced by the new gods of Greek invaders. Rather, they were a group of gods, whose mythology at least, seems to have been borrowed from the Near East (see \"Near East origins,\" below).[35] These imported gods gave context and provided a backstory for the Olympian gods, explaining where these Greek Olympian gods had come from, and how they had come to occupy their position of supremacy in the cosmos. The Titans were the previous generation, and family of gods, whom the Olympians had to overthrow, and banish from the upper world, in order to become the ruling pantheon of Greek gods.For Hesiod, possibly in order to match the twelve Olympian gods, there were twelve Titans: six males and six females, with some of Hesiod's names perhaps being mere poetic inventions, so as to arrive at the right number.[36] In Hesiod's Theogony, apart from Cronus, the Titans play no part at all in the overthrow of Uranus, and we only hear of their collective action in the Titanomachy, their war with the Olympians.[37] As a group, they have no further role in conventional Greek myth, nor do they play any part in Greek cult.[38]As individuals, few of the Titans have any separate identity.[39] Aside from Cronus, the only other figure Homer mentions by name as being a Titan is Iapetus.[40] Some Titans seem only to serve a genealogical function, providing parents for more important offspring: Coeus and Phoebe as the parents of Leto, the mother, by Zeus, of the Olympians Apollo and Artemis; Hyperion and Theia as the parents of Helios, Selene and Eos; Iapetus as the father of Atlas and Prometheus; and Crius as the father of three sons Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses, who themselves seem only to exist to provide fathers for more important figures such as the Anemoi (Winds), Nike (Victory), and Hecate.","title":"Former gods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Titanomachy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanomachy"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"The Titans play a key role in an important part of Greek mythology, the succession myth.[41] It told how the Titan Cronus, the youngest of the Titans, overthrew Uranus, and how in turn Zeus, by waging and winning a great ten-year war pitting the new gods against the old gods, called the Titanomachy (\"Titan war\"), overthrew Cronus and his fellow Titans, and was eventually established as the final and permanent ruler of the cosmos.[42]","title":"Overthrown"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari"},{"link_name":"Cristofano Gherardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofano_Gherardi"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio"},{"link_name":"Cyclopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopes"},{"link_name":"Hecatoncheires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecatoncheires"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"sickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle"},{"link_name":"adamant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamant"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestia"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Lyctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyctus"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes,_1636-1638.jpg"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Titanomachy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanomachy"},{"link_name":"Mount Othrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Othrys"},{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Tartarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Hesiod","text":"The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn: fresco by Giorgio Vasari and Cristofano Gherardi, c. 1560 (Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo Vecchio)According to the standard version of the succession myth, given in Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus initially produced eighteen children with Gaia: the twelve Titans, the three Cyclopes, and the three Hecatoncheires (Hundred-Handers),[43] but hating them,[44] he hid them away somewhere inside Gaia.[45] Angry and in distress, Gaia fashioned a sickle made of adamant and urged her children to punish their father. Only her son Cronus was willing.[46] So Gaia hid Cronus in \"ambush\", gave him an adamantine sickle, and when Uranus came to lie with Gaia, Cronus reached out and castrated his father.[47] This enabled the Titans to be born and Cronus to assume supreme command of the cosmos, with the Titans as his subordinates.[48]Rhea presenting Cronus the stone wrapped in clothCronus, having now taken over control of the cosmos from Uranus, wanted to ensure that he maintained control. Uranus and Gaia had prophesied to Cronus that one of Cronus' own children would overthrow him, so when Cronus married Rhea, he made sure to swallow each of the children she birthed. This he did with the first five: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon (in that order), to Rhea's great sorrow.[49] However, when Rhea was pregnant with Zeus, Rhea begged her parents Gaia and Uranus to help her save Zeus. So they sent Rhea to Lyctus on Crete to bear Zeus, and Gaia took the newborn Zeus to raise, hiding him deep in a cave beneath Mount Aigaion.[50] Meanwhile, Rhea gave Cronus a huge stone wrapped in baby's clothes which he swallowed thinking that it was another of Rhea's children.[51]\"Fall of the Titans\". Oil on canvas by Jacob Jordaens, 1638.Zeus, now grown, forced Cronus (using some unspecified trickery of Gaia) to disgorge his other five children.[52] Zeus then released his uncles the Cyclopes (apparently still imprisoned beneath the earth, along with the Hundred-Handers, where Uranus had originally confined them) who then provide Zeus with his great weapon, the thunderbolt, which had been hidden by Gaia.[53] A great war was begun, the Titanomachy, for control of the cosmos. The Titans fought from Mount Othrys, while the Olympians fought from Mount Olympus.[54] In the tenth year of that great war, following Gaia's counsel, Zeus released the Hundred-Handers, who joined the war against the Titans, helping Zeus to gain the upper hand. Zeus cast the fury of his thunderbolt at the Titans, defeating them and throwing them into Tartarus,[55] with the Hundred-Handers as their guards.[56]","title":"Overthrown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Homer","text":"Only brief references to the Titans and the succession myth are found in Homer.[57] In the Iliad, Homer tells us that \"the gods ... that are called Titans\" reside in Tartarus.[58] Specifically, Homer says that \"Iapetus and Cronos ... have joy neither in the rays of Helios Hyperion [the Sun] nor in any breeze, but deep Tartarus is round about them\",[59] and further, that Zeus \"thrust Cronos down to dwell beneath earth and the unresting sea.\"[60]","title":"Overthrown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homeric Hymn to Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Hymns"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Bound"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus"},{"link_name":"Iapetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Other early sources","text":"Brief mentions of the Titanomachy and the imprisonment of the Titans in Tartarus also occur in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound.[61] \nIn the Hymn, Hera, angry at Zeus, calls upon the \"Titan gods who dwell beneath the earth about great Tartarus, and from whom are sprung both gods and men\".[62]In Prometheus Bound, Prometheus (the son of the Titan Iapetus) refers to the Titanomachy, and his part in it:When first the heavenly powers were moved to wrath, and mutual dissension was stirred up among them—some bent on casting Cronus from his seat so Zeus, in truth, might reign; others, eager for the contrary end, that Zeus might never win mastery over the gods—it was then that I, although advising them for the best, was unable to persuade the Titans, children of Heaven and Earth; but they, disdaining counsels of craft, in the pride of their strength thought to gain the mastery without a struggle and by force. ... That it was not by brute strength nor through violence, but by guile that those who should gain the upper hand were destined to prevail. And though I argued all this to them, they did not pay any attention to my words. With all that before me, it seemed best that, joining with my mother, I should place myself, a welcome volunteer, on the side of Zeus; and it is by reason of my counsel that the cavernous gloom of Tartarus now hides ancient Cronus and his allies within it.[63]","title":"Overthrown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Dione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Hundred-Handers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred-Handers"},{"link_name":"Cyclopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopes"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Metis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"emetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetic"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Campe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campe"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Apollodorus","text":"The mythographer Apollodorus, gives a similar account of the succession myth to Hesiod's, but with a few significant differences.[64] According to Apollodorus, there were thirteen original Titans, adding the Titaness Dione to Hesiod's list.[65] The Titans (instead of being Uranus' firstborn as in Hesiod) were born after the three Hundred-Handers and the three Cyclopes,[66] and while Uranus imprisoned these first six of his offspring, he apparently left the Titans free. Not just Cronus, but all the Titans, except Oceanus, attacked Uranus. After Cronus castrated Uranus, the Titans freed the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes (unlike in Hesiod, where they apparently remained imprisoned), and made Cronus their sovereign,[67] who then reimprisoned the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes in Tartarus.[68]Although Hesiod does not say how Zeus was eventually able to free his siblings, according to Apollodorus, Zeus was aided by Oceanus' daughter Metis, who gave Cronus an emetic which forced him to disgorge his children that he had swallowed.[69] According to Apollodorus, in the tenth year of the ensuing war, Zeus learned from Gaia, that he would be victorious if he had the Hundred-Handers and the Cyclopes as allies. So Zeus slew their warder Campe (a detail not found in Hesiod) and released them, and in addition to giving Zeus his thunderbolt (as in Hesiod), the Cyclopes also gave Poseidon his trident, and Hades a helmet, and \"with these weapons the gods overcame the Titans, shut them up in Tartarus, and appointed the Hundred-handers their guards\".[70]","title":"Overthrown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyginus"},{"link_name":"Fabulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabulae"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Epaphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaphus"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"}],"sub_title":"Hyginus","text":"The Roman mythographer Hyginus, in his Fabulae, gives an unusual (and perhaps confused) account of the Titanomachy.[71] According to Hyginus the Titanomachy came about because of a dispute between Jupiter and Juno (the Roman equivalents of Zeus and Hera). Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, was angry at her husband, on account of Jupiter's son Epaphus by Io (one of her husband's many lovers). Because of this Juno incited the Titans to rebel against Jupiter and restore Saturn (Cronus) to the kingship of the gods. Jupiter, with the help of Minerva (Athena), Apollo, and Diana (Artemis), put down the rebellion, and hurled the Titans (as in other accounts) down to Tartarus.","title":"Overthrown"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oceanus_at_Trevi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Oceanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus"},{"link_name":"Trevi Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevi_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Iapetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Oceanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx"},{"link_name":"Zelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelus"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Kratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Bia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Tethys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Bound"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_tortura_de_Prometeo,_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salvator Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvator_Rosa"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Menoetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menoetius"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"deception of Zeus at Mecone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_at_Mecone"},{"link_name":"theft of fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft_of_fire"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Bound"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Themis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis"},{"link_name":"Mnemosyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemosyne"},{"link_name":"Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto"},{"link_name":"Coeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeus"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Themis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis"},{"link_name":"Horae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horae"},{"link_name":"Moirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirai"},{"link_name":"Mnemosyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemosyne"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"},{"link_name":"Tityos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tityos"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Pelops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelops"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"Oceanus, Trevi Fountain, RomeAfter being overthrown in the Titanomachy, Cronus and his fellow vanquished Titans were cast into Tartarus:That is where the Titan gods are hidden under murky gloom by the plans of the cloud-gatherer Zeus, in a dank place, at the farthest part of huge earth. They cannot get out, for Poseidon has set bronze gates upon it, and a wall is extended on both sides.[72]However, besides Cronus, exactly which of the other Titans were supposed to have been imprisoned in Tartarus is unclear.[73] The only original Titan, mentioned by name, as being confined with Cronus in Tartarus, is Iapetus.[74]But, not all the Titans were imprisoned there. Certainly Oceanus, the great world encircling river, seems to have remained free, and in fact, seems not to have fought on the Titans' side at all.[75] In Hesiod, Oceanus sends his daughter Styx, with her children Zelus (Envy), Nike (Victory), Kratos (Power), and Bia (Force), to fight on Zeus' side against the Titans,[76] while in the Iliad, Hera says that, during the Titanomachy, she was cared for by Oceanus and his wife the Titaness Tethys.[77] Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, has Oceanus free to visit his nephew Prometheus sometime after the war.[78] Like Oceanus, Helios, the Titan son of Hyperion, certainly remained free to drive his sun-chariot daily across the sky, taking an active part in events subsequent to the Titanomachy.[79] The freedom of Oceanus, along with Helios (Sun), and perhaps Hyperion (to the extent that he also represented the Sun), would seem to be the result of cosmological necessity, for how could a world encircling river, or the Sun, be confined in Tartarus?[80]The Torture of Prometheus, painting by Salvator Rosa (1646–1648).As for other male offspring of the Titans, some seem to have participated in the Titanomachy, and were punished as a result, and others did not, or at least (like Helios) remained free. Three of Iapetus' sons, Atlas, Menoetius, and Prometheus are specifically connected by ancient sources with the war. In the Theogony both Atlas and Menoetius received punishments from Zeus, but Hesiod does not say for what crime exactly they were punished.[81] Atlas was famously punished by Zeus, by being forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders, but none of the early sources for this story (Hesiod, Homer, Pindar, and Aeschylus) say that his punishment was as a result of the war.[82] According to Hyginus however, Atlas led the Titans in a revolt against Zeus (Jupiter).[83] The Theogony has Menoetius struck down by Zeus' thunderbolt and cast into Erebus \"because of his mad presumption and exceeding pride\".[84] Whether Hesiod was using Erebus as another name for Tartarus (as was sometimes done), or meant that Menoetius's punishment was because of his participation in the Titanomachy is unclear, and no other early source mentions this event, however Apollodorus says that it was.[85] Hesiod does not mention Prometheus in connection with the Titanomachy, but Prometheus does remain free, in the Theogony, for his deception of Zeus at Mecone and his subsequent theft of fire, for which transgressions Prometheus was famously punished by Zeus by being chained to a rock where an eagle came to eat his \"immortal liver\" every day, which then grew back every night.[86] However Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound (as mentioned above) does have Prometheus say that he was an ally of Zeus during the Titanomachy.[87]Apollo piercing with his arrows Tityos, who has tried to rape his mother Leto (c. 450–440 BC)The female Titans, to the extent that they are mentioned at all, appear also to have been allowed to remain free.[88] Three of these, according to the Theogony, become wives of Zeus: Themis, Mnemosyne, and Leto, the daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe.[89] Themis gives birth to the three Horae (Hours), and the three Moirai (Fates), and Mnemosyne gives birth to the nine Muses. Leto, who gives birth to the Olympians Apollo and Artemis, takes an active part on the side of the Trojans in the Iliad, and is also involved in the story of the giant Tityos.[90] Tethys, presumably along with her husband Oceanus, took no part in the war, and, as mentioned above, provided safe refuge for Hera during the war. Rhea remains free and active after the war:[91] appearing at Leto's delivery of Apollo,[92] as Zeus' messenger to Demeter announcing the settlement concerning Persephone,[93] bringing Pelops back to life.[94]","title":"After the Titanomachy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Isles of the Blessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessed"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Rhadamanthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadamanthys"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Works and Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_and_Days"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Possible release","text":"While in Hesiod's Theogony, and Homer's Iliad, Cronus and the other Titans are confined to Tartarus—apparently forever[95]—another tradition, as indicated by later sources, seems to have had Cronus, or other of the Titans, being eventually set free.[96] Pindar, in one of his poems (462 BC), says that, although Atlas still \"strains against the weight of the sky ... Zeus freed the Titans\",[97] and in another poem (476 BC), Pindar has Cronus, in fact, ruling in the Isles of the Blessed, a land where the Greek heroes reside in the afterlife:[98]Those who have persevered three times, on either side, to keep their souls free from all wrongdoing, follow Zeus' road to the end, to the tower of Cronus, where ocean breezes blow around the island of the blessed, and flowers of gold are blazing, some from splendid trees on land, while water nurtures others. With these wreaths and garlands of flowers they entwine their hands according to the righteous counsels of Rhadamanthys, whom the great father, the husband of Rhea whose throne is above all others, keeps close beside him as his partner.[99]Prometheus Lyomenos, an undated lost play by Aeschylus (c. 525 – c. 455 BC), had a chorus composed of freed Titans. Possibly even earlier than Pindar and Aeschylus, two papyrus versions of a passage of Hesiods' Works and Days also mention Cronus being released by Zeus, and ruling over the heroes who go to the Isle of the Blessed; but other versions of Hesiod's text do not, and most editors judge these lines of text to be later interpolations.[100]","title":"After the Titanomachy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yazılıkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya"},{"link_name":"Hattusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattusa"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Hittites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Anunnaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Hurrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians"},{"link_name":"Hittites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites"},{"link_name":"Babylonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Hurro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians"},{"link_name":"Hittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_texts"},{"link_name":"Song of Kumarbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Kumarbi"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Anu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu"},{"link_name":"Kumarbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarbi"},{"link_name":"Teshub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshub"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Anunnaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk"},{"link_name":"Enûma Eliš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"Ancient Hittite relief carving from chamber B of Yazılıkaya, a sanctuary at Hattusa,[101] possibly depicting the twelve underworld gods, which the Hittites called the \"former gods\" (karuilies siunes), and identified with the Babylonian Anunnaki.[102]It is generally accepted that the Greek succession myth was imported from the Near East, and that along with this imported myth came stories of a group of former ruling gods, who had been defeated and displaced, and who became identified, by the Greeks, as the Titans.[103] Features of Hesiod's account of the Titans can be seen in the stories of the Hurrians, the Hittites, the Babylonians, and other Near Eastern cultures.[104]The Hurro-Hittite text Song of Kumarbi (also called Kingship in Heaven), written five hundred years before Hesiod,[105] tells of a succession of kings in heaven: Anu (Sky), Kumarbi, and the storm-god Teshub, with many striking parallels to Hesiod's account of the Greek succession myth. Like Cronus, Kumarbi castrates the sky-god Anu, and takes over his kingship. And like Cronus, Kumarbi swallows gods (and a stone?), one of whom is the storm-god Teshub, who like the storm-god Zeus, is apparently victorious against Kumarbi and others in a war of the gods.[106]Other Hittite texts contain allusions to \"former gods\" (karuilies siunes), precisely what Hesiod called the Titans, theoi proteroi. Like the Titans, these Hittite karuilies siunes, were twelve (usually) in number and end up confined in the underworld by the storm-god Teshub, imprisoned by gates they cannot open.[107] In Hurrian, the Hittite's karuilies siunes were known as the \"gods of down under\" (enna durenna) and the Hittites identified these gods with the Anunnaki, the Babylonian gods of the underworld,[108] whose defeat and imprisonment by the storm-god Marduk, in the Babylonian poem Enûma Eliš (late second millennium BC or earlier),[109] parallels the defeat and imprisonment of the Titans.[110] Other collectivities of gods, perhaps associated with the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, include the Dead Gods (Dingiruggû), the Banished Gods (ilāni darsūti), and the Defeated (or Bound) Gods (ilāni kamûti).[111]","title":"Near East origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Orphic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zeugma Mosaic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeugma_Mosaic_Museum"},{"link_name":"Orphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(religion)"},{"link_name":"sparagmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparagmos"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Zagreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreus"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Mount Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida"},{"link_name":"Curetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korybantes"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"The sparagmos","text":"Dionysus in a mosaic from the House of Poseidon, Zeugma Mosaic MuseumIn Orphic literature, the Titans play an important role in what is often considered to be the central myth of Orphism, the sparagmos, that is the dismemberment of Dionysus, who in this context is often given the title Zagreus.[112] As pieced together from various ancient sources, the reconstructed story, usually given by modern scholars, goes as follows.[113] Zeus had intercourse with Persephone in the form of a serpent, producing Dionysus. He is taken to Mount Ida where (like the infant Zeus) he is guarded by the dancing Curetes. Zeus intended Dionysus to be his successor as ruler of the cosmos, but a jealous Hera incited the Titans—who apparently unlike in Hesiod and Homer, were not imprisoned in Tartarus—to kill the child. The Titans whiten their faces with gypsum, and distracting the infant Dionysus with various toys, including a mirror, they seized Dionysus and tore (or cut)[114] him to pieces. The pieces were then boiled, roasted and partially eaten, by the Titans. But Athena managed to save Dionysus' heart, by which Zeus was able to contrive his rebirth from Semele.","title":"Orphic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Christian apologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_apologist"},{"link_name":"Arnobius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius"},{"link_name":"Nonnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnus"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Olympiodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"The anthropogony","text":"Commonly presented as a part of the myth of the dismembered Dionysus Zagreus, is an Orphic anthropogony, that is an Orphic account of the origin of human beings. According to this widely held view, as punishment for their crime, Zeus struck the Titans with his thunderbolt, and from the remains of the destroyed Titans humankind was born, which resulted in a human inheritance of ancestral guilt, for this original sin of the Titans, and by some accounts \"formed the basis for an Orphic doctrine of the divinity of man.\"[115] However, when and to what extent there existed any Orphic tradition which included these elements is the subject of open debate.[116]The 2nd century AD biographer and essayist Plutarch makes a connection between the sparagmos and the punishment of the Titans, but makes no mention of the anthropogony, or Orpheus, or Orphism. In his essay On the Eating of Flesh, Plutarch writes of \"stories told about the sufferings and dismemberment of Dionysus and the outrageous assaults of the Titans upon him, and their punishment and blasting by thunderbolt after they had tasted his blood\".[117] While, according to the early 4th century AD Christian apologist Arnobius, and the 5th century AD Greek epic poet Nonnus, it is as punishment for their murder of Dionysus that the Titans end up imprisoned by Zeus in Tartarus.[118]The only ancient source to explicitly connect the sparagmos and the anthropogony is the 6th century AD Neoplatonist Olympiodorus, who writes that, according to Orpheus, after the Titans had dismembered and eaten Dionysus, \"Zeus, angered by the deed, blasts them with his thunderbolts, and from the sublimate of the vapors that rise from them comes the matter from which men are created.\" Olympiodorus goes on to conclude that, because the Titans had eaten his flesh, we their descendants, are a part of Dionysus.[119]","title":"Orphic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Ellen Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison"},{"link_name":"shamanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Martin Litchfield West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Modern interpretations","text":"Some 19th- and 20th-century scholars, including Jane Ellen Harrison, have argued that an initiatory or shamanic ritual underlies the myth of the dismemberment and cannibalism of Dionysus by the Titans.[120] Martin Litchfield West also asserts this in relation to shamanistic initiatory rites of early Greek religious practices.[121]","title":"Orphic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Jane Ellen Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"The etymology of Τiτᾶνες (Titanes) is uncertain.[122] Hesiod in the Theogony gives a double etymology, deriving it from titaino [to strain] and tisis [vengeance], saying that Uranus gave them the name Titans: \"in reproach, for he said that they strained and did presumptuously a fearful deed, and that vengeance for it would come afterwards\".[123] But modern scholars doubt Hesiod's etymology.[124]Jane Ellen Harrison asserts that the word \"Titan\" comes from the Greek τίτανος, signifying white \"earth, clay, or gypsum,\" and that the Titans were \"white clay men\", or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals.[125]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)"},{"link_name":"moons of Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn"},{"link_name":"Tethys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Hyperion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Iapetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)"},{"link_name":"William Henry Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering"},{"link_name":"Themis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)"},{"link_name":"24 Themis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Themis"},{"link_name":"57 Mnemosyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57_Mnemosyne"},{"link_name":"Theia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theia_(planet)"}],"text":"The planet Saturn is named for the Roman equivalent of the Titan Cronus. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is named after the Titans generally, and the other moons of Saturn are named after individual Titans, specifically Tethys, Phoebe, Rhea, Hyperion, and Iapetus. Astronomer William Henry Pickering claimed to have discovered another moon of Saturn which he named Themis, but this discovery was never confirmed, and the name Themis was given to an asteroid, 24 Themis. Asteroid 57 Mnemosyne was also named for the Titan.A proto-planet Theia is hypothesized to have been involved in a collision in the early solar system, forming the Earth's moon.","title":"In astronomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"s.v. Titan 1.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D18%3Aentry%3Dtitan-bio-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"133–138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:104-138"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"337–370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:337-370"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"404–409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+404"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"375–377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"371–374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"507–511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"453–458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"901–906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+217"},{"link_name":"Nyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"915–920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"s.v. Titan 2.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dtitan-bio-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"132–138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132"},{"link_name":"337–411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337"},{"link_name":"453–520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453"},{"link_name":"901–906, 915–920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Oceanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanid"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"1.2.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Homeric Hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Hymns"},{"link_name":"99–100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Critias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)"},{"link_name":"113d–114a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Cleito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleito"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Bound"},{"link_name":"444–445 n. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml"},{"link_name":"446–447 n. 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml"},{"link_name":"538–539 n. 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40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA40"},{"link_name":"pp. 91–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC&pg=PA91"},{"link_name":"Epimenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimenides"},{"link_name":"pp. 7–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"},{"link_name":"Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyx"},{"link_name":"Tartarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus"},{"link_name":"world egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_egg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"14.201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.193-14.241"},{"link_name":"302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D14%3Acard%3D270"},{"link_name":"245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.242-14.269"},{"link_name":"21.195–197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D161"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"p. 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Titans; Tripp, p. 579 s.v. Titans; Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan; Smith, s.v. Titan 1..\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 133–138.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 337–370.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 404–409.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 375–377.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 371–374.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 507–511.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 453–458.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 901–906, although at Theogony 217 the Moirai are said to be the daughters of Nyx (Night).\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 915–920.\n\n^ Parada, p. 179 s.v. TITANS; Smith, s.v. Titan 2.; Rose, p. 143 s.v. Atlas, p. 597 s.v. Leto, p. 883 s.v. Prometheus; Tripp, p. 120 s.v. Atlas, p. 266 s.v. Helius, p. 499 s.v. Prometheus.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–138, 337–411, 453–520, 901–906, 915–920; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.\n\n^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony 351. However, according to Apollodorus, 1.2.3, a different Oceanid, Asia was the mother, by Iapetus, of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus.\n\n^ Although usually, as here, the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.\n\n^ According to Plato, Critias, 113d–114a, Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.\n\n^ In Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444–445 n. 2, 446–447 n. 24, 538–539 n. 113) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.\n\n^ Although, at Hesiod, Theogony 217, the Moirai are said to be the daughters of Nyx (Night).\n\n^ Fowler 2013, pp. 8, 11; Hard, pp. 36–37, p. 40; West 1997, p. 147; Gantz, p. 11; Burkert 1995, pp. 91–92; West 1983, pp. 119–120. According to Epimenides (see Fowler 2013, pp. 7–8), the first two beings, Night and Aer, produced Tartarus, who in turn produced two Titans (possibly Oceanus and Tethys) from whom came the world egg.\n\n^ Homer, Iliad 14.201, 302 [= 201], 245. According to West 1997, p. 147, these lines suggests a myth in which Oceanus and Tethys are the \"first parents of the whole race of gods.\" And, although Gantz, p. 11, points out that, \"mother\" may simply refer to the fact that Tethys was Hera's foster mother for a time, as Hera tells us in the lines immediately following, while the reference to Oceanus as \"the genesis of gods\" might be a \"formulaic epithet\" referring to the innumerable rivers and springs who were the sons of Oceanus (compare with Iliad 21.195–197), Hypnos' description of Oceanus as \"genesis for all\" is hard to understand as meaning other than that, for Homer, Oceanus was the father of the Titans.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 11–12, 743; West 1983, pp. 117–118; Fowler 2013, p. 11; Plato, Timaeus 40d–e.\n\n^ West 1983, pp. 118–120; Fowler 2013, p. 11; Plato, Cratylus 402b [= Orphic fr. 15 Kern].\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.1.3, 1.3.1. Dione is also the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus in the Iliad, 5.370, 3.374; but in the Theogony, 191–200, Aphrodite was born from the foam which formed around Uranus' severed genitals when Cronus threw them into the sea.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 743.\n\n^ Bremmer, p. 5, calls Hyginus' genealogy \"a strange hodgepodge of Greek and Roman cosmogonies and early genealogies\".\n\n^ Hyginus, Fabulae\nTheogony 3.\n\n^ Pausanias, 8.37.5.\n\n^ Hansen, p. 302: \"As a group the Titans are the older gods, the former gods, in contrast to the Oympians, who are the younger and present gods\".\n\n^ West 2007, p. 162; Hard, p. 35; West 1997, pp. 111, 298; Hesiod, Theogony 424, 486. As noted by Woodard, p. 154 n. 44, Theogony 486: Οὐρανίδῃ μέγ’ ἄνακτι, θεῶν προτέρων βασιλῆι, which some interpret as meaning Cronus \"former king of the gods\" (e.g. Evelyn-White), others interpret as meaning Cronus \"king of the former gods\" (e.g. Most, pp. 40, 41; Caldwell, p. 56; West 1988, p. 17), for an argument against \"former king\" see West 1966, p. 301 on line 486 θεῶν προτέρων.\n\n^ Hard, p. 35: \"The essential point is that the Titans [are] the former ruling gods who were banished from the upper world when the present devine order was established.\"; West 1983, p. 164: \"The Titans are by definition the banished gods, the gods who have gone out of the world\"; West 1966, p. 200 on line 133.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 45–46; West 1966, p. 200 on line 133; Hesiod, Theogony 729 ff., 807–814; Homer, Iliad 8.478–481, 14.274, 14.278–279; 15.225; Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 221.\n\n^ Woodard, pp. 96–97; West 1966, p. 201.\n\n^ Woodard, p. 97; Hesiod, Theogony 697.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 46; Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3) 334–339.\n\n^ Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 140; Burkert 1985, p. 200, which gives the Titans as an example of \"chthonic gods\"; Homer, Iliad 14.270–279.\n\n^ Woodard, p. 92; Hard, pp. 34–35; Burkert 1995, p. 94; Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137; West 1966, p. 200.\n\n^ West 1966 p. 36, which, concerning Hesiod's list of names, says: \"Its very heterogeneity betrays its lack of traditional foundation. Rhea, Zeus' mother, must be married to Kronos, Zeus' father. Hyperion, as father of Helios, must be put back to that generation; so must ancient and venerable personages as Oceanus and Tethys, Themis and Mnemosyne. By the addition of four more colourless names (Koios, Kreios, Theia, and Phoibe), the list is made up to a complement of six males and six females\";cf. West 1966, p. 200 on line 133.\n\n^ Hard, p. 34.\n\n^ Hard, p. 35; West 1966 pp. 200–201 on line 133.\n\n^ Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137.\n\n^ West 1966 pp. 36, 157–158 on line 18.\n\n^ Hard, pp. 65–69; West 1966, pp. 18–19.\n\n^ For a detailed account of Titanomachy and Zeus' rise to power see Gantz, pp. 44–56.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–153.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 154–155. Exactly which of these eighteen children Hesiod meant that Uranus hated is not entirely clear, all eighteen, or perhaps just the Cyclopes and the Hundred-Handers. Hard,\np. 67; West 1988, p. 7, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160, make it all eighteen; while Gantz, p. 10, says \"likely all eighteen\"; and Most, p. 15 n. 8, says \"apparently only the ... Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers are meant\" and not the twelve Titans. See also West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–53, p. 213 line 154 γὰρ. Why Uranus hated his children is also not clear. Gantz, p. 10 says: \"The reason for [Uranus'] hatred may be [his children's] horrible appearance, though Hesiod does not quite say this\"; while Hard, p. 67 says: \"Although Hesiod is vague about the cause of his hatred, it would seem that he took a dislike to them because they were terrible to behold\". However, West 1966, p. 213 on line 155, says that Uranus hated his children because of their \"fearsome nature\".\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 156–158. The hiding place inside Gaia is presumably her womb, see West 1966, p. 214 on line 158; Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160; Gantz, p. 10. This place seems also to be the same place as Tartarus, see West 1966, p. 338 on line 618, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 159–172.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 173–182; according to Gantz, p. 10, Cronus waited in ambush, and reached out to castrate Uranus, from \"inside [Gaia's] body, we will understand, if he too is a prisoner\".\n\n^ Hard, p. 67; West 1966, p. 19. As Hard notes, in the Theogony, although the Titans were freed as a result of Uranus' castration, apparently the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers remain imprisoned (see below), see also West 1966, p. 214 on line 158.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 453–467.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 468–484. Mount Aigaion is otherwise unknown, and Lyctus is nowhere else associated with Zeus' birth, later tradition located the cave on Mount Ida, or sometimes Mount Dikte, see Hard, pp. 74–75; West 1966, pp. 297–298 on line 477, p. 300 on line 484.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 485–491.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 44; Hesiod, Theogony 492–500.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 501–506; Hard, pp. 68–69; West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–153, pp. 303–305 on lines 501–506. According to Apollodorus, 1.1.4-5, after the overthrow of Uranus, the Cyclopes (as well as the Hundred-Handers) were rescued from Tartarus by the Titans, but reimprisoned by Cronus.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 340 on line 632; Hesiod, Theogony 630–634. As noted by West, locating the Titan's on Othrys was \"presumably ... simply because it was the principal mountain on the opposite side of the [Thessalian] plain: There is no evidence that it was really a seat of gods as Olympus was. Elsewhere it is said that the Titans formerly occupied Olympus itself\". For Titans on Olympus, see Hesiod, Works and Days 110–111; Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 148; Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.503–508, 2.1232–1233.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 624–721. This is the sequence of events understood to be implied in the Theogony by, for example, Hard, p. 68; Caldwell, p. 65 on line 636; and West 1966, p. 19. However according to Gantz, p. 45, \"Hesiod's account does not quite say whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the conflict or only in the tenth year. ... Eventually, if not at the beginning, the Hundred-Handers are fighting\".\n\n^ This is the usual interpretation of Theogony 734–735 (e.g. Hard, p. 68; Hansen, pp. 25, 159, adding the caveat \"presumably\"; Gantz, p. 45). However according to West 1966, p. 363 on lines 734–5: \"It is usually assumed that the Hundred-Handers are acting as prison guards (so Tz. Th. 277 τοὺς Ἑκατόγχειρας αὺτοῖς φύλακας ἐπιστήσας). The poet does not say this—πιστοὶ φύλακες Διὸς probably refers to their help in battle, cf. 815 κλειτοὶ ἐπίκουροι\". Compare with Theogony 817–819.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 1, 11, 45.\n\n^ Hard, p. 36; Homer, Iliad 14.278–279. Compare with Iliad 14.274: \"the gods that are below with Cronus\", and repeated at Iliad 15.225.\n\n^ Homer, Iliad 8.478–481.\n\n^ Homer, Iliad 14.203–204.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 45–46.\n\n^ Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3), 334–339.\n\n^ Aeschylus(?), \nPrometheus Bound 201–223.\n\n^ Hard, pp. 68–69; Gantz, pp. 2, 45; West 1983, p. 123; Apollodorus, 1.1.1–1.2.1. As for Apollodorus' sources, Hard, p. 68, says that Apollodorus' version \"perhaps derived from the lost Titanomachia or from the Orphic literature\"; see also Gantz, p. 2; for a detailed discussion of Apollodorus' sources for his account of the early history of the gods, see West 1983, pp. 121–126.\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.1.3.\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.1.1–1.1.2.\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.1.4.\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.1.5. The release and reimprisonment of the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes, was perhaps a way to solve the problem in Hesiod's account of why the castration of Uranus, which released the Titans, did not also apparently release the six brothers, see Fowler 2013, p. 26; West 1966, p. 206 on lines on lines 139–53. In any case, as West 1983, pp. 130–131, points out, while the release is \"logical, since it was indignation at their imprinsonment that led Ge to incite the Titans to overthrow Uranos,\" their reimprisonment is needed to allow for their eventual release by Zeus to help him overthrow the Titans.\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.1.5–1.2.1.\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.2.1.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 308 on line 509; Hyginus, Fabulae 150. According to Gantz: \"Likely enough Hyginus has confused stories of Hera's summoning of the Gigantes to her aid (as in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo) with the overthrow of the Titans.\"\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 729–734, translation by Glenn W. Most.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 45–46.\n\n^ Homer, Iliad 8.478–481.\n\n^ Fowler 2013, p. 11; Hard, p. 37; Gantz, pp. 28, 46; West 1983, p. 119.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 337–398. The translations of the names used here follow Caldwell, p. 8.\n\n^ Homer, Iliad 14.200–204.\n\n^ Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 286–289.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 30–31.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 46; Hard, p. 37.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 46, 154.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 46.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 308 on line 509; Hyginus, Fabulae 150.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 514–516.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 40, 154; West 1966, p. 308 on line 510; Apollodorus, 1.2.3.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 40, 154–166; Hesiod, Theogony 521–534.\n\n^ Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 201–223.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 46.\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 901–906, 915–920.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 38–39; Homer, Iliad 445–448, 20.72, 21.497–501, 21.502–504, Odyssey 576–581.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 44.\n\n^ Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3) 93.\n\n^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2) 441–444.\n\n^ Bacchylides, fr. 42 Campbell, pp. 294, 295.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 46; Burkert 1985, p. 221; West 1966, p. 358.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 46–48.\n\n^ Pindar, Pythian 4.289–291.\n\n^ Gantz, p. 47; West 1978, p. 195 on line 173a.\n\n^ Pindar, Olympian 2.69–77.\n\n^ Gantz, pp. 46–47; West 1988, p. 76, note to line 173; West 1978, pp. 194–196, on lines 173a–e.\n\n^ Beckman, pp. 155–156, 162 fig. 7.7.\n\n^ Rutherford, pp. 51–52; West 2007, p. 162; West 1997, p. 299; Archi, pp. 114–115.\n\n^ Woodard, p. 92; Hard, pp. 34–35; Burkert 1995, p. 94; Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137; West 1966, p. 200. Although the Titan's mythology seems certainly to have been imported, whether the Titans were originally a group of gods native to Mycenean Greece, upon whom this borrowed mythology was simply overlaid is unknown. According to West 1966, p. 200: \"it is probable that the Titans were taken over from the Orient as part of the Succession Myth, or else that they were gods native to Mycenean Greece but similar enough to the ‘older gods’ of the Near East to be identified with them\"; while according to Hard, p. 35: \"There may have been an early group of native gods of that name who were identified with the former gods of the imported myth; or else the name Titan was simply a title that was applied by the Greeks to gods of eastern origin. There is no way of telling which alternative is true, and it makes no practical difference in any case, since we know nothing whatever of the original nature of the Titans if they had once enjoyed a separate existence in Greece.\".\n\n^ For detailed discussions of the parallels of the Greek succession myth in Near East mythology, see Woodard, pp. 92–103; West 1997, pp. 276–333; West 1966, pp. 19–31.\n\n^ West 1997, p. 278; West 1966, p. 20.\n\n^ Woodard, pp. 92–98; West 1997, pp. 278–280; West 1966, pp. 20–21; Burkert 1985, p. 127.\n\n^ West 2007, p. 162; West 1997, p. 298; Archi, p. 114.\n\n^ Rutherford, pp. 51–52; West 2007, p. 162; West 1997, p. 299; Archi, pp. 114–115.\n\n^ Woodard, p. 99; West 1983, p. 102.\n\n^ West 1997, p. 139; West 1966, p. 200.\n\n^ West 1997, p. 299; Burkert 1995, p. 94, with p. 203 n. 24.\n\n^ Nilsson, p. 202 calls it \"the cardinal myth of Orphism\"; Guthrie, p. 107, describes the myth as \"the central point of Orphic story\", Linforth, p. 307 says it is \"commonly regarded as essentially and peculiarly Orphic and the very core of the Orphic religion\", and Parker 2002, p. 495, writes that \"it has been seen as the Orphic 'arch-myth'.\n\n^ West 1983, pp. 73–74, provides a detailed reconstruction with numerous cites to ancient sources, with a summary on p. 140. For other summaries see Morford, p. 311; Hard, p. 35; March, s.v. Zagreus, p. 788; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456; Burkert 1985, pp. 297–298; Guthrie, p. 82; also see Ogden, p. 80. For a detailed examination of many of the ancient sources pertaining to this myth see Linforth, pp. 307–364. The most extensive account in ancient sources is found in Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5.562–70, 6.155 ff., other principle sources include Diodorus Siculus, 3.62.6–8 (= Orphic fr. 301 Kern), 3.64.1–2, 4.4.1–2, 5.75.4 (= Orphic fr. 303 Kern); Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.110–114; Athenagoras of Athens, Legatio 20 Pratten (= Orphic fr. 58 Kern); Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus 2.15 pp. 36–39 Butterworth (= Orphic frs. 34, 35 Kern); Hyginus, Fabulae 155, 167; Suda s.v. Ζαγρεύς. See also Pausanias, 7.18.4, 8.37.5.\n\n^ West 1983, p. 160 remarks that while \"many sources speak of Dionysus' being 'rent apart' ... those who use more precise language say that he was cut up with a knife\".\n\n^ Linforth, pp. 307–308; Spineto, p. 34. For presentations of the myth which include the anthropogony, see Dodds, pp. 155–156; West 1983, pp. 74–75, 140, 164–166; Guthrie, p. 83; Burkert 1985, pp. 297–298; March, s.v. Zagreus, p. 788; Parker 2002, pp. 495–496; Morford, p. 313.\n\n^ See Spineto pp. 37–39; Edmonds 1999 Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine, 2008, 2013 chapter 9; Bernabé 2002, 2003; Parker 2014.\n\n^ Plutarch, On the Eating of Flesh 1.996 C; Linforth, pp. 334 ff. Edmonds 1999, pp. 44–47 Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Arnobius, Adversus Gentes 5.19 (p. 242) (= Orphic fr. 34 Kern); Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6.206–210.\n\n^ Edmonds 1999, p. 40 Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine; Olympiodorus, In Plato Phaedon 1.3 (= Orphic fr. 220 Kern); Spineto p. 34; Burkert 1985, p. 463 n. 15; West 1983, pp. 164–165; Linforth, pp. 326 ff..\n\n^ Harrison, p. 490.\n\n^ West 1983.\n\n^ Woodard, p. 97; Hard, p. 35; West 1966, p. 200; Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan.\n\n^ Caldwell, p. 40 on lines 207-210; Hesiod, Theogony 207–210. For a discussion see West 1966, p. 225–226 on line 209 τιταίνοντας.\n\n^ Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan, calls Hesiod's derivation \"fanciful\", while Hard, p. 35, describes it as \"obviously factitious\", adding that \"there is some ancient evidence to suggest that it may have meant 'princes' or the like\"; while West p. 225 on line 209 τιταίνοντας, says that \"it is not clear how or why the Titans 'strained'\".\n\n^ Harrison, pp. 491 ff.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Fall of the Titans by Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem (1596–1598)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cronus armed with sickle; image derived from a carved gem (Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison, Galerie mythologique, 1811).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturnus_fig274.png/150px-Saturnus_fig274.png"},{"image_text":"Rhea, both sister and wife to Cronus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rhea_MKL1888.png/150px-Rhea_MKL1888.png"},{"image_text":"The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn: fresco by Giorgio Vasari and Cristofano Gherardi, c. 1560 (Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo Vecchio)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/300px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rhea presenting Cronus the stone wrapped in cloth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg/175px-Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Fall of the Titans\". Oil on canvas by Jacob Jordaens, 1638.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg/220px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oceanus, Trevi Fountain, Rome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oceanus_at_Trevi.JPG/175px-Oceanus_at_Trevi.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Torture of Prometheus, painting by Salvator Rosa (1646–1648).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg/175px-La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Apollo piercing with his arrows Tityos, who has tried to rape his mother Leto (c. 450–440 BC)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg/175px-Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ancient Hittite relief carving from chamber B of Yazılıkaya, a sanctuary at Hattusa,[101] possibly depicting the twelve underworld gods, which the Hittites called the \"former gods\" (karuilies siunes), and identified with the Babylonian Anunnaki.[102]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/260px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dionysus in a mosaic from the House of Poseidon, Zeugma Mosaic Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/220px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Annunaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunaki"},{"title":"Asura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura"},{"title":"Cyclopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopes"},{"title":"Elohim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim"},{"title":"Giants (Greek mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)"},{"title":"Greek primordial deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities"},{"title":"Hecatoncheires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecatoncheires"},{"title":"Jötunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn"},{"title":"Vanir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts
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List of former United States district courts
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["1 Alabama","2 Arkansas","3 California","4 Florida","5 Georgia","6 Illinois","7 Indiana","8 Iowa","9 Kentucky","10 Louisiana","11 Michigan","12 Mississippi","13 Missouri","14 New Jersey","15 New York","16 North Carolina","17 Ohio","18 Pennsylvania","19 South Carolina","20 Tennessee","21 Texas","22 Virginia","23 Washington","24 West Virginia","25 Wisconsin","26 See also","27 References"]
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The following are former United States district courts, which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units. With the exception of California, each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state, and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population. Two of the district courts—those of South Carolina and New Jersey—were subdivided but later recreated. Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress, and for each such action, the statutory reference is identified.
Alabama
The United States District Court for the District of Alabama was created on April 21, 1820, by 3 Stat. 564. It was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on March 10, 1824, by 4 Stat. 9. The Middle District was subsequently formed from parts of these two districts on February 6, 1839, by 5 Stat. 315, with legislation specifying that the Middle District Court was to be held at Tuscaloosa, the Northern District Court at Huntsville, and the Southern District Court at Mobile. The Districts were reorganized on August 7, 1848. Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Alabama.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Charles Tait
AL
1768–1835
1820–1824
—
—
Monroe
reassignment to N.D. Ala. and S.D. Ala.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 21, 1820 by 3 Stat. 564
Tait
1820–1824
Seat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on March 10, 1824 by 4 Stat. 9
Arkansas
Arkansas, originally part of the Louisiana Purchase, became part of the Missouri Territory in 1812, when Louisiana became a state. When Missouri became a state in 1819, a territorial government, including a territorial court, was organized for Arkansas, taking effect on July 4, 1819. The United States District Court for the District of Arkansas was established with a single judge when Arkansas became a state, on June 15, 1836, by 5 Stat. 50, 51. The court was subdivided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1851, by 9 Stat. 594.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Benjamin Johnson
AR
1784–1849
1836–1849
—
—
Jackson
death
2
Daniel Ringo
AR
1803–1873
1849–1851
—
—
Taylor
reassignment to E.D. Ark. and W.D. Ark.
Seat 1
Seat established on June 15, 1836 by 5 Stat. 50
Johnson
1836–1849
Ringo
1849–1851
Seat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1851 by 9 Stat. 594
California
The United States District Court for the District of California existed from 1866 to 1886. California was admitted as a state on September 9, 1850, and was initially divided into two districts, the Northern and the Southern, by Act of Congress approved September 28 9 Stat. 521. The boundary line was at the 37th parallel north. The creating act provided that:
In addition to the ordinary jurisdiction and powers of a District Court of the United States, with which the Southern District Court of New York has been invested, the said Courts be and hereby are invested respectively within the limits of its district with the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction and power in all civil cases now exercised by the Circuit Courts of the United States; and that in all cases where said Courts shall exercise such jurisdiction, appeals may be taken from the judgments, orders or decrees of said Courts to the Supreme Court of the United States.
On February 27, 1851, President Millard Fillmore appointed Ogden Hoffman Jr., as the judge presiding over the Northern District. The Act of August 31, 1852, made the Judge of the Northern District be Judge of the Southern District as well until otherwise provided, by 10 Stat. 76, 84, effectively creating a single District in all but name until an Act of January 18, 1854 provided for the appointment of a Judge for the Southern District. The Southern District of California was abolished and the State made to constitute one district by Act of Congress approved July 27, 1866, 14 Stat. 300.
Twenty years later, on August 5, 1886, Congress re-created the Southern District of California (and, by extension, the Northern District) by 24 Stat. 308. Hoffman, who had continued serving as the sole district judge, again became judge of the Northern district only, there continuing in service for five more years. Erskine Mayo Ross was appointed Judge of the new Southern District and served until his promotion to the Circuit Judgeship, when he was succeeded by Olin Wellborn.
On March 18, 1966, the Eastern and Central Districts were created from portions of the Northern and Southern Districts by 80 Stat. 75.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Ogden Hoffman Jr.
CA
1822–1891
1866–1886
—
—
Fillmore / Operation of law
reassignment to N.D. Cal.
Seat 1
Seat established on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300
Hoffman, Jr.
1866–1886
Seat reassigned to Northern District on August 5, 1886 by 24 Stat. 308
Florida
On the same day that Florida was admitted as a state, March 3, 1845, Congress enacted legislation creating the United States District Court for the District of Florida, 5 Stat. 788. On February 23, 1847, 9 Stat. 131 divided the jurisdiction of this court between the Northern District and a Southern District Courts with the boundary between as:
hat part of the State of Florida lying south of a line drawn due east and west from the northern point of Charlotte Harbor, including the islands, keys, reefs, shoals, harbors, bays and inlets, south of said line, shall be erected into a new judicial district, to be called the Southern District of Florida; a District Court shall be held in said Southern District, to consist of one judge, who shall reside at Key West, in said district...
The same statute directed the Northern District to hold court at Apalachicola, Florida, and Pensacola, Florida.
On July 30, 1962, the Middle District was created from portions of the other districts by 76 Stat. 247.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Isaac H. Bronson
FL
1802–1855
1846–1847
—
—
Polk
reassignment to N.D. Fla.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 788
Bronson
1846–1847
Seat reassigned to Northern District on February 23, 1847 by 9 Stat. 131
Georgia
The United States District Court for the District of Georgia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848, by 9 Stat. 280. The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on May 28, 1926, by 44 Stat. 670.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Nathaniel Pendleton
GA
1756–1821
1789–1796
—
—
Washington
resignation
2
Joseph Clay Jr.
GA
1764–1811
1796–1801
—
—
Washington
resignation
3
William Stephens
GA
1752–1819
1801–1818
—
—
Jefferson
resignation
4
William Davies
GA
1775–1829
1819–1821
—
—
Monroe
resignation
5
Jeremiah La Touche Cuyler
GA
1768–1839
1821–1839
—
—
Monroe
death
6
John Cochran Nicoll
GA
1793–1863
1839–1848
—
—
Van Buren
reassignment to N.D. Ga. and S.D. Ga.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Pendleton
1789–1796
Clay
1796–1801
Stephens
1801–1818
Davies
1819–1821
Cuyler
1821–1839
Nicoll
1839–1848
Seat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848 by 9 Stat. 280
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Georgia
Illinois
Map of the changing Districts of Illinois.
The United States District Court for the District of Illinois was established by a statute passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819, 3 Stat. 502. The act established a single office for a judge to preside over the court. Initially, the court was not within any existing judicial circuit, and appeals from the court were taken directly to the United States Supreme Court. In 1837, Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, placing it in Chicago, Illinois and giving it jurisdiction over the District of Illinois, 5 Stat. 176. The District itself was eliminated by a statute passed on February 13, 1855, 10 Stat. 606, under which it was subdivided into the Northern and the Southern Districts. The boundaries of the District and the seats of the courts were set forth in the statute:
The counties of Hancock, McDonough, Peoria, Woodford, Livingston, and Iroquois, and all the counties in the said State north of them, shall compose one district, to be called the northern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the said district at the city of Chicago; and the residue of the counties of the said State shall compose another district, to be called the southern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the same at the city of Springfield.
The district has since been re-organized several times. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois was created on March 3, 1905, by 33 Stat. 992, by splitting counties out of the Northern and Southern Districts. It was later eliminated in a reorganization on October 2, 1978, which replaced it with a Central District, 92 Stat. 883, also formed from parts of the Northern and Southern Districts.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Nathaniel Pope
IL
1784–1850
1819–1850
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Thomas Drummond
IL
1809–1890
1850–1855
—
—
Taylor
reassignment to N.D. Ill.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1819 by 3 Stat. 502
Pope
1819–1850
Drummond
1850–1855
Seat reassigned to Northern District on February 13, 1855 by 10 Stat. 606
Indiana
The United States District Court for the District of Indiana was established on March 3, 1817, by 3 Stat. 390. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on April 21, 1928, by 45 Stat. 437. Of all district courts that have been subdivided, Indiana existed for the longest time as a single court, 111 years.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Benjamin Parke
IN
1777–1835
1817–1835
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Jesse Lynch Holman
IN
1784–1842
1835–1842
—
—
Jackson
death
3
Elisha Mills Huntington
IN
1806–1862
1842–1862
—
—
Tyler
death
4
Caleb Blood Smith
IN
1808–1864
1862–1864
—
—
Lincoln
death
5
Albert Smith White
IN
1803–1864
1864
—
—
Lincoln
death
6
David McDonald
IN
1803–1869
1864–1869
—
—
Lincoln
death
7
Walter Q. Gresham
IN
1832–1895
1869–1883
—
—
Grant
resignation
8
William Allen Woods
IN
1837–1901
1883–1892
—
—
Arthur
elevation to 7th Cir.
9
John Baker
IN
1832–1915
1892–1902
—
—
B. Harrison
retirement
10
Albert B. Anderson
IN
1857–1938
1902–1925
—
—
T. Roosevelt
elevation to 7th Cir.
11
Robert C. Baltzell
IN
1879–1950
1925–1928
—
—
Coolidge
reassignment to S.D. Ind.
12
Thomas Whitten Slick
IN
1869–1959
1925–1928
—
—
Coolidge
reassignment to N.D. Ind.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1817 by 3 Stat. 390
Parke
1817–1835
Holman
1835–1842
Huntington
1842–1862
Smith
1862–1864
White
1864
McDonald
1864–1869
Gresham
1869–1883
Woods
1883–1892
Baker
1892–1902
Anderson
1902–1925
Baltzell
1925–1928
Seat reassigned to Southern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437
Seat 2
Seat established on January 16, 1925 by 43 Stat. 751
Slick
1925–1928
Seat reassigned to Northern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Indiana
Iowa
The United States District Court for the District of Iowa was established on March 3, 1845, by 5 Stat. 789. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on July 20, 1882, by 22 Stat. 172.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John James Dyer
IA
1809–1855
1847–1855
—
—
Polk
death
2
James M. Love
IA
1820–1891
1855–1882
—
—
Pierce
reassignment to S.D. Iowa
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 789
Dyer
1847–1855
Love
1855–1882
Seat reassigned to Southern District on July 20, 1882 by 22 Stat. 172
Kentucky
The United States District Court for the District of Kentucky was part of one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. At the time, Kentucky was not yet a state, but was within the territory of the state of Virginia. The District was unchanged when Kentucky became a state on June 1, 1792. On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, abolished the U.S. district court in Kentucky, but the repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132. The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 12, 1901, by 31 Stat. 781.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Harry Innes
KY
1752–1816
1789–1816
—
—
Washington
death
2
Robert Trimble
KY
1776–1828
1817–1826
—
—
Madison
elevation to Supreme Court
3
John Boyle
KY
1774–1834
1826–1834
—
—
J.Q. Adams
death
4
Thomas Bell Monroe
KY
1791–1865
1834–1861
—
—
Jackson
resignation
5
Bland Ballard
KY
1819–1879
1861–1879
—
—
Lincoln
death
6
William Hercules Hays
KY
1820–1880
1879–1880
—
—
Hayes
death
7
John W. Barr
KY
1826–1907
1880–1899
—
—
Hayes
retirement
8
Walter Evans
KY
1842–1923
1899–1901
—
—
McKinley
reassignment to W.D. Ky.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Innes
1789–1816
Trimble
1817–1826
Boyle
1826–1834
Monroe
1834–1861
Ballard
1861–1879
Hays
1879–1880
Barr
1880–1899
Evans
1899–1901
Seat reassigned to Western District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 781
Louisiana
On March 26, 1804, Congress organized the Territory of Orleans and created the United States District Court for the District of Orleans – the first time Congress provided a territory with a district court equal in its authority and jurisdiction to those of the states. The United States District Court for the District of Louisiana was established on April 8, 1812, by 2 Stat. 701, several weeks before Louisiana was formally admitted as a state of the union. The District was thereafter subdivided and reformed several times. It was first subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823, by 3 Stat. 774.
On February 13, 1845, Louisiana was reorganized into a single District with one judgeship, by 5 Stat. 722, but was again divided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1849, by 9 Stat. 401. Congress again abolished the Western District of Louisiana and reorganized Louisiana as a single judicial district on July 27, 1866, by 14 Stat. 300. On March 3, 1881, by 21 Stat. 507, Louisiana was for a third time divided into Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each. The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on December 18, 1971, by 85 Stat. 741.
During the course of its frequent subdivisions and reunifications, four judges served as judge of the District of Louisiana: Dominic Augustin Hall, (1812–1820), John Dick, (1821–1823), Theodore Howard McCaleb (1845–1849), and Edward Henry Durell (1866–1874). Hall was appointed to the District of Louisiana twice. He briefly resigned from the District Court to serve as a Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. He was shortly thereafter reappointed to the same seat on the District Court, which had remained vacant in his absence.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Dominic Augustin Hall
LA
1765–1820
1812–18131813–1820
—
—
Madison Madison
resignationdeath
2
John Dick
LA
1788–1824
1820–1823
—
—
Monroe
reassignment to E.D. La. and W.D. La.
3
Theodore Howard McCaleb
LA
1810–1864
1845–1849
—
—
Tyler/Operation of law
reassignment to E.D. La.
4
Edward Henry Durell
LA
1810–1887
1866–1874
—
—
Lincoln/Operation of law
resignation
5
Edward Coke Billings
LA
1829–1893
1876–1881
—
—
Grant
reassignment to E.D. La.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 8, 1812 by 2 Stat. 701
Hall
1812–1813
Hall
1813–1820
Dick
1821–1823
Seat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823 by 3 Stat. 774
Seat reassigned from Eastern and Western Districts on February 13, 1845 by 5 Stat. 772
McCaleb
1845–1849
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1849 by 9 Stat. 401
Seat reassigned from Eastern District on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300
Durell
1866–1874
Billings
1876–1881
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1881 by 21 Stat. 507
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana
Michigan
The United States District Court for the District of Michigan was established on July 1, 1836, by 5 Stat. 61, with a single judgeship. The district court was not assigned to a judicial circuit, but was granted the same jurisdiction as United States circuit courts, except in appeals and writs of error, which were the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Due to the so-called "Toledo War", a boundary dispute with Ohio, Michigan did not become a state of the Union until January 26, 1837. On March 3, 1837, Congress passed an act that repealed the circuit court jurisdiction of the U.S. District Court for the District of Michigan, assigned the District of Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, and established a U.S. circuit court for the district, 5 Stat. 176.
On July 15, 1862, Congress reorganized the circuits and assigned Michigan to the Eighth Circuit by 12 Stat. 576, and on January 28, 1863, the Congress again reorganized the Seventh and Eight Circuits and assigned Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, by 12 Stat. 637. On February 24, 1863, Congress divided the District of Michigan into the Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each district, by 12 Stat. 660.
Ross Wilkins was the only district judge to serve the District of Michigan. He was nominated by President Andrew Jackson on July 2, 1836, to the newly created seat, and was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 2, 1836. He received his commission on January 26, 1837. Upon termination of the District of Michigan, Wilkins was reassigned to the Eastern District of Michigan.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Ross Wilkins
MI
1799–1872
1837–1863
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to E.D. Mich.
Seat 1
Seat established on July 1, 1836 by 5 Stat. 61
Wilkins
1837–1863
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 24, 1863 by 12 Stat. 660
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Michigan
Mississippi
The United States District Court for the District of Mississippi was established on April 3, 1818, by 3 Stat. 413. It existed for over twenty years, and was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838, by 5 Stat. 247:
The State of Mississippi, at the date of the act of March 3, 1837... constituted one district, in which the District Court was invested with the powers of a Circuit Court. By that act the extraordinary jurisdiction of the District Court was abrogated. But by the acts of June 18, 1838, and of February 16, 1839, the district of Mississippi was divided into two districts, the Northern and Southern; and by the latter act the powers of a Circuit Court were conferred on the District Court for the Northern District.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
William Bayard Shields
MS
1780–1823
1818–1823
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Peter Randolph
MS
1779–1832
1823–1832
—
—
Monroe
death
3
Powhatan Ellis
MS
1790–1863
1832–1836
—
—
Jackson
resignation
4
George Adams
MS
1784–1844
1836–1858
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to N.D. Miss. and S.D. Miss.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 3, 1818 by 3 Stat. 413
Shields
1818–1823
Randolph
1823–1832
Ellis
1832–1836
Adams
1836–1838
Seat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838 by 5 Stat. 247
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Mississippi
Missouri
The United States District Court for the District of Missouri was established on March 16, 1822, by 3 Stat. 653. However, an act of Congress passed in 1845 and upheld by the United States Supreme Court in 1851, extending federal admiralty jurisdiction to inland waterways, resulted in a substantial increase in the number of admiralty cases arising from traffic on the Mississippi River. These disputes involved "contracts of affreightment, collisions, mariners' wages, and other causes of admiralty jurisdiction", and litigants of matters arising in the port city of St. Louis found it inconvenient to travel far inland to Jefferson City for their cases to be tried. The District was therefore subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1857, by 11 Stat. 197.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
James H. Peck
MO
1790–1836
1822–1836
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Robert William Wells
MO
1795–1864
1836–1857
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to W.D. Mo.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 16, 1822 by 3 Stat. 653
Peck
1822–1836
Wells
1836–1857
Seat reassigned to Western District on March 3, 1857 by 11 Stat. 197
New Jersey
The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. The District was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New Jersey and the United States District Court for the Western District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801, by the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, with the judicial districts being headquartered in New Brunswick and Burlington, respectively. The repeal of the 1801 Act on March 8, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132, restored New Jersey as a single judicial district. The only judge to serve on the briefly subdivided courts was Robert Morris, who had begun serving as a recess appointment to the District of New Jersey on August 28, 1790 and continued serving after the restoration of the single court, until June 2, 1815.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Robert Morris
NJ
1745–1815
1801–1802
—
—
Washington/Operation of law
reassignment to D.N.J.
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from the District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801 by 2 Stat. 89
Morris
1801–1802
Seat reassigned to the District of New Jersey on June 1, 1802 by 2 Stat. 132
New York
The United States District Court for the District of New York was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It existed for nearly twenty-five years before, on April 9, 1814, New York was divided into Northern and Southern Districts by 3 Stat. 120. These Districts were later further subdivided with the creation of Eastern District on February 25, 1865 by 13 Stat. 438, and the Western District on May 12, 1900, by 31 Stat. 175.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
James Duane
NY
1733–1797
1789–1794
—
—
Washington
resignation
2
John Laurance
NY
1750–1810
1794–1796
—
—
Washington
resignation
3
Robert Troup
NY
1757–1832
1796–1798
—
—
Washington
resignation
4
John Sloss Hobart
NY
1738–1805
1798–1805
—
—
J. Adams
death
5
Matthias B. Tallmadge
NY
1774–1819
1805–1812
—
—
Jefferson
reassignment to N.D.N.Y.
6
William P. Van Ness
NY
1778–1826
1812–1814
—
—
Madison
reassignment to S.D.N.Y.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Duane
1789–1794
Laurance
1794–1796
Troup
1796–1798
Hobart
1798–1805
Tallmadge
1805–1814
Seat reassigned to Northern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120
Seat 2
Seat established on April 29, 1812 by 2 Stat. 719
Van Ness
1812–1814
Seat reassigned to Southern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of New York
North Carolina
The United States District Court for the District of North Carolina has a unique history among defunct district courts. It was established on June 4, 1790, by 1 Stat. 126. On June 9, 1794 it was subdivided into three districts by 1 Stat. 395, but on March 3, 1797, the three districts were abolished and the single District restored by 1 Stat. 517, until April 29, 1802, when the state was again subdivided into three different districts by 2 Stat. 156.
In both instances, these districts, unlike those with geographic designations that existed in other states, were titled by the names of the cities in which the courts sat. After the first division, they were styled the District of Edenton, the District of New Bern, and the District of Wilmington; after the second division, they were styled the District of Albemarle, the District of Cape Fear, and the District of Pamptico. However, in both instances, only one judge was authorized to serve all three districts, causing them to effectively operate as a single district. The latter combination was occasionally referred to by the cumbersome title of the United States District Court for the Albemarle, Cape Fear & Pamptico Districts of North Carolina. Judge Henry Potter's 55 years of service on this court during the period in which the state contained a single district, from April 1802 to December 1857, represents one of the longest terms ever held by a United States federal judge.
On June 4, 1872, North Carolina was re-divided into two Districts, Eastern and Western, by 17 Stat. 215. The Middle District was created from portions of the Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1927, by 44 Stat. 1339.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John Stokes
NC
1756–1790
1790
—
—
Washington
death
2
John Sitgreaves
NC
1757–1802
1790–1802
—
—
Washington
death
3
Henry Potter
NC
1766–1857
1802–1857
—
—
Jefferson
death
4
Asa Biggs
NC
1811–1878
1858–1861
—
—
Buchanan
resignation
5
George Washington Brooks
NC
1821–1882
1865–1872
—
—
A. Johnson
reassignment to E.D.N.C
Seat 1
Seat established on June 4, 1790 by 1 Stat. 126
Stokes
1790
Sitgreaves
1790–1802
Potter
1802–1857
Biggs
1858–1861
Brooks
1865–1872
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on June 4, 1872 by 17 Stat. 215
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of North Carolina
Ohio
The United States District Court for the District of Ohio was established on February 19, 1803, by 2 Stat. 201. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on February 10, 1855, by 10 Stat. 604.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Charles Willing Byrd
OH
1756–1790
1803–1828
—
—
Jefferson
death
2
William Creighton Jr.
OH
1778–1851
1828–1829
—
—
J.Q. Adams
not confirmed
3
John Wilson Campbell
OH
1782–1833
1829–1833
—
—
Jackson
death
4
Benjamin Tappan
OH
1773–1857
1833–1834
—
—
Jackson
not confirmed
5
Humphrey H. Leavitt
OH
1796–1873
1834–1855
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to S.D. Ohio
Seat 1
Seat established on February 19, 1803 by 2 Stat. 201
Byrd
1803–1828
Creighton
1828–1829
Campbell
1829–1833
Tappan
1833–1834
Leavitt
1834–1855
Seat reassigned to Southern District on February 10, 1855 by 10 Stat. 604
Term start
Term end
United States Attorney
1802
1803
William McMillan
1803
1804
Michael Baldwin
1804
1810
William Creighton Jr.
1810
1818
Samuel Herrick
1818
1823
John Crafts Wright
1823
1830
Joseph Benham
1830
1839
Noah Haynes Swayne
1839
1841
Israel Hamilton
1841
1846
Charles Anthony
1846
1850
Thomas W. Bartley
1850
1854
Samson Mason
1854
1855
Daniel O. Morton
Pennsylvania
The United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It was subdivided on April 20, 1818, by 3 Stat. 462, into the Eastern and Western Districts, to be headquartered in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, respectively. Portions of these districts were subsequently subdivided into the Middle District on March 2, 1901, by 31 Stat. 880.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Francis Hopkinson
PA
1737–1791
1789–1791
—
—
Washington
death
2
William Lewis
PA
1752–1819
1791–1792
—
—
Washington
resignation
3
Richard Peters
PA
1744–1828
1792–1818
—
—
Washington
reassignment to E.D. Pa.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Hopkinson
1789–1791
Lewis
1791–1792
Peters
1792–1818
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on April 20, 1818 by 3 Stat. 462
South Carolina
The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823 by 3 Stat. 726. The Eastern District was headquartered at Florence, and the Western District was headquartered in Greenville. The division was solely for the purposes of holding court – a single judge presided over both districts, and the act authorized no additional court staff.
In 1898 the United States Supreme Court held in Barrett v. United States that South Carolina legally constituted a single judicial district. Congress made a more explicit effort to subdivide the District on March 3, 1911, by 36 Stat. 1087, 36 Stat. 1123. South Carolina was again Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized to serve both districts, effective January 1, 1912. Congress finally authorized an additional judgeship for the Western District, and assigned the sitting judge exclusively to the Eastern District, on March 3, 1915, by 38 Stat. 961. However, on October 7, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951, South Carolina was reorganized as a single judicial district with four judgeships authorized for the district court, and it has since remained a single District.
Judges of the Eastern District of South Carolina:
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Henry Augustus Middleton Smith
SC
1853–1923
1912–1923
—
—
Taft/Operation of law
death
2
Ernest Ford Cochran
SC
1865–1934
1923–1934
—
—
Coolidge
death
3
John Lyles Glenn Jr.
SC
1892–1938
1929–1938
—
—
Hoover
death
4
Francis Kerschner Myers
SC
1874–1940
1934–1940
—
—
F. Roosevelt
death
5
Alva M. Lumpkin
SC
1886–1941
1939–1941
—
—
F. Roosevelt
death
6
George Bell Timmerman Sr.
SC
1881–1966
1942–1962
1952–1962
1962–1965
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
7
Julius Waties Waring
SC
1880–1968
1942–1952
1948–1952
1952–1965
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
8
Ashton Hilliard Williams
SC
1891–1962
1952–1962
—
—
Truman
death
9
James Robert Martin Jr.
SC
1909–1984
1961–1965
—
—
Kennedy
reassignment to D.S.C.
10
Robert W. Hemphill
SC
1915–1984
1964–1965
1964–1965
—
L. Johnson
reassignment to D.S.C.
11
Charles Earl Simons Jr.
SC
1916–1999
1964–1965
—
—
L. Johnson
reassignment to D.S.C.
Chief Judge
Waring
1948–1952
Timmerman
1952–1962
Hemphill
1964–1965
Abolished on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Western District)
Seat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961
Smith
1912–1923
Cochran
1923–1934
Myers
1934–1940
Waring
1942–1952
Williams
1952–1962
Simons
1962–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 2
Seat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Western District)
Glenn
1929–1938
Lumpkin
1939–1941
Timmerman
1942–1962
Hemphill
1964–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 3
Seat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Western District)
Martin
1961–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Judges of the Western District of South Carolina:
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Henry Augustus Middleton Smith
SC
1853–1923
1912–1915
—
—
Taft/Operation of law
seat abolished
2
Joseph T. Johnson
SC
1858–1919
1915–1919
—
—
Wilson
death
3
Henry Hitt Watkins
SC
1866–1947
1919–1936
—
1936–1947
Wilson
death
4
John Lyles Glenn Jr.
SC
1892–1938
1929–1938
—
—
Hoover
death
4
Charles Cecil Wyche
SC
1885–1966
1937–1965
1948–1962
—
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
5
Alva M. Lumpkin
SC
1886–1941
1939–1941
—
—
F. Roosevelt
death
6
George Bell Timmerman Sr.
SC
1881–1966
1942–1962
—
1962–1965
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
7
James Robert Martin Jr.
SC
1909–1984
1961–1965
1962–1965
—
Kennedy
reassignment to D.S.C.
8
Robert W. Hemphill
SC
1915–1984
1964–1965
—
—
L. Johnson
reassignment to D.S.C.
Chief Judge
Wyche
1948–1962
Martin
1962–1965
Abolished on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Eastern District)
Smith
1912–1915
Seat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961
Seat 2
Seat established on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961
Johnson
1915–1919
Watkins
1919–1936
Wyche
1937–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 3
Seat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Eastern District)
Glenn
1929–1938
Lumpkin
1939–1941
Timmerman
1942–1962
Hemphill
1964–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 4
Seat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Eastern District)
Martin
1961–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Tennessee
The United States District Court for the District of Tennessee was established with one judgeship on January 31, 1797, by 1 Stat. 496. The judgeship was filled by President George Washington's appointment of John McNairy. Since Congress failed to assign the district to a circuit, the court had the jurisdiction of both a district court and a circuit court. Appeals from this one district court went directly to the United States Supreme Court.
On February 13, 1801, in the famous "Midnight Judges" Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, Congress abolished the U.S. district court in Tennessee, and expanded the number of circuits to six, provided for independent circuit court judgeships, and abolished the necessity of Supreme Court Justices riding the circuits. It was this legislation which created the grandfather of the present Sixth Circuit. The act provided for a "Sixth Circuit" comprising two districts in the State of Tennessee, one district in the State of Kentucky and one district, called the Ohio District, composed of the Ohio and Indiana territories (the latter including the present State of Michigan). The new Sixth Circuit Court was to be held at "Bairdstown" in the District of Kentucky, at Knoxville in the District of East Tennessee, at Nashville in the District of West Tennessee, and at Cincinnati in the District of Ohio. Unlike the other circuits which were provided with three circuit judges, the Sixth Circuit was to have only one circuit judge with district judges from Kentucky and Tennessee comprising the rest of the court. Any two judges constituted a quorum. New circuit judgeships were to be created as district judgeships in Kentucky and Tennessee became vacant.
The repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132. The District was divided into the Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802. On February 24, 1807, Congress again abolished the two districts and created the United States Circuit for the District of Tennessee. On March 3, 1837, Congress assigned the judicial district of Tennessee to the Eighth Circuit. On June 18, 1839, by 5 Stat. 313, Congress divided Tennessee into three districts, Eastern, Middle, and Western. Again, only one judgeship was allotted for all three districts. On July 15, 1862, Congress reassigned appellate jurisdiction to the Sixth Circuit. Finally, on June 14, 1878, Congress authorized a separate judgeship for each district of Tennessee.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John McNairy
TN
1762–1837
1797–1802
—
—
Washington
reassignment to E.D. Tenn. and W.D. Tenn.
Seat 1
Seat established on January 31, 1797 by 1 Stat. 496
McNairy
1797–1802
Seat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802 by 2 Stat.165
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee
Texas
The oldest federal civil building in Texas, the 1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston, once housed the Southern District of Texas.
The United States District Court for the District of Texas was established on December 29, 1845, by 9 Stat. 1. and based in Galveston, then the largest city in the state. John Charles Watrous, appointed to the court by President James K. Polk in May 1846, was the only federal judge to sit for the district. The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 21, 1857, by 11 Stat. 164. When the District was subdivided, Watrous continued as judge for the Eastern District only, while Thomas Howard DuVal was appointed to the Western District. Watrous continued serving in the Eastern District until 1870. From these Districts, Texas was further subdivided with the creation of a Northern District on February 24, 1879, by 20 Stat. 318. The new Southern District was created on March 11, 1902, by 32 Stat. 64.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John Charles Watrous
TX
1801–1874
1846–1857
—
—
Polk
reassignment to E.D. Tex.
Seat 1
Seat established on December 29, 1845 by 9 Stat. 1
Watrous
1846–1857
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 21, 1857 by 11 Stat. 164
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Texas
Virginia
The United States District Court for the District of Virginia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.
On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, divided Virginia into three judicial districts: the District of Virginia, which included the counties west of the Tidewater and south of the Rappahannock River; the District of Norfolk, which included the Tidewater counties south of the Rappahannock; and the District of Potomac, which included the counties north and east of the Rappahannock as well as Maryland counties along the Potomac. Just over a year later, on March 8, 1802, the Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed and Virginia became a single District again, 2 Stat. 132, effective July 1, 1802.
The District of Virginia was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 4, 1819, by 3 Stat. 478. At that time, West Virginia was still part of Virginia, and was encompassed in Virginia's Western District. With the division of West Virginia from Virginia during the American Civil War, the Western District of Virginia became the District of West Virginia, and those parts of the Western District that were not part of West Virginia were combined with the Eastern District to again form a single District of Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124. Congress again divided Virginia into Eastern and the Western Districts on February 3, 1871, by 16 Stat. 403.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Cyrus Griffin
VA
1748–1810
1789–1810
—
—
Washington
death
2
John Tyler Sr.
VA
1747–1812
1811–1813
—
—
Madison
death
3
St. George Tucker
VA
1810–1864
1813–1819
—
—
Madison
reassignment to E.D. Va.
4
John Curtiss Underwood
VA
1809–1873
1864–1871
—
—
Lincoln/Operation of law
reassignment to E.D. Va.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Griffin
1789–1810
Tyler
1811–1813
Tucker
1813–1819
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 4, 1819 by 3 Stat. 478
Seat reassigned from Eastern District on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124
Underwood
1864–1871
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 3, 1871 by 16 Stat. 403
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Virginia
Washington
The United States District Court for the District of Washington was established on April 5, 1890, by 26 Stat. 45. The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1905, by 33 Stat. 824. Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Washington.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Cornelius H. Hanford
WA
1849–1926
1890–1905
—
—
B. Harrison
reassignment to W.D. Wash.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 5, 1890 by 25 Stat. 676
Hanford
1890–1905
Seat reassigned to Western District on March 2, 1905 by 33 Stat. 824
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia split from the state of Virginia during the American Civil War. At that time, Virginia was already divided into an Eastern and Western District. Congress reorganized the Western District of Virginia to conform to the boundaries of the new state of West Virginia, renaming it the United States District Court for the District of West Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124. This District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on January 22, 1901, by 31 Stat. 736.
John Jay Jackson Jr., who had been appointed by Abraham Lincoln to what was then the Western District of Virginia, became the first judge of the District of West Virginia. He remained the only judge on that court until its subdivision.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John Jay Jackson Jr.
WV
1824–1907
1864–1901
—
—
Lincoln/Operation of law
reassignment to N.D. W. Va.
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from Western District of Virginia on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124
Jackson
1864–1901
Seat reassigned to Northern District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 736
Wisconsin
The United States District Court for the District of Wisconsin was established on May 29, 1848, by 9 Stat. 233. It was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on June 30, 1870, by 16 Stat. 171. Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Wisconsin.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Andrew G. Miller
WI
1801–1874
1848–1870
—
—
Polk
reassignment to E.D. Wis.
Seat 1
Seat established on May 29, 1848 by 9 Stat. 56
Miller
1848–1870
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on June 30, 1870 by 16 Stat. 171
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin
See also
List of courts of the United States
List of United States district and territorial courts
List of United States federal courthouses
References
^ a b c d e f g h Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 390.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Alabama, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Alfred Conkling, A Treatise on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Practice of the Courts of the United States (1864), p. 178.
^ a b c d e Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 391.
^ a b Lynn Foster, Their Pride and Ornament: Judge Benjamin Johnson and the Federal Courts in Early Arkansas, 22 U. Ark. Little Rock L. Rev. 21 (1999).
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Arkansas, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Alfred Conkling, A Treatise on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Practice of the Courts of the United States (1864), p. 179.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1849, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 10, 1850, and received commission on June 10, 1850.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of California, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c d e Willoughby Rodman, History of the Bench and Bar of Southern California (1909), p. 46.
^ Reassigned from the Northern District of California.
^ a b c d Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 393.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Florida, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Georgia, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1796, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 27, 1796, and received commission on January 2, 1797.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 6, 1802, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 26, 1802, and received commission on January 26, 1802.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 19, 1821, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 10, 1822, and received commission on January 10, 1822.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 23, 1840, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 17, 1840, and received commission on February 17, 1840.
^ a b c d e U.S. District Courts of Illinois, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c d Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 392.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Indiana, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on March 21, 1836, confirmed by the United States Senate on March 29, 1836, and received commission on March 29, 1836.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 6, 1869, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 21, 1869, and received commission on December 21, 1869.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 18, 1883, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 7, 1884, and received commission on January 7, 1884.
^ a b c Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 394.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Iowa, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on February 7, 1856, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 1856, and received commission on December 21, 1856.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of Kentucky, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 13, 1826, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 12, 1827, and received commission on February 12, 1827.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 9, 1861, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 1862, and received commission on January 22, 1862.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 1, 1879, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 10, 1879, and received commission on December 10, 1879.
^ a b c d e f g h U.S. District Courts of Louisiana, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Judges of the District of Louisiana, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of Louisiana and the Western District of Louisiana.
^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of Louisiana.
^ a b c d e f U.S. District Courts of Michigan, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Judges of the District of Michigan Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Mississippi, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Alfred Conkling, A Treatise on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Practice of the Courts of the United States (1842), p. 42.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 5, 1823, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9, 1823, and received commission on December 9, 1823.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Missouri, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Broadhead, James O. (March 5, 1887). "Address of Col. J. O. Broadhead". In Bar Association of St. Louis (ed.). Proceedings of the Saint Louis bar on the retirement of Hon. Samuel Treat. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones printing co. pp. 10–17.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of New Jersey, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Robert Morris, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Reassigned from the District of New Jersey.
^ a b Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 386.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of New York, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 20, 1805, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 23, 1805, and received commission on January 17, 1806.
^ a b Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 389.
^ a b c d e f g U.S. District Courts of North Carolina, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; Johnson appointed him on August 19, 1865. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 22, 1866, and received commission on January 22, 1866.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Ohio, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment.
^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment.
^ "History of the U.S. Attorney Southern District of Ohio". United States Attorney's Office Southern District of Ohio. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
^ did not serve due to illness
^ a b c d e Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 388.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Pennsylvania, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on October 31, 1791, confirmed by the United States Senate on November 7, 1791, and received commission on November 7, 1791.
^ a b c d e f U.S. District Courts of South Carolina, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ The Florence, South Carolina courthouse, Federal Judicial Center.
^ The Greenville, South Carolina courthouse, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Barrett v. United States, 169 U.S. 219 (1898).
^ a b Reassigned from the District of South Carolina.
^ From 1912 to 1915, Judge Smith was jointly appointed to the Western District of South Carolina.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 15, 1923, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 17, 1924, and received commission on January 21, 1924.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jointly appointed to the Eastern and Western Districts of South Carolina.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 4, 1916, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 24, 1916, and received commission on January 24, 1916.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of Tennessee, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ The Honorable Harry Phillips, "History of the Sixth Circuit Archived 2007-01-11 at the Wayback Machine".
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of Texas, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Biography of John Charles Watrous, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Biography of Thomas Howard DuVal, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c d e f U.S. District Courts of Virginia, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on February 8, 1790, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 10, 1790, and received commission on February 10, 1790.
^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of Virginia.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Washington, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of West Virginia, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Reassigned from the Western District of Virginia.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Wisconsin, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
vteUnited States federal courts
Supreme Court of the United States
United States courts of appeals
List of United States district and territorial courts
Courts of appeals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
DC
Federal
District courts
Alabama (M, N, S)
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas (E, W)
California (C, E, N, S)
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida (M, N, S)
Georgia (M, N, S)
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois (C, N, S)
Indiana (N, S)
Iowa (N, S)
Kansas
Kentucky (E, W)
Louisiana (E, M, W)
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan (E, W)
Minnesota
Mississippi (N, S)
Missouri (E, W)
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York (E, N, S, W)
North Carolina (E, M, W)
North Dakota
Ohio (N, S)
Oklahoma (E, N, W)
Oregon
Pennsylvania (E, M, W)
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee (E, M, W)
Texas (E, N, S, W)
Utah
Vermont
Virginia (E, W)
Washington (E, W)
West Virginia (N, S)
Wisconsin (E, W)
Wyoming
Specialty courts
Court of International Trade
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
Alien Terrorist Removal Court
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
Territorial courts
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Virgin Islands
Extinct courts
Former United States district courts
District of Orleans
District of Potomac
Eastern District of Illinois
District of the Canal Zone
District of China
District of Berlin
NoteAmerican Samoa does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or its own Supreme Court.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of former United States district courts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-564"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcal-2"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-4-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcal-2"},{"link_name":"Middle District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-315"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C178-3"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tait_(politician)"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Alabama was created on April 21, 1820, by 3 Stat. 564.[1][2] It was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on March 10, 1824, by 4 Stat. 9.[1][2] The Middle District was subsequently formed from parts of these two districts on February 6, 1839, by 5 Stat. 315,[1][2][3] with legislation specifying that the Middle District Court was to be held at Tuscaloosa, the Northern District Court at Huntsville, and the Southern District Court at Mobile.[1] The Districts were reorganized on August 7, 1848.[4] Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Alabama.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on April 21, 1820 by 3 Stat. 564\n\n\nTait\n1820–1824\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on March 10, 1824 by 4 Stat. 9","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Missouri Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Territory"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-5"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-50"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcar-6"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-594"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcar-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C179-7"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Johnson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Ringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ringo"}],"text":"Arkansas, originally part of the Louisiana Purchase, became part of the Missouri Territory in 1812, when Louisiana became a state. When Missouri became a state in 1819, a territorial government, including a territorial court, was organized for Arkansas, taking effect on July 4, 1819.[5] The United States District Court for the District of Arkansas was established with a single judge when Arkansas became a state, on June 15, 1836, by 5 Stat. 50, 51.[5][6] The court was subdivided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1851, by 9 Stat. 594.[1][6][7]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on June 15, 1836 by 5 Stat. 50\n\n\nJohnson\n1836–1849\n\n\nRingo\n1849–1851\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1851 by 9 Stat. 594","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-521"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"37th parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Southern District Court of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Ogden Hoffman Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Hoffman_Jr."},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-10-76"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-14-300"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-24-308"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Erskine Mayo Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_Mayo_Ross"},{"link_name":"Olin Wellborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Wellborn"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-80-75"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"Hoffman, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Hoffman_Jr."}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of California existed from 1866 to 1886. California was admitted as a state on September 9, 1850, and was initially divided into two districts, the Northern and the Southern, by Act of Congress approved September 28 9 Stat. 521.[9] The boundary line was at the 37th parallel north.[10] The creating act provided that:In addition to the ordinary jurisdiction and powers of a District Court of the United States, with which the Southern District Court of New York has been invested, the said Courts be and hereby are invested respectively within the limits of its district with the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction and power in all civil cases now exercised by the Circuit Courts of the United States; and that in all cases where said Courts shall exercise such jurisdiction, appeals may be taken from the judgments, orders or decrees of said Courts to the Supreme Court of the United States.On February 27, 1851, President Millard Fillmore appointed Ogden Hoffman Jr., as the judge presiding over the Northern District. The Act of August 31, 1852, made the Judge of the Northern District be Judge of the Southern District as well until otherwise provided, by 10 Stat. 76, 84,[9] effectively creating a single District in all but name until an Act of January 18, 1854 provided for the appointment of a Judge for the Southern District.[10] The Southern District of California was abolished and the State made to constitute one district by Act of Congress approved July 27, 1866, 14 Stat. 300.[9][10]Twenty years later, on August 5, 1886, Congress re-created the Southern District of California (and, by extension, the Northern District) by 24 Stat. 308.[10] Hoffman, who had continued serving as the sole district judge, again became judge of the Northern district only, there continuing in service for five more years. Erskine Mayo Ross was appointed Judge of the new Southern District and served until his promotion to the Circuit Judgeship, when he was succeeded by Olin Wellborn.[10]On March 18, 1966, the Eastern and Central Districts were created from portions of the Northern and Southern Districts by 80 Stat. 75.[9]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300\n\n\nHoffman, Jr.\n1866–1886\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on August 5, 1886 by 24 Stat. 308","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-788"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcfl-13"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-131"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcfl-13"},{"link_name":"Northern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Southern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Middle District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-76-247"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcfl-13"},{"link_name":"Bronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_H._Bronson"}],"text":"On the same day that Florida was admitted as a state, March 3, 1845, Congress enacted legislation creating the United States District Court for the District of Florida, 5 Stat. 788.[12][13] On February 23, 1847, 9 Stat. 131[12][13] divided the jurisdiction of this court between the Northern District and a Southern District Courts with the boundary between as:[T]hat part of the State of Florida lying south of a line drawn due east and west from the northern point of Charlotte Harbor, including the islands, keys, reefs, shoals, harbors, bays and inlets, south of said line, shall be erected into a new judicial district, to be called the Southern District of Florida; a District Court shall be held in said Southern District, to consist of one judge, who shall reside at Key West, in said district...The same statute directed the Northern District to hold court at Apalachicola, Florida, and Pensacola, Florida.On July 30, 1962, the Middle District was created from portions of the other districts by 76 Stat. 247.[13]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 788\n\n\nBronson\n1846–1847\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on February 23, 1847 by 9 Stat. 131","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcga-14"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-280"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C179-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcga-14"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-44-670"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcga-14"},{"link_name":"Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Clay_Jr."},{"link_name":"Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stephens_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davies_(Georgia_judge)"},{"link_name":"Cuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_La_Touche_Cuyler"},{"link_name":"Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cochran_Nicoll"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Georgia"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Georgia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[14] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848, by 9 Stat. 280.[1][7][14] The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on May 28, 1926, by 44 Stat. 670.[14]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nPendleton\n1789–1796\n\n\nClay\n1796–1801\n\n\nStephens\n1801–1818\n\n\nDavies\n1819–1821\n\n\nCuyler\n1821–1839\n\n\nNicoll\n1839–1848\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848 by 9 Stat. 280Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois-District-Court-his.gif"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-502"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-176"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-10-606"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonough_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-33-992"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-92-883"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Pope"},{"link_name":"Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Drummond_(judge)"}],"text":"Map of the changing Districts of Illinois.The United States District Court for the District of Illinois was established by a statute passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819, 3 Stat. 502.[12][19] The act established a single office for a judge to preside over the court. Initially, the court was not within any existing judicial circuit, and appeals from the court were taken directly to the United States Supreme Court. In 1837, Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, placing it in Chicago, Illinois and giving it jurisdiction over the District of Illinois, 5 Stat. 176.[19] The District itself was eliminated by a statute passed on February 13, 1855, 10 Stat. 606, under which it was subdivided into the Northern and the Southern Districts.[19] The boundaries of the District and the seats of the courts were set forth in the statute:The counties of Hancock, McDonough, Peoria, Woodford, Livingston, and Iroquois, and all the counties in the said State north of them, shall compose one district, to be called the northern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the said district at the city of Chicago; and the residue of the counties of the said State shall compose another district, to be called the southern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the same at the city of Springfield.The district has since been re-organized several times. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois was created on March 3, 1905, by 33 Stat. 992,[19] by splitting counties out of the Northern and Southern Districts. It was later eliminated in a reorganization on October 2, 1978, which replaced it with a Central District, 92 Stat. 883,[19] also formed from parts of the Northern and Southern Districts.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1819 by 3 Stat. 502\n\n\nPope\n1819–1850\n\n\nDrummond\n1850–1855\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on February 13, 1855 by 10 Stat. 606","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-390"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcin-21"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-45-437"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcin-21"},{"link_name":"Parke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Parke"},{"link_name":"Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Lynch_Holman"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Mills_Huntington"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Smith_White"},{"link_name":"McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McDonald_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Gresham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham"},{"link_name":"Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_Woods"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baker_(Indiana_politician)"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_B._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Baltzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Baltzell"},{"link_name":"Slick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Whitten_Slick"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Indiana"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Indiana was established on March 3, 1817, by 3 Stat. 390.[20][21] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on April 21, 1928, by 45 Stat. 437.[21] Of all district courts that have been subdivided, Indiana existed for the longest time as a single court, 111 years.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1817 by 3 Stat. 390\n\n\nParke\n1817–1835\n\n\nHolman\n1835–1842\n\n\nHuntington\n1842–1862\n\n\nSmith\n1862–1864\n\n\nWhite\n1864\n\n\nMcDonald\n1864–1869\n\n\nGresham\n1869–1883\n\n\nWoods\n1883–1892\n\n\nBaker\n1892–1902\n\n\nAnderson\n1902–1925\n\n\nBaltzell\n1925–1928\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on January 16, 1925 by 43 Stat. 751\n\n\nSlick\n1925–1928\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-789"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S394-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcia-26"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-22-172"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcia-26"},{"link_name":"Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Dyer"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Love"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Iowa was established on March 3, 1845, by 5 Stat. 789.[25][26] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on July 20, 1882, by 22 Stat. 172.[26]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 789\n\n\nDyer\n1847–1855\n\n\nLove\n1855–1882\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on July 20, 1882 by 22 Stat. 172","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-781"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Innes"},{"link_name":"Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyle_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bell_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bland_Ballard_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hercules_Hays"},{"link_name":"Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Barr"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Evans_(American_politician)"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Kentucky was part of one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[4][28] At the time, Kentucky was not yet a state, but was within the territory of the state of Virginia. The District was unchanged when Kentucky became a state on June 1, 1792. On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, abolished the U.S. district court in Kentucky,[28] but the repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132.[28] The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 12, 1901, by 31 Stat. 781.[28]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nInnes\n1789–1816\n\n\nTrimble\n1817–1826\n\n\nBoyle\n1826–1834\n\n\nMonroe\n1834–1861\n\n\nBallard\n1861–1879\n\n\nHays\n1879–1880\n\n\nBarr\n1880–1899\n\n\nEvans\n1899–1901\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Western District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 781","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territory of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-701"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-774"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-722"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-401"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-14-300"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-21-507"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-85-741"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Dominic Augustin Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Augustin_Hall"},{"link_name":"John Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dick_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Theodore Howard McCaleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Howard_McCaleb"},{"link_name":"Edward Henry Durell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Henry_Durell"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Augustin_Hall"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Augustin_Hall"},{"link_name":"Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dick_(judge)"},{"link_name":"McCaleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Howard_McCaleb"},{"link_name":"Durell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Henry_Durell"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke_Billings"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Louisiana"}],"text":"On March 26, 1804, Congress organized the Territory of Orleans and created the United States District Court for the District of Orleans – the first time Congress provided a territory with a district court equal in its authority and jurisdiction to those of the states.[32] The United States District Court for the District of Louisiana was established on April 8, 1812, by 2 Stat. 701,[20][32] several weeks before Louisiana was formally admitted as a state of the union. The District was thereafter subdivided and reformed several times. It was first subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823, by 3 Stat. 774.[20][32]On February 13, 1845, Louisiana was reorganized into a single District with one judgeship, by 5 Stat. 722,[32] but was again divided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1849, by 9 Stat. 401.[32] Congress again abolished the Western District of Louisiana and reorganized Louisiana as a single judicial district on July 27, 1866, by 14 Stat. 300.[32] On March 3, 1881, by 21 Stat. 507, Louisiana was for a third time divided into Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each.[32] The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on December 18, 1971, by 85 Stat. 741.[32]During the course of its frequent subdivisions and reunifications, four judges served as judge of the District of Louisiana: Dominic Augustin Hall, (1812–1820), John Dick, (1821–1823), Theodore Howard McCaleb (1845–1849), and Edward Henry Durell (1866–1874).[33] Hall was appointed to the District of Louisiana twice. He briefly resigned from the District Court to serve as a Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. He was shortly thereafter reappointed to the same seat on the District Court, which had remained vacant in his absence.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on April 8, 1812 by 2 Stat. 701\n\n\nHall\n1812–1813\n\n\nHall\n1813–1820\n\n\nDick\n1821–1823\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823 by 3 Stat. 774\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Eastern and Western Districts on February 13, 1845 by 5 Stat. 772\n\n\nMcCaleb\n1845–1849\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1849 by 9 Stat. 401\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Eastern District on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300\n\n\nDurell\n1866–1874\n\n\nBillings\n1876–1881\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1881 by 21 Stat. 507Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-61"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"United States circuit courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Toledo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_War"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Seventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-176"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Eighth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-12-576"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-12-637"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-12-660"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Ross Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Michigan"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Michigan was established on July 1, 1836, by 5 Stat. 61, with a single judgeship.[36] The district court was not assigned to a judicial circuit, but was granted the same jurisdiction as United States circuit courts, except in appeals and writs of error, which were the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Due to the so-called \"Toledo War\", a boundary dispute with Ohio, Michigan did not become a state of the Union until January 26, 1837. On March 3, 1837, Congress passed an act that repealed the circuit court jurisdiction of the U.S. District Court for the District of Michigan, assigned the District of Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, and established a U.S. circuit court for the district, 5 Stat. 176.[36]On July 15, 1862, Congress reorganized the circuits and assigned Michigan to the Eighth Circuit by 12 Stat. 576,[36] and on January 28, 1863, the Congress again reorganized the Seventh and Eight Circuits and assigned Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, by 12 Stat. 637.[36] On February 24, 1863, Congress divided the District of Michigan into the Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each district, by 12 Stat. 660.[36]Ross Wilkins was the only district judge to serve the District of Michigan. He was nominated by President Andrew Jackson on July 2, 1836, to the newly created seat, and was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 2, 1836. He received his commission on January 26, 1837. Upon termination of the District of Michigan, Wilkins was reassigned to the Eastern District of Michigan.[36][37]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on July 1, 1836 by 5 Stat. 61\n\n\nWilkins\n1837–1863\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 24, 1863 by 12 Stat. 660Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-413"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcms-38"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-247"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcms-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C42-39"},{"link_name":"Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bayard_Shields"},{"link_name":"Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Randolph_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Adams_(Mississippi_judge)"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Mississippi"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Mississippi was established on April 3, 1818, by 3 Stat. 413.[1][38] It existed for over twenty years, and was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838, by 5 Stat. 247:[1][38]The State of Mississippi, at the date of the act of March 3, 1837... constituted one district, in which the District Court was invested with the powers of a Circuit Court. By that act the extraordinary jurisdiction of the District Court was abrogated. But by the acts of June 18, 1838, and of February 16, 1839, the district of Mississippi was divided into two districts, the Northern and Southern; and by the latter act the powers of a Circuit Court were conferred on the District Court for the Northern District.[39]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on April 3, 1818 by 3 Stat. 413\n\n\nShields\n1818–1823\n\n\nRandolph\n1823–1832\n\n\nEllis\n1832–1836\n\n\nAdams\n1836–1838\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838 by 5 Stat. 247Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-653"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmo-41"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bar-42"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Jefferson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bar-42"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-11-197"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmo-41"},{"link_name":"Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Peck"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Wells"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Missouri was established on March 16, 1822, by 3 Stat. 653.[12][41] However, an act of Congress passed in 1845 and upheld by the United States Supreme Court in 1851, extending federal admiralty jurisdiction to inland waterways, resulted in a substantial increase in the number of admiralty cases arising from traffic on the Mississippi River.[42] These disputes involved \"contracts of affreightment, collisions, mariners' wages, and other causes of admiralty jurisdiction\", and litigants of matters arising in the port city of St. Louis found it inconvenient to travel far inland to Jefferson City for their cases to be tried.[42] The District was therefore subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1857, by 11 Stat. 197.[41]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 16, 1822 by 3 Stat. 653\n\n\nPeck\n1822–1836\n\n\nWells\n1836–1857\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Western District on March 3, 1857 by 11 Stat. 197","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnj-43"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnj-43"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnj-43"},{"link_name":"Robert Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(judge)"},{"link_name":"recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(judge)"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[43] The District was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New Jersey and the United States District Court for the Western District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801, by the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89,[43] with the judicial districts being headquartered in New Brunswick and Burlington, respectively. The repeal of the 1801 Act on March 8, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132, restored New Jersey as a single judicial district.[43] The only judge to serve on the briefly subdivided courts was Robert Morris, who had begun serving as a recess appointment to the District of New Jersey on August 28, 1790 and continued serving after the restoration of the single court, until June 2, 1815.[44]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801 by 2 Stat. 89\n\n\nMorris\n1801–1802\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of New Jersey on June 1, 1802 by 2 Stat. 132","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S386-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-120"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S386-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-13-438"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-175"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duane"},{"link_name":"Laurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laurance"},{"link_name":"Troup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Troup"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sloss_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Tallmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_B._Tallmadge"},{"link_name":"Van Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Van_Ness"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_York"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of New York was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[46][47] It existed for nearly twenty-five years before, on April 9, 1814, New York was divided into Northern and Southern Districts by 3 Stat. 120.[46][47] These Districts were later further subdivided with the creation of Eastern District on February 25, 1865 by 13 Stat. 438,[47] and the Western District on May 12, 1900, by 31 Stat. 175.[47]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nDuane\n1789–1794\n\n\nLaurance\n1794–1796\n\n\nTroup\n1796–1798\n\n\nHobart\n1798–1805\n\n\nTallmadge\n1805–1814\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on April 29, 1812 by 2 Stat. 719\n\n\nVan Ness\n1812–1814\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120Further information: United States Attorney for the District of New York","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-126"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S389-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-395"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-517"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-156"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S389-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Henry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Potter_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-17-215"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-44-1339"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stokes_(North_Carolina_judge)"},{"link_name":"Sitgreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sitgreaves"},{"link_name":"Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Potter_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Biggs"},{"link_name":"Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Brooks"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_North_Carolina"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of North Carolina has a unique history among defunct district courts. It was established on June 4, 1790, by 1 Stat. 126.[49][50] On June 9, 1794 it was subdivided into three districts by 1 Stat. 395,[50] but on March 3, 1797, the three districts were abolished and the single District restored by 1 Stat. 517,[50] until April 29, 1802, when the state was again subdivided into three different districts by 2 Stat. 156.[49][50]In both instances, these districts, unlike those with geographic designations that existed in other states, were titled by the names of the cities in which the courts sat. After the first division, they were styled the District of Edenton, the District of New Bern, and the District of Wilmington; after the second division, they were styled the District of Albemarle, the District of Cape Fear, and the District of Pamptico. However, in both instances, only one judge was authorized to serve all three districts, causing them to effectively operate as a single district.[50] The latter combination was occasionally referred to by the cumbersome title of the United States District Court for the Albemarle, Cape Fear & Pamptico Districts of North Carolina. Judge Henry Potter's 55 years of service on this court during the period in which the state contained a single district, from April 1802 to December 1857, represents one of the longest terms ever held by a United States federal judge.On June 4, 1872, North Carolina was re-divided into two Districts, Eastern and Western, by 17 Stat. 215.[50] The Middle District was created from portions of the Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1927, by 44 Stat. 1339.[50]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on June 4, 1790 by 1 Stat. 126\n\n\nStokes\n1790\n\n\nSitgreaves\n1790–1802\n\n\nPotter\n1802–1857\n\n\nBiggs\n1858–1861\n\n\nBrooks\n1865–1872\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on June 4, 1872 by 17 Stat. 215Further information: United States Attorney for the District of North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-201"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcoh-52"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-10-604"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcoh-52"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Willing_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Creighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Creighton_Jr."},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tappan"},{"link_name":"Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_H._Leavitt"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Ohio was established on February 19, 1803, by 2 Stat. 201.[20][52] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on February 10, 1855, by 10 Stat. 604.[52]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on February 19, 1803 by 2 Stat. 201\n\n\nByrd\n1803–1828\n\n\nCreighton\n1828–1829\n\n\nCampbell\n1829–1833\n\n\nTappan\n1833–1834\n\n\nLeavitt\n1834–1855\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on February 10, 1855 by 10 Stat. 604","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcpa-58"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-462"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcpa-58"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-880"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcpa-58"},{"link_name":"Hopkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewis_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peters_(Continental_Congress)"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[57][58] It was subdivided on April 20, 1818, by 3 Stat. 462,[57][58] into the Eastern and Western Districts, to be headquartered in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, respectively.[57] Portions of these districts were subsequently subdivided into the Middle District on March 2, 1901, by 31 Stat. 880.[58]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nHopkinson\n1789–1791\n\n\nLewis\n1791–1792\n\n\nPeters\n1792–1818\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on April 20, 1818 by 3 Stat. 462","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-726"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Barrett v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-36-1087"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-36-1123"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-38-961"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-79-951"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Middleton_Smith"},{"link_name":"Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ford_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Kerschner_Myers"},{"link_name":"Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Waties_Waring"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Hilliard_Williams"},{"link_name":"Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Earl_Simons_Jr."},{"link_name":"Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyles_Glenn_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_M._Lumpkin"},{"link_name":"Timmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Sr."},{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Martin_Jr."},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Middleton_Smith"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_T._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hitt_Watkins"},{"link_name":"Wyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cecil_Wyche"},{"link_name":"Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyles_Glenn_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_M._Lumpkin"},{"link_name":"Timmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Sr."},{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Martin_Jr."}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[60] It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823 by 3 Stat. 726.[60] The Eastern District was headquartered at Florence,[61] and the Western District was headquartered in Greenville.[62] The division was solely for the purposes of holding court – a single judge presided over both districts, and the act authorized no additional court staff.[60]In 1898 the United States Supreme Court held in Barrett v. United States[63] that South Carolina legally constituted a single judicial district. Congress made a more explicit effort to subdivide the District on March 3, 1911, by 36 Stat. 1087, 36 Stat. 1123. South Carolina was again Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized to serve both districts, effective January 1, 1912.[60] Congress finally authorized an additional judgeship for the Western District, and assigned the sitting judge exclusively to the Eastern District, on March 3, 1915, by 38 Stat. 961.[60] However, on October 7, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951, South Carolina was reorganized as a single judicial district with four judgeships authorized for the district court,[60] and it has since remained a single District.Judges of the Eastern District of South Carolina:Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Western District)\n\n\nSeat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961\n\n\nSmith\n1912–1923\n\n\nCochran\n1923–1934\n\n\nMyers\n1934–1940\n\n\nWaring\n1942–1952\n\n\nWilliams\n1952–1962\n\n\nSimons\n1962–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Western District)\n\n\nGlenn\n1929–1938\n\n\nLumpkin\n1939–1941\n\n\nTimmerman\n1942–1962\n\n\nHemphill\n1964–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nSeat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Western District)\n\n\nMartin\n1961–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951Judges of the Western District of South Carolina:Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Eastern District)\n\n\nSmith\n1912–1915\n\n\nSeat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961\n\n\nJohnson\n1915–1919\n\n\nWatkins\n1919–1936\n\n\nWyche\n1937–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nSeat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Eastern District)\n\n\nGlenn\n1929–1938\n\n\nLumpkin\n1939–1941\n\n\nTimmerman\n1942–1962\n\n\nHemphill\n1964–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 4\n\n\nSeat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Eastern District)\n\n\nMartin\n1961–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-496"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"John McNairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNairy"},{"link_name":"Midnight Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-313"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_District_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C42-39"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"McNairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNairy"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Tennessee"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Tennessee was established with one judgeship on January 31, 1797, by 1 Stat. 496.[4][69] The judgeship was filled by President George Washington's appointment of John McNairy. Since Congress failed to assign the district to a circuit, the court had the jurisdiction of both a district court and a circuit court. Appeals from this one district court went directly to the United States Supreme Court.On February 13, 1801, in the famous \"Midnight Judges\" Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, Congress abolished the U.S. district court in Tennessee,[69] and expanded the number of circuits to six, provided for independent circuit court judgeships, and abolished the necessity of Supreme Court Justices riding the circuits. It was this legislation which created the grandfather of the present Sixth Circuit. The act provided for a \"Sixth Circuit\" comprising two districts in the State of Tennessee, one district in the State of Kentucky and one district, called the Ohio District, composed of the Ohio and Indiana territories (the latter including the present State of Michigan). The new Sixth Circuit Court was to be held at \"Bairdstown\" in the District of Kentucky, at Knoxville in the District of East Tennessee, at Nashville in the District of West Tennessee, and at Cincinnati in the District of Ohio. Unlike the other circuits which were provided with three circuit judges, the Sixth Circuit was to have only one circuit judge with district judges from Kentucky and Tennessee comprising the rest of the court. Any two judges constituted a quorum. New circuit judgeships were to be created as district judgeships in Kentucky and Tennessee became vacant.[70]The repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132.[69] The District was divided into the Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802.[4] On February 24, 1807, Congress again abolished the two districts and created the United States Circuit for the District of Tennessee. On March 3, 1837, Congress assigned the judicial district of Tennessee to the Eighth Circuit. On June 18, 1839, by 5 Stat. 313, Congress divided Tennessee into three districts, Eastern, Middle, and Western.[4][39][69] Again, only one judgeship was allotted for all three districts. On July 15, 1862, Congress reassigned appellate jurisdiction to the Sixth Circuit. Finally, on June 14, 1878, Congress authorized a separate judgeship for each district of Tennessee.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on January 31, 1797 by 1 Stat. 496\n\n\nMcNairy\n1797–1802\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802 by 2 Stat.165Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1861_Galveston_Customs_and_Courthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Customs_House_and_Court_House_(Galveston,_Texas,_1861)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-1"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S394-25"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"John Charles Watrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Watrous"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-11-164"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard DuVal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard_DuVal"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-20-318"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-32-64"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"Watrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Watrous"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Texas"}],"text":"The oldest federal civil building in Texas, the 1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston, once housed the Southern District of Texas.The United States District Court for the District of Texas was established on December 29, 1845, by 9 Stat. 1. and based in Galveston, then the largest city in the state.[25][71] John Charles Watrous, appointed to the court by President James K. Polk in May 1846, was the only federal judge to sit for the district.[72] The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 21, 1857, by 11 Stat. 164.[71] When the District was subdivided, Watrous continued as judge for the Eastern District only, while Thomas Howard DuVal[73] was appointed to the Western District. Watrous continued serving in the Eastern District until 1870. From these Districts, Texas was further subdivided with the creation of a Northern District on February 24, 1879, by 20 Stat. 318.[71] The new Southern District was created on March 11, 1902, by 32 Stat. 64.[71]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on December 29, 1845 by 9 Stat. 1\n\n\nWatrous\n1846–1857\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 21, 1857 by 11 Stat. 164Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Texas","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"Rappahannock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappahannock_River"},{"link_name":"District of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"District of Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Potomac"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-478"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-13-124"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-16-403"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr."},{"link_name":"Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtiss_Underwood"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Virginia"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Virginia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[57][74]On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, divided Virginia into three judicial districts: the District of Virginia, which included the counties west of the Tidewater and south of the Rappahannock River; the District of Norfolk, which included the Tidewater counties south of the Rappahannock; and the District of Potomac, which included the counties north and east of the Rappahannock as well as Maryland counties along the Potomac.[74] Just over a year later, on March 8, 1802, the Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed and Virginia became a single District again, 2 Stat. 132, effective July 1, 1802.[74]The District of Virginia was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 4, 1819, by 3 Stat. 478.[57][74] At that time, West Virginia was still part of Virginia, and was encompassed in Virginia's Western District. With the division of West Virginia from Virginia during the American Civil War, the Western District of Virginia became the District of West Virginia, and those parts of the Western District that were not part of West Virginia were combined with the Eastern District to again form a single District of Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124.[74] Congress again divided Virginia into Eastern and the Western Districts on February 3, 1871, by 16 Stat. 403.[74]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nGriffin\n1789–1810\n\n\nTyler\n1811–1813\n\n\nTucker\n1813–1819\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 4, 1819 by 3 Stat. 478\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Eastern District on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124\n\n\nUnderwood\n1864–1871\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 3, 1871 by 16 Stat. 403Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-26-45"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwa-77"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-33-824"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwa-77"},{"link_name":"Hanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_H._Hanford"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Washington"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Washington was established on April 5, 1890, by 26 Stat. 45.[77] The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1905, by 33 Stat. 824.[77] Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Washington.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on April 5, 1890 by 25 Stat. 676\n\n\nHanford\n1890–1905\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Western District on March 2, 1905 by 33 Stat. 824Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-13-124"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwv-78"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-736"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwv-78"},{"link_name":"John Jay Jackson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Jackson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Jackson_Jr."}],"text":"West Virginia split from the state of Virginia during the American Civil War. At that time, Virginia was already divided into an Eastern and Western District. Congress reorganized the Western District of Virginia to conform to the boundaries of the new state of West Virginia, renaming it the United States District Court for the District of West Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124.[78] This District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on January 22, 1901, by 31 Stat. 736.[78]John Jay Jackson Jr., who had been appointed by Abraham Lincoln to what was then the Western District of Virginia, became the first judge of the District of West Virginia. He remained the only judge on that court until its subdivision.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Western District of Virginia on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124\n\n\nJackson\n1864–1901\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 736","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-233"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S394-25"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwi-80"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-16-171"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwi-80"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_G._Miller"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Wisconsin"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Wisconsin was established on May 29, 1848, by 9 Stat. 233.[25][80] It was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on June 30, 1870, by 16 Stat. 171.[80] Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Wisconsin.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on May 29, 1848 by 9 Stat. 56\n\n\nMiller\n1848–1870\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on June 30, 1870 by 16 Stat. 171Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of the changing Districts of Illinois.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Illinois-District-Court-his.gif/180px-Illinois-District-Court-his.gif"},{"image_text":"The oldest federal civil building in Texas, the 1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston, once housed the Southern District of Texas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1861_Galveston_Customs_and_Courthouse.jpg/220px-1861_Galveston_Customs_and_Courthouse.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/500px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of courts of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of United States district and territorial courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts"},{"title":"List of United States federal courthouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_courthouses"}]
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[{"reference":"Broadhead, James O. (March 5, 1887). \"Address of Col. J. O. Broadhead\". In Bar Association of St. Louis (ed.). Proceedings of the Saint Louis bar on the retirement of Hon. Samuel Treat. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones printing co. pp. 10–17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAuAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Proceedings of the Saint Louis bar on the retirement of Hon. Samuel Treat"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the U.S. Attorney Southern District of Ohio\". United States Attorney's Office Southern District of Ohio. Retrieved 2012-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao/ohs/usahistory.html","url_text":"\"History of the U.S. Attorney Southern District of Ohio\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nightingale-Bamford_School
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Nightingale-Bamford School
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["1 Overview","2 History","3 Faculty","4 Technovation Challenge","5 Admissions and financial aid","6 Diversity","7 Partner schools","8 Notable alumnae","9 In pop culture","10 References","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°47′05″N 73°57′24″W / 40.78485°N 73.956727°W / 40.78485; -73.956727Private school in Manhattan, New York
"Miss Nightingale's School" redirects here. For the nursing school set up by Florence Nightingale, see Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery.
The Nightingale-Bamford School(2019)Address20 East 92nd StreetNew York, New York 10128U.S.Coordinates40°47′05″N 73°57′24″W / 40.78485°N 73.956727°W / 40.78485; -73.956727InformationTypePrivate, girlsEstablished1920FounderFrances Nicolau Nightingale and Maya Stevens BamfordFaculty92 (65 of which are full-time) GradesK-12Enrollment686Color(s)pink Silver and BlueMascotNighthawksNewspaperThe SpectatorWebsiteNightingale.org
The Nightingale-Bamford School is an independent all-female university-preparatory school founded in 1920 by Frances Nicolau Nightingale and Maya Stevens Bamford. Located in Manhattan on the Upper East Side, Nightingale-Bamford is a member of the New York Interschool consortium.
Overview
Nightingale's Lower School includes grades K-4.
Middle School includes grades 5–8, while Upper School includes grades 9–12.
As of 2021, Nightingale enrolls 686 students, the student-faculty ratio is 6:1, and the average class size is 12 students. Nightingale is typically ranked among the best all-girls private schools in the United States, and, like many private schools in Manhattan, is ranked as one of the most expensive. Only very few selected students are allowed to enrol each year as the tuition is very high and there is limited space.
History
Frances Nicolau Nightingale and Maya Stevens Bamford founded the school in 1920. NBS was originally named Miss Nightingale's School, officially becoming "The Nightingale-Bamford School" in 1929. Since 1920, NBS has graduated nearly 3,000 alumnae. As of 2008, the School endowment was $74.9 million.
Faculty
Paul Burke has been head of school since July 2012. He succeeded Dorothy Hutcheson, who was head of Nightingale for the prior 20 years.
Technovation Challenge
In April 2013, a team of five upper school students won first place at Technovation Challenge, the world's largest tech competition for girls. The $10,000 prize was used to develop and market their winning app.
Admissions and financial aid
Nightingale-Bamford's admissions process has received media attention for its strict, high-stakes nature.
As of the 2020–2021 school year, 20% of the student body received financial assistance with $5.9 million in grants being awarded.
Diversity
Over 30% of the student body of Nightingale-Bamford are students of color. The school has a program called Cultural Awareness for Everyone, or informally CAFE. CAFE touches on the basis of not only race, but also class, religion, sexual orientation, gender, and age. Nightingale recruits from an inner-city program called Prep for Prep. Prep for Prep is a leadership development program that offers promising students of color access to a private school education based in New York City.
Partner schools
Nightingale-Bamford has no official partner or brother school. However, the school has activities with St. David's and Allen-Stevenson (both boys schools) and is a member of Interschool, which organizes programs and activities for eight New York City independent schools: Trinity, Dalton, Collegiate, Brearley, Chapin, Spence, Nightingale-Bamford, and Browning.
Notable alumnae
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (July 2021)
Millicent Fenwick, 1928 – politician
Amina Gautier, – author
Isabel Gillies, 1988 – author, actress
Lisa Grunwald, 1977 – novelist
Mandy Grunwald, 1975 – political consultant and media advisor
Shoshanna Lonstein Gruss, 1993 – Fashion designer
Sophie von Haselberg – actress, daughter of Bette Midler
Renne Jarrett – actress
Sakina Jaffrey - actress
Alexa Ray Joel – model, daughter of Billy Joel and Christy Brinkley
Sally Kirkland-oscar nominated and Golden Globe winning actress
Signe Nielsen, New York Public Spaces landscape architect
Olivia Palermo, 2004 – Socialite and fashion influencer
Adelaide Brevoort Close Riggs, philanthropist
Michèle Rosier, 1948 – French fashion journalist
Beatriz Stix-Brunell – ballet dancer
Sarah Thompson, 1997 – actress
Tschabalala Self, 1990 – artist
Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, 1921 – socialite
Cecily von Ziegesar, 1988 – author of Gossip Girl series
Dana (Pam) Wilkey – television personality
In pop culture
Nightingale-Bamford received mention in the Woody Allen film Everyone Says I Love You.
In the Gossip Girl book series by NBS alumna Cecily von Ziegesar '88, the character's elite all-girls school, Constance Billard School for Girls, is based on Nightingale-Bamford and the lives of the girls who attend the school. " is completely based on Nightingale," von Ziegesar told ABC News. "But I exaggerated to make it more entertaining."
Nightingale-Bamford is mentioned in the book How I Live Now by Meg Rosoff.
References
^ "Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
^ "History". About Nightingale. Nightingale-Bamford School. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
^ "Nightingale at a Glance". 10 August 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
^ Julie Zeveloff (10 April 2011). "The 28 Most Expensive Private High Schools In America". Business Insider.
^ "Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
^ "Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
^ "Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
^ Contributors, Insights (2013-05-10). "Meet the Next Generation of Entrepreneurs". Wired. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Hymowitz, Kay S. (2001). "Survivor: The Manhattan Kindergarten". City Journal. The Manhattan Institute. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Affording Nightingale". 27 July 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
^ "Admissions FAQ". Admissions. Nightingale-Bamford School. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ "Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
^ "Prep for Prep". prepforprep.org/.
^ "Faculty Diversity Search". Faculty Diversity Search.
^ "celebrityprepschools.com". www.celebrityprepschools.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (1999-07-20). "PUBLIC LIVES; A Top Adviser to a Much-Advised First Lady". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
^ "ABOUT SHOSHANNA".
^ "Sakina Jaffrey". Woody King Jr.'s New Federal Theatre. Retrieved 12 June 2022. Grew up in Greenwich Village, where she attended PS-41. Later attended and graduated from Nightingale-Bamford School and graduated from Vassar College with a High Honors degree in Chinese Language and Literature..
^ "A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet". Pointe Magazine. 24 September 2012.
^ "Sarah Thompson". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
^ "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Recap: Take Care".
^ "'Gossip Girl' Triumphs Over 'O.C.,' Say New York Preppies – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
External links
Official website
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East 73rd Street Historic District
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See also: Manhattan Community Board 8
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Faculty_of_Nursing_and_Midwifery"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school"},{"link_name":"all-female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sex_school"},{"link_name":"university-preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBS_History-2"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Upper East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Side"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York Interschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Interschool"}],"text":"Private school in Manhattan, New York\"Miss Nightingale's School\" redirects here. For the nursing school set up by Florence Nightingale, see Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery.The Nightingale-Bamford School is an independent all-female university-preparatory school founded in 1920 by Frances Nicolau Nightingale and Maya Stevens Bamford.[2] Located in Manhattan on the Upper East Side,[3] Nightingale-Bamford is a member of the New York Interschool consortium.","title":"Nightingale-Bamford School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Nightingale's Lower School includes grades K-4. \nMiddle School includes grades 5–8, while Upper School includes grades 9–12. \nAs of 2021, Nightingale enrolls 686 students, the student-faculty ratio is 6:1, and the average class size is 12 students.[4] Nightingale is typically ranked among the best all-girls private schools in the United States, and, like many private schools in Manhattan, is ranked as one of the most expensive. Only very few selected students are allowed to enrol each year as the tuition is very high and there is limited space.[5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"}],"text":"Frances Nicolau Nightingale and Maya Stevens Bamford founded the school in 1920. NBS was originally named Miss Nightingale's School, officially becoming \"The Nightingale-Bamford School\" in 1929. Since 1920, NBS has graduated nearly 3,000 alumnae.[6] As of 2008, the School endowment was $74.9 million.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Paul Burke has been head of school since July 2012. He succeeded Dorothy Hutcheson, who was head of Nightingale for the prior 20 years.[8]","title":"Faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In April 2013, a team of five upper school students won first place at Technovation Challenge, the world's largest tech competition for girls. The $10,000 prize was used to develop and market their winning app.[9]","title":"Technovation Challenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBS_CityJournal-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Nightingale-Bamford's admissions process has received media attention for its strict, high-stakes nature.[10]As of the 2020–2021 school year, 20% of the student body received financial assistance with $5.9 million in grants being awarded.[11]","title":"Admissions and financial aid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBS_Admissions_FAQ-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Over 30% of the student body of Nightingale-Bamford are students of color.[12] The school has a program called Cultural Awareness for Everyone, or informally CAFE. CAFE touches on the basis of not only race, but also class, religion, sexual orientation, gender, and age.[13] Nightingale recruits from an inner-city program called Prep for Prep. Prep for Prep is a leadership development program that offers promising students of color access to a private school education based in New York City.[14]","title":"Diversity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen-Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen-Stevenson_School"},{"link_name":"Brearley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brearley_School"},{"link_name":"Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapin_School"},{"link_name":"Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spence_School"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Nightingale-Bamford has no official partner or brother school. However, the school has activities with St. David's and Allen-Stevenson (both boys schools) and is a member of Interschool, which organizes programs and activities for eight New York City independent schools: Trinity, Dalton, Collegiate, Brearley, Chapin, Spence, Nightingale-Bamford, and Browning.[15]","title":"Partner schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millicent Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Fenwick"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Amina Gautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Gautier"},{"link_name":"Isabel Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Gillies"},{"link_name":"Lisa Grunwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Grunwald"},{"link_name":"Mandy Grunwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandy_Grunwald"},{"link_name":"media advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_advisor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Shoshanna Lonstein Gruss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshanna_Lonstein_Gruss"},{"link_name":"Fashion designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_designer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sophie von Haselberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_von_Haselberg"},{"link_name":"Renne Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renne_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"Sakina Jaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakina_Jaffrey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-Bio-19"},{"link_name":"Alexa Ray Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Ray_Joel"},{"link_name":"Sally Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"Signe Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signe_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Olivia Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Socialite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialite"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Brevoort Close Riggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide_Brevoort_Close_Riggs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michèle Rosier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Rosier"},{"link_name":"Beatriz Stix-Brunell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_Stix-Brunell"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sarah Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Thompson_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tschabalala Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschabalala_Self"},{"link_name":"Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Morgan_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"Cecily von Ziegesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_von_Ziegesar"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl"},{"link_name":"Dana (Pam) Wilkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dana_(Pam)_Wilkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Millicent Fenwick, 1928 – politician [16]\nAmina Gautier, – author\nIsabel Gillies, 1988 – author, actress\nLisa Grunwald, 1977 – novelist\nMandy Grunwald, 1975 – political consultant and media advisor[17]\nShoshanna Lonstein Gruss, 1993 – Fashion designer[18]\nSophie von Haselberg – actress, daughter of Bette Midler\nRenne Jarrett – actress\nSakina Jaffrey - actress[19]\nAlexa Ray Joel – model, daughter of Billy Joel and Christy Brinkley\nSally Kirkland-oscar nominated and Golden Globe winning actress\nSigne Nielsen, New York Public Spaces landscape architect\nOlivia Palermo, 2004 – Socialite and fashion influencer\nAdelaide Brevoort Close Riggs, philanthropist\nMichèle Rosier, 1948 – French fashion journalist\nBeatriz Stix-Brunell – ballet dancer[20]\nSarah Thompson, 1997 – actress [21]\nTschabalala Self, 1990 – artist\nGloria Morgan Vanderbilt, 1921 – socialite\nCecily von Ziegesar, 1988 – author of Gossip Girl series\nDana (Pam) Wilkey – television personality[22]","title":"Notable alumnae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Everyone Says I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Says_I_Love_You"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl"},{"link_name":"Cecily von Ziegesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_von_Ziegesar"},{"link_name":"Constance Billard School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Billard_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"How I Live Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Live_Now"}],"text":"Nightingale-Bamford received mention in the Woody Allen film Everyone Says I Love You.\nIn the Gossip Girl book series by NBS alumna Cecily von Ziegesar '88, the character's elite all-girls school, Constance Billard School for Girls, is based on Nightingale-Bamford and the lives of the girls who attend the school. \"[Constance Billard] is completely based on Nightingale,\" von Ziegesar told ABC News. \"But I exaggerated to make it more entertaining.\"[23]\nNightingale-Bamford is mentioned in the book How I Live Now by Meg Rosoff.","title":"In pop culture"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=21373","url_text":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". About Nightingale. Nightingale-Bamford School. Retrieved 2008-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=22037","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=43176","url_text":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nightingale at a Glance\". 10 August 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nightingale.org/nightingale-at-a-glance","url_text":"\"Nightingale at a Glance\""}]},{"reference":"Julie Zeveloff (10 April 2011). \"The 28 Most Expensive Private High Schools In America\". Business Insider.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-private-schools-2011-4","url_text":"\"The 28 Most Expensive Private High Schools In America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=22037","url_text":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=22035","url_text":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=22036","url_text":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\""}]},{"reference":"Contributors, Insights (2013-05-10). \"Meet the Next Generation of Entrepreneurs\". Wired.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/05/meet-the-next-generation-of-entrepreneurs/","url_text":"\"Meet the Next Generation of Entrepreneurs\""}]},{"reference":"Hymowitz, Kay S. (2001). \"Survivor: The Manhattan Kindergarten\". City Journal. The Manhattan Institute. Retrieved 2008-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-journal.org/html/11_2_survivor.html","url_text":"\"Survivor: The Manhattan Kindergarten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affording Nightingale\". 27 July 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nightingale.org/affording-nightingale","url_text":"\"Affording Nightingale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admissions FAQ\". Admissions. Nightingale-Bamford School. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=22069","url_text":"\"Admissions FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\". Nightingale.org. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nightingale.org/podium/default.aspx?t=106230","url_text":"\"Home – The Nightingale-Bamford School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prep for Prep\". prepforprep.org/.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prepforprep.org/","url_text":"\"Prep for Prep\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty Diversity Search\". Faculty Diversity Search.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facultydiversitysearch.org/","url_text":"\"Faculty Diversity Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"celebrityprepschools.com\". www.celebrityprepschools.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070620214510/http://www.celebrityprepschools.com/part3.htm","url_text":"\"celebrityprepschools.com\""},{"url":"http://www.celebrityprepschools.com/part3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bumiller, Elisabeth (1999-07-20). \"PUBLIC LIVES; A Top Adviser to a Much-Advised First Lady\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E7DD1E3FF933A15754C0A96F958260","url_text":"\"PUBLIC LIVES; A Top Adviser to a Much-Advised First Lady\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABOUT SHOSHANNA\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shoshanna.com/world-of/about-shoshanna/","url_text":"\"ABOUT SHOSHANNA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sakina Jaffrey\". Woody King Jr.'s New Federal Theatre. Retrieved 12 June 2022. Grew up in Greenwich Village, where she attended PS-41. Later attended and graduated from Nightingale-Bamford School and graduated from Vassar College with a High Honors degree in Chinese Language and Literature..","urls":[{"url":"https://newfederaltheatre.com/nft-artist/sakina-jaffrey/","url_text":"\"Sakina Jaffrey\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet\". Pointe Magazine. 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pointemagazine.com/beatriz-stix-brunell-royal-ballet-2412811180.html","url_text":"\"A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarah Thompson\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2010-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0860688/bio","url_text":"\"Sarah Thompson\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Recap: Take Care\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2012/02/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-recap-season-2-episode-23.html","url_text":"\"The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Recap: Take Care\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Gossip Girl' Triumphs Over 'O.C.,' Say New York Preppies – ABC News\". Abcnews.go.com. 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Story?id=3628866&page=1","url_text":"\"'Gossip Girl' Triumphs Over 'O.C.,' Say New York Preppies – ABC News\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_series
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List of best-selling comic series
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["1 Collected comic book volumes","2 Periodical single-issue floppy comics","3 Comic magazines","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2016)
ComicsSpeech balloon
Comics studies
Education
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Comics by country and culture
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This page provides lists of best-selling comic book series to date. It includes Japanese manga, American comic books, and European comics.
This list includes comic books that have sold at least 100 million copies.
There are three separate lists, for three different comic book publication formats: collected comic book volumes, periodical single-issue floppy comics, and comic magazines. They are separated because the sales figures of these publication formats are not directly comparable.
Collected comic book volumes
This list is for comics printed in a traditional book format (paperback or hardcover), typically with a similar number of pages as novels. The list includes graphic novels printed exclusively in this format, and trade paperback/hardcover books which compile periodical comic chapters/issues into larger collected volumes. Japanese manga tankōbon volumes and European comic albums account for the vast majority of collected comic book volume sales. American trade paperbacks and graphic novels are also included in the list.
These comic series were originally serialized either as chapters (typically 15-30 pages each) in comic publications (such as comic magazines) or as single-page comic strips in non-comic publications (such as newspapers), before being collected into a larger comic book volume (which compiles either multiple comic chapters or numerous comic strips). For comic series originally serialized as chapters in comic magazines or manga magazines, their estimated circulation figures in those magazines are given in footnotes.
Denotes comic series currently running
Comic series
Creator(s)
Publisher
No. of collectedvolumes
Serialized
Approximate sales
One Piece
Eiichiro Oda
Shueisha
107
Weekly Shōnen Jump1997 – present
523.2 million†
Asterix
René GoscinnyAlbert Uderzo
Dargaud Les Éditions Albert René
40
1959 – present
385 million
Doraemon
Fujiko Fujio
Shogakukan
45
1969 – 1996
300 million
Lucky Luke
Morris
Dupuis Dargaud Lucky Comics
82
1946 – present
300 million
Golgo 13
Takao Saito
Shogakukan
203
Big Comic1968 – present
300 million†
Peanuts
Charles M. Schulz
—
—
1950 – 2000
300 million
Oriental Heroes
Wong Yuk-Long, Tony
Culturecom
2427
1969–present
280 million
Case Closed
Gosho Aoyama
Shogakukan
104
Weekly Shōnen Sunday1994 – present
270 million
Dragon Ball
Akira Toriyama
Shueisha
42
Weekly Shōnen Jump1984–1995
260 million
Naruto
Masashi Kishimoto
Shueisha
72
Weekly Shōnen Jump1999 – 2014
250 million
The Adventures of Tintin
Hergé
CastermanLe LombardEgmont Group
24
1929 – 1976
250 million
Spike and Suzy
Willy Vandersteen
Standaard Uitgeverij
365
1945 – present
230 million
Black Jack
Osamu Tezuka
Akita Shoten
25
1973–1983
176 million
Slam Dunk
Takehiko Inoue
Shueisha
31
Weekly Shōnen Jump1990 – 1996
170 million
KochiKame: Tokyo Beat Cops
Osamu Akimoto
Shueisha
200
Weekly Shōnen Jump1976 – 2016
156.5 million
Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba
Koyoharu Gotōge
Shueisha
23
Weekly Shōnen Jump2016–2020
150 million
Diabolik
Angela GiussaniLuciana Giussani
Astorina
862
1962 – present
150 million
Crayon Shin-chan
Yoshito Usui
Futabasha
67
1990–present
148 million
Garfield
Jim Davis
—
—
1978 – present
135 million
Oishinbo
Tetsu Kariya Akira Hanasaki
Shogakukan
111
Big Comic Spirits1983 – present
135 million
Bleach
Tite Kubo
Shueisha
74
Weekly Shōnen Jump2001–2016
130 million
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
Hirohiko Araki
Shueisha
131
1987–present
120 million†
Attack on Titan
Hajime Isayama
Kodansha
34
Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine 2009 – 2021
120 million
Amar Chitra Katha
Amar Chitra Katha Pvt. Ltd.
449
1967 – present
100 million
Astro Boy
Osamu Tezuka
Kobunsha
23
Shōnen1952 – 1968
100 million
Casper the Friendly Ghost
Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolo
Harvey Comics
—
1949 – present
100 million
Fist of the North Star
Buronson and Tetsuo Hara
Shueisha
27
Weekly Shōnen Jump1983 – 1988
100 million
The Kindaichi Case Files
Yōzaburō Kanari, Seimaru Amagi, Fumiya Satō
Kodansha
95
1992–present
100 million†
Touch
Mitsuru Adachi
Shogakukan
26
Weekly Shōnen Sunday1981 – 1986
100 million
Periodical single-issue floppy comics
This list is for single-issue floppy comics, also known as the American comic book format. Unlike the paperback book format, floppy comics are thinner periodicals and stapled together. Each floppy comic issue is typically 20–40 pages, and usually consists of a single chapter (as opposed to a larger comic book volume that typically includes multiple chapters). A floppy comic is comparable to a comic magazine, but is thinner in size and is dedicated to a single character or group of characters (whereas a comic magazine is thicker and serializes multiple different unrelated series).
Single-issue floppy comics are the most common publication format for American comics, and account for the vast majority of American superhero comic sales. This list also contains periodical publications from other countries that are similarly dedicated to a single character or group of characters. Some of the numbers reported here may also include sales of trade paperback volumes, which account for a small portion of American comic sales.
According to the most recently available data, the best-selling American single-issue comic of all time was X-Men #1, which was published in 1991 and has since sold almost 8.2 million copies.
Comic series
Creator(s)
Publisher
No. of issues
Serialized
Approximate sales
Superman
Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster
DC Comics
18,732
1938 – 2016
600 million
Batman
Bob KaneBill Finger
DC Comics
23,193
1939 – 2016
484 million
Spider-Man
Stan LeeSteve Ditko
Marvel
13,500
1963 – 2016
387 million
X-Men
Stan LeeJack Kirby
Marvel
12,000
1963 – 2016
260 million
Captain America
Joe SimonJack Kirby
Marvel
9,000
1941 – 2016
210 million
Diabolik
Angela GiussaniLuciana Giussani
Astorina
862
1962 – 2016
150 million
Spawn
Todd McFarlane
Image Comics
600
1992 – 2016
150 million
The Phantom
Lee Falk
Frew Publications
3,000
1936 – 2016
150 million
Comic magazines
Cover of Weekly Shōnen Jump issue #1 (1968). Weekly Shōnen Jump is the best-selling comic magazine.
This list is for comic magazines, which are anthology magazines that serialize multiple different unrelated comic series. This list includes Japanese manga magazines, European comic magazines, and English-language comic magazines.
In Japan, manga magazines account for the vast majority of manga sales. Most manga series first appear in manga magazines, before later being sold separately as collected tankobon volumes.
Comic magazine
Publisher
Country
No. of issues
Serialized
Approximate sales
Weekly Shōnen Jump
Shueisha
Japan
2,406
1968 – present
7.6 billion
Weekly Shōnen Magazine
Kodansha
Japan
2,942
1959 – present
5.2 billion
Weekly Young Jump
Shueisha
Japan
1,765
1979 – present
2.2 billion
The Beano
DC Thomson
United Kingdom
4,200+
1938 – present
2 billion
Weekly Shōnen Sunday
Shogakukan
Japan
2,805
1959 – present
1.9 billion
Weekly Young Magazine
Kodansha
Japan
1,976
1980 – present
1.8 billion
Micky Maus
Egmont Ehapa
Germany
3,169
1951 – present
1 billion
Classics Illustrated
Elliot Publishing Co.Gilberton Company, Inc.Frawley Corporation
United States
169
1941 – 1971
1 billion
Ribon
Shueisha
Japan
694
1955 – present
594 million
MAD Magazine
EC Comics, DC Comics
United States
557
1952 – present
430 million
CoroCoro Comic
Shogakukan
Japan
480
1977 – present
407 million
Nakayoshi
Kodansha
Japan
756
1954 – present
400 million
Monthly Shōnen Jump
Shueisha
Japan
317
1970 – 2007
215 million
Action Comics
DC Comics
United States
1,000
1938 – present
188 million
Pilote
Dargaud
France
420
1959 – 1989
117 million
See also
Comics portal
List of best-selling manga
List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation
Weekly Shōnen Jump circulation figures
List of best-selling books
List of best-selling fiction authors
List of highest-grossing media franchises
Notes
^ Copies sold per week
Week 1: 890,494
Week 2: 296,118
Week 3: 113,968
Week 4: 60,635
Week 5: 36,136
Week 6: 27,111
^ Overseas copies have not been updated since August 2022, when the most recent volume available internationally was number 100.
^ One Piece manga volume sales: 523,203,195 copies worldwide
Japan: 423,203,195
Volumes 1–103: 416,566,000
Volume 104: 1,609,752
Volume 105: 1,912,008
Volume 106: 1,690,973
Volume 107: 1,424,462
Overseas (volumes 1–100): 100,000,000
^ a b c d e f g See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series
^ In addition to tankōbon sales, One Piece has had a total estimated circulation of approximately 3.1 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine.
^ Serialized in Pilote from 1959 – 1973. Collected comic album releases of the Pilote comics were published from 1961 – 1973. Since 1974, each instalment has been published as a complete album with no prior magazine serialization.
^ a b See Pilote § Circulation.
^ In addition to comic album sales, Asterix had a total estimated circulation of approximately 93.5 million copies in the comic magazine Pilote, which serialized Asterix from October 1959 to 1973.
^ See Weekly Shōnen Sunday § Circulation
^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Case Closed / Detective Conan chapters have had a total estimated circulation of approximately 1.3 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Sunday magazine, which has been serializing Detective Conan since January 1994.
^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Naruto chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 2.3 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.
^ In addition to tankōbon sales, Slam Dunk had a total estimated circulation of approximately 1.7 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine.
^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, KochiKame chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 6 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.
^ Includes Crayon Shin-chan, its sequel series, New Crayon Shin-chan, and its spin-off.
^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Bleach chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 2 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.
^ In addition to tankōbon sales, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure had a total estimated circulation of approximately 3.6 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine.
^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Fist of the North Star chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 1.1 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.
^ a b c d While the vast bulk of the sales are from single-issue floppy comics, the number may also include trade paperback volumes, which account for a small portion of the sales.
^ Batman comic sales – 484.900.656 copies
Up until 2015 – 460 million
2016 – 5,049,826
2017 – 4,877,167
2018 – 4,622,530
2019 – 6,070,761
^ Spider-Man comic sales – 384,827,202 copies
Up until April 2014 – 360 million
May–December 2014 – 3,366,050
2015 – 4,719,795
2016 – 4,248,366
2017 – 3,465,005
2018 – 4,522,479
2019 – 4,505,507
^ See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series.
^ See Weekly Shōnen Magazine § Circulation.
^ See Weekly Young Jump § Circulation
^ See Weekly Shōnen Sunday § Circulation.
^ See Weekly Young Magazine § Circulation
^ In 1998, the total number of Micky Maus copies ever sold exceeded 1 billion.
^ See Ribon § Circulation.
^ See CoroCoro Comic § Circulation.
^ See Nakayoshi § Circulation.
^ See Monthly Shōnen Jump § Circulation
^ Action Comics sales – est. 187,508,831 copies
Up until 1989 – 170,851,312
1993 – 2,203,000
1996–2001 – 3,055,766
2002–2006 – est. 2,400,000
2007–2008 – est. 1,200,000
2009 – 192,400
2010 – 439,000
2011 – 950,600
2012 – 1,035,600
2013 – 777,500
2014 – 583,704
2015 – 440,757
2016 – 1,080,297
2017 – 1,179,798
2018 – 1,119,097
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"European comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_comics"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"collected comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"floppy comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology#Comic_book"},{"link_name":"comic magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_anthology"}],"text":"This page provides lists of best-selling comic book series to date. It includes Japanese manga, American comic books, and European comics.\nThis list includes comic books that have sold at least 100 million copies.There are three separate lists, for three different comic book publication formats: collected comic book volumes, periodical single-issue floppy comics, and comic magazines. They are separated because the sales figures of these publication formats are not directly comparable.","title":"List of best-selling comic series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book"},{"link_name":"paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"hardcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcover"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"graphic novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"trade paperback/hardcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"comic albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_album"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2010-1"},{"link_name":"trade paperbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"graphic novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"comic magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_anthology"},{"link_name":"comic strips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2010-1"},{"link_name":"manga magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_magazines"}],"text":"This list is for comics printed in a traditional book format (paperback or hardcover), typically with a similar number of pages as novels. The list includes graphic novels printed exclusively in this format, and trade paperback/hardcover books which compile periodical comic chapters/issues into larger collected volumes. Japanese manga tankōbon volumes and European comic albums account for the vast majority of collected comic book volume sales.[1] American trade paperbacks and graphic novels are also included in the list.These comic series were originally serialized either as chapters (typically 15-30 pages each) in comic publications (such as comic magazines) or as single-page comic strips in non-comic publications (such as newspapers), before being collected into a larger comic book volume (which compiles either multiple comic chapters or numerous comic strips).[1] For comic series originally serialized as chapters in comic magazines or manga magazines, their estimated circulation figures in those magazines are given in footnotes.","title":"Collected comic book volumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floppy comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology#Comic_book"},{"link_name":"American comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"periodicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodicals"},{"link_name":"comic magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_anthology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2010-1"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2018-57"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Legacy"}],"text":"This list is for single-issue floppy comics, also known as the American comic book format. Unlike the paperback book format, floppy comics are thinner periodicals and stapled together. Each floppy comic issue is typically 20–40 pages, and usually consists of a single chapter (as opposed to a larger comic book volume that typically includes multiple chapters). A floppy comic is comparable to a comic magazine, but is thinner in size and is dedicated to a single character or group of characters (whereas a comic magazine is thicker and serializes multiple different unrelated series).[1]Single-issue floppy comics are the most common publication format for American comics, and account for the vast majority of American superhero comic sales.[40] This list also contains periodical publications from other countries that are similarly dedicated to a single character or group of characters. Some of the numbers reported here may also include sales of trade paperback volumes, which account for a small portion of American comic sales.According to the most recently available data, the best-selling American single-issue comic of all time was X-Men #1, which was published in 1991 and has since sold almost 8.2 million copies.","title":"Periodical single-issue floppy comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jump-Cover-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"comic magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_anthology"},{"link_name":"comic magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_anthology"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"manga magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_magazines"},{"link_name":"European comic magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics_magazines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2010-1"}],"text":"Cover of Weekly Shōnen Jump issue #1 (1968). Weekly Shōnen Jump is the best-selling comic magazine.This list is for comic magazines, which are anthology magazines that serialize multiple different unrelated comic series. This list includes Japanese manga magazines, European comic magazines, and English-language comic magazines.In Japan, manga magazines account for the vast majority of manga sales. Most manga series first appear in manga magazines, before later being sold separately as collected tankobon volumes.[1]","title":"Comic magazines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516million-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"One Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece"},{"link_name":"manga volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Piece_manga_volumes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516million-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022OPSales-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023OPSales-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023OPSales-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_14-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_14-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_14-6"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump#Manga_series"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Pilote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilote"},{"link_name":"comic album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e#Formats"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pilote_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pilote_18-1"},{"link_name":"Pilote § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilote#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"comic album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_album"},{"link_name":"comic magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_anthology"},{"link_name":"Pilote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilote"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilote-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Sunday § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Sunday#Circulation''"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trade_60-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trade_60-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trade_60-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trade_60-3"},{"link_name":"trade paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statista-59"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2016-62"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2017-63"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2018-57"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2019-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monthlycomicssales-68"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2014-69"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2015-70"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2016-62"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2017-63"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2018-57"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2019-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJb_79-0"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump#Manga_series"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Magazine § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Magazine#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"Weekly Young Jump § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Young_Jump#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Sunday § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Sunday#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"Weekly Young Magazine § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Young_Magazine#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"Ribon § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribon#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"CoroCoro Comic § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoroCoro_Comic#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"Nakayoshi § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakayoshi#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"Monthly Shōnen Jump § Circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump#Circulation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monthlycomicssales-68"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monthlycomicssales-68"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monthlycomicssales-68"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monthlycomicssales-68"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2012-103"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2013-104"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2014-69"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2015-70"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2016-62"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2017-63"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comichron2018-57"}],"text":"^ Copies sold per week\nWeek 1: 890,494[5]\nWeek 2: 296,118[6]\nWeek 3: 113,968[7]\nWeek 4: 60,635[8]\nWeek 5: 36,136[9]\nWeek 6: 27,111[10]\n\n^ Overseas copies have not been updated since August 2022, when the most recent volume available internationally was number 100.[2]\n\n^ One Piece manga volume sales: 523,203,195 copies worldwide\nJapan: 423,203,195\nVolumes 1–103: 416,566,000[2]\nVolume 104: 1,609,752[3]\nVolume 105: 1,912,008[4]\nVolume 106: 1,690,973[4]\nVolume 107: 1,424,462[a]\nOverseas (volumes 1–100): 100,000,000[b]\n\n^ a b c d e f g See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series\n\n^ In addition to tankōbon sales, One Piece has had a total estimated circulation of approximately 3.1 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine.[d]\n\n^ Serialized in Pilote from 1959 – 1973. Collected comic album releases of the Pilote comics were published from 1961 – 1973. Since 1974, each instalment has been published as a complete album with no prior magazine serialization.\n\n^ a b See Pilote § Circulation.\n\n^ In addition to comic album sales, Asterix had a total estimated circulation of approximately 93.5 million copies in the comic magazine Pilote, which serialized Asterix from October 1959 to 1973.[g] \n\n^ See Weekly Shōnen Sunday § Circulation\n\n^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Case Closed / Detective Conan chapters have had a total estimated circulation of approximately 1.3 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Sunday magazine, which has been serializing Detective Conan since January 1994.[i]\n\n^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Naruto chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 2.3 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.[d]\n\n^ In addition to tankōbon sales, Slam Dunk had a total estimated circulation of approximately 1.7 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine.[d] \n\n^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, KochiKame chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 6 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.[d] \n\n^ Includes Crayon Shin-chan, its sequel series, New Crayon Shin-chan, and its spin-off.\n\n^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Bleach chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 2 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.[d] \n\n^ In addition to tankōbon sales, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure had a total estimated circulation of approximately 3.6 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine.[d] \n\n^ In addition to tankōbon volume sales, Fist of the North Star chapters had a total estimated circulation of approximately 1.1 billion copies in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump.[d] \n\n^ a b c d While the vast bulk of the sales are from single-issue floppy comics, the number may also include trade paperback volumes, which account for a small portion of the sales.\n\n^ Batman comic sales – 484.900.656 copies\nUp until 2015 – 460 million[42]\n2016 – 5,049,826[44]\n2017 – 4,877,167[45]\n2018 – 4,622,530[40]\n2019 – 6,070,761[46]\n\n^ Spider-Man comic sales – 384,827,202 copies\nUp until April 2014 – 360 million[48]\nMay–December 2014 – 3,366,050[49][50]\n2015 – 4,719,795[51]\n2016 – 4,248,366[44]\n2017 – 3,465,005[45]\n2018 – 4,522,479[40]\n2019 – 4,505,507[46]\n\n^ See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series.\n\n^ See Weekly Shōnen Magazine § Circulation.\n\n^ See Weekly Young Jump § Circulation\n\n^ See Weekly Shōnen Sunday § Circulation.\n\n^ See Weekly Young Magazine § Circulation\n\n^ In 1998, the total number of Micky Maus copies ever sold exceeded 1 billion.[63]\n\n^ See Ribon § Circulation.\n\n^ See CoroCoro Comic § Circulation.\n\n^ See Nakayoshi § Circulation.\n\n^ See Monthly Shōnen Jump § Circulation\n\n^ Action Comics sales – est. 187,508,831 copies\nUp until 1989 – 170,851,312[69]\n1993 – 2,203,000[49]\n1996–2001 – 3,055,766[49]\n2002–2006 – est. 2,400,000[49]\n2007–2008 – est. 1,200,000[49]\n2009 – 192,400[70]\n2010 – 439,000[71]\n2011 – 950,600[72]\n2012 – 1,035,600[73]\n2013 – 777,500[74]\n2014 – 583,704[50]\n2015 – 440,757[51]\n2016 – 1,080,297[44]\n2017 – 1,179,798[45]\n2018 – 1,119,097[40]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cover of Weekly Shōnen Jump issue #1 (1968). Weekly Shōnen Jump is the best-selling comic magazine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Jump-Cover-1.jpg/220px-Jump-Cover-1.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png"},{"title":"Comics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Comics"},{"title":"List of best-selling manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga"},{"title":"List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation"},{"title":"Weekly Shōnen Jump circulation figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump#Circulation_figures"},{"title":"List of best-selling books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books"},{"title":"List of best-selling fiction authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_fiction_authors"},{"title":"List of highest-grossing media franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises"}]
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[{"reference":"Miller, John Jackson (November 16, 2010). \"X-Men #1, One Piece, and world records\". Comichron. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.comichron.com/2010/11/x-men-1-one-piece-and-world-records.html","url_text":"\"X-Men #1, One Piece, and world records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190604115643/https://blog.comichron.com/2010/11/x-men-1-one-piece-and-world-records.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"One Piece Manga Sets Guinness World Record With Over 500 Million Published\". Anime News Network. August 4, 2022. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023. Shueisha announced on Thursday that Eiichiro Oda's One Piece manga has surpassed 500 million copies published worldwide as of the release of the manga's 103rd compiled book volume on the same day. 416,566,000 of those copies are in Japan, and 100 million copies are in 60 countries and territories outside of Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-08-04/one-piece-manga-sets-guinness-world-record-with-over-500-million-published/.188352","url_text":"\"One Piece Manga Sets Guinness World Record With Over 500 Million Published\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231217204509/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-08-04/one-piece-manga-sets-guinness-world-record-with-over-500-million-published/.188352","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top-Selling Manga in Japan by Volume: 2022 — Jujutsu Kaisen 18 Sells 2.11 Million\". Anime News Network. December 1, 2022. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-12-01/top-selling-manga-in-japan-by-volume-2022-jujutsu-kaisen-18-sells-2.11-million/.192471","url_text":"\"Top-Selling Manga in Japan by Volume: 2022 — Jujutsu Kaisen 18 Sells 2.11 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231217205740/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-12-01/top-selling-manga-in-japan-by-volume-2022-jujutsu-kaisen-18-sells-2.11-million/.192471","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top-Selling Manga in Japan by Volume: 2023 — One Piece Tops Chart for 13th Time\". Anime News Network. November 30, 2023. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-11-30/top-selling-manga-in-japan-by-volume-2023-one-piece-tops-chart-for-13th-time/.204968","url_text":"\"Top-Selling Manga in Japan by Volume: 2023 — One Piece Tops Chart for 13th Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231217210400/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-11-30/top-selling-manga-in-japan-by-volume-2023-one-piece-tops-chart-for-13th-time/.204968","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"週間 コミックランキング （2023年10月30日～2023年11月05日）\" [Weekly Comic Ranking (October 30, 2023−November 5, 2023)]. Oricon (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023. 890,494","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231217211611/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/obc/w/2023-11-13/","url_text":"\"週間 コミックランキング （2023年10月30日～2023年11月05日）\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/obc/w/2023-11-13/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"週間 コミックランキング （2023年11月06日～2023年11月12日）\" [Weekly Comic Ranking (November 6, 2023−November 12, 2023)]. Oricon (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Matheson_(architect)
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Robert Matheson (architect)
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["1 Life","2 Principal works","3 References"]
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Scottish architect
This article is about the Scottish architect. For other people, see Robert Matheson (disambiguation).
New Register House, Edinburgh
Former General Post Office, Edinburgh
The grave of Robert Matheson, Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh
Robert Matheson (1808–1877) was a Scottish architect operating for some time as Clerk of Works for Scotland and playing a major design role in many buildings, especially within Edinburgh. He was a great master of the Italian Renaissance style.
Life
Robert Matheson was born on 15 August 1808 (date on his tombstone, illustrated in this article) in Tain in the far north of Scotland, which explains later links to this otherwise remote location (see Works). He was the son of James Matheson, a cabinet maker, and Alexie Urquhart. The mother’s name might be wrong as it is curiously similar to the name of Matheson's wife, Alexa Urquhart (1812 - 1897, also mentioned on the tomb stone), or it could be a strange but not impossible coincidence: Matheson could easily have married a cousin, who, given the traditional adherence to a recurring set of first names within a family or clan, might well have had a name similar to his mother's.
In any case, other sources identifying the architect in question as a Robert Matheson, born 29 November 1807 in Edinburgh, the son of Robert Matheson and Elizabeth Fraser, are discredited by the inscription on the tomb stone.
Early life is unclear but in 1828 he became apprenticed to Robert Reid, one of the foremost Edinburgh architects of the period.
In 1848 through a series of events he came to be appointed Clerk of Works for Scotland, a very prestigious role. The role was later renamed Principal Architect and Surveyor for Scotland.
In later life he helped to train James Graham Fairley.
He died at home, 25 Abercromby Place in Edinburgh and is buried in the Dean Cemetery. His stone is fairly elaborate with angels on its shoulders and in a Gothic style very distant from his own style. He is buried with his children (three of whom died very young) and his wife Alexa Urquhart (1812-1897). It lies in the north-west section of the original section, just west of Sir Thomas Bouch's grave.
His role as Principal Architect and Surveyor was filled by Walter W. Robertson.
Principal works
Restoration of Dunfermline Abbey (1845)
Restoration of Paisley Abbey (c.1850)
Restoration of Glasgow Cathedral (1848–55)
Lodge (now visitor centre) at Linlithgow Palace (1850)
Restoration of Fortrose Cathedral (1853)
Palm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh (1854)
Refitting of Throne Room at Holyrood Palace (1855)
Remodelling of Perth Prison (1857)
Lodges and cottages in Holyrood Park (1857) (as instructed by Queen Victoria)
Law Room, Supreme Courts of Scotland, Parliament House, Edinburgh (1857)
New Register House (Sasine Office) Edinburgh (1857-60)
Central courtyard fountain, Holyrood Palace (1858)
General Post Office, Edinburgh (1859)
King’s College, Aberdeen (1859) (library added 1868)
Restoration of St Duthac’s Church, Tain (1859)
Internal replanning and new stable block, gatehouse and guardroom Holyrood Palace (1860-1)
Head Post Office, Perth (1861)
Restoration of St Salvator’s Chapel, University of St. Andrews (1861)
Redesign of central garden in Charlotte Square, changing from circular to square form, including new tree planting and a memorial to Prince Albert in the centre (1861 but not built until 1873)
Lansdowne Crescent/Grosvenor Street development, Edinburgh (1863-5)
Head Post Office, Dundee (1863)
Head Post Office, Paisley (c. 1863)
Restoration of Dunblane Cathedral (1866–73)
Layout of East Queen Street Gardens, Edinburgh (1867)
Restoration of Parliament House, Edinburgh (1868)
Rear Dome and Record Hall added to Register House, Edinburgh (1869-71)
Overseeing of the completion of Captain Francis Fowke’s design for the Edinburgh Industrial Museum, begun in 1861 (now the Royal Scottish Museum) (1865-70) (following the death of Fowke)
Internal refit of St Michaels Parish Church in Linlithgow (1871)
Leith Post Office (1873)
Head Post Office, Aberdeen (1875)
Head Post Office, Glasgow (1875–78)
References
^ a b Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Matheson
^ Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh, by Gifford McWilliam and Walker
^ http://www.addiewellheritage.org.uk/documents/Obituary_of_J_G_Fairley.pdf
^ David Goold. "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (May 6, 2022, 4:59 pm)". Scottisharchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
^ a b c d e f g Osley, Julian (2010). Built for Service: Post Office Architecture. London: The British Postal Museum & Archive. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-9553569-3-3.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
Musée d'Orsay
ULAN
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Matheson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Matheson_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Register_House,_Edinburgh.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_General_Post_Office,_Edinburgh.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Robert_Matheson,_Dean_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"}],"text":"This article is about the Scottish architect. For other people, see Robert Matheson (disambiguation).New Register House, EdinburghFormer General Post Office, EdinburghThe grave of Robert Matheson, Dean Cemetery, EdinburghRobert Matheson (1808–1877) was a Scottish architect operating for some time as Clerk of Works for Scotland and playing a major design role in many buildings, especially within Edinburgh. He was a great master of the Italian Renaissance style.","title":"Robert Matheson (architect)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tain"},{"link_name":"cabinet maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_maker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSA-1"},{"link_name":"first names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_name"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSA-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reid_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Graham Fairley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham_Fairley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Dean Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Bouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Bouch"},{"link_name":"Walter W. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_W._Robertson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Robert Matheson was born on 15 August 1808 (date on his tombstone, illustrated in this article) in Tain in the far north of Scotland, which explains later links to this otherwise remote location (see Works). He was the son of James Matheson, a cabinet maker, and Alexie Urquhart.[1] The mother’s name might be wrong as it is curiously similar to the name of Matheson's wife, Alexa Urquhart (1812 - 1897, also mentioned on the tomb stone), or it could be a strange but not impossible coincidence: Matheson could easily have married a cousin, who, given the traditional adherence to a recurring set of first names within a family or clan, might well have had a name similar to his mother's.In any case, other sources identifying the architect in question as a Robert Matheson, born 29 November 1807 in Edinburgh, the son of Robert Matheson and Elizabeth Fraser,[1] are discredited by the inscription on the tomb stone.Early life is unclear but in 1828 he became apprenticed to Robert Reid, one of the foremost Edinburgh architects of the period.[2]In 1848 through a series of events he came to be appointed Clerk of Works for Scotland, a very prestigious role. The role was later renamed Principal Architect and Surveyor for Scotland.In later life he helped to train James Graham Fairley.[3]He died at home, 25 Abercromby Place in Edinburgh and is buried in the Dean Cemetery. His stone is fairly elaborate with angels on its shoulders and in a Gothic style very distant from his own style. He is buried with his children (three of whom died very young) and his wife Alexa Urquhart (1812-1897). It lies in the north-west section of the original section, just west of Sir Thomas Bouch's grave.His role as Principal Architect and Surveyor was filled by Walter W. Robertson.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunfermline Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Paisley Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace"},{"link_name":"Fortrose Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortrose_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace"},{"link_name":"Perth Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Perth"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Park"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Parliament House, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"New Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Register_House"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-built_for_service-5"},{"link_name":"King’s College, Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%E2%80%99s_College,_Aberdeen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tain"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-built_for_service-5"},{"link_name":"University of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Square"},{"link_name":"tree planting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_planting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-built_for_service-5"},{"link_name":"Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-built_for_service-5"},{"link_name":"Dunblane Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Parliament House, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Francis Fowke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fowke"},{"link_name":"Royal Scottish Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Museum"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-built_for_service-5"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-built_for_service-5"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-built_for_service-5"}],"text":"Restoration of Dunfermline Abbey (1845)\nRestoration of Paisley Abbey (c.1850)\nRestoration of Glasgow Cathedral (1848–55)\nLodge (now visitor centre) at Linlithgow Palace (1850)\nRestoration of Fortrose Cathedral (1853)\nPalm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh (1854)\nRefitting of Throne Room at Holyrood Palace (1855)\nRemodelling of Perth Prison (1857)\nLodges and cottages in Holyrood Park (1857) (as instructed by Queen Victoria)\nLaw Room, Supreme Courts of Scotland, Parliament House, Edinburgh (1857)\nNew Register House (Sasine Office) Edinburgh (1857-60)\nCentral courtyard fountain, Holyrood Palace (1858)\nGeneral Post Office, Edinburgh (1859)[5]\nKing’s College, Aberdeen (1859) (library added 1868)\nRestoration of St Duthac’s Church, Tain (1859)\nInternal replanning and new stable block, gatehouse and guardroom Holyrood Palace (1860-1)\nHead Post Office, Perth (1861)[5]\nRestoration of St Salvator’s Chapel, University of St. Andrews (1861)\nRedesign of central garden in Charlotte Square, changing from circular to square form, including new tree planting and a memorial to Prince Albert in the centre (1861 but not built until 1873)\nLansdowne Crescent/Grosvenor Street development, Edinburgh (1863-5)\nHead Post Office, Dundee (1863)[5]\nHead Post Office, Paisley (c. 1863)[5]\nRestoration of Dunblane Cathedral (1866–73)\nLayout of East Queen Street Gardens, Edinburgh (1867)\nRestoration of Parliament House, Edinburgh (1868)\nRear Dome and Record Hall added to Register House, Edinburgh (1869-71)\nOverseeing of the completion of Captain Francis Fowke’s design for the Edinburgh Industrial Museum, begun in 1861 (now the Royal Scottish Museum) (1865-70) (following the death of Fowke)\nInternal refit of St Michaels Parish Church in Linlithgow (1871)\nLeith Post Office (1873)[5]\nHead Post Office, Aberdeen (1875)[5]\nHead Post Office, Glasgow (1875–78)[5]","title":"Principal works"}]
|
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| null |
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[{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=100271","external_links_name":"Robert Matheson"},{"Link":"http://www.addiewellheritage.org.uk/documents/Obituary_of_J_G_Fairley.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.addiewellheritage.org.uk/documents/Obituary_of_J_G_Fairley.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201227","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (May 6, 2022, 4:59 pm)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95861749","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/109297","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500029167","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_Industries_Association
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Association for Advancing Automation
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["1 Programs/events","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Association for Advancing Automation (A3)Formation1974HeadquartersAnn Arbor, MichiganFieldsRoboticsAutomationMachine vision/imagingMotorsMotion controlIndustrial AI industriesPresidentJeff BurnsteinWebsitewww.automate.org
The Association for Advancing Automation (A3) is an international trade group that serves the robotics industry. It was founded in 1974 and is headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The organization is involved in safety standards for robots, and sponsors robotics conferences. On April 14, 2021 the Robotic Industries Association, AIA-Advancing Vision + Imaging (AIA), the Motion Control and Motors Association (MCMA), and A3 Mexico merged into A3, which had long acted as a long acted as an umbrella organisation for the individual trade organizations.
Programs/events
A3 hosts the International Robot Safety Conference (IRSC). A3 also hosts an annual Workforce Development Day for students ages 12 and up with industry instructors to lean about technologies and careers related to automation and robotics across industries.
See also
Japan Robot Association
References
^ Shea, Roberta Nelson (2012-07-20). "Robotic Industries Association to adopt ISO functional safety standard". Control Engineering.
^ McBurnett, Marie (March 22, 2021). "AIA, MCMA, RIA and A3 Mexico to Combine with the Association for Advancing Automation". Machine Design. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Who We Are". A3 Association for Advancing Automation. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "International Robot Safety Conference 2023(Pittsburgh PA) - The leading event for industrial robot safety and compliance -- showsbee.com". www.showsbee.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
^ "International Robot Safety Conference 2023". A3 Association for Advancing Automation. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
^ "Automate 2023 Announces Program for Workforce Development Day". automation.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
External links
Robotics.org organization web site
Official website
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about a business, industry, or trade-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"Japan Robot Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Robot_Association"}]
|
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|
[{"Link":"https://www.automate.org/","external_links_name":"www.automate.org"},{"Link":"http://www.controleng.com/single-article/robotic-industries-association-to-adopt-iso-functional-safety-standard/97a53e319d1c89f67f0c80792312497c.html","external_links_name":"\"Robotic Industries Association to adopt ISO functional safety standard\""},{"Link":"https://www.machinedesign.com/automation-iiot/article/21158754/aia-mcma-ria-and-a3-mexico-to-combine-with-the-association-for-advancing-automation","external_links_name":"\"AIA, MCMA, RIA and A3 Mexico to Combine with the Association for Advancing Automation\""},{"Link":"https://www.automate.org/a3-content/who-we-are","external_links_name":"\"Who We Are\""},{"Link":"https://www.showsbee.com/fairs/RIA-National-Robot-Safety-Conference.html","external_links_name":"\"International Robot Safety Conference 2023(Pittsburgh PA) - The leading event for industrial robot safety and compliance -- showsbee.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.automate.org/events/international-robot-safety-conference-2023","external_links_name":"\"International Robot Safety Conference 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.automation.com/en-us/articles/may-2023/automate-2023-program-workforce-development-day","external_links_name":"\"Automate 2023 Announces Program for Workforce Development Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.robotics.org/","external_links_name":"Robotics.org"},{"Link":"https://www.automate.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153489983","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_for_Advancing_Automation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala
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Chicken tikka masala
|
["1 Composition","2 Origins","3 Popularity","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]
|
Dish consisting of boneless chicken pieces in curry sauce
Not to be confused with Chicken tikka.
"Chicken masala" redirects here. For the Italian dish, see Chicken marsala.
Chicken tikka masalaChicken tikka masalaCourseMain coursePlace of originIndian subcontinentUnited KingdomServing temperatureHotMain ingredientsChicken, yogurt, cream, tomato, onion, garlic, ginger, chili pepperVariationsLamb, fish or paneer tikka masala Cookbook: Chicken tikka masala Media: Chicken tikka masala
Chicken tikka masala is a dish consisting of roasted marinated chicken chunks (chicken tikka) in a spiced sauce. The sauce is usually creamy and orange-coloured. The dish was created by cooks from India living in Great Britain and is offered at restaurants around the world.
Composition
Chicken tikka masala is composed of chicken tikka, boneless chunks of chicken marinated in spices and yogurt that are roasted in an oven, served in a creamy sauce. A tomato and coriander sauce is common, but no recipe for chicken tikka masala is standard; a survey found that of 48 different recipes, the only common ingredient was chicken. The sauce usually includes tomatoes (frequently as purée), cream, coconut cream and a masala spice mix. The sauce and chicken pieces may be coloured orange using foodstuffs such as turmeric, paprika, tomato purée or with food dye.
Chicken tikka masala is similar to butter chicken, both in the method of creation and appearance.
Origins
The origin of the dish is not certain, but many sources attribute it to the South Asian community in Great Britain; some sources cite Glasgow as the city of origin.
Chicken tikka masala may derive from butter chicken, a popular dish in the northern Indian subcontinent. The Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics credits its creation to Bangladeshi migrant chefs in Britain in the 1960s. They developed and served a number of new inauthentic "Indian" dishes, including chicken tikka masala.
Historians of ethnic food Peter and Colleen Grove discuss multiple claims regarding the origin of chicken tikka masala, concluding that the dish "was most certainly invented in Britain, probably by a Bangladeshi chef." They suggest that "the shape of things to come may have been a recipe for Shahi Chicken Masala in Mrs Balbir Singh’s Indian Cookery published in 1961."
Another claim is that it originated in a restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland. This version recounts how a British Pakistani chef, Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of a restaurant in Glasgow, invented chicken tikka masala by improvising a sauce made from a tin of condensed tomato soup, and spices. Peter Grove challenged any claim that Aslam was the creator of the dish on grounds that the dish was known to exist several years before his restaurant opened.
Chef Anita Jaisinghani, a correspondent in the Houston Chronicle, wrote that "the most likely story is that the modern version was created during the early ’70s by an enterprising Indian chef near London" who used Campbell's tomato soup. However, restaurant owner Iqbal Wahhab claims that he and Peter Grove fabricated the story of a chef using tomato soup to create chicken tikka masala in order "to entertain journalists".
Rahul Verma, a food critic who writes for The Hindu, claimed that the dish has its origins in the Punjab region.
Popularity
Chicken tikka masala is served in restaurants around the world.
According to a 2012 survey of 2,000 people in Britain, it was the country's second-most popular foreign dish to cook, after Chinese stir fry.
In 2001, British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook mentioned the dish in a speech acclaiming the benefits of Britain's multiculturalism, declaring:
Chicken tikka masala is now a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences. Chicken tikka is an Indian dish. The masala sauce was added to satisfy the desire of British people to have their meat served in gravy.
See also
Butter chicken, a mild curry dish of Indian origin
Balti, a South Asian dish
Chicken curry, a spiced chicken dish
List of chicken dishes
Mughlai cuisine
General Tso's chicken
References
^ a b Lloyd, J and Mitchinson, J. The Book of General Ignorance. Faber & Faber, 2006
^ a b Siciliano-Rosen, Laura; Rogers, Kara. "Chicken tikka masala". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
^ Jackson, Peter (2010). A Cultural Politics of Curry in "Hybrid Cultures, Nervous States: Britain and Germany in a (post)colonial World". Amsterdam: Rodopi BV. p. 172. ISBN 9789042032286. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^ Webb, Andrew (2011). Food Britannia. Random House. p. 177. ISBN 978-1847946232. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^ Irwin, Heather (September 2019). "A Butter Chicken Vs. Tikka Masala Showdown at Cumin in Santa Rosa". Sonoma Magazine. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Dutt, Vijay (21 October 2007). "60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ a b Ghosh, Bobby (19 January 2023). "How I Learned to Stop Hating and Respect Chicken Tikka Masala". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Taylor, Emma. "Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef". Insider. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Thaker, Aruna; Barton, Arlene (2012). Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 74. ISBN 9781405173582.
^ a b Grove, Peter; Grove, Colleen (2008). "Is It or Isn't It? (The Chicken Tikka Masala Story)". Menu Magazine. Grove Publications. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b "From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world". The Independent. 30 December 2016.
^ "Glasgow 'invented' Tikka Masala". BBC News. BBC. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2017. Mr Sarwar claimed the dish owed its origins to the culinary skills of Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of the Shish Mahal restaurant in Park Road in the west end of the city. He is said to have prepared a sauce using spices soaked in a tin of condensed tomato soup after a customer said his meal was too dry.
^ Godeau, Lucie (2 August 2009). "Chicken tikka masala claims its origins in Scotland". Sydney Morning Herald. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 19 May 2017. "Chicken tikka masala was invented in this restaurant, we used to make chicken tikka, and one day a customer said, 'I'd take some sauce with that, this is a bit dry'," said Ahmed Aslam Ali, 64, founder of Shish Mahal. "We thought we'd better cook the chicken with some sauce. So from here we cooked chicken tikka with the sauce that contains yogurt, cream, spices.
^ Hay, Mark (5 May 2014). "Who Owns Chicken Tikka Masala?". Roads & Kingdoms. Retrieved 9 January 2023. 'Many chefs have claimed to have 'invented' chicken tikka masala, but it was certainly not Ali Ahmed Aslam of Shish Mahal,' says Grove. 'The restaurant did not open until the '60s and there was already a Glasgow claimant in the shape of Sultan Ahmed Ansari, who owned Taj Mahal and claimed to have invented it in the late '50s.'
^ Jaisinghani, By Anita (1 February 2021). "How to make Pondicheri's butter chicken at home". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^ a b Monroe, Jo (September 2005). Star of India: The Spicy Adventures of Curry. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-0-470-09188-3. Retrieved 29 November 2021. An enterprising chef then looked around for something to make a sauce from and found a tin of Campbell's condensed tomato soup. Hey presto! A legend had been born. The problem with this story is that — despite its status as a curry legend — it is completely invented. Cinnamon Club founder Iqbal Wahhab ...claims to have originated the story to entertain journalists in the days when he handled the marketing for several restaurants. 'That thing about the Campbell's soup was completely made up,' he confessed
^ "Curry myths". Iqbal Wahhab. 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ Gallacher, Stevie (9 June 2019). "Chicken Faker Masala: Restaurant boss admits inventing Scottish claim to famous dish". The Sunday Post. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "Author profile: Rahul Verma". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
^ Nelson, Dean; Andrabi, Jalees (4 August 2009). "Chicken tikka masala debate grows as Indian chefs reprimand Scottish MPs over culinary origins". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 28 April 2010. Rahul Verma, Delhi's most authoritative expert on street food, said he first tasted the dish in 1971 and that its origins were in Punjab."Its basically a Punjabi dish not more than 40-50 years old and must be an accidental discovery which has had periodical improvisations"
^ Kumar, Rakesh (24 February 2007). "Tastes that travel". The Hindu. Chennai, India: Kasturi & Sons Ltd. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ Aravind Adiga (20 March 2006). "The Spice of Life". Time. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
^ "Stir-fry now Britain's most popular foreign dish". Daily Mirror. 21 January 2012.
^ "Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London". The Guardian. 19 April 2001.
^ Mannur, Anita (2009). Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture. Temple University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4399-0077-2.
^ Collingham, Elizabeth M. (2006). Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–12. ISBN 0-19-517241-8.
Further reading
Curry Club Tandoori and Tikka Dishes, Piatkus, London – ISBN 0-7499-1283-9 (1993)
Curry Club 100 Favourite Tandoori Recipes, Piatkus, London – ISBN 9780749914912 (1995)
India: Food & Cooking, New Holland, London – ISBN 978-1-84537-619-2 (2007)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicken tikka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka"},{"link_name":"Chicken marsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_marsala"},{"link_name":"chicken tikka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka"}],"text":"Dish consisting of boneless chicken pieces in curry sauceNot to be confused with Chicken tikka.\"Chicken masala\" redirects here. For the Italian dish, see Chicken marsala.Chicken tikka masala is a dish consisting of roasted marinated chicken chunks (chicken tikka) in a spiced sauce. The sauce is usually creamy and orange-coloured. The dish was created by cooks from India living in Great Britain and is offered at restaurants around the world.","title":"Chicken tikka masala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chicken tikka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"},{"link_name":"coriander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"purée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_pur%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"coconut cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_cream"},{"link_name":"masala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masala_(spice)"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"paprika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprika"},{"link_name":"butter chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_chicken"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Chicken tikka masala is composed of chicken tikka, boneless chunks of chicken marinated in spices and yogurt that are roasted in an oven, served in a creamy sauce.[1][2] A tomato and coriander sauce is common, but no recipe for chicken tikka masala is standard; a survey found that of 48 different recipes, the only common ingredient was chicken.[3][4] The sauce usually includes tomatoes (frequently as purée), cream, coconut cream and a masala spice mix. The sauce and chicken pieces may be coloured orange using foodstuffs such as turmeric, paprika, tomato purée or with food dye.Chicken tikka masala is similar to butter chicken, both in the method of creation and appearance.[5]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Asian community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Asian"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosh_bb-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"butter chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_chicken"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi migrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bangladeshi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MenuMag-10"},{"link_name":"Mrs Balbir Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Balbir_Singh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MenuMag-10"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow_2016-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-1"},{"link_name":"British Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pakistanis"},{"link_name":"Ali Ahmed Aslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ahmed_Aslam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosh_bb-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Campbell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%27s_Soup"},{"link_name":"tomato soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_soup"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Wahhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Wahhab"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monroe-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow_2016-11"}],"text":"The origin of the dish is not certain, but many sources attribute it to the South Asian community in Great Britain; some sources cite Glasgow as the city of origin.[2][6][7][8]Chicken tikka masala may derive from butter chicken, a popular dish in the northern Indian subcontinent. The Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics credits its creation to Bangladeshi migrant chefs in Britain in the 1960s. They developed and served a number of new inauthentic \"Indian\" dishes, including chicken tikka masala.[9]Historians of ethnic food Peter and Colleen Grove discuss multiple claims regarding the origin of chicken tikka masala, concluding that the dish \"was most certainly invented in Britain, probably by a Bangladeshi chef.\"[10] They suggest that \"the shape of things to come may have been a recipe for Shahi Chicken Masala in Mrs Balbir Singh’s Indian Cookery published in 1961.\"[10]Another claim is that it originated in a restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland.[11][1] This version recounts how a British Pakistani chef, Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of a restaurant in Glasgow, invented chicken tikka masala by improvising a sauce made from a tin of condensed tomato soup, and spices.[12][13][7] Peter Grove challenged any claim that Aslam was the creator of the dish on grounds that the dish was known to exist several years before his restaurant opened.[14]Chef Anita Jaisinghani, a correspondent in the Houston Chronicle, wrote that \"the most likely story is that the modern version was created during the early ’70s by an enterprising Indian chef near London\" who used Campbell's tomato soup.[15] However, restaurant owner Iqbal Wahhab claims that he and Peter Grove fabricated the story of a chef using tomato soup to create chicken tikka masala in order \"to entertain journalists\".[16][17][18]Rahul Verma, a food critic who writes for The Hindu,[19] claimed that the dish has its origins in the Punjab region.[20][11]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Chinese stir fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_frying"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Robin Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Cook"},{"link_name":"multiculturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2001-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannur_2009_3-25"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monroe-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collingham_2006-26"}],"text":"Chicken tikka masala is served in restaurants around the world.[21][22]According to a 2012 survey of 2,000 people in Britain, it was the country's second-most popular foreign dish to cook, after Chinese stir fry.[23]In 2001, British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook mentioned the dish in a speech acclaiming the benefits of Britain's multiculturalism, declaring:Chicken tikka masala is now a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences. Chicken tikka is an Indian dish. The masala sauce was added to satisfy the desire of British people to have their meat served in gravy.[24][25][16][26]","title":"Popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7499-1283-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7499-1283-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780749914912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780749914912"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84537-619-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-619-2"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"link_name":"United 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macaroni salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_macaroni_salad"},{"link_name":"Chicken salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_salad"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_chicken_salad"},{"link_name":"Coronation chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_chicken"},{"link_name":"Jubilee chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_chicken"},{"link_name":"Olivier salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_salad"},{"link_name":"Tavuk göğsü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavuk_g%C3%B6%C4%9Fs%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Chicken soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_soup"},{"link_name":"Binakol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binakol"},{"link_name":"Caldo tlalpeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldo_tlalpe%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Caldo Xóchitl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldo_X%C3%B3chitl"},{"link_name":"Chicken and duck blood soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_and_duck_blood_soup"},{"link_name":"Cock-a-leekie soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock-a-leekie_soup"},{"link_name":"Dak-hanmari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dak-hanmari"},{"link_name":"Dillegrout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillegrout"},{"link_name":"Ginataang manok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_manok"},{"link_name":"Linagpang na Manok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linagpang"},{"link_name":"Samgye-tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samgye-tang"},{"link_name":"Sinampalukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinampalukan"},{"link_name":"Sopas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopas"},{"link_name":"Soto ayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_ayam"},{"link_name":"Tinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinola"},{"link_name":"Airline chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_chicken"},{"link_name":"Ballotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballotine"},{"link_name":"Chicken feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_feet"},{"link_name":"Drunken chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunken_chicken"},{"link_name":"Pinikpikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinikpikan"},{"link_name":"Turducken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turducken"},{"link_name":"List of chicken dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes"}],"text":"Curry Club Tandoori and Tikka Dishes, Piatkus, London – ISBN 0-7499-1283-9 (1993)\nCurry Club 100 Favourite Tandoori Recipes, Piatkus, London – ISBN 9780749914912 (1995)\nIndia: Food & Cooking, New Holland, London – ISBN 978-1-84537-619-2 (2007)Portals: Bangladesh India Pakistan United Kingdom FoodvteEnglish cuisineRoman timesDishes\nSausages\nMiddle Agesto 15th centuryExemplars\nUtilis Coquinario (c. 1300)\nThe Forme of Cury (c. 1390)\nDishes\nApple pie\nBacon\nBanbury cake\nCheesecake\nCustard\nGame pie\nGingerbread\nKippers\nMince pie\nMortis\nPasty\nPease pudding\nPie\nPottage\n16th centuryExemplars\nRichard Pynson (The Boke of Cokery, 1500)\nThomas Dawson (The Good Huswifes Jewell, 1585)\nDishes\nBlack pudding\nFruit fool\nPancake\nScones\nSyllabub\nTrifle (without jelly)\n17th centuryExemplars\nElinor Fettiplace (Receipt Book, 1604)\nGervase Markham (The English Huswife, 1615)\nRobert May (The Accomplisht Cook, 1660)\nHannah Woolley (The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670)\nKenelm Digby (The Closet Opened 1699)\nDishes\nBattalia pie\nCurrant bun\nQueen of Puddings\nSponge cake\nSussex pond pudding\nSweet and sour\nTea\n18th centuryExemplars\nMary Kettilby (A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery 1714)\nMary Eales (Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts 1718)\nJohn Nott (The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary, 1723)\nEliza Smith (The Compleat Housewife 1727)\nHannah Glasse (The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy 1747)\nAnn Cook (Professed Cookery, 1754)\nMartha Bradley (The British Housewife 1758)\nElizabeth Raffald (The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769)\nRichard Briggs (The English Art of Cookery 1788)\nWilliam Augustus Henderson (The Housekeeper's Instructor 1791)\nDishes\nBread and butter pudding\nChristmas pudding\nChutney\nCurry\nCottage or Shepherd's pie\nCumberland rum nicky\nEccles cake\nJellied eels\nJugged hare\nKetchup\nMarmalade\nParkin\nPiccalilli\nPork pie\nRoast beef\nSandwich\nScouse\nSuet pudding\nToad in the hole\nTrifle (with jelly)\nWelsh rarebit\nYorkshire pudding\n19th centuryExemplars\nMaria Rundell (A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806)\nEliza Acton (Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845)\nCharles Elmé Francatelli (The Modern Cook 1846)\nIsabella Beeton (Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management 1861)\nDishes\nBubble and squeak\nCauliflower cheese\nCobbler\nDevilled kidneys\nFaggots\nFish and chips\nFull English breakfast\nHP Sauce\nIce cream cone\nLancashire hotpot\nPotted shrimps\nSausage roll\nSteak and kidney pudding\nBattenberg cake\nEton mess\nEve's pudding\nJam roly-poly\nLardy cake\nMadeira cake\nSummer pudding\nWindsor soup\nWorcestershire sauce\n20th centuryExemplars\nFlorence Petty\nElizabeth David (A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950)\nDorothy Hartley (Food in England 1954)\nConstance Spry\nFanny Cradock\nMarguerite Patten\nJane Grigson\nDelia Smith\nRick Stein\nNigel Slater\nKeith Floyd\nMarco Pierre White\nNigella Lawson\nJamie Oliver\nFergus Henderson (The Whole Beast 1999)\nGordon Ramsay\nGary Rhodes\nMary Berry\nDishes\nBakewell tart\nBeef Wellington\nCarrot cake\nChicken tikka masala\nCoronation chicken\nCrumble\nKnickerbocker glory\nPloughman's lunch\nSalad cream\nSticky toffee pudding\n21st centuryExemplars\nMichel Roux Jr. (Le Gavroche)\nHugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (River Cottage)\nAntony Worrall Thompson\nHeston Blumenthal (The Fat Duck)\nClarissa Dickson Wright (A History of English Food 2011)\nRachel Khoo\nDishes\nCoronation quiche\nPlatinum Pudding\nRelated\nFood in England (1954)\nList of English dishes\nList of English cheeses\nList of savoury puddings\nList of sweet puddings\nRationing in the United KingdomvteScottish cuisineCereal\nBrose\nPorridge\nSkirlie\nSowans\nSoups\nCock-a-leekie soup\nCullen skink\nHairst bree, or hodge-podge\nPartan bree\nPowsowdie\nScotch broth\nMeats\nBalmoral Chicken\nBlack pudding (Stornoway black pudding)\nChicken tikka masala\nCollops\nForfar bridie\nFried chicken\nFruit pudding\nFull Scottish breakfast\nGuga\nHaggis\nHaggis pakora\nKillie pie\nKing Rib\nLink sausage\nLorne sausage, or square sausage\nMacon\nMince and tatties\nMunchy box\nPopeseye steak\nPottit heid and potted hough\nRed pudding\nReestit mutton\nScotch pie\nSteak pie\nStovies\nWhite pudding\nFish and seafood\nArbroath smokie\nCabbie claw\nCrappit heid\nEyemouth pale\nFinnan haddie\nFish and chips\nKedgeree\nKipper (Loch Fyne kipper)\nRollmops\nSmoked salmon (Lochmuir)\nVegetables\nClapshot\nKail\nKailkenny\nNeeps and tatties\nRumbledethumps\nFruit\nBlaeberry\nBramble\nRaspberry\nRowan, and rowan jelly\nStrawberry\nTayberry\nDairy\nBonchester cheese\nCaboc\nCrowdie\nDunlop cheese\nHatted kit\nIsle of Mull Cheddar\nLanark Blue\nShropshire Blue (orig. Inverness-shire Blue, Blue Stuart)\nTeviotdale cheese\nBreads\nBannock\nButtery, or rowie\nDeep-fried pizza\nMacaroni pie\nMorning roll\nOatcake\nPan loaf\nPlain loaf\nSoda bread (Farl)\nTattie scone\nPuddings, sweets,cakes, biscuits\nAbernethy biscuit\nBarley sugar\nBerwick cockle\nBlack bun\nCaramel shortbread\nCarrageen moss\nClaggum, or clack\nClootie dumpling\nCranachan\nDeep-fried Mars bar\nDigestive biscuit\nDundee cake\nDundee marmalade (Keiller's marmalade)\nEdinburgh rock\nEmpire biscuit\nFatty cutties\nFesty cock\nFlapjack\nFruit slice, or fly cemetery\nFudge doughnut\nHatted kit\nHawick balls\nHeather honey\nJethart snails\nLucky tattie\nMacaroon\nMoffat toffee\nPan drop (Scotch mint)\nParis buns\nScone (Girdle scone)\nScottish crumpet\nScottish pancake, or drop scone\nSelkirk bannock\nShortbread\nSoor plooms\nStar rock\nTablet\nTunnock's caramel wafer\nTunnock's teacake\nTipsy laird\nDrinks\nAtholl brose\nBeer in Scotland (Scotch ale)\nBouvrage\nBreakfast tea\nDrambuie\nGlayva\nIrn-Bru\nRed Kola\nScotch whisky (Single malt Scotch)\nOther articles:\nBarbara Gilmour\nBrochan Lom\nFallaid\nHaggis hurling\nList of restaurants in Scotland\nScotland Food & Drink (Scottish Food and Drink Fortnight)\nScottish pork taboo\nSpurtle\nWild haggis\n Scotland portal\n Food portal\n Category: Scottish cuisinevteBangladeshi dishesMain and side dishes\nAchar\nAkhni\nAlu gosht\nAlur Dom\nBeef Satkara\nBhorta\nBegun bhorta\nAlu Bharta\nBini/biran bhat\nBiryani\nHaji biryani\nChacchari\nChatni\nChicken korai\nChicken tikka\nChingri malai curry\nChira\nDal\nDurus kura\nFried fish\nForash\nGosht\nHash O Bash\nHutki Shira\nJalfrezi\nKala bhuna\nKebab\nSeekh kebab\nShami kebab\nKeema matar\nKhichra\nKhichuri\nNorom khichuri\nKofta\nKorma\nMachh bhaja\nMachher Jhol\nMezban\nMogoz bhuna\nMurgi musollom\nMutton curry\nNihari\nPanta bhat\nPaya\nPolao\nPonir\nPosondo\nRoast chicken\nRoust\nShak\nShorba\nShukto\nShorshe ilish\nTandoori chicken\nTehari\nTikka\nTorkari\nZorda polao\nSnacks and sauces\nAlu chaat\nAlur chop\nBeguni\nBela Biscuit\nBhelpuri\nChaat\nChanachur\nChhana\nChotpoti\nDoi bora\nHaleem\nJhalmuri\nNankhatai\nPaan\nPakora\nPhuchka\nRaita\nSamosa\nBreads\nBakarkhani\nBhatoora\nChapati\nLuchi\nNaan\nPorotha\nAlu porotha\nMoghlai porotha\nPuri (food)\nRuti\nRumali ruti\nTandoor bread\nBeverages\nAkher rosh\nAamrosh\nBeler Sharbat\nBorhani\nCha\nDudh cha\nMasala cha\nSeven Color Tea\nGhol\nKhejur rosh\nLachhi\nMatha\nRooh Afza\nShorbot\nTaler rosh\nSweetmeats\nBorfi\nBundia\nChhanamukhi\nChhenabara\nChomchom\nDoi\nMishti doi\nCurd of Bogra\nFaluda\nGulabjam\nGur badam\nHalua\nGajorer halua\nJilapi\nChhena\nShahi\nKheer\nKulfi\nLaddu\nMalpua\nMimi Chocolate\nMorobba\nNimki\nPantua\nPitha\nAshke pitha\nBhapa pitha\nChunga pitha\nNunor bora\nRoshkodom\nRoshmolai\nRoshogolla\nKhondoli\nShemai\nShondesh\nShonpapri\nTiler Khaja\nTusha Shinni\nBangladeshi diaspora\nChicken tikka masala\nPhall\n\n Categoryvte Indian dishes by regionNorthMughlai\nMughlai kabab\nMughlai paratha\nMurgh musallam\nNihari\nPasanda\nQeema matar\nRezala\nRajasthani\nBaati\nBikaneri bhujia\nChurma\nDal Badam Chakki\nDal baati\nDal bati churma\nKanda Kachauri\nLaal maans\nMirchi Bada\nPanchratna Dal\nPunjabi\nMakki ki roti\nPinni\nSarson ka saag\nTandoori chicken\nKashmiri\nNoon chai\nRogan josh\nShab deg\nUttar Pradeshi\nPeda\nPetha\nOther\nAloo gobi\nAloo mutter\nBaingan bartha\nBarfi (Kaju barfi/Kaju katli)\nBhatura\nButter chicken\nChana masala\nChapati\nChicken tikka\nChole bhature\nDal makhani\nDum aloo\nDopiaza\nEgg curry\nHaleem\nJeera aloo\nKachori\nKadai chicken\nKadhi\nKahwah\nKeema\nKhichra\nKhichdi\nKulcha\nKorma\nKulfi\nLassi\nMattar paneer\nMutton curry\nNaan\nPalak paneer\nPakora\nPaneer tikka\nRaita\nRajma\nRumali roti\nSai bhaji\nShahi paneer\nShami kebab\nPaneer tikka masala\nSouthHyderabadi\nBaghara baingan\nChakna\nDouble ka meetha\nHyderabadi biryani\nHyderabadi haleem\nHyderabadi marag\nLukhmi\nMirchi ka salan\nOsmania Biscuit\nKarnataka\nBenne dose\nBisi bele bath\nMasala dosa\nMysore Pak\nKerala\nAppam (pesaha appam)\nKerala Porotta\nAviyal\nSadya\nChicken Chettinad\nBonda\nIdiappam\nPuttu\nThalassery biryani\nPathiri\nKozhukkatta\nKerala beef fry\nMalabar Matthi Curry\nOther\nAavakaaya\nAdhirasam\nAriselu\nBhajji\nChicken 65\nCurd rice\nDahi chutney\nDopiaza\nDosa\nFish moolie\nIdli\nInjipuli\nJigarthanda\nKaalan\nKakinada Kaja\nKanji\nKoottu\nKozhukkattai\nKuzhambu\nMurukku\nPachadi\nPalathalikalu\nPaniyaram\nParotta\nParuppusilli\nPesarattu\nPayasam\nPootharekulu\nPongal\nPonganalu\nPoriyal\nPulihora\nRasam\nRice and curry\nSakinalu\nSambar\nSevai\nUlava charu\nUpma\nUttapam\nVada\nWestGujarati\nDhokla\nDoodhpak\nHandvo\nKhakhra\nUndhiyu\nMaharashtrian\nKombdi vade\nMisal\nThalipeeth\nVada pav\nVeg Kolhapuri\nOther\nAkuri\nBasundi\nBhakri\nBhel puri\nBombil fry\nChinese bhel\nChivda\nChouriço\nDahi vada\nDhansak\nKadboli\nKhatkhate\nKhandvi\nKhichdi\nKuswar\nMisal pav\nPav bhaji\nPatoleo\nPatra ni machhi\nPohe\nSabudana Khichadi\nSanna\nSevpuri\nShrikhand\nSolkadhi\nSorpotel\nVindaloo\nXacuti\nEastBengali\nCham cham\nCharchari\nJalfrezi\nIndian Chinese cuisine\nKati roll\nLuchi\nMachher Jhol\nMishti doi\nPantua\nPrawn malai curry\nRasgulla\nRas malai\nSandesh\nSorshe Ilish\nDaab Chingri\nAshke pithe\nMalpua\nKosha mangsho\nOdia\nArisa pitha\nChakuli pitha\nChandrakanti\nCharchari\nChhena gaja\nChhena jalebi\nChhena Jhili\nChhena kheeri\nChhena poda\nChingudi Jhola\nDahi baigana\nDahi Machha\nDahibara Aludam\nEnduri pitha\nGhuguni\nKakara pitha\nKanika\nKhira sagara\nKhiri\nMaachha Bihana\nManda pitha\nOuu khatta\nPakhala\nPitha\nPodo pitha\nRasabali\nRasagola\nSantula\nMathapuli\nBihari\nLitti\nGhugni\nSattu\nKhaja\nChamparan meat\nMotichoor ka Ladoo\nTilkut\nAnarsa\nRegional (Bhojpuri, Maithil, Magahi)\nMiscellaneous\nBiryani\nChaat\nChutney\nDal\nFalooda\nFlattened rice\nGulab Jamun\nHalwa\nIndian pickle\nJalebi\nKheer\nKofta\nLaddu\nMango pudding\nPanipuri\nPapadum\nParatha\nPuri\nQeema\nRoti\nSheer korma\nSindhi biryani\nSamosa\nShankarpali\nSoan papdi\nZarda\nPuri Bhaji\nIndian diaspora\nChicken tikka masala\nFish head curry\nPhall\nNasi kandar\nPasembur\nRoti canai\n\n Category\n Commons\n Cookbook\n Food portal\n India portalvteChicken dishesStews, braisesand casseroles\nAdobo\nAfritada\nAndong jjimdak\nAyam kecap\nAyam masak merah\nAyam pansuh\nAyam rica-rica\nBean sprouts chicken\nBetutu\nBon bon chicken\nBourbon chicken\nBrown stew chicken\nButter chicken\nCafreal\nCashew chicken\nChargha\nChicken à la King\nChicken and dumplings\nChicken and waffles\nChicken balls\nChicken bog\nChicken Chettinad\nChicken curry\nChicken Divan\nChicken karahi\nChicken Lahori\nChicken Marengo\nChicken marsala\nChicken mull\nChicken paprikash\nChicken pastel\nChicken Picasso\nChicken Sukka\nChicken riggies\nChicken tikka masala\nChicken Vesuvio\nChimaek\nChikuzenni\nChilli chicken\nCircassian chicken\nCola chicken\nCoq au vin\nCountry Captain\nDak-bokkeum-tang\nDapanji\nDong'an chicken\nDragon tiger phoenix\nEscabeche oriental\nFlying Jacob\nFujian red wine chicken\nGalinha à portuguesa\nGalinhada\nGallo en chicha\nGulai ayam\nHelzel\nInubaran\nKedjenou\nKinamatisang manok\nKing Ranch chicken\nKori rotti\nKwetiau ayam\nMie ayam\nMoambe chicken\nMurgh musallam\nOpor ayam\nOstropel\nPiaparan\nPininyahang manok\nPiyanggang manok\nPlecing ayam\nPoulet au fromage\nRollatini\nSanbeiji\nScaloppine\nSorol\nSoy sauce chicken\nSwiss wing\nTalunan\nWaterzooi\nWhite cut chicken\nYassa\nFried chicken\nAyam goreng\nAyam goreng kalasan\nAyam pop\nBarberton chicken\nBuffalo wings\nChicken 65\nCordon bleu\nCoxinha\nCrispy\nDak-galbi\nFinger\nFries\nChicken Française\nGeneral Tso's chicken\nGribenes\nKaraage\nKatsu\nChicken Kiev\nKentucky\nKorean\nKung Pao\nLaziji\nLemon\nLemon pepper wings\nLollipop\nChicken Maryland\nMoo goo gai pan\nNashville hot chicken\nNugget\nOrange\nPadak\nParmigiana\nPiccata\nPozharsky cutlet\nSaltimbocca\nSesame\nSouthern\nSpice bag\nSweet and sour\nTabaka\nTaiwanese\nChicken tatsuta\nTongdak\nYangnyeom\nRoast and barbecue\nAyam bakar\nAyam bumbu rujak\nAyam kodok\nAyam taliwang\nBeggar's Chicken\nBeer can chicken\nBuldak\nChicken galantina\nEngagement chicken\nGalinha à africana\nHuli-huli\nInasal\nJerusalem mixed grill\nJerk\nJujeh kabab\nKai yang\nLechon manok\nPinchitos\nPollo a la brasa\nRotisserie\nSajji\nSatay\nShawarma\nShish taouk\nTandoori\nTikka\nTsukune\nYakitori\nRice dishes\nArroz caldo\nArroz con pollo\nBringhe\nBubur ayam\nClaypot chicken rice\nCơm gà rau thơm\nDakjuk\nHainanese chicken rice\nHawaiian haystack\nLontong cap go meh\nNasi liwet\nNasi tim\nPoule au riz\nThalassery biryani\nPies and bread dishes\nChicken and mushroom pie\nChicken pastel\nChicken parmesan\nKurnik\nMoravian chicken pie\nMusakhan\nPastilla\nSandwich\nSalads\nChicken macaroni salad\nChicken salad\nChinese\nCoronation chicken\nJubilee chicken\nOlivier salad\nTavuk göğsü\nChicken soup\nBinakol\nCaldo tlalpeño\nCaldo Xóchitl\nChicken and duck blood soup\nCock-a-leekie soup\nDak-hanmari\nDillegrout\nGinataang manok\nLinagpang na Manok\nSamgye-tang\nSinampalukan\nSopas\nSoto ayam\nTinola\nCuts and techniques\nAirline chicken\nBallotine\nChicken feet\nDrunken chicken\nPinikpikan\nTurducken\nList of chicken dishes","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Butter chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_chicken"},{"title":"Balti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_(food)"},{"title":"Chicken curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_curry"},{"title":"List of chicken dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes"},{"title":"Mughlai cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine"},{"title":"General Tso's chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Tso%27s_chicken"}]
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[{"reference":"Siciliano-Rosen, Laura; Rogers, Kara. \"Chicken tikka masala\". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/chicken-tikka-masala","url_text":"\"Chicken tikka masala\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Peter (2010). A Cultural Politics of Curry in \"Hybrid Cultures, Nervous States: Britain and Germany in a (post)colonial World\". Amsterdam: Rodopi BV. p. 172. ISBN 9789042032286. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aW4UEN0NUT4C&pg=PA172","url_text":"A Cultural Politics of Curry in \"Hybrid Cultures, Nervous States: Britain and Germany in a (post)colonial World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042032286","url_text":"9789042032286"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Andrew (2011). Food Britannia. Random House. p. 177. ISBN 978-1847946232. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FBMLFM305MEC&pg=PA177","url_text":"Food Britannia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847946232","url_text":"978-1847946232"}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Heather (September 2019). \"A Butter Chicken Vs. Tikka Masala Showdown at Cumin in Santa Rosa\". Sonoma Magazine. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sonomamag.com/a-butter-chicken-vs-tikka-masala-showdown-at-cumin-in-santa-rosa/","url_text":"\"A Butter Chicken Vs. Tikka Masala Showdown at Cumin in Santa Rosa\""}]},{"reference":"Dutt, Vijay (21 October 2007). \"60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/60-years-of-chicken-tikka-masala/story-cPUJ0MAdX4WxqcxYTrqA3H.html","url_text":"\"60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala\""}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Bobby (19 January 2023). \"How I Learned to Stop Hating and Respect Chicken Tikka Masala\". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/who-created-chicken-tikka-masala-history-of-uk-s-national-dish","url_text":"\"How I Learned to Stop Hating and Respect Chicken Tikka Masala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Emma. \"Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef\". Insider. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insider.com/chicken-tikka-masala-not-indian-dishoom-chef-naved-nasir-2019-11","url_text":"\"Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef\""}]},{"reference":"Thaker, Aruna; Barton, Arlene (2012). Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 74. ISBN 9781405173582.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YF1YCg5Ig-EC&pg=PA74","url_text":"Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405173582","url_text":"9781405173582"}]},{"reference":"Grove, Peter; Grove, Colleen (2008). \"Is It or Isn't It? (The Chicken Tikka Masala Story)\". Menu Magazine. Grove Publications. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161127225804/http://www.menumagazine.co.uk/book/tikkamasala.html","url_text":"\"Is It or Isn't It? (The Chicken Tikka Masala Story)\""},{"url":"http://www.menumagazine.co.uk/book/tikkamasala.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world\". The Independent. 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/charles-mackintosh-chemist-waterproof-google-doodle-scotland-inventions-innovation-bicycles-a7499911.html","url_text":"\"From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow 'invented' Tikka Masala\". BBC News. BBC. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2017. Mr Sarwar claimed the dish owed its origins to the culinary skills of Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of the Shish Mahal restaurant in Park Road in the west end of the city. He is said to have prepared a sauce using spices soaked in a tin of condensed tomato soup after a customer said his meal was too dry.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8161812.stm","url_text":"\"Glasgow 'invented' Tikka Masala\""}]},{"reference":"Godeau, Lucie (2 August 2009). \"Chicken tikka masala claims its origins in Scotland\". Sydney Morning Herald. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 19 May 2017. \"Chicken tikka masala was invented in this restaurant, we used to make chicken tikka, and one day a customer said, 'I'd take some sauce with that, this is a bit dry',\" said Ahmed Aslam Ali, 64, founder of Shish Mahal. \"We thought we'd better cook the chicken with some sauce. So from here we cooked chicken tikka with the sauce that contains yogurt, cream, spices.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/chicken-tikka-masala-claims-its-origins-in-scotland-20090802-e5mr.html","url_text":"\"Chicken tikka masala claims its origins in Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"Hay, Mark (5 May 2014). \"Who Owns Chicken Tikka Masala?\". Roads & Kingdoms. Retrieved 9 January 2023. 'Many chefs have claimed to have 'invented' chicken tikka masala, but it was certainly not Ali Ahmed Aslam of Shish Mahal,' says Grove. 'The restaurant did not open until the '60s and there was already a Glasgow claimant in the shape of Sultan Ahmed Ansari, who owned Taj Mahal and claimed to have invented it in the late '50s.'","urls":[{"url":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2014/who-owns-chicken-tikka-masala/","url_text":"\"Who Owns Chicken Tikka Masala?\""}]},{"reference":"Jaisinghani, By Anita (1 February 2021). \"How to make Pondicheri's butter chicken at home\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 15 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/food-culture/article/How-to-make-Anita-Jaisinghani-s-butter-chicken-15914236.php","url_text":"\"How to make Pondicheri's butter chicken at home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Jo (September 2005). Star of India: The Spicy Adventures of Curry. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-0-470-09188-3. Retrieved 29 November 2021. An enterprising chef then looked around for something to make a sauce from and found a tin of Campbell's condensed tomato soup. Hey presto! A legend had been born. The problem with this story is that — despite its status as a curry legend — it is completely invented. Cinnamon Club founder Iqbal Wahhab ...claims to have originated the story to entertain journalists in the days when he handled the marketing for several restaurants. 'That thing about the Campbell's soup was completely made up,' he confessed","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NC42BaKAwXAC&pg=PA135","url_text":"Star of India: The Spicy Adventures of Curry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-09188-3","url_text":"978-0-470-09188-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Curry myths\". Iqbal Wahhab. 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230109142646/http://www.iqbalwahhab.com/curry-myths/","url_text":"\"Curry myths\""},{"url":"http://www.iqbalwahhab.com/curry-myths/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallacher, Stevie (9 June 2019). \"Chicken Faker Masala: Restaurant boss admits inventing Scottish claim to famous dish\". The Sunday Post. Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/restaurant-boss-admits-inventing-caledonian-claim-to-famous-dish/","url_text":"\"Chicken Faker Masala: Restaurant boss admits inventing Scottish claim to famous dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Author profile: Rahul Verma\". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/rahul-verma/","url_text":"\"Author profile: Rahul Verma\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Dean; Andrabi, Jalees (4 August 2009). \"Chicken tikka masala debate grows as Indian chefs reprimand Scottish MPs over culinary origins\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 28 April 2010. Rahul Verma, Delhi's most authoritative expert on street food, said he first tasted the dish in 1971 and that its origins were in Punjab.\"Its basically a Punjabi dish not more than 40-50 years old and must be an accidental discovery which has had periodical improvisations\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/5972643/Chicken-tikka-masala-row-grows-as-Indian-chefs-reprimand-Scottish-MPs-over-culinary-origins.html","url_text":"\"Chicken tikka masala debate grows as Indian chefs reprimand Scottish MPs over culinary origins\""}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Rakesh (24 February 2007). \"Tastes that travel\". The Hindu. Chennai, India: Kasturi & Sons Ltd. Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tastes-that-travel/article2241239.ece","url_text":"\"Tastes that travel\""}]},{"reference":"Aravind Adiga (20 March 2006). \"The Spice of Life\". Time. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070516041440/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1174750,00.html","url_text":"\"The Spice of Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1174750,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stir-fry now Britain's most popular foreign dish\". Daily Mirror. 21 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/stir-fry-now-britains-most-popular-165120","url_text":"\"Stir-fry now Britain's most popular foreign dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London\". The Guardian. 19 April 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity","url_text":"\"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London\""}]},{"reference":"Mannur, Anita (2009). Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture. Temple University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4399-0077-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0077-2","url_text":"978-1-4399-0077-2"}]},{"reference":"Collingham, Elizabeth M. (2006). Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–12. ISBN 0-19-517241-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/currytaleofcooks00coll","url_text":"Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/currytaleofcooks00coll/page/2","url_text":"2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517241-8","url_text":"0-19-517241-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Partridge
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Point Partridge
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 48°13′29″N 122°46′13″W / 48.22472°N 122.77028°W / 48.22472; -122.77028Westernmost point of Whidbey Island, Washington (state), United States
Point Partridge (Lushootseed: x̌ʷuk̓q̓ʷqs) is the most westerly point of Whidbey Island, the largest island in Puget Sound. The point lies north of the Fort Ebey military reservation and south of West Beach. The primary importance of Point Partridge is as the northern and eastern reference point for the dividing line between Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The other reference is Point Wilson.
In Lushootseed, the name of the point is x̌ʷuk̓q̓ʷqs, meaning "muddy point." The origin of the English name is not known for certain. According to G.H. Anderson, the point was named by George Vancouver in 1792, to honor the family of Vancouver's sister-in-law, Martha Partridge, the daughter of Henry Partridge. The Spanish explorer Manuel Quimper had named the point two years before Vancouver, calling it "Menendez".
References
^ a b Hilbert, Vi; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (2001). sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geography. Original Manuscript from T.T. Waterman. Lushootseed Press. p. 360. ISBN 979-8750945764.
^ Roberts, John E. (2005). A Discovery Journal: George Vancouver's First Survey Season - 1792. Trafford Publishing. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-4120-7097-3.
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Point Partridge
48°13′29″N 122°46′13″W / 48.22472°N 122.77028°W / 48.22472; -122.77028
This Island County, Washington state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Hilbert, Vi; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (2001). sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geography. Original Manuscript from T.T. Waterman. Lushootseed Press. p. 360. ISBN 979-8750945764.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, Vi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.T._Waterman","url_text":"T.T. Waterman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8750945764","url_text":"979-8750945764"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, John E. (2005). A Discovery Journal: George Vancouver's First Survey Season - 1792. Trafford Publishing. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-4120-7097-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-7097-3","url_text":"978-1-4120-7097-3"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Point_Partridge¶ms=48_13_29_N_122_46_13_W_","external_links_name":"48°13′29″N 122°46′13″W / 48.22472°N 122.77028°W / 48.22472; -122.77028"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1507531","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Point Partridge"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Point_Partridge¶ms=48_13_29_N_122_46_13_W_","external_links_name":"48°13′29″N 122°46′13″W / 48.22472°N 122.77028°W / 48.22472; -122.77028"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Partridge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djingareyber
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Djinguereber Mosque
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["1 Design","2 History","2.1 Medieval Period","2.2 Post-Independence","2.3 Attack in 2012","3 Preservation Efforts","4 3D Model with Laser-Scanning","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 16°46′17″N 3°0′36″W / 16.77139°N 3.01000°W / 16.77139; -3.01000Learning center in Timbuktu, Mali
Djinguereber Mosqueمسجد جينجيربرMosquée de DjinguereberReligionAffiliationIslamBranch/traditionSunniLocationLocationTimbuktu, MaliShown within MaliGeographic coordinates16°46′17″N 3°0′36″W / 16.77139°N 3.01000°W / 16.77139; -3.01000ArchitectureTypemosqueCompleted1327
Outside the mosque
Postcard published by Edmond Fortier showing the mosque in 1905-1906
The Djinguereber Mosque (Arabic: مسجد دجينجيربر; French: Mosquée de Djinguereber; from Koyra Chiini jiŋgar-ey beer 'grand mosque'), also known as Djingareyber or Djingarey Ber, is a famous learning center in Timbuktu, Mali. Built in 1327, it is one of three madrassas composing the University of Timbuktu. It was inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1988.
Design
The design and construction of the Djinguereber mosque is tradtionally credited to the Andalusi scholar Abu Ishaq Al Sahili. According to Ibn Khaldun - one of the best-known sources on 14th-century Mali - he was said to have received 12,000 mithkals of gold dust for the work. More recent analyses reject this version, demonstrating that the architectural style of the Djinguereber Mosque and others in West Africa derives mainly from mosques in the Sahara and traditional African architecture and religions, so that al-Sahili's influence on West African architecture is treated as a myth.
Except for a small part of the northern facade, which was reinforced in the 1960s in alhore (limestone blocks, also widely used in the rest of the town), and the minaret, also built in limestone and rendered with mud, the Djingareyber Mosque is made entirely of earth plus organic materials such as fibre, straw and wood. It has three inner courts, two minarets and twenty-five rows of pillars aligned in an east-west direction and a prayer space for 2,000 people.
History
Medieval Period
During the reign of Askia Dawud of the Songhai Empire, Djinguereber mosque was renovated by the Qadi of Timbuktu Aqib ibn Mahmud beginning in 1570. The work was a source of conflict between the Askia and the Qadi, who resented the renovated mosque's association with a secular power.
Post-Independence
On 26 February 2010, during Mawlid (a festival to mark the birth anniversary of Muhammad), a stampede at the mosque killed around 26 people and injured at least 55 others, mostly women and children.
Attack in 2012
Further information: Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sites
On 1 July 2012, militant Islamists of the Ansar Dine ("defenders of faith") began destroying the tombs of Timbuktu shortly after UNESCO placed them on a list of endangered World Heritage sites. They set about destroying seven of Timbuktu's total sixteen ancient Muslim saint shrines, including two tombs at the Djingareyber Mosque. Using "hoes, pick-axes and chisels, they hammered away at the two earthen tombs until they were completely destroyed". The damage to the mosque itself, however, was minimal.
Preservation Efforts
The mosque was on the UN's list of World Heritage Sites in danger in 1990 due to sand encroachment from increasing desertification. A four-year project towards the restoration and rehabilitation of the Mosque began in June 2006, and is being conducted and financed by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture.
The first phase of restoration was a pilot project undertaken from November 2006 to July 2007. This work included drainage and paving around the mosque, re-rendering walls in bad condition and in one zone of the roof, replacing around 50% of the beams, above which was a heavy build-up of mud plaster. The local masons in charge of the project clearly had good technical expertise; however, there is a need to regularly document their activities and starting point. Natural local trees that were originally used for building materials for the beams in the mosque have also disappeared due to climate change, so wood beams must be imported from Ghana. This drastically increases the price of resources needed to restore the mosque, as building materials aren't readily available anymore. Despite ongoing maintenance efforts, there is still a one-meter difference between the roof height in 1952 and today.
While drought may cause issues, too much rain has also shown to be detrimental to the mosque. Heavy rains in 1999, 2001, and 2003 caused the collapse of many traditionally built earthen buildings, as well as more recently built structures. Climate change is expected to increase the severity of these threats.
Aftering being de-listed in 2005, the Djinguereber has once again been on the list of World Heritage Sites in danger since the attack by Ansar Dine in 2012.
3D Model with Laser-Scanning
The Zamani Project documents cultural heritage sites in 3D to create a record for future generations. The documentation of the Djinguereber Mosque is based on terrestrial laser-scanning. The 3D documentation of the Djinguereber Mosque was carried out in 2005. A 3D model, plans and images can be viewed here.
See also
Lists of mosques
List of mosques in Africa
List of mosques in Egypt
References
^ Heath, Jeffrey (1998). Koyra Chiini. (Dictionnaire songhay-anglais-français, I.). Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 146. ISBN 2-7384-6726-1.
^ Report of the World Heritage Committee, Twelfth Session, Brasilia: UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 23 December 1988, pp. 17–18, SC-88/CONF.001/13, retrieved 9 April 2007
^ The Meanings of Timbuktu, Bloom, Pg. 52.
^ Aradeon, Susan B. (1989). "Al-Sahili: the historians' myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa". Journal des africanistes. 59 (1–2): 99–131. doi:10.3406/jafr.1989.2279.
^ "Djingereyber Mosque Restoration". Archnet.org.
^ Gomez, Michael (2018). African dominion : a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780691177427.
^ Deadly crush at Timbuktu mosque, BBC News, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010; Pilgrims killed in stampede at Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu, UNESCO World Heritage News Archive, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010; 26 dead in Timbuktu mosque stampede, Reuters, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010; Wikinews
^ a b c Mali Islamists destroy tombs at ancient Timbuktu mosque | Radio Netherlands Worldwide Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5". The Guardian. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
^ Report of the World Heritage Committee, Fourteenth Session, Banff: UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 12 December 1990, pp. 17–18, CLT-90/CONF.004/13, retrieved 9 April 2007
^ "La Cité des 333 saints abrite de nombreux chantiers de modernisation" (in French). Afribone Mali SA. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2008) Timbuktu (Mali)". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ Smith, Alex Duval (27 March 2015). "Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5". the Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ Colette, Augustin, and Kishore Rao. Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2009, pp. 74–75, Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage.
^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "State of Conservation Timbuktu (2023)". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
^ Rüther, Heinz; Rajan, Rahim S. (2007). "Documenting African Sites: The Aluka Project". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 66 (4): 437–443. doi:10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437.
^ Giles, Chris (5 January 2018). "Meet the scientists immortalizing African heritage in virtual reality". CNN. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Wild, Sarah (18 December 2018). "Africa's great heritage sites are being mapped out with point precision lasers". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Rüther, Heinz. "AN AFRICAN HERITAGE DATABASE – THE VIRTUAL PRESERVATION OF AFRICA'S PAST" (PDF). isprs.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017.
^ Rüther, Heinz; Held, Christof; Bhurtha, Roshan; Schroeder, Ralph; Wessels, Stephen (13 January 2012). "From Point Cloud to Textured Model, the Zamani Laser Scanning Pipeline in Heritage Documentation". South African Journal of Geomatics. 1 (1): 44–59–59. ISSN 2225-8531.
^ "Challenges in Heritage Documentation with Terrestrial Laser Scanning" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2019.
^ "Site - Timbuktu Mosque". zamaniproject.org. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
Translated from Ibn Khaldun, loc. cit., p. 348.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Djinguereber Mosque.
Photos/Pictures of Timbuktu, Mali
vteUniversity of TimbuktuMasjids
Djinguereber Mosque
Sidi Yahya Mosque
Sankoré Madrasah
Manuscripts
Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
See also
Timbuktu
Mali Empire
Songhai Empire
Massina Empire
Mali
Azawad
Battles of Timbuktu in the Northern Mali conflict
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djinguereber_in_Timbuktu.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortier_372_Timbuktu_Djingereber_Mosque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edmond Fortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Edmond_Fortier"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Koyra Chiini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"madrassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassas"},{"link_name":"University of Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO1988-2"}],"text":"Learning center in Timbuktu, MaliOutside the mosquePostcard published by Edmond Fortier showing the mosque in 1905-1906The Djinguereber Mosque (Arabic: مسجد دجينجيربر; French: Mosquée de Djinguereber; from Koyra Chiini jiŋgar-ey beer 'grand mosque'[1]), also known as Djingareyber or Djingarey Ber, is a famous learning center in Timbuktu, Mali. Built in 1327, it is one of three madrassas composing the University of Timbuktu. It was inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1988.[2]","title":"Djinguereber Mosque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andalusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Abu Ishaq Al Sahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sahili"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"mithkals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithkal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aradeon,_Susan_B._1989_1-2-4"},{"link_name":"limestone blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_block"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The design and construction of the Djinguereber mosque is tradtionally credited to the Andalusi scholar Abu Ishaq Al Sahili. According to Ibn Khaldun - one of the best-known sources on 14th-century Mali - he was said to have received 12,000 mithkals of gold dust for the work. More recent analyses reject this version, demonstrating that the architectural style of the Djinguereber Mosque and others in West Africa derives mainly from mosques in the Sahara and traditional African architecture and religions, so that al-Sahili's influence on West African architecture is treated as a myth.[3][4]Except for a small part of the northern facade, which was reinforced in the 1960s in alhore (limestone blocks, also widely used in the rest of the town), and the minaret, also built in limestone and rendered with mud,[5] the Djingareyber Mosque is made entirely of earth plus organic materials such as fibre, straw and wood. It has three inner courts, two minarets and twenty-five rows of pillars aligned in an east-west direction and a prayer space for 2,000 people.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Askia Dawud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_Dawud"},{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aqib ibn Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadi_Aqib_ibn_Mahmud_ibn_Umar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Medieval Period","text":"During the reign of Askia Dawud of the Songhai Empire, Djinguereber mosque was renovated by the Qadi of Timbuktu Aqib ibn Mahmud beginning in 1570. The work was a source of conflict between the Askia and the Qadi, who resented the renovated mosque's association with a secular power.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mawlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Post-Independence","text":"On 26 February 2010, during Mawlid (a festival to mark the birth anniversary of Muhammad), a stampede at the mosque killed around 26 people and injured at least 55 others, mostly women and children.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist_destruction_of_Timbuktu_heritage_sites"},{"link_name":"Ansar Dine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_Dine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnw.nl-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnw.nl-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnw.nl-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Attack in 2012","text":"Further information: Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sitesOn 1 July 2012, militant Islamists of the Ansar Dine (\"defenders of faith\") began destroying the tombs of Timbuktu shortly after UNESCO placed them on a list of endangered World Heritage sites. They set about destroying seven of Timbuktu's total sixteen ancient Muslim saint shrines,[8] including two tombs at the Djingareyber Mosque.[8] Using \"hoes, pick-axes and chisels, they hammered away at the two earthen tombs until they were completely destroyed\".[8] The damage to the mosque itself, however, was minimal.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"desertification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO1990-10"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Trust for Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afribone20070405-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The mosque was on the UN's list of World Heritage Sites in danger in 1990 due to sand encroachment from increasing desertification.[10] A four-year project towards the restoration and rehabilitation of the Mosque began in June 2006, and is being conducted and financed by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture.[11]The first phase of restoration was a pilot project undertaken from November 2006 to July 2007. This work included drainage and paving around the mosque, re-rendering walls in bad condition and in one zone of the roof, replacing around 50% of the beams, above which was a heavy build-up of mud plaster. The local masons in charge of the project clearly had good technical expertise; however, there is a need to regularly document their activities and starting point.[12] Natural local trees that were originally used for building materials for the beams in the mosque have also disappeared due to climate change, so wood beams must be imported from Ghana. This drastically increases the price of resources needed to restore the mosque, as building materials aren't readily available anymore.[13] Despite ongoing maintenance efforts, there is still a one-meter difference between the roof height in 1952 and today.[citation needed]While drought may cause issues, too much rain has also shown to be detrimental to the mosque. Heavy rains in 1999, 2001, and 2003 caused the collapse of many traditionally built earthen buildings, as well as more recently built structures. Climate change is expected to increase the severity of these threats.[14]Aftering being de-listed in 2005, the Djinguereber has once again been on the list of World Heritage Sites in danger since the attack by Ansar Dine in 2012.[15]","title":"Preservation Efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zamani Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamani_Project"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"laser-scanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_scanning"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"here.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zamaniproject.org/site-mali-timbuktu-djingareyber-mosque.html#header5-a9"}],"text":"The Zamani Project documents cultural heritage sites in 3D to create a record for future generations.[16][17][18] The documentation of the Djinguereber Mosque is based on terrestrial laser-scanning.[19][20][21] The 3D documentation of the Djinguereber Mosque was carried out in 2005.[22] A 3D model, plans and images can be viewed here.","title":"3D Model with Laser-Scanning"}]
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[{"image_text":"Outside the mosque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Djinguereber_in_Timbuktu.jpg/250px-Djinguereber_in_Timbuktu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard published by Edmond Fortier showing the mosque in 1905-1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fortier_372_Timbuktu_Djingereber_Mosque.jpg/250px-Fortier_372_Timbuktu_Djingereber_Mosque.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Lists of mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mosques"},{"title":"List of mosques in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Africa"},{"title":"List of mosques in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt"}]
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[{"reference":"Heath, Jeffrey (1998). Koyra Chiini. (Dictionnaire songhay-anglais-français, I.). Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 146. ISBN 2-7384-6726-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-6726-1","url_text":"2-7384-6726-1"}]},{"reference":"Report of the World Heritage Committee, Twelfth Session, Brasilia: UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 23 December 1988, pp. 17–18, SC-88/CONF.001/13, retrieved 9 April 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom88.htm#119","url_text":"Report of the World Heritage Committee, Twelfth Session"}]},{"reference":"Aradeon, Susan B. (1989). \"Al-Sahili: the historians' myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa\". Journal des africanistes. 59 (1–2): 99–131. doi:10.3406/jafr.1989.2279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjafr.1989.2279","url_text":"10.3406/jafr.1989.2279"}]},{"reference":"\"Djingereyber Mosque Restoration\". Archnet.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archnet.org/sites/4668","url_text":"\"Djingereyber Mosque Restoration\""}]},{"reference":"Gomez, Michael (2018). African dominion : a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780691177427.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691177427","url_text":"9780691177427"}]},{"reference":"Deadly crush at Timbuktu mosque, BBC News, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8538312.stm","url_text":"Deadly crush at Timbuktu mosque"}]},{"reference":"Pilgrims killed in stampede at Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu, UNESCO World Heritage News Archive, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/592/","url_text":"Pilgrims killed in stampede at Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu"}]},{"reference":"26 dead in Timbuktu mosque stampede, Reuters, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61P37K20100226","url_text":"26 dead in Timbuktu mosque stampede"}]},{"reference":"\"Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5\". The Guardian. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/mar/27/timbuktu-djinguereber-mosque-history-cities-buildings","url_text":"\"Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5\""}]},{"reference":"Report of the World Heritage Committee, Fourteenth Session, Banff: UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 12 December 1990, pp. 17–18, CLT-90/CONF.004/13, retrieved 9 April 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom90.htm#timbuktu","url_text":"Report of the World Heritage Committee, Fourteenth Session"}]},{"reference":"\"La Cité des 333 saints abrite de nombreux chantiers de modernisation\" (in French). Afribone Mali SA. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afribone.com/article.php3?id_article=6085","url_text":"\"La Cité des 333 saints abrite de nombreux chantiers de modernisation\""}]},{"reference":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre. \"UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2008) Timbuktu (Mali)\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 8 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/928","url_text":"\"UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2008) Timbuktu (Mali)\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Alex Duval (27 March 2015). \"Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5\". the Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/mar/27/timbuktu-djinguereber-mosque-history-cities-buildings","url_text":"\"Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5\""}]},{"reference":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre. \"State of Conservation Timbuktu (2023)\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4286","url_text":"\"State of Conservation Timbuktu (2023)\""}]},{"reference":"Rüther, Heinz; Rajan, Rahim S. (2007). \"Documenting African Sites: The Aluka Project\". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 66 (4): 437–443. doi:10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjsah.2007.66.4.437","url_text":"10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808","url_text":"0037-9808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437","url_text":"10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437"}]},{"reference":"Giles, Chris (5 January 2018). \"Meet the scientists immortalizing African heritage in virtual reality\". CNN. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/05/africa/preserving-heritage-african-sites-3-d/index.html","url_text":"\"Meet the scientists immortalizing African heritage in virtual reality\""}]},{"reference":"Wild, Sarah (18 December 2018). \"Africa's great heritage sites are being mapped out with point precision lasers\". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/africa/1499880/africas-heritage-sites-brought-to-life-in-3d/","url_text":"\"Africa's great heritage sites are being mapped out with point precision lasers\""}]},{"reference":"Rüther, Heinz. \"AN AFRICAN HERITAGE DATABASE – THE VIRTUAL PRESERVATION OF AFRICA'S PAST\" (PDF). isprs.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiv/6-w6/papers/ruther.pdf","url_text":"\"AN AFRICAN HERITAGE DATABASE – THE VIRTUAL PRESERVATION OF AFRICA'S PAST\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215115656/http://www.isprs.org:80/proceedings/xxxiv/6-w6/papers/Ruther.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rüther, Heinz; Held, Christof; Bhurtha, Roshan; Schroeder, Ralph; Wessels, Stephen (13 January 2012). \"From Point Cloud to Textured Model, the Zamani Laser Scanning Pipeline in Heritage Documentation\". South African Journal of Geomatics. 1 (1): 44–59–59. ISSN 2225-8531.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sajg.org.za/index.php/sajg/article/view/20","url_text":"\"From Point Cloud to Textured Model, the Zamani Laser Scanning Pipeline in Heritage Documentation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2225-8531","url_text":"2225-8531"}]},{"reference":"\"Challenges in Heritage Documentation with Terrestrial Laser Scanning\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://zamaniproject.org/transfer/Challenges_in_Heritage_Documentation_with_Terrestrial_Laser_Scanning_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Challenges in Heritage Documentation with Terrestrial Laser Scanning\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190925122259/https://zamaniproject.org/transfer/Challenges_in_Heritage_Documentation_with_Terrestrial_Laser_Scanning_2011.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Site - Timbuktu Mosque\". zamaniproject.org. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://zamaniproject.org/site-mali-timbuktu-djingareyber-mosque.html#header5-a9","url_text":"\"Site - Timbuktu Mosque\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_coast_defense_ship_General_Admiral_Graf_Apraksin
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Russian coast defense ship General-Admiral Apraksin
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["1 Russian service","2 The Russo-Japanese War","3 Japanese service","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ship
The Russian coastal battleship General-Admiral Apraksin, which later became the Japanese Okinoshima
History
Russian Empire
NameGeneral-Admiral Apraksin
BuilderNew Admiralty Works, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Laid down24 October 1894
Launched12 May 1896
Commissioned1899
Stricken28 May 1905
FatePrize of war to Japan
Japan
NameOkinoshima
Acquired1905
Commissioned6 June 1905
Decommissioned1 April 1922
Stricken1924
Fate
Sold 1925, Memorial ship
Scrapped, September 1939
General characteristics
Class and typeAdmiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ship
Displacement4,165 tons (normal); 4,270 tons (max)
Length80.62 m (264.5 ft) at waterline
Beam15.85 m (52.0 ft)
Draught5.18 m (17.0 ft)
PropulsionTwo Shaft VTE steam engine, 6,000 shp (4,470 kW); 4 boilers
Speed15 knots (28 km/h)
Range
313 tons coal;
3,000 nautical miles (6,000 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h)
Complement406
ArmamentAs built:
3 × 254 mm (10 in) guns
4 × 120 mm (4.7 in) guns
10 × 47 mm (1.9 in) guns
12 × 37 mm (1.5 in) guns
4 × 450 mm (18 in) torpedo tubes
As Okinoshima:
3 × 254 mm (10 in) guns
6 × 152 mm (6.0 in) guns
2 × 47 mm (1.9 in) Hotchkiss guns
Armour
Belt: 250 mm (9.8 in)
Deck: 75 mm (3 in)
Turret: 200 mm (7.9 in)
General-Admiral Apraksin (Russian: Генералъ-Адмиралъ Апраксинъ), sometimes transliterated as Apraxin, was a member of the Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ships of the Imperial Russian Navy. She was named after General Admiral Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin, the first commander of Russian Baltic Fleet. She was one of eight Russian pre-dreadnought battleships captured by the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. She subsequently served in the Japanese Navy as Okinoshima (沖ノ島) until removed from service in 1922.
She had only three guns (a single gun turret aft, as shown in the photograph), instead of her sister ships, which were equipped with four guns.
Russian service
General-Admiral Apraksin aground on Hogland Island, with the icebreaker Yermak on site to assist
In November 1899, shortly after entering service with the Baltic Fleet, General-Admiral Apraksin ran aground on Hogland Island in the Gulf of Finland. It was hoped that the ship could be salvaged, as a similar incident in 1897 had cost the Russian Navy another battleship, Gangut. General-Admiral Apraksin's crew were ordered to remain aboard to maintain the ship as best they could when the Gulf froze over for the winter.
On the recommendation of radio pioneer A.S. Popov the ship's crew established a radio station on the island to maintain communication with the fleet's headquarters at Kronstadt (via a station at Kymi) in January 1900, after several weeks' delay. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky was assigned to lead the salvage operations. The results of the grounding were such that attempting to tow General-Admiral Apraksin free would likely leave her irreparable and in danger of foundering, and instead Rozhestvensky employed a civilian mining corporation to remove the rocks holding General-Admiral Apraksin with small explosive charges. Assisting the salvage efforts was the icebreaker Yermak. Rozhestvensky initially had doubts as to the usefulness of Yermak, but she proved her value during the operation, which was successfully concluded in the first part of May. After General-Admiral Apraksin was freed she was towed back to Kronstadt for the necessary repairs.
Later, General-Admiral Apraksin and her two sister ships, Admiral Ushakov and the Admiral Seniavin were reclassed as coastal defence ships.
The Russo-Japanese War
The three Ushakovs were rejected for inclusion in the Second Pacific Squadron assembled by Admiral Rozhestvensky to reinforce the existing Russian squadron based at Port Arthur after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War as Rozhestvensky felt they were unsuitable for such an extreme blue-water operation. Nevertheless, all three were selected to form part of Admiral Nebogatov's Third Pacific Squadron which was subsequently sent out to reinforce Rozhestvensky on his journey to the Far East after political agitation following his departure. The two Russian squadrons finally met and united at Cam Ranh Bay after a cruise that became known as the "Voyage of the Damned", and from there Rozhestvensky set course through the South China Sea towards the Korea Strait, where they were discovered by the Japanese.
At the resulting Battle of Tsushima (27–28 May 1905), the three ships survived the first phase of the engagement on the evening of 27 May largely due to the Japanese concentrating their efforts on Rozhestvensky's modern battleships (concentrated in the First and Second Divisions of the Russian squadron) and their subsequent almost-total destruction left the Russian fleet in tatters. Nebogatov's Third Division was largely able to keep itself together during the night, although Apraksin's sister ship Admiral Ushakov strayed from formation and was sunk by Japanese torpedoes. The morning of 28 May found the Russian survivors surrounded by an apparently undamaged Japanese force, and Nebogatov surrendered. Thus Apraksin and Admiral Seniavin were captured as prizes of war.
Japanese service
For other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Okinoshima.
Okinoshima
Admiral Senyavin became Mishima and General-Admiral Apraksin was commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy as the 2nd class coastal defense vessel Okinoshima. Okinoshima was named for the small island of Munakata, Fukuoka Prefecture, which is the site of a famous Shinto shrine, and which is also geographically close to the location of the Battle of Tsushima. Okinoshima retained her original three 10-inch 45 caliber guns, six 6-inch 40 caliber Armstrong Z guns and two 47mm guns.
Okinoshima was part of the Japanese Second Fleet at the outbreak of the First World War, participating in the Battle of Tsingtao against the small number of German ships left behind by Admiral von Spee's East Asia Squadron.
On 1 April 1921, Okinoshima was re-classified as a submarine tender. Okinoshima was decommissioned on 1 April 1922, used as a training ship for Sasebo Marine Corp, stricken on 1924, and was sold as monument in 1925 to "Battle of the Sea of Japan War Relic Preservation Committee", which planned on transforming her into a memorial ship located at Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka, commemorating the Japanese victory at the Battle of Tsushima. The ship floated aground and was severely damaged in a storm, and was scrapped in 1939.
The battleship Okinoshima should not be confused with the Pacific War era minelayer of the same name.
See also
List of battleships of Japan
Notes
^ Constantine Pleshakov, The Tsar's Last Armada, pp. 50-51.
^ Captain Peter Hore, Battleships, p. 115.
^ Eric Grove, Big Fleet Actions, pp. 29-45.
^ Jentschura, Hansgeorg (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Jung, Dieter,, Mickel, Peter. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9780870218934. OCLC 3273325.
References
Burt, R.A. Japanese Battleships, 1897–1945.
Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers.
Grove, Eric (1998). Big Fleet Actions. London: Brockhampton Press.
Hore, Peter (2005). Battleships. Anness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7548-1407-6.
Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
Pleshakov, Constantine (2002). The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-05792-6.
Schencking, J. Charles (2005). Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence Of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4977-9.
External links
Media related to General-Admiral Apraksin (ship, 1899) at Wikimedia Commons
Nishidah, Hiroshi (2002). "Armoured ships prize of Russo-Japanese War". Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ships Imperial Russian Navy
Admiral Ushakov
Admiral Seniavin
General-Admiral Apraksin
Imperial Japanese Navy
Mishima (ex-Admiral Seniavin)
Okinoshima (ex-General-Admiral Apraksin)
Followed by: GangutList of coastal defence ships of the Imperial Russian Navy
|
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She was named after General Admiral Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin, the first commander of Russian Baltic Fleet. She was one of eight Russian pre-dreadnought battleships captured by the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. She subsequently served in the Japanese Navy as Okinoshima (沖ノ島) until removed from service in 1922.She had only three guns (a single gun turret aft, as shown in the photograph), instead of her sister ships, which were equipped with four guns.","title":"Russian coast defense ship General-Admiral Apraksin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Admiral_Apraksin_and_Yermak_in_Gogland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hogland Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suursaari"},{"link_name":"Yermak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"Hogland Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suursaari"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Gangut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_coast_defense_ship_Gangut"},{"link_name":"A.S. Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov"},{"link_name":"Kronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt"},{"link_name":"Kymi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotka"},{"link_name":"Zinovy Rozhestvensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinovy_Rozhestvensky"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"Yermak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sister ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Admiral Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_coast_defense_ship_Admiral_Ushakov"},{"link_name":"Admiral Seniavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_coast_defense_ship_Admiral_Seniavin"},{"link_name":"coastal defence ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship"}],"text":"General-Admiral Apraksin aground on Hogland Island, with the icebreaker Yermak on site to assistIn November 1899, shortly after entering service with the Baltic Fleet, General-Admiral Apraksin ran aground on Hogland Island in the Gulf of Finland. It was hoped that the ship could be salvaged, as a similar incident in 1897 had cost the Russian Navy another battleship, Gangut. General-Admiral Apraksin's crew were ordered to remain aboard to maintain the ship as best they could when the Gulf froze over for the winter.On the recommendation of radio pioneer A.S. Popov the ship's crew established a radio station on the island to maintain communication with the fleet's headquarters at Kronstadt (via a station at Kymi) in January 1900, after several weeks' delay. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky was assigned to lead the salvage operations. The results of the grounding were such that attempting to tow General-Admiral Apraksin free would likely leave her irreparable and in danger of foundering, and instead Rozhestvensky employed a civilian mining corporation to remove the rocks holding General-Admiral Apraksin with small explosive charges. Assisting the salvage efforts was the icebreaker Yermak. Rozhestvensky initially had doubts as to the usefulness of Yermak, but she proved her value during the operation, which was successfully concluded in the first part of May. After General-Admiral Apraksin was freed she was towed back to Kronstadt for the necessary repairs.[1]Later, General-Admiral Apraksin and her two sister ships, Admiral Ushakov and the Admiral Seniavin were reclassed as coastal defence ships.","title":"Russian service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Admiral Nebogatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Nebogatov"},{"link_name":"Cam Ranh Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Korea Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Strait"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"prizes of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_war"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The three Ushakovs were rejected for inclusion in the Second Pacific Squadron assembled by Admiral Rozhestvensky to reinforce the existing Russian squadron based at Port Arthur after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War as Rozhestvensky felt they were unsuitable for such an extreme blue-water operation.[2] Nevertheless, all three were selected to form part of Admiral Nebogatov's Third Pacific Squadron which was subsequently sent out to reinforce Rozhestvensky on his journey to the Far East after political agitation following his departure. The two Russian squadrons finally met and united at Cam Ranh Bay after a cruise that became known as the \"Voyage of the Damned\", and from there Rozhestvensky set course through the South China Sea towards the Korea Strait, where they were discovered by the Japanese.At the resulting Battle of Tsushima (27–28 May 1905), the three ships survived the first phase of the engagement on the evening of 27 May largely due to the Japanese concentrating their efforts on Rozhestvensky's modern battleships (concentrated in the First and Second Divisions of the Russian squadron) and their subsequent almost-total destruction left the Russian fleet in tatters. Nebogatov's Third Division was largely able to keep itself together during the night, although Apraksin's sister ship Admiral Ushakov strayed from formation and was sunk by Japanese torpedoes. The morning of 28 May found the Russian survivors surrounded by an apparently undamaged Japanese force, and Nebogatov surrendered. Thus Apraksin and Admiral Seniavin were captured as prizes of war.[3]","title":"The Russo-Japanese War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese ship Okinoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ship_Okinoshima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okinosima1905-1922.jpg"},{"link_name":"Munakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munakata,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"6-inch 40 caliber Armstrong Z guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_6_inch_/40_naval_gun#Japanese_naval_service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Japanese Second Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine"},{"link_name":"Admiral von Spee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Maximilian_von_Spee"},{"link_name":"East Asia Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron"},{"link_name":"submarine tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Marine Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"memorial ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship"},{"link_name":"Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuyazaki,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"minelayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minelayer"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_minelayer_Okinoshima"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Okinoshima.OkinoshimaAdmiral Senyavin became Mishima and General-Admiral Apraksin was commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy as the 2nd class coastal defense vessel Okinoshima. Okinoshima was named for the small island of Munakata, Fukuoka Prefecture, which is the site of a famous Shinto shrine, and which is also geographically close to the location of the Battle of Tsushima. Okinoshima retained her original three 10-inch 45 caliber guns, six 6-inch 40 caliber Armstrong Z guns and two 47mm guns.[4]Okinoshima was part of the Japanese Second Fleet at the outbreak of the First World War, participating in the Battle of Tsingtao against the small number of German ships left behind by Admiral von Spee's East Asia Squadron.On 1 April 1921, Okinoshima was re-classified as a submarine tender. Okinoshima was decommissioned on 1 April 1922, used as a training ship for Sasebo Marine Corp, stricken on 1924, and was sold as monument in 1925 to \"Battle of the Sea of Japan War Relic Preservation Committee\", which planned on transforming her into a memorial ship located at Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka, commemorating the Japanese victory at the Battle of Tsushima. The ship floated aground and was severely damaged in a storm, and was scrapped in 1939.The battleship Okinoshima should not be confused with the Pacific War era minelayer of the same name.","title":"Japanese service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/warshipsimperial00jent"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/warshipsimperial00jent/page/n8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780870218934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870218934"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3273325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3273325"}],"text":"^ Constantine Pleshakov, The Tsar's Last Armada, pp. 50-51.\n\n^ Captain Peter Hore, Battleships, p. 115.\n\n^ Eric Grove, Big Fleet Actions, pp. 29-45.\n\n^ Jentschura, Hansgeorg (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Jung, Dieter,, Mickel, Peter. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9780870218934. OCLC 3273325.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"General-Admiral Apraksin aground on Hogland Island, with the icebreaker Yermak on site to assist","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/General_Admiral_Apraksin_and_Yermak_in_Gogland.jpg/220px-General_Admiral_Apraksin_and_Yermak_in_Gogland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Okinoshima","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Okinosima1905-1922.jpg/220px-Okinosima1905-1922.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of battleships of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Japan"}]
|
[{"reference":"Jentschura, Hansgeorg (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Jung, Dieter,, Mickel, Peter. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9780870218934. OCLC 3273325.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/warshipsimperial00jent","url_text":"Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/warshipsimperial00jent/page/n8","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870218934","url_text":"9780870218934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3273325","url_text":"3273325"}]},{"reference":"Burt, R.A. Japanese Battleships, 1897–1945.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grove, Eric (1998). Big Fleet Actions. London: Brockhampton Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hore, Peter (2005). Battleships. Anness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7548-1407-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/battleships0000hore","url_text":"Battleships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7548-1407-6","url_text":"0-7548-1407-6"}]},{"reference":"Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X","url_text":"0-87021-893-X"}]},{"reference":"Pleshakov, Constantine (2002). The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-05792-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tsarslastarmadae00ples","url_text":"The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-05792-6","url_text":"0-465-05792-6"}]},{"reference":"Schencking, J. Charles (2005). Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence Of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4977-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4977-9","url_text":"0-8047-4977-9"}]},{"reference":"Nishidah, Hiroshi (2002). \"Armoured ships prize of Russo-Japanese War\". Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy.","urls":[{"url":"http://admiral31.world.coocan.jp/e/stc0113.htm","url_text":"\"Armoured ships prize of Russo-Japanese War\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/warshipsimperial00jent","external_links_name":"Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/warshipsimperial00jent/page/n8","external_links_name":"13"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3273325","external_links_name":"3273325"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/battleships0000hore","external_links_name":"Battleships"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tsarslastarmadae00ples","external_links_name":"The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima"},{"Link":"http://admiral31.world.coocan.jp/e/stc0113.htm","external_links_name":"\"Armoured ships prize of Russo-Japanese War\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovannino_degli_Scolopi
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San Giovannino degli Scolopi
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["1 Works","2 Further reading","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°46′29″N 11°15′21″E / 43.7748°N 11.2557°E / 43.7748; 11.2557Roman Catholic church in Florence, Italy
Church of Saint John the Evangelist degli Scolopi(Chiesa di San Giovannino degli Scolopi)San Giovannino degli Scolopi.ReligionAffiliationRoman CatholicProvinceFlorenceLocationLocationFlorence, ItalyGeographic coordinates43°46′29″N 11°15′21″E / 43.7748°N 11.2557°E / 43.7748; 11.2557ArchitectureArchitect(s)Bartolommeo Ammannati; Giulio Parigi; Alfonso Parigi il GiovaneTypeChurchGroundbreaking1579Completed1661
The church of San Giovannino degli Scolopi is a minor church in the center of Florence, located on Via Martelli corner with Via Gori.
From 1351 to 1554, the church was known as San Giovanni Evangelista, since the site had a small oratory dedicated to the saint. In the mid-16th century, Cosimo I applied the inheritance of a Giovanni di Lando of the neighboring Gori family to the erection of a church for the newly arrived Jesuits (1577). Construction began two years later on designs of Bartolommeo Ammannati, afterwards supplanted by Giulio Parigi and finally Alfonso Parigi il Giovane, who completed the work in 1661. The Jesuit Order was suppressed in 1775, and the church was passed to the Piarist or Scolopi Fathers. It was restored in 1843 by Leopoldo Pasqui.
The ceiling was frescoed (1665) by Agostino Veracini and stucco statuary designed by Camillo Caetani. It also has frescoes by Alessandro Fei (il Barbiere) and canvases by Jacopo Ligozzi, a St. Francis Saverio preaching to natives by Francesco Curradi, and a Christ and the Canaanite in the second chapel on left by Alessandro Allori. Girolamo Macchietti painted a crucifix.
Works
Right chapels
First Crucifixion by Girolamo Macchietti, poorly visible frescoes by Domenico Cresti, il Passignano.
Second: St. Pompilio (1936) di A. del Zardo and lunette by Pier Dandini.
Third: St. Niccolò by Domenico Campiglia and two ovals by Agostino Veracini.
Fourth: Francesco Saverio by Francesco Curradi, pictures by Anton Domenico Bamberini and stucco by Girolamo Ticciati; here are kept the relics of San Fiorenzo, died in 303
Left chapels:
First: Angels, Jacob's ladder, Defeat of Lucifer by Jacopo Ligozzi
Second (chapel of San Bartolomeo): Christ and the Cannanite by Alessandro Allori, ovals by unknown author.
Third: San Giuseppe Calasanzio di Antonio Franchi, Lateral frescoes unknown author.
fourth: St. Ignatius of Loyola by Antonio Puglieschi, ovals by Domenico Banberini.
In the college are found canvases of Sant'Elena by Tommaso Bizzelli, Immaculate Conception by Domenico Curradi and a St. Jerome by Jacopo Ligozzi.
Further reading
Gauvin Alexander Bailey. "The Florentine Reformers and the Original Painting Cycle of the Church of S. Giovannino". In Thomas Lucas (ed.), Spirit, Style, and Story, 135–80. Chicago: Loyola Chicago Press, 2003.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Giovannino degli Scolopi.
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In the mid-16th century, Cosimo I applied the inheritance of a Giovanni di Lando of the neighboring Gori family to the erection of a church for the newly arrived Jesuits (1577). Construction began two years later on designs of Bartolommeo Ammannati, afterwards supplanted by Giulio Parigi and finally Alfonso Parigi il Giovane, who completed the work in 1661. The Jesuit Order was suppressed in 1775, and the church was passed to the Piarist or Scolopi Fathers. It was restored in 1843 by Leopoldo Pasqui.The ceiling was frescoed (1665) by Agostino Veracini[clarification needed] and stucco statuary designed by Camillo Caetani. It also has frescoes by Alessandro Fei (il Barbiere) and canvases by Jacopo Ligozzi, a St. Francis Saverio preaching to natives by Francesco Curradi, and a Christ and the Canaanite in the second chapel on left by Alessandro Allori. Girolamo Macchietti painted a crucifix.","title":"San Giovannino degli Scolopi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Girolamo Macchietti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Macchietti"},{"link_name":"Domenico Cresti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Cresti"},{"link_name":"Pier Dandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Dandini"},{"link_name":"Domenico Campiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Campiglia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agostino Veracini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Veracini"},{"link_name":"Francesco Curradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Curradi"},{"link_name":"Anton Domenico Bamberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Domenico_Bamberini"},{"link_name":"Girolamo Ticciati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Ticciati"},{"link_name":"San Fiorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fiorenzo"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Ligozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Allori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Allori"},{"link_name":"Antonio Franchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Franchi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Puglieschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Puglieschi"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Bizzelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Bizzelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Domenico Curradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Curradi"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Ligozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi"}],"text":"Right chapelsFirst Crucifixion by Girolamo Macchietti, poorly visible frescoes by Domenico Cresti, il Passignano.\nSecond: St. Pompilio (1936) di A. del Zardo and lunette by Pier Dandini.\nThird: St. Niccolò by Domenico Campiglia and two ovals by Agostino Veracini.\nFourth: Francesco Saverio by Francesco Curradi, pictures by Anton Domenico Bamberini and stucco by Girolamo Ticciati; here are kept the relics of San Fiorenzo, died in 303Left chapels:First: Angels, Jacob's ladder, Defeat of Lucifer by Jacopo Ligozzi\nSecond (chapel of San Bartolomeo): Christ and the Cannanite by Alessandro Allori, ovals by unknown author.\nThird: San Giuseppe Calasanzio di Antonio Franchi, Lateral frescoes unknown author.\nfourth: St. Ignatius of Loyola by Antonio Puglieschi, ovals by Domenico Banberini.In the college are found canvases of Sant'Elena by Tommaso Bizzelli, Immaculate Conception by Domenico Curradi and a St. Jerome by Jacopo Ligozzi.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gauvin Alexander Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauvin_Alexander_Bailey"}],"text":"Gauvin Alexander Bailey. \"The Florentine Reformers and the Original Painting Cycle of the Church of S. Giovannino\". In Thomas Lucas (ed.), Spirit, Style, and Story, 135–80. Chicago: Loyola Chicago Press, 2003.","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology
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Evolutionary developmental psychology
|
["1 History","1.1 Development and evolution","1.2 Evolutionary perspectives in developmental psychology","1.3 Evolutionary developmental psychology","2 Basic assumptions","3 Developmental adaptations","3.1 Deferred adaptations","3.2 Ontogenetic adaptations","3.3 Conditional adaptations","4 Related research","4.1 Social learning and the evolution of childhood","4.2 Cooperation and prosociality","4.3 Life history strategies and developmental plasticity","5 Criticism","6 See also","7 References","8 Relevant journals","9 Further reading"]
|
Psychology field concerned with Darwinian evolution
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Evolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.
EDP considers both the reliably developing, species-typical features of ontogeny (developmental adaptations), as well as individual differences in behavior, from an evolutionary perspective. While evolutionary views tend to regard most individual differences as the result of either random genetic noise (evolutionary byproducts) and/or idiosyncrasies (for example, peer groups, education, neighborhoods, and chance encounters) rather than products of natural selection, EDP asserts that natural selection can favor the emergence of individual differences via "adaptive developmental plasticity." From this perspective, human development follows alternative life-history strategies in response to environmental variability, rather than following one species-typical pattern of development.
EDP is closely linked to the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology (EP), but is also distinct from EP in several domains, including: research emphasis (EDP focuses on adaptations of ontogeny, as opposed to adaptations of adulthood); consideration of proximate ontogenetic; environmental factors (i.e., how development happens) in addition to more ultimate factors (i.e., why development happens). These things of which are the focus of mainstream evolutionary psychology.
History
Development and evolution
Like mainstream evolutionary psychology, EDP is rooted in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin himself emphasized development, using the process of embryology as evidence to support his theory. From The Descent of Man:"Man is developed from an ovule...which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals. The embryo itself at a very early period can hardly be distinguished from that of other members of the vertebrate kingdom."Darwin also published his observations of the development of one of his own sons in 1877, noting the child's emotional, moral, and linguistic development.
Despite this early emphasis on developmental processes, theories of evolution and theories of development have long been viewed as separate, or even opposed to one another (for additional background, see nature versus nurture). Since the advent of the modern evolutionary synthesis, evolutionary theory has been primarily "gene-centric", and developmental processes have often been seen as incidental. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins's appraisal of development in 1973 illustrates this shift: "The details of embryological developmental processes, interesting as they may be, are irrelevant to evolutionary considerations." Similarly, sociobiologist E. O. Wilson regarded ontogenetic variation as "developmental noise".
As a consequence of this shift in perspective, many biologists interested in topics such as embryology and developmental systems subsequently branched off into evolutionary developmental biology.
Evolutionary perspectives in developmental psychology
Despite the minimization of development in evolutionary theory, early developmental psychology was influenced by evolution. Both Darwin's theory of evolution and Karl Ernst von Baer's developmental principles of ontogeny shaped early thought in developmental psychology. Wilhelm T. Preyer, a pioneer of child psychology, was heavily inspired by Darwin's work and approached the mental development of children from an evolutionary perspective.
However, evolutionary theory has had a limited impact on developmental psychology as a whole, and some authors argue that even its early influence was minimal. Developmental psychology, as with the social sciences in general, has long been resistant to evolutionary theories of development (with some notable exceptions, such as John Bowlby's work on attachment theory). Evolutionary approaches to human behavior were, and to some extent continue to be, considered a form of genetic determinism and dismissive of the role of culture and experience in shaping human behavior (see Standard social science model).
One group of developmental psychologists who have embraced evolutionary perspectives are nativists, who argue than infants possess innate cognitive mechanisms (or modules) which allow them to acquire crucial information, such as language (for a prominent example, see universal grammar).
Evolutionary developmental psychology
Evolutionary developmental psychology can be viewed as a more focused theoretical framework derived from the larger field of evolutionary psychology (EP). Mainstream evolutionary psychology grew out of earlier movements which applied the principles of evolutionary biology to understand the mind and behavior such as sociobiology, ethology, and behavioral ecology, differing from these earlier approaches by focusing on identifying psychological adaptations rather than adaptive behavior. While EDP theory generally aligns with that of mainstream EP, it is distinguished by a conscious effort to reconcile theories of both evolution and development. EDP theory diverges from mainstream evolutionary psychology in both the degree of importance placed on the environment in influencing behavior, and in how evolution has shaped the development of human psychology.
Advocates of EDP assert that evolutionary psychologists, while acknowledging the role of the environment in shaping behavior and making claims as to its effects, rarely develop explicit models (i.e., predictions of how the environment might shape behavior) to support their claims . EDP seeks to distinguish itself from mainstream evolutionary psychology in this way by embracing a developmental systems approach, and emphasizing that function at one level of organization (e.g., the genetic level) effects organization at adjacent levels of an organization. Developmental systems theorists such as Robert Lickliter point out that the products of development are both genetic and epigenetic, and have questioned the strictly gene-centric view of evolution. However, some authors have rebutted the claim that mainstream evolutionary psychologists do not integrate developmental theory into their theoretical programs, and have further questioned the value of developmental systems theory (see Criticism).
Additionally, evolutionary developmental psychologists emphasize research on psychological development and behaviors across the lifespan. Pioneers of EDP contrast their work with that of mainstream evolutionary psychologists, who they argue focus primarily on adults, especially on behaviors related to socializing and mating.
Evolutionary developmental psychologists have worked to integrate evolutionary and developmental theories, attempting to synthesize the two without discarding the theoretical foundations of either. This effort is evident in the types of questions which researchers working in the EDP paradigm ask; in reference to Nikolaas Tinbergen's four categories of questions, EP typically focuses on evolutionary ("Why") questions, while EDP explicitly integrates proximate questions ("How"), with the assumption that a greater understanding of the former category will yield insights into the latter. See the following table for an overview of Tinbergen's questions.
Sequential vs. Static Perspective
Historical/Developmental
Explanation of current form in terms of a historical sequence
Current Form
Explanation of the current form of species
How vs. Why Questions
Proximate
How an individual organism's structures function
Ontogeny
Developmental explanations for changes in individuals, from DNA to their current form
Mechanism
Mechanistic explanations for how an organism's structures work
Evolutionary
Why a species evolved the structures (adaptations) it has
Phylogeny
The history of the evolution of sequential changes in a species over many generations
Adaptation
A species trait that evolved to solve a reproductive or survival problem in the ancestral environment
Basic assumptions
The following list summarizes the broad theoretical assumptions of EDP. From "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology," in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology:
All evolutionarily-influenced characteristics in the phenotype of adults develop, and this requires examining not only the functioning of these characteristics in adults but also their ontogeny.
All evolved characteristics develop via continuous and bidirectional gene-environment interactions that emerge dynamically over time.
Infants and children are prepared by natural selection to process some information more readily than others.
Development is constrained by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors.
Infants and children show a high degree of developmental plasticity and adaptive sensitivity to context.
An extended childhood is needed in which to learn the complexities of human social communities.
Many aspects of childhood serve as preparations for adulthood and were selected over the course of evolution (deferred adaptations).
Some characteristics of infants and children were selected to serve an adaptive function at specific times in development and not as preparations for adulthood (ontogenetic adaptations).
Developmental adaptations
EDP assumes that natural selection creates adaptations for specific stages of development, rather than only specifying adult states. Frequently, EDP researchers seek to identify such adaptations, which have been subdivided into deferred adaptations, ontogenetic adaptations, and conditional adaptations.
Deferred adaptations
Some behaviors or traits exhibited during childhood or adolescence may have been selected to serve as preparations for adult life, a type of adaptation that evolutionary developmental psychologists have named "deferred adaptations". Sex differences in children's play may be an example of this type of adaptation: higher frequencies of "rough-and-tumble" play among boys, as well as content differences in fantasy play (cross-culturally, girls engage in more "parenting" play than boys), seem to serve as early preparation for the roles that men and women play in many extant contemporary societies, and, presumably, played over human evolutionary history.
Ontogenetic adaptations
In contrast to deferred adaptations, which function to prepare individuals for future environments (i.e., adulthood), ontogenetic adaptations adapt individuals to their current environment. These adaptations serve a specific function during a particular period of development, after which they are discarded. Ontogenetic adaptations can be physiological (for example, when fetal mammals deriving nutrition and oxygen from the placenta before birth, but no longer utilize the placenta after birth) and psychological. David F. Bjorklund has argued that the imitation of facial gestures by infants, which has a predictable developmental window and seemingly different functions at different ages, shows evidence of being an ontogenetic adaptation.
Conditional adaptations
EDP emphasizes that children display considerable developmental plasticity, and proposes a special type of adaptation to facilitate adaptive developmental plasticity, called a conditional adaptation. Conditional adaptations detect and respond to relevant environmental cues, altering developmental pathways in ways which better adapt an individual to their particular environment. These adaptations allow organisms to implement alternative and contingent life history strategies, depending on environmental factors.
Related research
Social learning and the evolution of childhood
The social brain (or Machiavellian) hypothesis posits that the emergence of a complex social environment (e.g., larger group sizes) served as a key selection pressure in the evolution of human intelligence. Among primates, larger brains result in an extension of the juvenile period, and some authors argue that humans evolved (and/or expanded) novel developmental stages, childhood and adolescence, in response to increasing social complexity and sophisticated social learning.
While many species exhibit social learning to some degree and seemingly possess behavioral traditions (i.e., culture), humans can transmit cultural information across many generations with very high fidelity. High fidelity cultural learning is what many have argued is necessary for cumulative cultural evolution, and has only been definitively observed in humans, although arguments have been made for chimpanzees, orangutans, and New Caledonian crows. Developmentally-oriented researchers have proposed that over-imitation of behavioral models facilitates cultural learning, a phenomenon which emerges in children by age three and is seemingly absent in chimpanzees.
Cooperation and prosociality
Behaviors that benefit other members of one's social group, particularly those which appear costly to the prosocial or "altruistic" individual, have received considerable attention from disciplines interested in the evolution of behavior. Michael Tomasello has argued that cooperation and prosociality are evolved characteristics of human behavior, citing the emergence of "helping" behavior early in development (observed among 18-24 month old infants) as one piece of evidence. Researchers investigating the ontogeny and evolution of human cooperation design experiments intended to reveal the prosociality of infants and young children, then compare children's performance with that of other animals, typically chimpanzees. While some of the helping behaviors exhibited by infants and young children has also been observed in chimpanzees, preschool-age children tend to display greater prosociality than both human-raised and semi-free-ranging adult chimps.
Life history strategies and developmental plasticity
EDP researchers emphasize that evolved strategies are context dependent, in the sense that a strategy which is optimal in one environment will often be sub-optimal in another environment. They argue that this will result in natural selection favoring "adaptive developmental plasticity," allowing an organism to alter its developmental trajectory in response to environmental cues.
Related to this is the idea of a life history strategy, which can be conceptualized as a chain of resource-allocation decisions (e.g., allocating resources towards growth or towards reproduction) that an organism makes. Biologists have used life history theory to characterize between-species variation in resource-allocation in terms of a fast-slow continuum (see r/K selection theory), and, more recently, some anthropologists and psychologists have applied this continuum to understand within-species variation in trade-offs between reproductive and somatic effort.
Some authors argue that childhood environment and early life experiences are highly influential in determining an individual's life history strategy. Factors such as exposure to violence, harsh child-rearing, and environmental unpredictability (e.g., frequent moving, unstable family composition) have been shown to correlate with the proposed behavioral indicators of "fast" life history strategies (e.g., early sexual maturation, unstable couple relationships, impulsivity, and reduced cooperation), where current reproduction is prioritized over future reproduction.
Criticism
John Tooby, Leda Cosmides, and H. Clark Barrett have refuted claims that mainstream evolutionary psychology neglects development, arguing that their discipline is, in reality, exceptionally interested in and highly considerate of development. In particular, they cite cross-cultural studies as a sort of natural developmental "experiment," which can reveal the influence of culture in shaping developmental outcomes. The authors assert that the arguments of developmental systems theorists consists largely of truisms, of which evolutionary psychologists are well aware, and that developmental systems theory has no scientific value because it fails to generate any predictions.
Debra Lieberman similarly objected to the characterization of evolutionary psychology as ignorant of developmental principles. Lieberman argued that both developmental systems theorists and evolutionary psychologists share a common goal of uncovering species-typical cognitive architecture, as well as the ontogeny of that architecture.
See also
Developmental psychology
Differential susceptibility
Dual inheritance theory
Epigenetic theory
Evolutionary educational psychology
Evolutionary psychology
FOXP2 and human evolution
Human behavioral ecology
Life history theory
Nature and nurture
Wikipedia:Research resources/Evolution and human behavior
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Relevant journals
Evolution and Development Research relevant to interface of evolutionary and developmental biology
Evolutionary Psychology (journal) Special Edition on Evolutionary Developmental Psychology (2014)
Further reading
Library resources about Evolutionary developmental psychology
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Bjorklund, D.F.; Pellegrini, A.D. (2002). The Origins of Human Nature: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Bjorklund, D.F.; Pellegrini, A.D. (2000). "Child Development and Evolutionary Psychology" (PDF). Child Development. 71 (6): 1687–1708. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00258. PMID 11194266. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2006-02-12.
Boyce, W.T.; Ellis, B.J. (2005). "Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity" (PDF). Development and Psychopathology. 17 (2): 271–301. doi:10.1017/s0954579405050145. PMID 16761546. S2CID 15413527. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-23.
Burgess, R. L. & MacDonald (Eds.) (2004). Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Burman, J. T. "Experimenting in relation to Piaget: Education is a Chaperoned Process of Adaptation". Perspectives on Science. 16 (2).
Ellis, B.J., & Bjorklund, D.F. (Eds.) (2005). Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. New York: Guilford Press.
Ellis, B.J., Essex, M.J., & Boyce, W.T. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory. Development and Psychopathology 17, 303–328. Full text
Ellis, B.J. (2004). "Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: An integrated life history approach" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 130 (6): 920–958. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.920. PMID 15535743. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-04-22.
Flinn M.V. (2004). Culture and developmental plasticity: Evolution of the social brain. In K. MacDonald and R. L. Burgess (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development. Chapter 3, pp. 73–98. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
Flinn, M.V. & Ward, C.V. (2004). Ontogeny and Evolution of the Social Child. In B. Ellis & D. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. Chapter 2, pp. 19–44. London: Guilford Press. Full text
Geary, David C. (2006). "Evolutionary developmental psychology: Current status and future directions" (PDF). Developmental Review. 26 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
Geary, D. C. (2005). Folk knowledge and academic learning. In B. J. Ellis & D. F. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind. (pp. 493–519). New York: Guilford Publications. Full text
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Kress, O (1993). "A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation". Evolution and Cognition. 2 (4): 319–332.
MacDonald, K. (2005). Personality, Evolution, and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 207–242. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
MacDonald, K., & Hershberger, S. (2005). Theoretical Issues in the Study of Evolution and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 21–72. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
Machluf, K.; Liddle, J. R.; Bjorklund, D. F. (2014). "An introduction to evolutionary developmental psychology". Evolutionary Psychology. 12 (2): 273–294. doi:10.1177/147470491401200201. PMC 10426875. PMID 25299879.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology"},{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive"},{"link_name":"epigenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic"},{"link_name":"gene-environment interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-environment_interaction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"ontogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeny"},{"link_name":"individual differences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"}],"text":"Evolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.[1]EDP considers both the reliably developing, species-typical features of ontogeny (developmental adaptations), as well as individual differences in behavior, from an evolutionary perspective. While evolutionary views tend to regard most individual differences as the result of either random genetic noise (evolutionary byproducts)[2] and/or idiosyncrasies (for example, peer groups, education, neighborhoods, and chance encounters)[3] rather than products of natural selection, EDP asserts that natural selection can favor the emergence of individual differences via \"adaptive developmental plasticity.\"[1][4] From this perspective, human development follows alternative life-history strategies in response to environmental variability, rather than following one species-typical pattern of development.[1]EDP is closely linked to the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology (EP), but is also distinct from EP in several domains, including: research emphasis (EDP focuses on adaptations of ontogeny, as opposed to adaptations of adulthood); consideration of proximate ontogenetic; environmental factors (i.e., how development happens) in addition to more ultimate factors (i.e., why development happens). These things of which are the focus of mainstream evolutionary psychology.[5]","title":"Evolutionary developmental psychology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"nature versus nurture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture"},{"link_name":"modern evolutionary synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"\"gene-centric\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"Richard Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"sociobiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology"},{"link_name":"E. O. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-12"},{"link_name":"evolutionary developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Development and evolution","text":"Like mainstream evolutionary psychology, EDP is rooted in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin himself emphasized development, using the process of embryology as evidence to support his theory.[6][7][8] From The Descent of Man:\"Man is developed from an ovule...which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals. The embryo itself at a very early period can hardly be distinguished from that of other members of the vertebrate kingdom.\"[7]Darwin also published his observations of the development of one of his own sons in 1877, noting the child's emotional, moral, and linguistic development.[9]Despite this early emphasis on developmental processes, theories of evolution and theories of development have long been viewed as separate, or even opposed to one another (for additional background, see nature versus nurture). Since the advent of the modern evolutionary synthesis, evolutionary theory has been primarily \"gene-centric\", and developmental processes have often been seen as incidental.[8] Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins's appraisal of development in 1973 illustrates this shift: \"The details of embryological developmental processes, interesting as they may be, are irrelevant to evolutionary considerations.\"[10] Similarly, sociobiologist E. O. Wilson regarded ontogenetic variation as \"developmental noise\".[11][12]As a consequence of this shift in perspective, many biologists interested in topics such as embryology and developmental systems subsequently branched off into evolutionary developmental biology.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Ernst von Baer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-12"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm T. Preyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thierry_Preyer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"John Bowlby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowlby"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Standard social science model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_social_science_model"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-17"},{"link_name":"nativists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_nativism"},{"link_name":"universal grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Grammar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary perspectives in developmental psychology","text":"Despite the minimization of development in evolutionary theory, early developmental psychology was influenced by evolution. Both Darwin's theory of evolution and Karl Ernst von Baer's developmental principles of ontogeny shaped early thought in developmental psychology.[12] Wilhelm T. Preyer, a pioneer of child psychology, was heavily inspired by Darwin's work and approached the mental development of children from an evolutionary perspective.[14]However, evolutionary theory has had a limited impact on developmental psychology as a whole,[5] and some authors argue that even its early influence was minimal.[15] Developmental psychology, as with the social sciences in general, has long been resistant to evolutionary theories of development[5] (with some notable exceptions, such as John Bowlby's work on attachment theory).[16] Evolutionary approaches to human behavior were, and to some extent continue to be, considered a form of genetic determinism and dismissive of the role of culture and experience in shaping human behavior (see Standard social science model).[5][17]One group of developmental psychologists who have embraced evolutionary perspectives are nativists, who argue than infants possess innate cognitive mechanisms (or modules) which allow them to acquire crucial information, such as language (for a prominent example, see universal grammar).[18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"psychological adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"developmental systems approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Robert Lickliter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lickliter"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Criticism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"Nikolaas Tinbergen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen"},{"link_name":"four categories of questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbergen%27s_four_questions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary developmental psychology","text":"Evolutionary developmental psychology can be viewed as a more focused theoretical framework derived from the larger field of evolutionary psychology (EP). Mainstream evolutionary psychology grew out of earlier movements which applied the principles of evolutionary biology to understand the mind and behavior such as sociobiology, ethology, and behavioral ecology,[5] differing from these earlier approaches by focusing on identifying psychological adaptations rather than adaptive behavior.[20] While EDP theory generally aligns with that of mainstream EP, it is distinguished by a conscious effort to reconcile theories of both evolution and development.[5] EDP theory diverges from mainstream evolutionary psychology in both the degree of importance placed on the environment in influencing behavior, and in how evolution has shaped the development of human psychology.[5]Advocates of EDP assert that evolutionary psychologists, while acknowledging the role of the environment in shaping behavior and making claims as to its effects, rarely develop explicit models (i.e., predictions of how the environment might shape behavior) to support their claims .[5] EDP seeks to distinguish itself from mainstream evolutionary psychology in this way by embracing a developmental systems approach, and emphasizing that function at one level of organization (e.g., the genetic level) effects organization at adjacent levels of an organization. Developmental systems theorists such as Robert Lickliter point out that the products of development are both genetic and epigenetic, and have questioned the strictly gene-centric view of evolution.[21][22] However, some authors have rebutted the claim that mainstream evolutionary psychologists do not integrate developmental theory into their theoretical programs, and have further questioned the value of developmental systems theory[23] (see Criticism).Additionally, evolutionary developmental psychologists emphasize research on psychological development and behaviors across the lifespan. Pioneers of EDP contrast their work with that of mainstream evolutionary psychologists, who they argue focus primarily on adults, especially on behaviors related to socializing and mating.[1]Evolutionary developmental psychologists have worked to integrate evolutionary and developmental theories, attempting to synthesize the two without discarding the theoretical foundations of either. This effort is evident in the types of questions which researchers working in the EDP paradigm ask; in reference to Nikolaas Tinbergen's four categories of questions, EP typically focuses on evolutionary (\"Why\") questions, while EDP explicitly integrates proximate questions (\"How\"), with the assumption that a greater understanding of the former category will yield insights into the latter.[5] See the following table for an overview of Tinbergen's questions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"ontogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeny"},{"link_name":"plasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity"}],"text":"The following list summarizes the broad theoretical assumptions of EDP. From \"Evolutionary Developmental Psychology,\"[1] in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology:All evolutionarily-influenced characteristics in the phenotype of adults develop, and this requires examining not only the functioning of these characteristics in adults but also their ontogeny.\nAll evolved characteristics develop via continuous and bidirectional gene-environment interactions that emerge dynamically over time.\nInfants and children are prepared by natural selection to process some information more readily than others.\nDevelopment is constrained by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors.\nInfants and children show a high degree of developmental plasticity and adaptive sensitivity to context.\nAn extended childhood is needed in which to learn the complexities of human social communities.\nMany aspects of childhood serve as preparations for adulthood and were selected over the course of evolution (deferred adaptations).\nSome characteristics of infants and children were selected to serve an adaptive function at specific times in development and not as preparations for adulthood (ontogenetic adaptations).","title":"Basic assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"}],"text":"EDP assumes that natural selection creates adaptations for specific stages of development, rather than only specifying adult states.[1][5][8] Frequently, EDP researchers seek to identify such adaptations, which have been subdivided into deferred adaptations, ontogenetic adaptations, and conditional adaptations.[1]","title":"Developmental adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"}],"sub_title":"Deferred adaptations","text":"Some behaviors or traits exhibited during childhood or adolescence may have been selected to serve as preparations for adult life, a type of adaptation that evolutionary developmental psychologists have named \"deferred adaptations\".[24] Sex differences in children's play may be an example of this type of adaptation: higher frequencies of \"rough-and-tumble\" play among boys, as well as content differences in fantasy play (cross-culturally,[25] girls engage in more \"parenting\" play than boys),[26] seem to serve as early preparation for the roles that men and women play in many extant contemporary societies, and, presumably, played over human evolutionary history.[1]","title":"Developmental adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:332-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Ontogenetic adaptations","text":"In contrast to deferred adaptations, which function to prepare individuals for future environments (i.e., adulthood), ontogenetic adaptations adapt individuals to their current environment.[5] These adaptations serve a specific function during a particular period of development, after which they are discarded. Ontogenetic adaptations can be physiological (for example, when fetal mammals deriving nutrition and oxygen from the placenta before birth, but no longer utilize the placenta after birth) and psychological.[1] David F. Bjorklund has argued that the imitation of facial gestures by infants, which has a predictable developmental window and seemingly different functions at different ages, shows evidence of being an ontogenetic adaptation.[27]","title":"Developmental adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"life history strategies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_history_theory"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Conditional adaptations","text":"EDP emphasizes that children display considerable developmental plasticity, and proposes a special type of adaptation to facilitate adaptive developmental plasticity, called a conditional adaptation. Conditional adaptations detect and respond to relevant environmental cues, altering developmental pathways in ways which better adapt an individual to their particular environment. These adaptations allow organisms to implement alternative and contingent life history strategies, depending on environmental factors.[28]","title":"Developmental adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"cultural learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_learning"},{"link_name":"cumulative cultural evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory#Social_learning_and_cumulative_cultural_evolution"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Social learning and the evolution of childhood","text":"The social brain (or Machiavellian) hypothesis posits that the emergence of a complex social environment (e.g., larger group sizes) served as a key selection pressure in the evolution of human intelligence.[29] Among primates, larger brains result in an extension of the juvenile period,[30] and some authors argue that humans evolved (and/or expanded) novel developmental stages, childhood and adolescence,[31] in response to increasing social complexity and sophisticated social learning.[1][32]While many species exhibit social learning to some degree and seemingly possess behavioral traditions (i.e., culture), humans can transmit cultural information across many generations with very high fidelity.[33] High fidelity cultural learning is what many have argued is necessary for cumulative cultural evolution,[34][35] and has only been definitively observed in humans, although arguments have been made for chimpanzees, orangutans, and New Caledonian crows.[33][36] Developmentally-oriented researchers have proposed that over-imitation of behavioral models facilitates cultural learning,[37] a phenomenon which emerges in children by age three[38] and is seemingly absent in chimpanzees.[39]","title":"Related research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prosocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosocial_behavior"},{"link_name":"altruistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruistic"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Cooperation and prosociality","text":"Behaviors that benefit other members of one's social group, particularly those which appear costly to the prosocial or \"altruistic\" individual, have received considerable attention from disciplines interested in the evolution of behavior.[40] Michael Tomasello has argued that cooperation and prosociality are evolved characteristics of human behavior,[41] citing the emergence of \"helping\" behavior early in development (observed among 18-24 month old infants) as one piece of evidence.[42] Researchers investigating the ontogeny and evolution of human cooperation design experiments intended to reveal the prosociality of infants and young children, then compare children's performance with that of other animals, typically chimpanzees.[1] While some of the helping behaviors exhibited by infants and young children has also been observed in chimpanzees, preschool-age children tend to display greater prosociality than both human-raised and semi-free-ranging adult chimps.[43]","title":"Related research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"life history strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_history_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"},{"link_name":"r/K selection theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/K_selection_theory"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1"}],"sub_title":"Life history strategies and developmental plasticity","text":"EDP researchers emphasize that evolved strategies are context dependent, in the sense that a strategy which is optimal in one environment will often be sub-optimal in another environment. They argue that this will result in natural selection favoring \"adaptive developmental plasticity,\" allowing an organism to alter its developmental trajectory in response to environmental cues.[1][4]Related to this is the idea of a life history strategy, which can be conceptualized as a chain of resource-allocation decisions (e.g., allocating resources towards growth or towards reproduction) that an organism makes.[1] Biologists have used life history theory to characterize between-species variation in resource-allocation in terms of a fast-slow continuum (see r/K selection theory),[44] and, more recently, some anthropologists and psychologists have applied this continuum to understand within-species variation in trade-offs between reproductive and somatic effort.[45][46][47]Some authors argue that childhood environment and early life experiences are highly influential in determining an individual's life history strategy.[47][48] Factors such as exposure to violence, harsh child-rearing, and environmental unpredictability (e.g., frequent moving, unstable family composition) have been shown to correlate with the proposed behavioral indicators of \"fast\" life history strategies[49] (e.g., early sexual maturation, unstable couple relationships, impulsivity, and reduced cooperation), where current reproduction is prioritized over future reproduction.[1]","title":"Related research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Tooby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tooby"},{"link_name":"Leda Cosmides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_Cosmides"},{"link_name":"truisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truism"},{"link_name":"developmental systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-17"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"John Tooby, Leda Cosmides, and H. Clark Barrett have refuted claims that mainstream evolutionary psychology neglects development, arguing that their discipline is, in reality, exceptionally interested in and highly considerate of development. In particular, they cite cross-cultural studies as a sort of natural developmental \"experiment,\" which can reveal the influence of culture in shaping developmental outcomes. The authors assert that the arguments of developmental systems theorists consists largely of truisms, of which evolutionary psychologists are well aware, and that developmental systems theory has no scientific value because it fails to generate any predictions.[17]Debra Lieberman similarly objected to the characterization of evolutionary psychology as ignorant of developmental principles. Lieberman argued that both developmental systems theorists and evolutionary psychologists share a common goal of uncovering species-typical cognitive architecture, as well as the ontogeny of that architecture.[50]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evolution and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130105055909/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118546131/home"},{"link_name":"Special Edition on Evolutionary Developmental Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140702045104/http://www.epjournal.net/special/evolutionary-developmental-psychology/"},{"link_name":"[usurped]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc"}],"text":"Evolution and Development Research relevant to interface of evolutionary and developmental biology\nEvolutionary Psychology (journal) Special Edition on Evolutionary Developmental Psychology[usurped] (2014)","title":"Relevant journals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=evolutionary+developmental+psychology"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=evolutionary+developmental+psychology&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Bjorklund, D.F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund"},{"link_name":"The Origins of Human Nature: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.apa.org/books/431671A.html"},{"link_name":"Bjorklund, D.F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund"},{"link_name":"\"Child Development and Evolutionary Psychology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110812085718/http://bernard.pitzer.edu/~dmoore/psych199s03articles/Bjorklund.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/1467-8624.00258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8624.00258"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11194266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194266"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bernard.pitzer.edu/~dmoore/psych199s03articles/Bjorklund.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Biological sensitivity to context: I. 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H. Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._Waddington"},{"link_name":"Richard Lewontin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lewontin"},{"link_name":"François Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Jacques Monod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monod"},{"link_name":"Lac operon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon"},{"link_name":"Eric F. Wieschaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus"},{"link_name":"Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard"},{"link_name":"William McGinnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGinnis"},{"link_name":"Mike Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Levine_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Sean B. 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(2002). The Origins of Human Nature: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.\nBjorklund, D.F.; Pellegrini, A.D. (2000). \"Child Development and Evolutionary Psychology\" (PDF). Child Development. 71 (6): 1687–1708. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00258. PMID 11194266. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2006-02-12.\nBoyce, W.T.; Ellis, B.J. (2005). \"Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity\" (PDF). Development and Psychopathology. 17 (2): 271–301. doi:10.1017/s0954579405050145. PMID 16761546. S2CID 15413527. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-23.\nBurgess, R. L. & MacDonald (Eds.) (2004). Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\nBurman, J. T. \"Experimenting in relation to Piaget: Education is a Chaperoned Process of Adaptation\". Perspectives on Science. 16 (2).\nEllis, B.J., & Bjorklund, D.F. (Eds.) (2005). Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. New York: Guilford Press.\nEllis, B.J., Essex, M.J., & Boyce, W.T. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory. Development and Psychopathology 17, 303–328. Full text\nEllis, B.J. (2004). \"Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: An integrated life history approach\" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 130 (6): 920–958. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.920. PMID 15535743. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-04-22.\nFlinn M.V. (2004). Culture and developmental plasticity: Evolution of the social brain. In K. MacDonald and R. L. Burgess (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development. Chapter 3, pp. 73–98. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text\nFlinn, M.V. & Ward, C.V. (2004). Ontogeny and Evolution of the Social Child. In B. Ellis & D. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. Chapter 2, pp. 19–44. London: Guilford Press. Full text\nGeary, David C. (2006). \"Evolutionary developmental psychology: Current status and future directions\" (PDF). Developmental Review. 26 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-05-20.\nGeary, D. C. (2005). Folk knowledge and academic learning. In B. J. Ellis & D. F. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind. (pp. 493–519). New York: Guilford Publications. Full text\nGeary, D. C. (2004). Evolution and cognitive development. In R. Burgess & K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human development (pp. 99–133). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Full text\nGeary, D. C.; Byrd-Craven, J.; Hoard, M. K.; Vigil, J.; Numtee, C. (2003). \"Evolution and development of boys' social behavior\" (PDF). Developmental Review. 23 (4): 444–470. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2003.08.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-31.\nGeary, D.C.; Bjorklund, D.F. (2000). \"Evolutionary Developmental Psychology\" (PDF). Child Development. 71 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00118. PMID 10836558. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-18. Retrieved 2006-02-12.\nKress, O (1993). \"A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation\". Evolution and Cognition. 2 (4): 319–332.\nMacDonald, K. (2005). Personality, Evolution, and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 207–242. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text\nMacDonald, K., & Hershberger, S. (2005). Theoretical Issues in the Study of Evolution and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 21–72. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text\nMachluf, K.; Liddle, J. R.; Bjorklund, D. F. (2014). \"An introduction to evolutionary developmental psychology\". Evolutionary Psychology. 12 (2): 273–294. doi:10.1177/147470491401200201. PMC 10426875. PMID 25299879.\nMaestripieri, D.; Roney, J.R. (2006). \"Evolutionary developmental psychology: Contributions from comparative research with nonhuman primates\" (PDF). Developmental Review. 26 (2): 120–137. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.006.\nMedicus, G (1992). \"The Inapplicability of the Biogenetic Rule to Behavioral Development\" (PDF). Human Development. 35: 1–8. doi:10.1159/000277108.\nPanchanathan, K.; Frankenhuis, W.E.; Barrett, H.C. (2010). \"Development: Evolutionary ecology's midwife\". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 33 (2–3): 105–106. doi:10.1017/S0140525X1000021X. PMID 20546654. S2CID 52874157.\nRobert, J. S. Taking old ideas seriously: Evolution, development, and human behavior. New Ideas in Psychology.\nVigil, J. M.; Geary, D. C.; Byrd-Craven, J. (2005). \"A life history assessment of early childhood sexual abuse in women\" (PDF). Developmental Psychology. 41 (3): 553–561. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.3.553. PMID 15910162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-31.vteEvolutionary psychology\nHistory\nEvolutionary thought\nTheoretical foundations\nAdaptationism\nCognitive revolution\nCognitivism\nGene selection theory\nModern synthesis\nCriticism\nEvolutionaryprocesses\nAdaptations\nAltruism\nCheating\nHamiltonian spite\nReciprocal\nBaldwin effect\nBy-products\nEvolutionarily stable strategy\nExaptation\nFitness\nInclusive\nKin selection\nMismatch\nNatural selection\nParental investment\nParent–offspring conflict\nSexual selection\nCostly signaling\nMale/female intrasexual competition\nMate choice\nSexual dimorphism\nSocial selection\nAreasCognition /Emotion\nAffect\nDisplay\nDisplay rules\nFacial expression\nBehavioral modernity\nCognitive module/modularity of mind\nAutomatic and controlled processes\nComputational theory of mind\nDomain generality\nDomain specificity\nDual process theory\nCognitive tradeoff hypothesis\nEvolution of the brain\nEvolution of nervous systems\nFight-or-flight response\nArachnophobia\nBasophobia\nOphidiophobia\nFolk biology/taxonomy\nFolk psychology/theory of mind\nIntelligence\nFlynn effect\nWason selection task\nMotor control/skill\nMultitasking\nSleep\nVisual perception\nColor vision\nEye\nNaïve physics\nCulture\nAesthetics\nLiterary criticism\nMusicology\nAnthropology\nBiological\nCrime\nLanguage\nOrigin\nPsychology\nSpeech\nMorality\nMoral foundations\nReligion\nOrigin\nUniversals\nDevelopment\nAttachment\nBonding\nAffectional/maternal/paternal bond\nCaregiver deprivation\nChildhood attachment\nCinderella effect\nCognitive development\nEducation\nLanguage acquisition\nPersonality development\nSocialization\nHuman factors /Mental health\nCognitive ergonomics\nComputer-mediated communication\nEngineering psychology\nHuman–computer interaction\nMedia naturalness theory\nNeuroergonomics\nDepression\nDigital media use and mental health\nHypophobia\nImprinted brain hypothesis\nMind-blindness\nPsychological effects of Internet use\nRank theory of depression\nSchizophrenia\nScreen time\nSmartphones and pedestrian safety\nSocial aspects of television\nSocietal impacts of cars\nDistracted driving\nLead–crime hypothesis\nMobile phones and driving safety\nTexting while driving\nSex\nActivity\nAdult attachment\nAge disparity\nArousal\nConcealed ovulation\nCoolidge effect\nDesire\nFantasy\nHormonal motivation\nJealousy\nMate guarding\nMating preferences\nMating strategies\nOrientation\nOvulatory shift hypothesis\nPair bond\nPhysical/Sexual attraction\nSexuality/male/female\nSexy son hypothesis\nWestermarck effect\nSex differences\nAggression\nAutism\nCognition\nCrime\nDivision of labour\nEmotional intelligence\nEmpathising–systemising theory\nGender role\nIntelligence\nMemory\nMental health\nNarcissism\nNeuroscience\nSchizophrenia\nSubstance abuse\nSuicide\nVariability hypothesis\nRelated subjectsAcademic disciplines\nBehavioral/evolutionary economics\nBehavioral epigenetics/genetics\nAffective/behavioral/cognitive/evolutionary neuroscience\nBiocultural anthropology\nBiological psychiatry\nCognitive psychology\nCognitive science\nEthology\nEvolutionary biology\nEvolutionary medicine\nFunctional psychology\nNeuropsychology\nPhilosophy of mind\nPopulation genetics\nPrimatology\nSociobiology\nResearch topics\nCultural evolution\nEvolutionary epistemology\nGreat ape language\nHuman–animal communication\nMissing heritability problem\nPrimate cognition\nUnit of selection\nCoevolution\nCultural group selection\nDual inheritance theory\nFisher's principle\nGroup selection\nHologenome theory\nLamarckism\nPopulation\nPunctuated equilibrium\nRecent human evolution\nSpecies\nSpecies complex\nTransgenerational epigenetic inheritance\nTrivers–Willard hypothesis\nTheoretical positions\nCultural selection theory\nDeterminism/indeterminism\nBiological determinism\nConnectionism\nCultural determinism\nEnvironmental determinism\nNature versus nurture\nPsychological nativism\nSocial constructionism\nSocial determinism\nStandard social science model\nFunctionalism\nMemetics\nMultilineal evolution\nNeo-Darwinism\nNeoevolutionism\nSociocultural evolution\nUnilineal evolution\n\nEvolutionary psychologists\n Evolutionary psychology\n Psychology portal\n Evolutionary biology portalvteThe development of phenotypeKey concepts\nGenotype–phenotype distinction\nReaction norm\nGene–environment interaction\nGene–environment correlation\nOperon\nHeritability\nQuantitative genetics\nHeterochrony\nNeoteny\nHeterotopy\nGenetic architecture\nCanalisation\nGenetic assimilation\nDominance\nEpistasis\nFitness landscape/evolutionary landscape\nPleiotropy\nPlasticity\nPolygenic inheritance\nTransgressive segregation\nSequence space\nNon-genetic influences\nEpigenetics\nMaternal effect\nGenomic imprinting\nDual inheritance theory\nPolyphenism\nDevelopmental architecture\nDevelopmental biology\nMorphogenesis\nEyespot\nPattern formation\nSegmentation\nMetamerism\nModularity\nEvolution of genetic systems\nEvolvability\nRobustness\nNeutral networks\nEvolution of sexual reproduction\nTinkering\nControl of developmentSystems\nRegulation of gene expression\nGene regulatory network\nEvo-devo gene toolkit\nEvolutionary developmental biology\nHomeobox\nHedgehog signaling pathway\nNotch signaling pathway\nElements\nHomeotic gene\nHox gene\nPax genes\neyeless gene\nDistal-less\nEngrailed\ncis-regulatory element\nLigand\nMorphogen\nCell surface receptor\nTranscription factor\nInfluential figures\nC. H. Waddington\nRichard Lewontin\nFrançois Jacob + Jacques Monod\nLac operon\nEric F. Wieschaus\nChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard\nWilliam McGinnis\nMike Levine\nSean B. Carroll\nEndless Forms Most Beautiful\nDebates\nNature versus nurture\nMorphogenetic field\nIndex of evolutionary biology articlesvteHuman psychological developmentDevelopmental psychology\nAntenatal\nCognitive development of infants\nChild development\nPositive youth development\nYoung adult\nAdult development\nPositive adult development\nMaturity\nTheorists andtheories\nFreud (1856–1939) (Psychosexual development)\nPiaget (1896–1980) (Theory of cognitive development)\nVygotsky (1896–1934) (Cultural-historical psychology)\nErikson (1902–1994) (Psychosocial development)\nBowlby (1907–1990) (Attachment theory)\nBronfenbrenner (1917–2005) (Ecological systems theory)\nKohlberg (1927–1987) (Stages of moral development)\nCommons (b. 1939), Fischer (1943–2020), Kegan (b. 1946), Demetriou (b. 1950), and others (Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development)\nEvolutionary developmental psychology","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Developmental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology"},{"title":"Differential susceptibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_susceptibility_hypothesis"},{"title":"Dual inheritance theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory"},{"title":"Epigenetic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic_theory"},{"title":"Evolutionary educational psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology"},{"title":"Evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"},{"title":"FOXP2 and human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2_and_human_evolution"},{"title":"Human behavioral ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behavioral_ecology"},{"title":"Life history theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_history_theory"},{"title":"Nature and nurture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_and_nurture"},{"title":"Wikipedia:Research resources/Evolution and human behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Research_resources/Evolution_and_human_behavior"}]
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[{"reference":"Bjorklund, David F; Blasi, Carlos Hernández; Ellis, Bruce J (2015-10-26). \"Evolutionary Developmental Psychology\". In David M. Buss (ed.). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons. p. 905. ISBN 978-1-118-75580-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-75580-8","url_text":"978-1-118-75580-8"}]},{"reference":"Tooby, John (1990). \"On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation\". Journal of Personality. 58 (1): 17–67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x. PMID 2198338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2198338","url_text":"2198338"}]},{"reference":"Pinker, Steven (2002). \"Chapter 19: Children\". The blank slate. New York: Penguin Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"West-Eberhard, Mary Jane (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blasi, Carlos Hernandez; Bjorklund, David F. (2003). \"Evolutionary Developmental Psychology: A New Tool for Better Understanding Human Ontogeny\". Human Development. 46 (5): 259–281. doi:10.1159/000071935. S2CID 143721157. Retrieved March 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275042203","url_text":"\"Evolutionary Developmental Psychology: A New Tool for Better Understanding Human Ontogeny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000071935","url_text":"10.1159/000071935"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143721157","url_text":"143721157"}]},{"reference":"Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. John Murray.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Darwin, Charles (1874). \"Chapter 1: The Evidence of the Descent of Man from Some Lower Form\". The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (2nd ed.). John Murray.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Machluf, Karin; Lidde, James R.; Bjorklund, David F. (2014). \"An Introduction to Evolutionary Developmental Psychology\". Evolutionary Psychology. 12 (2): 264–272. doi:10.1177/147470491401200201. PMC 10426875. PMID 25299879.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10426875","url_text":"\"An Introduction to Evolutionary Developmental Psychology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147470491401200201","url_text":"10.1177/147470491401200201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10426875","url_text":"10426875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25299879","url_text":"25299879"}]},{"reference":"Darwin, Charles (1877). \"A Biographical Sketch of an Infant\". Mind.","urls":[{"url":"http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Darwin/infant.htm","url_text":"\"A Biographical Sketch of an Infant\""}]},{"reference":"Dawkins, Richard (2006) [1976]. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-929115-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/selfishgene00dawk_018","url_text":"The Selfish Gene"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/selfishgene00dawk_018/page/n86","url_text":"62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929115-1","url_text":"978-0-19-929115-1"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Edward O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cairns, Robert B (2007). \"The Making of Developmental Psychology\" (PDF). The Handbook of Developmental Psychology. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0103. ISBN 978-0470147658. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020084236/http://n.ereserve.fiu.edu/010026902-1.pdf","url_text":"\"The Making of Developmental Psychology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470147658.chpsy0103","url_text":"10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470147658","url_text":"978-0470147658"},{"url":"http://n.ereserve.fiu.edu/010026902-1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morange, Michel (2011). \"Evolutionary developmental biology its roots and characteristics\". Developmental Biology. 357 (1). Elsevier: 13–16. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.013. PMID 21447330.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2011.03.013","url_text":"\"Evolutionary developmental biology its roots and characteristics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2011.03.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21447330","url_text":"21447330"}]},{"reference":"Preyer, Wilhelm (1948) [1882]. \"The mind of the child\". Readings in the history of psychology. East Norwalk, CT: Century. doi:10.1037/11304-030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F11304-030","url_text":"10.1037/11304-030"}]},{"reference":"Charlesworth, William R (1992). \"Darwin and developmental psychology: Past and present\". Developmental Psychology. 28: 5–16. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0012-1649.28.1.5","url_text":"10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.5"}]},{"reference":"Bowlby, John (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tooby, John; Cosmides, Leda (1992). \"The psychological foundations of culture\". In Barkow, Jerome H; Cosmides, Leda; Tooby, John (eds.). The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–139.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Price, Michael (9 October 2009). \"The nativists are restless\". American Psychological Association Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 22 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/10/nativists.aspx","url_text":"\"The nativists are restless\""}]},{"reference":"Kuhl, Patricia K; Meltzoff, Andrew N (1997). \"Evolution, nativism, and learning in the development of language and speech\". In Gopnik, Myrna (ed.). The inheritance and innateness of grammars. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–44. ISBN 978-0195115345.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inheritanceinnat00gopn","url_text":"The inheritance and innateness of grammars"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inheritanceinnat00gopn/page/n15","url_text":"7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195115345","url_text":"978-0195115345"}]},{"reference":"Hagen, Edward H. \"Is evolutionary psychology just a politically correct version of sociobiology?\". The Evolutionary Psychology FAQ. Retrieved 20 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/projects/human/epfaq/sociobiology.html","url_text":"\"Is evolutionary psychology just a politically correct version of sociobiology?\""}]},{"reference":"Lickliter, Robert; Honeycutt, Hunter (2003). \"Developmental Dynamics: Toward a Biologically Plausible Evolutionary Psychology\". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (6): 819–835. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.819. PMID 14599279. 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Thomas; Ellis, Bruce J (2005). \"Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity\". Development and Psychopathology. 17 (2): 271–301. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.328.5321. doi:10.1017/s0954579405050145. PMID 16761546. 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Annual Review of Anthropology. 32: 163–181. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.093158","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093158"}]},{"reference":"Dunbar, R.I.M.; Shultz, Suzanne (2007). \"Understanding primate brain evolution\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1480): 649–58. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.2001. PMC 2346523. 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PMID 21859186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0025168","url_text":"10.1037/a0025168"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21859186","url_text":"21859186"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Lewis G; Vale, Gill L; Laland, Kevin N; Flynn, Emma; Kendal, Rachel L (2014). \"Human cumulative culture: a comparative perspective\" (PDF). Biological Reviews. 89 (2): 284–301. doi:10.1111/brv.12053. PMID 24033987. S2CID 34151023.","urls":[{"url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/13192/1/13192.pdf","url_text":"\"Human cumulative culture: a comparative perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12053","url_text":"10.1111/brv.12053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033987","url_text":"24033987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34151023","url_text":"34151023"}]},{"reference":"Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (2003). \"The evolution of cultural evolution\". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 12 (3): 123–135. doi:10.1002/evan.10110. S2CID 14302229.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.10110","url_text":"10.1002/evan.10110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14302229","url_text":"14302229"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Hannah M; Laland, Kevin M (2012). \"Transmission fidelity is the key to the build-up of cumulative culture\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 367 (1599): 2171–2180. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0119. PMC 3385684. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graff_Diamonds
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Graff (jewellers)
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["1 Awards","2 Sourcing","3 Notable pieces","3.1 Diamonds","3.2 Jewellery","4 Locations","5 Robberies","6 References","7 External links"]
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Multinational jewelry company
Graff Diamonds International Ltd.IndustryJeweller, WatchmakerFounded1960FounderLaurence GraffHeadquartersLondon, United KingdomNumber of locations64 (2023)Area servedWorldwideKey peopleLaurence Graff (Chairman)Number of employees500Websitegraff.com
Graff is a British multinational jeweller based in London. It was founded by British jeweller Laurence Graff in 1960. A vertically integrated company, Graff operations comprise the design, manufacture and retail distribution of jewellery and watches.
Awards
Graff were the first ever jewellers to receive the Queen's Award for Industry and Export (now known as the Queen's Award for Enterprise), awarded in 1973. Since then, the company has received this award a further four times, most recently in 2014.
Sourcing
Graff adheres to the Kimberley Process, never knowingly buying or trading rough diamonds from areas where this would encourage conflict or human suffering. The majority of Graff diamonds are laser engraved with unique Gemological Institute of America (GIA) tracking numbers, which whilst invisible to the naked eye, allow for their origin to be traced. Graff’s cutting and polishing processes are carried out in Johannesburg by the South African Diamond Corporation, a division of Graff.
Notable pieces
Diamonds
The Windsor Yellows were acquired by Laurence Graff in 1987 in Geneva during the auction of the jewels belonging to Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor. The Duchess was often photographed wearing the Windsor Yellows, a pair of clips of fancy yellow pear shaped diamonds of 51.01 and 40.22 carats respectively. "I also bought another pair of clips the Duchess had owned," Laurence Graff explains. "Of course they needed re-cutting to bring them to their full potential, I bought all four, repolished them, and eventually made the Windsor earrings."
The Paragon diamond was acquired by Graff in 1989. The Paragon is a 7-sided diamond of 137.82 carats (27.564 g), cut, and was worn as part of "millennium" necklace of round, pink, blue and yellow diamonds by Naomi Campbell in 1999.
The Lesotho Promise was acquired as a rough 603-carat (120.6 g) stone for $12.4 million in 2006. The stone was cut by a team of 35 using computer-controlled lasers into 26 D-flawless diamonds totaling 223.35 carats (44.670 g), the highest yield from a single diamond.
The Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond is a 31.06-carat (6.212 g) fancy deep-blue diamond with internally flawless clarity purchased by Laurence Graff in 2008 for £16.4 million.
The Delaire Sunrise is, at 118.08 carats, the largest square emerald cut Fancy Vivid Yellow diamond in the world. Discovered in 2008 at an alluvial mine in South Africa, the 221.81 carat rough diamond. When Laurence Graff unveiled the finished diamond, he named it "the Delaire Sunrise".
The Graff Pink was acquired by Graff in November 2010. A pink diamond with a type IIa classification and modified emerald cut shape, the diamond was previously held in a private collection for over 60 years. The diamond displayed 25 natural flaws. The recut 23.88 carat diamond displayed new colour, clarity and internal flawlessness.
The Sultan Abdul Hamid II is a 70.54 carat light yellow acquired by Graff in 1981. It has been suggested that this stone may have been cut from "The Ottoman I" which originally belonged to Suleyman the Magnificent of Turkey.
The Graff Lesedi La Rona, a 302.37 carat D color high-clarity emerald cut diamond. It is the main stone cut from the Lesedi La Rona, bought by Graff in 2017 and cut in 2019. The cutting of the rough stone also produced 66 smaller stones. According to Graff, the stone is the "largest highest clarity, highest color diamond ever graded by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA)".
Jewellery
The Peacock Brooch takes the form of a peacock with a display of fanned tail feathers, this diamond brooch features a collection of coloured diamonds. A total of 120.81 carats of diamonds adorn the brooch, which measures a little over 10 cm in height. At the heart of the brooch, sits a 20.02 carat deep blue pear shape diamond. The piece also features an additional clasp to the rear, allowing the blue diamond centrepiece to be removed and worn two ways.
This piece was unveiled in 2013 and priced at $100 million. As of 2015, the brooch had sold for $120 million.
The Hallucination watch was unveiled at Baselworld in 2014, with Graff claiming it as the most expensive watch created at $55 million. It is made with 110 carats of fancy colour diamonds and has a quartz movement.
Locations
Graff has over 50 stores around the world including New York, Las Vegas, Melbourne, Monte Carlo, Courchevel, Kyiv, Beijing and Taipei.
Graff has corporate offices in London, New York, Geneva, Hong Kong and Tokyo.
Robberies
Graff has been the target of several robberies.
In 1980, two Chicago-based gangsters armed with a handgun and a hand grenade stole jewellery valued at £1.5 million from the Sloane Street premises. Mafiosi Joseph Scalise and Arthur Rachel, who took "less than a minute" to commit the crime, were apprehended eleven hours later in the United States and were extradited to England where they were tried, convicted and imprisoned for nine years. Their haul had included the 26 carat Marlborough diamond, worth £400,000 at the time, which has never been recovered.
In 1993, the firm's Hatton Garden workshop premises was robbed of jewellery valued at £7 million. The robbery was attributed to a group of armed robbers known as The Rascal Gang due to the Bedford Rascal vans they used.
In 2003, the New Bond Street premises was robbed by two men from the Pink Panthers international jewel thief network who stole 47 pieces of jewellery worth £23 million.
In 2005, three armed robbers stole jewellery valued at £2 million from the Sloane Street premises.
In 2007, two robbers, who arrived at the Sloane Street premises in a chauffeur-driven Bentley Continental Flying Spur, threatened staff at gunpoint and stole jewellery worth £10 million. In the same year, the Graff premises in Wafi City, Dubai was targeted by the Pink Panthers again, using two Audi A8 cars to carry out a ram raid. Jewellery worth AED14.7 million (£2.4 million) was taken, although later recovered when two of the gang, both Serbians, were arrested.
In the 2009 Graff Diamonds robbery, which took place on 6 August, two armed robbers stole 43 items with a total worth of nearly £40 million. It was believed to be the largest ever gems heist in Britain at the time, and the second largest British robbery after the £53 million raid on a Securitas depot in Kent in 2006.
References
^ a b "Graff". Retrieved 25 September 2015.
^ "Collecting guide: Graff diamonds | Christie's". www.christies.com. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
^ DeMarco, Anthony. "Graff Diamonds Receives Queen's Award For International Trade". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
^ Staff Writer (1970-01-01). "Queen's Award for Graff's international growth". Professional Jeweller. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
^ "Graff Diamonds wins Queens Award for International Trade". www.thejewelleryeditor.com. 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
^ "Gazette" (PDF).
^ "Graff Diamonds bestowed with Queen's Award for Enterprise". Archived from the original on 2022-07-02. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
^ "National Archives".
^ Naas, Roberta (13 July 2016). "From Rough Diamond to Finished Jewelry: How Graff Cut the 299-Carat Rough Fancy Intense Yellow Diamond into the 132-Carat Golden Empress Diamond". Haute Time. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ Kahle, Laurie (10 April 2019). "Graff Unveils the Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond in the World". Barron's. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ Sheng, Ellen (29 May 2012). "Graff Executives Tout Jeweler's $1 Billion IPO". WWD.
^ "The Most Fabulous Jewels In the World", Meredith Etherington-Smith, 1997
^ Murphy, Robert (March 1, 2008), "In the cut", W Magazine, archived from the original on July 16, 2011, retrieved November 6, 2009
^ "The Paragon Diamond". Famousdiamonds.tripod.com. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
^ Menkes, Suzy (15 June 1999). "Those Sparkling Celebrities". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
^ Sguazzin, Antony (9 October 2006). "Graff Buys Lesotho Promise Diamond for $12.4 Million". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ Murphy, Robert (1 March 2008). "In the Cut". W Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
^ Doulton, Maria (3 April 2008). "The Lesotho promise: Diamonds cut from a rough the size of a golf ball". The Financial Times. London. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "The Delaire Sunrise". Safdico.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
^ "World's most famous 'unseen' diamond". BBC News. 30 January 2010.
^ Archived January 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (18 June 2011). "Laurence Graff Sees Demand for Big Diamonds in China". The New York Times.
^ Malecka, Anna (Winter 2015). "The Lost Diamond of Süleyman the Magnificent". Jewellery History Today. No. 22. The Society of Jewellery Historians.
^ DeMarco, Anthony (10 April 2019). "Graff Unveils World's Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond At 302.37 Carats". Forbes. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
^ "Introducing The Graff Lesedi La Rona". Graff. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
^ "Graff to Unveil 120-Carat Diamond Peacock Brooch Valued At $100 Million". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
^ "Independent Jewelers Market News - Small Jeweler Organization Reports". Nationaljeweler.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
^ Robert Frank, Henri Barguirdjian. Graff Diamonds. CNBC.
^ a b Anthony DeMarco. "Graff Unveils $55 Million Multi-Colored Diamond Watch At Baselworld's Opening Day". Forbes.
^ "1980: Famous gem grabbed in armed raid". On This Day – 11 September. BBC. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ "Armed robbers in '£1m' Graff jewellery heist". The Daily Telegraph. 28 May 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ a b c d Davenport, Justin. "£40m Mayfair raid is biggest gems heist in British history" Archived 2009-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. Evening Standard (London). 11 August 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ Naughton, Philippe. "Robbery tip-off closes diamond exhibit". The Times. 23 November 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ Fleishman, Jeffery. "Jewel thieves' fan club grows as Pink Panthers strike again". The Irish Times. 4 August 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ Abdulla, Shadiah. "Serb Sentenced to 10 Years in Jail for Wafi City Robbery". Arab News. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ Edwards, Richard. "Graff Diamonds £40 million jewellery robbery is Britain's biggest gem heist". The Daily Telegraph. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ "Jewellery raid haul put at £40m". BBC. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"jeweller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeweller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Laurence Graff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Graff"},{"link_name":"vertically integrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration"}],"text":"Graff is a British multinational jeweller based in London.[1] It was founded by British jeweller Laurence Graff in 1960. A vertically integrated company, Graff operations comprise the design, manufacture and retail distribution of jewellery and watches.","title":"Graff (jewellers)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Award for Industry and Export","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Award_for_Industry_and_Export"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Graff were the first ever jewellers to receive the Queen's Award for Industry and Export (now known as the Queen's Award for Enterprise), awarded in 1973.[2] Since then, the company has received this award a further four times, most recently in 2014.[3][4][5][6][7][8]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kimberley Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gemological Institute of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Graff adheres to the Kimberley Process, never knowingly buying or trading rough diamonds from areas where this would encourage conflict or human suffering.[9] The majority of Graff diamonds are laser engraved with unique Gemological Institute of America (GIA) tracking numbers, which whilst invisible to the naked eye, allow for their origin to be traced.[10] Graff’s cutting and polishing processes are carried out in Johannesburg by the South African Diamond Corporation, a division of Graff.[11]","title":"Sourcing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable pieces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wallis Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson"},{"link_name":"carats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Paragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragon_(diamond)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Naomi Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lesotho Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_Promise"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promise-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittelsbach-Graff_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Graff Lesedi La Rona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graff_Lesedi_La_Rona"},{"link_name":"D color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_color#Grading_the_normal_color_range"},{"link_name":"emerald cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_cut"},{"link_name":"Lesedi La Rona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesedi_La_Rona"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-2019-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graff-2019-25"}],"sub_title":"Diamonds","text":"The Windsor Yellows were acquired by Laurence Graff in 1987 in Geneva during the auction of the jewels belonging to Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor. The Duchess was often photographed wearing the Windsor Yellows, a pair of clips of fancy yellow pear shaped diamonds of 51.01 and 40.22 carats respectively. \"I also bought another pair of clips the Duchess had owned,\" Laurence Graff explains. \"Of course they needed re-cutting to bring them to their full potential, I bought all four, repolished them, and eventually made the Windsor earrings.\"[12]The Paragon diamond was acquired by Graff in 1989. The Paragon is a 7-sided diamond of 137.82 carats (27.564 g), cut,[13][14] and was worn as part of \"millennium\" necklace of round, pink, blue and yellow diamonds by Naomi Campbell in 1999.[15]The Lesotho Promise was acquired as a rough 603-carat (120.6 g) stone for $12.4 million in 2006.[16] The stone was cut by a team of 35 using computer-controlled lasers into 26 D-flawless diamonds totaling 223.35 carats (44.670 g), the highest yield from a single diamond.[17][18]The Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond is a 31.06-carat (6.212 g) fancy deep-blue diamond with internally flawless clarity purchased by Laurence Graff in 2008 for £16.4 million.The Delaire Sunrise is, at 118.08 carats, the largest square emerald cut Fancy Vivid Yellow diamond in the world. Discovered in 2008 at an alluvial mine in South Africa, the 221.81 carat rough diamond. When Laurence Graff unveiled the finished diamond, he named it \"the Delaire Sunrise\".[19]The Graff Pink was acquired by Graff in November 2010. A pink diamond with a type IIa classification and modified emerald cut shape, the diamond was previously held in a private collection for over 60 years. The diamond displayed 25 natural flaws. The recut 23.88 carat diamond displayed new colour, clarity and internal flawlessness.[20][21][22]The Sultan Abdul Hamid II is a 70.54 carat light yellow acquired by Graff in 1981. It has been suggested that this stone may have been cut from \"The Ottoman I\" which originally belonged to Suleyman the Magnificent of Turkey.[23]The Graff Lesedi La Rona, a 302.37 carat D color high-clarity emerald cut diamond. It is the main stone cut from the Lesedi La Rona, bought by Graff in 2017 and cut in 2019. The cutting of the rough stone also produced 66 smaller stones. According to Graff, the stone is the \"largest highest clarity, highest color diamond ever graded by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA)\".[24][25]","title":"Notable pieces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock"},{"link_name":"brooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooch"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBCrich-28"},{"link_name":"Baselworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselworld"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForbesHall-29"},{"link_name":"fancy colour diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_color#Fancy_colored_diamonds"},{"link_name":"quartz movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForbesHall-29"}],"sub_title":"Jewellery","text":"The Peacock Brooch takes the form of a peacock with a display of fanned tail feathers, this diamond brooch features a collection of coloured diamonds. A total of 120.81 carats of diamonds adorn the brooch, which measures a little over 10 cm in height. At the heart of the brooch, sits a 20.02 carat deep blue pear shape diamond. The piece also features an additional clasp to the rear, allowing the blue diamond centrepiece to be removed and worn two ways.[26][27]This piece was unveiled in 2013 and priced at $100 million. As of 2015, the brooch had sold for $120 million.[28]The Hallucination watch was unveiled at Baselworld in 2014, with Graff claiming it as the most expensive watch created at $55 million.[29] It is made with 110 carats of fancy colour diamonds and has a quartz movement.[29]","title":"Notable pieces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Courchevel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courchevel"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Graff has over 50 stores around the world including New York, Las Vegas, Melbourne, Monte Carlo, Courchevel, Kyiv, Beijing and Taipei.[1]Graff has corporate offices in London, New York, Geneva, Hong Kong and Tokyo.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gangsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster"},{"link_name":"hand grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"Sloane Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloane_Street"},{"link_name":"Mafiosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Joseph Scalise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Scalise"},{"link_name":"extradited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"carat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hatton Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatton_Garden"},{"link_name":"Bedford Rascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Rascal"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davenport-32"},{"link_name":"Pink Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Panthers"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davenport-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bentley Continental Flying Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Continental_Flying_Spur_(2005)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davenport-32"},{"link_name":"Wafi City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafi_City"},{"link_name":"Audi A8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A8"},{"link_name":"ram raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_raid"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"AED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2009 Graff Diamonds robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Graff_Diamonds_robbery"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davenport-32"},{"link_name":"£53 million raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_depot_robbery"},{"link_name":"Securitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_AB"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-37"}],"text":"Graff has been the target of several robberies.In 1980, two Chicago-based gangsters armed with a handgun and a hand grenade stole jewellery valued at £1.5 million from the Sloane Street premises. Mafiosi Joseph Scalise and Arthur Rachel, who took \"less than a minute\" to commit the crime, were apprehended eleven hours later in the United States and were extradited to England where they were tried, convicted and imprisoned for nine years.[30] Their haul had included the 26 carat Marlborough diamond, worth £400,000 at the time, which has never been recovered.[31]In 1993, the firm's Hatton Garden workshop premises was robbed of jewellery valued at £7 million. The robbery was attributed to a group of armed robbers known as The Rascal Gang due to the Bedford Rascal vans they used.[32]In 2003, the New Bond Street premises was robbed by two men from the Pink Panthers international jewel thief network who stole 47 pieces of jewellery worth £23 million.[32]In 2005, three armed robbers stole jewellery valued at £2 million from the Sloane Street premises.[33]In 2007, two robbers, who arrived at the Sloane Street premises in a chauffeur-driven Bentley Continental Flying Spur, threatened staff at gunpoint and stole jewellery worth £10 million.[32] In the same year, the Graff premises in Wafi City, Dubai was targeted by the Pink Panthers again, using two Audi A8 cars to carry out a ram raid.[34] Jewellery worth AED14.7 million (£2.4 million) was taken, although later recovered when two of the gang, both Serbians, were arrested.[35]In the 2009 Graff Diamonds robbery, which took place on 6 August, two armed robbers stole 43 items with a total worth of nearly £40 million.[32] It was believed to be the largest ever gems heist in Britain at the time, and the second largest British robbery after the £53 million raid on a Securitas depot in Kent in 2006.[36][37]","title":"Robberies"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Graff\". Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.graff.com/","url_text":"\"Graff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collecting guide: Graff diamonds | Christie's\". www.christies.com. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christies.com/features/Collecting-guide-Graff-diamond-jewellery-10513-1.aspx","url_text":"\"Collecting guide: Graff diamonds | Christie's\""}]},{"reference":"DeMarco, Anthony. \"Graff Diamonds Receives Queen's Award For International Trade\". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/04/22/graff-diamonds-receives-queens-award-for-international-trade/","url_text":"\"Graff Diamonds Receives Queen's Award For International Trade\""}]},{"reference":"Staff Writer (1970-01-01). \"Queen's Award for Graff's international growth\". Professional Jeweller. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.professionaljeweller.com/queens-award-for-graffs-international-growth/","url_text":"\"Queen's Award for Graff's international growth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graff Diamonds wins Queens Award for International Trade\". www.thejewelleryeditor.com. 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/article/graff-diamonds-wins-queens-award-for-international-trade/","url_text":"\"Graff Diamonds wins Queens Award for International Trade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gazette\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/content/pdf/2014_winners_of_the_Queen_s_Awards_for_Enterprise__press_book.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graff Diamonds bestowed with Queen's Award for Enterprise\". Archived from the original on 2022-07-02. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220702020625/https://www.diamondworld.net/contentview.aspx?item=9062","url_text":"\"Graff Diamonds bestowed with Queen's Award for Enterprise\""},{"url":"https://www.diamondworld.net/contentview.aspx?item=9062","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Archives\".","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C486","url_text":"\"National Archives\""}]},{"reference":"Naas, Roberta (13 July 2016). \"From Rough Diamond to Finished Jewelry: How Graff Cut the 299-Carat Rough Fancy Intense Yellow Diamond into the 132-Carat Golden Empress Diamond\". Haute Time. Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hautetime.com/from-rough-diamond-to-finished-jewelry-how-graff-cut-the-299-carat-rough-fancy-intense-yellow-diamond-into-the-132-carat-golden-empress-diamond/76536/","url_text":"\"From Rough Diamond to Finished Jewelry: How Graff Cut the 299-Carat Rough Fancy Intense Yellow Diamond into the 132-Carat Golden Empress Diamond\""}]},{"reference":"Kahle, Laurie (10 April 2019). \"Graff Unveils the Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond in the World\". Barron's. Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barrons.com/articles/graff-unveils-the-largest-square-emerald-cut-diamond-in-the-world-01554915997","url_text":"\"Graff Unveils the Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond in the World\""}]},{"reference":"Sheng, Ellen (29 May 2012). \"Graff Executives Tout Jeweler's $1 Billion IPO\". WWD.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/graff-executives-tout-jewelers-1-billion-ipo-5929302/","url_text":"\"Graff Executives Tout Jeweler's $1 Billion IPO\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Robert (March 1, 2008), \"In the cut\", W Magazine, archived from the original on July 16, 2011, retrieved November 6, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716195300/http://www.wmagazine.com/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds","url_text":"\"In the cut\""},{"url":"http://www.wmagazine.com/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Paragon Diamond\". Famousdiamonds.tripod.com. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/paragondiamond.html","url_text":"\"The Paragon Diamond\""}]},{"reference":"Menkes, Suzy (15 June 1999). \"Those Sparkling Celebrities\". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/15/style/15iht-diamonds.2.t.html","url_text":"\"Those Sparkling Celebrities\""}]},{"reference":"Sguazzin, Antony (9 October 2006). \"Graff Buys Lesotho Promise Diamond for $12.4 Million\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aj2BpDLWmEEc","url_text":"\"Graff Buys Lesotho Promise Diamond for $12.4 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Robert (1 March 2008). \"In the Cut\". W Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926180528/http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds/","url_text":"\"In the Cut\""},{"url":"http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doulton, Maria (3 April 2008). \"The Lesotho promise: Diamonds cut from a rough the size of a golf ball\". The Financial Times. London. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/98b5d11e-005b-11dd-825a-000077b07658","url_text":"\"The Lesotho promise: Diamonds cut from a rough the size of a golf ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Delaire Sunrise\". Safdico.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715223424/http://www.safdico.com/Expertise/Showcase/The-Delaire-Sunrise","url_text":"\"The Delaire Sunrise\""},{"url":"http://www.safdico.com/Expertise/Showcase/The-Delaire-Sunrise","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World's most famous 'unseen' diamond\". BBC News. 30 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8488183.stm","url_text":"\"World's most famous 'unseen' diamond\""}]},{"reference":"Fabrikant, Geraldine (18 June 2011). \"Laurence Graff Sees Demand for Big Diamonds in China\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/business/global/19jewels.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"\"Laurence Graff Sees Demand for Big Diamonds in China\""}]},{"reference":"Malecka, Anna (Winter 2015). \"The Lost Diamond of Süleyman the Magnificent\". Jewellery History Today. No. 22. The Society of Jewellery Historians.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.societyofjewelleryhistorians.ac.uk/jht_pastissues","url_text":"\"The Lost Diamond of Süleyman the Magnificent\""}]},{"reference":"DeMarco, Anthony (10 April 2019). \"Graff Unveils World's Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond At 302.37 Carats\". Forbes. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2019/04/10/graff-unveils-worlds-largest-square-emerald-cut-diamond-at-302-37-carats/#2905020f2949","url_text":"\"Graff Unveils World's Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond At 302.37 Carats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing The Graff Lesedi La Rona\". Graff. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.graff.com/famous-diamonds/lesedi-la-rona/","url_text":"\"Introducing The Graff Lesedi La Rona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graff to Unveil 120-Carat Diamond Peacock Brooch Valued At $100 Million\". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2015-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2013/03/14/graff-to-unveil-120-carat-diamond-peacock-brooch-valued-at-100-million/","url_text":"\"Graff to Unveil 120-Carat Diamond Peacock Brooch Valued At $100 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independent Jewelers Market News - Small Jeweler Organization Reports\". Nationaljeweler.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130517182315/http://www.nationaljeweler.com/nj/independents/a/~30565-Graff-to-strut-out-100M","url_text":"\"Independent Jewelers Market News - Small Jeweler Organization Reports\""},{"url":"http://www.nationaljeweler.com/nj/independents/a/~30565-Graff-to-strut-out-100M","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Frank, Henri Barguirdjian. Graff Diamonds. CNBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVjfwOyyhV4","url_text":"Graff Diamonds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"Anthony DeMarco. \"Graff Unveils $55 Million Multi-Colored Diamond Watch At Baselworld's Opening Day\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/03/26/graff-to-unveil-55-million-multi-colored-diamond-watch-at-baselworlds-opening-day/?sh=333bdcb15a17","url_text":"\"Graff Unveils $55 Million Multi-Colored Diamond Watch At Baselworld's Opening Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]}]
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Diamond\""},{"Link":"https://www.barrons.com/articles/graff-unveils-the-largest-square-emerald-cut-diamond-in-the-world-01554915997","external_links_name":"\"Graff Unveils the Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond in the World\""},{"Link":"https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/graff-executives-tout-jewelers-1-billion-ipo-5929302/","external_links_name":"\"Graff Executives Tout Jeweler's $1 Billion IPO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716195300/http://www.wmagazine.com/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds","external_links_name":"\"In the cut\""},{"Link":"http://www.wmagazine.com/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/paragondiamond.html","external_links_name":"\"The Paragon Diamond\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/15/style/15iht-diamonds.2.t.html","external_links_name":"\"Those Sparkling Celebrities\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aj2BpDLWmEEc","external_links_name":"\"Graff Buys Lesotho Promise Diamond for $12.4 Million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926180528/http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds/","external_links_name":"\"In the Cut\""},{"Link":"http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/accessories/2008/03/graff_diamonds/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/98b5d11e-005b-11dd-825a-000077b07658","external_links_name":"\"The Lesotho promise: Diamonds cut from a rough the size of a golf ball\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715223424/http://www.safdico.com/Expertise/Showcase/The-Delaire-Sunrise","external_links_name":"\"The Delaire Sunrise\""},{"Link":"http://www.safdico.com/Expertise/Showcase/The-Delaire-Sunrise","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8488183.stm","external_links_name":"\"World's most famous 'unseen' diamond\""},{"Link":"http://www.luxos.com/magazine/laurence-graff-king-of-diamonds","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120116192150/http://www.luxos.com/magazine/laurence-graff-king-of-diamonds","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/business/global/19jewels.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Laurence Graff Sees Demand for Big Diamonds in China\""},{"Link":"https://www.societyofjewelleryhistorians.ac.uk/jht_pastissues","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Diamond of Süleyman the Magnificent\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2019/04/10/graff-unveils-worlds-largest-square-emerald-cut-diamond-at-302-37-carats/#2905020f2949","external_links_name":"\"Graff Unveils World's Largest Square Emerald Cut Diamond At 302.37 Carats\""},{"Link":"https://www.graff.com/famous-diamonds/lesedi-la-rona/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing The Graff Lesedi La 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Day\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/11/newsid_2514000/2514065.stm","external_links_name":"\"1980: Famous gem grabbed in armed raid\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1490922/Armed-robbers-in-1m-Graff-jewellery-heist.html","external_links_name":"\"Armed robbers in '£1m' Graff jewellery heist\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23730811-details/40m+Mayfair+raid+is+biggest+gems+heist+in+British+history/article.do","external_links_name":"\"£40m Mayfair raid is biggest gems heist in British history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090812110038/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23730811-details/40m+Mayfair+raid+is+biggest+gems+heist+in+British+history/article.do","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article595144.ece","external_links_name":"\"Robbery tip-off closes diamond 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_D2
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Cyclin D2
|
["1 Function","2 Clinical significance","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Protein-coding gene in humans
CCND2IdentifiersAliasesCCND2, KIAK0002, MPPH3, cyclin D2External IDsOMIM: 123833; MGI: 88314; HomoloGene: 37525; GeneCards: CCND2; OMA:CCND2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12p13.32Start4,269,771 bpEnd4,305,353 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 6 (mouse)Band6 F3|6 61.92 cMStart127,125,162 bpEnd127,152,193 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inseminal vesiculatail of epididymisventricular zoneganglionic eminencecardiac muscle tissue of right atriummyocardium of left ventriclecorpus epididymisepithelium of coloncaput epididymistendon of biceps brachiiTop expressed inRostral migratory streamcalvariamedial ganglionic eminencehandotic placodevas deferenshair folliclemaxillary prominencePaneth cellirisMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
protein binding
protein kinase binding
protein kinase activity
cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
Cellular component
cytoplasm
cytosol
chromatin
cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
membrane
nucleus
nucleoplasm
cyclin D2-CDK4 complex
Biological process
cell cycle
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity
regulation of cell cycle
cell division
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of apoptotic process
long-term memory
adult locomotory behavior
cellular response to X-ray
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity
mitotic cell cycle
protein phosphorylation
regulation of mitotic nuclear division
positive regulation of cell cycle
mitotic cell cycle phase transition
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez89412444EnsemblENSG00000118971ENSMUSG00000000184UniProtP30279P30280RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001759NM_009829RefSeq (protein)NP_001750NP_033959Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 4.27 – 4.31 MbChr 6: 127.13 – 127.15 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND2 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of cyclin-dependent kinases. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. This protein has been shown to interact with and be involved in the phosphorylation of tumor suppressor protein Rb. Knockout studies of the homologous gene in mouse suggest the essential roles of this gene in ovarian granulosa and germ cell proliferation. High level expression of this gene was observed in ovarian and testicular tumors.
Clinical significance
Mutations in CCND2 are associated to megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000118971 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000184 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Inaba T, Matsushime H, Valentine M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Look AT (Jul 1992). "Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and independent expression of human cyclin D genes". Genomics. 13 (3): 565–74. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90126-D. PMID 1386335.
^ "Entrez Gene: CCND2 cyclin D2".
^ Mirzaa GM, Parry DA, Fry AE, Giamanco KA, Schwartzentruber J, Vanstone M, Logan CV, Roberts N, Johnson CA, Singh S, Kholmanskikh SS, Adams C, Hodge RD, Hevner RF, Bonthron DT, Braun KP, Faivre L, Rivière JB, St-Onge J, Gripp KW, Mancini GM, Pang K, Sweeney E, van Esch H, Verbeek N, Wieczorek D, Steinraths M, Majewski J, Boycott KM, Pilz DT, Ross ME, Dobyns WB, Sheridan EG (May 2014). "De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome". Nature Genetics. 46 (5): 510–5. doi:10.1038/ng.2948. PMC 4004933. PMID 24705253.
Further reading
Xiong Y, Menninger J, Beach D, Ward DC (Jul 1992). "Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of CCND genes encoding human D-type cyclins". Genomics. 13 (3): 575–84. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90127-E. PMID 1386336.
Zhu W, Zhao M, Mattapally S, Chen S, Zhang J (October 2017). "CCND2 Overexpression Enhances the Regenerative Potency of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: Remuscularization of Injured Ventricle". Circulation Research. 122 (1): 88–96. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311504. PMC 5756126. PMID 29018036.
Hirai H, Roussel MF, Kato JY, Ashmun RA, Sherr CJ (May 1995). "Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (5): 2672–81. doi:10.1128/MCB.15.5.2672. PMC 230497. PMID 7739547.
Meyerson M, Harlow E (Mar 1994). "Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14 (3): 2077–86. doi:10.1128/MCB.14.3.2077. PMC 358568. PMID 8114739.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Ewen ME, Sluss HK, Sherr CJ, Matsushime H, Kato J, Livingston DM (May 1993). "Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins". Cell. 73 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90136-E. PMID 8343202. S2CID 41911038.
Palmero I, Holder A, Sinclair AJ, Dickson C, Peters G (Apr 1993). "Cyclins D1 and D2 are differentially expressed in human B-lymphoid cell lines". Oncogene. 8 (4): 1049–54. PMID 8455931.
Brooks AR, Shiffman D, Chan CS, Brooks EE, Milner PG (Apr 1996). "Functional analysis of the human cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 promoters". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (15): 9090–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.15.9090. PMID 8621559.
Hirai H, Sherr CJ (Nov 1996). "Interaction of D-type cyclins with a novel myb-like transcription factor, DMP1". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 (11): 6457–67. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.11.6457. PMC 231647. PMID 8887674.
Sicinski P, Donaher JL, Geng Y, Parker SB, Gardner H, Park MY, Robker RL, Richards JS, McGinnis LK, Biggers JD, Eppig JJ, Bronson RT, Elledge SJ, Weinberg RA (Dec 1996). "Cyclin D2 is an FSH-responsive gene involved in gonadal cell proliferation and oncogenesis". Nature. 384 (6608): 470–4. Bibcode:1996Natur.384..470S. doi:10.1038/384470a0. PMID 8945475. S2CID 4331964.
Kitagawa M, Higashi H, Jung HK, Suzuki-Takahashi I, Ikeda M, Tamai K, Kato J, Segawa K, Yoshida E, Nishimura S, Taya Y (Dec 1996). "The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1-Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E-Cdk2". The EMBO Journal. 15 (24): 7060–9. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01097.x. PMC 452531. PMID 9003781.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Guidato S, McLoughlin DM, Grierson AJ, Miller CC (Jan 1998). "Cyclin D2 interacts with cdk-5 and modulates cellular cdk-5/p35 activity". Journal of Neurochemistry. 70 (1): 335–40. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x. PMID 9422379. S2CID 23986161.
Gómez Lahoz E, Liegeois NJ, Zhang P, Engelman JA, Horner J, Silverman A, Burde R, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Elledge SJ, DePinho RA (Jan 1999). "Cyclin D- and E-dependent kinases and the p57(KIP2) inhibitor: cooperative interactions in vivo". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (1): 353–63. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.1.353. PMC 83893. PMID 9858559.
Bartkova J, Rajpert-de Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE, Bartek J (Apr 1999). "D-type cyclins in adult human testis and testicular cancer: relation to cell type, proliferation, differentiation, and malignancy". The Journal of Pathology. 187 (5): 573–81. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199904)187:5<573::AID-PATH289>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10398124. S2CID 9474072.
Bouchard C, Thieke K, Maier A, Saffrich R, Hanley-Hyde J, Ansorge W, Reed S, Sicinski P, Bartek J, Eilers M (Oct 1999). "Direct induction of cyclin D2 by Myc contributes to cell cycle progression and sequestration of p27". The EMBO Journal. 18 (19): 5321–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.19.5321. PMC 1171602. PMID 10508165.
Sansal I, Dupont E, Toru D, Evrard C, Rouget P (Oct 2000). "NPDC-1, a regulator of neural cell proliferation and differentiation, interacts with E2F-1, reduces its binding to DNA and modulates its transcriptional activity". Oncogene. 19 (43): 5000–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203843. PMID 11042687. S2CID 41370242.
Choi D, Lee EY, Yoon S, Hwang S, Yoon BK, Lee JH (Nov 2000). "Clinical correlation of cyclin D2 mRNA expression in human luteinized granulosa cells". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 17 (10): 574–9. doi:10.1023/A:1026470825514. PMC 3455455. PMID 11209538.
Tanguay DA, Colarusso TP, Doughty C, Pavlovic-Ewers S, Rothstein TL, Chiles TC (Apr 2001). "Cutting edge: differential signaling requirements for activation of assembled cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-1 and B-2 lymphocyte subsets". Journal of Immunology. 166 (7): 4273–7. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4273. PMID 11254678.
Choi D, Yoon S, Lee E, Hwang S, Yoon B, Lee J (Feb 2001). "The expression of pseudogene cyclin D2 mRNA in the human ovary may be a novel marker for decreased ovarian function associated with the aging process". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 18 (2): 110–3. doi:10.1023/A:1026538826392. PMC 3455561. PMID 11285977.
External links
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P30279 (G1/S-specific cyclin-D2) at the PDBe-KB.
vteCell cycle proteinsCyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11A
11B
12
13
14
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases andcheckpointsInterphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1386335-5"}],"text":"G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND2 gene.[5]","title":"Cyclin D2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"cyclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"mitotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"CDK4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4"},{"link_name":"CDK6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6"},{"link_name":"G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phase"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"tumor suppressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_suppressor"},{"link_name":"Rb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein"},{"link_name":"Knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"ovarian granulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulosa_cell"},{"link_name":"germ cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell"},{"link_name":"ovarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer"},{"link_name":"testicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of cyclin-dependent kinases. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. This protein has been shown to interact with and be involved in the phosphorylation of tumor suppressor protein Rb. Knockout studies of the homologous gene in mouse suggest the essential roles of this gene in ovarian granulosa and germ cell proliferation. High level expression of this gene was observed in ovarian and testicular tumors.[6]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalencephaly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mutations in CCND2 are associated to megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.[7]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0888-7543(92)90127-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2892%2990127-E"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1386336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1386336"},{"link_name":"\"CCND2 Overexpression Enhances the Regenerative Potency of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: Remuscularization of Injured Ventricle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756126"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCRESAHA.117.311504"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5756126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756126"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"29018036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018036"},{"link_name":"\"Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC230497"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/MCB.15.5.2672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.15.5.2672"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"230497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC230497"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7739547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7739547"},{"link_name":"\"Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358568"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/MCB.14.3.2077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.14.3.2077"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"358568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358568"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8114739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8114739"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8125298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0092-8674(93)90136-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990136-E"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8343202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8343202"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41911038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41911038"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8455931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8455931"},{"link_name":"\"Functional analysis of the human cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 promoters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.9090"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.271.15.9090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.9090"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8621559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621559"},{"link_name":"\"Interaction of D-type cyclins with a novel myb-like transcription factor, DMP1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC231647"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/MCB.16.11.6457","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.16.11.6457"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"231647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC231647"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8887674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8887674"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1996Natur.384..470S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.384..470S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/384470a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F384470a0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8945475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8945475"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4331964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4331964"},{"link_name":"\"The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1-Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E-Cdk2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC452531"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01097.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1996.tb01097.x"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"452531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC452531"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9003781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003781"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9373149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149"},{"link_name":"\"Cyclin D2 interacts with cdk-5 and modulates cellular cdk-5/p35 activity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9422379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9422379"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23986161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23986161"},{"link_name":"\"Cyclin D- and E-dependent kinases and the p57(KIP2) inhibitor: cooperative interactions in vivo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC83893"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/mcb.19.1.353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.19.1.353"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC83893"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9858559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9858559"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199904)187:5<573::AID-PATH289>3.0.CO;2-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-9896%28199904%29187%3A5%3C573%3A%3AAID-PATH289%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10398124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398124"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9474072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9474072"},{"link_name":"\"Direct induction of cyclin D2 by Myc contributes to cell cycle progression and sequestration of p27\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171602"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/emboj/18.19.5321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.19.5321"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1171602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171602"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10508165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10508165"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.onc.1203843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1203843"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11042687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11042687"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41370242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41370242"},{"link_name":"\"Clinical correlation of cyclin D2 mRNA expression in human luteinized granulosa cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455455"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1023/A:1026470825514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026470825514"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3455455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455455"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11209538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11209538"},{"link_name":"\"Cutting edge: differential signaling requirements for activation of assembled cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-1 and B-2 lymphocyte subsets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.7.4273"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.7.4273"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11254678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11254678"},{"link_name":"\"The expression of pseudogene cyclin D2 mRNA in the human ovary may be a novel marker for decreased ovarian function associated with the aging process\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455561"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1023/A:1026538826392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026538826392"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3455561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455561"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11285977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285977"}],"text":"Xiong Y, Menninger J, Beach D, Ward DC (Jul 1992). \"Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of CCND genes encoding human D-type cyclins\". Genomics. 13 (3): 575–84. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90127-E. PMID 1386336.\nZhu W, Zhao M, Mattapally S, Chen S, Zhang J (October 2017). \"CCND2 Overexpression Enhances the Regenerative Potency of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: Remuscularization of Injured Ventricle\". Circulation Research. 122 (1): 88–96. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311504. PMC 5756126. PMID 29018036.\nHirai H, Roussel MF, Kato JY, Ashmun RA, Sherr CJ (May 1995). \"Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (5): 2672–81. doi:10.1128/MCB.15.5.2672. PMC 230497. PMID 7739547.\nMeyerson M, Harlow E (Mar 1994). \"Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14 (3): 2077–86. doi:10.1128/MCB.14.3.2077. PMC 358568. PMID 8114739.\nMaruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.\nEwen ME, Sluss HK, Sherr CJ, Matsushime H, Kato J, Livingston DM (May 1993). \"Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins\". Cell. 73 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90136-E. PMID 8343202. S2CID 41911038.\nPalmero I, Holder A, Sinclair AJ, Dickson C, Peters G (Apr 1993). \"Cyclins D1 and D2 are differentially expressed in human B-lymphoid cell lines\". Oncogene. 8 (4): 1049–54. PMID 8455931.\nBrooks AR, Shiffman D, Chan CS, Brooks EE, Milner PG (Apr 1996). \"Functional analysis of the human cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 promoters\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (15): 9090–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.15.9090. PMID 8621559.\nHirai H, Sherr CJ (Nov 1996). \"Interaction of D-type cyclins with a novel myb-like transcription factor, DMP1\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 (11): 6457–67. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.11.6457. PMC 231647. PMID 8887674.\nSicinski P, Donaher JL, Geng Y, Parker SB, Gardner H, Park MY, Robker RL, Richards JS, McGinnis LK, Biggers JD, Eppig JJ, Bronson RT, Elledge SJ, Weinberg RA (Dec 1996). \"Cyclin D2 is an FSH-responsive gene involved in gonadal cell proliferation and oncogenesis\". Nature. 384 (6608): 470–4. Bibcode:1996Natur.384..470S. doi:10.1038/384470a0. PMID 8945475. S2CID 4331964.\nKitagawa M, Higashi H, Jung HK, Suzuki-Takahashi I, Ikeda M, Tamai K, Kato J, Segawa K, Yoshida E, Nishimura S, Taya Y (Dec 1996). \"The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1-Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E-Cdk2\". The EMBO Journal. 15 (24): 7060–9. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01097.x. PMC 452531. PMID 9003781.\nSuzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.\nGuidato S, McLoughlin DM, Grierson AJ, Miller CC (Jan 1998). \"Cyclin D2 interacts with cdk-5 and modulates cellular cdk-5/p35 activity\". Journal of Neurochemistry. 70 (1): 335–40. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x. PMID 9422379. S2CID 23986161.\nGómez Lahoz E, Liegeois NJ, Zhang P, Engelman JA, Horner J, Silverman A, Burde R, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Elledge SJ, DePinho RA (Jan 1999). \"Cyclin D- and E-dependent kinases and the p57(KIP2) inhibitor: cooperative interactions in vivo\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (1): 353–63. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.1.353. PMC 83893. PMID 9858559.\nBartkova J, Rajpert-de Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE, Bartek J (Apr 1999). \"D-type cyclins in adult human testis and testicular cancer: relation to cell type, proliferation, differentiation, and malignancy\". The Journal of Pathology. 187 (5): 573–81. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199904)187:5<573::AID-PATH289>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10398124. S2CID 9474072.\nBouchard C, Thieke K, Maier A, Saffrich R, Hanley-Hyde J, Ansorge W, Reed S, Sicinski P, Bartek J, Eilers M (Oct 1999). \"Direct induction of cyclin D2 by Myc contributes to cell cycle progression and sequestration of p27\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (19): 5321–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.19.5321. PMC 1171602. PMID 10508165.\nSansal I, Dupont E, Toru D, Evrard C, Rouget P (Oct 2000). \"NPDC-1, a regulator of neural cell proliferation and differentiation, interacts with E2F-1, reduces its binding to DNA and modulates its transcriptional activity\". Oncogene. 19 (43): 5000–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203843. PMID 11042687. S2CID 41370242.\nChoi D, Lee EY, Yoon S, Hwang S, Yoon BK, Lee JH (Nov 2000). \"Clinical correlation of cyclin D2 mRNA expression in human luteinized granulosa cells\". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 17 (10): 574–9. doi:10.1023/A:1026470825514. PMC 3455455. PMID 11209538.\nTanguay DA, Colarusso TP, Doughty C, Pavlovic-Ewers S, Rothstein TL, Chiles TC (Apr 2001). \"Cutting edge: differential signaling requirements for activation of assembled cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-1 and B-2 lymphocyte subsets\". Journal of Immunology. 166 (7): 4273–7. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4273. PMID 11254678.\nChoi D, Yoon S, Lee E, Hwang S, Yoon B, Lee J (Feb 2001). \"The expression of pseudogene cyclin D2 mRNA in the human ovary may be a novel marker for decreased ovarian function associated with the aging process\". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 18 (2): 110–3. doi:10.1023/A:1026538826392. PMC 3455561. PMID 11285977.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=894","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12444","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Inaba T, Matsushime H, Valentine M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Look AT (Jul 1992). \"Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and independent expression of human cyclin D genes\". Genomics. 13 (3): 565–74. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90126-D. 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Oncogene. 19 (43): 5000–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203843. PMID 11042687. S2CID 41370242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1203843","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1203843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11042687","url_text":"11042687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41370242","url_text":"41370242"}]},{"reference":"Choi D, Lee EY, Yoon S, Hwang S, Yoon BK, Lee JH (Nov 2000). \"Clinical correlation of cyclin D2 mRNA expression in human luteinized granulosa cells\". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 17 (10): 574–9. doi:10.1023/A:1026470825514. PMC 3455455. 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PMID 11254678.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.7.4273","url_text":"\"Cutting edge: differential signaling requirements for activation of assembled cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-1 and B-2 lymphocyte subsets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.7.4273","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11254678","url_text":"11254678"}]},{"reference":"Choi D, Yoon S, Lee E, Hwang S, Yoon B, Lee J (Feb 2001). \"The expression of pseudogene cyclin D2 mRNA in the human ovary may be a novel marker for decreased ovarian function associated with the aging process\". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 18 (2): 110–3. doi:10.1023/A:1026538826392. PMC 3455561. PMID 11285977.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455561","url_text":"\"The expression of pseudogene cyclin D2 mRNA in the human ovary may be a novel marker for decreased ovarian function associated with the aging process\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026538826392","url_text":"10.1023/A:1026538826392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455561","url_text":"3455561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285977","url_text":"11285977"}]}]
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data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/894/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019901","external_links_name":"protein kinase binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004672","external_links_name":"protein kinase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016538","external_links_name":"cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737","external_links_name":"cytoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829","external_links_name":"cytosol"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000785","external_links_name":"chromatin"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000307","external_links_name":"cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031965","external_links_name":"nuclear 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activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051726","external_links_name":"regulation of cell cycle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051301","external_links_name":"cell division"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284","external_links_name":"positive regulation of cell population proliferation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1900087","external_links_name":"positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043066","external_links_name":"negative regulation of apoptotic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007616","external_links_name":"long-term memory"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008344","external_links_name":"adult locomotory behavior"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071481","external_links_name":"cellular response to 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12: 4.27 – 4.31 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr6:127125162-127152193","external_links_name":"Chr 6: 127.13 – 127.15 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000118971","external_links_name":"GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000118971"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000000184","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000184"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=894","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12444","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2892%2990126-D","external_links_name":"10.1016/0888-7543(92)90126-D"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1386335","external_links_name":"1386335"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=894","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: CCND2 cyclin D2\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004933","external_links_name":"\"De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus 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partner\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.14.3.2077","external_links_name":"10.1128/MCB.14.3.2077"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358568","external_links_name":"358568"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8114739","external_links_name":"8114739"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298","external_links_name":"8125298"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990136-E","external_links_name":"10.1016/0092-8674(93)90136-E"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8343202","external_links_name":"8343202"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41911038","external_links_name":"41911038"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8455931","external_links_name":"8455931"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.9090","external_links_name":"\"Functional analysis of the human cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 promoters\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.9090","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.271.15.9090"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621559","external_links_name":"8621559"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC231647","external_links_name":"\"Interaction of D-type cyclins with a novel myb-like transcription factor, DMP1\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.16.11.6457","external_links_name":"10.1128/MCB.16.11.6457"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC231647","external_links_name":"231647"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8887674","external_links_name":"8887674"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.384..470S","external_links_name":"1996Natur.384..470S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F384470a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/384470a0"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8945475","external_links_name":"8945475"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4331964","external_links_name":"4331964"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC452531","external_links_name":"\"The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1-Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E-Cdk2\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1996.tb01097.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01097.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC452531","external_links_name":"452531"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003781","external_links_name":"9003781"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149","external_links_name":"9373149"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x","external_links_name":"\"Cyclin D2 interacts with cdk-5 and modulates cellular cdk-5/p35 activity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010335.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9422379","external_links_name":"9422379"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23986161","external_links_name":"23986161"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC83893","external_links_name":"\"Cyclin D- and E-dependent kinases and the p57(KIP2) inhibitor: cooperative interactions in 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p27\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.19.5321","external_links_name":"10.1093/emboj/18.19.5321"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171602","external_links_name":"1171602"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10508165","external_links_name":"10508165"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1203843","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.onc.1203843"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11042687","external_links_name":"11042687"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41370242","external_links_name":"41370242"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455455","external_links_name":"\"Clinical correlation of cyclin D2 mRNA expression in human luteinized granulosa cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026470825514","external_links_name":"10.1023/A:1026470825514"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455455","external_links_name":"3455455"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11209538","external_links_name":"11209538"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.7.4273","external_links_name":"\"Cutting edge: differential signaling requirements for activation of assembled cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-1 and B-2 lymphocyte subsets\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.7.4273","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4273"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11254678","external_links_name":"11254678"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455561","external_links_name":"\"The expression of pseudogene cyclin D2 mRNA in the human ovary may be a novel marker for decreased ovarian function associated with the aging process\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026538826392","external_links_name":"10.1023/A:1026538826392"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455561","external_links_name":"3455561"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285977","external_links_name":"11285977"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P30279","external_links_name":"P30279"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D2&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Affel
|
Herman Affel
|
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 US Patents","4 External links"]
|
American electrical engineer (1893–1972)
Herman AffelLloyd Espenschied (left) and Affel (right) c. 1950–1960BornHerman Andrew Affel(1893-08-04)August 4, 1893DiedOctober 13, 1972(1972-10-13) (aged 79)NationalityAmericanAlma materMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyOccupationElectrical engineerKnown forInventing the modern coaxial cableSpouseBertha May Plummer
Herman Andrew Affel (August 4, 1893 – October 13, 1972) was an American electrical engineer who invented the modern coaxial cable.
Biography
He was born on August 4, 1893. He attended MIT. He later married Bertha May Plummer.
From MIT he went to work at Bell Laboratories. Among other projects he worked with Lloyd Espenschied on the characteristics of coaxial cable. Espenschied and Affel jointly applied for a patent on a wideband coaxial cable system of transmission, filed in 1929 and granted in 1934. The invention was disclosed in a prize-winning paper published in AIEE's Electrical Engineering in October 1934.
He died on October 13, 1972.
Legacy
In 2006, Affel was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
US Patents
U.S. patent 1,511,013 "Equalization of Carrier Transmissions," 1924, Herman A. Affel
U.S. patent 1,835,031 "Concentric Conducting System", 1929, Lloyd Espenschied and Herman A. Affel
External links
Kennelly and Affels 1916 paper
Epenschied's biography at IEEE
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"electrical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer"},{"link_name":"coaxial cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"}],"text":"Herman Andrew Affel (August 4, 1893 – October 13, 1972) was an American electrical engineer who invented the modern coaxial cable.","title":"Herman Affel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Espenschied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Espenschied"}],"text":"He was born on August 4, 1893. He attended MIT. He later married Bertha May Plummer.From MIT he went to work at Bell Laboratories. Among other projects he worked with Lloyd Espenschied on the characteristics of coaxial cable. Espenschied and Affel jointly applied for a patent on a wideband coaxial cable system of transmission, filed in 1929 and granted in 1934. The invention was disclosed in a prize-winning paper published in AIEE's Electrical Engineering in October 1934.He died on October 13, 1972.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Inventors Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"In 2006, Affel was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. patent 1,511,013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US1511013"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 1,835,031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US1835031"}],"text":"U.S. patent 1,511,013 \"Equalization of Carrier Transmissions,\" 1924, Herman A. Affel\nU.S. patent 1,835,031 \"Concentric Conducting System\", 1929, Lloyd Espenschied and Herman A. Affel","title":"US Patents"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1511013","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 1,511,013"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1835031","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 1,835,031"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060727211139/http://ieee.cincinnati.fuse.net/reiman/04_2002.htm","external_links_name":"Kennelly and Affels 1916 paper"},{"Link":"http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/espenschied.html","external_links_name":"Epenschied's biography at IEEE"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtang_County
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Pingtang County
|
["1 Administrative divisions","2 Curiosities","2.1 Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope","3 Climate","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 25°49′21″N 107°19′21″E / 25.8224°N 107.3226°E / 25.8224; 107.3226Not to be confused with Pingtan County.
County in Guizhou, ChinaPingtang County
平塘县CountyPingtangLocation of the seat in GuizhouShow map of GuizhouPingtangPingtang (Southwest China)Show map of Southwest ChinaCoordinates (Pingtang County government): 25°49′21″N 107°19′21″E / 25.8224°N 107.3226°E / 25.8224; 107.3226CountryChinaProvinceGuizhouAutonomous prefectureQiannanCounty seatJinpenArea • Total2,799.08 km2 (1,080.73 sq mi)Population (2010) • Total228,377 • Density82/km2 (210/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Pingtang County (Chinese: 平塘县; pinyin: Píngtáng Xiàn) is a county in the Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou province, China, bordering Guangxi to the south. It is a high mountain valley and is inhabited mainly by members of the Buyei and Miao ethnic minorities, who together make up 55% of the county's population.
The county's area is 2,799.08 square km and at the 2010 Census its population was 228,560. The county's government is based in the town of Pinghu.
The Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is located in the southwestern part of Pingtan County, near its Kedu and Tangbian Towns and Dongjia Township of the adjacent Luodian County.
Administrative divisions
Pingtang County is divided into 1 subdistrict, 9 towns and 1 ethnic township:
subdistrict
Jinpen Subdistrict 金盆街道
towns
Pingzhou Town 平舟镇
Yazhou Town 牙舟镇
Tongzhou Town 通州镇
Datang Town 大塘镇
Kedu Town 克度镇
Tangbian Town 塘边镇
Jiacha Town 甲茶镇
Zhemi Town 者密镇
Zhangbu Town 掌布镇
ethnic township
Kapu Maonan Ethnic Township 卡蒲毛南族乡
Curiosities
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
Main article: Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
FAST radio telescope
The world's largest filled-aperture radio telescope, Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is located in the Dawodang, a natural sinkhole in Pingtang.
Climate
Climate data for Pingtang, elevation 709 m (2,326 ft), (1991–2014 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
24.6(76.3)
32.2(90.0)
32.8(91.0)
35.4(95.7)
34.9(94.8)
34.2(93.6)
36.1(97.0)
36.6(97.9)
35.8(96.4)
33.5(92.3)
30.3(86.5)
27.9(82.2)
36.6(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10.8(51.4)
14.2(57.6)
18.2(64.8)
23.6(74.5)
26.7(80.1)
28.7(83.7)
30.3(86.5)
30.6(87.1)
28.3(82.9)
23.3(73.9)
19.3(66.7)
13.9(57.0)
22.3(72.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
6.6(43.9)
9.5(49.1)
13.0(55.4)
18.3(64.9)
21.7(71.1)
24.1(75.4)
25.3(77.5)
24.8(76.6)
22.2(72.0)
18.0(64.4)
13.6(56.5)
8.8(47.8)
17.2(62.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
3.9(39.0)
6.4(43.5)
9.6(49.3)
14.5(58.1)
18.0(64.4)
21.0(69.8)
22.1(71.8)
21.2(70.2)
18.3(64.9)
14.7(58.5)
10.1(50.2)
5.6(42.1)
13.8(56.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−4.0(24.8)
−4.1(24.6)
−1.7(28.9)
2.4(36.3)
6.8(44.2)
12.5(54.5)
13.8(56.8)
15.1(59.2)
10.0(50.0)
4.9(40.8)
−1.2(29.8)
−5.1(22.8)
−5.1(22.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
24.7(0.97)
29.2(1.15)
54.2(2.13)
95.7(3.77)
201.8(7.94)
217.0(8.54)
202.8(7.98)
104(4.1)
79.6(3.13)
72.2(2.84)
42.6(1.68)
22.7(0.89)
1,146.5(45.12)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
11.3
11.3
14.2
15.5
16.3
17.0
17.2
12.7
9.9
11.2
9.1
8.9
154.6
Average snowy days
1.9
0.8
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.4
3.3
Average relative humidity (%)
77
76
76
77
77
81
81
81
79
79
78
75
78
Mean monthly sunshine hours
45.4
57.0
76.3
104.4
123.2
106.8
156.2
177.1
142.6
96.9
91.7
67.3
1,244.9
Percent possible sunshine
14
18
20
27
30
26
37
44
39
27
28
21
28
Source: China Meteorological Administration
References
^ Kuang MG (July 1986). "". Renkou Yanjiu (in Simplified Chinese) (4): 40–1. PMID 12159294.
^ 2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：平塘县 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
External links
Map of Pingtang County
vteCounty-level divisions of Guizhou ProvinceGuiyang (capital)Prefecture-level citiesGuiyang
Wudang District
Nanming District
Yunyan District
Huaxi District
Baiyun District
Guanshanhu District
Qingzhen city
Kaiyang County
Xiuwen County
Xifeng County
Liupanshui
Zhongshan District
Shuicheng District
Liuzhi Special District
Panzhou city
Zunyi
Honghuagang District
Huichuan District
Bozhou District
Chishui city
Renhuai city
Tongzi County
Suiyang County
Zheng'an County
Fenggang County
Meitan County
Yuqing County
Xishui County
Daozhen County
Wuchuan County
Anshun
Xixiu District
Pingba District
Puding County
Guanling County
Zhenning County
Ziyun County
Bijie
Qixingguan District
Qianxi city
Dafang County
Jinsha County
Zhijin County
Nayong County
Hezhang County
Weining County
Tongren
Bijiang District
Wanshan District
Jiangkou County
Shiqian County
Sinan County
Dejiang County
Yuping County
Yinjiang County
Songtao County
Yanhe County
Autonomous prefecturesQianxinan
Xingyi city
Xingren city
Pu'an County
Qinglong County
Zhenfeng County
Wangmo County
Ceheng County
Anlong County
Qiandongnan
Kaili city
Huangping County
Shibing County
Sansui County
Zhenyuan County
Cengong County
Tianzhu County
Jinping County
Jianhe County
Taijiang County
Liping County
Rongjiang County
Congjiang County
Leishan County
Majiang County
Danzhai County
Qiannan
Duyun city
Fuquan city
Libo County
Guiding County
Weng'an County
Dushan County
Pingtang County
Luodian County
Changshun County
Longli County
Huishui County
Sandu County
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pingtan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtan_County"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"平","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3"},{"link_name":"塘","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%98"},{"link_name":"县","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BF"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiannan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"Buyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyei"},{"link_name":"Miao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_hundred_meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Luodian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luodian_County"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Pingtan County.County in Guizhou, ChinaPingtang County (Chinese: 平塘县; pinyin: Píngtáng Xiàn) is a county in the Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou province, China, bordering Guangxi to the south. It is a high mountain valley and is inhabited mainly by members of the Buyei and Miao ethnic minorities, who together make up 55% of the county's population.[1]The county's area is 2,799.08 square km and at the 2010 Census its population was 228,560. The county's government is based in the town of Pinghu.The Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is located in the southwestern part of Pingtan County, near its Kedu and Tangbian Towns and Dongjia Township of the adjacent Luodian County.","title":"Pingtang County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"ethnic township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_townships,_towns,_and_sums"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pingtang County is divided into 1 subdistrict, 9 towns and 1 ethnic township:[2]subdistrictJinpen Subdistrict 金盆街道townsPingzhou Town 平舟镇\nYazhou Town 牙舟镇\nTongzhou Town 通州镇\nDatang Town 大塘镇\nKedu Town 克度镇\nTangbian Town 塘边镇\nJiacha Town 甲茶镇\nZhemi Town 者密镇\nZhangbu Town 掌布镇ethnic townshipKapu Maonan Ethnic Township 卡蒲毛南族乡","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Curiosities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAST_Radio_Telescope_(captured_from_video).jpg"},{"link_name":"filled-aperture radio telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filled-aperture_radio_telescope"},{"link_name":"Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-hundred-meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope"},{"link_name":"sinkhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole"}],"sub_title":"Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope","text":"FAST radio telescopeThe world's largest filled-aperture radio telescope, Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is located in the Dawodang, a natural sinkhole in Pingtang.","title":"Curiosities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Climate data for Pingtang, elevation 709 m (2,326 ft), (1991–2014 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n22.3(72.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n17.2(62.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n−4.1(24.6)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n−5.1(22.8)\n\n−5.1(22.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n24.7(0.97)\n\n29.2(1.15)\n\n54.2(2.13)\n\n95.7(3.77)\n\n201.8(7.94)\n\n217.0(8.54)\n\n202.8(7.98)\n\n104(4.1)\n\n79.6(3.13)\n\n72.2(2.84)\n\n42.6(1.68)\n\n22.7(0.89)\n\n1,146.5(45.12)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n11.3\n\n11.3\n\n14.2\n\n15.5\n\n16.3\n\n17.0\n\n17.2\n\n12.7\n\n9.9\n\n11.2\n\n9.1\n\n8.9\n\n154.6\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n1.9\n\n0.8\n\n0.2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.4\n\n3.3\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n77\n\n76\n\n76\n\n77\n\n77\n\n81\n\n81\n\n81\n\n79\n\n79\n\n78\n\n75\n\n78\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n45.4\n\n57.0\n\n76.3\n\n104.4\n\n123.2\n\n106.8\n\n156.2\n\n177.1\n\n142.6\n\n96.9\n\n91.7\n\n67.3\n\n1,244.9\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n14\n\n18\n\n20\n\n27\n\n30\n\n26\n\n37\n\n44\n\n39\n\n27\n\n28\n\n21\n\n28\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[3][4]","title":"Climate"}]
|
[{"image_text":"FAST radio telescope","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FAST_Radio_Telescope_%28captured_from_video%29.jpg/220px-FAST_Radio_Telescope_%28captured_from_video%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kuang MG (July 1986). \"[Develop family planning work based on the reality of minority regions]\". Renkou Yanjiu (in Simplified Chinese) (4): 40–1. PMID 12159294.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12159294","url_text":"12159294"}]},{"reference":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：平塘县 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/52/27/522727.html","url_text":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：平塘县"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of China"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pingtang_County¶ms=25.8224_N_107.3226_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-52_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"25°49′21″N 107°19′21″E / 25.8224°N 107.3226°E / 25.8224; 107.3226"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pingtang_County¶ms=25.8224_N_107.3226_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-52_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"25°49′21″N 107°19′21″E / 25.8224°N 107.3226°E / 25.8224; 107.3226"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12159294","external_links_name":"12159294"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/52/27/522727.html","external_links_name":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：平塘县"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"http://www.maplandia.com/china/guizhou/pingtang/","external_links_name":"Map of Pingtang County"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_News_Shopper
|
Newsquest
|
["1 History","1.1 July 2007 industrial disputes at Newsquest's Scottish titles","1.2 New parent company","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
British publisher of regional and local newspapers
Newsquest Media Group LimitedCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryMediaFounded1995; 29 years ago (1995)HeadquartersLondon, England, UKKey peopleHenry Faure Walker(CEO)ProductsNewspapersNet income 114 million (2021)Total assets 61 million (2021)Total equity 189 million (2021)Number of employees5,000ParentGannettWebsitenewsquest.co.uk
Newsquest Media Group Limited is the second largest publisher of regional and local newspapers in the United Kingdom. It is owned by the American mass media holding company Gannett. It has 205 brands across the UK, publishing online and in print (165 newspaper brands and 40 magazine brands) and reaches 28 million visitors a month online and 6.5 million readers a week in print. Based in London, Newsquest employs a total of more than 5,500 people across the UK. It also has a specialist arm that publishes both commercial and business-to-business (B2B) titles such as Insurance Times, The Strad and Boxing News.
History
Newsquest was founded in 1995 when United States private equity partnership KKR financed a £210 million management buy-out of the Reed Regional Newspapers group of British papers from Reed Elsevier.
In 1996 Newsquest swapped its Yorkshire titles for Johnston Press's Bury, Greater Manchester area titles and £9.25 million, sold some of its titles in the English Midlands to Midland Independent Newspapers and bought the Westminster Press local newspapers group for £305 million from Pearson, owner of Penguin Books and the Financial Times, resulting in Newsquest doubling in size. The next year it floated on the London Stock Exchange, realising a market capitalisation of £500 million. In 1998, Newsquest added the Sussex based Contact-a-Car, the London Property Weekly titles, two titles in North West England, and three Review Group titles in Hertfordshire.
Exterior of Hampshire Chronicle office, 1999
In 1999, Gannett's newly formed UK subsidiary paid £922 million (about US $1.5 billion) for Newsquest and took on the company's debt. In 2000, Gannett paid £525 million for Southampton-based News Communications and Media's South Coast dailies and weeklies – and its Southernprint magazine printing division – to add to Newsquest's portfolio. It also picked up the regional newspapers business – outside Manchester – of the Guardian Media Group, a takeover that the Competition Commission cleared as there was "no overlap, in the companies' circulation areas".
In 2001, Newsquest bought Surrey and Sussex Publishing and Horley Publishing, publishers of Gatwick Life and Horley Life and the Dimbleby Newspaper Group's nine Greater London weeklies, including the Richmond & Twickenham Times for a reported £8 million.
In 2003, Gannett UK paid £216 million for the Scottish Media Group's three newspapers – Glasgow's Herald, Sunday Herald and Evening Times – 11 specialist consumer and business-to-business magazines and an online advertising and content business. The Competition Commission again inquired into this purchase, but later cleared it.
In 2005, Newsquest's Exchange Enterprises division paid £50.25 million for Exchange & Mart and Auto Exchange from United Advertising Publications after the small ads weeklies' publisher's parent, United Business Media, decided to concentrate on its 'core activities'.
Newsquest also owned the formerly-named Brentford, Chiswick and Isleworth Times, later known as the Hounslow and Brentford Times, which closed in 2010.
On 11 December 2006, Gannett denied having plans to sell Newsquest, contradicting a story in the previous day's Sunday Express that claimed the media giant was carrying out a company review with the Credit Suisse investment bank, and could sell Newsquest for up to £1.5 billion. Gannett had replied by saying: "There is no truth in the report. Newsquest is a valuable part of the Gannett company."
On 2 July 2007, in his blog on The Guardian's website, media analyst Roy Greenslade revealed the content of a Newsquest company memo which acknowledged that its staff pension scheme was £65 million in deficit. Members of the company's workforce were given the options of increasing their contributions (from 6% to 10%) to keep the same final salary scheme, paying in less for an inferior version, opting for a 'money purchase' scheme; or ditching their pension altogether.
The company's U.S. parent Gannett had on 18 June reported that revenues from its newspapers and broadcasting had fallen – but, the US press release said: 'Newsquest experienced higher national advertising revenue'. It was "hardly a picture of a company suffering from poor health", commented Greenslade.
In August 2007 Newsquest started offering users of its Greater London titles' websites downloadable supermarket coupons which could be redeemed for a range of goods at major supermarket chains, with plans to roll out the scheme to its other publications.
In March 2012, The Guardian reported the results of an indicative ballot held by the National Union of Journalists among its members at Newsquest, which found that more than 80% were prepared to strike if they were not given a pay rise within the year.
In April 2014, following CEO/Chairman Paul Davidson's retirement, Henry Faure Walker was appointed CEO at Newsquest.
In November 2014, publication began of The National, a Scottish daily newspaper that supports Scottish independence.
On 26 May 2015, Newsquest announced that it had acquired Romanes Media Group, a local news publishing business operating in Scotland, Berkshire and Northern Ireland, for an undisclosed sum. The Romanes newspaper portfolio comprises one daily, 19 weekly paid-fors and nine weekly frees, and associated websites, and the company employs 270 staff.
On 28 April 2016, Newsquest announced that the latest comScore figures (Feb 2016) showed that users spend more time per month on Newsquest sites than any other regional press group. Newsquest has a digital audience of 28 million unique users including the Scottish jobs website s1jobs.com.
In March 2022, Newsquest acquired the Archant group of regional newspapers from RCapital.
July 2007 industrial disputes at Newsquest's Scottish titles
On July 2007, the UK's Competition Commission reported that it was investigating allegations made by SNP MP for Perth and North Perthshire Pete Wishart that Newsquest had given it misleading evidence while it was considering whether the Liberal Democrat supporting company should be permitted to take over titles from SMG. Wishart had written to the commission in June 2007 to express his concern about standards and job losses at the newspapers. Union members were holding a ballot over whether they should strike over five redundancies on the Glasgow Evening News, one of the papers bought from SMG.
On 20 July 2007, journalists at Newsquest's former-SMG titles – Glasgow Herald, Sunday Herald and Evening Times – held a 24-hour strike to protest against compulsory redundancies and cuts of up to £3 million.
Newsquest's Glasgow NUJ members went on strike again on 25 July 2007, hampering the Sunday Herald's planned re-launch. Successful union action had already led to the reinstatement on 31 July of the deputy Father (leader) of the Evening Times Chapel (office branch), Gordon Thomson, while a work-to-rule had caused the cancellation of digital training planned for the following week.
"Newsquest's purchase of the Herald group was backed by assurances that they would maintain standards and not cut editorial budgets," the NUJ quoted Cathy Peattie Scottish Labour Member of the Scottish Parliament for Falkirk East as saying. "The Competition Commission may have decided that too much time has passed for it to be able to do anything, but that doesn't change the fact that Newsquest gave assurances via the commission to the people of Scotland, and those assurances now look worthless," she added. She was not surprised staff had walked out.
"They have a long list of causes for dissatisfaction – redundancies, staffing shortages, poor working conditions and high stress levels. This is damaging the health of the workers and the health of the paper. Rather than discuss the problems, Newsquest has derecognised the NUJ," Peattie continued.
Peattie had tabled a motion in the Scottish Parliament expressing concerns about the Herald newspapers. It said Newsquest's programme of job cuts would harm the papers' content and put their staffs at risk and added: 'The Parliament notes that these developments are taking place despite increased profits and assurances given by Newsquest to the Competition Commission, and believes that this is to the detriment of the long term future of the titles and the Scottish newspaper industry.'
New parent company
In 2019 it was reported that New Media Investment Group Inc., the parent company of GateHouse Media, was buying Gannett, the owners of Newsquest.
See also
List of newspapers published by Newsquest
References
^ a b Lombardo, Cara; Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. (5 August 2019). "GateHouse Media Parent to Buy Gannett for $1.4 Billion". Wall Street Journal.
^ "ABOUT US". Newsquest Media Group. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
^ "Gannett Co Inc/DE – '10-Q' for 9/26/99 – EX-99.2". Securities & Exchange Commission. London. 11 September 1999. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020.
^ "Gannett UK/Johnston Press/Guardian Media Group/Regional Independent Media Holdings Newspaper Inquiry". Competition Commission. 22 August 2000. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007.
^ Morgan, Jean (13 April 2001). "Dimbleby's pledge to journalists in wake of £8m sale". Press Gazette. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008.
^ "Gannett/SMG Merger Inquiry | Issues Statement". Competition Commission. 29 January 2003. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.
^ "United Business Media sells UK Automotive titles to Newsquest". United Business Media (Press release). 16 September 2005. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008.
^ Barnes, Helen (23 July 2010). "Hounslow and Brentford Times and Chiswick Times ceases publication". Richmond & Twickenham Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014.
^ Kiss, Jemima (11 December 2006). "Newsquest not for sale, says Gannett". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ Greenslade, Roy (2 July 2007). "Newsquest staff 'reeling' from pensions 'bombshell'". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ "Gannett Co., Inc. Releases May Statistical Report". Gannet Co. (Press release). 18 June 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008.
^ "NEWSQUEST MEDIA GROUP LAUNCHES ONLINE PRINTABLE COUPON GALLERY ENABLING CUSTOMERS TO SAVE MONEY AT THE SUPERMARKET". Couponstar (Press release). 8 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008.
^ Greenslade, Roy (22 March 2012). "Newsquest/Gannett faces NUJ strike action". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ "Newsquest Media Group acquires Archant". Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Fresh probe into Herald takeover". BBC News. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ "Newspaper staff strike over cuts". BBC News. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ "Journalists launch second strike". BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ "Fight for jobs will go on, say Newsquest Glasgow staff". Press Gazette. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
External links
Official website
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National assets
USA Today
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Gannett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"The Strad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strad"},{"link_name":"Boxing News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_News"}],"text":"Newsquest Media Group Limited is the second largest publisher of regional and local newspapers in the United Kingdom. It is owned by the American mass media holding company Gannett. It has 205 brands across the UK, publishing online and in print (165 newspaper brands and 40 magazine brands) and reaches 28 million visitors a month online and 6.5 million readers a week in print. Based in London, Newsquest employs a total of more than 5,500 people across the UK. It also has a specialist arm that publishes both commercial and business-to-business (B2B) titles such as Insurance Times, The Strad and Boxing News.","title":"Newsquest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Reed Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELX"},{"link_name":"Johnston Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Press"},{"link_name":"Bury, Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_window_of_Hampshire_Chronicle_newspaper,_England,_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Gannett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Guardian Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Richmond & Twickenham Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_%26_Twickenham_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scottish Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STV_Group"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"Evening Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Times"},{"link_name":"Competition Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Exchange & Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_%26_Mart"},{"link_name":"United Advertising Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_plc"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brentford, Chiswick and Isleworth Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford,_Chiswick_and_Isleworth_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-8"},{"link_name":"Sunday Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Express"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Roy Greenslade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Greenslade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gannett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"National Union of Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"s1jobs.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.s1jobs.com"},{"link_name":"Archant group of regional newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archant"},{"link_name":"RCapital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RCapital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Newsquest was founded in 1995 when United States private equity partnership KKR financed a £210 million management buy-out of the Reed Regional Newspapers group of British papers from Reed Elsevier.In 1996 Newsquest swapped its Yorkshire titles for Johnston Press's Bury, Greater Manchester area titles and £9.25 million, sold some of its titles in the English Midlands to Midland Independent Newspapers and bought the Westminster Press local newspapers group for £305 million from Pearson, owner of Penguin Books and the Financial Times, resulting in Newsquest doubling in size. The next year it floated on the London Stock Exchange, realising a market capitalisation of £500 million.[2] In 1998, Newsquest added the Sussex based Contact-a-Car, the London Property Weekly titles, two titles in North West England, and three Review Group titles in Hertfordshire.Exterior of Hampshire Chronicle office, 1999In 1999, Gannett's newly formed UK subsidiary paid £922 million (about US $1.5 billion) for Newsquest and took on the company's debt.[3] In 2000, Gannett paid £525 million for Southampton-based News Communications and Media's South Coast dailies and weeklies – and its Southernprint magazine printing division – to add to Newsquest's portfolio. It also picked up the regional newspapers business – outside Manchester – of the Guardian Media Group, a takeover that the Competition Commission cleared as there was \"no overlap, in the companies' circulation areas\".[4]In 2001, Newsquest bought Surrey and Sussex Publishing and Horley Publishing, publishers of Gatwick Life and Horley Life and the Dimbleby Newspaper Group's nine Greater London weeklies, including the Richmond & Twickenham Times for a reported £8 million.[5]In 2003, Gannett UK paid £216 million for the Scottish Media Group's three newspapers – Glasgow's Herald, Sunday Herald and Evening Times – 11 specialist consumer and business-to-business magazines and an online advertising and content business. The Competition Commission again inquired into this purchase, but later cleared it.[6]In 2005, Newsquest's Exchange Enterprises division paid £50.25 million for Exchange & Mart and Auto Exchange from United Advertising Publications after the small ads weeklies' publisher's parent, United Business Media, decided to concentrate on its 'core activities'.[7]Newsquest also owned the formerly-named Brentford, Chiswick and Isleworth Times, later known as the Hounslow and Brentford Times, which closed in 2010.[8]On 11 December 2006, Gannett denied having plans to sell Newsquest, contradicting a story in the previous day's Sunday Express that claimed the media giant was carrying out a company review with the Credit Suisse investment bank, and could sell Newsquest for up to £1.5 billion. Gannett had replied by saying: \"There is no truth in the report. Newsquest is a valuable part of the Gannett company.\"[9]On 2 July 2007, in his blog on The Guardian's website, media analyst Roy Greenslade revealed the content of a Newsquest company memo which acknowledged that its staff pension scheme was £65 million in deficit.[10] Members of the company's workforce were given the options of increasing their contributions (from 6% to 10%) to keep the same final salary scheme, paying in less for an inferior version, opting for a 'money purchase' scheme; or ditching their pension altogether.The company's U.S. parent Gannett had on 18 June reported that revenues from its newspapers and broadcasting had fallen – but, the US press release said: 'Newsquest experienced higher national advertising revenue'.[11] It was \"hardly a picture of a company suffering from poor health\", commented Greenslade.In August 2007 Newsquest started offering users of its Greater London titles' websites downloadable supermarket coupons which could be redeemed for a range of goods at major supermarket chains, with plans to roll out the scheme to its other publications.[12]In March 2012, The Guardian reported the results of an indicative ballot held by the National Union of Journalists among its members at Newsquest, which found that more than 80% were prepared to strike if they were not given a pay rise within the year.[13]In April 2014, following CEO/Chairman Paul Davidson's retirement, Henry Faure Walker was appointed CEO at Newsquest.In November 2014, publication began of The National, a Scottish daily newspaper that supports Scottish independence.On 26 May 2015, Newsquest announced that it had acquired Romanes Media Group, a local news publishing business operating in Scotland, Berkshire and Northern Ireland, for an undisclosed sum. The Romanes newspaper portfolio comprises one daily, 19 weekly paid-fors and nine weekly frees, and associated websites, and the company employs 270 staff.On 28 April 2016, Newsquest announced that the latest comScore figures (Feb 2016) showed that users spend more time per month on Newsquest sites than any other regional press group. Newsquest has a digital audience of 28 million unique users including the Scottish jobs website s1jobs.com.In March 2022, Newsquest acquired the Archant group of regional newspapers from RCapital. [14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Competition Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_Commission"},{"link_name":"SNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Pete Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wishart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Evening News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Evening_News"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Cathy Peattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Peattie"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament"}],"sub_title":"July 2007 industrial disputes at Newsquest's Scottish titles","text":"On July 2007, the UK's Competition Commission reported that it was investigating allegations made by SNP MP for Perth and North Perthshire Pete Wishart that Newsquest had given it misleading evidence while it was considering whether the Liberal Democrat supporting company should be permitted to take over titles from SMG.[15] Wishart had written to the commission in June 2007 to express his concern about standards and job losses at the newspapers. Union members were holding a ballot over whether they should strike over five redundancies on the Glasgow Evening News, one of the papers bought from SMG.On 20 July 2007, journalists at Newsquest's former-SMG titles – Glasgow Herald, Sunday Herald and Evening Times – held a 24-hour strike to protest against compulsory redundancies and cuts of up to £3 million.[16]Newsquest's Glasgow NUJ members went on strike again on 25 July 2007, hampering the Sunday Herald's planned re-launch.[17] Successful union action had already led to the reinstatement on 31 July of the deputy Father (leader) of the Evening Times Chapel (office branch), Gordon Thomson,[18] while a work-to-rule had caused the cancellation of digital training planned for the following week.\"Newsquest's purchase of the Herald group was backed by assurances that they would maintain standards and not cut editorial budgets,\" the NUJ quoted Cathy Peattie Scottish Labour Member of the Scottish Parliament for Falkirk East as saying. \"The Competition Commission may have decided that too much time has passed for it to be able to do anything, but that doesn't change the fact that Newsquest gave assurances via the commission to the people of Scotland, and those assurances now look worthless,\" she added. She was not surprised staff had walked out.\"They have a long list of causes for dissatisfaction – redundancies, staffing shortages, poor working conditions and high stress levels. This is damaging the health of the workers and the health of the paper. Rather than discuss the problems, Newsquest has derecognised the NUJ,\" Peattie continued.Peattie had tabled a motion in the Scottish Parliament expressing concerns about the Herald newspapers. It said Newsquest's programme of job cuts would harm the papers' content and put their staffs at risk and added: 'The Parliament notes that these developments are taking place despite increased profits and assurances given by Newsquest to the Competition Commission, and believes that this is to the detriment of the long term future of the titles and the Scottish newspaper industry.'","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GateHouse Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateHouse_Media"},{"link_name":"Gannett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"sub_title":"New parent company","text":"In 2019 it was reported that New Media Investment Group Inc., the parent company of GateHouse Media, was buying Gannett, the owners of Newsquest.[1]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Exterior of Hampshire Chronicle office, 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Front_window_of_Hampshire_Chronicle_newspaper%2C_England%2C_1999.jpg/220px-Front_window_of_Hampshire_Chronicle_newspaper%2C_England%2C_1999.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of newspapers published by Newsquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_published_by_Newsquest"}]
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[{"reference":"Lombardo, Cara; Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. (5 August 2019). \"GateHouse Media Parent to Buy Gannett for $1.4 Billion\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/gatehouse-media-parent-to-buy-gannett-for-1-4-billion-11565031875","url_text":"\"GateHouse Media Parent to Buy Gannett for $1.4 Billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"ABOUT US\". Newsquest Media Group. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318124010/https://www.newsquest.co.uk/about","url_text":"\"ABOUT US\""},{"url":"http://www.newsquest.co.uk/about/#history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gannett Co Inc/DE – '10-Q' for 9/26/99 – EX-99.2\". Securities & Exchange Commission. London. 11 September 1999. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127145255/http://www.secinfo.com/d16Uk.6y.a.htm","url_text":"\"Gannett Co Inc/DE – '10-Q' for 9/26/99 – EX-99.2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"Securities & Exchange Commission"},{"url":"http://www.secinfo.com/d16Uk.6y.a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gannett UK/Johnston Press/Guardian Media Group/Regional Independent Media Holdings Newspaper Inquiry\". Competition Commission. 22 August 2000. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071110162800/http://www.mmc.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2000_earlier/html/41-00.htm","url_text":"\"Gannett UK/Johnston Press/Guardian Media Group/Regional Independent Media Holdings Newspaper Inquiry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_Commission","url_text":"Competition Commission"},{"url":"http://www.mmc.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2000_earlier/html/41-00.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Jean (13 April 2001). \"Dimbleby's pledge to journalists in wake of £8m sale\". Press Gazette. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304190640/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=20622§ioncode=1","url_text":"\"Dimbleby's pledge to journalists in wake of £8m sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Gazette","url_text":"Press Gazette"},{"url":"http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=20622§ioncode=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gannett/SMG Merger Inquiry | Issues Statement\". Competition Commission. 29 January 2003. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070513002104/http://www.competition-commission.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2003/jan/html/03-03.htm/","url_text":"\"Gannett/SMG Merger Inquiry | Issues Statement\""},{"url":"http://www.competition-commission.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2003/jan/html/03-03.htm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United Business Media sells UK Automotive titles to Newsquest\". United Business Media (Press release). 16 September 2005. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724221607/http://www.unitedbusinessmedia.com/ubm/media/releases/2005/2005-09-16/","url_text":"\"United Business Media sells UK Automotive titles to Newsquest\""},{"url":"http://www.unitedbusinessmedia.com/ubm/media/releases/2005/2005-09-16/url-status=dead","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Helen (23 July 2010). \"Hounslow and Brentford Times and Chiswick Times ceases publication\". Richmond & Twickenham Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030508/http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/archive/2010/07/23/8289400.Hounslow_and_Brentford_Times_and_Chiswick_Times_ceases_publication","url_text":"\"Hounslow and Brentford Times and Chiswick Times ceases publication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_%26_Twickenham_Times","url_text":"Richmond & Twickenham Times"},{"url":"http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/archive/2010/07/23/8289400.Hounslow_and_Brentford_Times_and_Chiswick_Times_ceases_publication/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kiss, Jemima (11 December 2006). \"Newsquest not for sale, says Gannett\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/dec/11/newsquest.citynews","url_text":"\"Newsquest not for sale, says Gannett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Greenslade, Roy (2 July 2007). \"Newsquest staff 'reeling' from pensions 'bombshell'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2007/jul/02/newsqueststaffreelingfromp","url_text":"\"Newsquest staff 'reeling' from pensions 'bombshell'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gannett Co., Inc. Releases May Statistical Report\". Gannet Co. (Press release). 18 June 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071119/http://www.gannett.com/investor/data/2007/data0507.htm/","url_text":"\"Gannett Co., Inc. Releases May Statistical Report\""},{"url":"http://www.gannett.com/investor/data/2007/data0507.htm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NEWSQUEST MEDIA GROUP LAUNCHES ONLINE PRINTABLE COUPON GALLERY ENABLING CUSTOMERS TO SAVE MONEY AT THE SUPERMARKET\". Couponstar (Press release). 8 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228121914/http://www.couponstar.co.uk/couponstar_uk/press_newsquest.php","url_text":"\"NEWSQUEST MEDIA GROUP LAUNCHES ONLINE PRINTABLE COUPON GALLERY ENABLING CUSTOMERS TO SAVE MONEY AT THE SUPERMARKET\""},{"url":"http://www.couponstar.co.uk/couponstar_uk/press_newsquest.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenslade, Roy (22 March 2012). \"Newsquest/Gannett faces NUJ strike action\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/mar/22/newsquest-nationalunionofjournalists","url_text":"\"Newsquest/Gannett faces NUJ strike action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878","url_text":"60623878"}]},{"reference":"\"Newsquest Media Group acquires Archant\". Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsquest.co.uk/news/newsquest-media-group-acquires-archant","url_text":"\"Newsquest Media Group acquires Archant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh probe into Herald takeover\". BBC News. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6277866.stm","url_text":"\"Fresh probe into Herald takeover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Newspaper staff strike over cuts\". BBC News. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6907764.stm","url_text":"\"Newspaper staff strike over cuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journalists launch second strike\". BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6915561.stm","url_text":"\"Journalists launch second strike\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fight for jobs will go on, say Newsquest Glasgow staff\". Press Gazette. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://pressgazette.co.uk/fight-for-jobs-will-go-on-say-newsquest-glasgow-staff/","url_text":"\"Fight for jobs will go on, say Newsquest Glasgow staff\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://newsquest.co.uk/","external_links_name":"newsquest.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.s1jobs.com/","external_links_name":"s1jobs.com"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/gatehouse-media-parent-to-buy-gannett-for-1-4-billion-11565031875","external_links_name":"\"GateHouse Media Parent to Buy Gannett for $1.4 Billion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318124010/https://www.newsquest.co.uk/about","external_links_name":"\"ABOUT US\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsquest.co.uk/about/#history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127145255/http://www.secinfo.com/d16Uk.6y.a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gannett Co Inc/DE – '10-Q' for 9/26/99 – EX-99.2\""},{"Link":"http://www.secinfo.com/d16Uk.6y.a.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071110162800/http://www.mmc.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2000_earlier/html/41-00.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gannett UK/Johnston Press/Guardian Media Group/Regional Independent Media Holdings Newspaper Inquiry\""},{"Link":"http://www.mmc.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2000_earlier/html/41-00.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304190640/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=20622§ioncode=1","external_links_name":"\"Dimbleby's pledge to journalists in wake of £8m sale\""},{"Link":"http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=20622§ioncode=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070513002104/http://www.competition-commission.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2003/jan/html/03-03.htm/","external_links_name":"\"Gannett/SMG Merger Inquiry | Issues Statement\""},{"Link":"http://www.competition-commission.gov.uk/press_rel/archive/2003/jan/html/03-03.htm/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724221607/http://www.unitedbusinessmedia.com/ubm/media/releases/2005/2005-09-16/","external_links_name":"\"United Business Media sells UK Automotive titles to Newsquest\""},{"Link":"http://www.unitedbusinessmedia.com/ubm/media/releases/2005/2005-09-16/url-status=dead","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030508/http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/archive/2010/07/23/8289400.Hounslow_and_Brentford_Times_and_Chiswick_Times_ceases_publication","external_links_name":"\"Hounslow and Brentford Times and Chiswick Times ceases publication\""},{"Link":"http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/archive/2010/07/23/8289400.Hounslow_and_Brentford_Times_and_Chiswick_Times_ceases_publication/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/dec/11/newsquest.citynews","external_links_name":"\"Newsquest not for sale, says Gannett\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2007/jul/02/newsqueststaffreelingfromp","external_links_name":"\"Newsquest staff 'reeling' from pensions 'bombshell'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071119/http://www.gannett.com/investor/data/2007/data0507.htm/","external_links_name":"\"Gannett Co., Inc. Releases May Statistical Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.gannett.com/investor/data/2007/data0507.htm/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228121914/http://www.couponstar.co.uk/couponstar_uk/press_newsquest.php","external_links_name":"\"NEWSQUEST MEDIA GROUP LAUNCHES ONLINE PRINTABLE COUPON GALLERY ENABLING CUSTOMERS TO SAVE MONEY AT THE SUPERMARKET\""},{"Link":"http://www.couponstar.co.uk/couponstar_uk/press_newsquest.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/mar/22/newsquest-nationalunionofjournalists","external_links_name":"\"Newsquest/Gannett faces NUJ strike action\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878","external_links_name":"60623878"},{"Link":"https://www.newsquest.co.uk/news/newsquest-media-group-acquires-archant","external_links_name":"\"Newsquest Media Group acquires Archant\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6277866.stm","external_links_name":"\"Fresh probe into Herald takeover\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6907764.stm","external_links_name":"\"Newspaper staff strike over cuts\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6915561.stm","external_links_name":"\"Journalists launch second strike\""},{"Link":"https://pressgazette.co.uk/fight-for-jobs-will-go-on-say-newsquest-glasgow-staff/","external_links_name":"\"Fight for jobs will go on, say Newsquest Glasgow staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsquest.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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